牛津高阶（牛津）：1(intransitive ) to try very hard to do sth when it is difficult or when there are a lot of problems奮鬥，努力，爭取2 (intransitive ) + ad./prep. to move somewhere or do sth with difficulty艱難地行進，吃力地進行3 (intransitive ) to fight against sb/sth in order to prevent a bad situation or result鬥爭，抗爭4 (intransitive ) to fight sb or try to get away from them搏鬥，扭打，掙扎脫身5 (intransitive ) struggle(with sb) (for sth) to compete or argue with sb, especially in order to get sth爭奪，辯論
VERB no obj.
1 make forceful or violent efforts to get free of restraint or constriction斗争；抵抗；挣扎
before she could struggle, he lifted her up.她还没来得及反抗，他就把她抱了起来。
with infinitivehe struggled to break free.他挣扎着力图摆脱。
1.1 strive to achieve or attain something in the face of difficulty or resistance奋斗，努力
with infinitivemany families on income support have to struggle to make ends meet.许多靠工资收入维持生活的家庭必须量入为出才能勉强维持。
1.2 struggle with have difficulty handling or coping with疲于应付，艰难处理
passengers struggle with bags and briefcases.乘客吃力地拎着大包小包。
1.3 engage in conflict冲突，争斗
politicians continued to struggle over familiar issues.政客们继续就一些老问题争论不休。
1.4 no obj., with adverbial of directionmake one’s way with difficulty奋力前进，艰难行进
it took us all day to struggle back to our bivouac.我们花了一整天才艰难地回到露营地。
1.5 have difficulty in gaining recognition or a living挣扎成名；挣扎求生
new authors are struggling in the present climate.新作者在当今社会环境中挣扎着。
NOUN
1 a forceful or violent effort to get free of restraint or resist attack斗争；抵抗
1.1 a conflict or contest冲突；争夺
a power struggle for the leadership.领导地位的权力之争。
1.2 a great physical effort使劲
with a struggle, she pulled the pram up the slope.她费了很大劲把婴儿车拖上了斜坡。
1.3 a determined effort under difficulties努力，奋斗
the centre is the result of the scientists’ struggle to realize their dream.该中心是科学家为实现梦想而奋斗的结果。
1.4 a very difficult task难事
it was a struggle to make herself understood.使自己被人理解是她的一件难事。
Phrases
the struggle for existence (orlife)
the competition between organisms, especially as an element in natural selection, or between people seeking a livelihood生存竞争
Derivatives
struggler
noun
Origin
late Middle English: frequentative, perhaps of imitative origin. The noun dates from the late 17th cent.
在一个地方看到有人这样写struggle这个词 与大家分享一下 希望看到大家的评论
struggle/ˈstrʌɡl/ vi.
1（在摔跤等中与对手）缠斗，搏斗；（广义指）剧烈扭动身体反抗外力戓摆脱约束，持续发力以对抗，扭打，打斗，厮打（=scuffle）~ free挣脱We fell into a ~ing heap, laughing and howling.我们你一拳我一脚地打作一团，不时发出大笑声和大哭声。The two dogs ~d for a bone.两条狗为争一块骨头撕咬了起来。~ with sb同…扭打She ~d with her attacker.她同袭击者扭打在一起。They ~d with each other for a girl.他们为争夺一个女孩扭打成一团。
2（由剧烈扭动身子以摆脱困局喻指）
A（指求生之剧）
（因窒息或濒死而）拼命呼吸，剧烈喘息（通常作struggle for breath）；处于临终前挣扎状态；（亦作临时用法）挣扎着离开（人世）
B（指抗争之剧）
1 (with, against, for)（比喻）（运动员等）顽强对抗强大对手，做不屈抗争，奋力挣脱束缚，抢夺，争夺，竞争，奋斗（=battle, strive）Having ~d for ten days, he won the champion.经过十天的激烈争夺，他最终取得了冠军。~ with one’s infirmity同病痛搏斗~ against pollution同污染做斗争~ with one’s illness同疾病抗争~ for stolen goods争夺赃物~ for supremacy争夺霸权~ for one’s ideal为理想而奋斗~ for freedom为自由而奋斗
2（指欲望、品质、力量等）Right and wrong are the two principles that have stood face to face from the beginning of time, and will ever continue to struggle.是非二理，自鸿蒙之初对峙至今，二者相争永无休日。
C（指克服困难之剧）
a（不顾困难而）竭力，奋力，拼命，挣扎着（站起来等）；竭力承担（重担）、攻克（任务），竭力做（困难的事），勉力维持He ~d, but he couldn’t escape.他挣扎了，但无法逃脱。The guard was standing hitting him whenever he ~d.每当他挣扎着想要站起来的时候，卫兵就站着揍他。~ to do sth竭力做，艰难地做She ~d to unload a case of wine from the car.她用足气力从车上搬下一箱酒。~ on奋力向前，勉强支撑下去，竭力维持下去（=battle on）Some ~d on, but those who couldn’t were left for dead.有些人继续奋力拼搏，而那些无力挣扎的人只能被扔在一边等死。
b奋力前进，艰难地行进~ into a supermarket to buy some food挤进一家超市去买些食品~ through mud在泥泞中艰难行进He ~d forward for about half a mile.他艰难地向前走了约半英里。
transitive . To force or impel (a thing) by striking, hammering, etc. With the direction expressed, as to beat down, to beat out of, or to beat into (a position or thing).
II.i.15.b.
1533–
figurative . to beat ( a thing**) into one’s head**, to beat ( a thing**) into one’s mind**, etc.
在这里，a和b显然在词义上非常接近，所以，编者才会把两者放在一起。其次，就两者的关系来说，a应该是字面义，而b编者在前面明确加上了figurative ，毫无疑问是比喻义了。这里让人不解的是，a出现的时间居然比b要晚了将近百年。当然了，由于这个词First published 1887，虽然经历了多次补充（如2004、2005、2013年几次补充新义），但not yet revised。所以，我们可以姑且认为是因为没有看到词义a早期的（合适）用例。那么，在这里，是不是给我们一直认为历史（也就是时间）顺序并不能表明词义间的引申关系的看法提供了一个证据呢。如果哪位对OED有研究，请告诉一声。在此，我们也期待早日看到修订后的beat，看看新版在这里会怎么处理。
1 a long thin mark or line that is a different colour from the surface it is on條紋，條痕streaks of grey in her hair她頭上的綹綹白髮dirty streaks on the window窗戶上的道道污痕
2 a part of a person’s character, especially an unpleasant part（尤指不好的）性格特徵a ruthless/vicious/mean streak冷酷╱邪惡╱卑鄙的性格a streak of cruelty幾分殘忍
3 a series of successes or failures, especially in a sport or in gambling（尤指體育比賽或賭博中）順的時候，背的時候，運氣，手氣a streak of good luck運氣好的一段時間to hit (= have)a winning streak碰上順的時候to be on a winning/losing streak趕上順的╱背的時候a lucky/unlucky streak運氣好╱不好的階段
看在线词源，其解释为：Middle English strik, strike, from Old English strica “line of motion, stroke of a pen” in writing or as a mark for measurement." This is related to strican “pass over lightly,” and from a Proto-Germanic *strikon- (source also of Middle Dutch streke, Dutch streek, Middle Low German streke “a stroke, line,” Old High German, German strich, Gothic striks “a stroke, line”). This is said to be from PIE root *strig- “to stroke, rub, press” (see strigil; also compare strike (v.), stroke (v.)). 由此可知，它在古英语中是line of motion, stroke of a pen的意思。根据现有的词义引申理论，我们基本上可以把line of motion, stroke of a pen作为streak的基本义来理解其他意义。可是，当我们这样做的时候，会发现“条纹、光带、矿脉、条层、划线、条纹病”等勉强与基本义存在某种关联——之所以说勉强，是因为并不能确切地加以解释，这样，剩下的词义——个性特征、些许、一段时间、一系列、裸奔等词义又该如何理解呢？再来看牛津高阶。这里只列了三个义项，除第一个外和基本义有关外，另外两个都很难和基本义联系起来。看到这里，我们基本上可以想到：其一，“词典+词源”对词义的理解作用有限；其二，就我们当前的水平和能力而言，对于字面上非常相近的词义仍然难以给出清晰自然的解释，存在较大的模糊空间；其三，词典上的义项是否准确可靠？这需要对照多本权威词典来判断，一般读者不容易做（在本人看来，词典上的义项其实是有改进空间的）。至此，词义理解似乎进入一个难以走出的困局。我们该怎么办？
阅读大量例句：查找包含该词的不同语境下的众多例句，通过分析在具体句子中词是如何运用的，来体会其确切含义。比如对于 “streak” 表示 “个性特征” 这一义项，可以多找诸如 “He has a stubborn streak in him.（他身上有一股固执的劲儿。）” 这类例句，从句子整体表意感受这个词在此处表达的那种内在特质的意味，而非单纯从词源、基本义去强行推导。
从 “line of motion, stroke of a pen（线条、笔画）” 到 “条纹；条痕” 等具象的线状概念
逻辑关联：最初表示书写时的线条或作为测量标记的线条，这是一种比较直观的、具体的线状形态。“条纹；条痕” 同样呈现出线条状的外观，比如 “streaks of grey in her hair（她头上的绺绺白发）”，白发呈现出的是一道道线状的形态，是基于原始基本义中线条概念在视觉形象上的直接延伸，是将原本书写等情境下的线条概念具象化到物体表面呈现出的线条模样，像窗上的污痕、头发中的白发条纹等都是实实在在能看到的线状痕迹。
逻辑关联：人们借助隐喻的思维方式，把具体的、肉眼可见的线条特征，类比到抽象的人的性格、行为层面。可以想象性格特征就如同附着在人身上的一种无形的 “线条”，比如 “He has a stubborn streak in him.（他身上有一股固执的劲儿。）”，这里的 “streak” 将固执这种性格特点以一种类似可标记、可感知的线条状态来描述，是把具象的线条概念抽象化，用于形容人内在难以直接看见但又确实存在的个性特质，而 “些许” 的含义也是从这种抽象的、表示某一种特征存在的意味进一步弱化而来，强调只是有那么一点儿这样的特质。
演变举例：像 “a streak of cruelty（几分残忍）”，残忍本是一种抽象的心理、行为表现特征，用 “streak” 来形容，就好像是在这个人的性格行为画卷上划了一道带有残忍属性的 “线条”，使这种抽象的特质有了一种形象可感的呈现方式，完成了从具体线状形象到抽象性格特征的词义引申。
从线状概念到表示时间、事件序列的 “（短暂的）一段时间，一阵子；一连串，一系列”
逻辑关联：把线条具有的连续性、连贯性特点，迁移到时间和事件的描述上。一条线是连贯延伸的，那么一段时间或者一系列的事件也有着先后连贯的属性。例如 “a streak of good luck（运气好的一段时间）”，就如同好运是沿着一条时间线持续了一段过程，用线状的概念去隐喻时间上的阶段性和连续性；“a winning streak（顺的时候）” 则是把在体育比赛等场景中连续取得胜利这一事件序列，类比成一条连贯的线，强调其连续性和阶段性，实现了从具体的线条到抽象的时间、事件范畴的词义拓展。
演变举例：在描述体育赛事中运动员连续几场比赛表现出色时，说 “be on a winning streak（赶上顺的时候）”，这里就是将连续的获胜场次看作是像线条一样连贯起来的情况，让人们能直观感受到那种连续性和阶段性，基于最初基本义中线条的连贯性特点完成了词义的演变引申。
在OED中，strike一词First published 1919，至今not yet revised。不过，OED并非对这个词一直没有改动，而是在1993和2009年分别增补了词义。当然了，由于这个词尚未进行全面的revision，我们在这里只能基于现有的词义进行讨论。在OED中，strike的词义被分成：I.To make one’s way, proceed, and related uses. II.To stroke, rub lightly, smooth, level. III.To mark with lines, draw a line. IV.To lower (sails, masts), and derived senses. V.To deal a blow, to smite with the hand (occasionally another limb), a weapon or tool. VI.To make a vigorous movement (as if striking a blow). VII.To impinge upon. VIII.Senses of uncertain position. 从这个分组可以看到，这个词的词义涉及行走、抚摸、画线、降下、击打、移动、冲击等，甚至有部分词义都没法进行归类。从理论上说，strike的词义虽然受到其他影响（例如JOSEPH T. SHIPLEY曾经说：L. stringere, to stroke lightly, developed also the sense of stripping leaves from a branch ; this may have influenced the thought in strike sail, strike the colors.），但总的来说，它的词义都是同一来源，词义间的引申关系比较明显才是。然而，编者将部分词义归入Senses of uncertain position，一方面表明了编者对词义的认知局限，同时没有勉为其难，强行进行处理。这大概正是编者严谨、客观态度的体现吧。
a. A number of pieces of artillery placed in juxtaposition for combined action; in Military use, the smallest division of artillery for tactical purposes (corresponding to a company of infantry).Technically, including also the artillerymen who work the guns, the drivers, and horses. In horse batteries , the gunners are carried partly on the carriages and partly on horses, in field batteries wholly on the carriages; garrison batteries are bodies of artillerymen serving heavy guns in forts or coast batteries.
b. figurative , esp. in to turn any one’s battery against himself .
c. In baseball, applied to the pitcher and catcher (originally used of the pitcher alone). Also attributive . U.S.
a. The platform or fortified work, on or within which artillery is mounted (sometimes including the guns or mortars there mounted).
b. transferred or figurative .
c. An oblong box or boat submerged to the brim, used in wildfowl shooting; = SINKn.1 14. Also attributive , as battery-gunner , battery-shooting . U.S.
Phrases and locutions. battery-wagon : one in which are carried tools and materials for repair of the battery. cross batteries : two batteries playing upon the same point from different directions. enfilading battery : one which sweeps the whole line attacked. floating battery : a heavily armed and armoured vessel intended for bombarding fortresses. in battery : (a gun) projecting in readiness for firing through an embrasure or over a parapet. masked battery : one screened from the enemy’s view by natural or artificial obstacles. out of or from battery : (a gun) withdrawn for the purpose of loading.
Mining . The set of stamps, usually five in number, that work in one ‘mortar’ of a stamp-mill.
Dyeing . (See quots.)
这里，在II下一共列出5组共计9个词义。编者根据这些词义的特点，把它们冠之以The apparatus used in battering or beating。仔细看每个词义，我们注意到除了4c，其余的都和物有关。我们回过头来看以The apparatus used in battering or beating这个标签，大家有没有感到4c这个词义与其他词义有些格格不入？不过，查看apparatus在词典中的释义，它其实还可以解释为“机构，机关，团体；（尤指政党）组织，（地下活动）组织”，这个词义中虽然有“人”，但其实是指像机器那样运行的组织、机关，并不指个人。所以，大家对于4c这个词义怎么理解？