abel-.	Apple. Germanic *ap(a)laz in Old English seppel,apple: apple. .[Pok. abel- 1.]
ad-.	To, near, at. 1. Germanic *at in Old English set (>Middle English at), near, by, at: ado, at. 2. Latin ad,ad-, to, toward: ad-, -ad; (adjuvant), aid, amount,(paramount). .[Pok. 1. ad- 3.]
ag-.	To drive. 1. Latin agere, to do, act, drive, conduct,lead: act, agendum, agent, agile, agitate; (allege),ambage, ambiguous, (assay), (cache), coagulum,COGENT, ESSAY, EXACT, (EXAMINE), (EXIGENT), FUMI-GATE, INTRANSIGENT, LEVIGATE, LITIGATE, NAVIGATE,OBJURGATE, PRODIGAL, RETROACTIVE, SQUAT, TRANS-ACT. 2. Greek agein, to drive, lead: -agogue, agony;anagoge, (antagonize), choragus, demagogue,EPACT, GLUCAGON, HYPNAGOGIC, MYSTAGOGUE, PEDA-GOGUE, PROTAGONIST, STRATAGEM, SYNAGOGUE. 3. Suf-fixed form *ag-to- in Celtic *amb(i)-ag-to-, “one sentaround” (*ambi, around; see ambhi), in Latin ambactus,servant (> Medieval Latin ambactia, office): ambassa-dor, embassage, (embassy). 4. Suffixed form *ag-men-in Latin agmen, a train, a moving forward, a marchingcolumn, group: agminate. 5. Suffixed form *ag-ti-,“weighing” (Greek agein, “to lead,” has a sense “toweigh”), whence adjective *ag-ty-o-, “weighty,” in Greekaxios, worth, worthy, of like value, weighing as much:axiom; axiology, chronaxy. 6. Possibly suffixed form*ag-ro-, driving, pursuing, grabbing, in Greek agra, aseizing: pellagra, podagra. Derivative agro-. .[Pok. aF-4.]
ag-es-.	Fault, guilt. Possibly Old English acan, to ache(perhaps < “to cause mental pain”): ache. .[Pok. agos-8.]
agh-¹.	To be depressed, be afraid. 1. Suffixed form*agh-lo- in Old English eglan, eglian, to trouble, afflict:ail. 2. Suffixed form *agh-es- in Old Norse agi, fright-ened: awe. .[Pok. agh- 7.]
agh-².	A day (considered as a span of time). Germanic*dagaz (with initial d- of obscure origin), day, in: a. OldEnglish dæg, day: day; (daisy), today; b. Old Englishdenominative dagian, to dawn: dawn. .[Pok. agher- 7.]
agro-.	Field. Derivative of ag-, “to drive” (< “place towhich cattle are driven”). 1. Germanic *akraz in OldEnglish æcer, field, acre: acre. 2 Latin ager (genitiveagri), district, property, field: agrarian, agrestal;agriculture, peregrine, (pilgrim). 3. Greek agros,field, and agrios, wild: AGRIA, agro-; agrioecology,AGRIOLOGY, AGROSTOLOGY, ONAGER, STAVESACRE. .[InPok. ag- 4.]
agwesL	Ax. Germanic *akwesi, *akusjo- in Old Englishsex, ax: ax. .[Pok. agu(e)si 9.]
ag^-no-.	Lamb. Germanic *aun- in verb *aunbn in OldEnglish eanian, to bring forth young: yean. .[Pok. agvh-nos 9.]
al-¹.	To give, allot. 1. Suffixed form *ai-t-ya in Greekaitia, cause, responsibility: ETIOLOGY. 2. Suffixed form*ai-td- in Greek diaitan, to decide, lead one’s life: diet¹..[Pok. 3. ai- 10.]
ai-².	An utterance. Suffixed form *ai-no- in Greek ainos,tale: ENIGMA. .[Pok. 5. ai- 11.]
aidh-.	To bum. 1. Suffixed form *aidhsto- in: a. Ger-manic *aistaz in Old English ast, kiln: oast; b. Latinaestas (stem aestat- for earlier 'aestotat-), heat, summer:aestival. 2. Suffixed form *aidh-lo- perhaps in Ger-manic *ail- in Old English al, fire: anneal. 3. Suffixedform *aidh-i- in Latin aedes, aedis, building, house (<“hearth”): aedile; edifice, (edify), mazaedium.4. Suffixed form ’aidh-stu- in Latin aestus, heat, swell,surge, tide: estuary. 5. Suffixed form *aidh-er- in Greekaither, air: Aether, ether. .[Pok. ai-dh- 11.]
aig-.	Goat. Greek aigis, goatskin (shield of Athena):aegis. .[Pok. 3. aig- 13.]
ais-.	To wish, desire. Suffixed form *ais-sk- in Germanic*aiskdn in Old English dscian, dcsian, to ask, seek: ask..[Pok. 1. ais- 16.]
aiw-.	Vital force, life, long life, eternity; also “endowedwith the acme of vital force, young.” 1. Extended form inGermanic *aiwi in: a. Old English a, ever: no¹; b. Ger-manic *aiwi + *wihti, “ever a thing, anything” (*wihti-,thing; see wektl-), in Old English dwiht, auht, anything,"ever a creature”: aught¹; C. Old English æfre (secondelement obscure), ever: EVER; EVERY, NEVER; d. OldNorse ei, ever: aye²; nay. 2. Suffixed form *ai-wo- in:a. Latin aevum, age, eternity: coeval, longevity, me-dieval, primeval; b. suffixed form *aiwo-tdt- in Latinaetds (stem aetdt-), age: age; coetaneous; c. suffixedform *aiwo-terno- in Latin aeternus, eternal: eternal;sempiternal. 3. Suffixed form *aiw-en- in Greek aion,age, vital force; eon. See also *yuwen- under yeu-. .[Pok.aiu- 17.]
ak-.	Sharp. 1. Suffixed form *ak-ya- in: a. Germanic*akjd in Old English ecg, sharp side: edge; b. Germanic*akjan in Old Norse eggja, to incite, goad: egg². 2. Suf-fixed form *ak-u- in: a. Germanic *ahuz in Old Englishear, ær, æhher, spike, ear of grain: ear²; acrospire;b. Latin acus, needle: acicula, (acuity), acumen,acute, aglet, eglantine. 3. Suffixed form *ak-men,stone, sharp stone used as a tool, with metathetic variant*ka-men, with variants: a. *ka-mer- in Germanic *hama-raz in Old English hamor, hammer: hammer; b. ‘ke-men- (probable variant) in Germanic *himin-, in dissimi-lated form *hibin-, “the stony vault of heaven,” in OldEnglish heofon, hefn, heaven: heaven. 4. Suffixed form*ak-ona- in Germanic *aganb in Old Norse bgn, chaff:awn. 5. Suffixed lengthened form *ak-ri- in Latin deer,sharp, bitter: acerate, acrid, acrimony, eager¹; car-vacrol, vinegar. 6. Suffixed form *ak-ri-bhwo- inLatin acerbus, bitter, sharp, tart: acerb; exacerbate.7. Suffixed (stative) form *ak-e- in Latin acere, to besharp: acid. 8. Suffixed form *ak-eto- in Latin acetum,vinegar: acetabulum, (acetic), acetum; ester.9. Greek akantha (second element of Mediterraneanorigin), thorn, thorny plant: acantho-, acanthus;coelacanth, pyracantha, tragacanth. 10. Suffixedform *ak-md- in Greek akme, point: acme, acne.11. Suffixed form *ak-ro- in Greek akros, topmost:ACRO-; (acrobat), acromion. 12. Variant suffixed form*oksu- in Greek oxus, sharp, sour: amphioxus, oxalis,oxygen, oxyuriasis, paroxysm. .[Pok. 2. ak-18, 3. kem-556.]
aks-.	Axis. 1. Suffixed form *aks-lo- in Old Norse bxull,axle: axle. 2. Suffixed form *aks-i- in: a. Latin axis,axle, pivot: axis; b. Latin diminutive axilla, armpit (<“axis point of the arm and shoulder”): axilla. 3. Suf-fixed form *aks-ld- in Latin ala (< *axla), wing, upperarm (see axilla in 2 b. for semantic transition): aisle,ALA, ALAR, ALARY, ALATE, ALULA; ALIFORM. 4. Suffixedform *aks-on- in Greek axon, axis: axon; monaxon. .[InPok. ag- 4.]
akwa-.	Water. 1. Germanic *agwjb becoming *aujd,“thing on the water,” in Old English ig, leg, island, andigland, tegland (land, land; see lendh-²), island: island. 2.  Latin aqua, water: aqua, aquarelle, aquarium,AQUATIC, AQUI-, EWER, GOUACHE; SEWER*. .[Pok. akva23.]
al-¹.	Beyond. 1. Variant *o 1-, “beyond,” in: a. suffixedforms *ol-se-, 'ol-so- in Old Latin oUus in Latin ille(feminine ilia); “yonder,” that: alarm, alert, alliga-tor; b. suffixed forms *ol-s, *ol-tero- in Latin uls, 'alter,ultra; beyond: outre, ulterior, ultimate, ultra-,utterance². 2. Suffixed form *al-tero-, “other of two,”in: a. Latin alter, other, other of two: alter, alter-cate, ALTERNATE, ALTRUISM; SUBALTERN; b. Latinadulter, “one who approaches another (unlawfully), anadulterer” (ad-, to; see ad-), hence adulterare, to commitadultery with, pollute: adulterate, adulterine,adultery. 3. Extended form *alyo-, "other of more thantwo,” in: a. Germanic 'aljaz (with adverbial suffix) inOld English elles, else, otherwise: else; b. Latin alius,other of more than two: alias, alien; alibi, aliquot,hidalgo; c. Greek alios, other: agio, allo-; allegory,allelomorph, morphallaxis, parallax, parallel,TROPHALLAXIS. .[Pok. 1. al- 24.]
al-².	To wander. 1. Latin ambuldre, to go about, walk(ambi-, around; see ambhi): alley*, ambulate; fu-nambulist, preamble. 2. Latin exsul, exul, wanderer,exile (ex-, out; see eghs): exile. .[Pok. 3. al- 27.]
al-³.	To grow, nourish. I. Suffixed (participial) form*al-to-, “grown,” in: 1. Germanic *alda- in: a. Old Eng-lish eald, aid, old: alderman, old; b. Old English(comparative) ieldra, eldra, older, elder: elder*; c. OldEnglish (superlative) ieldesta, eldesta, eldest: eldest;d. Germanic compound *wer-ald-, “life or age of man”(see wi-ro-). 2. Latin altus, high, deep: alt, altimeter,ALTO, HAUGHTY, HAWSER; ALTITUDE, ALTOCUMULUS,altostratus, enhance, exalt, hautboy. II. Latinalere, to nourish: adolescent, (adult), alible, ali-ment, ALIMONY, ALTRICIAL, ALUMNUS; COALESCE.III. Suffixed (causative) form *ol-eye- in Latin abolere,to retard the growth of, abolish (ab-, from; see apo-):abolish. IV. Compound form 'pro-al- (pro-, forth; seeper¹) in Latin proles, offspring: prolan, proletarian,proliferous, prolific. V. Extended form *aldh- inGreek althein, althainein, to get well: althea. .[Pok. 2.al- 26.]
al-⁴.	To grind, mill. Suffixed form *al-euro- in Greekaleuron, meal, flour: aleurone. .[Pok. 5. al- 28.].[al-s. All. Germanic root. Suffixed form *al-na- in Ger-manic 'allaz in Old English all, eall, eal-, al-, all: all;ALSO.]
albho-.	White. 1. Possibly Germanic 'albiz, *albaz, ifmeaning “white ghostlike apparitions,” in: a. Old Eng-lish ælf, elf: elf; b. Old Norse alfr, elf: oaf; c. Old HighGerman Alberich, “elf-ruler,” akin to the source of OldFrench Auberon: Oberon. 2. Latin albus, white (> OldSpanish alba, dawn): abele, alb, albedo, albescent,ALBINO, ALBITE, ALBUM, ALBUMEN, ALBURNUM, AU-BADE, auburn; daub. 3. Greek alphas, dull-white lep-rosy: ALPHOSis. .[Pok. albho- 30.]
alek*.	To ward off, protect. Earlier form *slek-. 1. Suf-fixed zero-grade form *alk-a- in Greek alke, strength:analcime. 2. Extended form 'aleks- in Greek alexein, toprotect: alexipharmic. .[Pok. aleq- 32.]
algwh-.	To earn, be worth. Sanskrit arhati, he is worthy:arhat. .[Pok. algvh- 32.]
alu-.	In words related to sorcery, magic, possession, andintoxication. Suffixed form *alu-t- in Germanic 'aluth- inOld English (e)alu, ale: ale. .[Pok. alu- 33.]
ambhi.	Also mbhi. Around. Probably derived from ant-.1.  Reduced form 'bhi in Germanic *bi, *bi- (intensiveprefix) in: a. Old English bi, bi, be, by: by*; b. OldEnglish bi-, be-, on all sides, be-, also intensive prefix:BE-; C. Middle Dutch bie, by: bilander; d. Old HighGerman bi(> German bei),by, at: bivouac. 2. Germanic'umbi in: a. Old English ymbe, around: Ember day;b. Old Norse um(b), about, around: ombudsman; c. OldHigh German umbi, around: umlaut. 3. Latin ambi-,around, about: ambi-. 4. Greek amphi, around, about:AMPHI-. 5. Celtic *ambi (see ag-). .[Pok. ambhi 34.]
ambho.	Both. 1. Reduced form *bhd in Germanic *bd-,'ba in Old Norse bathir, both: both. 2. Latin ambd,both: ambsace. 3. Greek ampho, both: amphoteric. .[InPok. ambhi 34.]
amer-.	Day. Suffixed form *amer-a in Greek hemera,day: ephemeral, hemeralopia. .[Pok. amer- 35.]
ames-.	Blackbird. 1. Suffixed variant form *ams-ol• inOld English dsle, blackbird: ouzel. 2. Suffixed variantforms 'mes-ola, 'mes-olo- in Latin merula, merulus,merle, blackbird: merle, merlon. .[Pok. ames- 35.].[amma. Various nursery words. Latin root. 1. MedievalLatin amma, mother: amah. 2. Reduced form 'am- in:a. Latin amare, to love: amateur, amative, amatory,amoretto, amour; enamor, inamorata, paramour;b. Latin amita, aunt: aunt; c. Latin amicus, friend:amicable, amigo, amity; enemy, inimical.]
an¹.	On. Extended form ’ana. 1. Germanic 'ana, and in:a. Old English an, on, a, on: on; b. Old Norse a, in, on:aloft; c. Old High German ana (> Middle High Ger-man ane), on: anlage; d. Middle Dutch aan, on: on-slaught. 2. Greek ana, on, up, at the rate of: ana²,ana-. .[Pok. 4. an 39.]
an².	Demonstrative particle. Suffixed form *an-tero-,“other (of two)” (compare 'al-tero- under al-¹) in Ger-manic 'antharaz in Old English other, other: other..[Pok. 2. an 37.]
an-¹.	Old woman, ancestor (nursery word). Latin anus,old woman: anile. .[Pok. 1. an- 36.]
an-².	To pour, draw water. Suffixed form *an-tlo- inGreek antlos, bilge water, bucket: Antlia. .[In Pok. 1.sem- 901.]
andh-.	Bloom. Suffixed form *andh-es• in Greek anthos,flower: anthemion, anther, anthesis, antho-, -an-thous; agapanthus, chrysanthemum, dianthus, ex-anthema, HYDRANTH, (MONANTHOUS), STROPHANTHIN..[Pok. andh- 40.]
andho-.	Blind, dark. Suffixed variant form *ondh-ro-perhaps in Latin umbra, shadow: umbel, umbra, um-brella; adumbrate. .[Pok. andho- 41.]
ana-.	To breathe. Suffixed form 'ans-mo- in: a. Latinanimus, reason, mind, and anima, soul, spirit, life,breath: anima, animadvert, animal, animate, (ani-mato), ANIMISM, ANIMOSITY, ANIMUS; EQUANIMITY,LONGANIMITY, MAGNANIMOUS, PUSILLANIMOUS, UNANI-MOUS; b. Greek anemos, wind: anemo-. .[Pok. 3. anfs)-38.]
aneta.	Doorjamb. Latin antae (plural), a pair of pillars onthe opposite sides of a door: anta. .[Pok. arista- 42.].[angelos. Messenger. Greek noun, akin to Greek anga-ros, mounted courier, both from an unknown Orientalsource. 1. Greek angelos, messenger: angel, (angelic),angelica, (Angelus); archangel, evangel. 2. Greekangaros, mounted courier; angary.]
angh-.	Tight, painfully constricted, painful. 1. Germanic*ang-, compressed, hard, painful, in Old English ang-nægl, “painful spike (in the flesh)," corn, excrescence(nægl, spike; see nogh-): agnail. 2. Suffixed form*angh-os- in Germanic 'angaz in Old Norse angr, sor-row, grief: anger. 3. Suffixed form *angh-os-ti- in Ger-manic 'angusti- in Old High German angust (> GermanAngst), anxiety: angst. 4. Latin angere, to strangle,draw tight: anxious. 5. Suffixed form 'angh-os-to- inLatin angustus, narrow: anguish. 6. Greek ankhein, tosqueeze, embrace: quinsy. 7. Greek ankhone, a stran-gling: angina. .[Pok. angh- 42.]
ang^i-.	Snake, eel. 1. Latin anguis, snake: anguine;anguilliform. 2. Taboo deformation or separate root*ogwhi- in Greek ophis, snake, serpent: ophidian,ophite; ophiology, Ophiuchus. 3. Taboo deformationor separate root 'eghi- in Greek ekhis, snake, in deriva-tives: a. ekhinos, hedgehog (< “snake-eater"): echino-,echinus; b. ekhidna, snake, riper: echidna. .[Pok.ang*(h)i- 43.]
ank-.	Also ang-. To bend. I. Germanic *ank- in OldNorse *ankula and Middle English ancle, ankle: ANKLE.II. Suffixed form *ank ulo-. 1. Germanic *ang-ul- in;a. Old English angul, angel, fishhook: angle¹; b. prob-ably Latin A ng II, the Angles: Angle. 2. Greek ankulos,crooked, bent: ankylosis; ancylostomiasis. III. Greekankura, anchor: anchor. IV. Greek ankon, elbow: an-con. V. Sanskrit anka, hook, ancati, he bends: palan-quin. VI. Suffixed variant form *onk-o- in Latin uncus,hooked, bent: uncinaria, uncinate, uncinus, uncus;UNCIFORM. VII. Suffixed form *ang-olo- in Latin angu-lus, angle, comer: angle². .[Pok. 2. ank-, ang- 45.]
ano-.	Ring. 1. Latin anus, ring, anus: anus: anilingus.2. Latin diminutive annulus, ring, signet ring: annular,ANNULET, ANNULUS. .[Pok. 6nO- 47.]
ans-.	Loop, handle. Latin ansa, handle: ansate. .[Pok.ansa 48.]
ansu-.	Spirit, demon. 1. Germanic ‘ansu- in Old Norsedss, god: Aesir. 2. Suffixed reduced form *nsu-ro- inAvestan ahura, spirit: Ahura Mazda, Ormazd. .[Pok.ansu- 48.]
ant-.	Front, forehead. I. Inflected form (locative singular)*anti. "against,” with derivatives meaning in front of,before; also end. 1. Germanic *andi• in Old English and-,indicating opposition: un-²; along. 2. Germanic ‘andja-in Old English ende, end: end. 3. Latin ante, before, infront of, against: ancient¹, ante, ante-, anterior;advance. 4. Greek anti, against, in enantios, opposite:anti-; enantiomer, enantiomorph. 5. Compoundform ‘anti-ak^o-, “appearing before, having prior aspect”(*ak*-, appearance; see ok"-), in Latin antiquus, former,antique: antic, antique. 6. Reduced form *nti- in Ger-manic *und- in Old Norse und (> Middle English un-),until, unto: until. 7. Variant form *anto- in Sanskritantah, end, in Vedantah, essence of the Veda: Vedanta.II. Probable inflected form (locative plural) *antbhi, "onboth sides of,” whence *ambhi. See ambhi. .[Pok. ant-s48.]
ap-¹.	To take, reach. 1. Latin apere, to attach, join, tie to:apt, (aptitude), attitude; (inept). 2. Latin apisci, toattain: adept. 3. Latin apex, top, summit (< “somethingreached”): apex. 4. Prefixed form *co-ap- (co-, together;see kom) in Latin copula, bond, tie, link: copula,copulate, couple. 5. Perhaps Latin ammentum, amen-tum (< ’ap-mentum, “something tied”), thong, strap:ament¹. .[Pok. 1. ap- 50.]
ap-².	Water, river. Iranian ap- in Persian db, water:JULEP. .[Pok. 2. ap- 51.]
apero-.	Shore. Perhaps a derivative of ap-². Suffixedform *dper-yo- in Greek epeiros, land, mainland, conti-nent: epeirogeny. .[Pok. apero- 53.]
apo-.	Also ap-. Off, away. 1. Germanic *af in: a. OldEnglish of, æf (> Middle English of, of-), off: of, off,offal; b. Old English ebba, low tide: ebb; c. Old HighGerman aba, off, away from: ablaut; d. Germanic‘aftan- in Old English æftan, behind: abaft. 2. Latin ab,ab-, away from: ab-¹. 3. Greek apo, away from, from:apo-. 4. Suffixed (comparative) form *ap(o)-tero- inGermanic *aftar- in Old English xfter, after, behind:AFTER. 5. Suffixed form *ap-t-is- in Germanic *aftiz inOld English eft, again: EFTSOONS. 6. Suffixed form’apu-ko- in Germanic afug- in Old Norse bfugr, turnedbackward: awkward. 7. Possible root *po(s), on, in:a. Russian po, at, by, next to: pogrom; b. Latin post,behind, back, afterward: post-, posterior; post-mortem, preposterous, puisne, (puny); c. Latin pb-nere, to put, place, from *po-sinere (sinere, to leave, let;of obscure origin): apposite, (apposition), component,(compose), (composite), (composition), (compound),DEPONE, DEPOSIT, DISPOSE, EXPOUND, IMPONE, IMPOSE,INTERPOSE, OPPOSE, POSITION, POSITIVE, POST², POST³,POSTICHE, POSTURE, PREPOSITION, PROPOSE, PROVOST,REPOSiT, suppose. .[Pok. apo- 53.]
apsa.	Aspen. Germanic aspon- in Old English æspe,aspen: aspen. .[Pok. apsa 55.]
ar-.	Also ar»-. To sit together. I. Basic form ’am-. 1, Suf-fixed form ‘ar(a)mo- in: a. Germanic armaz in OldEnglish earm, arm: arm¹; b. Isatin arma, tools, arms:ARM², ARMADA, ARMADILLO, ARMATURE, ARMOIRE,army; alarm, disarm; C. Latin armus, upper arm:ARMILLARY sphere. 2. Suffixed form *ar(a)-smo- inGreek harmos, joint, shoulder: harmony. 3. Suffixedform *ar(a)-ti- in: a. Latin ars (stem art-), art, skill, craft:art¹, artel, artisan, artist; inert, (inertia); b. fur-ther suffixed form ‘ar(a)-ti-o- in Greek artios, sitting,even: artiodactyl. 4. Suffixed form *ar(a)-tu- in Latinartus, joint: article. 5. Suffixed form 'arsa)-to- in Latinartus, tight: coarctate. 6. Suffixed form *ar(a)-dhro- inGreek arthron, joint: arthro-; anarthrous, diar-throsis, enarthrosis, synarthrosis. 7. Suffixed (su-perlative) form *ar(a)-isto- in Greek aristos, best:aristocracy. II. Possibly suffixed variant form (orseparate root) *dr-dh-. 1. Latin ordb, order (originally arow of threads in a loom): ordain, order, ordinal,ORDINANCE, ORDINARY, ORDINATE, 0RD0; COORDINA-TION, inordinate, subordinate. 2. Latin brdiri, tobegin to weave; exordium, primordial. 3. Latin or-nare, to adorn: ornament, ornate; adorn, suborn.III. Variant or separate root ‘re- (< ‘res-). 1. Latin reri(past participle ratus), to consider, confirm, ratify:rate¹, ratio, reason; (arraign). 2. Suffixed formre-dh- in: a. Germanic *redan in (i) Old English rædan,to advise: read, rede (ii) Old English riden, condition:hatred, kindred; b. Germanic ‘redaz in (i) Old HighGerman rat (> German Rat), counsel: Bundesrat,rathskeller (ii) Old English rædels(e), opinion, riddle:riddle². 3. Zero-grade form ‘ra- in Germanic ‘radam,number (see dekm). IV. Variant (or separate root) *n-.1. Suffixed form *ri-tu- in Latin ritus, rite, custom,usage: rite. 2. Suffixed form ’(a)ri-dhmo- in Greekarithmos, number, amount: arithmetic, logarithm..[Pok. 1. ar- 55.]
arek-.	To hold, contain, guard. Variant ‘ark-. 1. Latinarea, chest, box: arcane, ark. 2. Latin arcere, to en-close, confine, contain, ward off: coerce, exercise.3. Greek arkein, to ward off, suffice: autarky. .[Pok.areq- 65.]
ara-.	To plow. Latin arare, to plow: arable. .[Pok. arfa)-62.]
arg-.	To shine; white; the shining or white metal, silver.1. Suffixed form * arg-ent- in Latin argentum, silver:argent, argentine. 2. Suffixed form *arg-i-l(l)- inGreek argillos, white clay: argil. 3. Suffixed form ‘arg-u-ro- in Greek arguros, silver: litharge, pyrargyrite.4. Suffixed form *arg-i-n- in Greek arginoeis, brilliant,bright-shining: arginine. 5. Extended form *argu-,brilliance, clarity, in Latin denominative arguere, tomake clear, demonstrate: argue. 6. Suffixed form ‘arg-ro- in Greek argos (< ‘argros), white (see pel-²). .[Pok.ar(e)g- 64.].[arkhein. To begin, rule, command. Greek verb of un-known origin; with derivatives arkhe, rule, beginning,and arkhos, ruler, (arch-), -arch, archaeo-, archaic,ARCHI-, ARCHIVES, ARCHON, (-ARCHY); AUTARCHY,EXARCH, MENARCHE.]
arku-.	Bow and arrow (uncertain which, perhaps both asa unit). 1. Germanic ‘arhud in Old English ar(e)u'e, earh,and Old Norse *arw-, arrow: ARROW. 2. Latin arcus,bow: ARC, ARCADE, ARCH¹, ARCHER; ARBALEST, ARCHI-VOLT, (arciform), arcuate. .[Pok. arqu- 67.]
aryo-.	Lord, ruler; self-designation of the Indo-Iraniansand perhaps of the Indo-Europeans. Lengthened-gradeform ‘dryo- in Sanskrit arya-, noble, Aryan: Aryan..[Pok. aria- 67.]
as-.	To burn, glow. 1. Extended form ‘asg- in Germanic*askdn- in Old English æsce, asce, ash: ash¹. 2. Suffixedform *as-a- in Latin ara, altar, hearth: Ara. 3. Suffixed(stative) form *as-e- in: a. Latin arere, to be dry, hencearidus, dry, parched: ARID; b. Latin ardere, to bum, beon fire, from aridus, parched: ardent, ardor, arson.4. Extended form *asd- in: a. Greek azein, to dry:zamia; b. Greek azaleas, dry: azalea. .[Pok. as- 68.].[asinus. Ass. Latin noun, akin to Greek onos, probablyultimately from the same source as Sumerian anie.1. Latin asinus, ass: asinine, easel. 2. Greek onos, ass:ONAGER.]
at-.	To go; with Germanic and Latin derivatives meaninga year (conceived as “the period gone through, therevolving year”). Suffixed form *at-no- in Latin annus,year: annals, annual, annuity; anniversary, bien-nium, DECENNIUM, MILLENNIUM, OCTENNIAL, PEREN-NIAL, QUADRENNIUM, QUIN DECENNIAL, QUINQUENNIUM,SEPTENNIAL, SEXENNIAL, SUPERANNUATED, TRIENNIUM,VICENNIAL. .[Pok. at- 69.]
ater-.	Fire. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form 'atr-o- in Latinater (feminine dtra), black (< “blackened by fire”):ATRABILIOUS. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *dtr-yo- inLatin atrium, forecourt, hall, atrium (perhaps originallythe place where the smoke from the hearth escapedthrough a hole in the roof): atrium. 3. Compoundshortened zero-grade form *atro-skw- (*okw-, “-looking”;see okw-) in Latin dtrox, “black-looking,” frightful:atrocious. .[Pok. at(e)r- 69.].[athal-. Race, family. Germanic root, possibly related toGreek atallein, to foster. 1. Germanic *athal- in OldEnglish ætheling, prince: atheling. 2. Variant Germanic*6thel- in Old High German edili, noble: edelweiss. .[InPok. atos 71.]
atto-.	Father (nursery word). Possibly Latin atta, father:atavism. .[In Pok. atos 71.]
au-’.	To stay the night, dwell. Suffixed form *au-ld- inGreek aide, court, dwelling: aulic. .[Pok. 2. au- 72.]
au-².	Pronominal base appearing in particles and adverbs.Suffixed form *au-ge in Germanic *auke in Old Englisheae, ec, also: eke². .[Pok. 4. au- 73.]
au-³.	Off, away. 1. Old Russian u-, away, in Russianukazat', to order: ukase. 2. Sanskrit ava, off, down:avatar. .[Pok. 3. au- 72.]
au-*.	To weave. Extended form *wedh- (< *owedh-).1. Germanic 'wediz in Old English wæd, wæde, garment,cloth: weed². 2. Germanic *wadlaz in Old English watel,watul, wattle: wattle. .[Pok. 5. au- 75.]
au-s.	To perceive. Compound forms 'aw-dh-, *awis-dh-,“to place perception” (see dhe-’). 1. Suffixed form*awisdh-yo- or *awdh-yo- in Latin audire, to hear:audible, audience, audient, audile, auding, audio-,audit, auditor, auditorium, auditory, oyez; obey,subaudition. 2. Greek aisthanesthai, to feel: aes-thetic; anesthesia. .[Pok. 8. au- 78.]
aug-’.	To increase. Variant *(a)weg- (< *sweg-). 1. Ger-manic *aukan in: a. Old English eacan, ecan, to increase:eke¹; b. Old English eaca, an addition: NICKNAME.2. Variant extended forms *wogs-, *wegs- in Germanic*wahsan in Old English weaxan, to grow: wax². 3. Form*aug-e- in: Latin augere, to increase: auction, augend,AUGMENT, AUTHOR, (AUTHORIZE), (OCTROI). 4. Latinaugur, diviner (< “he who obtains favorable presage” <“divine favor, increase”): augur; inaugurate. 5. Latinaugustus, majestic, august: august. 6. Suffixed form*aug-s- in: a. Latin auxilium, aid, support, assistance:auxiliary; b. Greek auxein, to increase: auxin;c. Greek auxanein, to increase: auxesis. .[Pok. aueg- 84.]
aug-².	To shine. Suffixed form *aug-a- in Greek auge,light, ray: augite. .[Pok. aug- 87.]
auk”-.	Cooking pot. 1. Germanic suffixed form *uhw-na-in *ufna- in Old English ofen, furnace, oven: oven.2.  Suffixed form *aukw-sld- in Latin aulla, aula, olla, pot,jar: olla. .[Pok. auqyfh)- 88.]
aulo-.	Hole, cavity. I.Metathetic form *alwo- in Latinalvus, the belly, stomach: alveolus. 2. Greek aulos,pipe, flute, hollow tube: carol, hydraulic. .[Pok. au-lo-s 88.].[aurum. Gold. Latin noun with preform 'aus-o- probablyfrom a root *aus-. Latin aurum (> French or), gold:aureate, aureole, auric; auriferous, dory², eyrir,OR³, ORE, ORI FLA MME, ORIOLE, ORMOLU, OROIDE, 0R-PHREY, ORPIMENT.]
aus-’.	To shine. 1. Germanic *aust- in: a. Old Englisheast, east (< “the direction of the sunrise”): east; b. OldHigh German ostan, east: ostmark. 2. Germanic *aus-tra- in: a. Old English easterne, eastern: eastern;b. Late Latin ostro-, eastern: Ostrogoth. 3. Germanic*austrdn-, a dawn-goddess whose holiday was celebratedat the vernal equinox, in Old English eastre, Easter:Easter. 4. Probably suffixed form *ausos-, dawn, alsoIndo-European goddess of the dawn, in: a. Latin aurora,dawn: aurora; b. Greek eos, dawn: E0-, Eos; eosin..[Pok. aues- 86.]
aus-².	To draw water. Suffixed form *aus-yo- in Latinhaurire, to draw up: exhaust, haustellum, hausto-rium. .[Pok. aus- 90.]
awi-.	Bird. I. 1. Latin avis, bird: avian, aviary, avi-ation; AVICULTURE, AVIFAUNA, BUSTARD, OCARINA,osprey, ostrich. 2. Compound *awi-spek-, “observer ofbirds” (*spek-, to see; see spek-), in Latin auspex, augur:AUSPICE. II. Possible derivatives are the Indo-Europeanwords for egg, *6wyo-, *syo-. 1. Germanic *ajja(m) in:a. Old English æg, egg: cockney; b. Old Norse egg, egg:egg¹. 2. Latin ovum, egg: oval, ovary, ovate, ovi-,ovolo, ovule, ovum. 3. Greek dion, egg: oo-. .[Pok.auei- 86.]
awo-.	An adult male relative other than one’s father.1. Latin avus, grandfather: atavism. 2. Latin avunculus,maternal uncle: avuncular, uncle. 3. Latin avia,grandmother: ayah. .[Pok. auo-s 89.]
ayer-.	Day, morning. 1. Germanic *airiz in: a. Old Eng-lish ær, before: early, ere; b. Old Norse ar, before: or².2. Germanic (superlative) *airistaz in Old English ærest,earliest: ERST. .[Pok. aier- 12.]
ayes-.	A metal, copper or bronze. Latin aes, bronze,money: aeneous, era. .[Pok. aips- 15.]
baba-.	Root imitative of unarticulated or indistinctspeech; also a child’s nursery word for a baby and forvarious relatives. 1. Middle English babelen, to babble:babble. 2. Middle English babe, babi, baby: babe,baby. 3. Italian bambo, child, simpleton: bambino.4. Polish baba (diminutive babka), old woman: baba,babka. 5. Russian baba, old woman: babushka. 6. Rus-sian balalaika, balalaika (imitative of the sound): bala-laika. 7. Latin balbus, stuttering, stammering: booby.8. Greek barbaros, non-Greek, foreign, rude (< “one whospeaks incomprehensibly”): (barbarian), barbarism,barbarous. 9. Hindi bdbu, father: babu. .[Pok. baba-91.]
badyo-.	Yellow, brown. A Western Indo-European word.Latin badius, chestnut brown (used only of horses): bay³..[Pok. badips 92.]
bak-.	Staff used for support. 1. Probably Middle Dutchpegge (> Middle English pegge), pin, peg: peg. 2. Latinbaculum, rod, walking stick: bacillus, baguette; bac-uliform, debacle, imbecile. 3. Greek baktron, staff:bacterium; (corynebacterium). .[Pok. bak- 93.]
bamb-.	Word imitative of dull or rumbling sounds. Greekbombos, a booming, humming: bomb, (bombard),bound¹. .[Pok. ba^b- 93.]
band-.	A drop. Possibly Irish bainne, milk: bonnyclab-ber. .[Pok. band- 95.].[bassos. Low. Late Latin adjective (> Medieval Latinbassus, Old French bas, and Middle English bas), possi-bly from Oscan: base², bass², basset¹, basso; abase,BAS-RELIEF, (DEBASE).].[bat-. Yawning. Latin root of unknown origin; probablyimitative. 1. Latin * ba tare (> Old French ba(y)er), toyawn, gape: bay¹, bevel; abash, abeyance. 2. PossiblyVulgar Latin 'abbaidre (> Old French (a)baiier), to bay:BAY⁴.].[battuere. To beat. Latin verb of unknown origin.(BATE²), BATTER¹, (BATTER³), (BATTERY), BATTLE;ABATE, COMBAT, DEBATE, (RABBET), (REBATE¹), (RE-BATO).]
bel-.	Strong. 1. Suffixed o-grade form 'bol-iyo- in Russianbol’shoi, large: Bolshevik. 2. Prefixed form 'de-bel-i-(de-, privative prefix; see de-), “without strength,” inLatin debilis, weak: debilitate, debility. .[Pok. 2. bel-96.1bend-. Protruding point. 1. Germanic *pannja-, “struc-ture of stakes," in Old English penn, pen for cattle: pen².2. Germanic 'pund- possibly in Old English pund- (>Middle English pound), pundfald, enclosure for strayanimals: pond, pound³; impound, pinfold. 3. Germanic•pin- in Old English pintel, penis: pintle. .[Pok. bend-96.]
beu-’.	Also bheu-. Appears in words loosely associatedwith the notion “to swell.” I. Root form 'beu-. 1. Ger-manic 'puk- in: a. Old English pocc, pustule: pock;b. Old French po(u)che and Old North French poke, bag:poach¹, pocket, poke³, pouch, (pucker). 2. Old Eng-lish pyffan, to blow out: puff. 3. Old English -pute, “fishwith large head" (in aele-pute, eelpout): pout². IL Rootform ’bheu- with various Germanic derivatives. 1. OldEnglish bosm, bosom: bosom. 2. Old English buc, belly,pitcher: buckboard. 3. Frankish 'buk (> Old Frenchbuc), trunk of the body: trebuchet. 4. Old Englishby He), pustule: boil². 5. German dialectal baustern, toswell, akin to the source of Middle English bost, abragging: boast¹. III. Root form *beu-. 1. Latin bulla,bubble, round object, amulet (> Old French boule andSpanish bola, ball): BILL¹, billet¹, bola, boule², bowl²,(bull²), bulla, bullate, bullet, (bulletin); boule-versement. 2. Latin bullire (> French bouiller), tobubble, boil: boil¹, bouillon, budge¹, (bullion),BULLY²; BOUILLABAISSE, EBULLIENCE, GARBOIL, PAR-BOIL. 3. Possibly Latin bucca (> Old French boucle,buckle, curl, and Spanish boca, mouth), (inflated) cheek:BOCACCIO, BOUCLE, BUCCAL, BUCKLE¹, BUCKLE²; DE-BOUCH, disembogue, embouchure. 4. Greek boubon,groin, swollen gland: bubo. .[Pok. 2. beu- 98.]
beu-².	Root imitative of muffled sounds. 1. Latin butib(perhaps > Old French butor), bittern: bittern¹.2. Latin buted, a kind of hawk: buzzard. .[Pok. 1. b(e)u-97.]
bha-¹.	To shine. Contracted from "bhas-. 1. Germanic*baukna-, beacon, signal, in: a. Old English beac(e)n,beacon: beacon; b. Old English denominative becnan,biecnan, to make a sign, beckon: beckon. 2. PerhapsGermanic *bazja-, berry (< “bright-colored fruit”), inOld English berie, berige, berry: berry. 3. Germanic*bandwa-, “identifying sign,” banner, standard, sash,also “company united under a (particular) banner,” in:a. Spanish banda, sash: bandoleer; b. Late Latin ban-dum, banner, standard: banner, (banneret). 4. Suf-fixed form ‘bhaw-es- in Greek phos (stem phot-), light:PHOS-, phot, photo-; phosphorus. 5. Extended andsuffixed form ‘bhan-yo- in Greek phainein, “to bring tolight,” cause to appear, show, and phainesthai (passive),“to be brought to light,” appear: fantasy, (pant),PHANTASM, (PHANTOM), PHASE, PHENO-, PHENOMENON;DIAPHANOUS, EMPHASIS, EPIPHANY, HIEROPHANT, PHAN-EROGAM, (PHANTASMAGORIA), PHOSPHENE, SYCOPHANT,THEOPHANY, (TIFFANY). .[Pok. 1 bhd- 104.]
bha-².	To speak. Contracted from ‘bhao-. 1. Latin sari, tospeak: fate; affable, (fantoccini), ineffable, in-fant, (infantry), preface. 2. Greek phanai, to speak:-phasia; prophet. 3. Suffixed form in Germanic *ban-wan, *bannan, to speak publicly (used of particularkinds of proclamation in feudal or prefeudal custom; “toproclaim under penalty, summon to the levy, declareoutlaw”), in: a. Old English bannan, to summon, pro-claim, and Old Norse banna, to prohibit, curse: ban¹;b. Old French ban, feudal jurisdiction, summons tomilitary service, proclamation. Old French bandon,power, and Old English gebann, proclamation: banal,banns; abandon; c. Old French banir, to banish: ban-ish; d. Late Latin bannus, bannum, proclamation: con-traband; e. Italian bandire, to muster, band together(< “to have been summoned”): bandit. 4. Suffixed form'bhd-ni in Germanic 'boni- in Old Norse bon, prayer,request: boon¹. 5. Suffixed form ‘bhd-ma in: a. Latinsama, talk, reputation, fame: fame, famous; defame,infamous; b. Greek pheme, saying, speech: euphemism.6.  Suffixed o-grade form *bho-nd in Greek phone, voice,sound, and phonein, to speak: phone¹, -phone, pho-neme, PHONETIC, PHONO-, -PHONY; ANTHEM, (ANTI-PHON), APHONIA, CACOPHONOUS, EUPHONY, SYMPHONY.7.  Suffixed zero-grade form *bho-to- in Latin fateri, toacknowledge, admit: confess, profess. 8. Greek bias-phemos, evil-speaking, blasphemous (first element ob-scure): (BLAME), (BLASPHEME), BLASPHEMOUS. .[Pok. 2.bhd- 105.]
bha-bha-.	Broad bean. 1. Latin faba, broad bean: favabean. 2. Variant form ’bha-un- in Germanic 'baund inOld English bean, broad bean, bean of any kind: BEAN..[Pok. bhabhd 106.]
bhad-.	Good. 1. Germanic (comparative) 'batizd in OldEnglish betera, better: better. 2. Germanic (superla-tive) *batistaz in Old English bet(e)st, best: best. 3. Ger-manic noun *bbtd in Old English bot, remedy, aid: boot².4.  Germanic verb 'batnan, to become better, in OldNorse batna, to improve: batten¹. .[Pok. bhad- 106.]
bhag-¹.	To share out, apportion, also to get a share.1. Greek phagein, to eat (< “to have a share of food”):-phage, -phagia, phago-, -PHAGOUS. 2. Extended form‘bhags- in Avestan bakhsh- in Persian bakhshidan, togive: baksheesh, (buckshee). .[Pok. 1. bhag- 107.]
bhag-².	Sharp. Suffixed form ‘bhag-ro- in Greek phag-ros, whetstone, also a name for the sea bream: PORGY..[Pok. 2. bhag- 107.]
bhaghu-.	Arm. Germanic 'bdguz in Old English bog, boh,bough: bough. .[Pok. bhdghii-s 108.]
bhago-.	Beech tree. 1. Germanic 'boko, beech, also“beech staff for carving runes on” (an early Germanicgraphic device), in: a. Old English bdc, written docu-ment, composition: book; b. Middle Dutch boek, beech:buckwheat. 2. Germanic *bdkjdn- in Old English bece,beech: beech. .[Pok. bhdgo-s 107.]
bhar-.	Also bhor-. Projection, bristle, point. 1. Suffixedo-grade form 'bhor-so- in Germanic *barsaz in OldEnglish bærs, perch, bass (a fish that has a spiny dorsalfin): bass¹. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form 'bhr-sti- inGermanic *bursti- in Old English byrst (> Middle Eng-lish bristel), bristle: bristle. 3. Extended zero-gradeform *bhrs- in: a. Germanic 'bur- in Swedish borre, bur,perhaps akin to the Scandinavian source of MiddleEnglish burre, bur: bur¹; b. suffixed form 'bhrs-dh- inGermanic 'bruzd-, point, needle, in Old Norse broddr,spike: brad; c. suffixed form 'bhrs-ti- in Latin fastig-ium, summit, top, extremity: fastigiate, fastigium;d. possibly suffixed form 'bhrs-tu- in Latin fastus, fasti-dium, disdain (from the notion of prickliness): fastidi-ous; e. suffixed form *bhrs-tio- in Russian borshch, cowparsley: borscht. .[Pok. bhar- 108.]
bhardha.	Beard. Possibly related to bhar-. 1. Germanic'bardaz in Old English beard, beard: beard. 2. Ger-manic 'bardo, beard, also hatchet, broadax (the associ-ation of beard and ax is attested elsewhere in theIndo-European family; both were symbols of patriarchalauthority), in Old High German barta, beard, ax: HAL-BERD. 3. Latin barba, beard: barb¹, barbel, barbel-late, BARBER, BARBETTE, BARBICEL, BARBULE;rebarbative. .[Pok. bhardha 110.]
bhares-.	Also bhars-. Barley. 1. Germanic 'barz- in OldEnglish bere, bære, bærlic, barley: barley; barn.2.  Latin far (stem farr-), spelt, grain: farina, (farina-ceous), farraginous, farrago. .[Pok. bhares- 111.]
bhasko-.	Band, bundle. 1. Latin fastis, bundle (as ofrods, twigs, or straw), also crowd of people: fasces,fascicle, fascine, fascism. 2. Latin fascia, band, fillet,bandage: fascia, fess. 3. Probably Latin fastinum,fastinus, an amulet in the shape of a phallus, hence abewitching: fascinate. .[Pok. bhasko- 111.]
bhau-.	To strike. 1. Germanic *bautan in: a. Old Englishbeatan, to beat: beat; b. German bosseln, to do oddjobs: bushel*. 2. Germanic *bautilaz, hammer, in OldEnglish bietel, hammer, mallet: beetle³. 3. Germanic'butaz in Old English diminutive buttuc, end, strip ofland: buttock. 4. Germanic *butt-, name for a flatfish,in Middle Dutch butte, flatfish: halibut. 5. Germanic*buttan in Old French bo(u)ter, to strike, push (> Frenchbouton, button): bouton, butt¹, button, buttress;ABUT, REBUT, SACKBUT. 6. Variant form 'bhut- in:a. Latin confutare, to check, suppress, restrain (com-,intensive prefix; see kom): confute; b. Latin refutare,to drive back, rebut (re-, back; see re-): refute. .[Pok. 1.bhau- 112.]
bhe-.	To warm. Contracted from *bhes. 1. Suffixedzero-grade form 'bh^-to- in Germanic *batham in OldEnglish bæth, a bath, and its denominative bathian, tobathe: bath¹, bathe. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form*bha-g- in: a. Germanic *bakan in Old English bacan, tobake: bake; b. Germanic *bakkan in German backen, tobake: zwieback. .[Pok. bhe- 113.]
bhedh-.	To dig. 1. Germanic 'badjam, garden plot, alsosleeping place, in Old English bed(d), bed: bed.2. O-grade form *bhodh- in: a. Latin fodere, to dig:fossa, (fosse), fossil, fossorial; b. perhaps Greekbothros, pit: bothrium. .[Pok. 1. bhedh- 113.]
bheg-.	To break. Akin to bhreg-. Possibly in variousGermanic forms. 1. Germanic nasalized form *bang- in:a. Old Norse banga, a hammering, akin to the probableScandinavian source of English bang¹; b. Swedish dia-lectal bangla, to work inefficiently, akin to the possibleScandinavian source of English bungle. 2. PossiblyGermanic nasalized forms 'bankiz and 'barikon-, bank ofearth (possibly < “feature where the contour of theground is broken,” escarpment, riverbank, possibly alsoassociated with “manmade earthwork”), later also bench,table, in: a. Old English bene, bench: bench; b. OldDanish banke, sandbank, akin to the Scandinaviansource of bank¹; c. Old High German banc, bank, bench,moneychanger’s table (> Italian banco): bank², bant-ling, bunco; bankrupt; d. Old French banc, bench:bank³, banquet; e. Provencal banco, bench: ban-quette. .[Pok. bheg- 115.]
bhegw-.	To run away. 1. Germanic *bakjaz, a stream, inOld Norse bekkr, a stream: beck². 2. Greek phebesthai,to flee in terror, forming phobos, panic, flight, fear:-phobe, -phobia. .[Pok. bhegt- 116.]
bhei-¹.	A bee. Germanic suffixed form *bion• in OldEnglish beo, a bee: bee¹. .[Pok. bhei- 116.]
bhei-².	To strike. 1. Germanic suffixed form *bili- in OldEnglish bile, bird’s beak: bill². 2. Germanic suffixedform *bilja- in Old English bilfl), sharp weapon: bill³..[Pok. bheifs)- 117.]
bheid-.	To split; with Germanic derivatives referring tobiting (hence also to eating and to hunting) and wood-working. 1. Germanic *bitan in Old English *bitan, tobite: beetle¹, bite. 2. Zero-grade form 'bhid- in: a. Ger-manic *bitiz in Old English bite, a bite, sting: bit²;b. Germanic *biton• in Old English bita, a piece bittenoff, morsel: bit¹; C. Suffixed form *bhid-ro• in OldEnglish bit(t)er, “biting,” sharp, bitter: bitter.3.  O-grade form 'bhoid- in Germanic *baitjan in: a. OldNorse beita (verb), to hunt with dogs, and beita (noun),pasture, food: bait¹; b. Old French beter, to harass withdogs: abet. 4. Germanic *bait-, a boat (< “dugoutcanoe” or “split planking”), in Old English bat, boat, andOld Norse batr, boat: bateau, boat; (boatswain).5. Nasalized zero-grade form ‘bhi-n-d- in Latin findere(past participle fissus), to split: -fid, fissi-, (fissile),FISSION, (FISSURE). .[Pok. bheid- 116.]
bheidh-.	To persuade, compel, confide. 1. Probably Ger-manic *bidan, to await (< “to await trustingly, expect,trust”), in Old English bidan, to wait, stay: bide; abide,(abode). 2. Latin fidere, to trust, confide, and fidus,faithful: fiance, fiducial, (fiduciary); affiance,(affiant), (affidavit), (confidant), confide, (confi-dent), (defiance), defy, diffident. 3. Suffixedo-grade form *bhoidh-es- in Latin foedus (stem foeder-),treaty, league: federal, federate; confederate.4. Zero-grade form *bhidh• in Latin fides, faith, trust:FAITH, FEALTY, FIDELITY; INFIDEL, PERFIDY. .[Pok.bheidh- 117.]
bheigw-.	To shine. An uncertain but plausible root. Greekphoibos, shining: Phoebe, Phoebus. .[Pok. bheigf- 118.]
bhei-¹.	To shine, flash, burn; shining white and variousbright colors. I. 1. Russian byelii, white: beluga.2. Greek phalaros, having a white spot (> phalaris,coot): phalarope. II. 1. Suffixed variant form*bhle-wo- in Germanic 'blewaz, blue, in Old French bleu:blue. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form 'bhlo-wo- in Latinfldvus, golden or reddish yellow: flavescent, flavo-;(flavin), (flavone), (flavoprotein). III. Various ex-tended Germanic forms. 1. 'blaikjan, to make white, inOld English blæcan, to bleach: bleach. 2. 'blaikaz,shining, white, in: a. Old Norse bleikr, shining, white:bleak¹; b. Old English blæc, bright: bleak². 3. Ger-manic *blikkatjan in Old High German blecchazzen, toflash, lighten (> German Blitz, lightning); blitzkrieg.4. 'bias-, shining, white, in: a. Old English blæse, torch,bright sire: blaze¹; b. Middle Dutch bles, white spot:blesbok; C. Old French blefsjmir, to make pale: blem-ish. 5. 'blend-, *bland-, to shine, dazzle, blind, confuse,in: a. Old English blind, blind: blind; (blindfold),(purblind); b. Old High German blentan, to blind,deceive: blende; C. Old English blandan, to mingle:blend; d. Old French blond, blond: blond. 6. 'blenk-,*blank-, to shine, dazzle, blind, in: a. Old English blen-can, to deceive: blench¹; b. Old French blanc, white:BLANCH, BLANK, BLANKET; BLANCMANGE. 7. 'blisk-, toshine, burn, in Old English blyscan, to glow red: blush.IV. Extended form * bhleg-, to shine, slash, burn. 1. Ger-manic 'blakaz, burned, in Old English blæc, black:black. 2. Zero-grade form *bhlg- in: a. Latin fulgere, toslash, shine: fulgent, fulgurate; effulgent, fou-droyaNT, refulgent; b. Latin fulmen (< *fulg-men),lightning, thunderbolt: fulminate. 3. a. Latin flagrdre,to blaze: flagrant; conflagrant, conflagration,deflagrate; b. Latin flamma (< *flag-ma), a slame:flambe, flambeau, flamboyant, flame, flamingo,flammable; inflame. 4. Greek phlegein, to burn:PHLEGM, PHLEGMATIC, Phlegethon. 5. Greek phlox, aslame, also a wallflower: phlogiston, phlox; phlogo-pite. .[Pok. 1. bhei- 118, bheleg- 124, bhleu-(k)- 159.]
bhei-².	To blow, swell; with derivatives referring tovarious round objects and to the notion of tumescentmasculinity. 1. Zero-grade form *bhl- in Germanic *bul-in: a. Old English bolla (> Middle English boll), pot,bowl: BOLL, bowl¹; b. Old Norse bolr, tree trunk: bole¹;c. Old Norse bulki, cargo (< “rolled-up load”): bulk¹;d. Old High German bolla, ball: rocambole; e. MiddleHigh German bole, beam, plank: (boulevard), bul-wark; f. Middle Dutch bolle, round object: boll;g. Middle Dutch bille, buttock: biltong; h. Swedish'buller-, “round object,” in buliersten, “rounded stone,”boulder, akin to the Scandinavian source of EnglishBOULDER; i. possibly obsolete Swedish bulde, a swelling(see wer-¹). 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *bhl-n- in:a. Germanic 'bullon-, bull, in Old Norse boli, bull: bull¹;b. Greek phallos, phallus: phallus; ithyphallic.3. O-grade form 'bhol- in Germanic *ball- in: a. OldEnglish beallucas, testicles: bollix; b. Old Norse bdllr,ball: ball’; C. Danish bolle, round roll, akin to theprobable Scandinavian source of bilberry; d. MiddleHigh German balle (> Italian balla, palla), ball: baL-loon, BALLOT; pall-Mall; s. French balle, ball: bal-LOTTEMENT; f. Old French bale, rolled-up bundle: bale¹.4.  Suffixed o-grade form *bhol-to- possibly in Germanic*balthaz, bold, in: a. Old English bald, beald, bold:bold; b. Old High German bald, bold: bawd. 5. Suffixedo-grade form *bhol-n- in Latin folds, bellows, inflatedball: follicle, fool¹; (folliculitis). 6. Possibly Greekphal(l)aina, whale: baleen. 7. Conceivably (but morelikely unrelated) Greek phellos, cork, cork oak: phel-lem; phelloderm, phellogen. (The following deriva-tives of this root are entered separately: bhel-¹, bhelgh-,bhlei-, bhleu-.) .[Pok. 3. bhel- 120.]
bhel-¹.	To thrive, bloom. Possibly from bhel-².1. Suffixedo-grade form *bhol-yo-, leaf. 1. Latin folium, leaf: foil²,FOLIAGE, FOLIO, FOLIUM; CINQUEFOIL, DEFOLIATE, EX-FOLIATE, FEUILLETON, FOLICOLOUS, MILFOIL, PORTFO-LIO, TREFOIL. 2. Greek phullon, leaf: (-phyll), phyllo-,-phyllous; gillyflower, PODOPHYLLIN. II. Extendedform *bhli- (< *bhleo-). 1. O-grade form *bhld- in:a. suffixed form *bhlo-w- in Germanic *bld-w- in OldEnglish bldu'an, to flower: blow³; b. Germanic suffixedform *bld-mdn• in (i) Old Norse blbm, blond, flower,blossom: bloom¹ (it) Old English bldma, a hammeredingot of iron (semantic development obscure): BLOOM²;c. Germanic suffixed form *blds- in Old English bldstm,bldstma, flower, blossom: blossom; d. Latin fids (stemfldr-), flower: ferret², (flora), Flora, (floral), flor-iated, FLORID, FLORIN, FLORIST, -FLOROUS, FLOSCULUS,FLOUR, FLOURISH, FLOWER; CAULIFLOWER, DEFLOWER,effloresce, enfleurage, florigen. 2. Germanic suf-fixed form *ble-do- in Medieval Latin bladium, produceof the land: emblements. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form*bhb-to- in Germanic *bladaz in Old English bleed, leaf,blade: blade. .[Pok. 4. bhel- 122.]
bhel-⁴.	To cry out, yell. Germanic *bell- in: a. Old Englishbellan, to bellow, bark, roar: bell²; b. Old English belle,a bell: bell¹; C. Old English belgan, bylgan, to becomeenraged: bellow; d. perhaps Old English bealcan,*b(i)elcan, to utter, belch forth: belch; e. Middle HighGerman buldern, boldern, to make noise: POLTERGEIST;f. Icelandic baula, to low, akin to the Scandinaviansource of Middle English baulen, to howl: bawl. .[Pok. 6.bhel- 123.]
bheld*.	To knock, strike. Zero-grade form *bhld- inGermanic 'bult-, missile, in Old English bolt, heavyarrow, bolt: BOLT¹. .[Pok. bheld- 124.]
bhelg-.	Also bhelk-. A plank, beam. 1. Germanic *balku-in Old English balc(a), ridge: balk. 2. Germanic * ba Ikon-in: a. Old French bauch, beam: debauch; b. Old Italianbalcone, scaffold: Balcony. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form*bhlk-yo- in Latin fulcire, to prop up, support: fulcrum.4. Possibly Greek phalanx, beam, singer bone, line ofbattle: phalange, phalanx. .[Pok. 5. bhel- 123.]
bhelgh-.	To swell. Extension of bhel-². 1. Germanic*balgiz in Old English bel(i)g, bælig, purse, bellows:bellows, belly. 2. Germanic ’bulgjan in Old Norsebylgja, a wave: billow. 3. Germanic *bolgstraz in OldEnglish bolster, cushion: bolster. 4. Celtic *bolg- inLatin bulga, leather sack: budget, bulge. .[Pok. bhelgh-125.]
bhelu-.	To harm. Germanic *balwaz in Old Englishbealo, b(e)alu, harm, ruin, bale: bale². .[Pok. bheleu-125.]
bhendh-.	To bind. 1. Germanic *bindan in Old Englishbindan, to bind: bind; woodbine. 2. O-grade form•bhondh- in Germanic *band- in: a. Old English bend,band, ribbon, akin to the Germanic source of Old Frenchbende, band: bend²; b. Old English bendan, to bend:bend¹; c. Old Norse band, band, fetter: band¹, bond;d. Old French bande, bond, tie, link; band¹. 3. Zero-grade form *bhndh- in Germanic *bund- in: a. MiddleHigh German bunt, league: bund²; b. Middle Dutchbondel, sheaf of papers, bundle: bundle. 4. Suffixedform *bhendh-na-, “tied structure” (as of wicker), inCeltic *benna, manger, in Old English btnn(e), manger:BIN. 5. Persian band, band, bandage, also a river levee:bund¹; cummerbund. 6. Sanskrit badhndti (Sanskritroot bandh-), he ties; bandanna. .[Pok. bhendh- 127.]
bhengh-.	Thick, fat. Extended zero-grade form *bhnghu-in Greek pakhus, thick, fat: pachyderm, pachysandra..[Pok. bhengh- 127.]
bher-¹.	To carry; also to bear children. 1. a. Germanic*beran in (i) Old English beran, to carry: bear¹ (ii) OldEnglish forberan, to bear, endure (for-, for-; see per¹):forbear; b. Germanic ‘berd in Old English ber, bxr,bier; bier; c. Germanic *ber- in Old Norse bara, wave,billow: bore³. 2. a. Germanic •barnam in Old Englishbeam, child: bairn; b. Germanic *barwdn- in Old Eng-lish bearwe, basket, wheelbarrow: barrow¹. 3. a. Ger-manic *burthinja in Old English byrthen, burden:burden¹; b. Germanic *burthiz in Old Norse burdhr,birth, akin to the source of birth; c. Germanic *burja-perhaps in Old Norse byrr, favorable wind: birr¹.4. Compound root *bhrenk-, to bring (< *bher- + *enk-,to reach; see nek-²), in Germanic *brengan in OldEnglish bringan, to bring: bring. 5. Latin ferre, to carry:-FER, fertile; afferent, confer, defer¹, defer²,differ, efferent, infer, offer, prefer, proffer,REFER, SUFFER, TRANSFER, VOCIFERATE. 6. Latin pro-brum, a reproach (< *pro-bhr-o-, “something broughtbefore one”; pro-, before; see per¹): opprobrium.7. Lengthened o-grade form *bhdr- probably in Latin fur,thief: ferret¹, furtive, furuncle; (furunculosis).8. Greek pherein, to carry: -phore, -phoresis, -pho-ROUS; AMPHORA, ANAPHORA, DIAPHORESIS, EUPHORIA,METAPHOR, PERIPHERY, PHEROMONE, TELPHER, TOCOPH-EROL. 9. Greek pherne, dowry (“something brought by abride”): paraphernalia. .[Pok. 1. bher- 128.]
bher-².	To cut, pierce, bore. 1. Germanic * boron in OldEnglish borian, to bore: bore¹. 2. Germanic *baru-ga-,castrated pig, in Old English bearg, barg, castrated pig:barrow³. 3. Germanic * bor-, perhaps in French burin,burin; BURIN. 4. O-grade form *bhor-d- in Latin fordre,to pierce, bore: foramen; biforate, perforate. 5. Per-haps Greek pharunx, throat (< “a cutting, cleft, pas-sage”): pharynx. 6. Slavic *lwr- in Russian boros, toovercome: Dukhobor. See extension bhreu-¹. .[Pok. 3.bher- 133.]
bher-³.	Bright, brown. 1. Suffixed variant form *bhru-no-in Germanic *brunaz in: a. Old English brun, brown:brown; b. Middle Dutch bruun (> Dutch bruin), brown:bruin; c. Old French brun, shining, brown: brunet,BURNET, BURNISH. 2. Reduplicated form ’bhibhru-,*bhebhru-, “the brown animal,” beaver, in Germanic*bebruz in Old English be(o)for, beaver: beaver¹. 3. Ger-manic *berd, “the brown animal,” bear, in Old Englishbera, bear: bear². 4. Germanic *bernuz in Old Norsebjdrn (stem ber-), bear: berserker. .[Pok. 5. bher- 136.]
bher-⁴.	To cook, bake. Extended root form *bhrig- inLatin frigere, to roast, fry; FRY¹. .[Pok. 6. bher- 137.]
bherdh-.	To cut. 1. Zero-grade form ‘bhrdh- in Germanic*b  urd-, plank, board, table, in: a. Old English bord,board: board; starboard; b. Old Norse bordh (>Swedish bord), board, table: smorgasbord; c. OldFrench horde, hut, and bort, border: bordello, border.2. Possibly Latin forfex, a pair of scissors: forficate..[Pok. bheredh- 138.]
bhereg-.	To shine; bright, white. Compare the by-formbherek-. 1. Germanic *berhtaz, bright, in Old Englishbeorht, bright: bright. 2. “The white tree,” the birch(also the ash): a. Germanic *birkjdn- in Old Englishbirc(e), birch: birch; b. suffixed zero-grade form*bhrags- probably in Latin fraxinus, ash tree: fraxi-NELLA. .[Pok. bherdg- 139.]
bherek-.	To shine, glitter. A by-form of bherag-. Variantform 'bhrek-, possible root of various Germanic forms.1. Germanic 'bregdan, to move jerkily (> “to shimmer”),in Old English bregdan, to move quickly, weave, throw,braid: braid; upbraid. 2 Derivative West Germanic*brigdil-, bridle (referring to the movements of a horse’shead), in: a. Old English bridel, bridle: bridle;b. Middle High German bridel, bridle, rein: bride².3. Germanic 'brehwo, eyelid, eyelash, in Old Norse bra,eyelash: brae. 4. Germanic *breh(w)an, to shine, formingWest Germanic *brehsmo, a bream, in Old Frenchbre(s)me, a bream: bream¹. .[Pok. bhersk- 141.]
bherg-.	To buzz, growl. Germanic 'berk- in Old Englishbeorcan, to bark: bark¹. .[Pok. bhereg- 138.]
bhergh-¹.	To hide, protect. 1. Germanic 'bergan in:a. compound *h(w)als-berg-, “neck-protector,” gorget('h(w)alsaz, neck; see kwel-¹); b. compound 'sker-berg-,“sword-protector,” scabbard ('sker-, sword; see sker-¹).2. Zero-grade form 'bhrgh- in: a. Germanic 'burgjan inOld English byrgan, to bury: bury; b. Germanic deriva-tive *burgisli- in Old English byrgels, burial: burial.3. a. Germanic 'borgen, to borrow (? < “to take care ofone’s own interests, entrust, pledge, lend, loan”), in OldEnglish borgian, to borrow: borrow; b. Germanic de-rivative *borganjan in Old French bargaignier, to haggle(> bargaine, haggling): bargain. .[Pok. bhergh- 145.]
bhergh-².	High; with derivatives referring to hills andhill-forts. 1. Germanic *bergaz, hill, mountain, in: a. OldEnglish beorg, hill: barrow²; b. Old Norse berg (>Danish and Norwegian berg), mountain: iceberg.2. Compound 'harja-bergaz, “army-hill,” hill-fort (*har-jaz, army; see koro-). 3. Compound *berg-frij-, “highplace of safety,” tower ('frij-, peace, safety; see pri-), inOld French berfrei, tower: belfry. 4. Zero-grade form'bhrgh- in Germanic *burgs, hill-fort, in: a. Old Englishburg, burh, byrig, (fortified) town: borough, burg;b. Old High German burg, fortress: burgher; c. MiddleDutch burch, town: burgomaster; d. Late Latin bur-gus, fortified place (> burgensis, city dweller): bourg,(bourgeois), burgess, burglar; faubourg. 5. Suf-fixed zero-grade form *bhrgh-to- possibly in Latin fortis,strong (but this is also possibly from dher-²): force,FORT, FORTALICE, FORTE¹, FORTE², FORTIS, (FORTISSIMO),FORTITUDE, FORTRESS; COMFORT, DEFORCE, EFFORT,ENFORCE, FORTIFY, (PIANOFORTE), REINFORCE. .[Pok.bheregh- 140.]
bhers-.	Quick. Latin festindre (< *fers-ti-), to hasten:FESTINATE. .[Pok. bheres- 143.]
bhes-¹.	To rub. 1. Zero-grade form with unclear suffix*(bh)s-amadho-, sand (in Greek psamathos), in Germanic' sam(a)dam, * sandam in Old English sand, sand: sand.2. Suffixed form *(bh)s-abh- in the further suffixed form*sabh-lo- in Latin sabulum, coarse sand: sabulous.3. Suffixed form *bhs-d- in (i) Greek psen, to rub, scrape:palimpsest (ii) Greekpsephos, ballot, pebble: PSEPHOLO-gy. 4. Perhaps suffixed form 'bhs-ilo- in Greek psilos,smooth, simple: epsilon, psilomelane, upsilon. .[Pok.bhes- 145.]
bhes-².	To breathe. Probably imitative. Zero-grade form'bhs- in Greek psukhein (< 'bhs-u-kh-), to breathe,hence psukhe, spirit, soul: psyche, psychic, psycho-;metempsychosis. .[Pok. 2. bhes- 146.]
bheudh-.	To be aware, to make aware. 1. Germanic'(for)beudan ('for, before; see per¹) in: a. Old Englishbeodan, to proclaim: bid; b. Old English forbeodan, toforbid: forbid; c. Old High German farbiotan, to forbid:verboten. 2. Germanic *budon- in Old English boda,messenger, hence bodian, to announce: bode¹. 3. Ger-manic *budilaz, herald, in Old English bydel, herald,messenger: beadle. 4. Germanic *budam in Old Norsebodh, command: ombudsman. 5. Sanskrit bodhati, heawakes, is enlightened, becomes aware, and bodhih,perfect knowledge: Buddha; bodhisattva, bo tree..[Pok. bheudh- 150.]
bheue-.	Also bheu-. To be, exist, grow. I. Extendedforms *bhwiy(o)-, *bhwt-. 1. Germanic 'biju in Old Eng-lish beon, to be: be. 2. Latin fieri, to become (thirdperson singular present subjunctive fiat): fiat. 3. Possi-bly suffixed form *bhwi-lyo- in Latin filius, son; but thisis possibly from dhe(l)-. II. Lengthened o-grade form*bhow- in Germanic *bowan in: a. Old Norse bua, to live,prepare (present participle bondi): bondage, bound⁴;husband; b. Middle Dutch bouwen, to cultivate: bow-ery; c. Old Danish both, dwelling, stall, akin to theScandinavian source of Middle English bothe, marketstall: booth. III. Zero-grade form 'bhu-. 1. Germanic*buthla in: a. Old English bold, dwelling, house, hencebyldan, to build: build; b. alternate Germanic form*bbthla in Middle Dutch bddel, riches, property: boo-dle. 2. Greek phuein, to bring forth, make grow, phutos,a plant, and phusis, growth, nature: PHYSIC, physio-,PHYSIQUE, -PHYTE, PHYTO-, PHYTON; DIAPHYSIS, DI PHY -ODONT, EPIPHYSIS, HYPOPHYSIS, IMP, MONOPHYSITE,NEOPHYTE, PERIPHYTON, SYMPHYSIS, TRACHEOPHYTE.3. Suffixed form *bhu-td- in Welsh bod, to be: eistedd-fod. 4. Suffixed form *bhu-tu- in Latin futurus, “that isto be,” future: FUTURE. IV. Zero-grade form 'bhu- (<*bhus-). 1. Germanic 'buram, dweller, especially farmer,in: a. Old English bur, “dwelling space,” bower, room:bower¹; b. Old English gebur, dweller (ge-, collectiveprefix; see kom): neighbor; c. Middle Dutch gheboer,ghebuer, peasant: Boer, boor. 2. Germanic 'burjam,dwelling, in Old English byre, stall, hut: byre. 3. Suf-fixed form *bhu-lo- in Greek phulon, tribe, class, race,and phule, tribe, clan: phyle, phyletic, phylum; phy-logeny. V. Suffixal forms in Latin. 1. 'du-bhw-io-,“being two,” in Latin dubius, doubtful, and dubitdre, todoubt (see dwo-). 2. 'pro-bhw-o-, “growing well orstraightforward” (see per¹). 3. *super-bhw-o-, “beingabove,” in Latin superbus, superior, proud (see uper).VI. Possibly Germanic *baumaz (and *bagmaz), tree (?< “growing thing”), in: a. Old English beam, tree, beam:beam; b. Middle Dutch boom, tree: boom². .[Pok. bheu-146.]
bheug-¹.	To flee. 1. Zero-grade form *bhug- in Latinfugere, to flee: fugacious, fugitive; centrifugal,feverfew, refuge, subterfuge. 2. Extended form'bhuga in: a. Latin fuga, flight (> fugare, to driveaway): -fuge, fugue; febrifuge; b. Greek phuge,flight: apophyge. .[Pok. 1. bheug- 152.]
bheug-².	To enjoy. Nasalized zero-grade form 'bhu-n-g-in Latin fungi, to discharge, perform: function, fungi-ble; DEFUNCT, PERFUNCTORY. .[Pok. 4. bheug- 153.]
bheug-³.	To bend; with derivatives referring to bent,pliable, or curved objects. 1. Germanic *baugaz in:a. Old English beag, a ring: bee²; b. Old High Germanboug, a ring: bagel. 2. Germanic *bugon- in: a. OldEnglish boga, a bow, arch: bow³; b. compound *alino-bugon-, “bend of the forearm,” elbow ('alino-, forearm;see el-¹). 3. Germanic bugan in Old English bugan, tobend: bow², buxom. 4. Germanic causative form 'baug-jan in Old Norse beyla, a swelling, akin to the probableScandinavian source of Middle English baile, baill, ahandle: bail³. 5. Germanic *buhtiz in Old English byht, abend, angle: bight. 6. Celtic 'buggo-, “flexible, mallea-ble,” in Scottish and Irish Gaelic bog, soft: bog. .[Pok. 3.bheug- 152.]
bhilo-.	Dear, familiar. Possible source of Greek philos,dear, loving (> philein, to love): -phile, -philia, philo-,-philous, philter; pam. .[Pok. bhili- 153.]
bhlad-.	To worship. Suffixed form *bhldd-(s)men- inLatin fidmen, priest (of a particular deity): flamen. .[InPok. bhlag-men- 154.]
bhlag-.	To strike. 1. Germanic 'blak-, perhaps in theprobable Scandinavian source of Middle English bakke,bat: bat². 2. Latin flagrum, a whip (> flagellum, littlewhip): FLAGELLATE, FLAGELLUM, FLAIL, FLOG. 3. Latinfldgitdre, to demand importunately: flagitious. .[Pok.bhlag- 154.]
bhlagh-men-.	Form, ritual form. Sanskrit brahma, brah-man-, priest, and brahma, brahman-, prayer: Brahma',Brahman, (Brahmin). .[Pok. bhlagh-men- 154.]
bhle-'.	To howl. Probably imitative. 1. Germanic suffixedform *bli-t- in Old English bLetan, to bleat: bleat.2. Germanic suffixed form *ble-r- in Middle Englishbleren, to roar: blare. 3. Latin flirt, to weep: feeble..[Pok. bhli- 154.]
bhle-².	Also bhla-. To blow. 1. Germanic suffixed form*bli-u•- in Old English blduan, to blow: blow¹. 2. Ger-manic suffixed form *bli-dram, “something blown up,’’in: a. Old English bLidre, blister, bladder: bladder;b. Old Norse bladhra (noun), bladder, and bladhra(verb), to prattle: blather. 3. Germanic extended form'blis- in: a. Old English blæst, a blowing, blast: blast;b. Middle Dutch blas(e), a bladder: isinglass. 4. Variantform *bhld- in Latin flare, to blow (> flabellum, fan):flabellum, flatus, flavor; afflatus, conflate,(deflate), inflate, souffle. .[In Pok. 3. bhel- 120.]
bhlei-.	To blow, swell. Extension of bhel-². 1. Germanic’blajjinbn-, a swelling, in Old English blegen, a boil,blister: blain. 2. Perhaps in the Germanic source of OldFrench blestre, a blister: buster. .[Pok. 2. bhlei- 156.]
bhleu-.	To swell, well up, overflow. Extension of bhel-².1. Possibly Germanic *blaut- in Old Norse blautr, soft,wet: bloat. 2. Extended form bhleugw- in Latin fluere, toflow, and -fluus, flowing: fluctuate, fluent, flueric,FLUID, FLUME, FLUOR, (FLUORO-), (FLUSH²), FLUVIAL,FLUX; AFFLUENT, CONFLUENT, EFFLUENT, (EFFLUVIUM),(EFFLUX), (FLUORIDE), FLUVIOMARINE, INFLUENCE, (IN-FLUENZA), MELLIFLUOUS, REFLUX, SUPERFLUOUS.3. Zero-grade form *bhlu■ in Greek phluein, phluzein, toboil over: phlyctena. 4. Possibly Greek phloos, phloios,tree bark (< “swelling with growth’’): phloem. .[Pok.bhleu- 158.]
bhITg-.	To strike. Latin fligere, to strike: afflict, con-FUCT, INFUCT, PROFUGATE. .[Pok. bhlig- 160.]
bhoso-.	Naked. Germanic 'bazaz in: a. Old English bær,bare: bare¹; b. Old Swedish and Old Danish bar, bare:ballast. .[Pok. bhoso-s 163.]
bhrag-.	To smell. 1. Germanic 'brak- in Old High Ger-man bracc(h)o, dog that hunts game by scent: brach.2. Suffixed form *bhrag-ro• in Latin fragrdre, to smell:FLAIR, FRAGRANT. .[Pok. bhrag- 163.]
bhrater-.	Brother, male agnate. 1. Germanic 'brothar- inOld English brother, brother: brother. 2. Latin frater,brother: Fra, fraternal, friar; confrere, fratri-cide. 3. Greek phrater, fellow member of a clan:PHRATRY. 4. Sanskrit bhratd, bhrdtar-, brother: pal..[Pok. bhrater- 163.]
bhreg-.	To break. 1. Germanic *brekan in: a. Old Englishbrecan, to break: break; b. Old English brec, a break-ing: breach; c. Old High German brehhan, to break,akin to the Germanic source of Italian breccia, breccia:breccia; d. Old French breier, to break: bray²; e. OldFrench brier (dialectal) and broyer, to knead: BRIOCHE.2. Germanic *brak-, bushes (< “that which impedesmotion”), in Old Norse *brakni, undergrowth, akin tothe probable Scandinavian source of Middle Englishbrakefn), bracken: bracken, brake³, brake⁴. 3. Nasal-ized zero-grade form *bhr-n-g- in Latin frangere, tobreak: (fracted), fraction, (fractious), fracture,FRAGILE, FRAGMENT, FRAIL', FRANGIBLE; ANFRACTU-OUS, CHAMFER, DIFFRACTION, (INFRACT), INFRANGIBLE,INFRINGE, OSSIFRAGE, REFRACT, (REFRAIN²), (REFRIN-gent), saxifrage, septifragal. 4. Latin suffragan, tovote for (? < “to use a broken piece of tile as a ballot”),hence suffragium, the right to vote: suffragan, suf-frage. .[Pok. 1. bhreg- 165.]
bhrei-.	Also bhri-. To cut, break. 1. Possibly Latinfricare (> French frotter), to rub: fray², fricative,FRICTION, FROTTAGE; AFFRICATE, DENTIFRICE. 2. Possi-bly Isatin fridre, to crumble: friable. 3. In the Celticsource of Vulgar Isatin *brisare, the source of Old Frenchbrisier and French briser, to break: brisance; debris..[Pok. bhrei- 166.]
bhrekw-.	To cram together. 1. Probably Isatin frequens,frequent, crowded: frequent. 2. Suffixed zero-gradeform 'bhrk^yo- in: a. Latin farctre, to cram, stuff:farce, farci, farcy; infarct; b. Greek phrassein, tofence in, enclose, block up: diaphragm. .[Pok. bharekv-110.]
bhrem-'.	To growl. 1. Latin fremere, to growl, roar:fremitus. 2. Perhaps variant 'brem- in Greek bronte,thunder: brontosaur. .[Pok. 2. bherem- 142.]
bhrem-².	To project; a point, spike; an edge. 1. Germanic'brema-, name of prickly shrubs, in: a. Old English brom,broom: broom; b. Old English diminutive bremel, bræm-bel, bramble: bramble. 2. Germanic ‘berm-, 'brem-, in:a. Middle English brimme, edge: brim; b. Middle Dutchberme, barm, edge of a dike: berm. .[Pok. 1. bherem- 142.]
bhres-.	To burst. Germanic 'brest- in Old English ber-Stan, to burst: burst. .[Pok. bhres- 169.]
bhreu-'.	To cut, break up. Extension of bher-². 1. Suf-fixed form 'bhreu-d- in Germanic 'breutan, to break up,in Middle English britel, brittle: brittle. 2. Suffixedform 'bhreu-t- in Germanic *breuthan, to be broken up,in Old English breothan, to deteriorate: brothel. .[Pok.1. bhreu- 169.]
bhreu-².	To boil, bubble, effervesce, burn; with deriva-tives referring to cooking and brewing. I. 1. Germanic'breuwan, to brew, in Old English breowan, to brew:brew. 2. Germanic 'braudam, (cooked) food, (leavened)bread, in Old English bread, piece of food, bread: bread.3. Germanic 'brudam, broth, in: a. Old English broth,broth: broth; b. Old French breu, broth (diminutivebrouet): brewis; imbrue. II. Variant form 'bhre- inGermanic 'bredan, to warm, with derivatives. 1. 'brdd-6,“a warming,” hatching, rearing of young, in: a. OldEnglish brbd, offspring, brood: brood; b. denominative'brbdjan, to rear young, in Old English bredan, to begetor cherish offspring, breed: breed. 2. Germanic 'bre-don-, roast flesh, in: a. Old High German brat, brdto (>German Braten), roast meat: bratwurst, sauerbra-ten; b. Old French braon, meat: brawn. 3. Perhapsdistantly related is the Germanic source of Old Frenchbrese, burning coal, ember (> French braise): braise,braze², brazier², breeze². III. Reduced form 'bher-,especially in derivatives referring to fermentation. 1. Suf-fixed form 'bher-men-, yeast, in: a. Germanic 'bermon-in Old English beorma, yeast: barm, (barmy); b. furthersuffixed form 'bhermen-to- in Latin fermentum, yeast:ferment. 2. Extended form 'bherw- in Latin fervere, tobe boiling or fermenting: fervent, fervid, (fervor);defervescence, effervesce. IV. As a very archaicword for a spring. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form 'bhru-n(e)n- in Germanic 'brunnon- in Old English burn,burna, spring, stream: bourn', burn². 2. Suffixed form*bhrew-r in Greek phrear, spring: phreatic. .[Pok.bh(e)reu- 143, 2. bher- 132.]
bhreus-¹.	To swell. 1. Suffixed form 'bhreus-t- in Ger-manic 'breustam, “swelling,” breast, in Old Englishbreost, breast: breast. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form'bhrus-t- in Germanic *brust-, bud, shoot, in Old Frenchbroust, brost, shoot, twig: browse. .[Pok. 1. bhreu-s-170.]
bhreus-².	To break. 1. Germanic *brusjan, to crush, inOld English brysan, to crush, pound: bruise. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form 'bhrus-to-, fragment, in Latin frustum,piece: frustule, frustum. .[Pok. 2. bhreu-s- 171.]
bhru-.	Eyebrow. Contracted from 'bhruo-. 1. Germanic'brus in Old English bru, eyebrow, eyelid, eyelash: brow.2.  Possibly in the sense of a beam of wood, and perhaps alog bridge, found in Germanic *brugjo (with cognates inCeltic and Slavic) in Old English brycg(e), bridge:bridge'. .[Pok. 1. bhru- 172, 2. bhru- 173.]
bhrug-.	Agricultural produce; also to enjoy (results,produce). 1. Germanic *brukan in Old English brucan, toenjoy, use: brook². 2. Latin frux (stem frug-), fruit:frugal; frugivorous. 3. Suffixed form "bhrug-wo- inLatin frui, to enjoy, and fructus, enjoyment, produce,results: fruit, fruition, frumentaceous, frumenty;FRUCTIFY. .[Pok. bhrug- 173.]
bhudh-.	Bottom, base. (The precise preforms of thewords listed below are obscure.) 1.0ld English botm,bottom: bottom. 2. Dutch bodem, (ship’s) bottom: bot-tomry. 3. Latin fundus, bottom, base: fond², found¹,FOUNDER, FUND, FUNDAMENT, FUNDUS; LATIFUNDIUM,PROFOUND. .[Pok. bhudh- 174.]
bhugo-.	Male animal of various kinds; stag, ram, he-goat.1. Germanic *bukkaz (possibly borrowed from the Celticform in 2. below) in: a. Old English buc, bucca, stag,he-goat: buck¹; b. Middle Dutch boc, bok, buck: bles-BOK, BONTEBOK, SPRINGBOK, STEENBOKJ C. Old HighGerman boc, buck: gemsbok. 2. Celtic *bukkos, he-goat,in Old French boc, buck: butcher. .[Pok. bhugo-s 174.].[brak-. Trousers. A northern European word, only inCeltic and Germanic. 1. Germanic *broks in Old Englishbroc (plural brec), breeches: breech, (breeks). 2. Gaul-ish *braka in Latin braca, trousers (plural bracaeYbracket, brail.].[bursa. Hide, wineskin. Greek noun of unknown origin.(bourse), bursa, (bursar), burse, purse; disburse,REIMBURSE, SPORRAN.].[busk-. A bush. Germanic root, possibly connected withthe root bheue-. 1. Old French bosc, forest; boscage,bouquet. 2. Old French bois, wood: hautboy, (oboe).3. Italian busco, splinter: busk¹. 4. Latin buscus, forest:(ambuscade), ambush.].[career. Enclosure, prison, barrier. Latin noun, probablyborrowed from an unidentified source. 1. Latin career(representing reduplicated form *kar-kr-o-): incarcer-ate. 2. Latin cancer (representing a dissimilated form*kankro-), lattice: cancel, chancel, (chancellor).].[caupd. Small trader. Latin noun of unknown origin.cheap; (chap²), chapman.].[cura. Care. Latin noun of unknown origin (earliest formOld Latin coisa-). Derived verb curare, to care for.CURATE, CURATOR, CURE, CURETTE, (CURIO), CURIOUS;ACCURATE, (assure), (ensure), (insure), manicure,PEDICURE, POCOCURANTE, (PROCTOR), PROCURATOR,procure, (proxy), scour¹, secure, sinecure, sure.]
da-.	To divide. Contracted from 'das-. Variant *dai- fromextended root *daai-. 1. Root form *dai- in Greek dates-thai, to divide: geodesy. 2. Suffixed variant form * di-ri-in Germanic *tidiz, division of time, in: a. Old Englishtid, time, season: tide¹; eventide; b. Old English de-nominative tidan, to happen (< “to occur in time”):tide²; c. Old Norse tidhr, occurring: tidings. 3. Suffixedvariant form *di-mon in Germanic *tim6n- in Old Eng-lish tima, time, period: time. 4. Suffixed form *da-mo-,perhaps “division of society,” in Greek demos, people,land: deme, demos, demotic; demagogue, demiurge,DEMOCRACY, DEMOPHOBIA, ENDEMIC, EPIDEMIC, PAN-DEMIC. 5. Suffixed form *dai-mon-, divider, provider, inGreek daimon, divinity: demon. .[Pok. da- 175.]
dail-.	To divide. Northern Indo-European root. 1. Ger-manic *dailjan in Old English dælan, to share: deal¹.2. Germanic *dailaz in Old English dal, portion, lot:dole¹. 3. Germanic prefixed form *uz-dailjam, “a por-tioning out,” judgment (*uz-, out; see ud-), in OldEnglish orddl, lot, apportionment: ordeal. .[In Pok. da-175.]
daiwer-.	Husband’s brother. Latin levir, husband’sbrother: levirate. .[Pok. ddiur 179.]
dakru-.	Tear. 1. Germanic *tahr-, *tagr- in: a. Old Eng-lish tear, tehher, tear: tear²; b. Middle Low Germantran, tear, drop: train oil. 2. Suffixed form *dakru-mdin Latin lacrima (Old Latin dacruma), tear: lachrymal..[Pok. dakru- 179.].[dan-. Low ground. Germanic root. Suffixed form 'dan-jam in; a. Old English denn, lair of a wild beast: den;b. possibly Old English Dene (genitive plural Dena), theDanes, and Old Norse Danr, Dane: Dane, Danish;Danelaw. .[In Pok. 2. dhen- 249.]
dap-.	To apportion (in exchange). Suffixed form *dapno-in Latin damnum, damage entailing liability (for repara-tion), harm: damage, damn; condemn, damnify, in-demnify, (indemnity). .[In Pok. da- 175.]
de-.	Demonstrative stem, base of prepositions and ad-verbs. 1. Germanic 'M in Old English to, to: to, too.2. Perhaps Latin de, de-, from: de-. 3. Latin deterior,worse: deteriorate. 4. Latin debilis, weak (see bel-)..[Pok. de-, do- 181.]
de-.	To bind. Contracted from 'deo-. Greek dein, to bind:desmid; anadem, asyndeton, diadem, plasmodesma,(syndesmosis), syndetic. .[Pok. de- 183.]
deigh-.	Insect. Possibly in Germanic *tik-6, tikk-6 inMiddle English teke, tick: tick². .[Pok. deigh- 187.]
deik-.	To show, pronounce solemnly; also in derivativesreferring to the directing of words or objects. I. Variant*deig-. 1. O-grade form doig- in: a. Germanic *taikjan, toshow, in Old English tæcan, to show, instruct: teach;b. Germanic *taiknam in (i) Old English tacen, tacn, sign,mark: token (ii) Old English tacnian, to signify: beto-ken (iii) Gothic taikns, sign: tetchy (iv) Old Frenchtache, teche, mark, stain: tachism. 2. Latin digitus,finger (< “pointer,” “indicator”): digit. II. Basic form*deik-. 1. O-grade form *doik- possibly in Germanic*taihwb in Old English td, take, toe: toe. 2. Basic form*deik- in Latin dicere, to say, tell: dictate, diction,dictum, ditto, ditty; addict, benediction, condi-tion, contradict, edict, fatidic, (indict), indite,interdict, juridical, jurisdiction, maledict, pre-dict, valediction, verdict, veridical. 3. Zero-gradeform *dik-a- in Latin diedre, to proclaim: abdicate,dedicate, preach, predicate. 4. Agential suffix *-dik-in: a. Latin index, indicator, forefinger (in-, toward; seeen): index, indicate; b. Latin judex (< *yewes-dik-),judge, “one who shows or pronounces the law” (jus, law;see yewes-): judge, judicial; prejudice; c. Latinvindex (first element obscure), claimant, avenger: (ven-detta), vindicate; (avenge), revenge. 5. Greek deik-nunai, to show; deictic; apodictic, paradigm, policy².6. Zero-grade form *dik- in Greek dikein, to throw (< “todirect an object”): disk. 7. Form *dika in Greek dike,justice, right, court case: dicast; Eurydice, syndic,theodicy. .[Pok. deik- 188.]
deiw-.	To shine (and in many derivatives, “sky, heaven,god”). I. Noun *deiwos, god. 1. Germanic *Ttwaz in:a. Old English Tiw (genitive Tiwes), god of war and sky:Tiu, (Tuesday); b. Old Norse Tyr, sky god: Tyr.2. Latin deus, god: deism, deity, joss; adieu, deicide,deific. 3. Latin divus, divine, god: diva, divine¹, (di-vine²). 4. Latin dives, rich (< “fortunate, blessed, di-vine”): Dives. 5. Suffixed zero-grade form *diw-yo-,heavenly, in Latin Diana, moon goddess: Diana. 6. San-skrit devah, god, and deva-, divine: Devi; deodar,Devanagari. IL Variant *dyeu-, Jove, the name of thegod of the bright sky, head of the Indo-European pan-theon. 1. Latin dovis, Jupiter (> Italian Giove): Jove,jovial. 2 Derivative *jou-il- in Latin Julius, “descendedfrom Jupiter” (name of a Roman gens): July. 3. Voca-tive compound *dyeu-pater- (*pater-, father; see peter-),“O father Jove,” in Latin Juppiter, Jupiter, head of theRoman pantheon: Jupiter. 4. Greek Zeus, Zeus: Zeus;(Dioscuri). III. Variant *dye- (< *dyea-) in I .a tin dies,day (> Late Latin diumum, day): dial, diary, diet²,DISMAL, DIURNAL; ADJOURN, CIRCADIAN, (JOURNAL),(journey), meridian, quotidian, (postmeridian),sojourn. IV. Variant *deia- in Greek delos (< *deyalos),clear: psychedelic. .[Pok. 1. dei- 183.]
dek-¹.	To take, accept. 1. Suffixed (stative) form *dek-e-in Latin decere, to be fitting (< “to be acceptable”):decent. 2. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *dok-eye-in: a. Latin doetre, to teach (< “to cause to accept”):DOCENT, DOCILE, DOCTOR, DOCTRINE, DOCUMENT;b. Greek dokein, to appear, seem, think (< “to cause toaccept or be accepted”): dogma, (dogmatic); Docetism,DOXOLOGY, HETERODOX, ORTHODOX, PARADOX. 3. Suf-fixed form *dek-es- in: a. Latin decus, grace, ornament:(decor), decorate; b. Latin decor, seemliness, elegance,beauty: decorous. 4. Suffixed form *dek-no- in Latindignus, worthy, deserving, fitting: dainty, deign, dig-nity; CONDIGN, DIGNIFY, DISDAIN, INDIGN, INDIGNANT,indignation. 5. Reduplicated form ’di-dk-ske- in Latindiscere, to learn: disciple, (discipline). 6. Greek dekh-esthai, to accept: pandect, synecdoche. 7. Greek dok-os, beam, support: diplodocus. .[Pok. 1. dek- 189.]
dek-².	Referring to such things as a fringe, lock of hair,horsetail. 1. Suffixed o-grade form ’dok-lo- in Germanic•taglaz in Old English tæg(e)l, tail: tail¹. 2. PerhapsGermanic *tag- in: a. Swedish tagg, prickle, akin to theScandinavian source of Middle English tagge, pendentpiece: tag¹; b. Middle High German zacke, nail (>German Zacken, point): shako; c. Old French tache,fastening, nail: Tache, tack¹. .[Pok. 2. dek- 191.]
dekm.	Ten. I. Basic form ’dekm. 1. Germanic *tehun in:a. Old English tien, ten: ten; b. Old Norse tjan, ten (seeokto(u)). 2. Latin decem, ten: December, decemvir,DECI-, DECIMAL, DECIMATE, DECUPLE, DICKER, DIME;(DECENARY), DECENNIUM, DECUSSATE, DOZEN, DUODECI-MAL, octodecimo, sextodecimo. 3. Irregular Latindistributive deni, by tens, ten each (formed by analogywith noni, nine each): (denarius), denary, (denier²).4. Greek deka, ten: dean, deca-, decade, (decanal),(doyen); decagon, dodecagon. II. Extended form*dekmt- in Germanic *-tig in Old English -tig, ten (seedwo-). III. Ordinal number *dekmto- in Germanic *te-guntha- in Old English teogotha, teotha, tenth: tenth,(tithe). IV. Suffixed zero-grade form *-dkm-t&, reducedto -kmt&, and lengthened o-grade form *-dkbm-ta, re-duced to *-kont&. 1. Latin -gintd, ten times: nonage-narian, octogenarian, Septuagint, sexagenary.2. Greek ’-konta, ten times: Pentecost. V. Suffixedzero-grade form * dkm-tom, hundred, reduced to kmtom.1. Germanic *hundam, hundred, in Old English hundred,hundred (-red, from Germanic ’radam, number; see ar-):hundred. 2. Germanic *thus-hundi, “swollen hundred,”thousand (see teue-). 3. Latin centum, hundred: cent,CENTAL, CENTAVO, (CENTENARIAN), CENTENARY, CEN-TESIMAL, CENTI-, CENTIME, (CENTNER), CENTUM, CEN-TURY; CENTENNIAL, PER CENT, QUATROCENTO,SEICENTO, (SEN¹), (SEN²), (SENITl), SEXCENTENARY, TRE-CENTO. 4. Greek hekaton, a hundred (? dissimilated from*hem-katon, one hundred; see sem-¹): hecatomb,HECTO-. 5. Avestan satom, hundred: satem. See alsocompound root wikmti. .[Pok. dekm 191.]
deks-.	Right (opposite left); hence, with an eastwardorientation, south. Suffixed form ’deks(i)-tero- in Latindexter, right, on the right side: destrier, dexter,dexterity, dextro-; ambidextrous. Compare ner-¹..[In Pok. 1. dek- 189.]
del-¹.	Long. Probably extended and suffixed zero-gradeform *dlon-gho-. 1. Germanic *langaz, long, in: a. OldEnglish lang, long, long (comparative lengra): linger,long¹; b. Old High German lang (> German lang), long:langlauf; c. Old English denominative langian, togrow longer, yearn for: long²; d. Latin compound Lon-gobardus, Langobardus (with Germanic ethnic name’Bardi): Lombard. 2. Germanic abstract noun *lang•itho in: a. Old English lengthu, length: length; b. WestGermanic *langitinaz, lengthening of day, in Old Englishlengten, lencten, spring, Lent: Lent; c. Dutch lenghe,linghe, “long one,” akin to the Low German source ofMiddle English lenge, ling, ling: ling¹. 3. Latin longus(> French long), long: longeron, longitude; eloign,elongate, longevity, lunge, oblong, prolong, pur-loin. 4. Possibly suffixed variant ‘db-gho- in Greekdolikhos, long: dolichocephalic, dolichocranial..[Pok. 5. del- 196.]
del-².	To recount, count. 1. Germanic *taljan in OldEnglish tellan, to count, recount: tell. 2. Germanic*talo in: a. Old English talu, story: tale; b. MiddleDutch tale, speech, language: Taal. 3. Old Englishdenominative talian, to tell, relate, probably akin to thesource of Middle English talken, to talk: talk. 4. Per-haps Greek dolos, ruse, snare: dolerite. .[Pok. 1. del-193.]
del-³.	To split, carve, cut. 1. Suffixed form * del-to- inGermanic *teldam, “thing spread out,” in Old Englishteld, awning, tent: TILT². 2. Germanic extended form*telg- in Old English telgor, telgra, twig, branch: tiller³.3. Perhaps o-grade form *dol-e- in Latin dolere, to suffer(? < “to be beaten”): dole², dolor; condole, indo-lent. 4. Suffixed o-grade form *dola-dhra in Latindolabra, a heavy chopping tool (< dolare, to chisel, hew):dolabriform. .[Pok. 3. del- 194.]
del-⁴.	To drip. Perhaps suffixed (stative) o-grade form*dol- in Germanic *talgaz in Middle Low German talg,talch, tallow (< "dripping fat”), perhaps akin to thesource of Middle English talow, tallow: tallow. .[Pok. 4.del- 196.]
deme-¹.	Also dem-. House, household. 1. Suffixed re-duced o-grade form *dom-o-, dom-u-, house, in: a. Latindomus, house: dome, domestic, domicile; major-domo; b. suffixed form ’dom-o-no- in Latin dominus,master of a household (feminine domina > Old Frenchdame, lady): dame, Dan², danger, Dom, domain, domi-nate, dominical, dominie, dominion, domino¹, (dom-ino²), DUENNA, DUNGEON; (MADAM), MADAME,Mademoiselle, madonna, predominate. 2. Com-pound *dems-pot-, "house-master” (*-pot-, powerful; seepoti-), in Greek despotes, master, lord: despot. 3. Rootform *dem(a)-, to build (possibly a separate root), in:a. Germanic *timram in Old English timber, buildingmaterial, lumber: timber; b. Germanic *tumfto in OldNorse topt, homestead: toft. .[Pok. dem- 198.]
deme-².	To constrain, force, especially to break in(horses). 1. Suffixed o-grade form *dom-o- in Germanic*tamaz in Old English tarn, domesticated: tame.2. O-grade form *domo- in Latin domare, to tame, sub-due: daunt; indomitable. 3. Zero-grade form *dmo- inGreek daman, to tame (> adamas, unconquerable):adamant, diamond. .[Pok. (dems-), doms- 199.]
denk-.	To bite. 1. Germanic *tanhuz in Old English toh,tenacious, sticky (< “holding fast”): tough. 2. Germanic*tanguz in Old English tang(e), tong(e), pincers, tongs:tongs. 3. Germanic ’tang• in Old Norse tangi, a point,sting, akin to the Scandinavian source of Middle Englishtonge, tange, point, tang: tang¹. 4. Germanic *teng- inOld High German zinko, spike, prong: zinc. .[Pok. denk-201.]
dens-¹.	To use mental force. Reduplicated and suffixedzero-grade form *di-dns-sko- in Greek didaskein, toteach: didactic. .[Pok. i. dens- 201.]
dens-².	Dense, thick. 1. Suffixed form *dens-o- or *dns-o-in Latin densus, thick: dense; condense. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *dns-u- in Greek dasus, hairy, shaggy:dasyure. .[Pok. 2. dens- 202.]
dent-.	Tooth. (Originally participle of ed- in the earliermeaning “to bite.”) 1. O-grade form *dont- in Germanic*tanthuz in Old English tbth, tooth: tooth.2. Zero-grade form *dnt- perhaps in Germanic *tunth-sk-in Old English tusc, tux, canine tooth: tusk.3. Full-grade form *dent- in Latin dens (stem dent-),tooth: DENTAL, DENTATE, DENTI-, DENTICLE; (BIDEN-tate), dandelion, edentate, indent¹, (indenture),trident. 4. O-grade variant form *(o)dont- in Greekodon, odous, tooth: -odon, -odont, odonto-; cerato-dus. .[In Pok. ed- 287.]
deph-.	To stamp. 1. Suffixed form *deph-s-ter- in Greekdiphthera, prepared hide, leather (used to write on):diphtheria. 2. Latin littera, letter (possibly borrowedfrom Greek diphthera in the sense of “tablet” via Etrus-can): LETTER, LITERAL, LITERARY, LITERATE, LITERA-TIM; (ALLITERATE), ALLITERATION, (ILLITERATE),OBLITERATE, TRANSLITERATE. .[Pok. de ph- 203.]
der-¹.	Assumed base of roots meaning “to run, walk,step.” 1. Zero-grade form *dr- in extended Germanicform 'tred- in: a. Old English tredan, to step: tread,treadle; b. Middle Low German trade, course, track:TRADE. 2. Extended form *dreb- in Germanic *trep-,“something on or into which one steps,” in: a. OldEnglish træppe, treppe, snare: trap¹; b. Middle LowGerman trappe, stair: trap³, c. Middle Dutch trappe,stair: wentletrap; d. Old French trap(p)e, snare: en-trap; e. Middle Dutch trippen, to stamp, trample: trip.3. Nasalized Germanic root 'tremp- in: a. Middle LowGerman trampen, to stamp, tread: tramp; b. Italiantrampoli, stilts: trampoline. 4. Germanic 'trott- (ex-pressive derivative of ’tred-) in Old French troter, totrot: trot. 5. Root form 'dra- possibly in reduplicatedGermanic form *ti-trd- in Old Norse titra, to tremble:teeter. 6. Root form *drem- in suffixed o-grade form’drom-o- in: a. Greek dromos, a running, race, race-course: -DROME, DROMOND, -DROMOUS; ANADROMOUS,LOXODROMIC, PALINDROME, prodrome; b. Greek dr0-mas, running: dromedary. .[Pok. 3. (der-) 204.]
der-².	To split, peel, flay; with derivatives referring toskin and leather. 1. Germanic ’teran in Old Englishteran, to tear: tear¹. 2. Germanic 'ter-t- in Old Englishteart, sharp, severe: tart¹. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form’dr-tom, “something separated or discarded,” in Ger-manic *turdam, turd, in Old English tord, turd: turd.4. Reduplicated form ’de-dr-u- in Old English tet(e)r,eruption, skin disease: tetter. 5. Greek derris, leathercovering: derris. 6. Suffixed form ’der-mn in Greekderma, skin: -derm, derma¹, -derma, dermato-; epi-dermis. 7. Perhaps extended root ’drep- in the Celticsource (itself borrowed) of Late Latin drappus, cloth (>Old French drop): (drab¹), drape, trap². .[Pok. 4. der-206.]
derbh-.	To wind, compress. Zero-grade form ’drbh- inGermanic ’turb- in: a. Old English turf, slab of sod orpeat: turf; b. Medieval Latin turba, turf: turbary..[Pok. derbh- 211.]
dere-.	To work. Variant form ’dra- (< *draa-) in Greekdran, to do: drama, drastic. .[Pok. dera- 212.]
dergh-.	To grasp. 1. Perhaps Germanic ’targ- in OldFrench targe, shield: (targe), target. 2. Perhapszero-grade form *drgh- in Greek drassesthai, to grab (>drakhrne, “handful,” drachma): drachma. .[Pok. dergh-212.]
derk-.	To see. Suffixed zero-grade form ’drk-onft)- inGreek drakdn (> Latin draco), serpent, dragon (< “mon-ster with the evil eye”): dragon, (dragoon), (drake²),rankle. .[Pok. derk- 213.]
deru.	Also dreu-. To be firm, solid, steadfast; hencespecialized senses “wood,” “tree,” and derivatives refer-ring to objects made of wood. 1. Suffixed variant form’drew-o- in: a. Germanic *trewam in Old English treow,tree: tree; b. Germanic ’treuwd in Old English treow,pledge: truce. 2. Variant form ’dreu- in Germanic’treuwaz in: a. Old English treowe, firm, true; true;b. Old English treowian, truwian, to trust: trow; c. OldNorse tryggr, firm, true: TRIG¹; d. Germanic abstractnoun ’treuwitho in Old English treowth (> MiddleEnglish tro(u)the), faith, loyalty, truth: troth, truth;betroth; e. Germanic abstract noun ’traustam in OldNorse traust, confidence, firmness: trust; f. Old Norsedenominative treysta, to trust, make firm, akin to theprobable source of Old French triste, waiting place (<“place where one waits trustingly”): tryst. 3. Variantform ’drou- in Germanic ’traujam in Old English treg,trig, wooden board: tray. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form'dru-ko- in Germanic ’trugaz in Old English trog,wooden vessel, tray: trough. 5. Suffixed zero-gradeform ’dru-mo- in Germanic ’trum- in Old English trum,firm, strong (> trymman, to strengthen, arrange): trim.6. Variant form ’derw- in Germanic ’terw- in Old Eng-lish te(o)ru, resin, pitch (obtained from the pine tree):tar¹. 7. Suffixed variant form 'dru-ro- in Latin durus,hard (of whose English derivatives many represent asemantic cross with Latin durdre, to last long; seedeus-): dour, duramen, duress, durum; (dura ma-ter), endure, indurate, obdurate. 8. Lengthenedzero-grade form *dru• in Greek drus, oak: drupe,dryad; germander, hamadryad. 9. Reduplicatedform ’der-drew-, dissimilated with suffix in ’den-drew-on in Greek dendron, tree: dendro-, dendron; philo-dendron, rhododendron. 10. Celtic compound’dru-wid-, “knower of trees” (’wid-, to know; see weld-),the Celtic priestly caste, associated with a tree-cult,probable source of Latin druides, druids: druid.11. O-grade form ’doru- in Sanskrit ddru, wood, timber:deodar. .[Pok. deru- 214.]
deu-¹.	To lack, be wanting. 1. Possibly suffixed form’deu-s- in: a. Germanic ’teuzon in Old English teorian,tyrian, to fail, tire (< “to fall behind”): tire¹; b. Greekdein, to lack, want: deontology. 2. Suffixed form’deu-tero- in Greek deuteros, “missing,” next, second:DEUTERO-; DEUTERAGONIST, (DEUTERIUM), DEUTERON-OMY. (For suffixed zero-grade form ’du-s-, combiningform of ’dew-es-, a lack, see dus-.) .[Pok. 3. deu- 219.]
deu-².	To do, perform, show favor, revere. 1. Suffixedform ’dw-enos in Latin bonus (> Old French bon, femi-nine bonne), good (< “useful, efficient, working”): bo-nanza, BONBON, BONITO, BONNE, BONUS, BOON²,bounty; bonhomie, debonair. 2. Adverbial form’dw-ene in Latin bene, well: benefaction, (benefac-tor), BENEFIC, (BENEFICENCE), BENEFIT, BENEVOLENT,benign, (herb bennet). 3. Diminutive ’dw-ene-lo- inLatin bellus (> Italian bello, feminine bella), handsome,pretty, sine: beau, beauty, belle; beldam, bella-donna, belvedere, embellish. 4. Possibly suffixedzero-grade form ’dw-eye- in Latin bedre, to makeblessed: beatitude; beatific, beatify. 5. Possible (butunlikely for formal and semantic reasons) suffixedzero-grade form ’du-na- in Greek dunasthai, to be able:DYNAMIC, DYNAMITE, DYNAST, (DYNASTY); AERODYNE..[Pok. 2. deu- 218.]
deu-³.	To burn, hurt. Germanic suffixed form ’teu-nd inOld English teona, injury: teen². .[Pok. ddu- 179.]
deus-.	Also dwae-. Long (in duration). Suffixedzero-grade form ’du-ro- (< ’dua-ro-) in Latin durdre, tolast: DURABLE, DURANCE, DURATION, DURING; PERDU-RABLE, THERMODURic. .[In Pok. 3. deu- 219.]
deuk-.	To lead. 1. Germanic ’teuhan in Old English teon(> Middle English tuggen), to pull, draw, lead: tug;wanton. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form ’duk-d- in Ger-manic ’tugon in Old English togian, to draw, drag: TOW¹.3. Suffixed o-grade form ’douk-eyo- in Old English•tiegan, tigan, to bind: tie. 4. Suffixed o-grade form’douk-mo- in Germanic ’tau(h)maz in Old English team,descendant, family, race, brood: team. 5. Germanicdenominative *tau(h)mjan in Old English teman, tieman,to beget: teem¹. 6. Basic form ’deuk- in Latin ducere, tolead: dock¹, doge, douche, (ducal), (ducat), (duch-ess), (duchy), duct, ductile, duke; (abducens), ab-duct, ADDUCE, CIRCUMDUCTION, CON³, (CONDOTTIERE),CONDUCE, CONDUCT, DEDUCE, (DEDUCT), EDUCE, (EN-DUE), INDUCE, INTRODUCE, PRODUCE, REDOUBT, RE-DUCE, SEDUCE, SUBDUCTION, SUBDUE, TRADUCE,transducer. 7. Suffixed zero-grade form *duk-d- inLatin educdre, to lead out, bring up (e- < ex-, out; seeeghs): educate. .[Pok. deuk- 220.]
dhabh-.	To fit together. 1. Germanic 'dab-, to be fitting,in participial adjective ’gadaftaz, fitting, becoming('ga-, collective prefix; see kom), in Old English gedæfte,mild, gentle: daft. 2. Probably suffixed form *dhabh-ro•in Latin saber, artisan (< “he who fits together”):FABRIC, (FABRICATE), forge¹. .[Pok. 2. dhabh- 233.]
dhal-.	To bloom. Suffixed form *dhal-yo- in Greek thai-lein, to flourish, bloom, sprout (> thallos, a shoot):Thalia, thallus; prothallus. .[Pok. dhal- 234.]
dhe-¹.	To set, put. Contracted from ’dhes-. 1. O-gradeform *dh6- in Germanic *ddn in Old English d6n, to do:DO¹; FORDO. 2. Suffixed form *dhe-ti-, “thing laid downor done, law, deed,” in Germanic *d£diz in Old EnglishcLvd, doing, deed: deed. 3. Suffixed o-grade form*dho-mo- in Germanic ’domaz in: a. Old English dam,judgment (< "thing set or put down”): doom; b. OldEnglish -dom, abstract suffix indicating state, condition,or power: -dom; c. Old Norse -ddmr, condition (see ka-);d. Gothic ddms, judgment, akin to the Germanic sourceof Russian Duma, Duma: Duma; e. Germanic denomina-tive *domjan in Old English deman, to judge: deem.4. Suffixed o-grade form *dh6-t- in Latin agential suffix-dos in Latin sacerdds, priest, “performer of sacred rites”(see sak-). 5. Zero-grade form *dhs- in: a. prefixed form‘kom-dhj- in Latin condere, to put together, establish,preserve (‘kom, together; see kom): condiment; ab-scond, incondite, recondite, sconce²; b. compound•kred-dhz• (see kerd-’). 6. Suffixed zero-grade form*dh>k- in: a. Latin facere (< *fak-yo-), to do, make (>French faire, to do), and Latin combining form -sex (<’-fak-s), “maker”: -facient, fact, faction, factitious,FACTOR, FASHION, FEASIBLE, FEAT¹, FEATURE, (FETISH),-FIC, (-FY); AFFAIR, AFFECT¹, (AFFECT²), (AFFECTION),AMPLIFY, ARTIFACT, ARTIFICE, BEATIFIC, BENEFACTION,BENEFIC, (BENEFICE), (BENEFICENCE), BENEFIT, CHAFE,COMFIT, CONFECT, (CONFETTI), COUNTERFEIT, (DEFEA-SANCE), DEFEAT, DEFECT, (DEFICIENT), (DISCOMFIT),EDIFICE, (EDIFY), EFFECT, (EFFICACIOUS), (EFFICIENT),FACSIMILE, FACTOTUM, FORFEIT, HACIENDA, INFECT,JUSTIFY, MALEFACTOR, MALFEASANCE, MANUFACTURE,MISFEASANCE, MODIFY, MOLLIFY, NIDIFY, NOTIFY, NUL-LIFY, OFFICINAL, PERFECT, PETRIFY, (PLUPERFECT), PON-TIFEX, PREFECT, (PROFICIENT), PROFIT, PUTREFY,QUALIFY, RAREFY, RECTIFY, REFECT, (REFECTORY), RU-BEFACIENT, SACRIFICE, SCIRE FACIAS, SPINIFEX, SUF-FICE, (SUFFICIENT), SURFEIT, TUBIFEX, TUMEFACIENT,vivify; b. Latin derivative facies, shape, face (< “formimposed on something”): faqade, face, (facet), (fa-cial), facies; (deface), efface, prima facie, (sur-face); c. Latin compound officium (< *opi-fici-om),service, duty, business, performance of work (*opi-, work;see op-’): office; d. further suffixed form *dhs-k-li- inLatin facilis (< Old Latin facul), feasible, easy: facile,(facility), faculty; difficulty. 7. Suffixed zero-gradeform ’dhs-s- in Latin fas, divine law, right: nefarious.8. Possibly Latin -farius, -doing: multifarious, omni-farious. 9. Reduplicated form ‘dhi-dhe- in Greek tithe-nai, to put: thesis, thetic; anathema, antithesis,APOTHECARY, (APOTHECIUM), BODEGA, BOUTIQUE, DI-ATHESIS, EPENTHESIS, EPITHET, HYPOTHESIS, METATHE-SIS, PARENTHESIS, PROSTHESIS, PROTHESIS. 10. Suffixedform ‘dhe-k- in Greek theke, receptacle: theca, tick³;AMPHITHECIUM, BIBLIOTHECA, CLEISTOTHECIUM, ENDO-THECIUM, PERITHECIUM. 11. Suffixed zero-grade form‘dhs-mn in Greek thema, "thing placed,” proposition:(thematic), theme. 12. Reduplicated form "dhe-dhe- inSanskrit dadhdti, he places: sandhi. 13. Reduced form‘dh- (see aw-²). .[Pok. 2. dhe- 235.]
dhe-².	To vanish. Contracted from ‘dheo-. 1. Possibly OldNorse dæsa, to languish, decay: Dastard. 2. PossiblyOld Norse *dasa, to tire out (attested only in reflexiveform dasask, to become exhausted), akin to the Scandi-navian source of Middle English dasen, to stun: daze..[Pok. 3. dhe- 239.]
dheb-.	Dense, firm, compressed. Germanic suffixed form'dap-ra- in Middle Dutch and Middle Low Germandapper, heavy, strong; later quick, nimble: dapper. .[Pok.dheb- 239.]
dhegwh-.	To burn, warm. Suffixed o-grade form *dhoguh-eye- in Latin fovere, to warm, cherish, foment (> fomen-tare, to foment, and somes, tinder): foment, fomite..[Pok. dhegvh- 240.]
dhe(i)-.	To suck. Contracted from *dheo(i)-. 1. Suffixedreduced form ’dhe-mna• in Latin femina, woman (< "shewho suckles”): female, feminine; effeminate. 2. Suf-fixed reduced form ‘dhe-to- in Latin fetus, pregnancy,childbearing, offspring: fawn², (fetal), fetus; effete,(feticide), superfetate. 3. Suffixed reduced form'dhe-kundo- in Latin fecundus, fruitful: fecund. 4. Suf-fixed reduced form *dhe-no- in Latin fenum, faenum, hay( < "produce”): fennel, finochio; (fenugreek), sain-foin. 5. Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form *dhi-lyo- (<*dhb-lyo-) in Latin ftlius, son, and filia, daughter (butthese are equally possibly from the root bheue-): filial,filiate; affiliate, hidalgo. 6. Suffixed reduced form*dhe-lo- in Latin fel(l)are, to suck: fellatio. 7. Suffixedreduced form *dhe-l-ik- in Latin felix, fruitful, fertile,lucky, happy: felicitate, felicity; felicific, infelic-ity. 8. Suffixed reduced form *dhe-la- in Greek thele,nipple-: endothelium, epithelium, (mesothelium).9. Suffixed reduced form *dhe-l-u- in Greek thelus,female: theelin. .[Pok. dhe(i)- 241.]
dheie-.	To see, look. Variant form ‘dhya- (< *dhyaa-) in:a. suffixed form ‘dhya-mn in Greek semeion and sema(stem semat-}, sign: semantic, sematic; semaphore,semasiology, sememe, semiology, semiotic; b. San-skrit dhyati, he meditates (< “he observes mentally”):Zen Buddhism. .[Pok. dheia- 243.]
dheigh-.	To form, build. 1. Germanic ‘daigjdn in OldEnglish dæge, bread kneader: dairy. 2. Germanic ’-dig-in Old English compound hlæfdige, mistress of a house-hold (< “bread kneader”; hlæf, bread, loaf): lady. 3. Ex-tended o-grade form *dhoigho- in Germanic *daigaz in:a. Old English dag, dough: dough; b. Old High Germanteic, dough: teiglach. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form*dhigh-urd, in Latin figura, form, shape (< “result ofkneading”); figure; configuration, disfigure, pre-figure, transfigure. 5. Nasalized zero-grade form*dhi-n-gh- in Latin fingere, to shape: (faint), feign,(feint), fictile, fiction, figment; effigy. 6. Nasal-ized zero-grade form *dhi-n-g(h)- in Greek thinganein, totouch: thigmotaxis, thixotropy. 7. Suffixed o-gradeform *dhoigh-o- in Avestan daeza-, wall (originally madeof clay or mud bricks): paradise. .[Pok. dheigh- 244.]
dhel-.	A hollow. 1. Germanic ‘daljo in Old Engb'sh dell,valley: dell. 2. Germanic *dalam in Old English dæl,valley: dale. 3. Germanic *del- in Old Norse dæla,wooden gutter on a ship: dalles. .[Pok. 1. dhel- 245.]
dhelbh-.	To dig, excavate. Germanic *delban in OldEnglish delfan, to dig: DELVE. .[Pok. dhelbh- 246.]
dhembh-.	To bury. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘dhmbh-o-in Greek taphos (< *thaphos), tomb: cenotaph, epi-taph. .[Pok. (dhembh-), dhmbh- 248.]
dhen-’.	To run, flow. Suffixed o-grade form *dhon-ti- inLatin sons (stem font-), spring, fountain: font¹, foun-tain. .[Pok. 1. dhen- 249.]
dhen-².	Palm of the hand. Suffixed form *dhen-r in Greekthenar, palm of the hand: thenar. .[Pok. 2. dhen- 249.]
dher-¹.	To make muddy; darkness. 1. Suffixed form*dher-g- in Germanic *derk- in Old English deorc, dark:dark. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhr-egh- in: a. Ger-manic suffixed form ‘drah-sta- in Old English dros,dregs: dross; b. Germanic ‘dragjo in Old Norse dregg,dregs: dregs. 3. Suffixed extended zero-grade form’dhro-bh- in Germanic ‘drab- in; a. Old English dreflian,to drivel: drivel; b. probably Low German drabbelen,to paddle in water or mire, draggle, akin to the LowGerman source of Middle English drabelen, to draggle:drabble; C. Middle Irish drab, dregs, probably akin tothe Celtic source of drab². 4. Suffixed extendedzero-grade form *dhn-gh- in: a. Greek tarassein (Attictarattein), to confuse, disturb: ataractic; b. Greektrakhus, rough: trachea, trachoma, trachyte. .[Pok.1. dher- 251.]
dher-².	To hold firmly, support. 1. Suffixed form*dher-mo- in Latin firmus, firm, strong: farm, fermata,FIRM, FIRMAMENT; AFFIRM, CONFIRM, INFIRM, (INFIR-MARY). 2. Extended form *dhergh- possibly in Latinfortis, strong (but this is also possibly from bhergh-²).3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhr-ono- in Greek thronos,seat, throne (< “support”): throne. 4. Suffixed form*dher-mn in Sanskrit dharma, statute, law (< “thatwhich is established firmly”): dharma. 5. Old Persiandar-, to hold (whence Persian -dar, “-holder”): sirdar,TAHSILDAR, ZAMINDAR. .[Pok. 2. dher- 252.]
dher-³.	To drone, murmur, buzz. Extended zero-gradeform 'dhren- in: a. Germanic *dren- in Old English dran,dræn, male honeybee: drone¹; b. Greek threnos, dirge,lament: threnody. .[Pok. 3. dher- 255.]
dhers-.	To venture, be bold. 1. O-grade form *dhors- andzero-grade form *dhrs- respectively in Germanic *ders-and *durs- in Old English dearr and durst, first and thirdperson singular present and past indicative of durran, toventure: dare, (durst). 2. Possibly Latin -festus in:a. infestus, hostile (? < “directed against”; in-, into,against; see en): infest; b. manifestos, palpable, evident(< “caught red-handed, grasped by the hand”; mantis,hand; see man-²): manifest. .[Pok. dhers- 259.]
dhes-.	Root of words in religious concepts. Possibly anextension of dhe-¹. 1. Suffixed form 'dhes-ya in Latinferiae (Old Latin fesiae), holidays: fair², feria. 2. Suf-fixed form *dhes-to- in Latin festus, festive (> GermanFest, festival): feast, (-fest), (festal), festival, fes-tive, FESTOON, (FETE), FIESTA; (GABFEST), OKTOBER-FEST. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *dhas-no- in Latinfanum, temple: fanatic; profane. 4. Possibly suffixedzero-grade form 'dhos-o- becoming *dhes-o- in Greektheos (< *thes-os), god: theo-; apotheosis, atheism,ENTHUSIASM, PANTHEON, POLYTHEISM. .[Pok. dhes- 259.]
dheu-¹.	Also dheue-. The base of a wide variety ofderivatives meaning “to rise in a cloud,” as dust, vapor,or smoke, and related to semantic notions of breath,various color adjectives, and forms denoting defectiveperception or wits. 1. Suffixed extended zero-grade form'dhu-mo- (C'dhuo-mo-), smoke, in: a. Latin fumus,smoke: fumarole, fumatorium, fumatory, fume;FUMARIC ACID, FUMIGATE, FUMITORY, PERFUME;b. Greek thumos, soul, spirit: -thymia; enthymeme;c. Greek thumon, thumos, thyme (< “plant having astrong smell”): thyme. 2. Suffixed lengthened zero-gradeform *dhu-li- in Latin fuligo, soot: fuliginous. 3. Ex-tended form *dheus- possibly in Germanic *dus- in:a. Old English dysig, foolish (< “stupefied,” “confused”):dizzy; b. Danish dose, to make drowsy, akin to theprobable Scandinavian source of doze. 4. Suffixed ex-tended form *dheus-o- in Germanic *deuzam, breathingcreature, animal, in: a. Old English dear, animal: deer;b. Old Norse dyr, animal, deer: reindeer. 5. Suffixedo-grade form 'dhotis-o in Slavic *dukh- in Russian dukh,breath, spirit: Dukhobor. 6. Variant extended form*dhwes- in nasalized form *dhwens- in Germanic 'duns-,dust, meal, in: a. Germanic suffixed form *duns-to- inOld English dust, dust: dust; b. Old Norse dunn, bird’sdown (< “sine like dust”): down², duvetyn; (eider-down). 7. Extended zero-grade form 'dhus- in Greekthuos, burnt sacrifice, incense (> Latin thus, incense),and thuia, cedar: thuja, thurible; (thurifer). 8. Suf-fixed extended zero-grade form *dhus-ko- in: a. Ger-manic duskaz in Old English dox, twilight: dusk;b. Latin ftiscus, dark, dusky: obfuscate. 9. Suffixedextended zero-grade form *dhus-no- in Welsh dwn, dullbrown color, whence Old English dunfn), dark-brown:dun². 10. Zero-grade extended form 'dhubh- in Greektuphein (< 'thuphein), to make smoke, and tuphlos,blind: typhus; typhlosole. 11. Extended form*dheubh-, “beclouded in the senses,” in suffixed o-gradeform 'dhoubh-o- in: a. Germanic 'daubaz in Old Englishdeaf, deaf: deaf; b. nasalized form *dhu-m-bho- inGermanic 'dumbaz in Old English dumb, dumb: dumb;C. Germanic *dubon- in Old English *dufe, dove (<“dark-colored bird”): dove¹. 12. Extended zero-gradeform *dhwel- in: a. Germanic 'dwelan, to go or leadastray, in Old English dweUan, to deceive (but insiuencedin sense by cognate Old Norse dvelja, to tarry): dwell;b. Germanic 'dulaz in (i) Old English dot, dull: dol-drums (ii) Middle Low German dul, dull: (dolt), dull.13. Extended zero-grade form 'dhwes- in Greek suffixedform *th(w)es-es-, smoke, whence Greek 'th(w)es-es-yon,becoming theion, brimstone, sulfur: thio-, thion-.14. Perhaps Old English docce, dock (< “dark-coloredplant”): dock⁴. 15. Perhaps Irish dud, pipe: dudeen..[Pok. 4. dheu- 261.]
dheu-².	To flow. Germanic 'dauwaz, dew, in: a. OldEnglish deaw, dew: dew; b. compound 'melith-dauwaz,“honeydew” (see melit-). .[Pok. 1. dheu- 259.]
dheu-³.	To become exhausted, die. 1. Suffixed o-gradeform *dhou-to- in Germanic ‘daudaz in Old Englishdead, dead: dead. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *dhou-tu- inGermanic 'dauthuz in Old English death, death: death.3. Suffixed o-grade form 'dhow-yo- in Old Norse deyja,to die: die¹. 4. Suffixed extended zero-grade form'dhwi-no- in Germanic 'dwinctn in Old English dwinan,to diminish, languish: dwindle. .[Pok. 2. dheu- 260.]
dheub-.	Deep, hollow. 1. Germanic 'deupaz in Old Eng-lish deop, deep: deep, depth. 2. Germanic expressivedenominative 'duppjan in Old English dyppan, to im-merse, dip: dip. 3. Parallel root form 'dheubh- in Ger-manic 'deub-, 'dub- in verb *dubjan in Old Englishdyfan, to dip, and dufan, to sink, dive: dive. .[Pok.dheu-b- 267.]
dheubh-.	Wedge, peg, plug. Germanic 'dub- in: a. OldEnglish dubbian, to tap, strike (with a sword): dub¹;b. Low German dubben, to hit: dub²; c. Germanic di-minutive 'dub-ila- in Middle Low German dbvel, peg:dowel. .[Pok. dheubh- 268.]
dheugh-.	To produce something of utility. 1. Germanicextended form *duht- in Old English dyhtig, dohtig,strong (< “useful”): doughty. 2. Suffixed form *dheugh-os- in Greek teukhos (< 'theukhos), gear, anythingproduced, tool: Heptateuch, Hexateuch, Penta-teuch. .[Pok. dheugh- 271.]
dhghem-.	Earth. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form'(dh)ghm-on-, “earthling,” in Germanic 'gumon- in OldEnglish guma, man: bridegroom. 2. O-grade form'dhghdm- in Greek khthon, earth: chthonic; autoch-thon. 3. Zero-grade form 'dhghm- in Greek khamai, onthe ground: chamaephyte, chameleon, chamomile,germander. 4. Suffixed o-grade form '(dh)ghom-o- inLatin humus, earth: humble, (humiliate), (humility),humus; exhume, inhume, transhumance. 5. Suffixedo-grade form *(dh)ghom-on-, “earthling,” in: a. Latinhomo, human being, man: homage, hombre¹, hominid,HOMO¹, HOMUNCULUS, OMBRE; BONHOMIE, HOMICIDE;b. (in part) Latin humanus, human, kind, humane:human, (humane). 6. Suffixed form *(dh)ghem-ya inRussian zemlya, land, earth: sierozem, zemstvo.7. Full-grade form *(dh)ghem- in Persian zanun, earth,land: ZAMINDAR. .[Pok. ghdhem- 414.]
dhghu-.	Fish. Greek ikhthus, fish: ichthyo-. .[Pok.ghdhu- 416.]
dhgh(y)es-.	Yesterday. Suffixed (comparative) form(dh)ghes-ter- in Germanic 'ges-ter- in Old English geo-stran, giestran, “yester-”: yester-, (yesterday). .[Pok.ghdhies 416.]
dhgwhei-.	To perish, die away. Zero-grade form 'dhgwhi-in Greek phthinein, to die away: phthisis. .[Pok.gvhdheifs)- 487.]
dhg’her-.	To run. Perhaps Greek phtheir, louse: (ich),PHTHiRiASis. .[Pok. g+hdher- 487.]
dhigw-.	To stick, six. 1. Germanic 'dik- in: a. Old Englishdie, trench, moat: dike, ditch; b. Old French digue,trench, perhaps akin to the source of Middle Englishdiggen, to dig: dig. 2. Latin figere, to fasten, six: fibula,FICHU, FIX, (FIXATE), (FIXITY), (FIXTURE); AFFIX, ANTE-FIX, CRUCIFY, INFIX, MICROFICHE, PREFIX, SUFFIX,transfix. .[Pok. dheigv- 243.]
dhragh-.	To draw, drag on the ground. Rhyming varianttragh-. 1. Germanic 'dragan in: a. Old English dragan,to draw, pull: DRAW; b. Old Norse draga, to draw, pull(or Old English dragan): drag; C. Old English dnege,dragnet: dray; d. Old Norse *drahtr, drdttr, act ofdrawing, akin to the source of Middle English draught, apull: draft. 2. Russian drogi, a wagon: droshky. Seealso variant form dhreg-. .[Pok. dheragh- 257.]
dhreg-.	To draw, glide. Variant form of dhragh-. 1. Na-salized Germanic form *drinkan, to draw into the mouth,drink, in Old English drincan, to drink: drink. 2. Nasal-ized Germanic form *drankjan, “to cause to drink,” in:a. Old English drencan, to soak: drench; b. Scandina-vian •drunkna, drugna, to drown, akin to the Scandina-vian source of Middle English drounen, to drown:drown. .[Pok. dhreg- 273.]
dhregh-.	To run. 1. Greek trekhein (< *threkhein), to run(> trokhos, wheel): trochal, trochanter, troche,trochee; trochophore. 2. O-grade form 'dhragh- inGreek trokhileia, trokhilia, system of pulleys, roller of awindlass: trochlea, truck¹, (truckle). .[Pok. 1.dhregh- 273.]
dhreibh-.	To drive, push; snow. 1. Germanic 'driban inOld English drifan, to drive, rush: drive, drove².2. Germanic noun form 'driftiz in Old Norse drift, snow-drift, and Middle Dutch drift, herd, both akin to MiddleEnglish drift, drove, herd: drift. .[Pok. dhreibh- 274.]
dhreu-.	To fall, flow, drip, droop. 1. Extended form'dhreus- in Germanic 'dreusan in Old English dreosan,to fall: drizzle. 2. Extended o-grade form ‘dhrous- in:a. Germanic 'drauzaz in Old English drear, flowingblood: dreary; b. Germanic 'drusjan in Old Englishdrusian, to be sluggish: drowse. 3. Extended zero-gradeform 'dhrub- in: a. Germanic 'drupan in Old Englishdropa, drop: drop; b. Germanic 'drupjan, to let fall, inOld Norse drupa, to hang down: droop; c. Germanic*drupjan in Old English dryppan, to drip: drip. 4. Suf-fixed zero-grade form ’dhrubh-yo- in Greek thruptein, tocrumble: lithotrity. .[Pok. dhreu- 274.]
dhreugh-.	To deceive. Germanic suffixed form*drau(g)ma- in Old English dream, vision, illusion, dream(but attested only in the senses of “joy,” “music”):dream. .[Pok. 2. dhreugh- 276.]
dhugheter-.	Daughter. Germanic *dohter in Old Englishdohtor, daughter: daughter. .[Pok. dhugfhjater 277.]
dhuno-.	Fortified, enclosed place. (Only in Celtic andGermanic.) 1. Possibly Germanic 'dunaz, hill, in: a. OldEnglish dun, hill: down¹, down³; b. Middle Dutch dune,sandy hill: dune. 2. Celtic 'dun-o-, hill, stronghold,borrowed into Germanic as 'tunaz, fortified place, in OldEnglish tun, enclosed place, homestead, village: town..[In Pok. 4. dheu- 261.]
dhwen-.	To make noise. Germanic *duniz in Old Englishdyne, noise: DIN. .[Pok. dhuen- 277.]
dhwen*-.	To disappear, die. Suffixed zero-grade formdhwno-tos in Greek thanatos, death: Thanatos; eutha-nasia, tansy. .[In Pok. 4. dheu- 261.]
dhwer-.	Door, doorway (usually in plural). Originally anapophonic noun *dhwor-, 'dhur-, in the plural, designat-ing the entrance to the enclosure ('dhwor-o-) surround-ing the house proper. 1. Zero-grade form 'dhur- insuffixed forms 'dhur-ns (accusative plural) and 'dhur-o-(neuter) respectively in Germanic 'durum and 'duramin Old English duru, door (feminine, originally plural),and dor, door (neuter): door. 2. Suffixed o-grade form*dhwor-dns (accusative plural) in Latin fords, (toward)out of doors, outside: foreign. 3. Suffixed o-grade form'dhwor-ois (locative plural) in Ijitin forts, (being) out ofdoors: forest; (afforest), faubourg, foreclose,forfeit. 4. Suffixed o-grade form *dhwor-o- in Latinforum, marketplace (originally the enclosed space arounda home): forensic, forum. 5. Zero-grade form 'dhur- inGreek thura, door (> thureos, shield): thyroid. 6. Per-sian dar, door, gate: durbar. .[Pok. dhu^r- 278.]
digh-.	She-goat. Germanic 'tigon (with expressive conso-nantism) in Old Norse tik, bitch: tyke. .[Pok. digh- 222.]
d|k-U-.	Sweet. 1. Suffixed form *d{kw-i- in Latin dulcis (>French doux), sweet: dolce, douceur, dulcet; bil-let-doux, dulcify. 2. Basic form *dlku- (with *dl-dissimilated to *gl- in Greek because of the following k)in: a. Greek glukus, sweet: licorice; b. Greek glukeros(with suffix *-ero-), sweet: glycerin; C. Greek gleukos(with suffix -es-), must, sweet wine: glucose. .[Pok. dlku-222.]
dnghu.	Tongue. 1. Germanic 'tungon- in: a. Old Englishtunge, tongue: TONGUE; b. Middle Dutch tonghe, tongue:biltong. 2. Latin lingua (< Old Latin dingua), tongue,language: language, languet, ligule, lingo, lingua,linguist; (bilingual). .[Pok. dnghu 223.]
do-.	To give. Contracted from 'doo-. 1. Zero-grade form'cd in Latin dare, to give: dado, date, dative, datum,die²; add, betray, edition, perdition, render,(rent¹), (surrender), tradition, (traitor), (trea-son), vend. 2. Suffixed form 'do-no- in Latin donum,gift (> donare, to present, forgive): donation, dona-tive, donor; condone, pardon. 3. Suffixed form*dd-t(i)- in: a. Latin dos (genitive dotis), dowry: dot²,dowager, dower, (dowry); endow; b. Slavic 'datja inRussian dacha, gift: dacha; c. Russian dat’, to give, inizdat’, to publish; samizdat. 4. Reduplicated form'di-dd- in Greek didonai, to give: dose; anecdote,antidote, apodosis, epidote. .[Pok. do- 223.].[dorsum. The back. Latin noun of unknown origin.DORSAL, DORSO-, DORSUM, DOSS, (DOSSAL), DOSSER, DOS-SIER; ENDORSE, INTRADOS, REREDOS.]
drem-.	To sleep. Suffixed zero-grade form 'dm-yo- inLatin dormice, to sleep: dormant, dormer, dormitory..[Pok. dre- 226.].[dreug-. Dry. Germanic root. 1.0ld English drugoth,drugath, dryness, drought: drought. 2. Suffixed form'drug-iz in Old English dryge, dry: dry. 3. Suffixedvariant form 'draug-n- in Old English dreahnian, tostrain, drain: drain.].[dub-. Also dup-. To drop, dip. Germanic imitative root.  1. Old English -doppa, a kind of bird (< “one that dips”):  didapper. 2. Dutch doopen, to dip: dope. 3. Old English  'dympel (diminutive with nasal infix), pool, dimple (>  Middle English dimpel): dimple. 4. Norwegian dumpa,  to fall suddenly, akin to the Scandinavian source of  Middle English dumpen, to dump: dump. .[In Pok.  dheu-b- 267.].[dud-. To shake, deceive. Germanic root. 1. Norwegiandudra, to quiver, akin to: a. Middle English daderen, totremble: dodder¹; b. Middle English doder, vine (<“that which quivers in the wind”): dodder². 2. MiddleEnglish doten, to be foolish: dote. .[In Pok. 4. dheu-261.].[duellum. War. Latin noun (later form bellum) of un-  known origin, bellicose, Bellona, duel; antebel-  lum, belligerent, postbellum, rebel, (revel).]
dus-.	Bad, evil; mis- (used as a prefix). Derivative of  deu-¹. Greek dus-, bad: dys-. .[Pok. dus- 227.]
dwei-.	To fear. 1. Suffixed form 'dwei-ro- in Latin dir us,  fearful, horrible (originally a dialectal form): dire.  2. Suffixed form 'dwey-eno- in Greek deinos, fearful,  monstrous: dinosaur, dinothere. (This root originally  meant “to be in doubt, be of two minds,” and is related to  dwo-.) .[Pok. duez- 227.]
dwo-.	Two. I. Variant form du wo. 1. Germanic 'twa, two,in: a. Old English twd, two (nominative feminine andneuter): TWO; b. Old English twegen, two (nominativeand accusative masculine): twain. 2. Germanic com-pound *twa-lif-, “two left (over from ten),” twelve (*-lif-,left; see lelk*-), in Old English twelf, twelve, and twelfta,twelfth: twelfth, twelve. II. Adverbial form *dwisand combining form *dwi-. 1. Germanic *twi- in: a. OldEnglish twi• (> Middle English twi-), two: twibil,twilight; b. Old High German zwi- (> German zwie-),twice: zwieback, zwitterion. 2. Latin bis (combiningform bi-), twice: bi-, bis; barouche, biscuit. 3. Greekdis (combining form di-), twice: di-¹. 4. Germanic *twisin Middle English twisten, to twist: twist. S. Germanic’twiyes in Old English twige, twiga, twice: twice. 6. Ger-manic compound ’twegentig, “twice ten” (’-tig, ten; seedektp), in Old English twentig, twenty: twenty. 7. Ger-manic ‘twihna, double thread, twisted thread, in OldEnglish twin, double thread: TWINE. 8. Germanic com-pounds ’bi-twihna and *bi-twisk, "at the middle point oftwo” ("bi, at, by; see ambhl), in Old English betweonumand betweohs, betwix, between: between, betwixt,(twixt). 9. Germanic compound ’twilic-, “two-threadedfabric” in Old English twilic, woven of double thread:twill. 10. Suffixed form *dwis-no- in: a. Germanic*twisnaz, double, in Old English twinn, getwinn, two bytwo, twin: twin; b. Latin bini, two by two, two each:BINAL, binary; combine. 11. Suffixed form "dwi-ko- inGermanic *twig(g)a, a fork, in Old English twigge, abranch: twig¹. 12. Compound *dwi-plo-, twofold (*-plo-,-fold; see pel-³), in Greek diploos, diplous, twofold:DiPLO-, diploe, diploma; anadiplosis. 13. Suffixedreduplicated form *dwi-du-mo- in Greek didumos, dou-ble, the testicles: (didymium), didymous; epididymis,tetradymite. 14. Suffixed form *dwi-kha in Greekdikha, in two: dichasium, dicho-. III. Inflected form*duwo. 1. Latin duo, two: deuce¹, dozen, dual, duet,duo-; DUODECIMAL. 2. Greek duo, duo, two: duad,dyad; dodecagon, hendiadys. IV. Variant form *du-.1. Compound *du-plo-, twofold (’-plo-, -fold; see pel-³),in Latin duplus, double: double, (doublet), (dou-bloon), (doublure), DUPLE. 2. Compound ’du-plek-(*-plek-, -fold; see plek-), twofold, in Latin duplex,double: duplex, duplicate, (duplicity); condupli-cate. 3. Suffixed form *du-bhw-io- in Latin dubius,doubtful (< “hesitating between two alternatives”), anddubitdre, to be in doubt: doubt, dubious; (redoubt-able). .[Pok. dud(u)- 228.]
e.	Adverbial particle. Germanic *e in Old English a-, æ->away, off: oakum. .[Pok. e 280.]
ed-.	To eat; original meaning “to bite.” See dent-. 1. Ger-manic *etan in: a. Old English etan, to eat: eat; b. OldHigh German ezzen, to feed on, eat: etch; c. MiddleDutch eten, to eat: ort; d. Germanic compound ’fra-etan, to eat up (*fra-, completely; see per’), in OldEnglish fretan, to devour: fret¹. 2. Latin edere, to eat:edacious, edible, escarole, esculent, esurient;comedo, comestible, obese. 3. Zero-grade form *d- inLatin compound prandium (< *pram-d-ium), “firstmeal,” lunch (’pram-, first; see per’): prandial. 4. Suf-fixed form *ed-un-a in Greek odune, pain (< “gnawingcare”): anodyne. .[Pok. ed- 287.]
eg.	I. Nominative form of the personal pronoun of thefirst person singular. For oblique forms see me-’. 1. Ger-manic ’ek in Old English ic, I: I. 2. Extended form ’egoin Latin ego, I: EGO, egoist, (egotism). .[Pok. eg- 291.]
eg-.	To lack. Suffixed (stative) form *eg-e- in Latin egere,to lack, be in want: indigent. .[Pok. eg- 290.]
eg-.	To speak. Suffixed zero-grade form *ag-yo- in: a. Lat-in adagium, saying, proverb, “a speaking to” (ad-, to; seead-): adage; b. Latin prddigium, a portent, “a foretell-ing” (prod-, variant of pro-, before; see per’): prodigy..[Pok. eg- 290.]
eghero-.	Lake. Possibly a suffixed variant form *agher-ont- in Greek Akherdn, a river in Hades: Acheron. .[Pok.eghero- 291.]
eghs.	Out. 1. Variant ’eks in: a. Latin ex, ex-, out of,away from: EX¹, ex-; b. Greek ex, ek, out of, from: ecto-,exo-, exoteric, exotic; synecdoche. 2. Suffixed (com-parative) variant form *eks-tero- in Latin exterus, out-ward (feminine ablative extera, extra, on the outside):EXTERIOR, EXTERNAL, EXTRA-, STRANGE. 3. Suffixed(superlative) form in Latin extremus, outermost (’-mo-,superlative suffix): extreme. 4. Suffixed form ’eghs-ko-in Greek eskhatos, outermost, last: eschatology. .[Pok.eghs 292.]
egni-.	Also ogni-. Fire. 1. Latin ignis, sire: igneous,ignite; gelignite, ignitron. 2. Sanskrit agnih, sire:Agni. .[Pok. egnis 293.]
eg*h-.	To drink. Suffixed form ’egwh-r-yo- in: a. Latinebrius, drunk: inebriate; b. Latin compound sobrius(se-, without; see s(w)e-).ei-’. To go. 1. Full-grade form *ei- in: a. Latin ire, to go:ADIT, AMBIENT, (AMBITION), CIRCUIT, COITUS, COMITIA,EXIT¹, EXIT², INTROIT, ISSUE, OBITUARY, PERISH, PRAE-TOR, PRETERIT, SEDITION, SUBITO, SUDDEN, (TRANCE),transient, (transit), (transitive); b. Greek ienai, togo: ion; anion, cation, dysprosium. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *i-t- in: a. further suffixed form *i-t-yo-in Latin initium, entrance, beginning (in-, in; see en):commence, initial, (initiate); b. Latin comes (stemco mit-), companion (< “one who goes with another”;com-, with; see kom): count²; concomitant, consta-ble, (viscount). 3. Suffixed form ’i-ter in Latin iter,journey (> Late Latin itinerdre, to travel): (errant),eyre, itinerant, itinerary. 4. Extended form *ya- (<*yao-) in suffixed forms *ya-no-, ya-nu- in: a. Latinjdnus, archway, and Janus, god of doors and of thebeginning of a year: janitor, January, Janus; b. San-skrit yanam, way (in Buddhism, “mode of knowledge,”“vehicle”): Hinayana, Mahayana. .[Pok. 1. ei- 293.]
ei-².	Reddish, motley; yew. Suffixed form ’ei-wo- inGermanic *iwaz, yew, in Old English iw, yew; yew. .[Pok.  3. ei- 297.]
eik-.	To be master of, possess. 1. Germanic ’aigan, topossess, in Old English agan, to possess: ought¹, owe.2.  Germanic participial form ’aiganaz, possessed, owned,in Old English agen, one's own: own. 3. Germanicprefixed form *fra-aihtiz, absolute possession, property(’fra-, intensive prefix; see per¹), in Middle Low Germanand Middle Dutch vrecht, vracht, “earnings,” hire for aship, freight: fraught, freight. .[Pok. eik- 289.]
eis-’.	In words denoting passion. 1. Suffixed form ’eis-a-in Latin ira, anger: irascible, irate, ire. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *is-(s)ro-, powerful, holy, in Greek hie-ros, “filled with the divine,” holy: hieratic, hiero-;HIERARCH, (HIERARCHY), HIEROGLYPHIC, HIEROPHANT.3.  Germanic ’isarno-, “holy metal” (possibly fromCeltic), in Old English ise(r)n, iren, iron: iron. 4. Suf-fixed o-grade form *ois-tro-, madness, in Greek oistros,gadfly, goad, anything causing madness: estrus; (es-trone). .[Pok. 1. eis- 299.]
eis-².	Ice, frost. Germanic *Es- in Old English is, ice: ice;icicle. .[Pok. 2. ei-s- 301.]
ekwo-.	Horse. Possibly originally derived from kwon-. 1.  Latin equus, horse: equestrian, equine, equitant,(equitation); equisetum. 2. Greek hippos, horse: eo-HIPPUS, HIPPOCAMPUS, HIPPOGRIFF, HIPPOPOTAMUS..[Pok. ekuo-s 301.]
el-’.	Elbow, forearm. Extended o-grade form ’olina,elbow, in: a. Germanic ’alind in Old English eln, fore-arm, cubit: ell²; b. Germanic compound *alino-bugon-,“bend of the forearm,” elbow (’bugon-, bend, bow; seebheug-³), in Old English elnboga, elbow: elbow; c. Lat-in ulna, forearm: ulna; d. lengthened variant form’dlend in Greek diene, elbow: olecranon. .[Pok. 8. el-307.]
el-².	Red, brown (forming animal and tree names). 1. Ex-tended form *elmo• in Germanic ‘elmo-, *almo- in OldEnglish elm, elm: elm. 2. Germanic extended form‘aliza, alder, in Old English alor, alder: alder. 3. Possi-bly Old English ellen, elLern, the elder: ELDER². 4. Ex-tended o-grade form *oIki- in Germanic *alkiz, elk, inOld Norse elgr, elk, akin to Old English eolh, elk: elk.5. Perhaps Germanic extended form ‘alk- in Old Norsealka, auk: auk. 6. Extended form ‘elno- in Greek ellos,hellos, fawn: hellebore. 7. Extended form ‘ehni- inLithuanian elnis, stag; eland. .[Pok. 1. el• 302.]
el-³.	To go. Suffixed extended form 'ela-un-yo- in Greekelaunein, to drive (< “to cause to go”): elastic, elater,elaterite; elasmobranch. .[Pok. 6. el- 306.].[elaia. Olive. Greek noun (earlier form elaiwd) of Medi-terranean origin, oil, (-ole), oleaginous, oleaster,oleo-, olive; (aioli), (anele), (petroleum).]
elk-es-.	Wound. Latin ulcus (stem ulcer-), a sore: ulcer..[Pok. ethos- 310.]
em-.	To take, distribute. 1. Latin emere, to obtain, buy(> demere, to take away): ademption, example, (exem-plary), (exemplify), exemplum, (exempt), (im-promptu), peremptory, preemption, premium,PROMPT, (RANSOM), REDEEM, (REDEMPTION), (SAMPLE),vintage. 2. Latin sumere (< *sus(e)m-), to take, obtain,buy (sus-, variant of sub-, up from under; see upo):SUMPTUARY, (SUMPTUOUS); ASSUME, CONSUME, PRE-SUME, RESUME, SUBSUME. .[Pok. em- 310.]
en.	In. 1. Germanic *in in: a. Old English in, in: in;b. Germanic (comparative) ‘inn(e)ra in Old Englishinnera, farther in, inner: inner; c. Germanic ’innan inOld English binnan, within (be, by; see ambhl + innan,in, within): ben¹. 2. Latin in, in-, in, into: en-¹, in-².3. Greek en, en-, in: en-²; enkephalin, parenchyma,parenthesis. 4. Suffixed form *en-t(e)ro- in: a. Latinintro, inward, within: intro-; introduce, introit,intromit, INTRORSE, introspect; b. Latin intra, inside,within: enter, intra-; intrados, intrinsic. 5. Suf-fixed form ’en-ter in Latin inter, inter-, between, among:entrails, inter-, interim, interior, internal.6. Latin (superlative) intimus (*-mo-, superlative suffix),innermost: intima, intimate². 7. Old Latin endo, Latinindu-, within, in industria, diligence, activity (‘stru-, toconstruct; see ster-²): industry. 8. Suffixed form ‘en-tos in; a. Latin intus, within, inside: dedans, intestine,intine, intussusception; b. Greek entos, within:ENTO-. 9. Suffixed form *en-tero- in Greek enteron,entrails: enteric, entero-, enteron; dysentery,mesentery. 10. Extended form ‘ens in: a. Greek eis,into: episode; b. suffixed form *ens-o in Greek eso,within: esoteric. 11. Suffixed zero-grade form *n-dhapossibly in Germanic *anda, ‘undo in Old English and,and: AND. .[Pok. 1. en 311.]
en-.	Year. Zero-grade form *n- in compound ‘per-n-yo-, oflast year (see per¹). .[Pok. 2. en- 314.]
en-es-.	Burden. Latin onus (stem oner-), burden: oner-ous, onus; exonerate. .[Pok. enos- 321.]
eng"-.	Groin, internal organ. Suffixed zero-grade form‘n^-en- in: a. Latin inguen, groin: inguinal; b. Greekaden, gland, gut; adeno-; lymphadenitis, sialadeni-tis. .[Pok. engv- 319.]
epi.	Also opi. Near, at, against. 1. Latin ob, ob-, before,to, against: ob-. 2. Greek epi, on, over, at: epi-. 3. Greekopis then, behind, at the back: OPISTHOBRanch, opis-THOGNATHous. 4. Zero-grade *pi-, on, in Greek piezein,to press tight (see sed-¹). 5. Old Church Slavonic ob, on,in Russian oblast’, oblast: oblast. 6. Prefix *op- in‘op-wer-yo-, to cover over (see wer-⁵). .[Pok. epi 323.]
er-¹.	To move, set in motion. 1. Probably Germanic "ar-,‘or-, *art(a), to be, exist, in Old English eart and aron,second person singular and plural present of beon, to be:are¹, art². 2. Perhaps in Germanic suffixed form ‘er-n-os-ti- in Old English eornoste, zealous, serious: ear-nest¹. 3. Suffixed form ‘or-yo- in Latin ortri, to arise,appear, be born: orient, origin, original; abort..[Pok. 3. er- 326; ergh- 339.]
er-².	Earth, ground. Extended form ‘ert- in Germanic‘erthd in; a. Old English eorthe, earth: earth; b. MiddleDutch aerde, eerde, earth (> Afrikaans aarde): aard-vark, aardwolf. .[Pok. 4. er- 332.]
er-³.	Base of designations of various domestic hornedanimals. Extended form *eri- in Isatin aries, ram: Aries..[Pok. 2. er- 326.]
ere-¹.	To row. 1. Variant form *re- (< ’res-) in: a. Ger-manic ‘rd- in Old English rowan, to row: row²; b. suf-fixed form ‘ro-thra- in Germanic ‘rothra, rudder, in OldEnglish rdther, steering oar: rudder; C. suffixed form‘re-smo- in Latin remus, oar: bireme, remex, trireme. 2. Oldest variant form ‘ores- becoming ‘ere- in Greektrieres, trireme: trierarch. .[Pok. 1. en- 338.]
ere-².	To separate. Variant ‘re-, contracted from ‘res-.1. Suffixed variant form ‘rd-ro- in Latin rants, “havingintervals between,” “full of empty spaces,” rare: rare¹.2. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘ro-ti- in Latin rat is, raft (<“grating,” “latticework”); ratite. 3. Suffixed length-ened-grade form *re-ti- in Latin rete, retis, a net: re-seau, RETE, RETIARY, RETICLE, RETICULE, RETINA;RETIFORM. 4. Suffixed form ‘ere-mo- in Greek eremos,empty, desolate, bereft: eremite, hermit; eremurus..[Pok. 5. er- 332.]
ered-.	High. Suffixed zero-grade form nd-wo- in Latinarduus, high, steep: arduous. .[Pok. er(o)d- 339.]
ergh-.	To mount. 1. Suffixed o-grade form ‘orgh-i- inGreek orkhus, testicle: orchid. 2. Suffixed o-grade form‘orgh-eyo- in Greek orkheisthai, to dance: orchestra..[Pok. orghi- 782, ergh- 339.]
erkw*.	To radiate, beam, praise. Sanskrit re, rk, “bright-ness,” praise, poem: Rig-Veda. .[Pok. erky- 340.]
ers-¹.	To be in motion. 1. Variant form ‘res- in Germanic‘res- in Old Norse rds, rushing: race². 2. Form ers-d- inLatin errare, to wander: ERR, erratic, erratum, erro-neous, error; aberration. .[Pok. 2. ere-s- 336.]
ers-².	To be wet. Variant form ‘ros- in Latin ros, dew:ROSEMARY. .[Pok. 2. ere-s- 336.]
es-.	To be. 1. Athematic first person singular form ‘es-miin Germanic *izm(i) in Old English earn, eom, am: am.2. Athematic third person singular form ‘es-ti in: a. Ger-manic *ist(i) in Old English is, is: is; b. Sanskrit asti, is:SWASTIKA. 3. Optative stem ‘st- in Germanic ’sijai- inOld English sie, may it be (so) in gese (gea, yea; see i- +sie), yes; yes. 4. Participial form *sont-, being, existing,hence real, true, in: a. Germanic *santhaz in Old Englishsoth, true: sooth, soothe; b. suffixed (collective)zero-grade form *snt-yd, “that which is,” in Germanic*sun(d)j6, sin (< “it is true,” “the sin is real”), in OldEnglish synn, sin: sin¹; c. Sanskrit sat-, sant-, existing,true, virtuous: suttee; bodhisattva, Satyagraha.5. Basic form *es- in Latin esse, to be: entity, essence;absent, (improve), interest, present¹, (present²),proud, (quintessence), (represent). 6. Basic form*es- in Greek einai (present participle ont-, being), to be(in pareinai, to be present): -ONT, onto-; (biont),Homoiousian, Parousia, (schizont). See extensionesu-. .[Pok. es- 340.]
esen-.	Harvest, fall. O-grade form ‘osn- in Germanic‘aznon, to do harvest work, serve, in Old English ear-nian, to serve, gain as wages: earn¹. .[Pok. es-en- 343.]
esu-.	Good. Extension of es-. Greek eus, good, combiningform eu-, well: EU-. .[Pok. esu-s 342.]
eti.	Above, beyond. 1. Germanic *ith- in Old Norse idha,whirlpool: eddy. 2. Latin et, and (< “furthermore”): ETcetera. .[Pok. eti 344.]
eti-.	Eider duck. A probable root. Germanic ‘ethi inNorth Germanic ‘dthi in Old Norse ædhr, eider: eider..[Pok. Str- 345.]
etmen-.	Breath. Sanskrit atman, breath, soul: atmaN;MAHATMA. .[Pok. et-men- 345.]
eu-¹.	To dress. 1. Latin induere, to don (ind-, variant ofin-, in, on; see en): endue. 2. Latin exuere, to doff (ex-,off; see eghs): exuviae. 3. Latin reduvia, fragment(red-, back, in reverse; see re-): reduviid. See extensionwes-*. .[Pok. 2. eu- 346.]
eu-².	Lacking, empty. Extended forms *euo-, *wa-, *wa-.1. Suffixed form *wa-no- in: a. Germanic *wanen in OldEnglish wanian, to lessen, and wana, lack: wane;b. North Germanic *wanatdn in Old Norse vanta, tolack: want. 2. Suffixed form *wd-no- in Latin vdnus,empty: vain, vanity, vaunt; evanesce, vanish. 3. Ex-tended form *wak- in Latin vacdre (variant uocare), tobe empty: vacant, vacate, vacation, (vacuity), vac-uum, void; (avoid), (devoid), evacuate. 4. Extendedand suffixed form *was-to- in Latin vastus, empty, waste(> vdstdre, to make desolate): waste; devastate. .[Pok.1. eu- 345.]
euadh-.	Udder. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *udh-r inGermanic *udr- in Old English uder, udder: udder.2. Suffixed o-grade form *oudh-r in Latin uber, “breast,”with derivative adjective uber, fertile: (exuberant),exuberate. .[Pok. eudh- 347.]
euk-.	To become accustomed. Zero-grade form *uk- in:a. suffixed (feminine) form *uk-sor- in Latin uxor, wife(< “she who gets accustomed to the new household” afterpatrilocal marriage): uxorial, uxorious; uxoricide;b. nasalized form *u-n-k- in Old Irish to-ucc, to under-stand, “get accustomed to” (> Irish Gaelic tuigim, Iunderstand): twig². .[Pok. euk- 347.]
eus-.	To burn. 1. Latin urere, to burn: uredo; adust,combustion. 2. Zero-grade form *us- in: Germanic*uzjdn, to burn, in compound *aim-uzjon-, ashes (*aim-,ashes, ember), in Old English æmerge, ember: ember.3. Possibly in the non-Greek source of Greek Euros, theeast wind: Eurus. .[Pok. eus- 347.].[ferrum. Iron. Latin noun, possibly borrowed (via Etrus-can) from the same obscure source as Old English bræs,brass. 1. Latin ferrum: farrier, ferri-, ferro-, (fer-rous), ferruginous; fer-de-lance. 2. Old Englishbræs: brass, brazen, (brazier¹).].[Frankon-. Frank (member of a Germanic tribe), “jave-lin.” Germanic root. 1. Frankish * Frank-, Frank, bor-rowed into Late Latin as Francos, Frank: (frank¹),Frank. 2. Derivative adjective *frankiskaz, of theFranks, in Old English frencisc, French: French.].[gagina. Also gagana. Against. Germanic root. 1.0ldEnglish gegn-, against: gainsay. 2. Germanic *ana-ga-gina ("ana, toward; see an¹), in the opposite direction, inOld English ongeagn, ongean, against, back, again:again, against. 3. Old Norse gegn, straight, direct,helpful: gainly; (ungainly). 4. Old High German ge-gin, gagan, against: gegenschein.]
gal-¹.	Bald, naked. Suffixed form *gal-wo- in Germanic*kalwaz in Old English calu, bare, bald: callow. .[Pok. 1.gal- 349.]
gal-².	To call, shout. 1. Germanic expressive form *kall-in Old Norse kalla, to call: call. 2. Germanic *klat- inOld English *clatrian (> Middle English clateren), toclatter: clatter. 3. Expressive form *gall- in Latingallus, cock (< “the calling bird”; but probably alsoassociated with Gallus, Gallic, as if to mean “the bird ofGaul,” the cock being archaeologically attested as animportant symbol in the iconography of Roman andpre-Roman Gaul): gallinaceous, (gallinule). .[Pok. 2.gal- 350.]
gal-³.	To be able, to have power. Gallo-Roman *galia,strength, power, in Old French galliart, lively: GALLIARD..[Pok. 3. gal- 351.]
gar-.	To call, cry. Expressive root. 1. Germanic *karo,lament, hence grief, care, in: a. Old English cearu, care:care; b. adjective *karagaz, sorrowful, in Old Englishcearig, sorrowful: chary. 2. Celtic suffixed form*gar-(s)mn in Gaelic gairm, shout, cry, call: SLOGAN.3. Suffixed form (with expressive gemination) *garr-iyo-in Latin garrire, to chatter; garrulous. .[Pok. gar- 352.].[garwian. To make, prepare, equip. Germanic verb.1. Old Norse gera, to make, do: gar². 2. Form *garwi-,equipment, adornment, in Italian garbo, grace, eleganceof dress: garb. 3. Form *garwa-, prepared, in Old Eng-lish gearu, gearo, ready: Yare. 4. Form *garwin- in OldNorse gervi, equipment, gear: gear.]
gau-.	To rejoice; also to have religious fear or awe.Contracted from *gasu-. 1. Suffixed form *gau-d e- inLatin gaudere, to rejoice: gaud, (gaudy¹), gaudy², joy;enjoy, rejoice. 2. Form (with nasal infix) *gs-n-u- inGreek ganusthai, to rejoice (> ganos, brightness, glad-ness): ganoid. .[Pok. gau- 353.].[ge. Also gaia. The earth. Greek noun of unknown origin.Gaea, geo-; apogee, epigeal, (geanticline), geode,(georgic), hypogeal, Neogaea, perigee.]
gei-¹.	To sprout, split open. Contracted from *gesi-.Zero-grade form *gi- (< *£»-) in: a. Germanic *ki-nan inOld English cine, cinu, cleft, ravine cut by a stream:chink¹; b. Germanic *ki-ddn- in Frankish *kid-, sprout,young shoot, in Old French cion, shoot: scion. .[Pok. gei-355.]
gei-².	To sing. Contracted from *gesi-. Zero-grade form*gi- (< *gio-) in Sanskrit gitd, song: Bhagavad-Gita..[Pok. ge(i)- 355.]
gel-¹.	To form into a ball; conventional base of looselyconnected derivatives referring to a compact mass orcoagulated lump, and to the qualities of viscosity andadhesiveness. I. Words meaning a mass or lump. 1. Ger-manic *klamp- in Middle Low German klumpe, compactgroup of trees: clump. 2. Germanic *klub(b)- in OldNorse klubba, a lump of wood, club: club¹. 3. Germanic*kliw- in Old English cliewan, a ball, ball of wool: clew¹,(clue). 4. Germanic *klud- in: a. Old English clud, hill,rock: cloud; b. Old English clott, lump: clod, clot,(clutter); c. Middle High German kloz, block, lump:klutz. 5. Germanic *klut- in Old English clut, patch (<“lump, piece of stuff, piece of cloth”): clout. 6. Ger-manic *klaut- in Old English * cleat, lump, wedge: cleat.7. Extended form *glob- perhaps in Latin globus, ball,globe: globe, (globule); conglobate. 8. Extendedform *glom- in Latin glomus (stem glomer-), ball: glom-erate, glomerule; agglomerate, conglomerate.9. Extended form *gleb- in Latin gleba, lump, clod ofearth, soil, land: glebe. 10. Extended form *gleu- inGreek gloutos, buttock: gluteus. 11. Reduplicated form*gal-gl- dissimilated in Greek ganglion, cystlike tumor,hence nerve-bundle: ganglion. II. Words meaning tostick, cling. 1. Germanic *klupjan (< *gleb-) in OldEnglish clyppan, to embrace, fasten: CLIP². 2. Germanic*klimban (< *gle-m-bh-), to hold fast, hold on in climb-ing, in Old English climban, to climb: climb. 3. Ger-manic *klam- in: a. Old English clamm, bond, fetter:(clam¹), clam²; b. Middle Low German klam, stickiness:clammy. 4. Germanic *klamp- in Middle Dutch klampe,metal clasp: clamp. 5. Germanic *kleb- (< *glebh-) in:a. Old English cleofian, to stick, cleave: cleave²; b. OldEnglish clife, goosegrass (a plant with hooked prickles onthe stem): cleavers. 6. Germanic *kling- in: a. OldEnglish clingan, to cling: cling; b. Old English beclenc-an, to hold fast (be-, on all sides; see ambhi): clench,(clinch). 7. Germanic *kluk- in Old English clyccan, toclutch: clutch¹. 8. Germanic klewo, remade to *klawd,in Old English clawu, a claw: claw. III. Words meaning“sticky material.” 1. Extended form *glei- in: a. Ger-manic *klajjo-, clay, in Old English clæg, clay: CLAY;b. probably Medieval Greek glia, gloia, glue: guadin;mesoglea, neuroglia, zoogloea; c. Russian glet, clay:gley. 2. Germanic *kleg- in Danish klagge, mud, akin tothe Scandinavian source of English dialectal clog, todaub with mud: clag. 3. Extended form *gleu- in Latingluten, glue: glue, gluten, glutinous; agglutinate,conglutinate, deglutinate. 4. Extended form *glit-possibly in Latin glittus, sticky: gleet. .[Pok. 1. gel- 357.]
gel-².	Bright. 1. Extended form *glei- in Germanic•klai-ni-, bright, pure, in: a. Old English cLene, pure,clean: clean; b. Old English cLvnsian, to purify, cleanse:cleanse. 2. Extended and suffixed zero-grade form'gb-nd in Greek gid ne, eyeball: euglena. .[Pok.^eZ- 366.]
gel-³.	Cold; to freeze. 1. Germanic 'kaliz, coldness, in OldEnglish c(i)ele, chill: chill. 2. Germanic 'kaldaz, cold, inOld English ceald, cold: cold. 3. Germanic 'koi-, cool,in: a. Old English cdl, cold, cool: cool; b. Germanic•koljan, to cool, in Old English cdlan, to cool: keel³.4. Suffixed form 'gel a- in Latin geldre, to freeze: gela-tin, GELATION, JELLY; congeal. 5. Suffixed form 'gel-u-in Latin gelu, frost, cold: gelid. 6. Probably suffixedzero-grade form 'gl k- in Latin glades, ice: GLACE,GLACIAL, GLACIATE, GLACIER, GLACIS. .[Pok. 3. gel(a)-365.]
gembh-.	Tooth, nail. I. Suffixed o-grade form *gombh-o-.1. Germanic 'kambaz, comb, in: a. Old English camb,comb: comb, kame; b. Old High German kamb, comb:cam; C. Germanic denominative 'kanibjan, to comb, inOld English cemban, to comb: oakum, unkempt.2. Greek gomphos, tooth, peg, bolt: GOMPHOSIS. II. Per-haps Germanic 'kimb- in Old English dm-, dmb-, rim(only in compounds): chime². III. Possibly suffixed form'gembh-md in Latin gemma, bud, hence gem: gem,GEMMA, GEMMATE, GEMMULE. .[Pok. gembh- 369.]
gem*-.	To marry. Suffixed zero-grade form 'gms-o- inGreek gamos, marriage: gamete, camo-, -Gamous,-gamy; gamosepalous. .[Pok. gem(e)- 369.]
gen-.	To compress into a ball. Hypothetical Indo-Euro-pean base of a range of Germanic words referring tocompact, knobby bodies and projections, sharp blows.1. Germanic 'kn-a-pp- in: a. Old English ens pp, hilltop:knap²; b. Middle Dutch cnoppen, to snap, and LowGerman knappen, to snap, hence “to have a bite,” akin toMiddle English knappen, to strike sharply, snap: knap¹;knapsack; c. Old English cnop, knob: knop. 2. Ger-manic 'kn-a-k- in Middle High German knacken, tocrack: knackwurst. 3. Germanic 'kn-a-r- in: a. Norwe-gian knart, knot in wood, akin to the source of MiddleEnglish knarre, knob: knar; b. Middle English knor, aswelling: knur. 4. Germanic *kn-u-b- in Middle LowGerman knobbe, knubbe, knot in wood, knob: knob,nub. 5. Germanic 'kn-u-k- in: a. Old English cnodan, toknock: knock; b. Italian gnocco, nocchio, knot in wood:gnocchi; C. Middle Low German knokel, knuckle, akinto Middle English knakel, knuckle: knuckle. 6. Ger-manic *kn-u-l- in: a. Old English cnyllan, to strike:knell, knoll²; b. Old English cnoU, a knoll: knoll¹.7. Germanic 'kn-u-p- in Middle Dutch cnoppe, knob,bud: KNOBKERRiE. 8. Germanic *kn-u-t- in: a. Old Eng-lish cnytten, to tie in a knot, knit: KNIT; b. Old Englishcnotta, knot in cord: knot¹; c. Old Norse knutr, knot incord: KNOUT. 9. Germanic 'kn-u-th- in Old High Germanknodo, knob, knot (> French quenelle): quenelle10. Germanic 'kn-i-b- in Old English cnif, knife: knife.11. Germanic 'kn-e-th- in Old English cnedan, to knead:knead. .[Pok. gen- 370.]
gen*-.	Also gen-. To give birth, beget; with derivativesreferring to aspects and results of procreation and tofamilial and tribal groups. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form'gn-yo- in Germanic 'kunjam, family, in: a. Old Englishcynjn), race, family, kin: kin; kindred; b. 'kuningaz,king (< “son of the royal kin”), in Old English cyning,king: king. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘gn-ti- in: a. Ger-manic 'kundjaz, family, race, in Old English cynd,gecyndje), origin, birth, race, family, kind: KIND¹; b. Oer-manic*kundiz, natural, native, in Old English gecynde(ge-, collective prefix; see kom), natural, native, fitting:kind²; c. Germanic variant 'kinth- in Old High Germankind, child: kindergarten, Kriss Kringle; d. Latingens (stem gent-), race, clan (> French gens, men): gens,GENTEEL, GENTILE, GENTLE; GENDARME. 3. Suffixedfull-grade form 'gen-es- in: a. Latin genus (stem gener-),race, kind: gender, general, generate, (genera-tion), GENERIC, GENEROUS, GENRE, GENUS; CONGENER,(congenial), degenerate, (engender), miscegena-tion; b. Greek genus and genea, race, family: geneal-ogy, GENOCIDE, GENOTYPE, HETEROGENEOUS; C. Greeksuffix -genes, “-born”: -gen, -geny. 4. Suffixedfull-grade form 'gen-yo- in: a. Latin genius, procreativedivinity, inborn tutelary spirit, innate quality: genial¹,genius; b. Latin ingenium (in-, in; see en), inborncharacter: engine, ingenious. 5. Suffixed full-gradeform 'gen-a- in Latin indigena (indu-, within; see en),born in (a place), indigenous: indigen, (indigenous).6. Suffixed full-grade form 'gena-uo- in Isatin ingenuus(in-, in; see en), born in (a place), native, natural,freeborn: ingenuous. 7. Suffixed full-grade form 'gen-men- dissimilated in Latin germen, shoot, bud, embryo,germ: germ, german², (germane), germinal, germi-nate. 8. Suffixed full-grade form 'geno-ti- in Greekgenesis, birth, beginning: genesis, -genesis. 9. Redupli-cated form *gi-gn- in: a. Latin gignere (past participlegenitus), to beget: genital, genitive, genitor, gent¹,(gingerly); congenital, primogeniture, progeni-tor, (progeny); b. Greek gignesthai, to be born: epi-gene. 10. Suffixed zero-grade form *-gn-o- in Latinbenignus (bene, well; see deu-²), good-natured, kindly,and malignus (male, ill; see mel-s), evil-natured, malevo-lent: benign, malign. 11. Zero-grade form *gna- becom-ing ‘gnd- in Latin praegnds (prae-, before; see per¹),pregnant: pregnant¹. 12. Suffixed zero-grade form'gna-sko- becoming 'gnd-sko- in Latin gndsci, ndsd(present participle nascens, past participle gndtus, sta-tus), to be born: naive, nascent, natal, nation, na-tive, NATURE, NEE, NOEL; (ADNATE), AGNATE,COGNATE, CONNATE, ENATE, INNATE, NEONATE, PUISNE,(puny), renaissance. 13. Suffixed o-grade form *#on-o-in Greek go nos (combining form -gonos), child, procre-ation, seed: gonad, gono-; archegonium, epigone.14. Zero-grade form *gn- in Sanskrit ja- in krmi-ja-,“produced by worms” (see kwrmi-). .[Pok. 1. gen- 373.]
genu-¹.	Knee; also angle. 1. Variant form *gneu- in:a. Germanic ’knewam in Old English cneo, knee: knee;b. Germanic 'knewljan in Old English cneowlian, tokneel: kneel. 2. Basic form 'genu- in Latin genu, knee:geniculate, genuflect. 3. Suffixed variant form*gdn-ya- in Greek gonia, angle, corner: -gon, gonion;amblygonite, diagonal, goniometer, goniometry,orthogonal. .[Pok. 1. genu- 380.]
genu-².	Jawbone, chin. I.Form 'genw- in Germanic'kinnuz in Old English dn(n), chin: chin. 2. Basic form'genu- in Greek genus, chin: GENIAL². 3. Suffixed variantform 'gna-dho- in Greek gnathos, jaw: gnathic,-gnathous; chaetognath 4. Variant form *g(h)enu- inSanskrit hanu, jaw: hanuman. .[Pok. 2. genu- 381.]
gep(h)-.	Also gebh-. Jaw, mouth. 1. Probably Germanic*kaf-, to gnaw, chew, in Old English ceaf, husks, chaff:chaff¹. 2. Germanic 'kabraz, “gnawer,” in Old Englishceafor, ceafer, beetle: chafer; (cockchafer). 3. Ger-manic *kefalaz in Old English ceast, jaw, cheek: jowl¹..[Pok. geph-, gebh- 382.]
ger-¹.	To gather. 1. Extended form *grem- in Germanic'kram- in Old English crammian, to stuff, cram: cram.2. Reduplicated form *gre-g- in Latin grex (stem greg-),herd, flock: gregarious; aggregate, congregate,egregious, segregate. 3. Earliest forms 'ager-,'agor-d-, in Greek ageirein, to assemble, and aguris,agora, marketplace (> agoreuein, to speak): agora¹;(AGORAPHOBIA), ALLEGORY, CATEGORY, PANEGYRIC..[Pok. 1. ger- 382.]
ger-².	Curving, crooked; hypothetical Indo-Europeanbase for a variety of Germanic words with initial kr-.I. Words meaning to bend, curl; bent, crooked, hooked;something bent or hooked. 1. Germanic 'krdppdn-, ahook, especially one used in harvesting grapes, in: a. OldHigh German krdpfo, a hook: agraffe; b. Old Frenchgraper, to harvest grapes, hence (back-formation) grape,vine, grape: grape; c. Old French grapon, grapnel:grapnel; d. Old French grape, a hook: grapple; e. Ital-ian dialectal grappa, vine stem, brandy: grappa. 2. OldEnglish crump, crumb, crooked, bent, stooping: crum-mie, crumpet, (crumple). 3. Low German krimpen, towrinkle: crimp¹. 4. Middle Dutch crampe, hook, andFrankish *kramp, hook: cramp². 5. Old High Germankrampfo, a cramp, akin to the Germanic source of OldFrench crampe, cramp: cramp¹. 6. Old English crypel, acripple: cripple. 7. Germanic *kreupan in Old Englishcreopan, to creep: creep. 8. Middle Low German krink,a ring: cringle. 9. Germanic *krengan in Old Englishcringan, to yield: cringe. 10. Middle Dutch crinkelen,akin to Middle English crinkelen, to make kinks in:crinkle. 11. Old Norse kriki, a bend, nook: creek.12. Old Norse krdkr, a hook: crook. 13. Frankish *krdk-(> Old French croc), a hook: crochet, (crocket),(croquet), (crouch); encroach. 14. Old English crycc,(bent) staff, crutch: crutch. 15. Old French crosse,crook: crosier, lacrosse. 16. Middle Dutch crulle,curly: cruller, curl. 17. Old English cranc-(stæf), aweaving implement: crank¹. 18. Norwegian krake, asickly beast, akin to the source of Middle English crok,an old ewe: crock³. 19. Old Norse karpa, to boast:carp¹. 20. Middle Dutch kroes, curled, akin to the sourceof Old French grosele, gooseberry: grossularite.IL Words meaning “a rounded mass, collection; a roundobject, vessel, container.” 1. Old English cruma, a frag-ment: crumb. 2. Frankish *kruppa, rump, akin to theGermanic source of Old French croup, rump: croup²,(croupier), crupper. 3. Old English cropp, cluster,bunch, ear of com: crop. 4. Italian gruppo, an assem-blage: group. 5. Old English crocc, pot: crock¹. 6. Mid-dle Dutch cruyse, pot: cruse. 7. Old English cribb,manger: crib. 8. Old English cradel, cradle: cradle.9. Frankish *kripja, cradle, akin to the Germanic sourceof Old French cre(s)che, crib: creche. 10. Old Englishcræt and Old Norse kartr, wagon: cart. 11. Old Englishcroft, small enclosed field: croft. .[Pok. 3. ger- 385.]
gerbh-.	To scratch. 1. Germanic *kerban in Old Englishceorfan, to cut: carve. 2. Zero-grade Germanic form*kurbiz in Old English cyrf, a cutting (off): kerf.3. Variant form *grebh- in: a. Germanic *krab(b)- in OldEnglish crabba, a crab: crab¹; b. Germanic *krabiz- inOld French crevise, crayfish: crayfish; c. perhaps Ger-manic *krab- in Old Norse krafla, to crawl: crawl¹.4. Zero-grade form *grbh- in Greek graphein, to scratch,draw, write, and gramma (< *grbh-mn), a picture, writ-ten letter, piece of writing, and gramme, a line: graf-fito, GRAM¹, -GRAM, GRAMMAR, GRAPH, -GRAPH,-GRAPHER, GRAPHIC, -GRAPHY; AGRAPHA, AGRAPHIA,DIAGRAM, EPIGRAM, (EPIGRAPH), GRAPHITE, ICONOGRA-PHY, PARAGRAPH, PROGRAM, PSEUDEPIGRAPHA, TETRA-GRAMMATON, topography. .[Pok. gerebh- 392.].[gerere. To carry, carry on, act, do. Latin verb of un-known origin. Oldest form ges-, past participle gestus.GERENT, GERUND, (GEST), GESTATION, (GESTICULATE),GESTURE, JEST; ARMIGER, BELLIGERENT, (CONGERIES),CONGEST, DIGEST, EGEST, INGEST, REGISTER, SUGGEST,VELIGER.]
gero-’.	To grow old. 1. Suffixed lengthened-grade form*gero-s- in Greek geras, old age: ageratum, caloyer,geriatrics. 2. Suffixed form *gero-ont- in Greek geron(stem geront-), old man: geronto-. .[Pok. ger- 390.]
gere-².	To cry hoarsely; also the name of the crane.I. Words meaning “to cry hoarsely”; also words denotingthe crow. 1. Germanic *kre- in: a. Old English era we, acrow: crow¹; b. Old English crawan, to crow: crow²;c. Old English cracian, to resound: crack; d. MiddleDutch kraken, to crack: cracknel; e. Old Norse kraka,a crow: crake, f. Middle Dutch kronen, to groan, la-ment: CROON. 2. Possibly (but more likely imitative)Germanic *kur(r)- in Old Norse kurra, to growl, akin toMiddle English curre, cur: cur. II. Words denoting acrane. 1. Germanic *kran-, crane, in: a. Old English cran,crane: crane; b. Middle Low German kran, crane:cranberry. 2. Extended form *gru- in Latin grus,crane: Grus; pedigree. 3. Suffixed variant form *gr6-k-in Latin graculus, jackdaw: crackle. 4. Suffixed ex-tended form ’gero-no- in Greek geranos, crane: gera-nium. .[Pok. 2. ger- 383.]
geu-.	To bend. Proposed by some as the root of Greekguros, ring (which is more likely of unknown origin):GYRE, GYRO², GYRO-; AUTOGIRO. .[Pok. geu- 393.]
geue-.	To hasten. Possibly the base of Germanic *kaur-jan in Old Norse keyra, to drive: SKIJORING. .[Pok. geu-399.]
g(e)u-lo-.	A glowing coal. Germanic *kulam, *kolam in:a. Old English co/, a glowing coal: coal, (collie), (col-lier); b. probably dialectal Old French cholle, roundlump, head: cholla. .[Pok. g(e)u-lo- 399.]
geus-.	To taste, choose. 1. Germanic *keusan in: a. OldEnglish ceosan, ceosan, to choose: choose, b. Gothic*kausjan, to choose: choice. 2. Zero-grade *gus- inGermanic *kuz-, becoming *kur- in Old Norse Valkyrja,“chooser of the slain,” Valkyrie (valr, the slain; seewela-²). 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *gus-tu- in: a. Latingustus, taste: (gust²), gusto; disgust, ragout; b. Latingustare, to taste: degust. .[Pok. geus- 399.]
ghabh-.	Also ghebh-. To give or receive. 1. Form*ghebh- in Germanic *geban in: a. Old English giefan, togive: give; b. compound *far-geban (*far-, away; seeper¹), to give away, in Old English forgi(e)fan, to give,give up, leave off (anger), remit, forgive: forgive. 2. Suf-fixed form *ghebh-ti-, something given (or received), inGermanic *giftiz in Old Norse gipt, gift, a gift: gift.3.0-grade form *ghobh- in Germanic *gab-ulam, some-thing paid (or received), in Old English gafol, tribute,tax, debt: gavel². 4. Form *ghabh-e- in: a. Latin habere,to hold, possess, have, handle (> habitdre, to dwell):able, binnacle, habile, habit, habitable, (habi-tant), (habitat); (cohabit), exhibit, inhabit, in-hibit, prebend, prohibit, (provender); b. Latindebere (de-, away from; see de-; third person pluralpresent passive debentur), to owe: debenture, (debit),debt, devoir, due, (duty); (endeavor). Comparekap-. .[Pok. ghebh- 407.]
ghabholo-.	A fork, branch of a tree. Celtic *gablakko-probably in Old French javelot, a throwing spear: jave-lin. .[Pok. ghabolo- 409.]
ghai-.	To yawn, gape. Contracted from *ghaai-. 1. Vari-ant form *ghya- (< *ghyao-) in: a. nasalized form*ghi-n d- in Germanic *ginon in Old English ginan,ginian, geonian, to yawn: yawn; b. Latin hiare, to gape,be open: hiatus; dehisce. 2. Suffixed variant form*gho-smn in Greek khasma, yawning gulf, chasm; chasm.3.  Suffixed variant form 'gho-n-yo- in Greek khainein, togape: achene. 4. Labial extensions: a. Old Norse gap,chasm: gap; b. Old Norse gapa, to open the mouth:gape; C. Old Norse geispa, to yawn: gasp. 5. Germanic*gil- in Old Norse gil, ravine, chasm: gill³. 6. Germanic*gir-, vulture (< “voracious or yawning bird”), in OldHigh German gir, vulture (> German Geier): lammer-geier. .[Pok. 2. ghe- 419.]
ghaido-.	A goat. Germanic *gaitaz in Old English gat,goat: goat. .[Pok. ghaido- 409.]
ghais-.	To adhere, hesitate. Form *ghais-e- in Latinhaerere, to stick, cling: hesitate; adhere, cohere,INHERE. .[Pok. ghais- 410.]
ghaiso-.	A stick, spear. 1. Germanic *gaizaz in: a. OldEnglish gar, spear: gore¹; (garfish), garlic; b. com-pound *nabb-gaizaz, tool for piercing wheel hubs (*nabb,hub; see nobh-); C. Old Norse geirr, spear (in geirfalki,gyrfalcon, akin to the source of Old French girfaut):gyrfalcon. 2. Germanic *gaizd in Old English gara,corner, point of land: gore². .[Pok. ghaiso- 410.]
ghait-.	Curly or wavy hair. Possible root. Suffixed form’ghait-d in Greek khaitf, long hair: chaeta; (chaetog-Nath). .[Pok. ghait-d- 410.]
ghalgh-.	Branch, rod. Germanic ’galgdn- in: a. OldEnglish g(e)a!ga. cross, gallows: gallows; b. Old NorthFrench gauge, gauge: gauge. .[Pok. ghalgh- 411.]
ghans-.	Goose. 1. Germanic *gans- (nominative plural’gansiz) in: a. Old English gos (nominative plural ges),goose: goose¹; (goshawk); b. Old Norse gas, goose,diminutive gæslingr, gosling: gosling. 2. Germanic*ganr- in Old English ganra, gandra, gander: gander.3.  Germanic ’gandtdn- in Old English ganot, gannet:Gannet. 4. Suffixed form ’ghans-er• in Latin a riser (<•hanser), goose: anserine; merganser. 5. Basic form’ghans- in Greek khen, goose: chenopod. .[Pok. ghans-412.]
ghasto-.	Rod, staff. 1. Variant form ’ghazdh- in Ger-manic ’gazdaz in: a. Old English gierd, gerd, staff, twig,measuring rod: yard¹; b. Old Norse gaddr, rod, goad,spike: gad². 2. Form ’ghast-d- in Latin hasta. spear:haslet, hastate. .[Pok. 1 .ghasto- 412.]
ghe-.	To release, let go; (in the middle voice) to bereleased, go. Contracted from 'ghes-. 1. Germanic vari-ant form 'galon in Old English gan, to go: GO; ago,forego¹, forgo. 2. Suffixed form *ghe-ro- in Latinheres, heir (? < “orphan” < “bereft”): heir, heredita-ment, heredity, heritage; inherit. 3. Suffixedo-grade form *gho-ro-, “empty space,” possibly in:a. Greek khdros, place, country, particular spot: cho-rography; b. Greek denominative khdrein, to move, go,spread about, make room for: -CHORE; anchorite.4.  Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form 'ghs-l- in Greekkhalan, to slacken, let down (but this is more likely ofunknown origin): Calando, chalone; achalasia.5.  Suffixed zero-grade form *gho-t(w)d- in Germanic*gatu’dn-, a going, in Old Norse gata, path, street: gait..[Pok. ghe- 418.]
ghebh-el*.	Head. 1. Germanic ’gablaz, top of a pitchedroof, in Old Norse gafl, gable: gable. 2. Dissimilatedform *khephel- in Greek kephale, head: cephalic, ceph-ALO-, -CEPHALOUS; ENCEPHALO-, ENKEPHALIN, HYDRO-CEPHALUS. .[Pok. ghebh-el- 423.]
ghedh-.	To unite, join, sit 1. Lengthened o-grade form’ghodh- in Germanic ’gddaz, “sitting, suitable,” in OldEnglish god, good: good. 2. Germanic ’gaduri, “in abody,” in Old English tdgædere (to, to; see de-), together:together. 3. Germanic *gadurdn, “to come or bringtogether," in Old English gad(e)rian, to gather: Gather..[Pok. ghedh- 423.]
ghei-¹.	To propel, prick. 1. Suffixed and extended o-gradeform *ghoidh-a in Germanic *gaido, goad, spear, in OldEnglish gad, goad: goad. 2. Suffixed form ’ghei-s- per-haps in nasalized zero-grade form ’ghi-n-s- in Sanskrithimsati, he injures: ahimsa. .[Pok. 1. ghei- 424.]
ghei-².	Theoretical base of ’ghyem-, ’ghiem-, winter.1. Form ’ghiem- in Latin hiems, winter: hiemal. 2. Suf-fixed variant form ’gheim-ri-no- in Latin hibernus,pertaining to winter: hibernaculum, hibernate.3.  Suffixed zero-grade form ’ghim-ar-ya, “female animalone year (winter) old,” in Greek khimaira, she-goat:chimera. .[Pok. 2. ghei- 425.]
gheis-.	Used of the emotion of fear or amazement (origi-nal part of speech uncertain). Suffixed o-grade form’ghois-do- in Germanic ’gaistaz, a ghost, in: a. OldEnglish gast, ghost: ghost; aghast; b. Old High Ger-man geist, ghost: POLTERGEIST; C. Germanic denomina-tive ’gaistjan in Old English gæstan, to scare: gast..[Pok. gheis- 427.]
ghei-’.	To call. 1. Germanic ‘gel-, ’gal-, in: a. Old Eng-lish gellan, giellan, to sound, shout: yell; b. Old Englishgielpan, to boast, exult: yelp; c. Old English galon, tosing: nightingale. 2. Reduplicated form *ghi-ghl- inGreek kikhle, thrush, later also the name for a kind ofwrasse (a sea fish that has bright colors and jaggedwaving sins, reminiscent of the plumage of a bird):CICHLID. 3. Greek khelidwdn, khelidon, the swallow:CELANDINE. .[Pok. ghei- 428.]
ghei-².	To shine; with derivatives referring to colors,bright materials (probably “yellow metal”), and bile orgall. I. Words denoting colors. 1. Suffixed form *ghel-wo-in Germanic ’geluaz in Old English gealu, yellow:YELLOW. 2. Suffixed variant form ’ghlo-ro- in Greekkhldros, green, greenish yellow: CHLORO-; CHLORITE¹.3. Suffixed variant form *ghlo-u'o- in Greek khloos (<‘khlo-u’o-s), green color: chloasma. 4. O-grade form*ghol- in Russian zola, ashes (from their color): podzol.II. Words denoting gold. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form’ghl-to- in Germanic ’gultham, gold, in: a. Old Englishgold, gold: gold; b. denominative verb ’gulthjan in OldEnglish gyldan, to gild: GILD¹; C. Middle Dutch gulden,golden: guilder, gulden; d. Old Norse gulinn, golden,akin to the possible source of Middle English gallon,yellow flower: GOWan. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *ghol-to-in Polish zloto, gold; zloty. 3. Suffixed full-grade form*ghel-i- in the unknown Iranian source of Syriac zarnikd,orpiment: arsenic. III. Words denoting bile. 1. Suffixedo-grade form ’ghol-no- in Germanic ’gallon-, bile, in OldEnglish gealla, gall: gall¹. 2. Suffixed o-grade form’ghol-d in Greek khole, bile: chole-, choler, (chol-era); acholia, melancholy. 3. Suffixed full-gradeform *ghel-n- in Latin fel, bile: felon². IV. A range ofGermanic words (where no preforms are given, the wordsare late creations). 1. Germanic ’glaimiz in Old Englishghem, bright light, gleam; gleam. 2. Middle High Ger-man glimsen, to gleam, akin to the source of MiddleEnglish glimsen, to glimpse: glimpse. 3. Swedish dialec-tal glinta, to shine, akin to the source of Middle Englishglent, a glint: glint. 4. Swedish glimra, akin to thesource of Middle English glimeren, to glimmer: glim-mer. 5. Old Norse glitra, to shine: glitter. 6. OldEnglish glisnian, to shine: glisten. 7. Middle Dutchglisteren, to shine: GLISTER. 8. Germanic ’glasam, glass,in Old English glass, glass: glass, glaze. 9. Germanic*glaz• in Middle Low German glaren, to glisten, akin tothe source of Middle English glaren, to glitter, stare:glare¹. 10. Icelandic glossi, a spark, perhaps akin to thesource of gloss¹. 11. Old High German glanz, bright:glance². 12. Old Norse gldggr, clear-sighted: gleg.13. Germanic ’gladaz in Old English glæd, shining,joyful: glad. 14. Germanic ’gleujam in Old English gleo,sport, merriment: glee. 15. Old English gled, ember:Gleed. 16. Germanic ’gid- in: a. Old English gldwan, toglow: glow; b. Norwegian dialectal glora, to gleam,stare, akin to the probable source of Middle Englishgloren, to gleam, stare: glower; C. Old Norse glotta, tosmile (scornfully), perhaps akin to the source of gloat.17. Germanic *gld-m- in Old English gldm, twilight:gloaming. 18. Possibly distantly related is Germanic’glidan, to glide, in: a. Old English glidan, to slip, glide:glide; b. Old French glier, to glide: glissade; c. OldHigh German glitan, to glide: glitch; d. derivativeGermanic ’glidbn- in Old English glida, kite (< “gliding,hovering bird”): glede. 19. Middle Low German glibbe-rich, slippery, possibly akin to the source of GLIB. .[Pok. 1.ghei- 429.]
ghei-³.	To cut. 1. Germanic *galdjan, to castrate, in OldNorse gelda, to castrate, and geldingr, a castrated ani-mal: geld¹, (gelding). 2. Germanic ’gulti- in Old Norsegyltr, a sow (< “castrated pig”): gilt². .[Pok. 2. ghei- 434.]
gheldh-.	To pay. Only in Germanic and Slavic. 1. Ger-manic ’geldam, payment, in: a. Old English geld, gield,payment, service: geld²; Danegeld, wergeld; b. OldHigh German gelt, payment, reward: gelt¹. 2. Germanic’geldan, to pay, in Old English gieldan, to pay, yield:YIELD. 3. Germanic ’geldjam, payment, contribution,hence an association founded on contributions, a crafts-men’s guild, in Old Norse gildi, guild: guild. (Pok.ghel-td 436.]
ghelegh-.	A metal. Possible root of Greek khalkos.copper; which, however, is more likely borrowed from anunknown source: chalcid, chalcocite; chalcopyrite,chalcosis. .[Pok. ghelegh- 435.]
gheled-.	Hail. Zero-grade form *ghbd- in Greek khalaza(< *khalad-ya), a hailstone, hard lump, also a small cyst:chalaza, chalazion. .[Pok. ghebd- 435.]
ghelu-.	Tortoise. Suffixed form *ghel-6nd in Greek khe-lone, tortoise: chelonian. .[Pok. ghel-ou- 435.]
ghel-una.	Jaw. 1. Germanic *geliz in Old Norse *gil, gillof a fish, akin to the Scandinavian source of MiddleEnglish gile, gill: GILL¹. 2. Suffixed variant form*ghel-wo- in Greek kheilos, lip: cheilosis, chilopod..[Pok. gheluna 436.]
ghen-.	To gnaw. Hypothetical base of various Germanicforms. 1 Germanic *gnagan in: a. Old English gnagan,to gnaw, gnaw; b. Old Norse gnaga, to bite, akin to theprobable Scandinavian source of nag¹. 2. Suffixed Ger-manic form *gnag-sk- in *(g)naskbn in Old High Germannascon, to nibble: nosh. 3. Perhaps related is Germanic*gnatt-, “biting insect,” in Old English gnæt, gnat: gnat..[Pok. ghen- 436.]
ghend-.	Also ghed-. To seize, take. 1. Germanic *getanin: a. Old Norse geta, to get: get; b. compound *bigetan(*bi-, intensive prefix; see ambhi), to acquire, in OldEnglish begietan, to get, beget: beget; c. compound*fer-getan (*fer-, prefix denoting rejection; see per¹), “tolose one’s hold,” forget, in Old English forg(i)etan, toforget: forget. 2. Germanic 'getison, “to try to get,”aim at, in Old Swedish gissa, to guess, akin to theScandinavian source of Middle English gessen, to guess:guess. 3. Basic form *ghend- in Latin prendere, prehen-dere (pre-, prae-, before; see per¹), to get hold of, seize,grasp: prehensile, prehension, prison, prize²,(prize³), (pry²); apprehend, (apprentice), (apprise),COMPREHEND, COMPRISE, EMPRISE, ENTERPRISE, (EN-TREPRENEUR), MISPRISION, PREGNABLE, REPREHEND,(reprisal), (reprise), surprise. 4. Form *ghed- inLatin praeda, booty (< *prai-heda, “something seizedbefore”; prai-, prae-, before; see per¹): predatory,prey, SPREE; depredate, osprey. .[Pok. ghend- 437.]
ghendh-.	Abscess, boil. Zero-grade form *ghndh- inGermanic 'gund- in Old English gund, pus: groundsel¹..[Pok. ghendh- 438.]
ghengh-.	To go, walk. 1. Germanic *gang-, a going, in:a. Old English gang, a going: gang¹; b. Old High Ger-man gang, a going: gangue. 2. Germanic 'gangan, to go,walk, in Old English gangan, to go: gangling. .[Pok.ghengh- 438.]
gher-¹.	To grasp, enclose; with derivatives meaning“enclosure.” 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *ghr-dh- in:a. Germanic *gurdjan in Old English gyrdan, to gird:gird; b. Old English gyrdel, girdle: girdle; c. Old Norsegjordh, girdle, girth: girth. 2. Suffixed o-grade form*ghor-dho- (in Germanic) or *ghor-to-, an enclosure, in:a. Germanic *gardaz in (i) Old English geard, enclosure,garden, yard: yard²; orchard (ii) Old Norse gardhr,garden, yard: garth (Ui) Old High German garto, gar-den : kindergarten (iv) Old North French gardin, gar-den: garden (v) compound *midja-gardaz, “middlezone,” earth (see medhyo-); b. Latin hortus, garden:horticulture, orchard, ortolan. 3. Prefixed andsuffixed zero-grade form *ko(m)-ghr-ti- (*ko(m)-, collec-tive prefix, “together”; see kom) in Latin cohors (stemcohort-), enclosed yard, company of soldiers, multitude:COHORT, CORTEGE, COURT, COURTEOUS, COURTESAN,(courtesy), courtier, (curtilage), (curtsy). 4. Per-haps suffixed o-grade form *ghor-o- in Greek khoros,dancing ground (? perhaps originally a special enclosurefor dancing), dance, dramatic chorus: (choir), (choral),(chorale), choric, (chorister), chorus; choragus,Terpsichore. .[Pok. 4. gher- 442, gherd- 444.]
gher-².	To call out. Extended root *ghred-. Germanic*grot/an in Old English gretan, to speak to, greet: greet..[Pok. 1. gher- 439.]
gher-³.	To shine, glow; gray. Hypothetical base of variousGermanic forms. 1. Germanic *grewaz, gray, in: a. OldEnglish græg, gray: gray; b. probably Old Englishgrighund, greyhound: greyhound. 2. Germanic 'gris-jaz, gray, in: a. Old French gris (> French gris), gray:GRISAILLE, (GRISETTE), (GRISON), GRIZZLE; AMBERGRIS;b. Medieval Latin griseus, gray, grayish: GRISEOUS..[Pok. 3. gher- 441.]
gher-*.	To scrape, scratch. 1. Extended zero-grade form*ghrb)-k- in: a. Greek kharax, a pointed stake, also akind of sea bream: characin; b. Greek kharassein, tosharpen, notch, carve, cut: character, gash. 2. Ex-tended form *ghers- in suffixed zero-grade form ‘ghrs-to-perhaps (but unlikely) in Sanskrit ghatfah, ghat: ghat.See also extensions ghrei- and ghreu-. .[Pok. 2. gher-439.]
gher-⁵.	To like, want. 1. Suffixed form 'gher-n- in Ger-manic *gernjan in Old English giernan, gyrnan, to strive,desire, yearn: yearn. 2. Extended form *ghre- possiblyin: a. Germanic 'greduz, hunger, forming *gredagaz,hungry, in Old English grædig, hungry, covetous, greedy:greedy; b. Greek khre, it is necessary, whence kresthai,to lack, want, use: catachresis, chresard, chrestom-athy. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form 'ghr-ta- in Latinhortari, to urge on, encourage (< “to cause to strive ordesire”): hortative; exhort. 4. Suffixed zero-gradeform *ghr-i- in Greek kharis, grace, favor; charisma;Eucharist. .[Pok. 1. gher- 440.]
ghere-.	Gut, entrail. 1. Suffixed form *ghero-no- in Ger-manic *garnd, string, in Old English gearn, yarn: yarn.2. Suffixed form *ghero-n- in Latin hernia, “protrudedviscus,” rupture, hernia: hernia. 3. Suffixed o-gradeform 'ghoro-d- in Greek khorde, gut, string: (chord²),cord, (cordon); harpsichord, tetrachord.4. O-grade form *ghoro- in Greek khorion, intestinalmembrane, afterbirth: chorion. 5. Possible suffixedzero-grade form *ghr-u- in Latin haruspex (-spex, “hewho sees” < *spek-, “to see”; see spek-), “he whoinspects entrails,” diviner (but perhaps borrowed fromEtruscan): haruspex. .[Pok. 5. gher- 443.]
ghers-.	To bristle. 1. Extended zero-grade form ‘ghrzd-,prickly plant, in: a. Germanic 'gorst- in Old Englishgorst, furze, gorse: gorse; b. Latin hordeum, barley:orgeat. 2. Lengthened-grade form 'gher(s)- in Latinher, er, hedgehog: urchin. 3. Suffixed lengthened-gradeform *gher(s)-uka in Latin eruca, caterpillar: rocket².4. Suffixed full-grade form *gher-tu-, remade to 'hirsu-in Latin hirsutus, bristly, shaggy, hairy: hirsute. 5. Suf-fixed full-grade form *ghers-kwo- in Latin hispidus (prob-ably a dialectal borrowing), bristly, shaggy, prickly:hispid. 6. Suffixed o-grade form 'ghorseyo- in Latinhorrere, to bristle, shudder, be terrified, look frightful:horror; abhor, ordure. 7. Suffixed full-grade form'ghers-o- in Greek khersos, dry land: Chersonese. .[Pok.ghers- 445.]
gheslo-.	Seen by some as a base for words meaning“thousand.” 1. Suffixed form *ghesl-yo- in Greek khilioi,thousand; chiliad, kilo-. 2 Latin mille, thousand,which has been analyzed as 'smi-, “one” + a form'ghsli-, is of obscure origin: mil¹, mil², mile, mille-nary, MILLESIMAL, MILLI-, MILLIEME, MILLION; MIL-FOIL, MILLENNIUM, MILLEPORE, MILLIARY, MILLIPEDE..[Pok. gheslo- 446.]
ghesor-.	Hand. Reduced form *ghesr- in Greek kheir,hand: chiro-; (chirurgeon), enchiridion, (surgeon),surgery. .[Pok. 1. ghesor- 447.]
gheu-.	To pour, pour a libation. I. Extended form*gheud-. 1. Zero-grade form 'ghud- in Germanic *gut- inOld English guttas, intestines: gut. 2. Nasalizedzero-grade form *ghu-n-d- in Latin fundere, to pour:FOISON, FONDANT, FONDUE, FONT², FOUND², FUNNEL,FUSE², FUSILE, FUSION; AFFUSION, CIRCUMFUSE, CON-FOUND, CONFUSE, DIFFUSE, EFFUSE, INFUSE, PERFUSE,PROFUSE, REFUND¹, (REFUSE¹), (REFUSE²), SUFFUSE,TRansfuse. II. Extended form ‘gheus-. 1. Germaniczero-grade form 'gus- in: a. suffixed form 'gustiz in OldNorse gustr, a cold blast of wind: gust¹; b. Icelandicgusa, to gush, perhaps akin to Middle English gushen, togush: GUSH. 2. Germanic suffixed o-grade form ‘gausjanin Old Norse geysa, to gush: geyser. III. Suffixed form*gheu-ti- in Latin fu tills, “(of a vessel) easily emptied,leaky,” hence untrustworthy, useless: futile. IV. Basicform 'gheu- in Greek khein, to pour: choana, chyle,(chyme); choanocyte, ecchymosis, parenchyma..[Pok. gheu- 447.]
gheu-.	To yawn, gape. Compare ghaL. 1. Germanicsuffixed form gb-ma- in Old English goma, palate, jaw:gum². 2. Variant form *ghau- in Greek khaos, chasm,empty space, chaos: chaos, gas. .[Pok. gheu- 449.]
gheu(«)-.	To call, invoke. Suffixed zero-grade form'ghu-to-, “the invoked,” god, in Germanic *gudam, god,in: a. Old English god, god: god; b. Germanic ‘gud-igaz,possessed by a god, in Old English gydig, gidig, possessed,insane: giddy. .[Pok. ghau- 413.]
gho.	Behind, after. Slavic 'za in Russian za, by, to:sastruga. .[Pok. gho 451.]
ghos-ti-.	Stranger, guest, host; properly “someone withwhom one has reciprocal duties of hospitality.” 1. Basicform *ghos-ti- in: a. Germanic *gastiz in Old Norse gestr,guest: guest; b. Latin hostis, enemy (< stranger): host²,(hostile). 2. Compound *ghos-pot-, ’ghos-po(d)-,“guest-master,” one who symbolizes the relationship ofreciprocal obligation ('pot-, master; see poti-), in Latinhospes (stem hospit-), host, guest, stranger: (hospice),(hospital), (hospitality), host¹, (hostage), (hostel),(hostler). See also xenos. .[Pok. ghosti-s 453.]
ghow-e-.	To honor, revere, worship. 1. Germanic 'gawbnin Old Norse ga, to heed: gawk. 2. Basic form 'ghow-e-in Latin favere, to favor, be favorable: favor, (favor-ite). .[Pok. ghoufe)- 453.]
ghre-.	To grow, become green. Contracted from 'ghreo-.1.  O-grade form "ghrb- in Germanic *grb(w)an in OldEnglish growan, to grow: grow. 2. Suffixed o-grade form•ghrb-nyo- in Germanic ’gronjaz, green, in Old Englishgrene, green: GREEN. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form*ghrs-so- in Germanic ‘grasam, grass, in Old Englishgræs, grass: grass. .[Pok. ghre- 454.]
ghrebh-’.	To seize, reach. 1. Zero-grade form 'ghrbh- inSanskrit grbhnati, grhndti, he seizes: Satyagraha.2. Parallel (imitative) Germanic creations with base•grab-, 'grap- in: a. Middle English graspen, to grasp:grasp; b. Middle Dutch and Middle Low German grab-ben, to seize: GRAB¹. .[Pok. 1. ghrebh- 455.]
ghrebh-².	To dig, bury, scratch. 1. O-grade form*ghrobh- in: a. Germanic 'graban in (i) Old Englishgrafan, to dig, engrave, scratch, carve: grave³; (en-grave) (u) Old High German graban, to dig: graben (iii)Old French grater, to engrave: gravure; b. Germanic*grabam in Old English græf trench, grave: grave¹.2. Germanic *grub(b)jan (with secondary ablaut) in OldEnglish 'grybban (> Middle English grubben), to dig:grub. 3. Germanic 'grobb in Middle Dutch groeve,ditch: groove. 4. Perhaps Germanic 'greub- in LowGerman greven, fibrous refuse of tallow: greaves. .[Pok.2. ghrebh- 455.]
ghredh-.	To walk, go. Suffixed zero-grade form ghrdh-yo-in: a. Latin gradS. (past participle gressus), to walk, go:gressorial; aggress, congress, degression, di-gress, egress, ingress, plantigrade, progress, re-gress, retrogress, transgress; b. Latin gradus (<deverbative 'grad-u-), step, stage, degree, rank: grade;CENTIGRADE, DEGRADE, DEGREE, RETROGRADE. .[Pok.ghredh- 456.]
ghrei-.	To rub. A derivative of gher-t 1. Germanic ‘gris-,to frighten (< “to grate on the mind”), in Old Englishgrislic, terrifying: grisly. 2. Germanic *grim-, smear, inMiddle Dutch grime, grime, akin to the source of MiddleEnglish grime, grime: GRIME. 3. Extended form 'ghris-in Greek khriein, to anoint: chrism, Christ, christen,(Christian); (Christmas). .[Pok. ghrei- 457.]
ghreib-.	To grip. 1. Germanic *grip- in Old English gripe,grasp, and gripa, handful: grip¹. 2. Germanic 'gripan in:a. Old English gripan, to grasp: gripe; b. Old Frenchgripper, to seize: grippe. 3. Suffixed o-grade form*ghroib-eyo- in Germanic *graipjan in Old English gra-pian, to feel for, grope: grope. .[Pok. ghreib- 457.]
ghrem-.	Angry. 1. Germanic ‘grimmaz in: a. Old Englishgrimfm), fierce, severe: grim; b. Old French grimace, agrimace: grimace. 2. Germanic *grum- in Middle Dutchgrommen, to mutter angrily, probably akin to MiddleEnglish grummen, to grumble: grumble. 3. Suffixedo-grade form ’ghrom-o- in Russian gram, thunder: po-grom. .[Pok. 2. ghrem- 458.]
ghrendh-.	To grind. 1. Germanic *grindan in Old Eng-lish grindan, to grind: grind. 2. Germanic *grinst-, agrinding, in Old English grist, the action of grinding:GRIST. 3. Latin frenum (< frendere, to grind), horse's bit(on which its teeth grind), bridle: frenulum, frenum;refrain¹. 4. Variant form ‘ghrend- is sometimes butimprobably regarded as the root of Greek khondros,granule, groats, hence cartilage: chondro-; hypochon-dria, mitochondrion. .[Pok. ghren- 459.]
ghreu-.	To rub, grind. Extension of gher-*. 1. Germanic*greut- in Old English great, sand, gravel: grit. 2. Ger-manic ‘grut- in Old English grotan, pieces of hulledgrain, groats: groats. 3. Germanic 'grut- in: a. OldEnglish grut, coarse meal: GROUT; b. Old French gruel,porridge: gruel. 4. Germanic *grautaz, coarse, thick (<“coarsely ground”), in: a. Old English great, coarse,thick, bulky, large: GREAT; b. Middle Dutch groot, thick:GROAT. 5. Germanic 'gruw-, to recoil from (< “to beoffended, be grated on by”), in Middle Dutch gruwen, toabhor, akin to Middle English grue, horrible: gruesome.6. Variant form *ghrow- in Greek khrbs, skin (< “roughsurface” ?), hence flesh, complexion, color: rhodochro-site. 7. Suffixed variant form *ghrb-mn in Greekkhroma, skin, complexion, color (semantic developmentas in 6. above): chroma, chromatic, chromato-,chrome, -chrome, (chromium), chromo-; achro-matic. 8. Probably Celtic 'graw- in Old French grave,greve, coarse sand, gravel: gravel. 9. Probably Latin*grau-, to touch, graze, in con-gruere, to agree (com-,together; see kom): congruent. .[Pok. 2. ghreu- 460.]
ghwer-.	Wild beast. 1. Suffixed form *ghwer-o- in Latinferus, wild: feral, fierce. 2. Compound *ghwero-okw-,“of wild aspect” (*-okw-, “-looking”; see okw-), in Latinferbx (stem fe roc-), fierce: FEROCIOUS. 3. Length-ened-grade form 'ghwer- in Greek ther, wild beast:treacle; theropod. .[Pok. ghuer- 493.]
gladh-.	Smooth. Suffixed form *gladh-ro- in Latin gla-ber, smooth, bald: gabro, (glabella), glabrous.gleubh-. To cut, cleave. 1. Germanic *kleuban in OldEnglish cleofan, to split, cleave: cleave¹. 2. Germanic*klub-, a splitting, in: a. Old English clufu, clove (ofgarlic): clove²; b. Middle Dutch clove, a cleft: kloof.3.  Germanic *klaubri- in: a. Old Norse kleyfr, easy tosplit, perhaps akin to Middle English cliver, “expert inseizing,” skillful: clever; b. Old Norse klofi, a cleft, akinto English clevi, “cleft instrument,” clevis: clevis.4.  Zero-grade form *glubh- in Greek gluphein, to carve:GLYPH, GLYPTIC; ANAGLYPH, HIEROGLYPHIC. 5. Suffixedzero-grade form *glubh-md- in Latin gluma, husk ofgrain: glume. .[Pok. gleubh- 401.]
glogh-.	Thorn, point. 1. Suffixed form *glbgh-i- in Greekglbkhis, barb of an arrow: glochidium. 2. Suffixed form'glogh-ya in Greek glbssa, glbtta, tongue, hence alsolanguage: gloss², (glossary), glottis; bugloss, glos-SOLALIA, ISOGLOSS, POLYGLOT, PROGLOTTID. .[Pok. glbgh-402.]
gno-.	To know. Contracted from 'gnoo-. 1. Variant form*gne- in Germanic *kne(w)- in Old English cndwan, toknow: know. 2. Zero-grade form 'gno- in: a. Germanic*kunnan in Old English cunnan, to know, know how to,be able to (Old English first and third singular can fromGermanic *kann from o-grade *gono-): CAN¹, CON², CUN-NING; b. Germanic causative verb *kannjan, to makeknown, in Old English cennan, to declare, and Old Norsekenna, to name (in a formal poetic metaphor): KEN,kenning; c. Germanic 'kunthaz in Old English cuth,known, well-known, usual, excellent, familiar: (COUTH);uncouth; d. Germanic *kunthitho in Old Englishcyth(the), cyththu, knowledge, acquaintance, friendship,kinfolk: kith. 3. Suffixed form 'gno-sko- in Latin (g)nb-scere, cognoscere, to get to know, get acquainted with;NOTICE, NOTIFY, NOTION, NOTORIOUS; (ACQUAINT), COG-NITION, (cognizance), (connoisseur), (quaint), rec-ognize. 4. Suffixed form *gnd-ro- in Latin ignorare, notto know, to disregard (i- for in-, not; see ne): ignorant,ignore. 5. Suffixed form 'gnb-dhli- in Latin ndbilis,knowable, known, famous, noble: noble. 6. Redupli-cated and suffixed form *gi-gnb-sko- in Greek gigno-skein, to know, think, judge (and *gnb- in gnomon, ajudge, interpreter): gnome², gnomon, gnosis; agnosia,diagnosis, pathognomic, physiognomy, prognosis.7. Suffixed zero-grade form 'gno-ro- in Latin gndrus,knowing, expert, whence narrare (< 'gnarrare), to tell,relate: narrate. (8. Traditionally but improbably re-ferred here are: a. Latin nota, a mark, note, sign, cipher,shorthand character: note; annotate, connote, pro-thonotary; b. Latin norma, carpenter’s square, rule,pattern, precept: norm, Norma, normal; abnormal,enormous.) .[Pok. 2. gen- 376.]
gras-.	To devour. 1. Germanic 'krasjon-, fodder, in OldEnglish cresse, cærse, cress: cress. 2. Suffixed form*gras-men in Latin grdmen, “fodder,” grass: grama,gramineous. 3. Suffixed form 'gras-ter-, “the de-vourer,” dissimilated in Greek gaster, stomach, belly:(gastric), gastro-, gastrula; epigastrium. 4. Redu-plicated form 'gar-gr- dissimilated in Greek gangraina,gangrene: gangrene. .[Pok. gras- 404.].[grab. Also krat-. To scratch. Germanic root. 1. Ger-manic 'kratton in Middle Dutch cratsen, to scrape:scratch. 2. Germanic 'grat- in Old French grater, toscrape: grate¹; regrate. .[Pok. gred- 405.].[gravo-. Also grafo-. A designation of rank, later corre-sponding with the feudal title of count. West Germanicnoun. Middle Dutch grave, count: margrave, pals-grave.]
greut-.	To compress, push. 1. Germanic 'krudan in OldEnglish crudan, to press, hasten: crowd¹. 2. Germanic'krudam in Old English crod, a squeezing (> MiddleEnglish crud, crudde): CRUD, CURD. .[Pok. greut- 406.]
gre-no-.	Grain. 1. Germanic 'kornam in: a. Old Englishcorn, grain: CORN¹; b. Old English derivative noun cyr-net, seed, pip: kernel; c. Old High German korn, grain;EINKORN. 2. Latin granum, grain: GARNER, grain,GRAM², GRANADILLA, GRANARY, GRANGE, GRANITE,GRANULE, GRENADE; FILIGREE. .[In Pok. ger- 390.]
gru-.	To grunt. Imitative. 1. Germanic *grun- in OldEnglish grunnian, to grunt, probably akin to Old Englishgrunettan, to grunt: grunt. 2. Germanic intensive form'grunnatjan in Old High German grunnizbn, to grunt:grudge. 3. Latin grunnire, grundire, to grunt: grunion..[Pok. gru- 406.]
gwa-.	Also gwem-. To go, come. 1. Germanic 'kuman in;a. Old English cuman, to come: come; b. Germanic'kumon-, he who comes, a guest, in compound 'wil-ku-mon-, a desirable guest ('wit-, desirable; see wel-²), inOld English wilcuma, a welcome guest, and wilcume, thegreeting of welcome: welcome; c. compound *bi-kuman,to arrive, come to be ('bi-, intensive prefix; see ambhi),in Old English becuman, to become: become. 2. Suffixedform 'gw(e)m-yo- in Latin ventre, to come: venire,venue; advent, (adventitious), (adventure), (ave-nue), circumvent, contravene, convene, (conven-ient), (convent), (conventicle), (convention),(coven), (covenant), event, intervene, invent, mis-adventure, parvenu, prevenient, prevent, prov-enance, (provenience), revenant, revenue,SOUVENIR, SUBVENTION, SUPERVENE. 3. Suffixedzero-grade form 'g^m-yo- in Greek bainein, to go, walk,step, with basis (< *gwm-ti-), a stepping, tread, base, and■bates (< 'g^-to-, zero-grade of gwa-, contraction of*gwao-), agential suffix, “one that goes or treads, one thatis based”: base¹, basis; abasia, acrobat, adiabatic,AMPHISBAENA, ANABAENA, DIABASE, DIABETES, STEREO-BATE, stylobate. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form *gw(s)-u-in compound form *pres-gwu-, “going before” (see per¹).5. Basic form *gwd- in Greek bema, step, seat, raisedplatform: bema. 6. Sanskrit jigati, he goes: jugger-naut. .[Pok. gva- 463.]
gwadh-.	To sink. Possible root. 1. Suffixed form*gwadh-u- in Greek bathus, deep (> bathos, depth):bathos, BATHY-. 2. Greek benthos, depth, may beformed on bathus by analogy with penthos, grief, andpathos, passion, suffering (or it may be from an unrelatedroot *gw(e)ndh-): benthos. 3. Suffixed variant form'gudh-yo- in Greek bussos, bottom of the sea: abyss..[Pok. gvddh- 465.]
g«ebh-¹.	To dip, sink. Suffixed zero-grade form'g^bh-yo- in Greek baptein, to dip: (Baptist), baptize;Anabaptist. .[Pok. gvebh- 465.]
gwebh-².	Hypothetical base of some Germanic wordsassociated with the notion of sliminess. 1. Middle Dutchquae-, unguent, liquid, in obsolete Dutch quacksalver,quacksalver: quacksalver. 2. Low German quabbeln,to shake like jelly, tremble, akin to Middle Englishquaven, to tremble: quaver. .[Pok. 2. gvebh- 466.]
gwei-.	Also gweia-. To live. I. Suffixed zero-grade form*gwi-wo-, *gwi-wo- (< *gwio-wo-), living. 1. Germanic*kwi(k)waz in: a. Old English civic, cwicu, living, alive:quick, quicksilver; b. as a name for couch grass (fromits rapid growth), in Old English cwice, couch grass:(couch grass), quitch grass. 2 a. Latin vivus, living,alive: vivify, viviparous; b. Latin denominative vivere,to live: viand, victual, viva, vivacious, vivid; con-vivial, revive, survive. 3. Further suffixed form 'g^-wo-ta in Latin vita, life: viable, vital; lignum vitae,vitamin. II. Suffixed zero-grade form 'g^ia-o- in Greekbios, life (> biote, way of life): bio-, biota, biotic;aerobe, amphibious, anabiosis, cenobite, microbe,rhizobium, saprobe, symbiosis. III. Variant form*gwyo- (< 'g^yoo-). 1. Greek zoe, life: azo-, (diazo).2. Suffixed form *gwyo-yo- in Greek zbon, zoion, livingbeing, animal: (-zoa), -zoic, zoo-, zoon, -zoon. IV. Pre-fixed and suffixed form 'su-g^ia-es- (*su-, well; see su-),“living in good condition,” in Greek hugies, healthy:Hygeia, hygiene. .[Pok. 3. gvei- 467.]
gweie-.	To press down, conquer. Sanskrit jayati, he con-quers: Jain. .[Pok. gveia- 469.]
gwel-¹.	Tₒ pierce. 1. Suffixed o-grade form 'g^ol-eyo- inGermanic 'kwaljan in Old English cwellan, to kill,destroy: quell. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘gwl-yo- inGermanic 'kuljan in Old English *cyllan, to kill, perhapsthe source of Middle English killen, to kill: kill¹.3. Full-grade form *gwel- in Greek belone, needle: bel-ONEPHOBIA. .[Pok. 1. gvel- 470.]
gwel-².	To fly; a wing. Possibly in Latin volare, to fly:VOLANT, VOLATILE, VOLE², VOLITANT, VOLLEY.gwe|.3, To swallow. Dissimilated to 'gel-. 1. Germanic*kel- in Old English ceolu, throat, dewlap, perhaps akinto Middle English cholle, throat: jowl². 2. Germanic*keluz in Old Norse kjolr, keel: KEEL¹. 3. Suffixedzero-grade form *gul-a in Latin gula, gullet, throat,palate: goliard, gular, gules, gullet. 4. Extended(expressive) form 'glutt- in: a. Latin gluttire, glutire, toswallow: glut; deglutition; b. Latin glutto, a glutton:glutton. .[In Pok. 2. gel- 365.]
gwelbh-.	Womb. 1. Suffixed form *gwelbh-u- in Greekdelphus, womb, whence delphis, dolphin (referring to itsshape): delphinium, dolphin. 2. Prefixed and suffixedform 'sm-gyelbh-o-, "born of one womb” (*srp-, one; sees»m-’), in Greek adelphos, brother: -adelphous. .[Pok.gelbh- 473.]
gwel«-’.	To throw, reach. Variant '^/F-, contracted from*£“/»-. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form '^/-n-s- in: a. Greekballein, to throw (with o-grade "bob and variant *ble-):ballista; amphibole, astrobleme, catabolism,DEVIL, (DIABOLIC), (Paus), ECBOLIC, EMBLEM, EPIBOLY,(HYPERBOLA), HYPERBOLE, METABOLISM, (PALAVER),PARABLE, (PARABOLA), (PARLEY), (PARLIAMENT), (PAR-LOR), (parol), (parole), problem, symbol; b. Greekballizein, to dance: ball², (ballad), (ballet), baya-dere, 2. Suffixed o-grade form '^ob-a in Greek bole,beam, ray: bolometer. 3. Suffixed o-grade form‘g^ob-sd in Greek boule, determination, will (< “throw-ing forward of the mind”), council: boule¹; abulia.4. Suffixed variant zero-grade form 'guele-mno- in Greekbelemnos, dart, javelin: belemnite. .[Pok. 2. gtel- 471.]
g-ela-².	An acorn. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘g^b-nd-in Latin glans (stem gland-), an acorn: gland, glan-ders, (glandular), glans. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form'g^b-no- in Greek balanos, acorn, date: valonia; myro-BALAN. .[Pok. 3. gvel- 472.]
gwen-.	Woman. 1. Suffixed form ‘g^en-d- in: a. Germanic*kwendn- in Old English arene, woman, prostitute, wife:quean; b. Old Irish ben (> Irish Gaelic bean), woman:banshee; c. Persian zan, woman: zenana. 2. Suffixedlengthened-grade form *guen-i- in Germanic *kweniz,woman, wife, queen, in Old English cwen, woman, wife,queen: queen. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *gwn-d- inGreek gune, woman: gyno-, -gynous, -gyny; gynae-ceum, gynecocracy, (gynecology), polygyny. .[Pok.g^end 473.]
gwer*-’.	Mountain. Possibly o-grade form *gwom- in:a. Greek boreios, “coming from the north” (? < “comingfrom the mountains of Thrace, north of Greece”), whenceBoreas, the north wind: Boreas; b. Greek Huperboreioi,Huperboreoi, name of a people living in the far north,variously explained as “they who live beyond the northwind” and "they who live beyond the mountains” (hu-per-, beyond; see uper): Hyperborean. .[Pok. 3. gfer-477.]
gwer»-².	Heavy. I. Zero-grade form *gu,n-. 1. Suffixedform 'gvn-u-i- in Latin gravis, heavy, weighty: grave²,GRAVID, (GRIEF), GRIEVE; AGGRAVATE, AGGRIEVE.2. Suffixed form ’g^rs-u- in: a. Greek barus, heavy:BARITE, BARITONE, (BARIUM), BARYON, (BARYSPHERE),baryta; b. Sanskrit guru-, heavy, venerable: guru.3. Suffixed form 'g^ro-es- in Greek baros, weight: bar²,baro-; centrobaric, isallobar, isobar. 4. Possibly’g^rt- in Greek bri- in compound 'u(d)-bri- (see ud-).II. Suffixed extended form 'g^ru-to- in Latin brutus,heavy, unwieldy, dull, stupid, brutish: brut, brute.III. Suffixed extended form 'g^ri-g- in: a. Celtic ’brig-o-,strength, in Italian brio, vigor: brio; b. Germanic *krig-in Old High German kreg, chreg, stubbornness (> Ger-man Krieg, war): blitzkrieg, sitzkrieg. IV. Suffixedfull-grade form *gcers-nd-, millstone, in Old Englishcweorn, quern: quern. .[Pok. 2. gfer- 476.]
gwer»-J.	To praise (aloud). 1. Suffixed zero-grade form‘g^-to- in Latin grdtus, pleasing, beloved, agreeable,favorable, thankful: grace, grateful, gratify, gratis,GRATITUDE, GRATUITY; AGREE, CONGRATULATE, IN-CRATE, ingratiate. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form'g^n-do-, “he who praises,” in Celtic bardo-, bard, inWelsh bardd and Scottish and Irish Gaelic bard, bard:bard¹. .[Pok. 4. g^erb)- 478.]
g-er#-⁴.	To swallow. 1. Possibly suffixed extended form'g^ro-gh- in Germanic *krag-, throat, in: a. Old English*craga, throat, possible source of Middle English crawe,craw: craw; b. Middle Dutch crdghe, throat: scrag.2. Suffixed o-grade form ‘g^or-d- in Latin vordre, toswallow up: voracious, -vorous; devour. 3. Expres-sive reduplicated form ’g^r g- in Latin gurges, throat,also gulf, whirlpool: garget, gorge, gorget, gurgita-tion; ingurgitate, regurgitate. 4. Extended form*gurt5- (< "g^rm-) in Greek bro- in: a. suffixed redupli-cated form bi-bro-sko- in Greek bibrdskein, to eat:hellebore; b. nasalized variant form ’bro-n-kh- inGreek bronkhos, windpipe, throat: broncho-, bron-chus; C. suffixed form *gu'rd-mn in Greek broma, food:theobromine; d. suffixed form 'g^ro-ti- in Greek bid-sis, eating: abrosia. .[Pok. 1.gfer- 474.]
gwes-.	To extinguish. Suffixed variant form ,sgwes-nu- inGreek sbennunai, to extinguish; ASBESTOS. .[Pok. gfes-479.]
gwet-’.	Resin (?). Only in Germanic and Celtic. Suffixedform "g^et-u- in: a. Germanic *kwithu- in Old Englishcwudu, cwidu, cudu, resin, mastic gum, “that which ischewed,” cud: cud, quid¹; b. Celtic *betu-, birch, birchresin, in Latin bitumen, resin (Gaulish loanword): bitu-men. .[Pok. 1. gfet- 480.]
gwet-2.	To say, speak. Germanic *kwithan in Old Englishcwethan, beewethan, to say, speak; bequeath, bequest,quoth. .[Pok. 2. gfet- 480.]
gwet-³.	Intestine. Suffixed o-grade form *gwot-olo- inLatin botulus, intestine, sausage: botulinum, botulism,bowel; (botulin). .[Pok. gfet- 481.]
gwhedh-.	To ask, pray. 1. Germanic *bidjan, to entreat,in Old English biddan, to ask, pray. BID. 2. Germanic* bidam, entreaty in Old English Rebecs (ge-, intensive andcollective prefix; see kom), prayer: bead. .[Pok. gfhedh-488, 2. bhedh- 114.]
gwhen-’.	To strike, kill. 1. O-grade 'g^hon- in Germanicsuffixed form *ban-6n- in: a. Old English bana, slayer,cause of ruin or destruction: bane; b. Middle HighGerman ban, bane (> German Bahn), way, road (? <“path hewn through woods”): autobahn. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *gwhn-tyd- in Germanic *gundjo, war,battle, in; a. Old Norse gunnr, war: gun; b. compound*gund-fandn-, “battle flag” (fandn-, flag; see pan-), inItalian gonfalone, standard: gonfalon. 3. Suffixed form'g^hen-do- in: a. Latin defendere, to ward off (de-, away;see de-): defend, (defense), (fence); b. Latin offen-dere, to strike against, be offensive, offend (ob-, against;see epi): OFFEND, (offense). 4. Suffixed zero-gradeform *gwhn-tro- in Persian zahr, poison: bezoar. .[Pok. 2.gfhen-(o)- 491, bhen- 126.]
gwhen-².	To swell, abound. Suffixed form *g^hen-eyo- inGreek euthenein (eu-, well; see esu-), to flourish: eu-thenics. .[Pok. 1. gfhen- 491.]
g*her-.	To heat, warm. 1. Zero-grade 'g^hr- with nasalsuffix and analogical vocalism in Germanic *brenw-, toburn, forming *brennan (intransitive) and brannjan(transitive) in: a. Old English beornan, byrnan (intransi-tive) and bærnan (transitive), to burn: burn¹; b. late OldEnglish brynstdn, “burning mineral," sulfur (stdn, stone;see stei): brimstone. 2. Germanic *brandaz, a burning,a flaming torch, hence also a sword, in: a. Old Englishbrand, piece of burning wood, sword: brand; b. OldNorse brandr, piece of burning wood, akin (in the sense“blackened by sire,” dark-colored) to the possible Scandi-navian source of Middle English brende, brindled: brin-dled; c. Dutch branden, to burn, distill: brandy;d. Old French brand, sword: brandish. 3. Suffixed form’g^ her-mo- in Greek thermos, warm, hot (> therme,heat): therm, -therm, thermo-, -thermy; hypother-mia. 4. O-grade form 'g^hor- in Latin forceps, pincers,sire tongs (< “that which holds hot things”; -ceps,agential suffix, “-taker”; see kap-): forceps, forcipate.5. Suffixed o-grade form g^hor-no- in: a. Latin fornus,forndx, oven: Fornax, furnace, hornito; b. probablyLatin fornix, arch, vault (< “vaulted brick oven”):fornicate. .[Pok. gfher- 493, bhereu- 143.]
gwhL.	Thread, tendon. Suffixed form *gwhi-slo- in Latinfilum, thread: filament, filar, filaria, file¹, fillet,FILOSE, FILUM; DEFILE², ENFILADE, FILIFORM, FILIGREE,FILOPLUME, PROFILE, PURFLE. .[Pok. gvheis- 489.]
gwhre-.	To smell, breathe. Contracted from *gwhrea-.Germanic suffixed form *bre-thaz in Old English bræth,odor, exhalation: breath, (breathe).gwhren-. To think. 1. Greek phren, the mind, also heart,midriff, diaphragm: (frantic), frenetic, frenzy,-phrenia, PHRENO-; Euphrosyne, (phrenitis). 2. Ex-tended zero-grade root form *gwhrn-d- in Greek phra-zein, to point out, show: phrase; holophrastic,metaphrase, paraphrase, periphrasis. .[Pok. g^hren-496.]
gwltur-.	Vulture. Possible root. Latin vultur, vulture:vulture. .[Pok. gvlturfos) 482.]
gw0-.	To feed. Contracted from *gwos-. Suffixedzero-grade *gws-sko-, Greek 'g^o-sko-, in Greek boskein,to feed: proboscis. .[In Pok. gvou- 482.]
gwOU-.	Ox, bull, cow. Nominative singular form *gw6u-s.1. Germanic *kouz (> *kuz) in Old English cu, cy, eye,cow: cow¹, (kine); cowslip. 2. Latin bos (stem bov-), ox,bull, cow: beef, bovine, bugle¹; OVIBOS. 3. Greek bous,ox, bull, cow: boustrophedon, Bucephalus, bucolic,BULIMIA, BUPRESTID, BUTTER, (BUTYRIC). 4. Sanskritgo-, gauh, cow: gayal. 5. Suffixed form 'g^ou-ro- inSanskrit gaurah, wild ox: gaur. 6. Zero-grade form*gww-a- in Greek hekatombe, “sacrifice of a hundredoxen" (hekaton, hundred; see dekm): hecatomb. .[Pok.ff>ou- 482.]
gwres-.	Thick, fat. Perhaps Latin grossus (from an uncer-tain preform), thick: grocer, groschen, gross, grosz;engross. .[Pok. gvretso- 485.]
gyeu*.	Also geu-. To chew. Germanic *kewwan in OldEnglish ceo wan, to chew: chew. .[Pok. g(i)eu- 400.].[hule. Forest, timber, hence stuff, matter. Greek noun ofunknown origin, -yl, ylem; hylozoism, methylene.]
i-	. Pronominal stem. 1. Germanic *is-lik-, same (*lik-,like; see lik-), in Old English ilea, same: ILK. 2. Germanic*jaino-, *jeno-, in Old English geon, that: yon. 3. Ger-manic "jend- in Old English geond, as far as, yonder:YOND, (yonder). 4. Extended forms *yam, *yai, in Ger-manic *jd, *jai, in Old English gea, affirmative particle,and gese, yes (see es-): yea, yes. 5. Old English giet,gieta (preform uncertain), still: yet. 6. Old English gif(preform uncertain), if: if. 7. Basic form *i-, with neuter*id-em, in Latin is, he (neuter id), and idem, same: id,IDEM, (IDENTICAL), IDENTITY; (IDENTIFY). 8. Suffixedform *i-tero- in Latin iterum, again: iterate; (reiter-ate). 9. Suffixed and extended form *it(a)-em in Latinitem, thus, also: item. 10. Suffixed variant form * e-tero-(see ko-). .[Pok. 3. e- 281.]
ka-.	To like, desire. Contracted from *kas-. 1. Suffixedform *kd-ro- in: a. Germanic *horaz (feminine *horbn-),"one who desires,” adulterer, in (i) Old English hore,whore: whore (ii) Old Norse compound hbrdbmr, whore-dom (-domr, “condition”; see dhe-¹): whoredom;b. Latin earns, dear: caress, charity, cherish. 2. Suf-fixed form *kd-mo- in Sanskrit kamah, love, desire;Kama; Kamasutra. .[Pok. ka- 515.]
kad-.	To fall. Latin cadere, to fall, die: cadaver, ca-dence, CADENT, CADUCOUS, CASCADE, CASE¹, CHANCE,CHUTE; ACCIDENT, CADUCICORN, DECAY, DECIDUOUS,ESCHEAT, INCIDENT, OCCASION, RECIDIVISM. .[Pok. 1-kad- 516.]
kad-.	Sorrow, hatred. Suffixed zero-grade form *kad-i- in:a. Germanic *hatiz in Old English hete, hate, envy (>Middle English hate)-, hatred, b. Germanic *hatbn inOld English hatian, to hate: hate; c. Germanic *hatjanin Old French hair, to hate: heinous. .[Pok. kad- 517.]
kadh-.	To shelter, cover. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form*kod-u- in Germanic *haduz in expressive form *hattuz inOld English hætft), hat: hat. 2. Basic form *kadh- in:a. Germanic *hdda in Old English hod, hood: hood¹;b.  Germanic ’hodsan in Old English hedan, to heed, carefor, protect: heed. .[Pok. kadh- 516.]
kaa-id-.	To strike. 1. Latin caedere, to cut, strike: cae-sura, cement, cestus², chisel, -cide, scissors; ab-scise, circumcise, concise, decide, excise², incise,precise, recision. 2. Latin caelum (? < *caedum),sculptor’s chisel: Caelum. .[Pok. (s)k(h)ai- 917.]
kagh-.	To catch, seize; wickerwork, fence. 1. Germanic*hag- in: a. Old French hagard, wild, wild hawk (<“raptor”): haggard; b. Germanic *hagon- in Old Eng-lish haga, hedge, hawthorn: haw²; c. Germanic *hag)6 inOld English hecg, hedge: hedge. 2. Suffixed unaspiratedform ‘kag-yon- in Gaulish caio, rampart, retaining wall(> Old French quai, quay): (cay), key², quay. 3. Possi-ble variant *kogh- in: a. Latin cohum, strap from yoke toharness: inchoate; b. possibly Latin colum, sieve (<wickerwork), and its derivative cd tare, to filter: colan-der, coulee, (couloir), cullis; percolate. .[Pok.kagh- 518.]
k'aghlo-.	Pebble, hail. Germanic *haglaz in Old Englishhagol, hægel, hail: hail¹. .[Pok. kaghlo- 518.]
kai-.	Heat. Extended form *kaid- in: a. Germanic *haitazin Old English hat, hot: hot; b. Germanic *haiti• in OldEnglish hætu, heat: heat. .[Pok. kii- 519.]
kaiko-.	One-eyed. Latin caecus, blind: caecilian, cae-cum. .[Pok. kai-ko- 519.]
kailo-.	Whole, uninjured, of good omen. 1. Germanic*hailaz in: a. Old English hal, hale, whole: hale¹,whole; b. Old English *halsum, wholesome (> MiddleEnglish holsom): wholesome; c. Old Norse he ill,healthy: (hail²); wassail. 2. Germanic *hailithd in OldEnglish hælth, health: health. 3. Germanic *hailjan inOld English hælan, to heal: heal. 4. Germanic *hailagazin; a. Old English halig, holy, sacred: holy; b. Germanicderivative verb *hailagon in Old English hdlgian, toconsecrate, bless; hallow. .[Pok. kailo- 622.]
kaito-.	Forest, uncultivated land. 1. Germanic *haithiz inOld English hæth, heath, untilled land: heath. 2. Ger-manic *haithinaz in: a. Old English hæthen, heathen,“savage" (< “one inhabiting uncultivated land”): hea-then; b. Middle Dutch heiden, heathen: hoyden. .[Pok.kaito- 521.]
kak-¹.	To enable, help. Sanskrit saknoti, he is able, he isstrong: Shakti, Sikh. .[Pok. kak- 522.].[kak-². A round object, disk. Germanic root. 1. Old Norsekaka, cake: cake. 2. Middle Dutch koeke, a cake:cooky. 3. Middle Low German koke, cake: Cockaigne.4. Old High German kuocho, cake: kuchen, quiche. .[InPok. gag- 349.]
kakka-.	Also kaka-. To defecate. Imitative root. I.OldNorse *kuka, to defecate, akin to the source of MiddleEnglish cukken, to defecate: CUCKING stool. 2. Latincacdre, to defecate: poppycock. 3. Greek kakos, bad:CACO-; CACODYL, CACOETHES, CACOPHONOUS, CACOPH-ONY. .[Pok. kakka- 521.]
kal-¹.	Cup. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *kl-ik- in: a. Latincalix, cup, goblet: calix, chalice; b. Greek kulix, cup:KYLix. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *kl-uk- in Greekkalux, seed-vessel, cup: calyx. .[Pok. 7. kel- 550.]
kal-².	Beautiful. 1. Suffixed form *kal-wo- in Greek kalos,beautiful: Callisto; calomel, caloyer, kaleido-scope. 2. Suffixed form * kal-yo- in Greek kallos, beauty:CALLIGRAPHY, CALLIOPE, CALLIPYGIAN. .[Pok. 2. kal-524.]
kal-³.	Hard. 1. Latin callum, hard skin: (callose), cal-lous, callus. 2. Celtic *kal-eto- in Welsh caled, hard, inCaledvwlch, Excalibur: Excalibur. .[Pok. 1. kal- 523.]
kamer-.	To bend; a vault. 1. Greek kamara, a vault:(cabaret), camarilla, (camera), chamber, (com-rade); (bicameral). 2. Persian kamar, waist, girdle,loins, something arched: cummerbund. .[Pok. kam-er-524.]
kamp-.	To bend. 1. Suffixed form *kamp-a in Greekkampe, a bending, a winding: (gam²), (gambado²), (gam-BIT), GAMBOL, (GAMBREL), (GAMMON³), (JAMB). 2. Suf-fixed form "kamp-ulo- in Greek kampulos, bent:campylotropous. .[Pok. kam-p• 525.]
kan-.	To sing. 1. Germanic "han(e)ni in Old Englishhen(n), hen: HEN. 2. Latin canere, to sing (> cantdre, tosing): CANOROUS, CANT³, cantabile, canticle, cantil-LATE, (CANTO), CANTOR, CANZONE, CHANT; ACCENT,DESCANT, ENCHANT, (INCANTATION), INCENTIVE, PRE-CENTOR, recant. 3. Latin oscen, a singing bird used indivination (< *obs-cen, “one that sings before the au-gurs”; ob-, before; see •pl): oscine. 4. Suffixed form"kan-men- in Latin carmen, song, poem: charm*. .[Pok.kan- 525.]
kand*.	To shine. 1. Suffixed (stative) form "kand-e- inLatin candere, to shine: candent, candid, (candida),(candidate), candle, candor; incandesce. 2. Latintransitive *candere, to kindle, in compound incendere, toset fire to, kindle (in-, in; see en): (incendiary), in-cense. .[Pok. kand- 526.]
kannabis.	Hemp. Late Indo-European word borrowedfrom an unknown source. 1. Germanic *hanipiz in OldEnglish henep, hænep, hemp: HEMP. 2. Greek kannabis,hemp: cannabis, (canvas).kanto-. A corner, a bending. Celtic *cantos, rim, border,in Latin cantus, canthus, iron ring around a carriagewheel, a wheel, rim (> Italian canto, corner): canteen,canton; decant. .[Pok. kan-tho- 526.]
kap-.	To grasp. I. Basic form "kap-. 1. Germanic *haf- inOld English hefeld, thread used for weaving, heddle (adevice which grasps the thread): HEDDLE. 2. Germanic• haftjam in Old English hseft, handle: HAFT. 3. Form"kap-o- in Germanic "habai-, "haben in Old Englishhabban, to have, hold: have. 4. Germanic hafigaz,“containing something,” having weight, in Old Englishhefig, heavy: heavy. 5. Germanic "hafno-, perhaps“place that holds ships,” in Old English hæfen, a haven:haven. 6. Germanic habukaz in Old English h(e)afoc,hawk: hawk*. 7. Latin combining form -ceps (< *kap-s),“taker.” IL Suffixed form "kap-yo-. 1. Germanic "hafjanin Old English hebban, to lift: heave. 2. Latin capere, totake, seize, catch: cable, capable, capacious, capias,CAPSTAN, CAPTION, CAPTIOUS, CAPTIVATE, CAPTIVE, CAP-TOR, CAPTURE, CATCH, (CHASE¹); ACCEPT, ANTICIPATE,CONCEIVE, DECEIVE, EXCEPT, INCEPTION, (INCIPIENT),INTERCEPT, INTUSSUSCEPTION, MUNICIPAL, NUNCUPA-TIVE, OCCUPY, PARTICIPATE, PERCEIVE, PRECEPT, RE-CEIVE, (RECOVER), RECUPERATE, (Rx), SUSCEPTIBLE.III. Suffixed form "kap-s- in Latin capsa, repository,case: caisson, capsicum, capsid, capsule, case²,CHASE², CHASE³, CHASSIS, CHESS³; ENCHASE. IV. Length-ened-grade variant form "kop-. 1. Germanic "hof- incompound "bi-hof, “that which binds,” requirement,obligation ("bi-, intensive prefix; see ambhi), in: a. OldEnglish behof, use, prosit, need: behoof; b. Old Englishbehofian, to have need of: behoove. 2. Greek kope, oar,handle: COPEPOD. Compare ghabh-. .[Pok. kap- 527.]
kap(h)o-.	Hoof. Lengthened-grade form kap(h)-o- inGermanic "hofaz in Old English hof, hoof; hoof. .[Pok.kapho- 530.]
kapro-.	He-goat, buck. Latin caper, he-goat (> capra,she-goat): cabrilla, cabriolet, Capella, capriole,chevron; capric acid, Capricorn, caprifig, caproicacid. .[Pok. kapro- 529.]
kaput.	Head. 1. Germanic "haubidam, "haubudam, inOld English heafod, head: head. 2. Latin caput, head (>Italian capo, head): cabezon, cadet, cape², capital*,CAPITAL?, CAPITATE, CAPITATION, CAPITELLUM, CAPITU-LATE, CAPITULUM, CAPO*, CAPRICE, CAPTAIN, CATTLE,CAUDILLO, CHAPITER, CHAPTER, CHIEF, CHIEFTAIN; BI-CEPS, CHAMFRON, DECAPITATE, KERCHIEF, MISCHIEF,OCCIPUT, PRECIPITATE, RECAPITULATE, SINCIPUT, TRI-CEPS. .[Pok. kap-ut- 529.]
kar-’.	Hard. I. Variant form ker-. 1. Suffixed o-grade form"kor-tu- in Germanic "harduz in: a. Old English hard,heard, hard: hard; b. Frankish "hard, hard, perhaps thesource of Old French estandard, rallying place: stan-dard; c. Old French hardir, to make hard: hardy*.2. Extended zero-grade form "krt es- in Greek kratos,strength, might, power: -CRACY. II. Basic form "kar- inderivatives referring to things with hard shells. 1. Possi-bly Latin carina, keel of a ship, nutshell: careen,carina. 2. Possibly Greek karuon, nut: karyo-; eu-caryote, gillyflower, SYNKARYON. 3. Reduplicatedform "kar-kr-o dissimilated to lAtin cancer, crab: can-cer, canker, chancre. 4. Suffixed form "kar-k-ino- inGreek karkinos, cancer, crab: carcino-, carcinoma;(carcinogen). .[Pok. 3. kar- 531.)kar-². To praise loudly, extol. Hypothetical base form.1. Perhaps Germanic "hrom- in Dutch roemen, to praise:RUMMER. 2. Lengthened-grade form "kdru- in Greek(Doric) karux, (Attic) kerux, herald: caduceus. .[Pok. 2.kar- 530.].[karlaz. Man. Germanic root. 1. Old English ceorl, man,churl: CHURL. 2. Old Norse karl, man, freeman: carl,CARLING. .[In Pok. ger- 390.]
kars-.	To card. 1. Latin carere, carrere, to card wool (>carmen, a card for wool): carminative. 2. PerhapsLatin carduus, thistle, artichoke: card², cardoon,(chard). .[Pok. kars- 532.]
kas-.	Gray. 1. Germanic "hason-, "hazon- in Old Englishhara, hare: hare. 2. Suffixed form "kas-no- in Latincanus, white, gray, grayed hair: canescent. .[Pok. kas-533.]
kat-’.	Something thrown down; offspring. 1. PossiblyGreek kata, down: cata-; cathepsin. 2 Suffixed form"kat-olo- in Latin catulus, young puppy, young of ani-mals: CADELLE. .[Pok. 2. kat- 534.]
kat-².	To sight. Suffixed form "kat-u- in Old Irish cath,battle: kern*. .[Pok. kat- 534.]
kau-¹.	To howl (imitative). 1. Reduplicated suffixed form"ka-kau-ro- in Sanskrit cakorah, partridge: chukar.2. Reduplicated form "ko-ku-o- in Greek kokuein, towail, lament: Cocytus. .[Pok. kau- 535.]
kau-².	To hew, strike. 1. Germanic "hawwan in: a. OldEnglish heawan, to hew: hew; b. Old Norse hoggva, tocut: haggle; C. Old French hove, a hoe: HOE. 2. Ger-manic "hawwo in Old Norse hogg, a gap, a cutting blow,akin to the source of hag². 3. Germanic "haujam in OldEnglish hieg, hay, cut grass: hay. 4. Suffixed form"kau-do- in Latin cudere (< "caudere), to strike, beat:incus. .[Pok. kau-, 535.]
kaul-.	Stalk, stem. Latin caulis, stalk, stem, cab-bage-stalk, cabbage: caulicle, cauline, cole, kale;AMPLEXICAUL, CAULESCENT, CAULIFLOWER, COLCAN-NON, COLESLAW, KAILYARD SCHOOL, KOHLRABI. .[Pok.kau-l- 537.]
ked-.	To go, yield. 1. Lengthened-grade form "ked- inLatin cedere, to go, withdraw, yield: cease, cede, ces-sion; ABSCESS, ACCEDE, ACCESS, ANCESTOR, ANTECEDE,CONCEDE, CONCESSION, DECEASE, EXCEED, INTERCEDE,PRECEDE, PREDECESSOR, PROCEED, RECEDE, RETRO-CEDE, secede, succeed. 2. Prefixed and suffixed form"ne-ked-ti-, “from which one cannot draw back” ("ne-,not; see ne), in Latin necesse, inevitable, unavoidable:necessary. .[In Pok. sed- 884.]
keg-.	Hook, tooth. 1. Germanic "hakan- in: a. Old Norsehaki, hook, akin to Old English haca, hook: hake;b. Middle Low German hake, hook: harquebus. 2. Ger-manic lengthened form "hoka- in: a. Old English hoc,hook: hook; b. Middle Dutch hok, hoec, hook: hooker*.3. Germanic "hakila- in Middle Dutch hekel, hatchel, aflax comb with long metal hooklike teeth: heckle.4. Germanic "hakkijan in Old English -haccian, to hackto pieces as with a hooked instrument: hack*. .[Pok. keg-537.]
kei-¹.	To lie; bed, couch; beloved, dear. I. Basic form"kei-. 1. Suffixed form "kei-wo- in: a. Germanic "hiwa-in Old English hiwan, members of a household: hind³;b. suffixed Germanic form *hiwidd in Old English higid,hid, a measure of land (< ‘household”): hide³. 2. Suf-fixed form *kei-wi- in Latin civis, citizen (< “member of ahousehold”): city, civic, civil. II. O-grade form *koi-.1. Suffixed form *koi-nd- in Latin curiae, a cradle:incunabulum. 2. Suffixed form *koi-m d- in Greekkoiman., to put to sleep: cemetery. III. Suffixedzero-grade form *ki-wo- in Sanskrit ^iva, auspicious,dear: Shiva. .[Pok. 1. kei- 539.]
kei-².	Referring to various adjectives of color. 1. Suffixedo-grade form "koi-ro- in German *hairaz, “gray-haired,”old, venerable, hence master, in: a. Old English hdr, gray,hoary: HOAR; b. Old High German her, worthy, exalted:Junker; c. Middle Dutch here, master, lord: Younker.2. Suffixed zero-grade form *ki-wo- in Germanic *hiwamin Old English hiw, heo, color, appearance, form: hue¹..[Pok. 2. kei- 540.]
kei-³.	To set in motion. I. Possibly extended o-grade form'koid- with suffixed form *koi-d-ti- in Germanic *haissizin: a. Old English hæs, a command, a bidding: hest;b. Old English compound behæs, a vow, promise, com-mand (be-, intensive prefix; see ambhi): behest (butperhaps to be referred to a separate root *kaid-).II. Zero-grade form *ki-. 1. Form *ki-eyo- in Latin ciere(past participle citus), with its frequentative citdre, to setin motion, summon: cite; excite, incite, oscitancy,resuscitate, solicitous. 2. Suffixed form *ki-neu- inGreek kinein, to move (> kinesis, motion): kinematics,-kinesis, kinetic; cinematograph, cinematoradiog-RAPHY, HYPERKINESIA, KINESIOLOGY, KINESTHESIA,KININ, (telekinesis). .[Pok. kei- 538.]
kek"-.	To excrete. Suffixed o-grade form *kokw-ro- inGreek kopros, dung: COPRO-. .[Pok. kekv- 544.]
kei-¹.	To strike, cut. Hypothetical base of derivativesreferring to something broken or cut off; twig, piece ofwood. I. Basic form *kel- in suffixed o-grade form *kol-o-in Greek kolos, docked, kolobos, maimed: coloboma.II. Extended form *keld-. 1. Germanic *helt- in OldEnglish hilt: hilt. 2. Zero-grade extended form *kld- ina. Germanic *hulta- in Old English holt, wood: holt;b. Greek klados, branch, shoot: cladoceran, cladode,CLADOGENESIS, CLADOPHYLL, PHYLLOCLADE. 3. VariantCeltic zero-grade extended form *klad- in: a. suffixedform *klad-yo-, Celtic source of Latin gladius, sword:gladiate, gladiator, glaive; b. suffixed form *klad-ibo- in Gaelic claidheamh, sword: claymore. 4. O-gradeextended form *kold- in: a. Germanic *haltaz, “with abroken leg,” in Old English compound lemphealt, limp-ing, halting (lemp-, hanging loosely; see leb-¹), probablesource of obsolete limphalt, lame: limp; b. Germanicderivative verb *haltdn in Old English healtian, to limp:halt². III. Extended form *keb-. 1. Zero-grade form*kb- in: a. Greek kla- in (i) Greek klan, to break: clast,clastic; clasmatocyte, osteoclast, plagioclase (ii)Greek kldn (< *kla-6n), twig: clone; b. suffixed form*kb-ro- in Greek kleros, lot, allotment (< “that which iscut off’): clerk; c. suffixed form *kb-mn in Greekklema, twig: clematis; d. suffixed form *kb-mo- inLatin calamitds, injury, damage, loss: calamity.2. O-grade form *kob- in suffixed form *kob-bho- inGreek kolaphos, a blow: cope¹, coup. See extensionkleg-. .[Pok. 3 kei- 545.]
kei-².	To cover, conceal, save. I. O-grade form *kol-.1. Germanic *haljd, the underworld (< “concealedplace”), in: a. Old English hell, hell: hell; b. Old NorseHei, the underworld, goddess of death: Hel. 2. Germanic*hallb, covered place, hall, in: a. Old English head, hall:hall; b. Old Norse hall, hall: Valhalla. 3. Suffixedform *kol-eyo- in Greek koleon, koleos, sheath: coleus;coleoptera, coleopteran, coleoptile, coleorhiza.II. Zero-grade form *kl-. 1. Germanic *hul- in: a. OldEnglish hulu, husk, pod (< “that which covers”): hull;b. Old English hoi, a hollow: hole; c. Old English holh,hole, hollow: hollow; d. Old English heath, secret place.small hollow: Haugh; e. Dutch holster, holster, (< “thatwhich covers”): holster. 2. Suffixed Germanic form*hulfti- in Medieval Latin hultia, protective covering:housing². 3. Suffixed form *kl-to- in Latin occultus (seeIII 5. below). 4. Extended form *kld (< 'kb-) in Latinclam, in secret: clandestine. 5. Suffixed variant form*kal-up-yo- in Greek kaluptein, to cover, conceal: Ca-lypso, calyptra; apocalypse, eucalyptus.III. Full-grade form *kel-. 1 Germanic *helmaz, “protec-tive covering,” in: a. Old English helm, protection, cover-ing: helm²; b. Frankish *helm, helmet, akin to thesource of Middle English helmet, helmet: HELMET.2. Latin occulere (part participle occultus; see II. 4.above), to cover over (ob-, over; see epi): occult. 3. Suf-fixed form *kel-os- in Latin color, color, hue (< “thatwhich covers”): COLOR. 4. Suffixed form *kei-nd in Latincella, storeroom, chamber: cell, cella, cellar,cellarer; (rathskeller). 5. Suffixed form 'kel-yo- inLatin cilium, lower eyelid: cilium, seel; supercilious,(supercilium). IV. Lengthened-grade form *kel-a- inLatin celdre, to hide: conceal. See extension klep-..[Pok. 4. kei- 553.]
kei-³.	To drive, set in swift motion. Hypothetical base ofvarious loosely connected derivatives. 1. Extended form*kelt- or *keldh- possibly in Germanic *haldan, to driveflocks, keep or pasture cattle, in: a. Old English healdan,to hold, retain: hold¹; b. Old High German haltan, tostop, hold back: halt¹; c. Middle Dutch houden, to hold:avast, 2. Suffixed form* kel-es- in: a. Latin celer, swift:celerity; accelerate; b. possibly further suffixedform *keles-ri- in Latin celeber, (of a place) much fre-quented, hence famous: celebrate, celebrity. 3. Suf-fixed zero-grade form *kl-on- in Greek klonos, turmoil,agitation: clonus. .[Pok. 5. kei- 548.]
kei-*.	To lean, tilt. Germanic *halthjan in Old Englishhieldan, to tilt: heel². .[Pok. 2. kei- 552.]
kei-⁵.	Gray, black, dark. Suffixed form *kel-omb(h)- inLatin columba, dove, pigeon: Columba, columbarium,columbine, CULVER. .[Pok. 4. kei- 547.]
kei-⁶.	To be prominent; hill. 1. Zero-grade form *kl- in:a. suffixed Germanic form hul-ni- in Old English hyU,hill: hill; b. suffixed Germanic form *hul-ma- in OldNorse holmr, islet in a bay, meadow: holm. 2. Suffixedform *kel-d- in Latin excellere, to raise up, elevate, alsoto be eminent (ex-, up out of; see eghs): excel.3. O-grade form *kol- in: a. Greek kolophbn, summit:colophon; b. suffixed form *kol(u)men- in Latin culmen,top, summit: culminate; c. extended and suffixed form*kolumnd in Latin columna, a projecting object, column:COLONEL, COLONNADE, COLUMN. .[Pok. 1. kei- 544.]
kei-⁷.	To prick. Germanic *hulin- in Old English holen,holly (from its spiny leaves): holly. .[Pok. 2. kei- 545.]
kei-⁸.	To deceive, trick. Extended form *kelu-, variant*kalu-, in: a. Latin calvi, to deceive, trick: calumny,challenge; b. Latin cavilla (< *calvilla), a jeering:cavil. .[Pok. kei- 551.]
kelb-.	To help. Germanic *helpan in Old English helpan,to help: help. .[Pok. kelb- 554.]
kele-¹.	Warm. Variant *kle-, contracted from *kleo-.1. Suffixed variant form *kle-wo- in Germanic *hlewazin Old English hieo, hleow, covering, protection (as fromcold): lee. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form 'kb-e- in: a. Lat-in calere, to be warm: calenture, chafe; decales-cence, NONCHALANT, RECALESCENCE; d Latinderivative adjective calidus, warm (> French chaud,warm): caldron, caudle, (chowder); chaudfroid,scald¹. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *kl-os- in Latincalor, heat: caloric, calorie; caloreceptor, calo-rific, calorimeter, calorimetry. .[Pok. 1. kei- 551.]
kela-².	To shout. I. Variant form *kld- (< *klao ). 1. Ger-manic hid- in Old English hldwan, to roar, low: low².2. Suffixed form *kld-md- in Latin cldmdre, to call, cryout: claim, clamant, clamor; acclaim, declaim,exclaim, proclaim, reclaim. II. O-grade form *kob-.Germanic 'halon, to call, in: a. Dutch halen, to haul, pull(? < “to call together, summon"): keelhaul; b. OldFrench haler, to haul: hale², haul. III. Zero-grade form‘kb- (> ’kal-). 1. Suffixed form ‘kal-yo- in Latin conci-lium, a meeting, gathering (< “a calling together"; con-,together; see kom): conciliate, council. 2. Suffixedform *kal-end- in Latin kalendae, the calends, the firstday of the month, when it was publicly announced onwhich days the nones and ides of that month would fall:calendar, calends. 3. Suffixed form *kal-e- in Greekkalein (variant kle-), to call: ecclesia. Paraclete.4.  Suffixed form *kal-a• in Latin calare, to call, call out:intercalate, NOMENCLATOR. 5. Suffixed form ‘kb-ro-or suffixed variant form 'klao-ro- contracted to ‘kld-ro-in Latin clarus, bright, clear: clear, glair; chiaro-scuro, CLAIRVOYANCE, DECLARE, ECLAIR, ECLAIRISSE-MENT. IV. Possibly extended zero-grade form ‘kid-,becoming *klad- in suffixed form ‘klad-ti- in Latinclassis, summons, division of citizens for military draft,hence army, fleet, also class in general: class. .[Pok. 6.kel- 5+8.]
kelp-.	To hold, grasp. O-grade form ‘kolp- in Germanic‘halb- in: a. Old English hielfe, handle: helve; b. suf-fixed form *halb-ma- in (i) Old English helma, rudder,tiller: helm¹ (ii) Middle High German helm, handle:halberd; c. suffixed form ‘half-tra- in Old Englishhelftre, halter: halter¹. .[In Pok. 1. (s)kel- 923.]
kem-’.	Hornless. 1. Germanic ‘skamm- in Old Norseskammr, “hornless,” short: SCANT. 2. Suffixed form‘kem-tya in Germanic ‘hinthjo in Old English hind, doe:hind². .[Pok. 2. kem- 556.]
kem-².	To compress. Germanic ‘hanyam, a compressing,hence a doubling, in Old English hem(m), a doubling over,a hem: hem¹. .[Pok. 1. kem- 555.]
kem-³.	To hum. Germanic ‘hum- in Middle Englishhummen, to hum: hum. .[Pok. 2. kem- 556.]
kerne-.	To be tired, to tire. Suffixed lengthened o-gradeform ‘kom-n proposed by some as the preform of Greekkoma, deep sleep, which is more likely of obscure origin:COMA¹. .[Pok. 4. kemb)- 557.]
ken-’.	To be active. 1. Suffixed o-grade form ‘kon-o- inGreek diakonos, servant, attendant (dia-, thoroughly):deacon. 2. Lengthened o-grade form ‘kon-a- in Latinconari, to endeavor: conation. .[Pok. 4. ken- 564.]
ken-².	Hypothetical base of a number of loosely relatedGermanic words referring to pinching, closing the eyes,and other obscurely associated notions. 1. Old Englishhnappian, to doze, nap: nap¹. 2. Old English nepflod,neap tide (fidd, tide; see pleu-): neap tide. 3. MiddleDutch nipen, to bite: NIP¹. 4. Old Norse hnoggr, miserly,akin to the Scandinavian source of Middle Englishnigard, miser: NIGGARD. 5. Middle Dutch noppe, pile:nap². 6. Low German nibbeln, to nibble: nibble. 7. Mid-dle High German notten, to nod, perhaps akin to MiddleEnglish nodden, to nod: nod. .[Pok. 2. ken- 559.]
ken-³.	Fresh, new, young. 1. Suffixed form ‘ken-t- inLatin recens, young, fresh, new (re-, again; see re-):recent. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form kn-yo- in Greekkainos, new, fresh (> kainates, newness): -cene; caino-TOPHOBIA, CENOGENESIS, CENOZOIC, KAINITE. .[Pok. 3.ken- 563.]
ken-*.	Empty. Suffixed form *ken-wo- in Greek kenos (<•kenwos), empty: kenosis; cenotaph. .[Pok. ken- 564.]
ken-s.	Hypothetical base of several roots associated withthe notions “to compress,” “something compressed.”1. Germanic root ‘hnekk-, “neck” (a narrow or com-pressed part), in: a. Old English hnecca, neck: neck;b. Old Norse hnakkur, saddle, and Old Norse hnakki,back of the neck, perhaps akin to the source of knacker.2. Root *knu-, nut (< “small hard object”), in: a. extend-ed form ‘knud- in Old English hnutu, nut: nut; b. ex-tended form *knuk- in Latin nux, nut: NEWEL, nougat,nucellus, nucleus. 3. Germanic root ‘hnukk-, sharpprojection, tip, in: a. Middle Dutch nocke, tip of a bow,perhaps akin to the source of Middle English nokke,nock: NOCK; b. Norwegian (dialectal) nok, projection,hook, akin to the Scandinavian source of Middle Englishnok, corner, nook: nook. .[Pok. 1. ken- 558.]
k(e)n»ko-.	Yellow, golden. Germanic *hunagam in OldEnglish hunig, honey: honey. .[Pok. k(e)noko- 564.]
keni-.	Dust, ashes. 1. Latin cinis, ashes: cinerarium,cinereous; incinerate. 2. O-grade form ‘koni- inGreek konis, konia, dust: coniosis; conidium. .[Pok. 2.ken- 559.]
kenk-¹.	To gird, bind. Variant form *keng- in Latincingere, to gird: cinch, cincture, cingulum; en-ceinte², precinct, shingles, succinct. .[Pok. 1. kenk-565.]
kenk-².	To suffer from hunger or thirst. Suffixedzero-grade form ‘knk-ru- in Germanic *hungruz in OldEnglish hungor, hungur, hunger: hunger. .[Pok. 2. kenk-565.]
kenk-³.	Heel, bend of the knee. 1. Germanic *hanhaz inOld English hoh, heel: hock¹. 2. Germanic ‘hanhilbn- inOld English hela, heel: heel¹. .[Pok. 3. kenk- 566.]
kens-.	To proclaim, speak solemnly. Form *kens-e- inLatin censere, to judge, assess, estimate, tax: censor,census; recension. .[Pok. kens- 566.]
kent-.	To prick, jab. 1. Greek kentein, to prick (> ken-tron, point): center, centesis; amniocentesis, dicen-tra, ECCENTRIC. 2. Suffixed form ‘kent-to- in Greekkestos, belt, girdle: CESTUS¹. .[Pok. kent- 567.]
kentho-	Also kento-. Cloth, rag. Latin cento, cento,patchwork: CENTO. .[Pok. kenthfo)- 567.]
ker-¹.	Horn, head; with derivatives referring to hornedanimals, horn-shaped objects, and projecting parts. I.Zero-grade form ‘kr-. 1. Suffixed form ‘kr-n- in: a. Ger-manic ‘hurnaz in (i) Old English horn, horn: horn,(hornbeam) (ii) German Horn, horn: alpenhorn, alt-horn, flugelhorn, hornblende; b. Latin cornu,horn: corn², cornea, corneous, corner, cornet,corniculate, cornu; bicorn, caducicorn, Capri-corn, CLAVICORN, CORNIFICATION, LAMELLICORN, LON-gicorn, tricorn, unicorn. 2. Suffixed and extendedform ‘krs-n- in Germanic ‘hurznuta in Old Englishhyrnet, hornet: hornet. 3. Suffixed form ‘kr-ei- in:a. Germanic *hraina- in Old Norse hreinn, reindeer:reindeer; b. Germanic ‘hrinda- in Old High Germanhrind, ox (> German Rinder, cattle): rinderpest.4. Suffixed extended form ‘kros-no- in Greek kranion,skull, upper part of the head: cranium; migraine,olecranon. 5. Suffixed form ‘kr-o- in: a. Greek kare,kara, head: Charivari; cheer; b. Greek karoun, toStupefy, be stupefied (< “to feel heavy-headed”): ca-rotid; c. Greek karoton, carrot (from its hornlikeshape): carrot. 6. Possibly extended form *kri- in Greekkrios, ram: criosphinx. II. Suffixed form 'ker-wo-.1. Latin cervus, deer: cervine, serval. 2. Latin cervix,neck: cervix. III. Extended and suffixed form *keru-do-in Germanic ‘herutaz in: a. Old English heorot, hart,stag: hart; b. Dutch hart, deer, hart: hartebeest.IV. Extended form ‘keros-. 1. Greek keras, horn: carat,CERASTES, KERATO-; CERATODUS, (CERATOID), CHELIC-ERA, CLADOCERAN, KERATIN, RHINOCEROS, TRICERA-TOPS. 2. Persian sar, head: sirdar. 3. Suffixed form*keros-ro- in Latin cerebrum, brain: cerebellum, cere-brum, saveloy. V. Extended o-grade form ‘koru-.1. Greek korumbos, uppermost point (< “head”): cor-ymb. 2. Greek koruphe, head: coryphaeus. 3. Suffixedform ‘koru-do- in Greek korudos, crested lark: cory-dalis. 4. Suffixed form ‘koru-nd in Greek korune, club,mace: corynebacterium. .[Pok. 1. ker- 574.]
ker-².	Echoic root, base of various derivatives indicatingloud noises or birds. I. Zero-grade form ‘kr-, becomingGermanic ‘hr-. 1. Germanic ‘hring- in Old Englishhringan, to resound, clink: ring². 2. Germanic *hraik- inOld English hræcan, to clear the throat: retch. 3. Ger-manic ‘hrdkaz, “croaking bird,” crow, in Old Englishhroc, rook: rook¹. 4. Germanic 'hraban, *hrabnaz,raven, in Old English hræfn, raven: raven¹. 5. Extendedform 'krep- in Latin crepare, to crack, burst, creak:CREPITATE, CREVICE; DECREPIT, DECREPITATE, QUEBRA-CHO. 6. Extended form *kri- in Germanic *krik- in OldFrench criquer, to creak, click: cricket¹. II. Variantform *skr-. 1. Germanic 'skrik- in Old English scric,thrush: shrike. 2. Germanic *skrekjan- in Old Norseskrækja, to shriek: screak, screech. 3. Germanic*skrainjan, to shout, shriek, in Old Norse scræma, toscream, perhaps akin to the possible Scandinavian sourceof Middle English scremen, to scream: scream.III. O-grade form *kor-. 1. Latin corvus, raven: corbel,corbina, cormorant, corvine, Corvus. 2. Greek ko-rax, raven (> korakias, chough): CORACIIFORM, cora-coid. .[Pok. 1. ker- 567.]
ker-³.	To grow. 1. Suffixed form *ker-es- in Latin Ceres,goddess of agriculture, especially the growth of grain:cereal, Ceres. 2. Extended form *kre- (< ’kres-) in:a. suffixed form *kre-ya- in Latin creare, to bring forth,create, produce (< “to cause to grow”): create, Creole;procreate; b. suffixed form 'kre-sko- in Latin crescere,to grow, increase: crescendo, crescent, crew¹; ac-crue, CONCRESCENCE, CONCRETE, DECREASE, EXCRES-CENCE, increase, recruit. 3. Suffixed o-grade form*kor-wo-, “growing,” adolescent, in Greek kouros, koros,boy, son: Dioscuri, hypocorism. 4. Compound*sm-kero-, “of one growth” (*sm-, same, one; see sem-¹),in Latin sincerus, pure, clean: sincere. .[Pok. 2. ker-577.]
ker-⁴.	Heat, fire. 1. Suffixed form *ker-td in Germanic*hertho in Old English hearth, hearth: hearth.2. Zero-grade form *kr- in: a. Latin carbo, charcoal,ember: carbon, carbuncle; b. extended form *krem- inLatin cremate, to burn: cremate. 3. Possibly suffixedand extended form 'kers-mo- in Greek keramos, potter’sclay, earthenware: ceramic. 4. Possibly variant ex-tended form *kras- in Russian krasa, beauty (< “bril-liance of sire”): crash². .[Pok. 3. kerfs)- 571.]
ker-⁵.	Also ker®-. To injure. Suffixed zero-grade form*krs-ye- in Latin caries, decay, caries: caries. .[Pok. 4.ker- 578.]
ker-⁴.	A kind of cherry. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form*kr-no- in Latin cornus, cornel tree: cornel. 2. Full-grade form *ker- probably in Greek kerasos, cherry:CHERRY. .[Pok. 4. ker- 572.]
kerd-¹.	Heart. 1. Suffixed form “kerd-en- in Germanic"herton- in Old English heorte, heart: heart.2. Zero-grade form *krd- in: a. Latin cor (stem cord-),heart: cordate, cordial, courage, quarry¹; accord,CONCORD, CORDIFORM, DISCORD, MISERICORD, RECORD;b. suffixed form *krd-ya- in Greek kardia, heart, stom-ach, orifice: cardia, cardiac, cardio-; diplocardiac,ENDOCARDIUM, EPICARDIUM, MEGALOCARDIA, MYOCAR-DIUM, pericardium. 3. Possibly *kred-dhs-, “to placetrust” (an old religious term; *dhs-, to do, place; seedhe-’), in Latin credere, to believe: credence, credi-ble, CREDIT, CREDO, CREDULOUS, GRANT; MISCREANT,recreant. .[Pok. kered- 579.]
kerd-².	Craft. Suffixed form *kerd-a in Old Irish cerd, art,artist: caird. .[Pok. 2. kerd- 579.]
kerdh-.	Row, herd. Suffixed form *kerdh-a in Germanic*herdo in Old English heard, herd: herd. .[Pok. kerdho-579.]
ker®-.	To mix, confuse, cook. 1. Variant form *kra- (<*kras-) in Germanic *hror- in: a. possibly Old Englishhr er, lightly boiled, half-cooked: rare²; b. Middle Dutchroer, motion: uproar. 2. Zero-grade form *krs- in:a. suffixed form *krs-ti- in Greek krasis, a mixing:idiosyncracy; b. suffixed form *kn-ter- in Greek kra-ter, mixing vessel: crater. .[Pok. kers- 582.]
kerp-.	To gather, pluck, harvest. Variant karp-. 1. Ger-manic *harbistaz in Old English hærfest, harvest: har-vest. 2. Latin carpere, to pluck: carpet; excerpt,(scarce). 3. Greek karpos, fruit: -carp, carpel, carpo-,-carpous. .[In Pok. 4. sker- 938.]
kers-’.	Dark, dirty. 1. Suffixed form * kerfs)-no- in Rus-sian chernyi (feminine chernaya), black: chernozem.2. Suffixed zero-grade form *krs-no- in Sanskrit krsna-),black, dark: Krishna. .[Pok. kers- 583.]
kers-².	To run. Zero-grade form 'krs-. 1. Latin currere(past participle cursus), to run: corridor, (corsair),courante, courier, course, current, cursive, cur-sor, curule; concourse, concur, decurrent, dis-course, excursion, hussar, incur, intercourse,occur, percurrent, precursor, recourse, recur,succor. 2 Suffixed form *krs-o- in Gaulish carros, awagon, cart, in: a. Latin carrus, a two-wheeled wagon:car, career, cargo, caricature, cariole, caroche,(carry), charge, chariot; b. Latin carpentum, a two-wheeled carriage: carpenter. .[Pok. 2. kers- 583.]
kert-.	To turn, entwine. I. Zero-grade form *krt-. 1. Suf-fixed form *krt-i- in Germanic *hurdiz, wickerworkframe, hurdle, in: a. Old English hyrdel, hurdle, frame:hurdle; b. Old French hoard, fence, hurdle, scaffold:hoarding. 2. Suffixed form *krt-sti- in Germanic *hur-sti- in Old High German hurst, thicket: horst. II. Per-haps suffixed variant form *krst-i- in Latin cratis,wickerwork hurdle: crate, grate², (grid), griddle;(gridiron). .[Pok. kert- 584.]
kes-’.	To scratch. 1. Germanic *hezdo in Old Englishheordan, coarse parts of flax: hards. 2. Extended form*kseu- in Greek xuein, to scrape: xyster. 3. Nasalizedform *ks-n-eu- in: a. Germanic *snaww- in Old Norsesnbggr, “close-cropped,” perhaps akin to the source ofsnug¹: b. Latin novdcula, razor: novaculite. .[Pok. kes-585.]
kes-².	To cut. Variant kas-. 1. Suffixed form "kas-tro- in:a. Latin castrate, to castrate: castrate; b. Latin cas-trum, fortified place, camp (perhaps “separated place”):castle. 2. Suffixed form *kas-to- in Latin castus, chaste,pure (< “cut off from, free of, faults”): caste, chaste;castigate, incest. 3. Suffixed (stative) form *kas-e- inLatin carere, “to be cut off from,” lack: caret. 4. Ex-tended geminated form *kasso- in Latin cassus, empty,void: (cashier), quash. .[Pok. kes- 586.]
kes-³.	To order. Suffixed o-grade form *kos-mo- in Greekkosmos, order: cosmos; macrocosm, microcosm.keu-¹ Also ®keu-. To perceive, see, hear. O-grade form*skou-. 1. Extended form *kous- in: a. Germanic *haus-jan in (i) Old English hieran, to hear: HEAR (ii) OldEnglish he(o)rcnian, to harken: hearken; b. suffixedform *s-kous-yo- in Greek akouein, to hear: acoustic.2. Variant 'skou- in: a. Germanic *skauwon in (i) OldEnglish sceawian, to look at: show (ii) Flemish scauwen,to look at: scavenger; b. Germanic *skaunjaz in Mid-dle Dutch schoon, beautiful, bright (< “conspicuous,attractive”): scone; c. Germanic *skauniz in Old Eng-lish sciene, bright, sheen: sheen. .[Pok. 1. keu- 587.]
keu-².	Base of various loosely related derivatives withassumed basic meaning “to bend,” whence “a round orhollow object.” I. Extended forms *keub-, *keup-. 1. Ger-manic *haup- in: a. Old English heap, heap: heap;b. Dutch hoop, heap, troop: forlorn hope. 2. Germanic*hupp-, to leap (by first bending the legs), in Old Englishhoppian, to hop: hop¹. 3. Germanic *hupiz in Old Eng-lish hype, hip: hip¹. 4. Zero-grade form ’kup-, vessel, in:a. suffixed form *kup-s- in Greek kupsele, chest, hollowvessel: cypsela; b. long-vowel form 'kup- in (i) Ger-manic "hufi- in Old English hyf, hive: hive (ii) suffixedform *kup-a in Latin cupa, tub, vat: cupola, cupule;C. expressive form *kupp- in Late Latin cuppa, drinkingvessel: cup. 5. Zero-grade form *kub- in: a. Greek kubos,cube: cube; b. suffixed form *kub-a- in (i) Latin cubare,to lie down on (< “to bend down, prostrate”): couvade,covey, cubicle; concubine, incubate, succubus (ii)Latin cubitum, elbow: cubit; c. nasalized form *ku-m-b-in (i) Latin - cumbere, to lie down, recline: accumbent,DECUMBENT, INCUMBENT, PROCUMBENT, RECUMBENT,succumb (ii) Greek kumb#, boat, bowl; (cembalo),(chime¹), cymbal, cymbidium; d. aspirated long-vowelform *kubh• in Greek kuphos, bent; kyphosis. II. Ex-tended o-grade form *kouk-. 1. Suffixed form ‘kouk-o-in: a. Germanic *hauhaz, “arched.” high, in Old Englishh^ah, high: high; b. Germanic *hauhithd in Old Englishhehthu, hiahthu, height: height. 2. Germanic ‘huk- in:a. Middle Low German hdken, to bend, squat, bear onthe back, peddle: hawker; b. Old Norse hokra, tocrouch, akin to the Scandinavian source of hunker;c. Middle Dutch hokester, “one who squats,” peddler,perhaps akin to the source of Middle English hukster,peddler: huckster. III. Reduplicated form ‘ka-ku-bh-in Latin cacumen, summit, point (< “arch, vault”):cacuminal. .[Pok. 2. keu- 588.]
keu-.	To burn. Zero-grade form ‘kou- becoming ‘kaw- insuffixed form *kaw-yo- in Greek kaiein, to bum: calm,CAUSTIC, CAUTERY; ENCAUSTIC, HOLOCAUST, (INK). .[Pok.2. k^u- 595.]
keub-.	Thom. Germanic *heup- in Old English heope,brier, seed vessel of the wild rose: hip³. .[Pok. keub- 595.]
keu»-’.	To pay attention, perceive (preternaturally).1.  Suffixed o-grade form *kouo-o- becoming *kaw- indenominative (stative) Latin cavere, to beware, watch,guard against: caution, caveat; precaution. 2. Suf-fixed zero-grade form ‘ku-dos (< ‘kuo-dos) in Greekkudos, magical glory: kudos. .[In Pok. 1. keu- 587.]
keue-².	To swell; vault, hole. I. O-grade form *kous-.1. Basic form *koio- becoming *kaw- in Latin cavus,hollow, and cavea, a hollow: cage, cave, cavern, ca-VETTO, GABION, JAIL; CONCAVE, DECOY, EXCAVATE.2.  Suffixed form ‘kow-ilo- in Greek koilos, hollow;(-CELE²), -celiac, -COEL, coelom. 3. Suffixedlengthened-grade form *kow-o- in Greek koos, hollowplace, cavity (> kodeia, poppy head): codeine.II. Zero-grade form *ku- (< 'kia-). 1. Suffixed shortenedform ‘ku-m-olo- in Latin cumulus, heap, mass: cumu-late, cumulus; accumulate. 2. Basic form ‘ku- in:a. suffixed form *ku-ro-, “swollen,” strong, powerful, inGreek kurios (vocative kurie), master, lord: church,(kirk), Kyrie; b. suffixed form *kuw-eyo- in Greekkuein, to swell, and derivative kuma (< *ku-mn), “aswelling,” wave: cyma. .[Pok. 1. keu- 592.]
keuk-.	To be white, be bright, shine. Suffixed zero-gradeform 'kuk-no- in Greek kuknos, swan: cygnet, cygnus..[Pok. keuk- 597.]
kewero-.	North, north wind. 1. Germanic ‘skura- in OldEnglish scur, shower, storm: shower¹. 2. Germanic*skurd in Old Norse skur, a shower, akin to the probableScandinavian source of Middle English scouren, to rangeover: scour². .[Pok. keuero- 597.]
kigh-.	Fast, violent. Germanic ‘lug- in Old Englishhigian, to strive, exert oneself: hie. .[Pok. kei-gh- 542.]
kista.	Basket. Greek kiste, basket (> Old English cest,box): CHEST, CIST¹, cistern. .[Pok. kista 599.]
kla-.	To spread out flat. Extended shortened form *klat-.1. Germanic *hlathan in Old English hladan, to lade, layon, load: lade. 2. Suffixed form *klat-sto- in Germanic•hlasta- in: a. Old English hlæst, burden, load: last⁴;b. Old Swedish and Old Danish last, burden: ballast..[Pok. kid- 599.]
kleg-.	To cry, sound. Extension of kel-¹. Variant form*klag-. 1. Variant form *klak- in: a. Germanic *hlah/anin Old English hlieh(h)an, to laugh: laugh; b. Germanic•hlahtraz in Old English hleahtor, laughter: laughter.2.  Nasalized form *kla-n-g- in Latin clangere, to sound;CLANG. .[Pok. kleg- 599.]
klei-.	To lean. I. Full-grade form ‘klei-. 1. Suffixed form‘klei-n- in Latin -clindre, to lean, bend: decline, in-cline, recline. 2. Suffixed form *klei-tro- in Latin*cUtra, litter, with diminutive clitellae, packsaddle:clitellum. 3. Suffixed form *klei-wo- in Latin clivus, aslope: acclivity, declivity, proclivity. II. Zero-gradeform ‘kli-. 1. Germanic *hlid-, “that which bends over,”cover, in Old English hlid, cover: lid. 2. Suffixed form*kli-n- in Germanic *hlinen, in Old English hlinian andhleonian, to lean: lean¹. 3. Suffixed form *kli-ent- inLatin cliens, dependent, follower: client. 4. Suffixedform *kli-to- in Latin *aus-klit-d• in auscultdre, “to holdone’s ear inclined,” to listen to (see out-). 5. Suffixedform *kli-n-yo- in Greek klinein, to lean: clinal, cline,-clinic, clino-; (aclinic line), clinandrium, enclit-ic, (ISOCLINE), MAT RICH NOUS, (MONOCLINIC), PAT-RICLINOUS, PERICLINE, PROCLITIC, SYNCLINAL. 6. Greeklengthened form ‘kli- in; a. suffixed form ‘kli-n-d inGreek kline, bed: clinic; diclinous, monoclinous,triclinium; b. suffixed form *kli-m- in Greek klimax,ladder: climax; c. suffixed form ‘kli-mn in Greek klima,sloping surface of the earth: climate. III. Suffixedo-grade form ‘kloi-tr- in Germanic ‘hlaidr- in Old Eng-lish hbed(d)er, ladder: ladder. .[Pok. klei- 600.]
kleng-.	To bend, turn. 1. Germanic ‘hlink- in: a. OldEnglish hlinc, ridge: links; b. Old Norse ‘hlenkr, loop ofa chain, akin to the Scandinavian source of MiddleEnglish linke, loop of a chain: link¹; c. Old Frenchflenchir, to turn aside, flich: flinch. 2. Germanic‘hlank- in: a. Old English hlanc, lean, thin (< “flexi-ble”): lank; b. Old French flanc, hip, side (where thebody curves): flank. .[Pok. kleng- 603.]
klep-.	To steal. Extension of kel-². Suffixed form‘klep-yo- in Greek kleptein, to steal: clepsydra, klep-tomania. .[Pok. klep- 604.]
kleu-¹.	To hear. I. Extended form *kleus• in Germanic*hleuza■ in Old English blear, cheek (< “side of the face”< “ear”): leer. II. Zero-grade form *klu-. 1. Germanic‘hlustjan in Old English hlystan, to listen: list⁴. 2. Ger-manic ‘hlusinon in Old English hlysnan, to listen: lis-ten. 3. Suffixed lengthened form ‘klu-to- in Germanic*hludaz, “heard,” loud, in: a. Old English hlud, loud:loud; b. Old High German hluti, sound: ablaut, um-laut. III. Suffixed form ‘klew-yo- in Greek kleiein, topraise, tell: Clio. .[Pok. 1. kleu- 605.]
kleu-².	To wash, clean. 1. Latin cloaca, sewer, canal:cloaca. 2. Zero-grade form ‘klu- in Greek kluzein, towash out: clyster; cataclysm. .[Pok. 2. kleu- 607.]
kleu-’.	Possibly hook, peg. I. Extended zero-grade form‘klud- possibly in Germanic *hluta-, lot, portion (seman-tic development obscure). 1. Old English hlot, lot: lot.2. Dutch lot, lot: lottery. 3. Old French lot (> Frenchlot), lot, portion: lotto; allot. II. Suffixed variant form‘klau-do- in Latin claudere, to close (< “to lock with ahook, bolt”): clause, cloisonne, cloister, close,(closure), (cloze); conclude, eclosion, exclude,INCLUDE, OCCLUDE, PRECLUDE, RECLUSE, SECLUDE.III. Variant form *kldw-. 1. Suffixed form *kldw-i- inLatin cldvis, key: cembalo, clavicle, clavier, clef,kevel; clavichord, conclave, enclave. 2. Suffixedform *kldw-o- in: a. Latin cldvus, nail: clove¹, cloy;b. Latin cldva, club: clavate; clavicorn, claviform.3. Suffixed form *kldw-yo- in: a. Greek kleiein, to close:clathrate; b. Greek verbal adjective kleistos, closed:CLEISTOGAMOUS, CLEISTOTHECIUM. .[Pok. kleu- 604.]
klewo-.	Bald. Variant *kal(a)wo- in Latin calvus, bald:CALVARIUM. .[Pok. kjauo- 554.]
klou-.	To bend. Proposed by some as the root of Ger-manic ‘hlaupan, to leap, which is more likely of un-known origin. Germanic ‘hlaupan in: a. Old Englishhleapan, to leap: leap; b. Old English hleapwince,lapwing (-wince, perhaps “move sideways,” akin to OldEnglish wincian, to wink; see weng-): lapwing; c. OldNorse hlaupa, to leap; lope; d. Middle Dutch loopen, toleap, run: interlope, orlop; e. Middle Low Germanlop, course, running (> Swedish lopp, course): gaunt-let²; f. Old High German hlouf(f)an, to leap (> GermanLaus, race): langlauf; g. Old French galoper and OldNorth French waloper, to gallop; gallop, wallop;h. Anglo-Norman aloper, to run away from one’s hus-band with a lover: elope.kneigwh-. To lean on. 1. Latin cdnivere (< *con-niguere;com-, together; see kom), “to lean together” (said ofeyelids), to close the eyes, be indulgent: connive. 2. Suf-fixed zero-grade form 'knig^h-to- in Latin nictare, tomove the eyelids, wink: nictitate. 3. Uncertain preformin Latin nitt, to lean forward, strive: nisus; renitent..[Pok. knei-gfh- 608.]
knid-.	Egg of a louse. Suffixed form *knid-d in Germanic*hnito in Old English hnitu, egg of a louse: nit. .[Pok.knid- 608.]
ko-.	Stem of demonstrative pronoun meaning “this.”I. Variant form ’ki-. 1. Germanic *hi- in; a. Old Englishhe, he: he¹; b. Old English him, him: him; c. Old Englishhis, his: his; d. Old English hire, her: her; e. OldEnglish hit, it: it. f. Old English her, here: here; g. OldEnglish heonane, heonon, from here: hence. 2. Suffixedform *ki-tro- in Germanic *hi-thra- in Old English hider,hither: hither. 3. Suffixed form "ki-s in Latin cis, onthis side of: cis-. II. Variant form *ke-. 1. Preposed in"ke-etero- (*e-tero-, a second time, again; see i-) in Latinceterus (neuter plural cetera), the other part, that whichremains: et cetera. 2. Latin -ce (see nu-). III. Attrib-uted by some to this root (but more likely of obscureorigin) is Germanic root *hind-, behind. 1. Old Englishbihindan, in the rear, behind (bi, at; see ambhi): be-hind, hind¹. 2. Old High German hintar (> Germanhunter•), behind: hinterland. 3. Germanic derivativeverb *hindrbn, to keep back, in Old English hindrian, tocheck, hinder: hinder¹. .[Pok. ko- 609.]
ko-.	To sharpen, whet. Contracted from 'kos-. 1. Suffixedextended form *kosi-no- in Germanic *haino in OldEnglish han, stone: hone¹. 2. Perhaps Greek kdnos,cone, conical object (< “a sharp-pointed object”): CONE..[Pok. kei- 541.]
kob-.	To suit, sit, succeed. Germanic *hap- in Old Norsehapp, chance, good luck: hap, (happen), (happy); (hap-less), (mishap). .[Pok. kob- 610.].[kokkos. Kermes berry, pit, grain. Greek noun of un-known origin: coccid, coccus, cochineal; mono-COQUE.]
koksa.	Body part. Latin coxa, hip: coxa, cuisse, cush-ion. .[Pok. koksd 611.]
kolem-.	Grass, reed. Suffixed form 'kobm-o-. 1. Ger-manic *halmaz in Old English healm, halm, straw:haulm. 2 Latin culmus, stalk: culm¹. 3. Zero-gradeform *kbm-o- in Greek kalamos, a reed, straw: cala-MITE, CALAMUS, CALUMET, CARAMEL, SHAWM. .[Pok.kobmo-s 612.]
koli-.	Glue. Suffixed variant form ’koly-a in Greek kolla,glue: COLLAGE, COLLO-, COLLODION; PROTOCOL. .[Pok.kol(e)i- 612.]
kom.	Beside, near, by, with. 1. Germanic *ga-, together,with (collective and intensive prefix and marker of thepast participle), in Old English ge-, with, also participial,collective, and intensive prefix: enough, handiwork,yclept. 2. Latin cum, co-, with: cum; CONQUIAN. 3. OldLatin com, with (collective and intensive prefix): CO-,com-. 4. Suffixed form *kom-trd in Latin contra, against,opposite: (con¹), contra-, contrary, (counter¹),counter-, country; encounter. 5. Suffixed form*kom-yo- in Greek koinos, common, shared: coeno-;CENOBITE, EPICENE, Koine. 6. Reduced form *ko- (seegher-¹, mei-¹, smei-). .[Pok. kom 612.]
konemo-.	Shinbone, bone. Reduced form *kommo- per-haps in Germanic *hamma in Old English hamm, ham,thigh: ham. .[Pok. kommo- 613.]
konk-.	To hang. 1. Germanic * hanhan in: a. Old Englishhon, to hang: hang; b. Dutch (dialectal) hankeren, tolong for: hanker; c. possibly Middle English he(e)ng,hinge, hinge (ultimately from the base of Old Englishhangian, to hang): hinge. 2. Suffixed form *konk-t-a- inLatin cunctari, to delay: cunctation. .[Pok. kenk- 566,konk- 614.]
konk(h)o-.	Mussel, shellfish. 1. Greek konkhe, konkhos,mussel, conch: cockle¹, conch, concha, concho-.2. Greek kokhlos, land snail: cochlea. .[Pok. konkho-614.]
kormo-.	Pain. Germanic *harmaz in Old English hearm,harm: harm. .[Pok. kormo- 615.]
koro-.	War; also war-band, host, army. I. Germanic*harjaz, army. 1. Old English here, army: heriot. 2. OldFrench herban, a summoning to military service: arri-ere-ban. 3. Compound *harja-bergaz, “army hill,” hill-fort, later shelter, lodging, army quarters (‘bergaz, hill;see bhergh-²), in: a. Old English herebeorg (> MiddleEnglish herberwe), lodging: harbor; b. Old Frenchherberge, lodging: harbinger. 4. Compound *harja-waldaz, “army commander” (*wald-, rule, power; seewal-), in Anglo-Norman herald, herald: herald. II. Ger-manic denominative *harjon in Old English hergian, toravage, plunder, raid: harry. III. Germanic compound•harihring, assembly, “host-ring” (*hringaz, ring; seesker-³), in Medieval Latin harenga, harangue: ha-rangue. .[Pok. koro-s 615.]
koselo-.	Hazel. Germanic 'haselaz in Old English hæsel,hazel: hazel. .[Pok. kos(e)lo- 616.]
kost-.	Bone. Probably related to ost-. Latin costa, rib,side: coast, costa, costard, costrel, cuesta, cutlet;ACCOST, INTERCOSTAL, STERNOCOSTAL. .[Pok. kost- 616.]
krau-.	Also kru-. To conceal, hide. Suffixed extendedform *krup-yo- in Greek kruptein, to hide: CRYPT, cryp-tic, crypto-, krypton; Apocrypha. .[Pok. krd(u)- 616.]
kred-.	Framework, timberwork. Possible root. Germanic*hro(d)-st- in Old English hrdst, roost: roost. .[Pok. kred-617.]
krei-.	To sieve, discriminate, distinguish. 1. Basic formwith variant instrumental suffixes in: a. suffixed form*krei-tro- in Germanic ’hridra-, a sieve, in Old Englishhridder, hriddel, sieve: riddle¹; b. suffixed form*krei-dhro- in Latin cribrum, a sieve: cribriform, gar-ble. 2. Suffixed form *krei-men- in (i) Latin crimen,judgment, crime: crime; recriminate (ii) Latin discri-men, distinction (dis-, apart): discriminate. 3. Suffixedzero-grade form *kri-no- (participial form *kn-to) inLatin cernere (past participle certus), to sift, separate,decide: certain; concern, decree, discern, excre-ment, INCERTITUDE, RECREMENT, SECERN, SECRET.4. Suffixed zero-grade form *kri-n-yo- in Greek krinein,to separate, decide, judge (> krinesthai, to explain):CRISIS, CRITIC, CRITERION; APOCRINE, DIACRITICAL, EC-CRINE, ENDOCRINE, EPICRITIC, EXOCRINE, HEMATOCRIT,hyprocrisy. .[Pok. 4. sker-, Section II. 945.]
krek-¹.	To weave, beat. 1. Germanic *hreh-ulaz in OldEnglish hreol, reel, spool for winding cord: reel¹. 2. Suf-fixed o-grade form 'krok-u- in Greek krokus, nap ofcloth: crocidolite. .[Pok. 1. krek- 618.]
krek-².	Frog spawn, fish eggs. Germanic *hrog- in MiddleEnglish row, roe: roe¹. .[Pok. 2. krek- 619.]
krem-.	Wild garlic, onion. O-grade form *krom- in Ger-manic *hram- in Old English hramsan, onion, garlic:ramson. .[Pok. kerem- 580.]
kret-¹.	To shake. O-grade form 'krot- in Germanic ‘hra-thaz, swift, nimble, in Old English hræth(e), nimble,quick, prompt, ready: rathe, (rather). .[Pok. 1. kret-620.]
kret-².	To beat. O-grade form *krot- in Greek krotein, tostrike, beat: dicrotism, tricrotic. .[Pok. 2. kret- 621.]
kreue-¹.	Raw flesh. 1. Lengthened-grade form *krew- inGermanic *hrewaz in Old English hreaw, raw: raw.2. Suffixed form *krews-s- in Greek kreas, flesh: cre-atine, creodont, creosote, pancreas. 3. Suffixedzero-grade form *kru-do- (< *kruo-do-) in: a. Latincrudus, bloody, raw: crude; ECRU, recrudesce; b. Lat-in crudelis, cruel: cruel. .[Pok. 1. A. kreu- 621.]
kreue-².	To push, strike. 1. Germanic *hrewwan in OldEnglish hrfowan, to distress, grieve: rue¹, ruth. 2. Ex-tended o-grade form *krous- in Greek krouein, to strike:anacrusis. .[Pok. 3. kreu- 622.]
kreup-.	Scab; to become encrusted. 1. Germanic *hrub-in: a. Middle Low German ruffelen, to crumple, akin tothe Germanic source of Middle English ruffelen, to ruffle,roughen: ruffle¹; b. Germanic compound ’ga-hrub-('ga-, intensive prefix; see kom) in Middle Dutch graf,harsh: GRUFF. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *kroup-d inSerbo-Croatian krupa, groats (perhaps > GermanGraupe, barley): graupel. .[Pok. kreup• 623.]
kreus-.	To begin to freeze, form a crust. 1. Suffixedzero-grade form *krus-to- in: a. Latin crusta, crust:CROUTON, CRUST, CRUSTACEAN, CRUSTACEOUS, CRUS-TOSE; b. Greek krustallos, ice: crystal, crystalline,crystallo-. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *krus-es- inGreek kruos, icy cold, frost: cryo-. .[Pok. 1. B. kreu- 621.]
kreut-.	Also kreudh-. Reed. Germanic *hreuda- in OldEnglish hr^od, reed: reed. .[Pok. kreut- 623.]
krdpo-.	Roof. Germanic *hrdfam in Old English hrdf,roof: roof. .[Pok. krdpo- 616.]
krut-.	Musical instrument. 1. Germanic *hrut- in OldFrench rote, a stringed instrument: ROTE³. 2. Geminatedform *krutta in Welsh crwth, an ancient Celtic instru-ment: crowd². .[Pok. krut- 624.]
ksero-.	Dry. 1. Lengthened-grade form ’ksero- in Greekxeros, dry: xero-; elixir, phylloxera, xerophthal-mia. 2. Perhaps suffixed variant form ’kseres-no- inLatin serenus, serene, bright, clear: serene. .[Pok. ksero-625.]
ksun.	Preposition and preverb meaning “with.” 1. Greeksun, xun, together, with: syn-. 2. Russian so-, s-, with, insputnik, fellow traveler (see pent-): sputnik. .[In Pok. 2.sem- 902.]
ku-.	Hypothetical base of a variety of conceivably relatedGermanic words meaning “a hollow space or place,enclosing object, round object, lump,” and some otherderivative denotations. 1. Germanic *kubdn-, hut, shed,room, in: a. Old English cofa, bedchamber, closet: cove¹;b. Middle Dutch cubbe, “pen, stall,” fish basket, akin tothe probable source of cubby; c. Germanic compound•kubawald-, probably “house ruler,” household god(waid-, power; see wal-), in Middle High German kobolt,an underground goblin: cobalt, kobold. 2. Germanic’kutam in Old English cot, cottage: COT², (cottage).3.  Germanic ’kuton- in Old English cote, shelter: cote¹.4. Germanic *k(e)ud- in: a. Old English codd, bag, husk:cod²; b. Old English cudele, cuttlefish (from its ink bag):cuttle. 5. Germanic k(e)ut- in Old English * deter,intestines (probably > Middle English chiterling): chit-terlings. 6. Germanic *kukk- in Middle English cok,haycock, pile of straw: cock². 7. Germanic ’kuk- in OldEnglish cicen, chicken; chicken. 8. Germanic *kugg- inSwedish kugge, cog, akin to the possible Scandinaviansource of Middle English cogge, cog: cog*. 9. Germanic’kuggila in Old English cycgel, rod, cudgel: cudgel.10. Germanic ’keulaz in: a. Low German kielswin, keel-son: keelson; b. Middle Dutch kiel, ship, keel of a ship:keel². 11. Germanic *kup- in Middle Dutch kupe, cask,tub, basket: cooper. 12. Germanic *kunt- in Middle LowGerman kunte, vulva, akin to the Low German source ofMiddle English cunte, vulva: cunt. 13. Germanic kura-in Icelandic kura, to crouch, lie in wait, akin to theScandinavian source of Middle English couren, to cower:cower. 14. Possibly Old Norse kiiga, to oppress, akin tothe probable source of cow². .[In Pok. geu- 393.]
kus*.	A kiss. Germanic ’kussaz, a kiss, with denominative’kussjan in Old English cyssan, to kiss: kiss. .[Pok. ku-,kus- 626.]
kwat-.	To ferment, be sour. Possible root. Suffixed vari-ant form *kwdt-so- in Common Slavic *kvasu in Russiankvas, kvass: kvass. .[Pok. kuatfh)- 627.]
k*e.	And (enclitic). Latin -que, and: sesqui-, ubiquity..[Pok. k^ 635.]
kwed-.	To sharpen. Germanic *hwatjan in Old Englishhwettan, to whet: whet. .[Pok. kred- 636.]
kwei-.	To hiss, whistle. Imitative root. Germanic *hw.[-n-and ’huis- in: a. Old English hwinan, to whine: whine;b. Old English hwisprian, to whisper: whisper; c. OldEnglish hwistlian, to whistle: whistle. .[Pok. 2. kuei-628.]
kwei-’.	To pay, atone, compensate. Suffixed o-grade form*kuoi-nd in Greek poine, sine, penalty, borrowed intoLatin as poena, penalty: pain, penal, (penalty), pine²,PUNISH; IMPUNITY, PENOLOGY, (PUNITORY), (REPINE),subpoena. .[Pok. kvei-t- 636.]
kwei-².	To pile up, build, make. O-grade form *kwoi- in;a. Sanskrit kayah, body: cheetah; b. suffixed form*kwoi-wo-, making, in denominative verb * k^oiw-eyo- inGreek poiein, to make, create: poem, poesy, poet,POETIC, -POIESIS, -POIETIC; MYTHOPOEIC, ONOMATO-POEIA, PHARMACOPOEIA, PROSOPOPEIA. .[Pok. 2. kvei-637.]
kwei»-’.	To value, honor. Suffixed zero-grade form*kui-md (< *kuia-md) in Greek time, honor, worth:TIMOCRACY. .[In Pok. kwi-ft ) 636.]
Iceia-².	To rest, be quiet. I. Suffixed zero-grade variantform *kwt-lo- (< ’kdo-lo-). 1. Germanic ’hwild in: a. OldEnglish hwil, while: while; b. Old English hwilum,sometimes: whilom. 2. Possibly Latin tranquillus, tran-quil (trans-, across, beyond; see tero-²): tranquil.II. Variant form *kwye- (< * kwyes-) in Latin quies, quiet(> quietus, calm, retiring), and in requies, rest, andrequiescere, to rest: coy, quiet; acquiesce, requiem,REQUiescat. .[Pok. k^eia- 638.]
kweit-.	White; to shine. Suffixed form ’kweit-o-. 1. Ger-manic *hwltaz in: a. Old English hwit, white: white;b. Middle Dutch wijting, whiting: whiting²; c. Old HighGerman hwiz, wiz, white; edelweiss. 2. Germanic*hwaitjaz in Old English hwæte, wheat (from the finewhite flour it yields): wheat. .[Pok. 3. kuei- 628.]
kwek-.	To appear, see, show. Variant form *kweg- in Slavic*kaz- in Russian ukazaf, to order: ukase. .[Pok. k^ek-638.]
kwel-’.	To revolve, move around, sojourn, dwell. I. Basicform *kuel- in Latin colere, to till, cultivate, inhabit:COLONY, CULT, CULTIVATE, (CULTURE); INCULT, INQUI-LINE, SILVICOLOUS. II. Suffixed form *kwel-es- in Greektelos, “completion of a cycle,” consummation, perfection,end, result (> teleos, perfect, complete): telic, telium,TELO-; ENTELECHY, TALISMAN, (TELEOLOGY), TELEOST,teleutospore. III. Suffixed reduplicated form *kw(e)-kul-o-, circle. 1. Germanic ’hwewlaz in Old Englishhweol, hweogol, wheel: wheel. 2. Greek kuklos, circle,wheel: cycle, cyclo-, cycloid, cyclone, cyclosis;bicycle, encyclical. 3. Sanskrit cakram, circle: chuk-ker. IV. O-grade form ’k^l-. 1. Suffixed form *kwol-so-,“that on which the head turns,” neck, in: a. Germanic*hfw)alsaz in (i) Old Norse ha Is, neck, ship’s bow: hawse(ii) Middle Dutch hals, neck: ringhals (Hi) Germaniccompound *h(w)als-berg-, “neck-protector,” gorget (*ber-gan, to protect; see bhergh-¹), in Old French hauberc,hauberk: hauberk; b. Latin coUum, neck: col, collar,COLLET, CULLET; ACCOLADE, DECOLLATE¹, DECOLLETE,MACHICOLATE, (MACHICOLATION), TORTICOLLIS. 2. Suf-fixed form *kwol-d in Latin -cola and incola, inhabitant(in-, in; see en): -colous; pratincole. 3. Suffixed form’k^ol-o- in: a. Latin anculus, “he who bustles about,”servant (an-, short for ambi-, around, about; see ambhi)':ancillary; b. Greek polos, axis of a sphere: pole¹,pulley; c. Greek -kolos, herdsman, in boukolos, cow-herd: bucolic. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘k^l-i- inGreek palin, again (< “revolving”): palimpsest, palin-drome, PALINGENESIS, PALINODE. .[Pok. 1. k^el- 639.]
kwel-².	Far (in space and time). 1. Lengthened-grade form*kwel- in Greek tele, far off: tele-. 2. Suffixed zero-gradeform *kwl-ai in Greek palai, long ago: paleo-. .[Pok. 2.kvel- 640.j  kwelak-. Bundle. Proposed by some as the root of Latinculcita, mattress, sack, which is more likely of unknownorigin: quilt. .[Pok. kuebk- 630.)  kwelp-. To arch. 1. Germanic *hwalbjan in Old English*hwelfan, hwylfan, with parallel form *hwelman (>Middle English whelman), to turn over: whelm. 2. Suf-fixed o-grade form *kwolp-o- in Greek kolpos, bosom,womb, vagina: gulf; colpitis, colposcope, colpos-copy. .[Pok. 2. kuelp- 630.]
kwen-.	Holy. Suffixed zero-grade form *kwn-s-lo- inGermanic *hunslam in Old English husl, husel, Eucha-rist: housel. .[Pok. kuen- 630.]
k*ent(h)-.	To suffer. 1. Suffixed form *kwenth-es- inGreek penthos, grief: nepenthe. 2. Zero-grade form*kwnth- in: a. Greek pathos, suffering, passion, emotion,feelings: pathetic, patho-, pathos, -pathy; pathogno-monic, sympathy; b. suffixed form ^k^nth-sko- in Greekpaskhein, to feel, suffer: protopathiC. .[Pok. k“enth-641.]
kwep-.	To smoke, cook, move violently, be agitatedemotionally. Hypothetical base of possibly related words.  1. Suffixed variant form *kup-yo- in Latin cupere, todesire: covet, cupid, cupidity; concupiscence.  2. Zero-grade form *kwop-, becoming *kwap- possibly in:a. Latin vapor, steam, vapor: vapor; evaporate;b. Latin vapidus, that has emitted steam or lost itsvapor, fiat, poor: vapid; c. Greek kapnos, smoke: acap-nia. .[Pok. kuep- 596.]
k»er-L	To make. 1. Sanskrit karoti, he makes: Sanskrit.2 Suffixed form *kwer-6r with dissimilated form *kwel-6rin Greek pelor, monster (perhaps “that which doesharm”): peloria. 3. Suffixed form *kwer-ss- in Greekteras, monster: teratocarcinoma, teratogen, tera-toid, teratoma. 4. Suffixed form *kwer-mn in Sanskritkarma, act, deed: karma. .[Pok. 1. kver- 641.]
kwer-².	Something shaped like a dish or shell. Suffixedvariant form *kwar-yo- in Scottish Gaelic co ire, cauldron,hollow, whirlpool: corrie. .[Pok. 2. kver- 642.]
kwerp-.	To turn oneself. 1. Germanic *hwarb- in OldEnglish hwearf, wharf (< “place where people moveabout”): wharf. 2. Germanic *hwerban in: a. Old Norsehverfa, to turn: varve; b. Old Norse *hvirfa, to whirl,perhaps assimilated to Danish hvirre, to whir, akin to theScandinavian source of Middle English whirren, to whir:whir; c. Old Norse hvirfla, to whirl: whirl; d. OldNorth French werble, a warbling: warble¹. 3. Possiblysuffixed zero-grade form *kwrp-o- in Greek karpos,wrist: carpal, carpus. .[Pok. kuerp- 631.]
kwes-.	To pant, wheeze. 1. Germanic *hwesjan in OldNorse hvæsa, to hiss: wheeze. 2. Latin quert, to com-plain: quarrel¹, querulous. 3. Suffixed zero-gradeform *kus-ti- in Greek kustis, bladder, bag (< “bellows”):cyst, CYSTO-. .[Pok. hues- 631.]
kwet-.	To shake. Zero-grade form *kwat-, becoming*kwat- in Latin quatere (past participle quassus, incomposition -cussus), to shake, strike: cascara, kvetch,SCUTCH, SQUASH²; CONCUSS, DISCUSS, PERCUSS, RESCUE,SUCCUSSION. .[Pok. kuet- 632.]
kwetwer-.	Four. I. O-grade form *kwetwor-. 1. ProbablyGermanic *fe(d)wor- in: a. Old English feower, four:four; b. Old English feowertig, forty: forty; c. OldEnglish feowertene, fourteen: fourteen. 2. Latin quat-tuor (> Italian quattro), four: cahier, carnet,QUATRAIN; CATER-CORNERED, QUATTROCENTO. II. Mul-tiplicatives *kweturs, k^etrus, and combining forms'k^eiur-, *kwetru-. 1. Latin quater, four times: (caril-lon), QUATERNARY, QUATERNION, QUIRE¹. 2. Latin qua-drus, four-sided thing, square: cadre, quadrate,QUARREL², QUARRY²; SQUAD, SQUARE, TROCAR. 3. Latinquadri-, four: quadri-. 4. Latin quadra, square: qua-drille¹. 5. Latin quadrans, a fourth part: quadrant.6. Latin quadrdgintd, forty (-ginta, ten times; seedekm): quarantine. 7. Variant form *kwet(w)r- in:a. Greek tetra-, four: tetra-; b. Greek tessares, tettares,  four (genitive tessaron): tessera; diatessaron.c. Greek tetras, group of four: tetrad; d. zero-gradeform *ku't(u)r- in Greek tra-, four: trapezium. III. Ordi-nal adjective *kwetur-to-. 1. Germanic *fe(d)uwthon- in: a. Old English feortha, feowertha, fourth: fourth;b. Middle Dutch veerdel, one-fourth: firkin; c. OldEnglish feorthing, feorthung, fourth part of a penny:farthing. 2. Latin quartus, fourth, quarter: qua-drille², QUADROON, QUART, QUARTAN, QUARTER,QUARTO. .[Pok. kaetuer- 642.]
kw0-.	Also kwi-. Stem of relative and interrogative pro-nouns. 1. Germanic *hwa-, hwi- in: a. personal pronouns*hwas, *hwasa, *hwam in Old English hwa, hwæs,hwæm, who, whose, whom: who, whose, whom; b. pro-noun *hwat in Old English hwæt, what: what; c. adverb*hwi in Old English hwy, why: WHY; d. relative pronoun*hwa-lik- Clik-, body, form; see lik-) in Old Englishhwilc, hwelc, which: which; e. adverb *hwo in OldEnglish hu, how: how¹; f. adverb "hwan- in (i) OldEnglish hwenne, hwanne, when: when (ii) Old Englishhwanon, whence: whence; g. adverb *hwithre in OldEnglish hwider, whither: whither; h. adverb *hwar- inOld English hwær, where: where. 2. Germanic *hwatha-raz in: a. Old English hwæther, hwether, which of two,whether: whether; neither; b. Germanic phrase"aiwo gihwatharaz, “ever each of two” (*aiwo, *aiwi,ever; see aiw-; *gi- from *ga-, collective prefix; see kom),in Old English æghwæther, æther, either: either.3. Latin qui, who (genitive plural quorum): qua, quib-ble, quorum. 4. Latin quid, what, something: hidalgo,quiddity, quidnunc, quip. 5. Latin quam, as, than,how, in quasi (quam + si, if; see swo-), as if: quasi. 6. Latin quod, what: quodlibet. 7. Latin quot, howmany: quote, quotidian, quotient; aliquot. 8. Latinquom, when: quondam. 9. Latin quern, whom: con-quian. 10. Latin quantus, how great: quantity.11. Latin qudlis, of what kind: quality. 12. Latin ut,that: (ut). 13. Latin uter, either of two: neuter.14. Latin ubi, where, and ibi, there: alibi, ubiquity.15. Persian chiz, thing: cheese³. .[Pok. k^o- 644.]
kwon-.	Dog. 1. Greek kuon, dog: cynic; cynosure,Procyon, quinsy. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *kwn-to-in Germanic *hundaz in: a. Old English hund, dog:hound; b. Old High German hunt (> German Hund),dog: dachshund; c. Dutch hand, dog: keeshond. 3. Nominative form *kwo in Welsh ci, dog: corgi. 4. Variant *kan-i- in Latin canis, dog: canaille, ca-nary, Canicula, canine, chenille, kennel¹. .[Pok.kuon- 632.]
k*rep-.	Body. 1. Suffixed form 'k^rep-es- in Germanic*hrifiz in Old English hrif, belly: midriff. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *kwrp-es- in Latin corpus, body, sub-stance: corporal¹, corporal³, corporate, corporeal,corposant, corps, corpse, corpulence, corpus, cor-puscle, CORSAGE, CORSE, CORSET; LEPRECHAUN. .[Pok. 1.krep- 620.]
k*rmi-.	Mite, worm. Rhyme word to *wrmi-, worm (seewer-³). Sanskrit krmi-, worm, in compound knni-ja-,“(red dye) produced by worms” (ja-, produced; seegene-), borrowed into Arabic as qirmiz, kermes: (crim-son), kermes. .[Pok. termi- 649.]
la-.	Echoic root. 1. Middle Dutch lollen, to mutter, akinto the Low German source of Middle English lollen, tololl: loll. 2. Middle Low German lollen, to lull, akin tothe Low German source of Middle English lollen, to lull:lull. 3. Old Norse lomr, loon: loon¹. 4. Latin Idmen-turn, expression of sorrow: lament. 5. Greek lalos, talk-ative: echolalia. 6. Greek lalein, to talk: glossolalia..[Pok. 1. Id- 650.]
lab-.	Lapping, smacking the lips; to lick. Variant of leb-².1.  Germanic *lapjan in Old English lapian, to lap up:lap³. 2. Nasalized form *la-m-b- in: a. Germanic * lamp-in French tamper, to gulp down: lampoon; b. Latinlambere, to lick: lambent. .[Pok. lab- 651.]
ladh-.	To be hidden. 1. Greek If the, forgetfulness: leth-argy, Lethe. 2. Zero-grade form 'ladh- (< *bdh•), withnasalized form *landh-, in Greek lanthanein (aoristlathein), to escape the notice of, with middle lanthanes-thai, to forget: lanthanum; alastor. 3. Suffixed (sta-tive) variant form 'lat-f- in Latin latere, to lie hidden:LATENT. .[In Pok. 2. la- 651.]
lalwo-.	Left. Latin laevus, left: levo-; (levorotation),(levorotatory). .[Pok. laiuo- 652.]
laks-.	Salmon. Suffixed form 'laks-o- in Germanic 'lahs-az in Old High German lahs, salmon: lox¹. .[Pok. lak-653.]
1aku-.	Body of water, lake, sea. 1. Latin lacus, lake, pond,basin: lake¹. 2. Greek lakkos, cistern: laccolith.3. O-grade form 'loku- in Old Irish and Scottish Gaelicloch, lake: LOCH, lough. .[Pok. laku- 653.]
lap-.	To light, burn. Nasalized shortened form ’la-m-p• inGreek lampein, to shine: lamp, lantern; eclampsia..[Pok. ld(i)p- 652.]
las-.	To be eager, wanton, or unruly. 1. Suffixed Ger-manic zero-grade form ’lustuz in: a. Old English lust,lust: lust; b. Old High German lust (> German Lust),desire: wanderlust; C. Germanic denominative verb•lustjan in Old English lystan, to please, satisfy a desire:list⁶. 2. Suffixed form 'las-ko- in Latin lasciuus, wan-ton, lustful: lascivious. .[Pok. las- 654.]
lat-.	Wet, moist. Latin latex, liquid: latex. .[Pok. lat-654.]
lau-.	Gain, profit. 1. Suffixed form 'lau-no- in Germanic*launam in Old High German Ion, reward: guerdon.2. Suffixed zero-grade form *lu-tlo- in Latin lucrum, gain,profit: lucrative, lucre. 3. Suffixed variant form*low-ero• in Irish Gaelic leor, sufficiency, enough: ga-lore. .[Pok. lau- 655.]
le-’.	To get. Contracted from 'les-. Suffixed zero-gradeform *b-tr- in: a. Greek latreia, service (for pay), duties,worship: -Latry; b. Greek latron, pay, akin to the Greeksource of Latin latro, robber: LARCENY; C. Greek -latres,worshiper: idolater. .[Pok. 2. le(i)- 665.]
le-².	To let go, slacken. Contracted from 'les-. 1. Ex-tended form 'led- in: a. Germanic 'letan in Old Englishlætan, to allow, leave undone: LET¹; b. Germanic deriva-tive 'lethigaz, freed, in Medieval Latin letus, litus, serf (<“free man”): liege. 2. Extended zero-grade form *lsd-in: a. Germanic 'lataz in Old English het, late, with itscomparative lætra, latter, and its superlative latest, last:late, latter, last¹; b. Germanic 'latjan in Old Englishlettan, to hinder, impede (< “to make late”): let²;C. suffixed form *bd-te- in Latin lassus, tired, weary:lassitude; alas. 3. Suffixed reduced form 'le-ni- inLatin lenis, soft, gentle: lenient, lenis, lenitive,lenity. .[Pok. 3. left)- 666.]
leb-’.	Base of loosely related derivatives meaning “hang-ing loosely.” I. Variant form *lep- in Germanic 'lap- inOld English beppa, lappa, flap of a garment: lap¹.II. Nasalized form 'lemb(h)-, with variant form*slemb{h)-. 1. Germanic 'temp- probably in obsoleteEnglish limphalt, lame (halt, lame; see kel-¹): LIMP.2. Germanic 'lump- in: a. Dutch temp, rag, akin to theLow German source of Middle English lump, lump:lump¹; b. possibly obsolete English lump, lumpfish:lumpfish; c. German Lumpen, rags: lumpen. 3. Ger-manic 'slimp- in Middle Dutch slim(p), slanting, bad:slim. 4. Middle High German slam, mud: slumgullion.5. Old Norse slambra, to strike at, akin to the Scandina-vian source of slam¹. 6. Norwegian slumpa, to slump,akin to the Scandinavian source of slump. III. Variant*(s)lab- in Germanic 'slab-. 1. Danish slab, mud, akin tothe Scandinavian source of slab². 2. Swedish slabb,slime, mud, akin to the Scandinavian source of Irish slab,mud: slob. IV. Variants 'slap-, 'step-. Germanic 'slap-in: a. Low German slapp, slap: slap; b. Old Norseslafra, to slaver: slaver¹. V. Variant 'lab-. 1. Germanic'lab- in Old French label, ribbon, strip: label. 2. Latinlabi (past participle lapsus), to fall, slip: labile, lapse;COLLAPSE, ELAPSE, PRELAPSARI AN, PROLAPSE, RELAPSE,supralapsarian. 3. Suffixed form *lab-os- perhaps inLatin labor, labor, toil, exertion: labor; collaborate,elaborate. (But both Isatin labi and labor may belongto a root 'sleb.) VI. O-grade form 'teb- in Greek tebos,lobe: lobe. .[Pok. leb- 655.]
leb-².	Lip. 1. Germanic 'lep- in Old English lippa, lip: lip.2. Variant form lab- in: a. suffixed form 'lab-yo- in Latinlabium, lip: labial, labium; b. suffixed form *lab-ro- inLatin labrum, lip: labellum, labret, labrum. Com-pare lab-. .[Pok. leb- 655.]
leg-’.	To collect; with derivatives meaning "to speak.”1. Perhaps Germanic 'lekjaz, enchanter, one who speaksmagic words, in Old English Lece, physician: leech¹.2. Latin legere, to gather, choose, pluck, read: lectern,LECTION, LECTURE, LEGEND, LEGIBLE, LEGION, (LES-SON); (COIL¹), COLLECT¹, DILIGENT, ELECT, INTELLIGENT,NEGLECT, PRELECT, SACRILEGE, SELECT, SORTILEGE.3. Greek legein, to gather, speak: lexicon; alexia,ANALECTS, BRADYLEXIA, CATALOGUE, DIALECT, (DIA-LOGUE), DYSLEXIA, ECLECTIC, EPILOGUE, PROLEGOM-ENON. 4. Suffixed form 'leg-no- in Latin lignum, wood,firewood (< “that which is gathered”): ligneous, ligni-.5. Lengthened-grade form 'leg- possibly in: a. Latin lex,law (? < “collection of rules”): legal, legist, legiti-mate, lex, loyal; legislator, privilege; b. Latindenominative legare, to depute, commission, charge (<“to engage by contract”; but possibly from legh-):LEGACY, LEGATE; ALLEGE, COLLEAGUE, (COLLEGIALITY),delegate, relegate. 6. Suffixed o-grade form 'teg-o-in Greek logos, speech, word, reason: logic, logistic,logo-, Logos, -logy; analogous, apologue, apology,Decalogue, homologous, logarithm, paralogism,prologue, syllogism. .[Pok. leg- 658.]
leg-².	To dribble, trickle. Germanic 'lek- in: a. MiddleEnglish leke, a leak: leak; b. Middle English lack,deficiency: lack. .[Pok. 1. leg- 657.]
legh-.	To lie, lay. 1. Suffixed form *leg-yo- in: a. Ger-manic 'ligjan in Old English licgan, to lie: LIE¹; b. Ger-manic 'lagjan in (i) Old English lecgan, to lay: LAY¹,ledge, (ledger) (U) Old English belecgan, to cover,surround (be-, over; see ambhi): belay. 2. Suffixed form'leg-ro- in Germanic 'legraz in: a. Old English leger,lair; lair; b. Dutch leger, lair, camp: leaguer¹; belea-guer; C. Old High German legar, bed, lair (> GermanLager, store, and Afrikaans lager, laager): laager,lager; (stalag). 3. Celtic 'leg-yd- in Medieval Latin lia,sediment: lees. 4. Lengthened-grade form 'legh- inGermanic 'legaz, “lying flat,” low, in Old Norse lagr,low: low¹. 5. Suffixed form 'legh-te- in Latin lectus, bed:litter; wagon-lit. 6. Suffixed o-grade form 'tegh-o- inGermanic 'lagam in: a. Old Norse *lagu, lag-, law, “thatwhich is set down” (> Old English lagu, law); law;Danelaw; b. Old Norse lag, a laying down: fellow;C. Old Norse teg, law; outlaw; d. Old High Germanlaga (> Middle High German lage > German Lage), actof laying: anlage, vorlage. 7. Suffixed o-grade form'tegh-o- in Greek tekhos, childbirth, place for lying inwait: lochia. .[Pok. legh- 658, 2. legh- 660.]
Iegwh-.	Light, having little weight. 1. Suffixed form  *legwh-t- in Germanic *liht(j)az in: a. Old English liht,  leoht, light: light²; b. Old English lihtan, to lighten:  lighter². 2. Suffixed form 'legwh-u-i- in Latin levis (>  Old French leger), light, with its derivative levdre, to  lighten, raise: leaven, lever, levity; alleviate,  CARNIVAL, ELEVATE, LEGERDEMAIN, LEVIGATE,  (mezzo-relievo), relieve. 3. Variant form *lagwh- in  Old Irish lu-, small: leprechaun. 4. Nasalized form  *l(e)nguh- in Germanic 'lung- in Old English lungen,  lungs (from their lightness): lung. 5. Attributed by some  to this root is Latin oblivisci, to forget, which is more  likely from lei-. .[Pok. legvh- 660.]
lei-.	Also slei-. Slimy. 1. Germanic 'sli- with variousextensions in: a. Old English slim, slime: slime; b. OldEnglish slipor, slippery: slippery; C. Old English ‘slice,smooth (> Middle English slike, smooth): slick; d. OldEnglish lim, cement, birdlime: LIME³; e. Old English lam,loam: loam; f. Old Norse slettr, smooth, sleek, akin tothe probable Scandinavian source of Middle Englishslight, slender: slight; g. Middle Dutch and Middle LowGerman slippen, to slip, slip away, akin to the probablesource of Middle English slippen, to slip: slip¹; h. MiddleLow German slepen, to drag: schlep. 2 Suffixed form*lei-mo- in Latin Umus, slime: limacine, limicoline.3. Suffixed form *lei-w- in Latin oblivisci (ob-, away; seeepi), to forget (< “to wipe, let slip from the mind”):OBLIVION, OUBLIETTE. 4. Extended form *(s)leb- in:a. nasalized zero-grade form ‘U-n-a- in Latin linere, toanoint: liniment; b. Suffixed zero-grade form *11- (<*fo-) in Greek Utos, plain, simple: litotes. .[Pok. 3. lei-662.]
lei-.	Also lei-. To flow. 1. Extended form *leib- in Latinlibare, to pour out, taste: libation; prelibation.2.  Possibly suffixed extended form "leit-os- in Latin litus,shore: littoral. .[Pok. 4. lUi- 664.]
leid-.	To play, jest. Suffixed o-grade form *loid-o- inLatin Indus, game, play, with its derivative ludere, toplay (but both words may possibly be from Etruscan):ludicrous; allude, collude, delude, elude, illu-sion, INTERLUDE, PRELUDE, PROLUSION. .[Pok. leid- 666.]
lei#-.	To waste away. Zero-grade form ‘U- (< *lio-) inGreek limos, hunger, famine: bulimia. .[In Pok. 2. lei-661.]
leig-¹.	To bind. 1. Germanic *Uk- in Middle Low GermanIlk, leech line: leech². 2. Zero-grade form ‘lig-a- in Latinligare, to bind: league¹, legato, liable, lien, ligase,ligate; alloy, (ally), colligate, colligative, furl,oblige, (rally), rely. .[Pok. 4. leig- 668.]
leig-².	Poor. Perhaps Greek oligos, few, little: oligo-..[Pok. 1. leig- 667.]
leig-³.	To leap, tremble. O-grade form *loig- in Germanic‘laik- in: a. Old English -lac, suffix denoting activity:wedlock; b. Old Norse leika, to play: lark². .[Pok. 3.leig- 667.]
leigh-.	To lick. 1. Greek leikhein, to lick: electuary.2.  Zero-grade form *lig- in Germanic *likkon in: a. OldEnglish liccian, to lick: lick; b. Old French techier, tolive in debauchery; lecher. 3. Nasalized zero-gradeform *ling- in Latin lingere, to lick: anilingus, CUNNI-lingus. .[Pok. leigh- 668.]
leik"-.	To leave. 1. Basic form *leikw- in Greek leipein, toleave: eclipse, ellipsis. 2. O-grade form *loik“- in;a. Germanic *laihwnjan in Old English lænan, to lend,give (< “to leave to”): lend; b. suffixed form *loikw-nes-in Germanic *laihwniz in Old Norse lan, loan: LOAN.3.  Zero-grade form *likw- in Germanic *-lif-, left, in:a. Germanic *ain-lif-, “one (beyond ten),” in Old Englishendleofan, eleven (see ol-no-); b. Germanic *twa-lif-,“two left (beyond ten),” in Old English twelf, twelve (seedwo-). 4. Nasalized zero-grade form *li-n-ku- in Latinlinquere, to leave: delinquent, derelict, relinquish..[Pok. leik*- 669.]
leip-.	To stick, adhere; fat. 1. Germanic *Ubam in OldEnglish Us, life (< “continuance”): life, lively. 2. Ger-manic ‘liben in Old English lifian, libban, to live: live¹.3.  Germanic *laibjan in Old English læfan, to leave, haveremaining: leave¹. 4. Germanic *libra in Old Englishlifer, liver (formerly believed to be the blood-producingorgan): liver¹. 5. Zero-grade form *lip- in Greek lipos,fat: LIPO-. 6. Variant form ‘sleibh- in Greek aleiphein, toanoint with oil (> aleiphar, unguent): aliphatic; SYNA-lepha. .[Pok. leip- 670.]
leis-¹.	Track, furrow. 1. O-grade form ‘lois- in: a. Ger-manic ‘laist- in Old English last, læst, sole, footprint:last³; b. Germanic ‘laistjan, “to follow a track,” in OldEnglish Uestan, to continue: last²; c. suffixed form*lois-d in Germanic *laizb in Old English lar, learning:lore¹. 2. Germanic zero-grade form *lizn6n, “to follow acourse (of study),” in Old English leornian, to learn:learn. 3. Suffixed full-grade form ’leis-a in Latin Ura, afurrow: delirium. .[Pok. leis- 671.]
leis-².	Small. Germanic comparative *lais-iz(a) and super-lative *lais-ista- in Old English comparative Les, Less aand superlative Lest, Lerest: least, less.leit-¹. To detest. 1. Germanic *laithaz in Old English lath,loathsome: loath. 2. Germanic *laithbn in Old Englishlathian, to loathe: loathe. .[Pok. 1. leit- 672.]
leit-².	To go forth, die. 1. Suffixed o-grade form *loit-eyo-in Germanic ‘laidjan in: a. Old English Uedan, to lead:lead¹; b. Old High German leiten, to lead: leitmotif.2. Suffixed variant o-grade form ’loit-d in Germanic*laidd in Old English lad, course, way: load, lode;livelihood. .[Pok. leitfh)- 672.]
leizd-.	Border, band. Germanic ‘Ustbn- in: a. Old Englishliste, border, edge, strip: list²; b. Old Italian lista,border, strip of paper, list: list¹. .[Pok. leizd- 672.]
lek-.	To leap, fly. Possibly suffixed o-grade form *lok-ost-in Latin locusta, locusta, a marine shellfish, lobster:LOBSTER, LOCUST. .[Pok. 2. lek- 673.]
lek-.	To tear. Zero-grade form *lsk- becoming lak-.1. Latin lacinia, flap of a garment: laciniate. 2. Suf-fixed form *lak-ero- in Latin lacer, torn: lacerate..[Pok. 2. lek- 674.]
lem-¹.	To break in pieces; broken, soft, with derivativesmeaning “crippled.” 1. Germanic ’lamdn- in Old Englishlama, lame: lame¹. 2. Germanic ‘lamjan in Old Norselemja, to flog, cripple by beating, akin to the Scandina-vian source of lam¹. 3. Perhaps Swedish dialectal loma,to move heavily, akin to the Scandinavian source ofMiddle English lomeren, to lumber: lumber². .[Pok. 1.lem- 674.]
lem-².	Nocturnal spirits. 1. Suffixed form ‘lem-or- inLatin lemures, ghosts: lemures. 2. Suffixed variantform ‘lam-ya- in Greek lamia, monster: lamia. .[Pok. 2.lem- 675.]
lendh-¹.	Loin. Suffixed o-grade form *londh-wo- in LatinIambus, loin: loin, lumbago, lumbar; sirloin. .[Pok. 2.lendh- 675.]
lendh-².	Open land. Germanic *landam in: a. Old Englishland, land: land; b. Middle Dutch land, land: bilan-der, landscape, UITLANDER; c. Old High German lant(> German Land), land; auslander, GELAndesprung,hinterland, landsman²; d. Old French launde, heath,pasture: lawn¹. .[Pok. 3. lendh- 675.]
lenk-.	To bend. Germanic ‘lengwa- in Old Norse lyng,heather: ling². .[Pok. lenk- 676.]
lento-.	Flexible. 1. Suffixed form *lent-yo- in Germanic*linthjaz in: a. Old English Uthe, flexible, mild: lithe;b. Old English lindfe), linden tree (from its pliant bast):linden. 2. Suffixed form ‘lent-o- in Latin lentus, flexi-ble, tenacious, sluggish, slow; lento; rallentando,relent. .[Pok. lento- 677.]
lep-¹.	To peel. 1. Greek lepein, to peel (> lemma, husk):lemma², lepto-, lepton¹; sarcolemma. 2. Suffixedform *lep-i- in Greek lepis, lepos, a scale: leper, lepi-DO-, lepidOTE. 3. Suffixed variant form *lap-aro- inGreek laparos, soft: laparotomy. 4. O-grade form *lop-in Greek elops, ellops, a fish (< *en-lopos, having scales;en-, in; see en): ELapid. .[Pok. 2. lep- 678.]
lep-².	To be flat; palm, sole, shoulder blade. Lengthenedo-grade form *ldp- in Germanic *ldfd in: a. Germanic'golds6 (*ga-, collective prefix; see kom), “covering forthe hand,” in Old English gibs, glove: glove; b. MiddleDutch *loef, windward side of a ship, akin to the prob-able Germanic source of Old French lof, spar: luff. .[Pok.2. lep- 679.]
lerd-.	Bent, curved. Suffixed o-grade form ‘lord-o- inGreek lordos, bent backward: lordosis. .[Pok. lerd- 679.]
letro-.	Leather. Germanic ‘lethram in Old English lether-,leather: leather. .[Pok. letro- 681.]
leu-¹.	To loosen, divide, cut apart. 1. Germanic ‘leusanin: a. Old English -leosan, to lose: lorn, (losel); b. Ger-manic ’fer-leusan. ‘far-leusan (‘fer-, *far-, prefix denot-ing rejection or exclusion; see per¹) in (i) Old Englishforleosan, to forfeit, lose: forlorn (ii) Dutch verliezen,to lose (past participle verloren}: forlorn hope. 2. Ger-manic *lawud in Swedish lagg, barrel stave (< “splitpiece of wood”), akin to the probable source of lag².3.  Germanic *lausaz in: a. Old English leas, “loose,” freefrom, without, untrue, lacking: leasing, -less; b. OldEnglish los, loss: lose, (loss); c. Old Norse lauss, louss,loose: loose; d. Swiss German Ids ch, loose: loess.4.  Zero-grade form ‘lu- in: a. Greek luein, to loosen,release, untie: lysis, lyso-, -lyte, -lytic; analysis,CATALYSIS, DIALYSIS, LYASE, PARALYSIS, TACHYLYTE;b. Latin lues, plague, pestilence (< “dissolution, putre-faction”): lues; C. prefixed form *se-lu- (se-, apart; sees(w)e-) in Latin solvere, to loosen, untie: soluble,solute, solve; absolute, (absolve), assoil, conso-lute, dissolve, resolve. .[Pok. 2. leu- 681.]
leu-².	Dirt; to make dirty. 1. Latin polluere, to pollute (<‘por-luere; por- for pro-, forth, forward; see per’):pollute. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *lu-to- in Latinlutum, mud, mire, clay: lute². .[Pok. 1. leu- 681.]
leu-’.	Stone. Welsh Hech, flat stone (from an uncertainpreform): CROMLECH. .[Pok. 2. leu- 683.]
leu-².	Echoic root. 1. Extended form ‘leut- in Germanic*leuth- in Old High German Hod (> German Lied), song:LIED; volkslied. 2. Extended variant form *laud- inLatin laus, praise, glory, fame: laud. .[Pok. 3. leu- 683.]
leubh-.	To care, desire; love. I. Suffixed form ‘leubh-o- inGermanic ’leubaz in Old English leaf, dear, beloved:lief; leman, livelong. II. O-grade form *loubh-.1. Germanic *laubo in: a. Old English leaf, permission (<“pleasure, approval”); leave²; b. Middle Dutch verlof,leave, permission (ter-, intensive prefix, from Germanic‘fer-; see per¹): furlough; c. Germanic ‘galaubd (*ga-,intensive prefix; see kom) in Old English geleafa, bileafa(bi-, about; see ambhi), belief, faith: belief. 2. Ger-manic ‘galaubjan (’ga-, intensive prefix; see kom), “tohold dear,” esteem, trust, in Old English gelefan, belefan(be-, about; see ambhi), to believe, trust: BELIEVE.III. Zero-grade form ‘lubh-. 1. Suffixed form ‘lubhd- inGermanic *lubo in Old English lufu, love: love. 2. Suf-fixed (stative) form *lubh-e- in Latin libere, to be dear, bepleasing: quodlibet. 3. Latin libido, pleasure, desire:LIBIDO. .[Pok. leubh- 683.]
leud-.	Small. Germanic ‘lut- in: a. West Germanic ‘lutti-laz in Old English lytel, little: little; b. Old Englishlutan, to bend down: lout²; C. Old Norse luta, to benddown (< “to make small”): (lout¹); d. perhaps MiddleDutch loteren, to shake, totter (< “to make smaller”),perhaps akin to the source of Middle English loitren, toidle away time: loiter. .[Pok. leud- 684.]
leudh-¹.	To go. Zero-grade form ‘(e)ludh- in suffixedunextended form ‘elu-to- in Greek proselutos, “one whocomes to a place,” stranger (pros-, to; see per'): pros-elyte. .[In Pok. 6. el- 306.]
leudh-².	To mount up, grow. Suffixed form ‘leudh-ero- inLatin liber, free (the precise semantic development isobscure): liberal, liberate, ubertine, liberty, liv-ery; deuver. .[Pok. 1. leudh- 684.]
leu(»)-.	To wash. 1. Suffixed form ‘lou-kd- in Germanic'laugo in Old English leag, lye: lye. 2. Suffixed form•lou-tro- in Old English leather, washing soda: lather.3. Variant form ‘law- in: a. Latin lavere, to wash, withits derivative -luere, to wash: lotion; ablution, allu-vion, COLLUVIUM, DELUGE, DILUTE, (ELUANT), ELUTE,ELUVIUM; b. form ‘law-a- in Latin lavare, to wash:lave, loment; c. Latin lavdtrina, latrina, a bath, privy:LATRINE. .[Pok. lou- 692.]
leug-¹.	To bend, turn, wind. 1. Germanic *lauk-, leek(semantic transition obscure), in Old English leac, leek:LEEK; garuc. 2. Zero-grade form ‘lug- in Germanic‘luk- in: a. Old English loc, lock (perhaps < “a bendingtogether, shutting”): LOCK¹, LOCKET; b. Old English loee,strand of hair: LOCK²; c. possibly Old French lucane,dormer: lucarne. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘lug-so-in Latin luxus, dislocated, and luxus, excess, extrava-gance (originally of plants, “growing obliquely or toexcess"): luxate, luxury. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form‘lug-to- in Latin luctari, to wring, wrestle, struggle:INELUCTABLE, RELUCT. .[Pok. 1. leUg- 685.]
leug-².	To break. Suffixed form ‘leug-e- in Latin lugere,to mourn (? < “to break down mentally”): lugubrious..[Pok. leug- 686.]
leugh-.	To tell a lie. 1. Germanic ‘leugan in: a. OldEnglish leogan, to lie: warlock; b. Old English beleog-an, to tell lies about (be-, about; see ambhi): belie.2. Germanic ‘lugiz in Old English lyge, a lie, falsehood:lie². .[Pok. leugh- 686.]
leuk-.	Light, brightness. I. Basic form *leuk-. 1. Suffixedform *leuk-to- in Germanic ‘leuhtam in Old Englishleoht, liht, light: LIGHT¹. 2. Latin lux, light: Lucina,luculent, lux; Lucifer, luciferin. 3. Suffixed form‘leuk-smen- in Latin lumen, light, opening: limn, lu-men, LUMINARY, LUMINOUS; ILLUMINATE, PHILLUMEN-IST. 4. Suffixed form ‘leuk-snd- in Latin luna, moon:Luna, lunar, lunate, lunatic, lune, lunula; demi-lune, sublunary. 5. Suffixed form ‘leuk-stro- in:a. Latin lustrum, purification: luster, (lustrum);b. Latin lustrare, to purify, illuminate: illustrate.6.  Suffixed form *leuko-dhro- in Latin lucubrdre, towork by lamplight: lucubrate. II. O-grade form *louk-.1. Suffixed form ‘louk-o- in Germanic ‘lauhaz in OldEnglish leah, meadow (< “place where light shines”):lea. 2. Suffixed (iterative) form ‘louk-eyo- in Latinluce re, to shine (> lucidus, shining): LUCENT, lucid;ELUCIDATE, NOCTILUCA, PELLUCID, RELUCENT, TRANS-LUCENT. III. Zero-grade form *luk-. 1. Suffixed form‘luk-sno- in Greek lukhnos, lamp: LINK², lychnis. 2. At-tributed by some to this root (but more likely of obscureorigin) is Greek lunx, lynx (as if from its shining eyes):LYNX, OUNCE². .[Pok. leuk- 687.]
leup-.	To peel off, break off. 1. Germanic ‘laubaz in OldEnglish leaf, leaf: leaf. 2 Germanic ‘laubja, “roof madefrom bark,” shelter, in: a. Old French loge, lodge: LODGE,(loge); b. Medieval Latin lobium, labia, laubia, monas-tic cloister: lobby. 3. Attributed by some to this root isGermanic ‘luftuz, sky (traditionally explained as < “roofof the world,” vault of heaven), but probably a separateGermanic root, in: a. Old Norse laps, air, attic, sky: loft;aloft; b. Germanic ‘luftjan, to hold up in the air, in OldNorse lypta, to lift: lift. .[Pok. leup- 690.].[Ilk-. Body, form; like, same. Germanic root. 1. OldEnglish lie, form, body: lich gate. 2. Old English -lie,having the form of: -ly¹, -ly². 3. a. Germanic ‘galikaz inOld English gelic, similar: alike, like²; b. Germanicphrase *aiwo galikaz, “ever alike” (*aiwo, ‘aiwi, ever;see aiw-), in Old English ælc, each: each. 4. Germanic‘is-lik in Old English ilea, the same (see i-). 5. Old Norselikr, like: likely. 6. Middle Dutch -life, -ly: frolic.7.  Germanic ‘likjan in Old English lician, to please:like¹. 8. Germanic ‘hwa-lik-, which (see kwo-). .[In Pok.2. leig- 667.]
lino-.	Flax. 1. Form ‘lino- in Greek linon, flax: linoleicacid. 2. Form ‘lino- in Latin linum, flax, linen: line¹,UNE², LINEN, LINGERIE, LININ, LINNET, LINT; CRINO-LINE, linseed. .[Pok. li-no- 691.].[ITthra. A scale. Mediterranean word. 1. Probably Latinlibra, a pound, balance: level, libra, lira, livre;deliberate, equilibrium. 2. Probably Greek litra, unitof weight, pound: liter.]
lus-.	Louse. Germanic ‘lus- in Old English lus, louse:louse. .[Pok. Ids- 692.]
ms	'. Good; with derivatives meaning “occurring at agood moment, timely, seasonable, early.” 1. Suffixedform ‘ma-tu- in: a. further suffixed form ‘md-tu-ro- inLatin mdturns, seasonable, ripe, mature: MADURO, ma-TURE; immature, premature; b. further suffixed form*ma-tu-to- in Latin Mituta, name of the goddess ofdawn: (matinee), matins, (matutinal). 2. Suffixedform ’mini- in: a. Latin mane, (in) the morning (>Spanish manana, morning, tomorrow): manana; b. Lat-in minis, minus, good: manes. .[Pok. 2. ma- 693.]
ma-².	Mother. An imitative root derived from the child’scry for the breast (a linguistic near-universal found inmany of the world’s languages, often in reduplicatedform). 1. Latin mamma, breast: mamma², Mammalia,mammilla. 2. Probably Greek Maia, “good mother”(respectful form of address to old women), also nurse:Maia, maieutic. (3. More recently formed in the sameway is English mama.) .[Pok. 3. mi- 694.]
ma-³.	Damp. 1. Suffixed form *md-ro- in Germanic’mora- in Old English mor, marsh, wilderness: moor².2. Suffixed form *md-no- in Latin minire, to flow,trickle: emanate. .[Pok. mi-no- 699.].[macula. A spot, blemish; also a hole in a net, mesh.Latin noun of unknown origin, mackle, macle, macula,maculate, macule, maii^, maillot, maquis; immacu-late, trammel.]
mad-.	Moist, wet; also refers to various qualities of food.1. Sanskrit madati, “it gladdens, it bubbles,” hencemadana-, delightful, joyful, hence madanah, a mynabird: myna. 2. Suffixed form ’modi- in Germanic *mati-in: a. Old English mete, food: meat; b. Middle LowGerman (ge)mate (ge-, together, from Germanic *ga-; seekom), “he with whom one shares one’s food,” compan-ion: mate¹. 3. Suffixed form *mad-sto-, becoming*mazdo-, in Germanic *masta- in Old English mæst,fodder: mast². .[Pok. mad- 694.]
mag-.	Also mak-. To knead, fashion, sit. 1. Germanic*mak- in: a. Germanic verb ’makon, to fashion, fit, in (i)Old English macian, to make: make (ii) Old Frenchmason, mason: mason; b. Germanic compound noun*ga-mak-(j)on (’ga-, with, together; see kom), “he who isfitted with (another),” in Old English gemæcca, mate,spouse: match¹. 2. Germanic nasalized form *mangjan,to knead together, in: a. Old English mengan, to mix:mingle; b. Old Englishgemang (ge-, together; see kom),mixture, crowd: among, mongrel. 3. Suffixed form’mak-yo- in Greek massein (aorist stem mag-), to knead,hence magma, unguent: magma. 4. Suffixed length-ened-grade form *mdg-ya- in Greek maza, a (kneaded)lump, barley cake: mass; (amass), mazaedium. 5. Suf-fixed lengthened-grade form *mik-ero- in Latinmdcerire, to tenderize, to soften (food) by steeping:macerate. .[Pok. mag- 696, 2. mak- 698, men(a)k- 730.]
magh-¹.	To be able, have power. 1. Germanic ’mag- in:a. Old English magan, to be able: may; b. Old Frenchesmaier, to frighten: dismay. 2. Germanic suffixed form’mah-ti-, power, in Old English miht, power: might¹.3. Germanic suffixed form *mag-inam, power, in OldEnglish mægen, power: main¹. 4. Suffixed length-ened-grade form *magh-ana-, “that which enables,” inGreek (Attic) mekhane, (Doric) mikhani, device: ma-chine, mechanic, (mechanism), (mechano-). 5. Possi-bly suffixed form *magh-u- in Old Persian maguS,member of a priestly caste (< “mighty one”): (magi),(magic), magus; archimage. .[Pok. magh- 695.]
magh-².	To fight. Hypothetical Old Iranian *ha-maz-an-,“warrior” (*ha-, with < *sm-; see sem-¹), possiblyborrowed into Greek as Amazon, Amazon: Amazon..[Pok. magh- 697.]
maghu-.	Young person of either sex. Suffixed form*magho-ti- in Germanic 'magadi-, with diminutive *ma-gadin-, in Old English mægden, virgin: maid, maiden..[Pok. maghos 696.]
mai-¹.	To cut. 1. Suffixed form *mai-d- in Germanic’mait- in: a. Germanic ’e-mait-jon, “the biter” (prefix*e-, meaning uncertain, from Indo-European e, 6; seePok. e, o 280), a small biting insect, in Old Englishæmette, ant: ant, emmet; b. Germanic ’miton-, “thebiter,” a small biting insect, in (i) Old English mite, mite:mite¹ (ii) Middle Dutch mite, insect, small object, smallcoin: mite²; C. possibly Old French mahaigner, to maim(> Anglo-Norman mangier, to hack): maim, mangle¹,mayhem. 2. Suffixed form *mai-lo- in Old Irish miel,shorn, bald, hornless, akin to the source of muley. .[Pok.1. mai- 697.]
mai-².	To soil, defile. Possible root. 1. Suffixed form*mai-lo- in Germanic ’mail- in Old English mil, spot,blemish: mole¹. 2. Suffixed variant form ’mi-an-yo- inGreek miainein, to pollute: miasma; amianthus. .[Pok.2. mai- 697.]
mak-’.	Poppy. Probably borrowed into Indo-European, asthe plant is of Mediterranean origin. Lengthened-gradeform *mak- in Greek mekon, poppy: meconium. .[Pok.mak(en)- 698.]
mak-².	(Leather) bag. Germanic form *magon-, bag,stomach, in Old English maga, stomach: maw. .[Pok.mak- 698.]
mak-.	Long, thin. 1. Zero-grade form ’mak- becoming*mak- in suffixed form ’mak-ro- in: a. Latin macer, thin:maigre, meager; emaciate; b. Greek makros, long,large: macro-, macron; amphimacer. 2. Suffixed form*mik-es- in Greek mekos, length: mecopteran, Para-mecium. .[Pok. mak- 699.].[malakhe. Mallow. Greek noun, akin to Latin malva,mallow, both probably borrowed from a pre-Indo-Euro-pean Mediterranean language. 1. Greek malakhe, molo-khe, mallow: malachite. 2. Latin malva, mallow:mallow, mauve.]
man-¹.	Also mon-. Man. 1. Extended forms ’manu-,*manw- in Germanic ’manna- (plural ’manniz), in:a. Old English man(n) (plural menn), man: man; Nor-man; b. Old High German man (> Middle High Germanman > German Mann), man: fugleman, landsman²;c. Middle Dutch man, man: manikin, (mannequin);d. Old Norse madhr, mannr, man: Norman, ombuds-man. 2. Germanic adjective *manniska-, human, in OldHigh German mennisco, human: MENSCH. 3. Slavic suf-fixed form ’mon-gyo- in Russian muzh, man: muzhik..[Pok. manu-s 700.]
man-².	Hand. 1. Latin manas, hand: manacle, manage,(manege), manner, manual, manubrium, manus;AMANUENSIS, MAINTAIN, MANEUVER, MANICOTTI, MANI-CURE, MANIFEST, MANIPLE, MANIPULATION, MANSUE-TUDE, MANUFACTURE, MANUMIT, MANURE, MANUSCRIPT,mastiff, mortmain, quadrumanous. 2. Suffixed form’man-ko-, maimed in the hand, in Latin mancus,maimed, defective: manque. 3. Latin compound man-ceps, “he who takes by the hand” (-ceps, agential suffix,“taker”; see kap-), purchaser: emancipate. 4. Latincompound mandare, “to give into someone’s hand”(dare, to give; see do-), entrust, order: mandamus,mandate; command, (commando), commend, coun-termand, DEMAND, RECOMMEND, REMAND. .[Pok. ma-r-740.].[mappa. Napkin, towel, cloth. Latin noun, said by Quin-tilian to be of Carthaginian origin, apron, map, mop,NAPERY, NAPKIN, NAPPE.].[margarites. Pearl. Greek noun of Oriental origin (prob-ably immediately from Iranian). Greek margarites, mar-garon, pearl: margaric, margaric acid, (margarine),MARGARITE¹, MARGARITE².]
mari-.	Young woman. Suffixed form ’mari-to-, “providedwith a bride,” in Latin maritus, married, a husband:marital, marry¹. .[Pok. merip- 738.]
marko-.	Horse. 1. Germanic ’marhaz in Old High Ger-man marahscalc, “horse-servant” (Germanic ’skalkaz,slave; see skalkaz), hence groom, later a title for acavalry leader, akin to the Germanic source of OldFrench mareschal, cavalry officer: marshal. 2. Ger-manic feminine ’marhjon- in Old English mere, miere,mare: mare¹. .[Pok. marko- 700.].[mas. Male. Latin adjective of unknown origin. Deriva-tive mas cuius, male, manly: macho, male, masculine;EMASCULATE.]
mat-.	A kind of tool. Old English mattuc, mattock (prob-ably borrowed from Vulgar Latin 'mattea): mattock..[Pok. 2. mat- 700.)mater-. Mother. Based ultimately on the baby-talk formma-¹, with the kinship term suffix -ter-. 1. Germanic'mdthar- in Old English modor, mother: mother*.2. Latin mater, mother: mater, maternal, maternity,(matriculate), matrix, matron; madrepore, matri-mony. 3. Greek niter, mother: METRO-; METROPOLIS.4. Latin materies, materia, tree trunk (< “matrix,” thetree’s source of growth), hence hard timber used incarpentry, hence (by a caique on Greek hule, wood,matter) substance, stuff, matter: material, matter.5. Greek compound Demeter, name of the goddess ofproduce, especially cereal crops (de-, possibly meaning“earth”): Demeter. .[Pok. mater- 700.]
math-.	Worm. With uncertain preform, but clearly re-lated, is Old English moththe, moth: moth. .[Pok. 1.math- 700.].[Mawort-. Name of an Italic deity who became the god ofwar at Rome (and also had agricultural attributes),hence also the name of the planet Mars (doubtless fromits red color, the color of blood). Latin Mars (stemMart-), Mars: March, Mars, martial, Martian.]
mazdo-.	Pole, rod, mast. Germanic 'mastaz in Old Eng-lish mæst, mast: mast*. .[Pok. mazdo-s 701.]
me-’.	Oblique form of the personal pronoun of the firstperson singular. For the nominative see eg. 1. GermanicW- in Old English ml (dative and accusative): ME,myself. 2. Possessive adjective 'mei-no- in Germanic'min- in: a. Old English min, my: mine², my; b. MiddleDutch mijn, my: mynheer. .[Pok. 1. me- 702.]
me-².	In the middle of. 1. Suffixed form *me-dhi inGermanic ‘mid- in Old English mid, among, with: mid-wife. 2. Suffixed form *me-ta in Greek meta, between,with, beside, after: meta-. See also medhyo-. .[Pok. 2.me- 702.]
me-'.	Expressing certain qualities of mind. Contractedfrom 'ma-. 1. Suffixed o-grade form 'mo-to- in Ger-manic 'mothaz in (i) Old English mod, mind, disposition:mood* (ii) Old High German muot, mind, spirit, inGerman Gemiit, spirit, feelings, temperament: gemut-lich, GEMUTLICHKEIT. 2. Perhaps Latin mos (< ‘mo-s-),wont, humor, manner, custom: moral, (morale),mores, morose. .[Pok. 5. me- 704.]
me-².	To measure. Contracted from ‘ma-. I. Basic formme-. 1. Suffixed form *me-lo- in Germanic 'melaz in OldEnglish mil, “measure, mark, appointed time, time foreating, meal”: meal²; piecemeal. 2. Suffixed form’me-ti- in Latin metiri, to measure: measure, (men-sural); (commensurate), dimension, immense.3. Possibly Greek metron, measure, rule, length, propor-tion, poetic meter (but this is referred by some to med-):METER*, METER², (METER³), -METER, METRICAL, -METRY;DIAMETER, GEOMETRY, ISOMETRIC, METROLOGY, METRO-NOME. 4. Suffixed form *me-trd- in Sanskrit matra, ameasure: mahout. II. Extended and suffixed forms'men-, 'mien-en-, 'mens-, 'men-ot-, moon, month (anancient and universal unit of time measured by themoon). 1. Germanic 'menon- in Old English mona,moon: moon; (Monday). 2. Germanic 'menoth- in OldEnglish monath, month: month. 3. Greek men, me ne,month: amenorrhea, catamenia, dysmenorrhea,(menarche), meniscus, menopause. 4. Latin mens is,month: menses, menstrual, (menstruate); bimes-trial, semester, TRIMESTER. .[Pok. 3. me- 703, menot-731.]
meJ.	Big. Contracted from *ma-. 1. Suffixed (compara-tive) form ’me-is- in Germanic 'maizon- in Old Englishmara, greater, and mare (adverb), more: more. 2. Suf-fixed (superlative) form 'me-isto- in Germanic 'maista-in Old English mist, most: most. 3. Suffixed o-gradeform *md-ro- in Gaelic mor, big, great: claymore. .[Pok.4. me- 704.]
me-*.	To cut down grass or grain with a sickle or scythe.Contracted from 'ma-. 1. Germanic 'me- in Old Englishmawan, to mow: mow². 2. Suffixed form 'mf-ti- inGermanic 'mediz in Old English mi th, a mowing, amown crop: aftermath. 3. Suffixed form 'me-twa-, amown field, in Germanic 'medico in Old English mid(oblique case midu'e), meadow: mead², meadow. .[Pok.2. me- 703.]
med-.	To take appropriate measures. 1. a. Germanic'metan in Old English metan, to measure (out): mete*;b. Germanic derivative 'mito, measure, in Old Englishgemite (ge-, with; see kom), “commensurate,” fit:MEET². 2. a. Latin mederi, to look after, heal, cure:MEDICAL, MEDICATE, (MEDICINE), (MEDICO); METHEG-LIN, remedy; b. Latin meditari, to think about, con-sider, reflect: meditate. 3. Suffixed form *med-es-,replaced in Latin by 'modes- by influence of modus (see4. below), in: a. Latin modestus, “keeping to the appro-priate measure,” moderate: modest; immodest; b. Lat-in moderare, “to keep within measure,” to moderate,control: moderate; immoderate. 4. Suffixed o-gradeform 'mod-o- in Latin modus, measure, size, limit, man-ner, harmony, melody: modal, mode, model, modern,MODICUM, MODIFY, MODULATE, MODULE, MODULUS,MOLD*, (MOOD²), (MOULAGE); (ACCOMMODATE), (COM-MODE), commodious, (commodity). 5. Suffixed o-gradeform *mod-yo- in Latin modius, a measure of grain:MODIOLUS, mutchkin. 6. Possibly lengthened o-gradeform 'mod- in Germanic 'mot-, ability, leisure, in: a. OldEnglish motan, to have occasion, to be permitted orobliged: mote², must*; b. Germanic compound*e-mot-ja- (prefix *e-, meaning uncertain, from Indo-European e, 6; see Pok. I, 6 280) in Old English æmetta,rest, leisure: empty. .[Pok. 1. med- 705.]
medhu-.	Honey; also mead. 1. Germanic 'medu in OldEnglish meodu, mead: mead*. 2. Greek methu, wine (>methuein, to be intoxicated): amethyst, methylene..[Pok. medhu 707.]
medhyo-.	Middle. 1. Germanic 'nudja- in: a. Old Englishmidd(e), middle: mid*; amid; b. West Germanic diminu-tive form 'middila- in Old English middel, middle:middle; C. Germanic compound 'midja-gardaz, “middlezone” ('gardaz, enclosure, yard; see gher-¹), name of theearth conceived as an intermediate zone lying betweenheaven and hell, in Old Norse Midhgardhr, Midgard:Midgard. 2. Latin medius, middle, half: mean³, medial,MEDIAN, MEDIASTINUM, MEDIATE, MEDIUM, MITTEN,MIZZEN, MOIETY, MULLION; INTERMEDIATE, MEDIEVAL,MEDIOCRE, MEDITERRANEAN, MERIDIAN, MILIEU.3. Greek mesas, middle: meso-. See also me-². .[Pok.medhi- 706.]
meg-.	Great. 1. Germanic suffixed form 'mik-ila- in:a. Old English micel, mycel, great: much; b. Old Norsemikill, great: mickle. 2. Suffixed form 'mag-no- in Latinmagnus, great; magnate, magnitude, magnum; mag-nanimous, MAGNIFIC, (MAGNIFICENT), (MAGNIFICO),(magnify), magniloquent. 3. Suffixed (comparative)form *mag-yos- in: a. Latin major, greater: major,major-domo, majority, majuscule, mayor; b. Latinmajestds, greatness, authority: maestoso, majesty;c. Latin magister, master, high official (< “he who isgreater”): maestro, magisterial, magistral, magis-trate, MASTER, (MISTER), MISTRAL, (MISTRESS). 4. Suf-fixed (superlative) form 'mag-samo- in Latin maximus,greatest: maxim, maximum. 5. Suffixed form *mag-to-,“made great,” in Latin mactus, worshiped, blessed,sacred: matador. 6. Suffixed (feminine) form ’mag-ya-,“she who is great,” in Latin Maia, name of a goddess:May. 7. Suffixed form 'megs-1- in Greek megas (stemmegal-), great: mega-, megalo-; acromegaly, Alma-gest, omega. 8. Variant form ‘megh- in Sanskrit maha-,mahat-, great: maharajah, maharani, Maharishi,mahatma, Mahayana, mahout. .[Pok. meg(h)- 708.]
mei-¹.	To change, go, move; with derivatives referring tothe exchange of goods and services within a society asregulated by custom or law. 1. Latin meare, to go, pass:MEATUS; CONGE, IRREMEABLE, PERMEATE. 2. Suffixedo-grade form *moi-t- in: a. Germanic ‘ga-maid-az (*ga-,intensive prefix; see kom), “changed (for the worse),”abnormal, in Old English gemad, insane: mad; b. Latinmutare, to change: mew¹, molt, mutate; commute,PERMUTE, REMUDA, transmute; c. Latin mutuus, “donein exchange,” borrowed, reciprocal, mutual: mutual.3. Suffixed extended zero-grade form ‘mit-to- in Ger-manic *missa-, “in a changed manner," abnormally,wrongly, in: a. Old English mis-, mis-: Mis-¹; b. OldNorse mis(s), mis(s)-, miss, mis-: amiss, mistake; c. Ger-manic ‘missjan, to go wrong, in Old English missan, tomiss: miss¹. 4. Suffixed o-grade form *moi-n- in com-pound adjective *ko-moin-i-, “held in common” (*ko-,together; see kom), in: a. Germanic *gamainiz in OldEnglish gemtene, common, public, general: mean²; (DE-MEAN²); b. Latin communis, common, public, general:COMMON, COMMUNE, COMMUNICATE, (COMMUNISM).5. Suffixed o-grade form *moi-nes- in: a. Latin miinus,“service performed for the community,” duty, work,“public spectacle paid for by a magistrate," gift: munici-pal, munificent, remunerate; b. Latin immunis (in-,negative prefix; see ne), exempt from public service:immune. 6. Extended form *(a)meigw- in: a. Greek amei-bein, to change: amoeba; b. Latin migrare, to changeone’s place of living: migrate; emigrate. .[Pok. 2. mei-,3. mei- 710, meigy- 713, 2. meit(h)- 715.]
mei-².	Small. 1. Greek meion, less, lesser: meiosis; Mio-cene. 2. Latin nimis, too much, very (< ‘ne-mi-s, “notlittle”; ne-, negative prefix; see ne). 3. Suffixedzero-grade form *mi-nu- in: a. Latin minuere, to reduce,diminish: menu, (mince), minuend, minute²; commi-nute, diminish; b. Latin minor (influenced by thecomparative suffix -or), less, lesser, smaller: MINOR,minus, mis-¹; minuscule; c. further suffixed (superla-tive) form *minu-mo- in Latin minimus, least: minimum;d. Latin minister, an inferior, servant (formed aftermagister, master; see msg ): minestrone, minister,ministry, mystery²; e. Russian men’she, less: Menshe-vik. .[Pok. 5. mei- 711.]
mei-³.	To six; to build fences or fortifications. 1. Suffixedo-grade form *moi-ro- in: a. Germanic *mair-ja- in OldEnglish mære, boundary, border, landmark: mere³;b. Latin murus, wall: mural, muramic acid, mure;immure. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *moi-ni- in Latinmunire, to fortify, protect, strengthen: munition; (am-munition), PRAEMUNIRE, PREMUNITION. 3. Possiblysuffixed lengthened-grade form ‘mei-t- in Latin meta,boundary stone, limit: METE². .[Pok. 1. mei- 709.]
mei-⁴.	To tie. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form ’mi-tro-, “con-tract, that which binds," in: a. Greek mitra, headband,earilier a piece of armor worn around the waist: miter;b. Old Persian Mithra-, name of a god (< “contract” <“bond”): Mithras; c. Russian mir, commune, joy, peace(possibly borrowed from Iranian): mir. 2. Possibly asuffixed zero-grade form 'mi-to- in Greek mitos, a warpthread: mitosis; dimity, mitochondrion, samite..[Pok. 4. mei- 710.]
mei-.	Mild. Contracted from 'mesi-. Suffixed zero-gradeform *mi-ti- (< ’mis-ti-} in Latin mids, soft: mitigate..[Pok. 7. mei- 711.]
meigh-.	To urinate. 1. Germanic suffixed form *mih-stu-,urine, hence mist, sine rain, in: a. Old English mist, mist:mist; b. Middle Dutch mieselen, to drizzle, perhaps akinto the source of Middle English misellen, to drizzle:mizzle; c. Germanic diminutive form *mihst-ila-, mistle-toe (which is propagated through the droppings of themissel thrush), in Old English missel, mistletoe: (misselthrush), mistletoe. 2. Suffixed form ‘migh-tu- inLatin micturire, to want to urinate (desiderative ofmeiere, to urinate): micturate. .[Pok. meigh- 713.]
meik-.	To mix. 1. Variant form ‘meig- in Greek mig-nunai, to mix: amphimixis, apomixis, panmictic, pan-mixis. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *mik-sk- in Latinmiscere (past participle mixtus), to mix: meddle, (med-ley), (melange), mestizo, miscellaneous, miscible,mix, mixture; admix, commix, immix, miscegenation,(pell-mell), promiscuous. 3. Possibly a Germanicform *maisk- in Old English masc, macs, max, mashedmalt: mash. .[Pok. meik- 714.]
mei-no-.	Opinion, intention. 1. Germanic ‘main- in OldEnglish ‘man, opinion, complaint (> Middle Englishmane, complaint): moan; (bemoan). 2. Germanic ‘main-jan in Old English mænan, to signify, tell, complain of,moan: mean¹. .[Pok. mei-no- 714.]
mei-¹.	Soft; with derivatives referring to soft or softenedmaterials of various kinds. I. Extended form ‘meld-.1. Germanic ‘meltan in Old English meltan, to melt:melt. 2. Possibly Germanic ‘miltja- in Old English milte,spleen, and Middle Dutch milte, milt: milt. 3. PossiblyGermanic ‘malta- in Old English mealt, malt: malt.4. Suffixed variant form *mled-sno- in Greek blennos,slime, also a name for the blenny: blenny. 5. Suffixedzero-grade form ‘mld-wi- in Latin mollis, soft: moil,MOLLIFY, MOLLUSK, MOUILLE; EMOLLIENT; 6. Possiblynasalized variant form ‘mlad- in Latin blandus, smooth,caressing, flattering, soft-spoken: bland, blandish.II. Variant form ‘smeld-. Germanic ‘smelt- in: a. MiddleDutch and Middle Low German smelten, to smelt:smelt¹; b. Old High German smalz, animal fat:schmaltz; c. Italian smalto, melted glass: smalt; d. OldFrench esmail, enamel: ENAMEL; e. perhaps Old Englishsmelt, smylt, a marine fish, smelt: smelt². III. Extendedform ‘meldh-. 1. Germanic *mildja- in Old English milde,mild mild. 2. Possibly Greek maltha, a mixture of waxand pitch: maltha. IV. Suffixed form ‘mel-sko- in Ger-manic *mil-sk- in Old English mel(i)sc, mylsc, mild,mellow (> Middle English melsche, friable); mulch.V. Extended form *mhk- in Greek malakos, soft: chon-dromalacia, malacology, osteomalacia. VI. Possi-bly Celtic ‘molto-, sheep, in Old French moton, sheep:mutton. VII. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘(s)ml-u- inGreek amblus, blunt, dull, dim: amblygonite, ambly-opia. .[Pok. 1. mei- 716.]
mei-².	Of a darkish color. 1. Greek melas, black: mel-ano-; melancholy, psilomelane. 2. Greek mullos, amarine fish: mullet; (surmullet). 3. Latin malleus,reddish purple (used only to designate a ceremonial shoeworn by Roman magistrates): mule². 4. Perhaps Ger-manic *mal- in Middle Dutch malen, to paint: maul-stick. .[Pok. 6. mei- 720.]
mei-³.	A limb. Greek melos, limb, hence a musical memberor phrase, hence music, song, melody: MELISMA; acro-MELIC, MELODRAMA, MELODY. .[Pok. 5. mei- 720.]
mei-⁴.	Strong, great. 1. Suffixed (comparative) form*mel-yos- in Latin melior, better: (ameliorate), melio-rate, meliorism. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *ml-to- inLatin multus (neuter multum), much, many: molto,multi-, multitude. .[Pok. 4. mei- 720.]
mei-⁵.	Bad. Latin mains, bad, and male, ill (> malignus,harmful): mal-, malice, malign; dismal, malady,MALEDICT, MALEFACTOR, MALEVOLENT, MALVERSATION..[Pok. melo- 724.]
mei-*.	Wool. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form ‘ml-no- inGreek mallos, wool. .[Pok. 2. mei- 719.]
mei-⁷.	To miss, deceive. Germanic ‘mal- in Middle Dutchmal, foolish, silly: mallemuck. .[Pok. 2. mei- 719.]
meldh-.	To pray, speak words to a deity. Germanic‘meld- in Old High German meldon, to proclaim, reveal:meld¹. .[Pok. 1. meldh- 722.]
mele-.	Also mei-. To crush, grind; with derivativesreferring to various ground or crumbling substances(such as flour) and to instruments for grinding or crush-ing (such as millstones). 1.0-grade form ‘mol- in Ger-manic 'ma/ in: a. obsolete Dutch malen, to whirl:MAELSTROM; b. Germanic suffixed form ‘nial-mbn• inOld English mealm-, perhaps “crumbling, friable” (onlyin compounds, as mealmstan, sandstone): malm.2. Full-grade form 'me/- in Germanic suffixed form*mel-wa- in Old English melu, flour, meal: meal¹.3.  Zero-grade form'm/- in Germanic ‘mul- in: a. suffixedform ‘mul-db in (i) Old English molde, soil: mold³ (ii) OldNorse *muldhra, to crumble, akin to the probable Scan-dinavian source of molder; b. Middle Dutch mul, dust:mull². 4. Full-grade form ‘/ueZ- in: a. Latin molere, togrind (grain), and its derivative mola, a millstone, mill,coarse meal customarily sprinkled on sacrificial animals:MILL¹, MOLAR², MOLE⁴, (MOULIN); IMMOLATE, ORMOLU;b. suffixed form ‘mel-iyo- in Latin milium, millet: meal-ie, milium, millet. 5. Suffixed variant form ‘rnal-ni- inLatin malleus, hammer, mallet: malleable, (mallet),malleus, maul; pall-mall. 6. Zero-grade form ‘ml- inGreek mute, mulos, millstone, mill: amylum, mylonite.7. Possibly extended form ‘mli- in: a. possibly Greekbliton, blite (a plant that in some varieties has dustyleaves): blite; b. Russian blin, pancake: blini, blintz..[Pok. 1. mel- 716.]
melg-.	To rub off; also to milk. I. 1. Zero-grade form‘mlg- in Latin mulgere, to milk: emulsion. 2. Full-gradeform ‘melg- in Germanic ‘melkan, to milk, was contami-nated with an unrelated noun for milk, cognate with theGreek and Latin forms given in II. below, to form theblend ‘meluk- in: a. Old English meolc, mile, milk: milk;b. suffixed form ‘meluk-ja-, giving milk, in Old English■milce, milch: milch c. Old High German miluh, milk:MiLCHiG. II. Included here to mark the unexplained factthat no common Indo-European noun for milk can bereconstructed is another root *g(a)lag-, *g(a)lakt-, milk,found only in: a. Greek gala (stem galakt-), milk: (ga-lactic), GALACTO-, GALAXY; AGALACTIA, POLYGALAJb. Latin lac (stem lact-), milk: (lactate), lacteal,lactescent, lacto-, LETTUCE; C. the blended Germanicform cited in I. 2. above. .[Pok. melg- 722, glag- 400.]
melit-.	Honey. 1. Greek meli, honey: hydromel, marma-lade, melilot, OENOMEL. 2. Latin mel (stem mell-),honey: melliferous, mellifluous, molasses. 3. Ger-manic ‘melith- in compound ‘melith-dauwaz (*dauwaz,dew; see dheu-²), honeydew (a substance secreted byaphids on leaves; it was formerly imagined to be distilledfrom the air like dew), in Old English mildeaw, honey-dew, nectar, later also mildew: mildew. .[Pok. melit- 723.]
melo-.	Also smelo-. Small animal. Zero-grade form‘smslo- in Germanic *smal-, small animal, hence also“small,” in Old English smeel, small: small. .[Pok. melo-724.].[melon. An apple, or any seed- or pit-bearing fruit. AtticGreek noun (Doric malon), possibly borrowed from aMediterranean language. Earliest form *maalo-, attestedin Hittite mahla-, grapevine, melinite, melon; chamo-mile, malic acid, marmalade.]
melst*.	To burgeon. Zero-grade form ‘mist- in Greekblastanein, to burgeon, and blastos, shoot, bud, henceembryo, germ: -blast, blastema, blasto-, blastula..[Pok. melddh- 725.]
mems-.	Flesh, meat. 1. Suffixed form ‘mems-ro- in Latinmembrum, limb, member: member, membrane. 2. Suf-fixed form ‘mems-no- in Greek meninx, membrane:MENi NX. .[Pok. memso- 725.]
men-’.	To think; with derivatives referring to variousqualities and states of mind and thought. I. Zero-gradeform *mn-. 1. Suffixed form ‘mn-ti- in: a. Germanic‘ga-mundi- (*ga-, intensive prefix; see kom), in OldEnglish gemynd, memory, mind: mind; b. Latin mens(stem ment-), mind: mental; ament², dement; c. Latinmenti.6, remembrance, mention: mention. 2. Suffixedform *mn-to- in Greek -mates, “willing”: automatic.3. Suffixed form ‘mn-yo- in: a. Greek mainesthai, to bemad: maenad; b. Avestan mainyu, spirit: Ahriman.II. Full-grade form 'men-. 1. Suffixed form ‘men-ti- inGermanic ‘minthjb in: a. Old High German minna, love:minnesinger; b. Middle Dutch minne, love: minikin.2. a. Reduplicated form in Latin nienunisse, to remem-ber: memento; b. Latin comminisci (coni-, intensiveprefix; see kom), to contrive by thought: comment;C. Latin remintscl (re-, again, back; see re-), to recall,recollect: reminiscent; d. possibly Latin Minerva,name of the goddess of wisdom: Minerva. 3. a. Greekmenos, spirit: Eumenides; b. Greek Mentor, man’sname (probably meaning “adviser”): Mentor; c. Greekmania, madness: mania, maniac; d. Greek mantis, seer(< “he who is mad”): -mancy, mantic, mantis. 4. San-skrit mantrah, counsel, prayer, hymn: mandarin, man-tra. Ill. O-grade form ‘mon-. 1. Suffixed (causative)form *mon-eyo- in Latin monere, to remind, warn, advise(with probable derivative moneta, an epithet of Juno):(MINT¹), MONEY, MONISH, MONITION, MONITOR, MON-STER, MONUMENT, MUSTER; ADMONISH, DEMONSTRATE,premonition, summon. 2. Suffixed o-grade form ‘mon-twa in Greek mousa, a muse: mosaic. Muse, museum,music. IV. Extended form mna-. 1. Reduplicated form inGreek mimneskein, to remember (> amnesia, forgetful-ness, and amnestos, forgotten): Mnemosyne; amnesia,amnesty, anamnesis. 2. Greek mnemon, mindful: mne-monic. V. Indo-European verb phrase ‘mens dhe-, “toset mind” (see dhe-¹), underlying compound ‘mns-dhe-in Avestan mazda-, wise: Ahura Mazda, Ormazd. .[Pok.3. men- 726, mendh- 730.]
men-².	To project. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘mn-to- ina western Indo-European word for a projecting bodypart, variously “chin, jaw, mouth,” in Germanic ‘mun-thaz in Old English muth mouth: mouth. 2. Latin mi-nae, projecting points, threats (> mindri, to threaten):menace, minacious; amenable, demean¹, prome-nade. 3. Latin -minere, to project, jut, threaten: emi-nent, imminent, prominent. 4. Suffixed o-grade form‘mon-ti- in Latin mans (stem mont-), mountain: mons,(Montagnard), montane, monte, monticule,mount¹, mount², mountain; amount, ultramontane..[Pok. 1. men- 726, 2. menth- 732.]
men-³.	To remain. Variant suffixed (stative) form‘man-e- in Latin manere, to remain: manor, manse,mansion, (menage); immanent, permanent, remain..[Pok. 5. men- 729.]
men-⁴.	Small, isolated. 1. Greek manas, rare, sparse:manometer. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *mon-wo- inGreek monos, alone, only, single, sole: monad, monas-tery, monk, mono-; pseudomonad. 3. Possibly alsosuffixed form ‘men-i-, a small fish, in Old English myne,mynwe, minnow, perhaps the source of Middle Englishmeneu, a small fish: minnow. .[Pok. 4. men- 728, meni-731.]
mend-.	Physical defect, fault. 1. Latin mendum, menda,defect, fault: mendicant; amend, emend, (mend).2. Latin menddx, lying, liar: mendacious. .[Pok. mend(d)729.]
mendh-¹.	To learn. Zero-grade form ‘mndh- in Greekmanthanein (aorist stem math-), to learn: mathemat-ical, (mathematics); chrestomathy, polymath..[Pok. mendh- 730.]
mendh-².	To chew. 1. Latin mandere, to chew: mandi-ble, (mange), manger. 2. Zero-grade form ‘mndh- in:a. Greek masasthai (< *math-ya-), to chew: masseter;b. Greek mastax, mouth, the model for expressive Greek(Doric) mustax, upper lip, mustache: (mostaccioli),mustache; C. Greek mastikhan, to grind the teeth:masticate. .[Pok. 2. menth- 732.]
menegh-.	Copious. Germanic ‘managa- in Old Englishmanig, mænig, many: many. .[Pok. men(e)gh- 730.]
meng-.	To furbish. 1. Latin mango, furbisher, gem pol-isher, swindler: monger. 2. Greek manganon, magiccharm, contrivance, engine of war: mangonel. .[Pok.meng- 731.]
mer-¹.	To flicker; with derivatives referring to dim statesof illumination. 1. Suffixed form "mer-o- in Latin merus,pure, unadulterated (< “unmixed wine” < “clear liq-uid”): mere¹. 2. Extended form *merk- in Germanic*murgana- in: a. Old English morgen, morning: morn,morning, morrow; b. Middle Dutch morghen, morn-ing: morgen; c. Old High German morgan, morning:morganatic. 3. Possibly extended root *mergu- in Ger-manic *merkwia-, twilight, in Old English mirce, dark-ness: murk. .[Pok. 2. mer- 733.]
mer-².	To rub away, harm. I. 1. Germanic *maron-,goblin, in Old English mare, mære, goblin, incubus:nightmare. 2. Greek marainein, to waste away, wither:marasmus; amaranth. 3. Probably suffixed zero-gradeform *mr-to-, “ground down,” in Latin mortdrium, mor-tar: mortar. 4. Possibly extended root *merd- in Latinmordere (past participle morsus), to bite: mordacious,MORDANT, MORDENT, MORSEL; PREMORSE, REMORSE.5. Possibly suffixed form *mor-bho- in Latin morbus,disease (but more likely of unknown origin): morbid.II. Possibly the same root, but more likely distinct, is*mer-, “to die,” with derivatives referring to death and tohuman beings as subject to death. 1. Zero-grade form*mr• in: a. suffixed form *mr-tro- in Germanic suffixedform *mur-thra- in Old English morthor, murder: mur-der; b. suffixed form *mr-ti- in Latin mors (stem mart-),death: MORT¹, mortal, mortuary; amortize, (immor-tal), MORTGAGE, MORTIFY, MORTMAIN, POSTMORTEM’,c. suffixed form "mr-yo- in Latin mart, to die: mori-bund, murrain; d. prefixed and suffixed form*n-mr-to-, “undying, immortal” (*n-, negative prefix; seene), in (i) Greek ambrotos, immortal, divine (a- +mbrotos, brotos, mortal): ambrosia (ii) Sanskrit amrta,immortal (a- + mrta, death): amrita. 2. Suffixedo-grade form *mor-t-yo- in Old Persian martiya-, amortal man, in Iranian compound * martiya-khvdra-(attested in Persian mard-khvar), “man-eater”(*khvdra-, to eat; see swel-¹), probable source of Greekmantikhoras (corrupted from martiokhdras), manticore:manticore. See extended root smerd-. .[Pok. 4. mer-, 5.mer- 735.]
mer-³.	To tie. Possibly in: a. Middle Dutch marren, totie: marline; b. Middle Low German moren, to tie:moor¹. .[Pok. 1. mer- 733.]
mere-.	To hinder, delay. Latin mora, a delay: MORA,(moratorium), moratory; demur, remora. .[In Pok.(s)mer- 969.]
merg-.	Boundary, border. 1. Germanic *mark-, bound-ary, border territory; also to mark out a boundary bywalking around it (ceremonially “beating the bounds”);also a landmark, boundary marker, and a mark in general(and in particular a mark on a metal currency bar, hencea unit of currency); these various meanings are widelyrepresented in Germanic descendants and in Romanceborrowings: a. Old English mearc, boundary, landmark,sign, trace: mark¹; b. Middle Dutch mark, border: mar-grave; C. Old French marc, marche, border country:march², (marquee), marquis, (marquise); d. Late andMedieval Latin marca, boundary, border: marchioness;e. Old Italian marcare, to mark out: demarcation;f. Old English marc and Middle High German marke, amark of weight or money: mark²; g. Swedish mark, amark of money: markka. 2. Germanic *markja-, mark,border, in Old Norse merki, a mark, possible source ofOld French marque, a mark: marquetry; remark.3. Germanic denominative verb *markon in Frankish*markon, to mark out (> Old French march(i)er, totrample): marc, march¹. 4. Latin margo, border, edge:margin. .[Pok. mereg- 738.]
mergh-.	To wet, sprinkle, rain. Variant form *mregh- inGreek brekhein, to wet: embrocate. .[Pok. meregh- 738.]
merk-¹.	To decay. Latin marcere, to decay, wither:marcescent. .[Pok. 1. merk- 739.].[merk-². Italic root, possibly from Etruscan, referring toaspects of commerce. 1. Isatin merx (stem mere-), mer-chandise (> meredri, to trade): market, (mart), mer-cer, merchant; commerce. 2 Latin merces, pay,reward, price: mercenary, mercy. 3. Probably LatinMercurios, the god of (inter alia) commerce: Mercury..[In Pok. merk- 739.].[merph-. Form. Greek root of unknown origin. 1. Suf-fixed o-grade form *morph-d- in Greek morphe, form,beauty, outward appearance: -morph, morpheme, mor-pho-, MORPHOSis. 2. Possibly borrowed from Greekmorphe, via Etruscan, is Latin forma, form, shape,contour, appearance, beauty: FORM, formal, formula;conform, coraciiform, deform. .[In Pok. 2. mer- 733.]
mers-.	To trouble. Suffixed o-grade form mors-eyo- inGermanic *marzjan in Old English merran, mierran, toimpede: mar. .[Pok. 6. mer- 737.]
meu-.	Damp; with derivatives referring to swampyground and vegetation and to figurative qualities ofwetness. 1. Extended form *metis- in Germanic *meus-,*mus- in: a. Old English mos, bog: moss; b. Old Norsemost, bog, moss, akin to the Scandinavian source oflitmus. 2. Germanic suffixed form *meuz-i- in Old Norsemyrr, bog: mire; (quagmire). 3. Suffixed zero-gradeform *mus-to- in Latin mustus, new, newborn (< “wet”):MUST³, MUSTARD. 4. Possibly suffixed extendedzero-grade form *mu-ro- in Greek murios, countless (<“flowing, endless”): myriad. 5. Possibly suffixed ex-tended zero-grade form *mud-so- in Greek musos, un-cleanness: MYSOPHiLiA, mysophobia. .[Pok. 1. meu- 741.]
meue-.	To push away. Latin movere, to move (> mobilis,neuter mobile, fickle, changeable): mob, mobile, mo-ment, (momentous), momentum, mosso, (motif), mo-tion, motive, motor, move, movement; commotion,EMOTION, PROMOTE, (REMOTE), (REMOVE). .[Pok. 2. meu-743.]
meug-¹.	To act surreptitiously. Germanic 'muk- or Celtic’mag- in Old French muchier, to skulk: mooch. .[Pok. 1.meug- 743.]
meug-².	Slimy, slippery; with derivatives referring tovarious wet or slimy substances and conditions. Enlargedform of meu-. 1. Nasalized form *mu-n-g- in Latinmungere, to blow the nose: emunctory. 2. PossiblyGermanic *(s)mug-, referring to wetness and also tofigurative slipperiness: a. Old English smoc, shirt:smock; b. Middle High German smuck, “clothing,”adornment, jewel: schmuck; c. Old Norse mugga, driz-zle, akin to the source of Middle English muggen, todrizzle: MUGGY; d. Low German smukkelen, srruiggeln, tosmuggle (< “to slip contraband through”): SMUGGLE;e. Middle Low German smucken, to adorn (< “to makesleek”): smug; f. Old Norse mygla, mold, mildew, akin tothe source of Middle English molde, mold: mold². 3. Ger-manic *meuk- in Old Norse mjukr, soft: meek. 4. Variantform *meuk- in Latin mucus, mucus: moist, mucilage,MUCO-, MUCUS, (musty). 5. Zero-grade variant form*muk- in: a. Greek makes, fungus, mushroom: -mycete,myco-; streptomyces, (streptomycin); b. suffixedform *muk-so- in Greek muxa, mucus, lamp wick (<“nozzle of a lamp” < “nostril”): match², myxo-. .[Pok. 2.meug- 744.]
mezg-¹.	To dip, plunge. 1. Latin mergere, to dip, dive:merge; emerge, immerse, submerge. 2. Latin mergus,diver (water bird): merganser. .[Pok. 1. mezg- 745.]
mezg-².	To knit. Germanic *mesk- in Middle Dutchmasche, maesche, knitted fabric: mesh. .[Pok. 2. mezg-746.].[mimos. A mime. Greek noun of unknown origin, mime,mimesis, mimic.].[miser. Wretched, unfortunate. Latin adjective of un-known origin, miser, miserable, misery; commiser-ate.]
mizdho-.	Reward. West Germanic ’medd- in Old Englishmed, reward, compensation, meed: meed. .[Pok. mizdho-746.]
mo-.	To exert oneself. Suffixed form ’mb-l- in: a. Latinmdlts, heavy bulk, mass, massive structure: mole³,molecule; demolish; b. Latin molestus (irregularlyfrom mdlts), labored, difficult, troublesome: molest..[Pok. md- 746.]
mod*.	To meet, assemble. 1. Germanic *mbtjan in OldEnglish metan, to meet: meet*. 2 Germanic *mota• inOld English mot, gemdt (ge-, together; see kom), meet-ing, moot, assembly, council: moot; folkmote, gemot,wiTENAGEMOT. 3. Perhaps suffixed zero-grade form'msd-tlo- in Germanic 'mathla- in Old Norse mal,speech, agreement (> Norwegian mat, speech): mail³;(blackmail), Riksmal. .[Pok. mdd- 746.]
modhro-.	A color. Germanic ’madraz in Old Englishtmedere, madder: madder'. .[Pok. modhro- 747.]
molko-.	Skin bag. Germanic *malhd- in Old High Ger-man malha, pouch, bag, akin to the Germanic source ofOld French male, bag: mail'. .[Pok. molko- 747.]
mon-.	Neck, nape of the neck. 1. Germanic *mono in OldEnglish manu, mane: mane. 2. Latin morale, necklace:MONILIFORM. .[Pok. mono- 747.]
mori-.	Body of water; lake (?), sea (?). 1. Germanic*mari- in: a. Old English mere (> Middle English mere),sea, lake, pond: mere²; (mermaid); b. Old Norse marr,sea, akin to the Scandinavian source of marram; C. OldHigh German mart (> German Meer), sea: meer-schaum. 2. Germanic *mariska-, water-logged land, in:a. Old English mersc, merisc, marsh: marsh; b. OldFrench ma rase, maresc, marsh: morass. 3. Latin mare(> French mer), sea: mare², (marinara), marine, mari-time; beche-de-mer, maricolous, mariculture, or-mer, ultramarine. .[Pok. mart 748.]
mormor-.	Also murmur-. Murmur. Imitative root. Latinmurmur, a murmur: murmur. .[Pok. mormor- 748.]
moro-.	Blackberry, mulberry. 1. Greek moron, mulberry,in sukomoros, an African fig tree: sycamore. 2. Latinmorum, mulberry (probably from Greek): morula, mur-rey; MULBERRY. .[Pok. more- 749.]
morwi-.	Ant. 1. Germanic variant form ’meur- in Danishmyre, ant, akin to the Scandinavian source of MiddleEnglish mire, ant: pismire. 2. Variant form ‘morm- in:a. Greek murmex, ant: myrmeco-; b. (with dissimila-tion) Latin formica, ant: formic, formicary; formici-vorous. .[Pok. morui- 749.]
mo(u)lo-.	Name of a plant. Greek molu, moly: moly..[Pok. md(u)-lo- 750.]
md(u)ro-.	Foolish. Greek moros, foolish: moron; oxymo-ron. .[Pok. mo(u)ro- 750.]
mozgo*.	Marrow. Germanic *mazgo- in Old Englishmxrg, mserh, marrow: marrow. .[Pok. moz-g-o- 750.]
mregh-m(n)o-.	Brain. 1. Germanic *brag-na- in OldEnglish brægen, brain: brain. 2. Greek bregma, thefront part of the head: bregma. .[Pok. mregh-m(n)o- 750.]
mregh-u-.	Short. I. Suffixed form *mregh-w-i- in Latinbrevis, short (> bruma, the shortest day, winter): brief,brumal; abbreviate, (abridge). II. Zero-grade form*mrghu-. 1. Germanic ‘murgja-, short, also pleasant,joyful, in: a. Old English myrge, mirige, pleasant:merry; b. Germanic ‘murgitho, pleasantness, in OldEnglish myrgth, pleasure, joy: mirth. 2. Greek brakhus,short: brachy-; amphibrach, tribrach. 3. Greek com-parative brakhion, shorter, hence also “upper arm” (asopposed to the longer forearm): brace, bracero, bra-chium, BRASSARD, BRASSIERE, PRETZEL; EMBRACE..[Pok. mreghu- 750.]
mu¹-.	Imitative of inarticulate sounds. 1. Reduplicatedform in Germanic ‘mum- in: a. Middle Low Germanmummen, to be silent, akin to Middle English mum,silent: mum'; b. Icelandic mumpa, to eat greedily, akin tothe probable Scandinavian source of dialectal Englishmump, to mumble, grimace: mumps; C. Low Germanmops, fool, also pug dog (> German Mops, pug dog):rollmops; d. Old French momer, to act (in dumb show):mum². 2. Germanic *mut- in Old Norse mudhla, akin tothe source of Middle English muteren, muttren, to mut-ter: mutter. 3. Latin muttire, to mutter: mot, motto.4. Lengthened-grade form ‘mu- in Isatin mutus, silent,dumb: mute. 5. Greek muein, to close the eyes (< "toclose the lips"): miosis, myopia, mystery', (mystic)..[Pok. 1. mu- 751.]
mu-².	Gnat, fly. Imitative root. 1. Germanic *mukjd- inOld English mycg, midge: midge. 2. Suffixed form’mus-ka in Latin musca, a fly: mosquito, Musca,muscarine, mush², musket. 3. Suffixed form *mus-yain Greek muia, mua, a fly: myiasis. .[Pok. 2. mu- 752.]
muk-.	A heap. Germanic ‘mugon-, *muhdn- in: a. OldEnglish muga, muha, muwa, heap of grain: mow'; b. OldNorse mugi, heap, akin to the probable Scandinaviansource of mogul'. .[Pok. muk- 752.].[mundus. Women’s cosmetics, also world (probably by acaique on Greek kosmos, order, feminine adornment,world-order, universe). Latin noun of unknown origin;possibly from Etruscan, mundane; ultramundane.]
mus-.	A mouse; also a muscle (from the resemblance of aflexing muscle to the movements of a mouse). 1. Ger-manic ‘mus- (plural ‘musiz) in Old English mus (plural• mys), mouse: mouse. 2. Latin mus, mouse: murine,muscle, musteline. 3. Greek mus, mouse, muscle: my-ELO-, myo-; epimysium, myosotis, mysticete, perimy-sium, SYRINGOMYELIA. .[Pok. mUS 752.].[musum. Snout. Medieval Latin noun of unknown origin.muse, muzzle.]
mut-.	Cut short. Suffixed form *mut-il- in Latin mutilus,maimed: mutilate. .[Pok. mut-o-s 753.].[nabja-. Bird’s beak. Germanic root. Old English neb(b),beak: neb, (nib), (nipple).]
nana.	Child’s word for a nurse or female adult other thanits mother. 1. Greek nanna, aunt, whence nannas, uncle,whence nan(n)os, “little old man,” dwarf: nano-. 2. Lateand Medieval Latin nonna, aunt, old woman, nun: nun'.3. English (directly from baby talk) nana, nanny. .[Pok.nana 754.]
nas-.	Nose. 1. Germanic zero-grade form *nuso in OldEnglish nosu, nose: nose, (nuzzle); nostril. 2. Ger-manic nasja- in Old English mess, headland: ness.3. Lengthened-grade form *nds-, in: a. Latin naris, nos-tril: nares; b. expressive form *ndss- in Latin nasus,nose: nasal, naso-; nasturtium, pince-nez. 4. Expres-sive Indo-Aryan form *nakka- in Romany nak, nose:nark². .[Pok. nas- 755, neu-ks 768.]
nau-¹.	Death; to be exhausted. Contracted from ‘naou-.1. Suffixed zero-grade form 'nau-ti- in Germanic ‘naudi-in Old English neod, ned, distress, necessity: NEED.2. Suffixed form *ndw-i-, corpse, in Germanic *nawi- inOld Norse ndr, corpse: narwhal. 3. Slavic suffixedextended form ‘naud-a in: a. Polish nuda, boredom:nudnik; b. Russian nudnyi, tedious: nudge². .[Pok. 2.nau- 756.]
nau-².	Boat. Contracted from ‘naou-. 1. Latin navis,ship: nacelle, naval, navicular, navigate, navy.2. Greek naus, ship, and nautes, sailor: nausea, nauti-cal, NAUTILUS, (NOISE); AERONAUT, AQUANAUT, ARGO-NAUT, astronaut, cosmonaut. .[Pok. 1. nau- 755.]
ndher-.	Under. 1. Germanic *under- in Old Englishunder, under: UNDER. 2. Latin inferus, lower; inferior.3. Latin infernus, lower: infernal, (inferno). 4. Latininfra, below: infra-. .[Pok. ndhos 771.]
ne.	Not. 1. Germanic *ne-, *na- in: a. Old English ne (>Middle English ne), not, and nd, no: naught,(naughty), neither, never, nill, no', no², none,(nor¹), not, nothing; b. Old Norse ne, not: nay; c. OldHigh German ne, ni, not: nix². 2. Latin ne-, not, andnullus, none (ne- + ullus, any; see ol-no-): annul,nefarious, nescience, neuter, (nice), nisi, null,nullify, nullipara. 3. Latin nimis, too much, exces-sively, very (< *ne-mi-s, “not little”; *mi-, little; seemei-²): nimiety. 4. Latin nihilum, nothing (< *nehilum,“not a whit, nothing at all”; hilum, a thing, trisle; originunknown), contracted to nihil, nil, nothing: nihilism,(nihility), nil; annihilate. 5. Latin non, not (<*ne-oinom, “not one thing”; *oino-, one; see oi-no-):non-. 6. Italic *nek, not, in: a. Latin prefix neg-, not:NEGLECT, (negligee), negotiate; b. Latin negdre, todeny: negate; abnegate, deny, renegade, (renege).7. Greek ne-, not: nepenthe. 8. Zero-grade combiningform *n- in: a. Germanic *un- in Old English un-, not:UN-¹; b. Latin in-, not: in-¹; c. Greek a-, an-, not: a-¹,(an-); d. Sanskrit a-, an-, not: ahimsa, amrita. .[Pok. ne756.]
nebh-.	Cloud. 1. Suffixed form *nebh-lo- in Germanic*nibla- probably in Old Norse nisi-, “mist” or “dark”:Niflheim. 2. Suffixed form *nebh-ela- in: a. Latinnebula, cloud: nebula, nebulous; b. Greek nephele,cloud: nepheline; nephelometer. 3. Suffixed form*nebh-es- in Greek nephos, cloud: nephology. 4. Nasal-ized form *ne-m-bh- in Latin nimbus, rain, cloud, aura:NIMBUS. See ombhro-. .[Pok. (enebh-) 315.]
ned-.	To bind, tie. 1. O-grade form *nod- in: a. Germanic*nati- in Old English net(t), a net: NET¹; b. Germanic*nat-ilo, a nettle (nettles or plants of closely relatedgenera such as hemp were used as a source of fiber), inOld English netel(e), netle, nettle: nettle; c. Germanic*nat-sk- in Anglo-Norman nouch, brooch: OUCH².2. Lengthened o-grade form *nodo- in Latin nodus, aknot: node, nodule, nodus; denouement. 3. Re-for-mation of the root in Latin nectere (past participlenexus), to tie, bind, connect: nexus; (adnexa), annex,connect .[Pok. 1. ned- 758.]
negwh-ro-.	Kidney. Greek nephros, kidney: nephro-;mesonephros, metanephros, perinephrium, pro-nephros. .[In Pok. engv- 319.]
negw-ro-.	Adjective denoting various colors; with deriva-tives like Greek nebros, “fawn.” Latin niger, black:negro, niello, nigrescence, nigritude; denigrate,necromancy, nigrosine..[nehw-iz. Near. Germanic root. Old English neah, near:near, neighbor, next, nigh.]
nei-.	To be excited, shine. 1. Suffixed form "nei-to- inGermanic *nitha-, animosity, in Old Norse nidh, scorn (>nidhingr, villain): niddering. 2. Suffixed zero-gradeform *ni-to- in Latin nitere, to shine: neat¹, (net²).3. Possibly Persian nil, indigo: anil, lilac. .[Pok. 2. nei-760.]
neie-.	To lead. Sanskrit nayati, he leads: nainsook. .[Pok.1. nei- 760.]
neigw-.	To wash. Germanic *nikwiz, *nikuz in Old HighGerman nihhus, river monster, water spirit: nix¹. .[Pok.neigt- 761.]
nek-’.	Death. 1. Latin nex (stem nec-), death: perni-cious. 2. Latin necdre, to kill: internecine. 3. Suffixed(causative) o-grade form 'nok-eyo- in Latin nocere, toinjure, harm: nocent, nocuous, nuisance; innocent,innocuous. 4. Suffixed o-grade form *nok-s- in Latinnoxa, injury, hurt, damage; noxious; obnoxious.5. Suffixed full-grade form *nek-ro- in Greek nekros,corpse: necro-, necrosis; necromancy. 6. Greek nek-tar, the drink of the gods, “overcoming death” (*tar-,overcoming; see tere-²): nectar, (nectarine). .[Pok.nek- 762.]
nek-².	To reach, attain. I. O-grade form *nok- in Ger-manic *ga-nah- ('ga-, intensive prefix; see kom), “satis-fies,” forming *ganoga-, sufficient, in Old English genog,enough: enough. II. Variant form *enk-. 1. Redupli-cated in Greek enenkein, to carry, whence onkos, aburden, mass, hence a tumor: oncogenesis, oncology.2. Compound root *bhrenk- (see bher-¹). .[Pok. enek-316.]
nekw-t-.	Night. O-grade form *nokw-t-. 1. Germanic*naht- in Old English niht, neaht, night: night. 2. Latinnox (stem noct-), night: nocti-, nocturn, nocturnal,notturno; equinox. 3. Latin noctua, night owl: noc-tuid, noctule. 4. Greek nux (stem nukt-), night: nyc-talopia, nyctitropism. 5. Possibly suffixed zero-gradeform *nkt-i- in Greek aktis, ray of light: actino-. .[Pok.nek^t)- 762.]
nem-.	To assign, allot; also to take. 1. Germanic 'nem-in: a. Old English niman, to take, seize: nim, numb;(benumb); b. Old English næmel, quick to seize, andnumol, quick at learning, seizing: nimble. 2. Greeknemein, to allot: nemesis. 3. O-grade form *nom- in:a. Greek nomos, portion, usage, custom, law, division,district: nome, -nomy; anomie, antinomian, an-tinomy, (astronomer), (astronomy), autonomous,binomial, Deuteronomy, metronome, nomogram,nomograph, numismatics; b. Greek nome, pasturage,grazing, hence a spreading, a spreading ulcer: noma;c. Greek nomas, wandering in search of pasture: nomad;d. Greek nomimos, legal, probably borrowed in Latinnummus, coin: nummular, nummulate. 4. Perhapssuffixed o-grade form *nom-eso- in Isatin numerus, num-ber, division: number; enumerate, supernumerary..[Pok. 1. nem- 763.]
nepdt-.	Grandson, nephew. Feminine *neptt-. Latinnepds, grandson, nephew, and neptis, granddaughter,niece: nephew, nepotism, niece. .[Pok. nepdt- 764.]
ner-¹.	Under, also on the left; hence, with an eastwardorientation, north. Suffixed zero-grade form *nr-t(r)o- inGermanic *north-, north, in: a. Old English north, north:Nordic, north; Norman; b. Old English northerne,northern: northern; c. Middle Dutch nort, north:Norse. Compare deks-. .[Pok. 2. ner- 765.]
ner-².	Also aner-. Man; basic sense “vigorous, vital,strong.” 1. Oldest root form *sner- (with prothetic vowel)in Greek aner (stem andr-, from zero-grade *anr-), man:Andro-, -ANDROUS, -Andry; philander. 2. Extendedzero-grade form *(s)nrt in Sanskrit hrtyati, he dances(“moves vigorously”): nautch. 3. Referred by some tothis root (as if “having human eyes”; dps, eye; see okw-)but more likely of unknown origin is Greek anthrdpos,man (earliest Greek form anthrdkwos); anthropic, an-thropo-; LYCANTHROPE, MISANTHROPE, PHILANTHROPY,THEANTHROPIC. .[Pok. 1. ner-(t)- 765.]
nera-.	To dive, swim. Possibly in Greek Nereus, name of asea god: Nereid, (nereis), Nereus, neritic. .[Pok. 3.ner- 766.]
nes-¹.	To return safely home. 1. Germanic *nes-tam inOld English, Old High German (in composition), and OldNorse nest, food for a journey, akin to the possibleGermanic source of Old French homes, harness: har-ness. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *nos-to- in Greek nostos,a return home: nostalgia. .[Pok. nes- 766.]
nes-².	Oblique cases of the personal pronoun of the firstperson plural. For the nominative see we-. 1. Zero-gradeform *ns- in Germanic *uns in Old English us, us (accu-sative): US. 2. Suffixed (possessive) zero-grade form*ns-ero- in Germanic *unsara- in Old English user, ure,our: our, ours. 3. O-grade form *nos-, with suffixed(possessive) form *nos-t(e)ro-, in Latin nds, we, andnoster, our: nostrum; paternoster. .[Pok. 3. ne- 758.]
netr-.	Snake. Germanic *nethrd- in Old English nædre,snake: adder. .[Pok. ne-tr- 767.]
neu-¹.	To shout. Suffixed (participial) o-grade form*now-ent-(yo-), “shouting,” in Latin nuntius, “announc-ing,” hence a messenger, also a message, and nuntium,message: nuncio; announce, denounce, enunciate,pronounce, renounce. .[Pok. 1. neu- 767.]
neu-².	To nod. 1. Latin *nuere, to nod (attested only incompounds), frequentative nutdre, to nod: nutation;innuendo. 2. Suffixed form *neu-men- in Latin numen,“a nod,” hence “command,” divine power, deity: numen..[Pok. 2. neu- 767.]
neud-.	To make use of, enjoy. Germanic "nautam, “thingof value, possession,” in: a. Old English neat, bovineanimal: neat²; b. compound form *ga-nauta- (*ga-.with, together; see kom), “he with whom one sharespossessions,” companion, fellow, in (i) Middle Dutchghenot, noot, fellow: matelote (ii) Old High Germanginoz, companion, in German Eidgenosse, confederate:Huguenot. .[Pok. neu-d- 768.]
newn.	Nine. 1. Germanic *niwun, with variant 'nigun, inOld English nigon, nine: nine, nineteen, ninety,NINTH. 2 Latin norem, nine (< 'noven, with m for n byanalogy with the m of septem, seven, and decern, ten):November, novena; nonagenarian. 3. Ordinal form*neueno- in Latin norms, ninth: nona-, nones, noon;(nonagon), (nonanoic acid). 4. Prothetic forms*eneun, *entvn in Greek ennea, nine (> 'ennewa,•enwa•): ennead. .[Pok. e-neuen 318.]
newo-.	New. Related to nu-. 1. Suffixed form *new-yo- inGermanic 'neuja- in: a. Old English neowe, niwe, new:new; b. Old Norse nyr, new: span-new. 2. Basic form*netco- in Greek neuos, neos, new: neo-, neon, neoter-ic; MISONEISM. 3. Suffixed form 'new-aro- in Greeknearos, young, fresh, contracted into neros, fresh (used offish and of water), hence neron, water: aneroid. 4. Basicform 'newo- in Latin novus, new: nova, novation,NOVEL¹, NOVEL², (NOVELTY), NOVICE; INNOVATE, REN-OVATE. 5. Suffixed form 'new-er-ko- in Latin noverca,stepmother (< “she who is new”): novercal. .[Pok.neuos 709.]
ni.	Down. 1. Suffixed form 'nit- in Germanic *nith- inOld English nithan, neothan, below: beneath, under-neath. 2. Suffixed (comparative) form 'ni-tero-, lower,in Germanic 'nitheraz in Old English nither, lower:nether. See compound root nlzdo-. .[In Pok. 1. en 311.].[nike. Victory. Greek noun of unknown origin. Nike.]
nizdo-.	Bird’s nest. Compound root formed from ni +’sd-, zd-, zero-grade form of sed-¹; literally, “place wherethe bird sits down.” 1. Germanic 'nist- in: a. Old Englishnest, nest: nest; b. Germanic 'nistilon in Old Englishnestlian, to make a nest: nestle. 2. Latin nidus, nest:niche, NiDE, nidus; eyas, nidify. .[In Pok. sed- 887.]
nobh-.	Also ombh-. Navel; later also “central knob,”boss of a shield, hub of a wheel. 1. Germanic 'nabo in:a. Old English nafu, nafa, hub of a wheel: nave²;b. compound 'nabo-gaizaz, tool for piercing wheel hubs('gaizaz, spear, piercing tool; see ghalso-), in Old Eng-lish nafogar, auger: auger. 2. Variant form "ombh- inLatin umbo, boss of a shield: umbo. 3. Suffixed form*nobh-alo- in Germanic 'nabalb in Old English nafela,navel: navel. 4. Suffixed variant form *ombh-alo- in:a. Latin umbilicus, navel: umbilicus; nombril;b. Greek omphalos, navel: omphalos. .[Pok. 1. (enebh)314.]
nogh-.	Also enogh-, ongh-. Nail, claw. 1. Suffixed(diminutive) form 'nogh-ela- in Germanic 'nagla- in OldEnglish nsegl, nail: nail. 2. Form 'onogh- in Greek onux(stem onukh-), nail: onyx; paronychia, perionychium,sardonyx. 3. Variant form *ongh- in Latin unguis, nail,claw, hoof, with diminutive ungula, hoof, claw, talon (<ongh-ela-}-. unguis. .[Pok. onogh- 780.]
nog"-.	Naked. 1. Suffixed forms 'nog^-eto-, *nogw-oto- inGermanic •nakweda-, *nakwada- in Old English nacod,naked: naked. 2. Suffixed form *nogw-edo- in Latinnudus, naked: nude, nudi-; denude. 3. Suffixed form'nog^-mo- differentiated or developed into Greek gum-nos, naked: gymnasium, gymnast; gymnosophist,gymnosperm. .[Pok. nogy- 769.]
no-men-.	Name. Earlier form *(o)noo-mn, zero-gradeform ’(o)no-men-. 1. Germanic 'namdn- in Old Englishnama, name: name. 2. Latin nomen, name, reputation:NOMINAL, NOMINATE, NOUN; AGNOMEN, COGNOMEN,DENOMINATE, IGNOMINY, MISNOMER, NOMENCLATOR,NUNCUPATIVE, PRAENOMEN, (PRONOUN), RENOWN.3. Greek onoma, onuma, name; onomastic, -onym,-onymy; anonymous, antonomasia, eponym, (epon-ymous), EUONYMUS, HETERONYMOUS, HOMONYMOUS,METONYMY, METRONYMIC, ONOMATOPOEIA, PARO-NOMASIA, PARONYMOUS, PATRONYMIC, PSEUDONYM,synonymous. .[Pok. en(o)mn- 321.]
not-.	Buttock, back. 1. Greek noton, notos, back: noto-chord. 2. Zero-grade form 'not- in Latin natis, buttock:nates; aitchbone. .[Pok. not- 770.].[nous. Mind, sense, reason, intellect. Greek noun (earliestform noos) of unknown origin, noesis, noumenon,nous; paranoia.]
nsi-.	Sword. Latin ensis, sword: ensiform. .[Pok. nsi-s’771.]
nu-.	Now. Related to newo-. I.Old English nu, now:NOW. 2. Latin nunc (< *nun-ce; -ce, a particle meaning“this,” “here"; see ko-), now: quidnunc. .[Pok. nu- 770.]
6-.	To believe, hold as true. Suffixed form *6-men- inLatin 6men, a prognostic sign, omen: omen.obhel-. Also ebhel-. To augment, increase. Greek ophe-los, advantage: anopheles. .[Pok. obhel- 772.]
od-¹.	To smell. 1. Suffixed form *od-os- in Latin odor,smell: odor. 2. Suffixed form *0d-e- in Latin olere, tosmell (with I for d representing a Sabine borrowing):olfactory, redolent. 3. Suffixed form *od-yo- inGreek ozein, to smell: ozone. 4. Suffixed form 'od-ma-in Greek osme, smell: osmatic, osmium; anosmia. .[Pok.1. od- 772.]
od-².	To hate. Latin odi, I hate, and odium, hatred:annoy, ennui, (noisome), odium. .[Pok. 2. od- 773.]
og-.	Fruit, berry. 1. Zero-grade form *og- in Germanic*ak-ran- in Old English secern, acorn: acorn. 2. Latinuva (preform uncertain), grape: uvea, uvula; pyruvicacid. .[Pok. 6g- 773.]
oid-.	To swell. 1. Possibly Old English ate, oat: oat.2. Greek oidein, to swell: edema. .[Pok. oid- 774.]
oi-no-.	One, unique. I. Basic form *0i-no-. 1. Germanic*ainaz in: a. Old English an, one: a¹, an¹, once, one;(alone), anon, (atone), (lone), (lonely), none;b. compound *ain-lif-, “one left (beyond ten),” eleven('Us-, left over; see leikw-), in Old English endleofan,eleven: eleven; c. Old High German ein, one, in Ger-man vereinen, to unite: einkorn, turnverein. 2. Latinunus, one: inch¹, ounce¹, uncial, uni-, union, unite,unity; coadunate, quincunx, triune, unanimous,unicorn, universe. 3. Latin non, not (< "ne-oinom,“not one thing”; ne, not; see ne). II. Suffixed form'oino-ko- in: a. Germanic *ainigaz in Old English ænig,one, anyone: any; b. Latin unicus, sole, single: UNIQUE.III. Suffixed form *oino-lo- in Latin ullus, any (see ne)..[In Pok. e- 281.]
oito-.	An oath. Probably derived from ei-¹. Germanic*aithaz in: a. Old English ath, oath: oath; b. Old HighGerman eid, oath, in German Eidgenosse, confederate:Huguenot. .[In Pok. 1. ei- 293.]
oktd(u).	Eight. 1. Germanic 'ahto in: a. Old Englisheahta, eight: eight; b. Old Norse attjan (tjan, ten; seedekm), eighteen: atto-. 2. Latin octo, eight: Octans,OCTANT, OCTAVE, OCTAVO, OCTET, OCTO-, OCTOBER,octonary; octodecimo, octogenarian. 3. Greek okto,eight: octad; octopus. .[Pok. oktd 775.]
Oku-.	Swift. Zero-grade form 'oku- in compound'oku-petro-, “swift-flying,” in Latin accipiter, hawk(*pet-ro-, flying; see pet-): accipiter. .[Pok. dku-s 775.]
ok*-.	To see. 1. Germanic *augon• (with taboo deforma-tion) in: a. Old English eage, eye: eye; daisy; b. OldNorse auge, eye: walleyed, window; c. Low Germanoog, eye: ogle. 2. Suffixed form *okw-olo- in: a. Latinocuius, eye-, eyelet, ocellus, ocular, oculist, ul-lage; INOCULATE, MONOCLE, OCULOMETER, OCULOMO-TOR; b. Gallo-Latin compound *ab-oculus, blind,modeled on Gaulish ex-ops, blind, in French aueugle,blind: inveigle. 3. Form *okw-s in Greek ops, eye (andstem 'op-, to see): metopic, myopia, nyctalopia, Pel-ops, phlogopite, pyrope. 4. Suffixed form *oka-ti- inGreek opsis, sight, appearance: opsin, -opsis, -opsy;AUTOPSY, (IODOPSIN), (RHODOPSIN), SYNOPSIS. 5. Suf-fixed form *ok^-to- in Greek optos, seen, visible: optic;CATOPTRIC, DIOPTER, OPTOMETRY, PANOPTIC. 6. Suffixedform *okw-a in Greek ope, opening: metope. 7. Suffixedform *okw-mn in Greek omma (< ’opma), eye: omma-tidium, ommatophore. 8. Greek ophthalmos, eye (withtaboo deformation): ophthalmo-; exophthalmos.9. Zero-grade form *skw- (of oldest full-grade form*aoA“-) in: a. Latin antiquus, “appearing before, havingprior aspect,” former (*anti-, before; see ant-); b. Latinatrox, “black-looking,” frightful ("atro- black; see ater-);C. Latin ferox, “wild-looking,” fierce ("ghwero-, wild; seeghwer-). .[Pok. okv- 775.]
O1-.	To destroy. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *l-e-to-in Latin letum, lethum, death: LETHAL. .[Pok. ol-(e)- 777.]
om-.	Raw. Possibly (but doubtful both in form andmeaning) Latin amdrus, bitter-tasting (> Italian maras-ca, bitter, bitter cherry): amarelle, amaretto, maras-ca, (maraschino), morello. .[Pok. om- 777.]
ombh-ro-.	Rain. 1. Zero-grade form *mbh-ro- in Latinimber, rain: imbricate. 2. Possibly zero-grade suffixedform *mbh-u- in Latin imbuere, to moisten, stain: imbue.See nebh-. .[In Pok. 2. (enebh-) 315.]
omeso-.	Also omso-. Shoulder. 1. Form *omso- in Ger-manic *amsa- in Old Norse ass, a (mountain) ridge: os³.2. Form *omeso- in Latin humerus, shoulder: humerus.3. Lengthened-grade form *bmso- in Greek 6mos, shoul-der: acromion. .[Pok. om(e)so-s 778.]
oner-.	Dream. Suffixed form *oner-yo- in Greek oneiros,dream: oneiromancy. .[Pok. oner- 779.]
ongw-.	To salve, anoint. Latin unguere, to smear, anoint:ointment, unction, unctuous, unguent; anoint,inunction. .[Pok. ongf- 779.]
op-¹.	To work, produce in abundance. 1. Suffixed form*op-es- in Latin opus (stem oper-), work, with its denomi-native verb operari, to work, and secondary noun opera,work: opera¹, operate, operose, opus; cooperate,INURE, MANEUVER, MANURE, OFFICINAL. 2. Latin offi-cium, service, duty, business (< 'opi-fici-om, “perform-ance of work”; -fid-, doing; see dhe-¹). 3. Suffixed form*op-en-ent- dissimilated in Latin opulentus, rich,wealthy: opulent. 4. Suffixed form *op-ni- in Latinomnis, all (< “abundant”): omni-, omnibus; omnium-gatherum. 5. Suffixed (superlative) form ’op-tamo- inLatin optimus, best (< “wealthiest”): optimum.6.  Prefixed Latin form ’co-op- (co-, collective and inten-sive prefix; see kom) in Latin copta, profusion, plenty:copious, copy; cornucopia. .[Pok. 1. op- 780.]
op-².	To choose. 1. Latin optid, choice (from *opere, tochoose): option. 2. Latin optare (frequentative of*opere), to choose: opt, optative; adopt, co-opt.3.  Possibly suffixed form *op-yen- in Latin opindri, to beof an opinion: opine, opinion. .[Pok. 2. op- 781.]
or-.	Large bird. 1. Suffixed form ’or-n- in Germanic*arnuz, eagle, in Old English earn, eagle: erne. 2. Suf-fixed form *or-n-ith- in Greek ornis (stem ornith-), bird:ORNITHO-; AEPYORNIS, ICHTHYORNIS, NOTORNIS. .[Pok. 1.er- 325.]
dr-.	To pronounce a ritual formula. Latin orare, to speak,plead, pray: oracle, oration, orator, oratory¹, ora-tory²; ADORE, INEXORABLE, PERORATE. .[Pok. OF- 781.]
orbh-.	To put asunder, separate. Suffixed form "orbh-o-,“bereft of father,” also “deprived of free status,” in:a. Greek orphanos, orphaned: orphan; b. Old Slavic*orbu in Old Church Slavonic rabu, slave > rabota,servitude, in Czech robota, compulsory labor, drudgery :robot. .[Pok. orbho- 781.]
ors-.	Buttocks, backside. 1. Suffixed form *ors-o- inGermanic *arsaz in Old English ærs, ears, backside: ass².2. Suffixed form *ors-d- in: a. Greek oura, tail: uro-²,-UROUS; ANTHURIUM, ANURAN, CYNOSURE, EREMURUS,oxyuriasis, squirrel, trichuriasis; b. probablyGreek silouros, sheatfish (< obscure first element +oura)-. SILURID. .[Pok. ers- 340.]
OS-.	Ash tree. Germanic "aski- in Old English awe, ash:ASH². .[Pok. os- 782.]
OS-.	Mouth. 1. Latin os (stem dr-), mouth, face, orifice,and derivative ostium (< suffixed form ’ds-to-), door:ORAL, os¹, OSCULATE, OSCULUM, OSTIARY, OSTIUM,USHER; INOSCULATE, ORIFICE, ORINASAL, OROTUND,OSCITancy, peroral. 2. Possibly Latin auriga, chari-oteer (< *6r-ig-, “he who manages the (horse's) bit”; -ig-,driving, from ‘ag-; see ag-): Auriga. .[Pok. 1. ous- 784.]
ost-.	Bone. 1. Latin os (stem oss-), bone: os², osseous,ossicle, ossuary; ossifrage, ossify. 2. Greek osteon,bone: osteo-; endosteum, exostosis, periostem, syn-ostosis, teleost. 3. Suffixed form *ost-r- in: a. Greekostrakon, shell, potsherd: ostracize, ostracod;b. Greek ostreon, oyster: oyster; c. variant form inGreek astragalus, vertebra, ball of the ankle joint, knuck-lebone, Ionic molding: astragal, astragalus. .[Pok.ost(h)- 783.]
ous-.	Also aus-. Ear. 1. Suffixed form *ous-en- in Ger-manic ‘auzan- in Old English eare, ear: ear¹. 2. Suffixedform *aus-i- in Latin auris, ear: aural¹, auricle;auriform, ormer. 3. Latin auscultdre, to listen to(‘aus- + ‘kli-to-, inclined; see klei-): auscultation,scout¹. 4. Suffixed basic form *ous-os- in: a. Greek ous(stem dt-), ear: otic, OTO-; myosotis, parotid gland;b. Greek Iagos, hare (< *lag-ous-, “with drooping ears”;*lag-, to droop; see sleg-). .[Pok. ous- 785.]
owi-.	Sheep. 1. Germanic ‘awi- in Old English ewe, eowu,ewe: ewe. 2. Latin ovis, sheep: ovine; ovibos. .[Pok.oui-s 784.]
pa-.	To protect, feed. Contracted from "pas-. 1. Suffixedform *pd-trom in Germanic ‘fodram in: a. Old Englishfodor, fodder: fodder; b. Old French feurre, fodder:forage; C. Old French forreure, trimming made fromanimal skin, fur (< “sheath, case, lining”): fur. 2. Suf-fixed form *pd-dhlom (doublet of *pd-trom) in Latinpabulum, food, fodder: pabulum. 3. Extended form*pdt- in: a. Germanic ‘sod-, food, in Old English soda,food: food; b. Germanic denominative ‘fodjan, to givefood to, in Old English sedan, to feed: feed; C. suffixedform *pdt-tro- in Germanic ’fostra- in Old English foster,food, nourishment: foster. 4. Extended form *pds- in:a. suffixed form *pds-sko- in Latin pdscere, to feed:pasture; antipasto, pester, repast; b. Latin paster,shepherd: pastor; c. suffixed form *pds-t-ni- in Latinpanis, bread (diminutive pastillus, medicine tablet):PANADA, PANATELA, PANNIER, PANOCHA, PANTRY, PAS-TILLE, (penuche); appanage, companion, (company).5. Suffixed form ‘pa-ti- in Iranian *pati- in Persian pad,protecting against: bezoar. 6. Suffixed form ‘pd-won-,protector, in Old Persian khshathra-pdvd, protector ofthe province: satrap. .[Pok. pa- 787, 1. pd(i)- 839.]
pag-.	Also pak-. To fasten. 1. Lengthened-grade form*pdk- in Germanic "fogsan, to join, fit, in Old Englishfegan, to sit closely: fay¹. 2. Nasalized form *pa-n-g- in:a. Germanic *fangiz, seizure, in (i) Old English fang, feng,plunder, booty: fang (ii) Dutch vangen, to catch: vang;b. Latin pangere, to fasten: compact¹, impinge. 3. Rootform ‘pak- in: a. Latin pax, peace (< “a binding togetherby treaty or agreement”): pace², pay¹, peace; appease,pacific, pacify; b. Latin pactsci, to agree: pact. 4. Suf-fixed form *pak-slo- in: a. Latinpdlus, stake (fixed in theground): pale¹, palisade, peel³, pole²; impale, tra-vail, (travel); b. probably Latin pdla, spade: palette,PEEL². 5. Lengthened-grade form *pdg- in: a. Latinpdgus, “boundary staked out on the ground,” district,village, country: pagan, peasant; b. Latin pagina,“trellis to which a row of vines is fixed,” hence (bymetaphor) column of writing, page: page², pageant;c. Latin prdpdges (pro-, before, in front; see per¹), layerof vine, offspring (< “a fixing before”): propagate;d. Greek pegnunai, to fasten, coagulate: pectin, pegma-tite. .[Pok. pak- 787.]
pan-.	Fabric. 1. Germanic ‘fanon- in: a. Old Englishfana, flag, banner, weathercock: vane; b. compound*gund-fandn-, "battle-slag” (see gwhen-’). 2. Extendedform *panno- in Latin pannus, piece of cloth, rag: pane,panel, 3. Possibly Greek p^nos, web (> Latin panus, aswelling): panicle. .[Pok. pan- 788.].[pandoura. Three-stringed lute. Greek noun of obscureorigin, bandore, mandolin, pandore.]
pant-.	All. Attested only in Tocharian and Greek. Greekpas (neuter pan, stem pant•), all: pan-. Pan; diapason,pancratium, pancreas. .[In Pok. 1. Heu- 592.]
pap-’.	Teat (sound symbolism). Probably the same wordas pap-². 1. Middle English pap(p)e, nipple: pap*.2. Latin diminutive papula, pimple (diminutive papilla,nipple): papilla, papule. 3. Variant form *pup(p)- inLatin pupus, boy, and pupa, girl: pupa, pupil*. .[In Pok.ba*b- 91.]
pap-².	Food (baby-talk root). Reduplication of pa-.1.  Germanic nasalized form *pamp- in Flemish frequen-tative pamper?n, to cram with food, akin to the source ofMiddle English pamperen, to pamper: pamper. 2. Latinpappa, food (> Middle English pap, soft food): pap²,poppycock. .[Pok. pap(p)a 789, ba¹ mb- 94.]
papa.	A child’s word for “father,” a linguistic near-uni-versal found in many languages. 1. French papa, father:papa. 2. Greek pappas, father, and pappos, grandfather:pappus, POPE. .[Pok. pap(p)a 789.]
paso-.	Kinsman by marriage. Latin parri- (for pari ) incompound parri-cida (oldest form paricidas), murdererof a near relation: parricide. .[Pok. paso-s 787.]
past-.	Solid, firm. 1. Germanic ’fastuz, firm, fast, in:a. Old English fæst, fixed, firm: fast*; steadfast;b. Middle Dutch vast, firm, fast: avast. 2. Germanic’fastinon, to make firm or fast, in Old English fxstnian,to fasten, establish: fasten. 3. Germanic *fasten, to holdfast, observe abstinence, in: a. Old English fæstan, toabstain from food: fast®; b. Old Norse fasta, to abstainfrom food: breakfast. .[Pok. pasta- 789.]
pau-.	Few, little. I. Adjectival form ’pau-, few, little.1. Germanic *fawaz in Old English feawe, few: few.2. Suffixed form *pau-ko- in Latin paucus, little, few:paucity, poco. 3. Suffixed form *pau-ro- in metatheticalform ’par-wo- in Latin parvus, little, small, neuterpa num, becoming parum, little, rarely: paraffin, par-vovirus. 4. Compound *pau-paros, producing little,poor (*par-os, producing; see pore-'), in Latin pauper,poor: pauper, poor, poverty. II. Suffixed reducedvariant form *pu-lo-, young of an animal. 1. Germanic’fuldn- in Old English sola, young horse, colt: foal.2.  Germanic derivative * sulfo in Old Norse fylja, femalecolt: filly. 3. Latin pullus (probably with expressivegemination), young of an animal, chicken: poltroon,PONY, pool², poulard, pullet; catchpole. III. Basicform *pau• and variant form *p&-, boy, child. 1. Suffixedform ’pu-ero- in Latin puer, child: puerile, puerperal.2. Suffixed form *pu-sso- in Latin pusus, boy: pusil-lanimous. 3. Suffixed form * paw-id- in Greek pais(stem paid-), child (> paideia, education): pedo-²; ency-clopedia, orthopedics. .[Pok. pou- 842.]
paus-.	To leave, desert, cease, stop. Greek pauein, to stop(> Latin pausa, a stopping): pause, (pesade), (pose*);compose, diapause, (repose*). .[Pok. paus- 79.]
ped-’.	Foot. I. Nominal root. 1. Lengthened o-grade form*pod- in Germanic *fot- in Old English sot, foot: foot.2. Suffixed form ’ped-ero- in Germanic fetero in OldEnglish fetor, feter, leg iron, fetter: fetter. 3. Suffixedform *ped-el- in Germanic *fetel- in Old High Germanvizzelach, fetlock, akin to the Germanic source of MiddleEnglish fitlock, fetlock, fetlock: fetlock. 4. Basic form*ped- in Latin pes (stem ped ), foot: pawn®, -ped, pedal,PEDATE, PEDESTRIAN, PEDI-, PEDICEL, PEDUNCLE,(PEON), PES, PIONEER; MILLIPEDE, SESQUIPEDALIAN,tripedal, trivet, vamp¹. 5. Form ’ped-yo- in: a. Latinexpedxre, to free from a snare (ex-, out of; see eghs):expedite; b. Latin impethre, “to put in fetters, hobble,shackle,” entangle, hinder (in-, in; see en): impede.6. Suffixed form *ped-ika• in Latin pedica, fetter, snare:dispatch, impeach. 7. O-grade form ’pod- in: a. Greekpous (stem pod ), foot: pew, -pod, podite, podium;ANTIPODES, APODAL, APPOGGIATURA, APUS, CALIBER,LYCOPODIUM, MONOPODIUM, OCTOPUS, PELECYPOD,PHALAROPE, PLATYPUS, PODAGRA, PODIATRY, PODOPHYL-lin, POLYP, polypod, sympodium; b. Russian pod, un-der: podzol. 8. Suffixed form *ped-ya in Greek peza,foot: trapezium. 9. Suffixed form ’ped-o- in: a. Greekpedon, ground, soil: pedo-*; parallelepiped; b. San-skrit padam, footstep, foot, and pat (> Hindi paisa),foot: paisa, pice, pie³, PUG³; c. Middle Persian pat, leg,foot: pajamas, teapoy; d. lengthened-grade form *pedo-in (i) Greek pedon, rudder, steering oar: pilot (ii) Greekpedan, to leap: diapedesis. 10. Suffixed form *ped-i- inGreek pedilon, sandal: cypripedium. II. Verbal root*ped-, to stumble, fall. 1. Germanic "feten in Old Englishfetian, feccean, to bring back: fetch*. 2. Latin ’ped- in:a. suffixed (comparative) form *ped-yos in Latin pejor,worse (< “stumbling”): pejoration; impair; b. suffixed(superlative) form *ped-samo- in Latin pessimus, worst:pessimism; C. suffixed form ’ped-ko- in Latin peccare, tostumble, sin: peccable, peccadillo, peccant; impec-cable. .[Pok. 2. ped- 790.]
ped-².	Container. 1. Suffixed o-grade form *pod-om inGermanic ’fatam in Old English fæt, cask: vat. 2. Suf-fixed o-grade form *pod-ilo- in Germanic ’fatilaz in OldEnglish fetel, girdle: fettle. 3. Probably full-grade form’ped- in Germanic ’set- in Middle High German vetze,“clothes,” rags, probably akin to the source of obsoleteEnglish fritter, fragment: fritter*. .[Pok. 1. p^d- 790.]
peg-.	Breast. 1. Suffixed variant form *pek-tos- in Latinpectus, breast: pectoral; expectorate, parapet.2. Possibly suffixed variant form ’pek-so- in Sanskritpaksah, wing: punka. .[Pok. (peg-), pig- 792.]
pe(i)-.	Also pe-, pi-. To hurt. Possible root; contractedfrom *peo(i)-. 1. Suffixed (participial) form *pi-ont- (<’pio-ont ) in Germanic ’fijand-, hating, hostile, in OldEnglish feond, fiond, enemy, devil: fiend. 2. Possibly’pe- in suffixed zero-grade form ‘ps-to- in Latin pati, tosuffer: passible, passion, passive, patient; compas-sion. .[Pok. pe(i)- 792.]
peie-.	Also pei-. To be fat, swell. 1. Extended o-gradeform ’poid- in Germanic ’faitaz, plump, fat, in derivativeGermanic verb ’faitfan, to fatten, whence Germanic pastparticiple ’faitidaz, fattened, in Old English fsetft), fat:FAT. 2. Possibly suffixed zero-grade form *pi-tu- in Latinpituita, moisture exuded from trees, gum, phlegm: pip ⁵,pituitary, PITUITOUS. 3. Possibly suffixed zero-gradeform *pi-nu- in Latin pinus, pine tree (yielding a resin):PINE*, PINEAL, PINON, PINNACE; PINA CLOTH. 4. Suffixedzero-grade form *pi-won- in Greek pion, fat: propionicacid. 5. Suffixed zero-grade form *pi-wer-, “fat, fertile,”in: a. *Iwer-iu, the prehistoric Celtic name for Ireland, inOld English Iras, the Irish: (Erse), Irish; b. ’Piwer-idin Greek Pieria, a region of Macedonia: Pierian Spring..[Pok. peifo)- 793.]
peig-*.	Also peik-. To cut, mark (by incision). 1. Alter-nate form ’peik- in Germanic ’fihala, cutting tool, in OldEnglish fil, file: file². 2. Nasalized zero-grade form•pi-n-g- in Latin pingere, to embroider, tattoo, paint,picture: paint, Pictor, picture, picturesque, pig-ment, pimento, pinto; depict, pictograph. 3. Suffixedzero-grade form ’pik-ro- in Greek pikros, sharp, bitter:PiCRo-. 4. O-grade form *poik- in Greek poikilos, spotted,pied, various: poikilotherm. .[Pok. 1 .peig- 794.]
peig-².	Also peik-. Evil-minded, hostile. 1. Suffixedzero-grade form ’pig-olo- in Germanic ’fikala- in OldEnglish ficol, treacherous, false: fickle. 2. Suffixedo-grade form *poik-os in Germanic ’gafaihaz (’ga-,collective prefix; see kom), in Old English gefah, enemy:FOE. 3. Suffixed o-grade form *poik-yos in Germanic’faigjaz in Old English fæge, fated to die: fey. 4. Suf-fixed o-grade form *poik-itd in Germanic *faihitho in OldFrench saida, hostility, feud: feud¹. .[Pok. 2. peig-795.]
peis-¹.	To crush. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *pis-to- inLatin pistillum, pestle: pestle, pistil. 2. Nasalizedzero-grade form *pi-n-s- in Latin pinsare, to pound:piston. 3. Possibly suffixed form *pis-lo- in Latin pilum,javelin, pestle: pile². 4. Perhaps Greek ptissein (pt- forP-), to crush, peel: ptisan, (tisane). .[Pok. 1. (peis-?), pis-796.]
peis-².	To blow. Germanic *fis- in Old Norse fisa, to fart,akin to the Scandinavian source of Middle English fise,fart: fizgig. .[Pok. 2. peis- 796.]
peisk-.	Fish. Zero-grade form *pisk-. 1. Suffixed Ger-manic form *fisk-a- in: a. Old English fisc, fish: fish;b. Middle Dutch vische, vis, fish: weakfish. 2. Suffixedform *pisk-i- in Latin piscis, fish: piscary, piscatorial,Pisces, pisci-, piscina, piscine; grampus, porpoise..[Pok. peisk- 796.]
pek-¹.	To make pretty. 1. Possibly Germanic *fagra- inOld English fæger, beautiful: fair¹. 2. Possibly Germanic*fagin-, *fagan-, to enjoy, in Old English fægen, joyful,glad (> fagnian, to rejoice): fain, fawn¹. .[Pok. 1. pek-796.]
pek-².	To pluck the hair, fleece, comb. 1. Extended form*pekt- in Germanic *fehtan, to fight, in Old Englishfeohtan, to fight: fight. 2. Suffixed extended form*pekt-en- in: a. Latin pecten, a comb: pecten;b. zero-grade form *pkt-en- in Greek kteis (genitivektenos < *pktenos), a comb: ctenidium; ctenoid,CTENOPHORE. .[Pok. 2. pek- 797.]
peku-.	Wealth, movable property. 1. Germanic ’fehu- in:a. Old Norse fe, property, cattle: fellow; b. Old Frenchfie, fief: fee; c. Medieval Latin feudum, feudal estate:FEUD²; INFEUDATION. 2. Suffixed form *peku-n- in Latinpecunia, property, wealth: pecuniary; impecunious.3.  Suffixed form *peku-l- in Latin peculium, riches incattle, private property: peculate, peculiar. .[In Pok.2. pek- 797.]
pekw-.	To cook, ripen. 1. Assimilated form (in Italic andCeltic) *kwekw- in Latin coquere, to cook: cook, cuisine,(culinary), kiln, kitchen, quittor; apricot, biscuit,concoct, decoct, precocious, ricotta. 2. Greek pe-pan, ripe: pepo. 3. Greek peptein, to cook, ripen, digest(> peptos, cooked): peptic; drupe, eupeptic, pepsin,peptone, pumpkin. 4. Greek -pepsia, digestion: dyspep-sia. 5. Sanskrit pakva-, ripe: pukka. .[Pok. pekv- 798.]
pel-¹.	Dust, flour. 1. Latin pollen, fine flour, dust: pol-len. 2. Latin pulvis, dust: powder, pulverize. 3. Latinpalea, chaff: paillasse, palea. 4. Greek palunein, tosprinkle flour: palynology. 5. Greek poltos, porridge(made from flour), probably borrowed via Etruscan intoLatin as puls, pottage: poultice, pulse². .[Pok. 2 b. pel-802.]
pel-².	Pale. 1. Suffixed variant form * pal-wo- in: a. Ger-manic *falwaz in Old English fealu, fealo, reddish yellow:fallow deer; b. Latin pallere, to be pale: pale², pal-lid, pallor; appall; c. Latin palumbes (influenced inform by Latin columbus, dove), ringdove, “gray bird”:palomino. 2. Suffixed form *pel-ko- probably in Ger-manic *falkbn-, falcon (< “gray bird”), in: a. Old Frenchgirfaut, gyrfalcon: gyrfalcon; b. Late Latin falcb,falcon (but Germanic *falkon- is also possibly from theLate Latin); falcon. 3. Suffixed extended form *peli-wo- in: a. Greek pelios, dark: Pelops; b. o-grade form*poli-wo- in Greek polios, gray: poliomyelitis. 4. Per-haps Greek pelargos (< *pelawo-argos), stork (< “black-white bird”; argos, white; see arg-): pelargonium..[Pok. 6. pel- 804.]
pel-³.	To fold. 1. Extended o-grade form *polt- in Ger-manic * faithan, *faldan in: a. Old English fealdan,faldan, to fold: fold¹; b. Old High German faldan, tofold: faltboat; C. Germanic compound *faldistolaz,“folding stool” (*stolaz, stool; see sta-), in MedievalLatin compound faldistolium, folding chair: faldstool;d. Germanic combining form *■falthaz, *-faldaz in OldEnglish -feald, -said, -fold: -fold. 2. Combining form*-plo- in: a. Latin -plus, -fold (as in triplus, threefold):DECUPLE, MULTIPLE, OCTUPLE, QUADRUPLE, SEPTUPLE,(sextuple), triple; triploblastic; b. Greek -plos,■ploos, -fold (as in haploos, haplous, single): -PLOID;(diploid), haploid. .[Pok. 3. a. pel- 802.]
pel-⁴.	Skin, hide. 1. Suffixed form *pel-no- in Germanic*felnam in Old English fell, skin, hide: fell³. 2. Ger-manic suffixed form *fel-men- in Old English filmen,membrane: film. 3. Suffixed form *pel-ni- in Latinpellis, skin: pelisse, pellicle, (pelt¹), peltry, pil-lion; pellagra, surplice. 4. Greek -pelas, skin: ery-sipelas. 5. Suffixed form *pel-to- in Greek pelte, a shield(made of hide): peltate. .[Pok. 3 b. pel- 803.]
pel-⁵.	To sell. Lengthened o-grade form *pol- in Greekpolein, to sell: bibliopole, monopoly. .[Pok. 5. pel- 804.]
pel-⁶.	To thrust, strike, drive. I. Suffixed form * pel-de-.1.  Germanic *felt-, *falt-, to beat, in: a. Old Englishanfiltfe), anfealt, anvil (“something beaten on”): anvil;b. Germanic *feltaz, *filtiz, compressed wool, in (i) OldEnglish felt, felt: felt¹ (ii) Medieval Latin filtrum, filter,piece of felt: filter. 2. Latin pellere (past participlepulsus), to push, drive, strike: pousette, pulsate,PULSE¹, PUSH; COMPEL, DISPEL, EXPEL, IMPEL, PROPEL,repel. 3. Suffixed o-grade form *pol-o-, fuller of cloth, inLatin polire, to make smooth, polish (< “to full cloth”):polish. II. Extended form *peb-. 1. Present stem*pelna- in: a. Latin appelldre, “to drive to,” address,entreat, appeal, call (ad-, to; see ad-): appeal; b. LatincompeUare, to accost, address (com-, intensive prefix; seekom): compellation; c. Latin interpelldre, “to thrustbetween,” interrupt (inter-, between; see en): interpel-late. 2. Suffixed zero-grade extended adverbial form’pb-ti, in pre-Greek "plati in Greek plesios, near (<“pushed toward”): plesiosaurus. .[Pok. 2. a. pel- 801.]
pel-⁷.	Dish. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *pel-owi- inLatin pelvis, basin: pelvis. .[Pok. 4. pel- 804.]
pels	'. 1. To fill; with derivatives referring to abundanceand multitude. Variant *ple-, contracted from *plea-.I. Suffixed zero-grade form *pb-no-. 1. Germanic *ful-naz, *fullaz, full, in Old English full, full: full¹. 2. De-rivative Germanic verb *fulljan, to fill, in Old Englishfyllan, to fill: fill. 3. Latin root *plano-, replaced by*pleno- (influenced by Latin verb plere, to fill; see III. 1below) in Latin plenus, full: plenary, plenitude,PLENTY, PLENUM; PLENIPOTENTIARY, REPLENISH,terrePlein. II. Suffixed form *p(e)b-u-. 1. PossiblyLatin palus, marsh (? < “inundated”; but possibly ratherfrom pel-²); paludal, paludism. 2. Obscure compara-tive form (Old Latin pious) in Latin plus, more: piu,plural, plus; nonplus, pluperfect, surplus.3. O-grade form *polfs)-u- in Greek polus, much, many:poly-; hoi polloi. III. Variant form *ple-. 1. Latinplere, to fill: (accomplish), complete, compliment,COMPLY, EXPLETIVE, IMPLEMENT, REPLETE, SUPPLY.2. Possibly suffixed form *ple-dhw- in Latin plebs,plebes, the people, multitude: plebe, plebeian, plebs;plebiscite. 3. Suffixed form *ple-dhwo- in: a. Greekplethos (Ionic plethus), great number: isopleth;b. Greek derivative verb plethein, to be full: plethora;PLETHYSMOGRAPH. 4. Suffixed (comparative) form*ple-i(s)on- in Greek pleon, pleion, more: pleo-, pleo-nasm; PLEIOTAXY, PLEIOTROPISM, PLIOCENE. 5. Suffixed(superlative) form *ple-isto- in Greek pleistos, most:Pleistocene. IV. Possibly Sanskrit purah, cake (<“that which fills or satisfies”): poori. .[Pok. 1. pel- 798.]
pela-².	Flat; to spread. Variant *pla-, contracted from*plas-. 1. Suffixed form * pelfs)-tu- in Germanic *felthuz,flat land, in Old English feld, open field: field. 2. Suf-fixed form *pelfs)-t-es- (by-form of * pelfs)-tu-) in Ger-manic *feltha-, flat land, in: a. Old High German feld,field: feldspar; b. Middle Dutch veld, velt, field:veldt. 3. Variant form *pla- in: a. suffixed form'pldru- in Germanic 'fldruz, floor, in Old English fldr,floor: floor; b. suffixed form *pia no- in Latin planus,flat, level, even, plain, clear: llano, piano², plain,PLANARIAN, PLANE¹, PLANE², PLANE³, PLANISH, PLANO-,planula; airplane, explain. 4. Suffixed zero-gradeform 'pb-ma in Latin palma (< * palama), palm of thehand: PALM¹, PALM². 5. Possibly extended variant form*plan• in: a. Greek planasthai, to wander (< “to spreadout"): planet: aplanatic; b. possibly Germanic 'flan-in Old Norse flana, to wander aimlessly, akin to theGermanic source of French shiner, to walk the streetsidly: FLANEUR. 6. Suffixed zero-grade form 'pb-dh- inGreek plassein (< ' plath-yein), to mold, “spread out”:-PLASIA, PLASMA, -PLAST, PLASTER, PLASTIC, PLASTID,-plasty; dysplasia, metaplasm, (toxoplasma).7. O-grade form 'pob- in: a. Russian polyi, open: polyn-ya; b. Slavic polje. broad flat land, field, in Polish Polak,Pole: PolaCK, polka. See also extensions plak-¹ andplat-. .[Pok. peb- 805.]
pel»-s.	Citadel, fortified high place. Greek polis, city:POLICE, (POLICY¹), POUS, POUTIC, (POUTY); ACROPOLIS,COSMOPOLITE, MEGALOPOUS, METROPOUS, NECROPOUS,POUCUNic, proPous. .[In Pok. 1. pel- 798.]
pelis-.	Also pels-. Rock, cliff. Germanic 'febam, rock, inOld Norse (jail, fell, rock, barren plateau: FJELD. .[Pok.peli-s- 807.]
pen-.	Swamp. Suffixed o-grade form 'pon-yo- in Ger-manic *fanjam, swamp, marsh, in Old English fenn,marsh; fen. .[Pok. 2. pen- 807.]
penkwe.	Five. I. Basic form 'penk^e. 1. Assimilated form•pempe in Germanic *fimf in: a. Old English sis, five:Five; b. Old High German fins, funs, five: FIN². 2. Ger-manic compound *fimftehun, fifteen ('tehun, ten; seedekm), in: a. Old English fiftene, fifteen: fifteen;b. Old Norse fimmtan, fifteen: FEMTO-. 3. Assimilatedform 'k^enk^e in: a. Latin quinque, five: cinquain,CINQUE, quinque-; CINQUEFOIL, quincunx; b. Latindistributive quini, five each: keno, quinate; c. Latincompound quindecim, fifteen (decem, ten; see dekm):quindecennial. 4. Greek pente, five: penta-, pentad;pentacle, pentadactyl, pentagon, pentameter,PENTARCHY, PENTASTICH, PENTATEUCH, PENTATHLON.5. Sanskrit panca, five: punch³; pachisi. II. Compound*penk^e-(d)konta, “five tens,” fifty (’-(d)konta, group often; see dekm). 1. Latin quinqudginta, fifty: QUINQUA-GENARIAN, Quinquagesima. 2. Greek pentekonta, fifty:Pentecost. III. Ordinal adjective 'penk^-to-. 1. Ger-manic 'fimftdn- in Old English sista, fifth: fifth.2. Latin quintus (< *quinc-tos), feminine quinta, fifth:QUINT¹, QUINTAIN, QUINTET, QUINTILE; QUINTESSENCE,QUINTILLION, QUINTUPLE. IV. Suffixed form 'penk^-ro-in Germanic *fingwraz, finger (< “one of five”), in OldEnglish finger, finger: finger. V. Suffixed reducedzero-grade form ’pnk-sti- in Germanic ’fu(nh)stiz in:a. Old English fy st, fist: fist; b. Dutch vuist, fist: foist..[Pok. penkw 808, pnksti- 839.]
pent-.	To tread, go. 1. Germanic ’finthan, to come upon,discover, in Old English findan, to find: find. 2. Suffixedo-grade form ‘pont-i• in: a. Latin pons (stem pont-),bridge (earliest meaning, “way, passage,” preserved inthe priestly title pontifex, “he who prepares the way”;■sex, maker; see dhe-¹): pons, pontifex, pontiff, pon-tine, PONTOON, punt¹; (transpontine); b. Russianput’, path, way, in sputnik, fellow traveler: sputnik.3. Zero-grade form *pnt- in Greek patein, to tread, walk:peripatetic. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form *pnt a- inIranian ’path-, probably borrowed (? via Scythian) intoGermanic as 'patha-, way, path, in: a. Old English pæth,path: path; b. Middle Dutch pad, way, path: footpad..[Pok. pent• 808.]
per¹.	Base of prepositions and preverbs with the basicmeanings of “forward," “through,” and a wide range ofextended senses such as “in front of,” “before,” “early>ⱼₜ“first,” “chief,” “toward,” “against,” “near,” “at’“around.” I. Basic form *per and extended form *peri.1. Germanic *fer-, 'far-, used chiefly as an intensiveprefix denoting destruction, reversal, or completion, in:a. Old High German far-, in German vereinen, to unite:turnverein; b. Middle Dutch vieren, to let out,slacken: veer²; c. compound *fer-getan, “to lose one’shold,” forget (see ghend-). 2. Suffixed (comparative)form 'per-ero-, farther away, in Germanic *fer(e)ra inOld English feorfr), far: far. 3. Compound 'per-n-yo-, oflast year (*-n-, year; see en-), in Germanic 'fernja- in OldHigh German firm, old: firn. 4. Latin per, through, for,by: per, per-; paramount, paramour, parget, par-venu. 5. Greek peri, around, near, beyond: peri-; peris-sodaCTYL. 6. Sanskrit pari, through, around:Palanquin. 7. Avestan pairi, around: paradise.II. Zero-grade form 'pr-. 1. Germanic 'fur, before, in:a. Old English for, before, instead of, on account of: for;b. Old English for-, prefix denoting destruction, pejora-tion, exclusion, or completion: FOR-. 2. Extended form*prt- in Germanic 'furth-, forward, in Old English forth,forth: forth; afford. 3. Suffixed (comparative) form'pr-tero- in Germanic 'furthera- in Old English furthra,further, farther away: further. 4. Compound 'pr-st-i-(or 'por-st-i-, with o-grade form *por-), “that whichstands before,” stake, post (see sta-). III. Extendedzero-grade form 'pra-. 1. Suffixed (superlative) form*pra-mo- in: a. Germanic *fruma-, 'surma- in Old Eng-lish forma, first, foremost: foremost, former²; b. Latincompound prandium, “first meal,” late breakfast, lunch(probably < *prdm-d-ium < *pram-(e)d-yo-; second ele-ment '-(e)d-, to eat; see ed-). 2. Suffixed (superlative)form 'pra-isto- in Germanic 'furista-, foremost, in OldEnglish fyrst, fyrest, first: first. 3. Suffixed form'pra-wo- in Greek 'prowo-, first, foremost, in: a. analogi-cally suffixed Greek form 'prdw-arya in Greek proira,forward part of a ship: PROW; b. suffixed (superlative)Greek form 'prow-ato- in Greek protos, first, foremost:protein, protist, proto-, proton. 4. Suffixed form*pm-i in Celtic *(p)ari, 'are in Gaulish an (combiningform are-), before, in Latin arepennis, half-acre (secondelement obscure): arpent. IV. Extended form 'prad.1. Germanic 'sura, before, in: a. Old English fore, for (>Middle English fore-), before: fore, fore-; forefa-ther; b. Old High German fora (> German vor), before:vorlage; C. Germanic prefixed and suffixed form*bi-fora-na, in the front (*bi-, at, by; see ambhi), in OldEnglish beforan, before: before. 2. Greek para, beside,alongside of, beyond: para-¹; palfrey. V. Extendedform 'pro. 1. a. Germanic *fra, forward, away from, inOld Norse *frd (> Middle English fro), from: fro;Froward; b. Germanic 'fra-, completely (see ed-, elk-).2. Suffixed form 'pro-mo- in: a. Germanic *fram, from,in Old English from, from: FROM; b. Germanic 'frum,forward, hence derivative verb 'frumjan, to further, inOld French f(o)umir, to supply, provide: furnish, ve-neer; c. Czech pram, raft: praam. 3. Suffixed form'pro-wo- in Germanic *frowd-, lady, in: a. Old HighGerman frouwa, lady: Frau, (Fraulein); b. MiddleDutch vrouwe, woman: vrouw. 4. Latin pro, prd-, be-fore, for, instead of: pro¹, pro-¹; purchase. 5. Suffixedform 'pro-no- in Latin promts, leaning forward: prone.6.  Possible suffixed form *pro-ko- in Latin compoundreeiprocus, alternating, “backward and forward”('re-ko-, backward; see re-): reciprocal. 7. Suffixedadverb 'pro-k^e in: a. Latin prope, near: approach,rapprochement, reproach; b. suffixed form •prok»-inkuo- in Latin propinquus, near: propinquity; c. suf-fixed (superlative) form 'prok^-samo- in Latin proximus,nearest: proximate; approximate. 8. Compound*pro-bhw-o-, growing well or straightforward ("bhw-o-,to grow; see bheua-), in Latin probus, upright, good,virtuous: (probable), probe, probity, (proof), prove;approve, improbity, (improve), (reprove). 9. Greekpro, before, in front, forward: pro-². 10. Suffixed (com-parative) form ’pro-Zero- in Greek proZeros, before,former: hysteron proteron, Proterozoic. VI. Exten-ded forms *prai-, *prei-. 1. Latin prae, before: PRE-;preterit. 2. Suffixed (comparative) form *prei-yos- inLatin prior, former, higher, superior: prior². 3. Suffixedform *prei-wo- in: a. Latin privus, single, alone (<“standing in front,” “isolated from others”): private,privilege, privity, privy; deprive; b. Latin proprius,one’s own, particular (< pro prim, in particular, from theablative of privus, single): proper, property; appro-priate, proprioception, proprioceptor. 4. Extendedform *preis- in: a. suffixed (superlative) form *preis-mo-in (i) Latin primus (< *prtsmus; ablative plural primis),first, foremost: premier, primal, primary, primate,prime, primitive, primo, primus; imprimis, primafacie, primavera, primeval, primipara, primogeni-tor, primogeniture, primordial (ii) Latin compoundprinceps, “he who takes first place” (-ceps, “-taker”; seekap-), leader, chief, emperor: prince, principal, prin-ciple; b. suffixed form *preis-tano- in Latin pristinus,former, earlier, original: pristine. VII. Extended form*pres• in compound *pres-gwu-, “going before” (*gwu-, togo; see gwa-), in Greek presbus, old, old man, elder:presbyter, (priest); presbyopia. VIII. Extended form*proti in Greek pros, against, toward, near, at: pros-;prosopopeia. Other possibly related forms are groupedunder per-², per-³, per-⁴, per-s, and per-⁷. .[Pok. 2. A. per810.]
per-².	To lead, pass over. A verbal root belonging to thegroup of per’. I. Full-grade form *per-. 1. Suffixed form*per-tu-s in Germanic *ferthuz, place for crossing over,ford, in Old Norse fjordhr, an inlet, estuary: FIRTH,fjord. 2. Suffixed form *per-ona in Greek perone, pin ofa brooch, buckle (< “that which pierces through”):peroneal. ILO-grade form *por-. 1. Germanic *faran,to go, in: a. Old English faran (> Middle English faren),to go on a journey, get along: FARE; WAYFARER, WAY-FARING, (welfare); b. Old High German faran, to go,travel: gaberdine. 2. Suffixed form *por-o-, passage,journey, in Greek poros, journey, passage: pore²; empo-rium, poromeric. 3. Suffixed (causative) form *por-eyo-, to cause to go, lead, conduct, in Germanic *farjan,to ferry, in Old English ferian, to transport: ferry.4. Lengthened-grade form *por- in: a. Germanic suffixedform *fdr-ja- in Old English (ge)fera, “fellow-traveler,”companion (ge-, together, with; see kom): fere; b. Ger-manic suffixed (causative) form *for-jan in Old HighGerman fuoren, to lead: FUHRER. 5. Possibly suffixedform *por-no-, feather, wing (< “that which carries a birdin flight”), in: a. Germanic *farnb, feather, leaf, in OldEnglish fearn, fern (having feathery fronds): fern;b. Sanskrit parnam, leaf, feather: pan². III. Zero-gradeform pr-. 1. Suffixed form *pr-tu-, passage, in: a. Ger-manic *furdu- in Old English ford, shallow place whereone may cross a river: ford; b. Latin portus, harbor (<“passage”): port¹; importune, opportune. 2. Suffixedform *pr-td in Latin porta, gate (> Old French porte,door): porch, port³, portal, portcullis, porte-co-chere, PORTER², PORTICO, PORTIERE, PORTULACA.3. Suffixed (denominative) form *pr-to- in Latin portare,to carry: port⁵, portable, portage, portamento,PORTATIVE, PORTER¹; COMPORT, DEPORT, EXPORT, IM-PORT, (IMPORTANT), PORTFOLIO, PURPORT, RAPPORT,REPORT, (SPORT), SUPPORT, TRANSPORT. .[Pok. 2. B. per816.]
per-³.	The young of an animal (< “a bringing forth,”“offspring”). Derivative root belonging to the group ofper’. Suffixed o-grade form *por-si- in Germanic *farzi-,young cow, in Old English fearr, calf, and compoundheahfore, calf (first element obscure): heifer. .[In Pok. 2.D. per 818.]
per-⁴.	To try, risk (< “to lead over,” “press forward”). Averbal root belonging to the group of per’. 1. Lengthenedgrade *per- in Germanic *feraz, danger, in Old Englishfir, danger, sudden calamity: fear. 2. Suffixed form*peri-tlo- in Latin periclum, periculum, trial, danger:(parlous), peril. 3. Suffixed form ‘per-yo- in Latinexperiri, to try, learn by trying (ex-, from; see eghs):experience, experiment, expert. 4. Suffixed form*per-ya in Greek peira, trial, attempt (> peiran, toattempt): pirate; empiric. .[Pok. 2. E. per 818.]
per-⁵.	To strike. Extended forms *prem-, pres- in Latinpremere (past participle pressus), to press: pregnant²,PRESS¹, PRESSURE, PRINT; APPRESSED, COMPRESS, DE-PRESS, EXPRESS, IMPRESS¹, (IMPRINT), OPPRESS, RE-PRESS, (reprimand), suppress. .[Pok. 3. per- 818.]
per-⁴.	To traffic in, sell (< “to hand over,” “distribute”).A verbal root belonging to the group of per’. Base of twodistinct extended roots. I. Root form *pret-. 1. Latincompound inter-pres (stem inter-pret-), go-between,negotiator (inter-, between; see en): interpret. 2. Suf-fixed form *pret-yo- in Latin pretium, price: praise,precious, price; appraise, (appreciate), depreciate.II. Root form *pers-. Suffixed form *p(e)r-n-s- in Greekpernanai, to sell, whence o-grade *por(a)-na in Greekpome, prostitute: pornography. .[In Pok. 2. C. per 817.]
perd-.	To fart. 1. Germanic *fertan, *fartdn in Old Eng-lish *feortan (> Middle English farten), to fart: fart.2.  Greekperdix, partridge (which makes a sharp whirringsound when suddenly flushed): partridge. See alsopezd-. .[Pok. perd- 819.]
per®-’.	To produce, procure. Perhaps an extension ofper-³, a verbal root belonging to the group of per’.Possibly the same root as per a-². Zero-grade form *pp-(becoming *par- in Latin) in: a. root form 'par-d- inLatin parare, to try to get, prepare, equip: parade,PARE, PARRY, (PARURE); APPARATUS, (APPAREL), COM-PRADOR, DISPARATE, EMPEROR, (IMPERATIVE), (IMPE-RIAL), (PARACHUTE), PARASOL, PREPARE, RAMPART,REPAIR¹, SEPARATE, (SEVER), (SEVERAL); b. Suffixedform *par-yo- in Latin parere, parire, to get, beget, givebirth (> partus, accusative partum, birth): -para, par-ent, -PAROUS, PARTURIENT, POSTPARTUM, REPERTORY;C. suffixed form *par-os, producing, in compound *pau-paros, producing little, poor (see pau-); d. suffixed form*par-ika in Latin Parcae, the Fates (who assign one’sdestiny): Parcae. .[Pok. 2. D. per 818.]
pera-².	To grant, allot (reciprocally, to get in return).Possibly the same root as pera-¹. Zero-grade form *pm-(becoming *par- in Latin) in: a. suffixed form *par-ti- inLatin pars (stem part-), a share, part: parcel, (parce-ner), PARSE, PART; BIPARTITE, COMPART, IMPART, REP-ARTEE,⁻ b. possibly suffixed form *par-tid in Latin ported,a part (first attested in the phrase pro portidne, inproportion, according to each part, perhaps assimilatedfrom *prd partidne): portion, proportion; c. perhapsLatin par, equal (> French pari, wager): pair, par,PARITY², PARLAY, PEER²; COMPARE, IMPARITY, NONPA-REIL, pari-mutuel. .[Pok. 2. per, Section C. 817.]
perg-.	Pole, stem. Possibly Latin pergula, a projection,balcony, outhouse: pergola. .[Pok. 1. perg- 819.]
perk-’.	Speckled. Often used in names of spotted or piedanimals. Greek perke, the perch: PERCH². .[Pok. 2. perk-820.]
perk-².	To dig out, tear out. Zero-grade form *prk- inGermanic *furh- in Old English furh, trench: furrow..[Pok. 3. perk- 821.]
perkwu-.	Oak. 1. Zero-grade form *prku- in Germanic*furhu- in Old English furh, fyrh, fir: fir. 2. Assimilatedform *kwerkwu- in Latin quercus, oak: quercetin, quer-citron. .[Pok. perkvu-s 822.]
persna.	Heel. Latin perna, ham, leg, sea mussel: pearl¹..[Pok. persna 823.]
pes-.	Penis. Suffixed form *pes-ni- in Latin penis (<*pesnis), penis, tail: pencil, (penicillium), penis. .[Pok.3. pes- 824.]
pet-	Also pete-. To rush, sly. Variant *pte-, contractedfrom *ptes-. 1. Suffixed form *pet-ra in Germanic *feth-n5, feather, in Old English fether, feather: feather.2. Latin petere, to go toward, seek: -petal, petition,petulant; appetite, compete, impetus, perpetual,repeat. 3. Suffixed form *pet-nd in Latin penna, pinna,feather, wing: panache, pen¹, penna, pennate, pen-non, PINNA, PINNACLE, PINNATE, PINNATI-, PINNULE.4. Suffixed form *pet-ro- (see oku-). 5. Suffixed form*pet-yo- in Latin propitius, favorable, gracious, originallya religious term meaning "falling or rushing forward,”hence “eager,” “well-disposed” (said of the gods; prd-,forward; see per'): propitious. 6. Suffixed zero-gradeform *pt-ero- in Greek pteron, feather, wing, and pterux,wing: -pter; acanthopterygian, apteryx, archaeop-teryx, coleoptera, mecopteran, peripteral, ple-copteran, pteridology, pterocercoid, pterygoid.7. Suffixed zero-grade form 'pt-ilo- in Greek ptilon, softfeathers, down, plume: coleoptile. 8. Suffixed variantform ‘pti-no- in Greek ptenos, winged, flying: stearop-tene. 9. Reduplicated form *pi-pt- in Greek piptein, tofall: ptomaine, ptosis; peripeteia, proptosis, symp-tom. 10. O-grade form *pot- in Greek potamos (-amo-,Greek suffix), “rushing water,” river: hippopotamus..[Pok. 2. pet- 826.]
pete-.	To spread. 1. Suffixed o-grade form 'potfy-mo- inGermanic *fathmaz, “length of two arms stretched out,”in Old English fsethm, fathom: fathom. 2. Suffixed(stative) variant zero-grade form *pat-e- in Latin patere,to be open: patent, patulous. 3. Variant zero-gradeform in nasalized form *pat-no- probably in Latin pan-de re (past participle pass us < *pat-to-), to spread out:pace¹, (pas), (pass), passim; expand, repand. 4. Suf-fixed form *pet-alo- in Greek petalon, leaf: petal. 5. Suf-fixed form *pet-ano- in Greek patane (? < *petand),platter, “thing spread out”: (paella), pan¹, paten,(patina¹), (patina²). .[Pok. 1 .pet- 824.].[petra. Cliff. Greek noun. Collective formation frompetros, rock, stone (of unknown origin), petro-, pet-rous; parsley, petrify, saltpeter.]
peu-.	To cut, strike, stamp. 1 Suffixed (participial)zero-grade form *pu-to-, cut, struck, in: a. Latin putare,to prune, clean, settle an account, think over, reflect,consider: putamen, putative; (account), amputate,compute, count¹, depute, dispute, impute, repute;b. possibly Latin puteus, well (> Old English pytt): pit¹.2. Variant form *pau- in: a. suffixed form *pau-yo- inLatin padre, to beat: pave, (pave); b. suffixed (stative)form *paw-e- in Latin pavere, to fear (< "to be struck”):pa vid; c. perhaps Greek paiein, to beat: anapest. .[Pok.3. peu- 827.]
peu»*.	To purify, cleanse. Suffixed zero-grade form*pu-ro- (< *pua-ro-) in Latinpurus, pure, andpurgdre, topurify (< ’pur-igdre; second element agere, to drive; seeag-): pure, purge, Puritan; compurgation, depu-rate, expurgate, (spurge). .[Pok. l.peu- 827.]
peuk-.	Also peug-. To prick. Zero-grade form *pug-.1.  Suffixed form *pug-no- in Latin pugil, pugilist, andpugnus, fist, with denominative pugndre, to fight withthe fist: poniard, pugilism, pugil stick, pugnacious;impugn, oppugn, repugn. 2. Nasalized zero-grade form'pu-n-g- in Latin pungere, to prick: bung, poignant,POINT, POINTILLISM, PONTIL, (POUNCE¹), (POUNCE³),PUNCHEON¹, PUNCTUATE, PUNCTURE, PUNGENT; COM-PUNCTION, EXPUNGE, SPONTOON, TRAPUNTO. 3. Greekpugme, fist: (pygmaean), pygmy. .[Pok. peuk- 828.]
pezd-.	To fart. 1. Suffixed form *pezd-i• in Germanic*fistiz, a fart, in Middle English fisten, to fart: feist,fizzle. 2. Latin pedere, to fart: petard. 3. PossiblyLatin pedis, louse (? < “foul-smelling insect”): pedicu-lar. See also p«rd-. .[Pok. pezd- 829, 2. peis- 796.]
pater-.	Father. 1. Germanic 'fadar in Old English fæder(> Middle English fader), father: father; forefather.2. Latin pater, father (> patrdre, to bring about): padre,pater, paternal, patri-, patrician, patrimony, pa-tron; EXPATRIATE, IMPETRATE, PERPETRATE. 3. Greekpatdr, father: patriot; allopathic, eupatrid, patri-arch, sympatric. .[Pok. patifr) 829.|p(h)ol-. To fall. Suffixed form * phot-no- in Germanic*fallan in: a. Old English feallan, to fall: fall; b. Ger-manic causative *falljan, “to cause to fall,” strike down,in Old English fellan, fyllan, to cut down: fell¹; C. Ger-manic compound *bi-fallan, to fall, happen (*hi-, by, at;see ambhl), in Old English befeallan, to fall: befall..[Pok. phdl- 851.].[phulax. Watcher, guard. Greek noun of unknown origin,related to phulassein (Attic phulattein), to guard, pro-tect. phylactery, phylaxis; prophylactic.]
pik-.	Pitch. Latin put (stem pic-), pitch: pay², piceous,PITCH¹; PICOUNE, pitchblende. .[In Pok. peifo)- 793.]
pilo-.	Hair. A possible root. 1. Latin pilus, hair: pelage,PILAR, PILE³, PILOSE, PILUS, PLUCK, PLUSH, POILU; CAT-ERPILLAR, depilate. 2. Suffixed reduced form *pil-so-possibly in: a. Latin pilleus, pileus, felt cap: pileus,pillage; b. Greek pilos, felt: pilocarpine. .[Pok. pi-lo-830.]
pipp-.	To peep. Imitative root. 1. Latin pipdre, to chirp(> Old High German pftffa, pipe): fife, pipe. 2. Latinpipire, to chirp: pigeon. 3. Gaelic piob, a pipe, in Scot-tish Gaelic piobaireachd, pipe music: pibroch. .[Pok.pip(p)- 830.].[pippali. Pepper. Sanskrit noun of unknown origin.Possibly related to pippala, the bo tree. 1. Sanskritpippali: pepper, (pimpernel). 2. Sanskrit pippalam:PEEPUL.].[pius. Dutiful, devoted, pious. Latin word having cog-nates in other Italic languages, piacular, (pietA), pi-ety, pious, pittance, pity; expiate, impious.]
plab-.	To flap. Imitative root. Middle English flappen, toflap: flap .[Pok. plab- 831.]
plak-¹.	Also plak-. To be flat. Extension of pels-².1. Germanic *fldhb in Old Norse fid, layer, coating: floe.2. Variant form *pldg- in: a. Germanic *flok- in OldEnglish floc, flatfish: fluke¹; b. Germanic *flakaz inNorwegian flak, flat piece, flake, probably akin to theScandinavian source of Middle English flake, flake:FLAKE¹; C. Germanic 'flak- in Old Norse flaki, fleki,hurdle: flake². 3. Extended form *plakd in Germanic*flago in Old Norse flaga, layer of stone: flag⁴, flaw¹.4. Possibly suffixed (stative) form *plak-e-, to be calm(as of the flat sea), in Latin placere, to please, beagreeable: placebo, placid, plea, (plead), pleasant,please; complacent. 5. Lengthened suffixed form*plak-d- in Latin pldcdre, to calm (causative of placere):placable, placate. 6. Nasalized form *pla-n-k- inLatin plancus, flat, flat-footed, whence planca, board:planchet, plank, plank-sheer. 7. Variant form *plag-in: a. perhaps Latin plaga, net (? < “something ex-tended”): plagiary; b. Greek plagos, side: plagal,plagio-, playa. 8. Root form *plak- in Greek plax, flat,flat land, surface: placenta, placoid. 9. Variant form*pelag- in Greek pelagos, sea: pelagic; archipelago..[Pok. 1. pld-k- 831.]
plak*².	To strike. 1. Nasalized variant forms *pla-n-k-,*pla-n-g- in: a. Germanic *slang- in Old Norse flengja, toflog, whip, akin to the Scandinavian source of MiddleEnglish flingen, to fling: fling; b. Latin plangere, tostrike (one’s own breast), lament: plaint, plangent;complain, c. suffixed form *plang-yo- in Greek plazein,to drive away, turn aside: plankton. 2. Variant form*pldg- in Latin plaga, a blow, stroke: plague. 3. Suf-fixed form *pldk-yo- in Greek plessein, to beat, strike:PLECTRUM, -PLEGIA, PLEXOR; APOPLEXY, CATAPLEXY,PARAPLEGIA. .[Pok. 2. plak- 832.]
plat-.	To spread. Extension of pels-². 1. Variant form•plod• in Germanic *flataz, flat, in: a. Old Norse flatr,flat: flat¹; b. Old French slater, to flatter: flatter¹.2. Suffixed variant form *plad-yo- in Germanic *flatjamin Old English fletft), floor, dwelling: flat². 3. Basic form*plat- in Germanic *flathb(n), flat cake, in Late Latinslado, slat cake, pancake: flan. 4. Germanic nasalizedsuffixed form *flu-n-th-r-j6- in Old Swedish flundra,flatfish, flounder, probably akin to the Scandinaviansource of Middle English flounder, flounder: flounder².5. Nasalized form *pla-n-t- in Latin planta, sole of thefoot, and denominative plantare, to drive in with the soleof the foot, plant, whence planta, a plant: CLAN, plan,PLANT, PLANTAIN¹, PLANTAR; PLANTIGRADE, SUPPLANT.6.  Suffixed form *plat-u- in Greek platus (feminineplateia), flat, broad: piazza, place, plaice, plane⁴,(PLANE TREE), PLATE, (PLATEAU), (PLATITUDE),(platy²), platy-, (plaza). .[Pok. plat- 833.].[plegan. To pledge for, stake, risk, exercise oneself. WestGermanic verb. 1. Old English plegian, to exercise one-self, play: play. 2. Late Latin plevium (> Old Frenchplevir, to pledge), pledge, guarantee: pledge; replevin.3.  Germanic derivative noun *plehti- in Old Englishpliht, danger, peril: plight².]
plek-.	To plait. Extension of pel-³. 1. Suffixed o-gradeform *plok-so- in Germanic *flahsam, flax, in Old Eng-lish fleax, flax: flax. 2. Full-grade form *plek- in Latin■plex, -fold (in compounds such as duplex, twofold; andsupplex, “with legs folded under one,” kneeling, entreat-ing; see dwo-, upo): multiplex, quintuple, supple.3.  Latin plicdre, to fold (also in compounds used asdenominatives of words in -plex, genitive -plicis): plait,pliant, plica, plicate, plight¹, plisse, ply¹; apply,COMPLICATE, COMPLICE, DEPLOY, DISPLAY, EMPLOY,EXPLICATE, IMPLICATE, REPLICATE, SUPPLICATE. 4. Suf-fixed forms *plek-to- and *plek-t-to- in Latin plectere(past participle plexus), to weave, plait, entwine:PLEACH, PLEXUS; AMPLEXICAUL, COMPLECT, (COMPLEX),perplex. 5. Greek plekein, to plait, twine, and plektos,twisted: plecopteran, plectognath. .[Pok. plek- 834.]
plek-.	Also pleik-. To tear. 1. Zero-grade form *plok-becoming *plak- in Germanic *flahan in Old Englishflean, to strip the skin from: flay. 2. Suffixed o-gradeform *ploik-sk- perhaps in Germanic *flaiskjan, piece offlesh torn off, in Old English flæsc, flesh: flesh.3. Zero-grade form *plik- in Germanic *flikkja in: a. OldEnglish flicce, side of a hog: flitch; b. Germanic ablautform *flekkja in Old Norse flekkr, piece of skin or flesh,spot, stain: fleck. .[Pok. plek- 835.]
pleu-.	To flow. L Basic form *pleu-. 1. Latin pluere, torain: (plover), (pluvial), pluvious. 2. Greek pleusis,sailing: pleuston. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *plu-elosdissimilated into Greek puelos, trough, basin: pyelitis.4.  Suffixed form *p^e)u^mon^, “floater,” lung(s), in:a. Latin pulmd (< *plumones), lung(s): pulmonary;b. Greek pleumdn, pneumon, lung: pneumonia, pneu-monic. 5. Suffixed o-grade form *plou-to- in Greek plou-tos, wealth, riches (< “overflowing”): Pluto;plutocracy. 6. Lengthened o-grade form *pld(u)- in:a. Germanic *fldwan, to flow, in (i) Old English fldwan,to flow: flow (ii) perhaps Middle Dutch vluwe, fishnet;flue²; b. suffixed form *pld-tu- in Germanic *sldduz,flowing water, deluge, in Old English fidd, flood: flood.II. Extended form *pleuk-. 1. Germanic *fleugan, to fly,in Old English fleogan, to fly: FLY¹. 2. Germanic *fleu-gon-, flying insect, fly, in Old English fleoge, a fly: fly².3. Probably Germanic *fleuhan, to run away, in OldEnglish fleon, to flee; flee. 4. Germanic causative*slauhjan in Old English slygan, flegan, to put to flight:FLEY. 5. Germanic suffixed form *fleug-ika in Old Frenchfleche, arrow: fleche, Fletcher. 6. Zero-grade form*pluk- in: a. Germanic *flugja-, feather, in Old English■flyege, with feathers (only in unfligge, featherless):fledge; b. suffixed form *flug-ti- in Old English flyht,act of flying, and *flyht, act of fleeing, escape: flight¹,flight²; C. possibly (but unlikely) suffixed form *flug-laz, dissimilated into *fuglaz, bird, in Old English fugol,bird: fowl; d. Germanic suffixed form *flug-ila in Mid-dle High German vliigel (> Germanic Fliigel), wing:flugelhorn, fugleman. III. Extended form *pleud-.1. Germanic *fleutan in Old English fleotan, to float,swim: fleet¹, fleet². 2. Zero-grade form *plud- inGermanic *flut-, *slot- in: a. Germanic derivative 7lotdn,to float, in (i) Old English flotian, to float: float (ii) OldFrench slater, to float: flotsam; b. Old Norse sloti, raft,fleet: flotilla; C. Old English floterian, flotorian, tofloat back and forth (-erian, iterative and frequentativesuffix): flutter; d. Germanic *flutjan, to float, in OldNorse flytja, to further, convey: flit. 3. Probably Ger-manic suffixed form 'flaut-std-, contracted into *flausta-in Icelandic flaustr, hurry, and flaustra, to bustle, akin tothe probable Scandinavian source of fluster. .[Pok.pleu- 835, pl(e)u-mon- 837.]
pleus-.	To pluck; a feather, fleece. 1. Germanic *fleusaz,fleece, in Old English fleas, fleece: fleece. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *plus-md in Latin pluma, a feather:PLUMATE, PLUME, PLUMOSE, PLUMULE; DEPLUME. .[Pok.pleus- 838.]
plot!-.	Flea. 1. Extended form *plouk- in Germanic *flau-haz in Old English flea(h), flea: flea. 2. Extendedzero-grade form *plus- metathesized into *pusl- in:a. Latin pulex (< *puslex), flea: puce; pulicide;b. Greek psuUa, flea, psylla. .[Pok. blou- 102.].[plumbum. Lead. Latin noun, probably borrowed fromthe same unidentified source as Greek molubdos, lead.1. Latin plumbum: plumb, plumbago, plumber,PLUMBISM, PLUMMET, PLUNGE; APLOMB, PLUMBIFEROUS.2. Greek molubdos: molybdenum.]
pneu-.	To breathe. Imitative root. 1. Germanic *fneu- inOld English fneosan, to sneeze: sneeze. 2. Greek pnein,to breathe (> pnoia, breathing): apnea, dipnoan, dysp-nea, EUPNEA, HYPERPNEA, HYPOPNEA, POLYPNEA,tachypnea. 3. Suffixed form *pneu-mn in Greekpneuma, breath, wind, spirit: pneuma, pneumatic,pneumato-, pneumo-. .[Pok. pneu- 838.]
pd(i)-.	To drink. Contracted from *poo(i)-. I. Basic form*pd(i)-. 1. Suffixed reduced form *pd-to- in Latin potus,drunk (> potdre, to drink): poison, potable, potation,potatory, potion. 2. Reduplicated form *pi-ps-o-,whence *pi-bo-, assimilated to *bi-bo- in Latin bibere, todrink: beverage, bib, bibulous; imbibe. 3. Suffixedzero-grade form *ps-ti-, ’po-ti- in Greek posis, drink,drinking: symposium. IL Zero-grade form *pt- « *pa-).1. Suffixed form *pi-ro- in Old Church Slavonic piru,feast (> Russian pir, feast): pirog. 2. Suffixed (nasalpresent) form *pi-no- in Greek pinein, to drink: pinocy-tosis. .[Pok. 2. pofi)- 839.]
pol-.	Finger. Possibly the same root as pol-. Latin pollex,thumb: POLLEX. .[Pok. polo- 840.]
pol-.	To touch, feel, shake. 1. Germanic *fbljan, to feel, inOld English felan, to examine by touch, feel: feel.2. Reduplicated zero-grade form *pal-p- in: a. Latinpalpus, a touching: PALP; b. Latin palpdrt, palpdre, tostroke gently, touch: palpable, palpate¹, palpitate;C. Latinpalpebra, eyelid (< “that which shakes or movesquickly”): palpebral. 3. Perhaps suffixed zero-gradeform *pal-yo- in Greek pallein, to sway, brandish: cata-pult. 4. Perhaps suffixed form ‘psal-yo- in Greek psal-lein, to pluck, play the harp (but more likely of imitativeorigin): psalm, psaltery. .[Pok. 1. G.pel- 801.].[pdmum. Apple. Latin noun of unknown origin, pomace,POMADE, POME.].[populus. People. Latin noun of Etruscan origin, peo-ple, POPULACE, POPULAR, POPULATE, PUBLIC, PUEBLO,’DEPOPULATE.]
porko-.	Young pig. 1. Germanic *farhaz in: a. Old Eng-lish fearh, little pig: farrow¹; b. diminutive form inMiddle Dutch varken, small pig: aardvark. 2. Latinporcus (> Old French pore), pig: porcelain, porcine,PORK; PORCUPINE, PORPOISE, (PURSLANE). .[Pok. porko-S841.]
poti-.	Powerful; lord. 1. Latin potis, powerful, able (>potestas, power): podesta, possess, power. 2. Latincompound posse, to be able (contracted from potis, able+ esse, to be; see es-): possible, potent; (impotent),prepotent. 3. Form 'pot- in: a. compound 'ghos-pot-,“guest-master," host (see ghos-tl-); b. compound'demspot-, “house-master,” ruler (see deme-'). 4. OldPersian part-, master: Padishah. .[Pok. poti-s 842.].[prak-. To make, do. Greek root. Greek prassein (Atticprattein), to effect, do: practical, (practice), prag-matic, praxis. .[In Pok. l.per 811.]
prek-.	To ask, entreat. 1. Basic form *prek- in Latin'prex, prayer (attested only in the plural preces), withdenominative precarf, to entreat, pray: pray, prayer²,precarious; deprecate, imprecate. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *prk-sk- becoming 'pork-sk-, contractedinto *posk- in suffixed form 'posk-to-, contracted into'posto-, which appears in Latin postuldre, to ask, re-quest: postulate; expostulate. .[Pok. 4.perk- 821.]
prep-.	To appear. Suffixed zero-grade form 'prp-yo- inGermanic 'furbjan, to cause to have a (good) appearance,polish, in Old French fo(u)rbir, to polish, burnish: fur-bish. .[Pok. prep- 845.]
preu-.	To hop. 1. Zero-grade form *pru- in Germanic*fru- in Old English frogga (with obscure expressivesuffix •gga), frog: frog. 2. Extended o-grade form'prou'O- in Germanic 'frawaz in: a. Middle Dutch vro,“leaping with joy,” happy: frolic; b. Old High Germanfro, happy, in frewida, joy (> German Freude): scha-denfreude. .[Pok. preu- 845.]
preus-.	To freeze, burn. 1. Germanic *freusan, to freeze,in Old English freosan, to freeze: freeze. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *prus-to- in Germanic *frustaz, frost, inOld English forst, frost, frost: frost. 3. Suffixed form*preus-i- in Latin 'preusis, *preuris, act of burning,whence denominative prurire, to burn, itch, yearn for:prurient, prurigo, pruritus. 4. Suffixed zero-gradeform *prus-ina in Latin prutna, hoarfrost: pruinose..[Pok. preus- 846.]
pri-.	To love. Contracted from 'pno-. 1. Suffixed form'priy-o- in Germanic *frijaz, beloved, belonging to theloved ones, not in bondage, free, in: a. Old English freo,free; free; b. Dutch vrij, free: filibuster. 2. Suffixed(participial) form 'priy-ont-, loving, in Germanic *fri-jand-, lover, friend, in Old English friond, freond, friend:FRIEND. 3. Suffixed shortened form *pri-tu- in Germanic'frithuz, peace, in: a. Old High German fridu, peace:Siegfried; b. Old French esfreer, to disturb: affray;c. Germanic *frij-, peace, safety, in compound *berg-frij-,“high place of safety” (see bhergh-²). 4. Suffixed femi-nine form 'priy-d, beloved, in Germanic 'frijjo, beloved,wife, in: a. Old Norse Frigg, goddess of the heavens, wifeof Odin: Frigg; b. Germanic compound *frije-dagaz,“day of Frigg” (translation of Latin Veneris dies, “Ve-nus’s day”), in Old English frigedæg, Friday: Friday..[Pok. prdi- 844.]
prokto*.	Anus. Greek proktos, anus: proctitis, proctol-ogy, proctoscope. .[Pok. prokto- 846.]
pster-.	Also ster-. To sneeze. Imitative root. 1. Suffixedform 'ster-nu- in Latin sternuere, to sneeze:sternutation. 2. Suffixed form 'ster-t- in Latin ster-tere, to snore:_STERTOR. .[Pok. pster- 846.]
pu-¹.	Also phu-. To blow, swell. Imitative root. 1. Ex-tended form 'pus- in Latin pustula, a bubble, blister:pustule. 2. Perhaps extended form *put-, penis, in Latinpraeputium, foreskin (prae-, before, in front; see per¹):prepuce. 3. Variant form *phu- in Greek phusa (>phusan, to blow), bellows, bladder: emphysema, physo-stigmine, physostomous. .[Pok. 1. pu- 847.]
pu-¹.	To rot, decay. 1. Suffixed form *pu-lo- in Germanic'fulaz, rotten, filthy, in: a. Old English ful, unclean,rotten: foul; b. Old Norse full, foul, akin to the Scandi-navian source of fulmar; c. Germanic abstract noun'fulithb in Old English fylth, foulness: filth; d. Ger-manic denominative 'fuljan, to soil, dirty, in Old Englishfylan, to sully: file’; defile¹. 2. Extended form 'pug- inGermanic 'fuk- in Icelandic fuki, rotten sea grass, andNorwegian fogg, rank grass, probably akin to the Scandi-navian source of Middle English fog, fogge, aftermathgrass: fog². 3. Extended variant form 'pous- in Ger-manic *fausa• in Low German fussig, spongy: FUZZY.4. Suffixed form *pu-tri- in Latin puter (stem putri-),rotten: putrescent, putrid; olla podrida, (pot-pourri), putrefy. 5. Suffixed form *puw-os- in: a. Isat-in pus, pus: purulent, pus; suppurate; b. Greek puon,puos, pus: PYO-. 6. Greek compound empuein, to suppu-rate (en-, in; see en): empyema. .[Pok. 2. p&- 848.].[pubes. Pubic hair. Latin noun of obscure origin. Relatedto Latin puber, pubes, adult, grown-up. 1. Latin pubes,pubic hair: pubes, pubic, pubis. 2. Isatin puber, pubes,adult: puberty, puberulent, pubescent.]
puk-¹.	To make fast. Suffixed form *puk-ino- in Greekpukinos, later puknos, strong, fast, thick: pyknic; pyc-nidium, PYCNOMTER. .[Pok. 2. puk- 849.]
puk-².	Bushy-haired. Suffixed form 'puk-so- in: a. Ger-manic *fuhsaz, fox, in Old English fox, fox: fox; b. Ger-manic feminine *fuhson- in Old English fyxe (> MiddleEnglish fixen), she-fox: vixen. This root is in part ataboo deformation of wlkwo- and w|p-e-. .[Pok. puk-849.].[pule. Gate. Greek noun of obscure origin, pylon, pylo-rus; AEOLIPILE, MICROPYLE, PROPYLAEUM, PROPYLON.]
pur-.	Fire. Contracted from *puor-, zero-grade form of*paowr. 1. Germanic suffixed form 'fur-i- in Old Englishfyr, fire: fire. 2. Greek pur, fire; pyre, pyretic, py-rites, PYRO-, PYRRHOTITE, PYROSIS; EMPYREAL. .[Pok.peuor 828.]
puro-.	Grain. 1. Suggested by some, but unlikely forsemantic reasons, is a suffixed form (with suffix *-zso-) inOld English fyrs, furze: furze. 2. Suffixed form *pur-en-in Greek puren, stone of fruit: pyrene. .[Pok.pu-ro- 850.].[puxos. Box tree. Greek noun borrowed from an un-known source. 1. Greek puxos, box tree: box³. 2. Deriva-tive adjective puxis, (box) made of boxwood: BOX¹.]
p(y)el-.	Tree name. Possible root. Possibly broken redu-plicated form *po-pel- in Latin populus, poplar: poplar,popple². .[Pok. ptel(e)ia 847.].[quaerere. To seek. Earliest form quais-. Latin verb ofunknown origin, quaestor, querist, query, quest,QUESTION; ACQUIRE, CONQUER, DISQUISITION, EXQUI-SITE, INQUIRE, PERQUISITE, REQUIRE.]
rap-.	Tuber. Late Indo-European root borrowed from anunknown source. Latin rapa, rapum, turnip: rampion,rape², ravioli; kohlrabi. .[Pok. rap- 852.].[re-. Also red-. Backward. Latin combining form conceiv-ably from Indo-European *wret-, metathetical variant of*wert-, to turn (< “turned back”), an extended form ofwer-³. 1. Latin re-, red-, backward, again: re-. 2. Suf-fixed form 're(d)-tro- in Latin retro, backward, back,behind, with its derivative Old French rere, backward:RETRAL, RETRO-; ARREARS, REAR GUARD, REARWARD²,reredos. 3. Suffixed form 're-ko- in Latin reciprocus,“backward and forward” (see per¹).]
re-.	To bestow, endow. Contracted from 'res-. Suffixedform 'reo-i- goods, wealth, property, in Latin res, thing:RE², REAL¹, REBUS, REIFY, REPUBLIC. .[Pok. 4 ret- 850.]
rebh-¹.	Violent, impetuous. Suffixed zero-grade form*rabh-yo- in Latin rabere, to rave, be mad: rabid,rabies, rage. .[Pok. rabh- 852.]
rebh-².	To roof over. Germanic *rebja-, 'rebjo, “coveringof the chest cavity,” in: a. Old English ribb, rib: RIB;b. Old Norse rif, rib, ridge: reef¹, reef²; c. Middle LowGerman ribbe, rib: spareribs. .[Pok. 2. rebh- 853.]
red-.	To scrape, scratch, gnaw. 1. O-grade form *rod- in:a. Latin rodere, to gnaw: rodent; corrode, erode;b. suffixed (instrumental) form *rdd-tro- in Latin ros-trum, beak, ship’s bow: rostrum. 2. Possibly variantform *rdd- in: a. Latin rode re, to scrape: radula, rash²,rasorial; abrade, corrade, erase; b. suffixed (in-strumental) form 'rad-tro- in Latin rostrum, a rake, withdiminutive 'rasculum, whence denominative verb *ras-culdre, to rake, in Provencal rasclar (> French racier), torake, scrape: raclette. .[Pok. 2. red- 854.]
reg-'.	To move in a straight line, with derivatives mean-ing “to direct in a straight line, lead, rule." I Basic form*reg-. 1. Suffixed form *reg-to- in Germanic 'rehtaz inOld English riht, right, just, correct, straight: right.2. Latin regere, to lead straight, guide, rule (past partici-ple rectus, hence adjective rectus, right, straight):REALM, RECTITUDE, RECTO, RECTOR, RECTUM, REGENT,REGIME, REGIMENT, REGION; CORRECT, DIRECT, ERECT,RECTANGLE, RECTIFY, RECTILINEAR, RlSORGIMENTO,surge. 3. Greek oregein (with prothetic vowel fromoldest root form *oreg-), to stretch out, reach out for:anorectic, anorexia. IL Lengthened-grade form *reg-,Indo-European word for a tribal king. 1. Celtic suffixedform *rig-yo- in Germanic *rikja- in: a. Old English rice,realm: BISHOPRIC; b. Old Norse riki (> Norwegian rik),realm: Riksmal; c. Old English rice, strong, powerful:rich. 2. Latin rex, king (royal and priestly title): real²,REGAL, REGULUS, REIGN, ROYAL; INTERREX, REGICIDE,regius professor, vicereine, viceroy. 3. Suffixedform *reg-en- in Sanskrit raja, rajan-, king, rajah (femi-nine rajni, queen, rani), and rdjati, he rules: raj, rajah,(rani), (rye²); maharajah, maharani. III. Suffixedlengthened-grade form *reg-old in Latin regula, straightpiece of wood, rod: rail¹, reglet, regular, regulate,RULE. IV. O-grade form 'rog-. 1. Germanic *rako in OldEnglish raca, racu, rake (implement with straight piecesof wood): rake¹. 2. Germanic *rak- in Middle Dutchrakke, framework: rack¹. 3. Possibly Germanic *rankaz(with nasal infix) in Old English ranc, straight, strong,hence haughty, overbearing: rank². 4. Germanic *rak-inaz, ready, straightforward, in Old English gerecenian,to arrange in order, recount (ge-, collective prefix; seekom): reckon. 5. Suffixed form *rogd- in Latin rogare,to ask (< “stretch out the hand”): rogation, rogatory;ABROGATE, ARROGATE, CORVEE, DEROGATE, INTERRO-GATE, PREROGATIVE, PROROGUE, SUBROGATE, SUPERER-OGATE. 6. Suffixed form *rog-o- in a possible Latin noun*rogus, “extension, direction,” perhaps in a Latin phrase*e rogo, “from the direction os’ (e < ex, out of; seeeghs), contracted into ergo, therefore, in consequence of:argal², ERGO. V. Lengthened o-grade form *rdg-. 1. Ger-manic *rokjan in Old English rec(c)an, to pay attentionto, take care (formally influenced by Old English reccan,to extend, stretch out, from Germanic *rakjan): RECK.2 Germanic *rbkja- in Old English receleas, careless(■leas, lacking; see leu-¹): RECKLESS. .[Pok. 1. reg- 854.]
reg-².	Moist. 1. Suffixed variant form *rek-no- in Ger-manic *regnaz, rain, in Old English reg(e)n, ren, rain:rain; rainbow. 2. Possibly Latin rigare, to wet, water:IRRIGATE. .[Pok. 2. reg- 857.]
reg-³.	To dye. Lengthened-grade form *reg-. 1. Suffixedform * reg-es- in Greek rhegos, blanket, rug: REGOLITH.2. Sanskrit ragah, color, red: raga. 3. Perhaps Sanskritraksha, earlier form of lakshd, red dye: LAC¹. .[Pok. 1.reg- 854.]
regw-es-.	Darkness. Oldest root form ’sregv-es-. GreekErebos (with prothetic vowel), Erebus, a place of dark-ness under the earth: Erebus. .[Pok. regv-os- 857.]
rei-¹.	To scratch, tear, cut. I. Extended form *reik-.1.  Germanic ’rigon- in Italian riga, line (< “somethingcut out”): RIGATONI. 2. Suffixed form *rei-ma or’reig-sma in Latin rima, crack, cleft, fissure: rimose.3. Suffixed o-grade form *roik-wo- in Germanic*rai(h)-wa- in Old English raw, ræw, a line, row: row¹.IL Possible extended form *reipp-. Germanic *raipaz,rope, in: a. Old English rap, rope: rope; d compound*stig-raipaz, “mount-rope,” in Old English stigrap,stirrup (see stelgh-). III. Extended form *reip-. 1. Ger-manic *rifan, in Old Norse rifa, to tear: rive.2. Zero-grade form *rip- in: a. Germanic *rifti- in Danishrift, breach, akin to the Scandinavian source of MiddleEnglish rift, rift: rift¹; b. Germanic *rif- in Old Englishryfe, abundant: rife. 3. Suffixed form *reipd- in Latinripa, bank (< “that which is cut out by a river”):riparian, RIVAGE, river; arrive. IV. Extended form*reib- in Germanic *rip-. 1. Germanic *ripja- in OldEnglish ripe, ripe, ready for reaping: ripe. 2. Germanic*ripan in Old English ripan, to reap: reap. 3. MiddleLow German repelen, to remove seeds, akin to the sourceof Middle English ripelen, to remove seeds: ripple²..[Pok. 1. rei- 857.]
rei-².	Striped in various colors, flecked. Suffixed o-gradeform ’roi-ko- in Germanic *raihaz in Old English rd,rdha, deer: roe². .[Pok. 2. rei- 859.]
rei-³.	To flow, run. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *ri-nu- in:a. Germanic *ri-nw-an, whence *rinnan, to run, in OldEnglish rinnan, to run, and Old Norse rinna, to run:run, runnel; b. secondary Germanic derivative *runizin Old English ryne, a running: Ember day. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *ri-l- in Germanic ‘ril- in Dutch ril andLow German rille, running stream: rill. 3. Suffixedform *rei-wo- in Latin rivus, stream: rival, rivulet;derive. .[Pok. 3. er- 326.]
reidh-.	To ride. I. Basic form *reidh-. 1. Germanic *ridanin: a. Old English ridan, to ride: ride; b. Middle Dutchriden, to ride (> ridder, rider, knight): ritter. 2. Celtic*vo-red- in Latin veredus, post horse (*vo-, under; seeupo): palfrey. II. O-grade form *roidh-. 1. Germanic*raid- in: a. Old English rad, a riding, road: raid, road;b. possibly Middle High German reidel, rod betweenupright stakes (< “wooden horse”): raddle¹. 2. Prob-ably Germanic *raid-ja- in Old English ræde, geræde,ready (< “prepared for a journey”): ready. 3. Germanic*raidjan in Vulgar Latin *arreddre, to arrange: ARRAY..[Pok. reidh- 861.]
reig-¹.	To bind. 1. Germanic *rigg- (the -gg- is anoma-lous) in Norwegian rigga, to bind, akin to the Scandina-vian source of Middle English riggen, to rig: rig.2. Zero-grade form "rig- in Latin corrigia (probablyborrowed from Gaulish), thong, shoelace (cor-, fromcom-, together; see kom): scourge. .[Pok. reig- 861.]
reig-².	To reach, stretch out. 1. O-grade form *roig- inGermanic *raikjan in Old English ræcan, to stretch out,reach: reach. 2. Possibly suffixed (stative) zero-gradeform *rig-e- in Latin rigere, to be stiff (? < “be stretchedout”): RIGID, rigor. .[Pok. (reig-) 862.]
rendh-.	To tear up. 1. Germanic *randjan in Old Englishrendan, to tear: rend. 2. Germanic *rind- in Old Englishrindfe), rind (< “thing torn off”): rind. .[Pok. rendh-865.]
rep-.	To snatch. Suffixed zero-grade form *rap-yo- inLatin rapere, to seize: RAPACIOUS, rape¹, rapid, rapt,RAVEN², RAVIN, RAVISH; EREPSIN, SURREPTITIOUS. .[Pok.rep- 865.]
rep-¹.	To creep, slink. Latin repere, to creep: repent²,reptile; subreption. .[Pok. 1. rep- 865.]
rep-².	Stake, beam. Suffixed variant form 'rap-tro- inGermanic *raf-tra- in: a. Old English ræfter, rafter:rafter; b. Old Norse raptr, beam: raft¹. .[Pok. 2. rep-806.]
ret-.	To run, roll. 1. Prefixed form *to-vo-ret-, “a runningup to” (to-, to; vo, under, up, up from under; see upo), inOld Irish tdir, pursuit: Tory. 2. Suffixed o-grade form*rot-a- in Latin rota, wheel: rodeo, roll, rota, ro-tary, ROTATE, ROTUND, (ROTUNDA), ROULETTE, ROUND¹,ROWEL; BAROUCHE, CONTROL, PRUNE², ROTIFORM, ROTO-GRAVURE. .[Pok. retfh)- 866.]
ret-.	Post. O-grade form *rdt- in Germanic *rod- in OldEnglish rod, rod, cross: ROOD. .[Pok. ret- 866.]
reu-¹.	To bellow. 1. Extended form *reud- in Germanic*rautdn in Old Norse rauta, to roar (akin to the Scandi-navian source of rote²): rout³. 2. Suffixed extendedform ’reum-os- in Latin rumor, rumor, “common talk”:RUMOR. 3. Extended form *reug- in Latin rugire, to roar:riot, RUT². 4. Variant *rau-ko- in Latin raucus, hoarse:raucous. .[Pok. 1. reu- 867.]
reu-¹.	Also reue-. To smash, knock down, tear out, digup, uproot. 1. Suffixed o-grade form 'rouz-o- in Ger-manic *rawwa• in: a. Old Norse rdgg, rdggr, woven tuftof wool: RAG¹; b. Norwegian rugga, rogga, coarse cover-let, akin to the Scandinavian source of RUG. 2. Basicform ’reu- in Latin ruere, to collapse, cause to collapse:RABBLE², RUIN. .[Pok. 2. reu- 868.]
reudh-’.	Red, ruddy. I. O-grade form ’roudh-. 1. Ger-manic ’raudaz in: a. Old English rfad, red: red; b. OldNorse rauthr, red (> reythr, rorqual): rorqual. 2. Ger-manic ’raudnia- in Old Norse reynir, mountain ash,rowan (from its red berries), akin to the source of rowan.3. Latin rufus (of dialectal Italic origin), reddish: rufes-CENT, rufous. 4. Latin robus, red, in robigo, rubigo,rust: rubiginous. 5. Latin rdbur, robus, red oak, hard-ness, and rdbustus, strong: roble, roborant, robust;corroborate, rambunctious. II. Zero-grade form*rudh-. 1. Form *rudh-d- in Germanic ’rudd in: a. OldEnglish rudu, red color: ruddle, ruddy; b. Old Englishrudduc, robin: ruddock. 2. Suffixed form *rudh-sto- inGermanic ’rust- in Old English rust, rust: rust. 3. Latinrubeus, red: rouge, rubeola, ruby; rubefacient4. Latin rubicundus, red, ruddy: rubicund. 5. Latinrubidus, red: rubidium. 8. Suffixed (stative) form*rudh-e- in Latin rubere, to be red: rubescent; erubes-CENCE. 7. Suffixed form ’rudh-ro- in: a. Latin ruber,red: rubella, rubric; bilirubin; b. Latin rutilus,reddish: rutilant; c. Greek eruthros, red (with pro-thetic vowel, from oldest root form ’sreudh-Y ERY-THEMA, erythro-; d. possibly remade Greek erusi-, red,reddening: erysipelas. 8. Suffixed form *rudh-to- inLatin russus, red: rissole, roux, russet. .[Pok. reudh-872.]
reudh-².	To clear land. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form•rudh-yo- in Germanic ’rudjan in Old Norse rydh/a, toclear land: rid. 2. Possibly Germanic expressive variant*rudd- stick, club, in Old English rodd, stick: rod. .[InPok. 2. reu- 868.]
reue-.	To open; space. 1. Suffixed variant form ’ru-mo-(< ’ruz-rno-) in Germanic 'rumaz in: a. Old English rum,space: room; b. Old French run, ship’s hold, space:rummage. 2. Suffixed form *reu(z)-es• in Latin rus,“open land," the country: rural, rustic. .[Pok. reuz-, ru-874.]
reug-.	To vomit, belch, smoke, cloud. 1. Germanic ’reu-kan in Old English reocan, to smoke, reek: reek. 2. Suf-fixed zero-grade form *rug-to- in Latin ructare, to belch:ERUCT. .[Pok. 4. reu- 871.]
reugh-men-.	Cream. O-grade form ’roughmen- in Ger-manic ’rau(g)ma- in Middle Low German rdm(e), cream:RAMEKIN. .[Pok. reugh-m(e)n- 873.]
reup-.	Also reub-. To snatch. I. Basic form *reub- inGermanic ’rupja in Flemish rippen, to rip: rip¹.II. O-grade form ’roup-. 1. Germanic ‘raufjan in: a. OldEnglish reafian, to plunder: reave¹; b. Old Englishbereafian, to take away (be-, bi-, intensive prefix; seeambhl): bereave. 2. Germanic ’raubon, to rob, in:a. Middle Dutch and Middle Low German roven, to rob:rover; b. Old French rober, to rob: rob; C. Italianrubare, to rob: rubato. 3. Germanic ’raubo, booty, inOld French robe, robe (> "clothes taken as booty”):robe. 4. Suffixed form * roup-tro- in Sanskrit loptram,booty, from lumpati, he breaks, removes: LOOT.III. Zero-grade form ’rup-. 1. Latin usurpdre (< ’usu-rup-; usus, use, usage, from uti, to use), originally “tointerrupt the orderly aquisition of something by the actof using,” whence to take into use, usurp: usurp. 2. Na-salized form *ru-m-p- in Latin rumpere, to break (>rupes, rock): rout¹, rupture; abrupt, bankrupt,CORRUPT, DISRUPT, ERUPT, INTERRUPT, IRRUPT, RUPICO-LOUS. .[Pok. 2. reu- 868.]
rezg-.	To plait, weave, wind. Germanic ’ruski- in OldEnglish rise, rysc, rush: rush². .[Pok. rezg- 874.].[risan. To rise. Germanic word. 1. Germanic ‘risan in:a. Old English rtsan, to rise: rise; b. Old English a risan,to arise (a-, up, out): arise. 2. Germanic causative‘raizjan in: a. Old English r.iran, to rear, raise, lift up:rear²; b. Old Norse re isa, to raise: raise.]
rtko-.	Bear. 1. Latin ursus, bear (< ’orcsos): ursine.2. Greek arktos, bear: arctic, Arcturus. 3. Celtic*arto- in Welsh arth, bear, in the name Arthur (>Medieval Latin Artorius, Arthur): Arthur. .[Pok.fktho-s 875.]
ruk-’.	Fabric, spun yarn. Celtic and Germanic root.1.  Germanic ’rukkon- in: a. Italian rocca, distaff:ROCKET¹; b. Old High German rocko, distaff: rocam-bole; C. Old French rocquet, head of a lance: ratchet.2. Germanic ’rukka- in Old French rochet, rochet: roch-et. .[Pok. ruk(k)- 874.]
ruk-².	Rough. Extension of reu-². 1.1-engthened-gradeform ’ruk- in Germanic ’ruhwaz in Old English ruh,rough, coarse: rough. 2. Lengthened variant form *rug-in Latin ruga, wrinkle: ruga, rugose; corrugate. .[InPok. 2. reu- 868.]
runo-.	Mystery, secret. Germanic and Celtic technicalterm of magic. Germanic ’runaz in: a. Old Englishrunian, to whisper: round²; b. Old Norse run, secretwriting (akin to the Germanic source of Finnish runo,song, poem): rune¹, rune². .[In Pok. 1. reu- 867.]
sa-.	To satisfy. Contracted from ‘saz-. 1. Suffixedzero-grade form ‘sz-to- in: a. Germanic ’sadaz, sated, inOld English sæd, sated, weary: sad; b. derivative Ger-manic verb ‘sadon, to satisfy, sate, in Old Englishsadian, to sate: sate¹. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form ’sz-ti-in Latin satis, enough, sufficient: satiate, satiety;(assai²), asset, satisfy. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form‘sz-tu-ro- in Latin satur, full (of food), sated: satire,saturate. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form *szd-ro- in Greekhadros, thick: hadron. .[Pok. sa- 876.]
sab-.	Juice, fluid. 1. Germanic ’sapam, juice of a plant, inOld English sxp, sap: sap¹. 2. Illyrian sabaium, beer,probably akin to the source of Italian zabaglione,zabaione, a frothy dessert: zabaglione. .[In Pok. sap-880 .]
sag--	To seek out. 1. Suffixed form *sdg-yo- in Germanic’sokjan in Old English sæcan, secan, to seek: SEEK.2. Suffixed form *sdg-ni- in Germanic ’sokniz in OldEnglish soen, attack, inquiry, right of local jurisdiction:SOKE. 3. Zero-grade form *szg- in Germanic ’sak- in:a. derivative noun *sako, “a seeking,” accusation, strife,in Old English sacu, lawsuit, case: sake¹; b. Germanic’sakjan, to lay claim to (denominative of ’sako), in OldFrench seisir, to take possession of, seize: (seisin), seize;c. Germanic ’sakan, to seek, accuse, quarrel, in (i) OldEnglish forsacan, to renounce, refuse (for-, prefix denot-ing exclusion or rejection; see per¹): forsake (ii) OldNorse saka, to seek: ransack. 4. Independent suffixedform ‘sdg-yo- in Latin sagire, to perceive, “seek toknow”: presage. 5. Zero-grade form *szg- in Latinsagdx, of keen perception: sagacious. 6. Suffixed form‘sag-eyo- in Greek hegeisthai, to lead (< “to trackdown”): exegesis, hegemony. .[Pok. sag- 876.]
sai-.	Suffering. 1. Germanic ’sairaz, suffering, sick, ill, inOld English sdr, painful: sore. 2. Derivative Germanicadjective ’sairigaz, painful, in Old English sdrig, suffer-ing mentally, sad: sorry. .[Pok. sai-, 877.]
sak-.	To sanctify. 1. Suffixed form *sak-ro- in: a. Latinsacer, holy, sacred, dedicated: sacred; consecrate,execrate; b. compound *sakro-dhdt-, “performer ofsacred rites” (‘-dhdt-, doer; see dhe-’), in Latin sacerdds,priest: sacerdotal. 2. Nasalized form *sa-n-k- in Latinsancire (past participle sanctus), to make sacred, conse-crate: saint, sanctum; corposant, sacrosanct, sanc-tify. .[Pok. sak- 878.]
sal-’.	Salt. 1. Extended form ’said- in: a. suffixed form’said-o- in Germanic ’saltam in Old English sealt, salt:salt; b. Germanic zero-grade suffixed extended form’sult-jd in (i) Old French sous, pickled meat: souse (ii)Danish and Norwegian sylt, salt marsh, probably akin tothe source of Middle English cylte, sine sand: silt;C. Latin saUere (past participle salsus), to salt: (salsa),sauce. 2 Latin sal (genitive satis), salt: sal, salad,SALAMI, SALARY, SALI-, SALINE; SALTCELLAR, SALT-PETER. 3. Greek hals, salt, sea: halo-. .[Pok. 1. sal- 878.]
sal-².	Dirty gray. Suffixed form *sal-wo- in Germanic*salwaz in Old English salu, sale, dusky, dark: sallow¹..[Pok. 2. sal- 879.]
sal(i)k-.	Willow. A derivative of sal-². 1. Variant form‘salk- in Germanic suffixed form *salh-jdn- in OldEnglish sealh, willow: sallow². 2. Latin salix, willow:SALICIN. .[In Pok. 2. sal- 879.]
sano-.	Healthy. Italic root. Latin sdnus, healthy: sane,(sanitary); sainfoin. .[Pok. sdno-s 880.]
saus-.	Dry. 1. Extended form ‘sauso- in Germanic *sau-saz in: a. Old English sear, withered: sear¹, sere¹;b. Frankish *saur, dry, whence Old French saur, sor,red-brown: sorrel²; surmullet. 2. Suffixed form‘saus-t- in Greek austeros, harsh: austere. .[Pok. saus-880.]
sawel-.	Also s(u)wel-, su(a)el-, su(e)en-, sun-. Thesun. Contracted from ‘saowel-. 1. Variant forms ‘swen-,‘sun- in: a. Germanic *sunnon- in Old English sunne,sun: sun; b. Germanic compound *sunnon-dagaz, “dayof the sun” (translation of Latin dies solis), in OldEnglish sunnandæg, Sunday: Sunday; c. Germanic de-rivative ‘sunthaz, “sun-side,” south, in Old English suth,south, and sutherne, southern: south, southern.2. Variant form *s(a)wol- in: a. Latin sol, the sun: sol³,Sol, solar, solarium; girasol, insolate, parasol,solanine, turnsole; b. Latin compound solstitium, “astanding of the sun,” solstice (-stitium, a standing; seesta-): solstice. 3. Suffixed form *sawel-yo- in Greekhellos, sun: heliacal, helio-, Helios, helium; anthe-lion, APHELION, ISOHEL, PARHELION, PERIHELION. .[Pok.sawel- 881.]
se-¹.	To sow. Contracted from ‘sea-. 1. Germanic ‘sean inOld English sawan, to sow: sow¹. 2. Suffixed form*se-ti-, sowing, in Germanic ‘sediz, seed, in: a. OldEnglish sæd, seed: seed; b. Middle Dutch saet andMiddle Low German sat, seed: colza. 3. Reduplicatedzero-grade form *si-s(o)- in Latin serere, to sow: season;insert. 4. Suffixed form * se-men-, seed, in Latin semen,seed: seme, semen, seminary, semination; dissemi-nate. .[In Pok. 2. se(i)- 889.]
se-².	Long, late. Contracted from ‘sea-. Variant ‘sear-,zero-grade form *sia-, contracted to *si-. 1. Suffixed formse-ro- in: a. Latin serus, late: serotinous, soiree;b. Middle Breton hir, long: menhir. 2. Possibly Ger-manic *si- in: a. Germanic ‘sido, “long surface or part,”in Old English side, side: SIDE; b. Germanic *sith,“later,” after, in Old English siththon, siththan, afterthat, since: since, sith. .[In Pok. 2. se(i)- 891.]
se-³.	To sift. Contracted from ‘sea-. Suffixed form‘se-dho- in Greek ethein, to sift: ethmoid. .[Pok. 1. se(i)-889.]
se-⁴.	To bind, tie. Contracted from ‘sea-. Variant ‘seat-,zero-grade form *si-. Suffixed form *si-nw- in Germanic*sinwo- in Old English sinu, seonu, tendon: sinew. .[Pok.3. se(i)- 891.]
sed-¹.	To sit. 1. Suffixed form *sed-yo- in Germanic*sitjan in: a. Old English sittan, to sit: SIT; b. Old HighGerman sizzen, to sit (> German Sitz, act of sitting): sitzbath, sitzkrieg, sitzmark. 2. Suffixed (causative)o-grade form 'sod-eyo- in Germanic ‘satjan, to cause tosit, set, in: a. Old English settan, to place: set¹; b. OldHigh German sezzan, to set, in irsezzan, to replace:ersatz. 3. Suffixed form *sed-lo-, seat, in Germanic‘setlaz in Old English setl, seat: SETTLE. 4. O-grade form*sod- in Germanic ‘sadulaz, seat, saddle, in Old Englishsadol, saddle: saddle. 5. Suffixed lengthened o-gradeform *sdd-o- in Germanic ‘sotam in Old English sot, soot(< “that which settles”): soot. 6. Suffixed lengthened-grade form *sed-yo- in Germanic ‘(ge)setjam, seat (*ge-,*ga-, collective prefix; see kom), in Old Norse sn-ti, seat:seat. 7. Form *sed-e- in Latin sedere, (third personplural perfect indicative sederunt), to sit: seance, sed-entary, sederunt, sedilia, sediment, sessile, ses-sion, SEWER², SIEGE; ASSESS, ASSIDUOUS, DISSIDENT,HOSTAGE, (INSESSORIAL), OBSESS, POSSESS, PRESIDE,reside, (subsidy), supersede. 8. Reduplicated form*si-zd- in: a. Latin sidere, to sit down, settle: subside;b. Greek hizein, to sit down, settle down: synizesis.9. Lengthened-grade form sed- in Latin sedes, seat,residence: see². 10. Lengthened-grade form *sed-a- inLatin sedare, to settle, calm down: sedate¹. 11. Suffixedo-grade form *sod-yo- in Latin solium, throne, seat:soil¹. 12. Suffixed form *sed-rd- in Greek hedra, seat,chair, face of a geometric solid: -hedron; cathedra,(chair), ephedrine, exedra, Sanhedrin, tetrahe-dron. 13. Prefixed and suffixed form *pi-sed-yo-, to situpon (*pi-, on; see epi), in Greek piezein, to press tight:piezo-; isopiestic. 14. Basic form *sed- in: a. Greekedaphos, ground, foundation (with Greek suffix -aphos):EDAPHic; b. Sanskrit sad- in upanisad, Upanishad:Upanishad. 15. Suffixed form *sed-a-, seat, in Welshsedd, seat: eisteddfod. See also compound root nizdo-..[Pok. sed• 884.]
sed-².	To go. Suffixed o-grade form ‘sod-o- in Greekhodos, way, journey: -ode; anode, cathode, episode,exodus, hyathode, method, odograph, odometer,PERIOD, STOMODEUM, SYNOD. .[Pok. Sed- 887.]
segh-.	To hold. 1. Suffixed form *segh-es- in Germanic*sigiz, victory (< “a holding or conquest in battle”), inOld High German sigu, sigo, victory: Siegfried.2. Greek ekhein, to hold, possess, be in a certain condi-tion (> hexis, habit): hectic; cachexia, echard, en-telechy, eunuch, Ophiuchus. 3. O-grade form *sogh-in Greek epokhe, “a holding back,” pause, cessation,position in time (epi-, on, at; see epi): EPOCH.4. Zero-grade form *sgh- in: a. Greek skhema, “a hold-ing,” form, figure: scheme; b. Greek skhole, “a holdingback,” stop, rest, leisure, employment of leisure in dispu-tation, school: (scholar), scholastic, scholium,school¹. 5. Reduplicated form *si-sgh- in Greek iskhein,to keep back: ischemia. .[Pok. segh- 888.]
seib-.	To pour out, sieve, drip, trickle. 1. Basic form inGermanic *sipon in Old English sipian, sypian, to drip,seep: seep. 2. Suffixed o-grade form 'soib-on- in Ger-manic *saipdn-, “dripping thing,” resin, in: a. Old Eng-lish sape, soap (originally a reddish hair dye used byGermanic warriors to give a frightening appearance):soap; b. Latin sapo, soap: saponate, saponify, sapo-nin, saponite; saponaceous. 3. Variant Germanicform *sib- in: a. Old English sife, a filter, sieve: sieve.b. Old English siftan, to sieve, drain: SIFT. .[Pok. seip-894.]
seikw-.	To slow. Extended expressive zero-grade form*sikko- in Latin siccus, dry (probably < “slowed out”):sack³, secco, siccative; desiccate, exsiccate. .[Pok.seik“- 893.]
sek-.	To cut. 1. Germanic *segithb, sickle, in Old Englishsithe, sigthe, sickle: scythe. 2. Suffixed o-grade form‘sok-a- in Germanic ‘sago, a cutting tool, saw, in OldEnglish sagu, sage, saw: saw¹. 3. Suffixed o-grade form*so£-yo- in Germanic ‘sagjaz, “sword,” plant with acutting edge, in Old English secg, sedge: SEDGE. 4. Suf-fixed o-grade form *soA-so- in Germanic ‘sahsam, knife,sword, traditionally (but quite doubtfully) regarded asthe source of West Germanic tribal name * Saxon-, Saxon(as if “warrior with knives”), in Late Latin Saxo (pluralSaxones), a Saxon: Saxon. 5. Extended root ‘skend-, topeel off, slay, in Germanic *skinth- in Old Norse skinn,skin: skin. 6. Basic form ‘sek- in Latin secare, to cut:secant, -sect, sectile, section, sector, segment;DISSECT, EXSECT, INSECT, INTERSECT, NOTCH, RESECT,(transect). 7. Lengthened-grade form ‘sek- in Latinsecula, sickle: sickle. 8. Suffixed variant form ’sak-so-in Latin saxum, stone (< “broken-off piece”): saxatile;saxicolous, saxifrage. See also extended roots sked-.skel-, sker-’, sker-⁴. .[Pok. 2. sek- 895, sken-(d)- 929.]
sek-.	Slack, calm: relax. Greek (h)eka, slowly, a little (>hessdn, inferior): essonite. .[Pok. 3. sfk- 896.]
sekw-¹.	To follow. 1. Latin sequi, to follow: sect, segue,SEGUIDILLA, SEQUACIOUS, SEQUEL, SEQUENCE, SUE,suitor; consequent, ensue, execute, obsequious,PERSECUTE, PROSECUTE, (PURSUE), SUBSEQUENT.2. Latin sequester, “follower,” mediator, depositary:sequester, sequestrum. 3. Suffixed (participial) form*seku-ondo- in Latin secundus, following, coming next,second: second², secondo, secund, secundines.4. Suffixed form *seku-os, following, in Latin secus,along, alongside of: intrinsic. 5. Suffixed form'sek^-no- in Latin signum, identifying mark, sign (<“standard that one follows”): seal¹, segno, sign; as-sign, consign, designate, insignia, resign. 6. Suf-fixed o-grade form ’sok^-yo- in Latin socius, ally,companion (< “follower”): sociable, social, society,socio-; associate, consociate, dissociate. .[Pok. 1.sek*- 896.]
sek"-².	To perceive, see. 1. Germanic *sehwan, to see, inOld English sean, to see: see*. 2. Germanic abstractnoun *sih-tiz in Old English sihth, gesiht, vision, specta-cle: SIGHT. .[Pok. 2. sek“- 872.]
sek”-³.	To say, utter. 1.0-grade form ’sok*- in: a. suf-fixed form ’sok^-yo- in Germanic ’sagjan in Old Englishsecgan, to say: say; b. suffixed form ’sok^-d- in Ger-manic ’sago, a saying, in ft) Old English sagu, a saying,speech: saw² (ii) Old Norse saga, a saying, narrative:saga. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *skw-e-tlo-, narration,perhaps in North Germanic ’skathla in Old Norse skald,poet, “narrator,” perhaps akin to the probable Scandina-vian source of Middle English scolde, an abusive person:scold, skald. .[In Pok. 2. sek*- 897.]
sei-’.	Human settlement. 1.0-grade form ’sol- in Ger-manic ’sal-, room, in Italian sola, hall, room: salon,(saloon). 2. Suffixed form *sel-o- in Latin solum, bot-tom, foundation, hence sole of the foot: sole¹, solum;ENTRESOL. (Pok. 1. sei- 898, 3. (suel-) 1046.]
sel-².	Also selo-. Of good mood; to favor. 1. Germaniclengthened form ’sel- in Old English gesælig, happy (ge-,completely; see kom): silly. 2. Suffixed lengthenedo-grade form ’sol-d- in Latin sdlari, to comfort, console:solace; console¹. 3. Possibly suffixed form *seb-ro- inGreek hilaros (< *helaros), gay: hilarity; exhilarate..[Pok. 6. sel- 900.]
sel-³.	To take, grasp. 1. Suffixed o-grade (causative) form’sol-eyo- in Germanic ’saljan, to offer up, deliver,whence West and North Germanic “to sell,” in OldEnglish sedan, to sell, betray: sell. 2. Germanic ’sal-,giving, sale, in: a. Old Norse sala, sale: sale; b. OldNorse compound handsal, giving of the hand (in closing abargain): handsel. .[Pok. 3. sel- 899.]
Sel-⁴.	To jump. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *sal-yo- in:a. Latin salire, to leap: salacious, salient, sally,(saute); assail, desultory, dissilient, exult, in-sult, resile, result, somersault; b. Greek hades-thai, to leap, jump: halter². 2. Perhaps Latin salmd(borrowed from Gaulish), salmon (< “the leaping fish”):salmon. .[Pok. 4. sel- 899.]
sel-es-.	Swamp, marsh, sea. Greek helos, marsh: elodea..[Pok. selos- 901.]
selk-.	To pull, draw. 1. Perhaps Germanic ’selhaz, seal(the animal), “that which drags its body along withdifficulty” (but more likely an early Germanic borrowingfrom Finnic), in Old English seolh, seal: seal². 2. Suf-fixed o-grade form ’solk-o- in Latin sulcus, furrow,groove (< “result of drawing or plowing”): (sulcate),sulcus. .[Pok. selk- 901.]
selp-.	Fat, butter. 1. Germanic *salb- in Old Englishseals, healing ointment: salve¹. 2 Germanic denomina-tive verb ’salbdn in Middle Dutch sahen, to anoint,salve, in obsolete Dutch quacksalver, a quack: quack-salver. .[Pok. selp- 901.]
sem-’.	One; also adverbially "as one,” together with.I. Full-grade form ’sem-. 1. Greek ’hem- in: a. Greekheis (< nominative singular masculine ’hen-s < *hem-s),one: hendecasyllabic, hendiadys, henotheism;b. Greek he- in hekaton, one hundred (? dissimilatedfrom ’hem-katon; see dekm). 2. Suffixed form *sem-el-in Latin simul, at the same time: simultaneous; assem-ble, ensemble. 3. Suffixed form *sem-golo- in Latinsingulus, alone, single: single. 4. Compound ’sem-per-(’per, during, for; see per¹) in Latin semper, always, ever(< “once for all”): sempre; sempiternal. II. O-gradeform *som-. 1. Sanskrit sam, together: samsara, san-dhi, Sanskrit. 2. Suffixed form ’som-o- in: a. Germanic*samaz, same, in Old Norse samr, same: same; b. Greekhomos, same: homeo-, homo-; anomalous; c. Greekhomilos, crowd: homily. 3. Suffixed form ’som-alo- inGreek homalos, like, even, level: homolographic, noMOLOSiNE projection. III. Lengthened o-grade form’som-. 1. Suffixed form *som-i- in Germanic ’sdmiz inOld Norse sœmr, sitting, agreeable (< “making one,”“reconciling”): seem, seemly. 2. Suffixed lengthenedo-grade form *som-o- in Russian sam, samo-, self: samiz-dat, samovar. IV. Zero-grade form *sm-. 1. Greek ha-,a-, together, in compound a-kolouthos, accompanying (a-+ keleuthos, way, path): anacoluthon. 2. Greek com-pound haplous, simple (-pious, -ploos, -fold; see pel-³):haploid. 3. Suffixed form ’smm-o- in Germanic ’sumazin: a. Old English sum, one, a certain one: some; b. OldEnglish -sum, like: -some¹. 4. Suffixed form *smm-alo- inLatin similis, of the same kind, like: similar; assimi-late, resemble. 5. Compound ’sm-kero-, of one grow-ing (see ker-³). 6. Suffixed form *sm-tero- in Greekheteros (earlier hateros), one of two, other: hetero-.7. Compound ’sm-plek-, “one-fold," simple (’plek-, -fold;see plek-), in Latin simplex, simple: semplice, simplex,simplicity. 8. Compound sm-plo-, “one-fold,” simple(*-plo-, -fold; see pel-³), in Latin simplus, simple: simple.9. Extended form ’srpma in Greek hama, together with,at the same time: hamadryad. 10. Basic form sm- inOld Russian su-, together, in compound suvitu (> Rus-sian so vet), assembly (vitu, council; see weita-): soviet..[Pok. 2. sem- 902.]
sem-².	Also seme-. Summer. Suffixed zero-grade form*sma-aro- in Germanic ’sumaraz in Old English sumor,summer: summer¹. .[Pok. 3. sem- 905.]
semi-.	Half. 1. Germanic ’semi- in Old English sam-,half: sand-blind. 2. Latin semi-, half: semi-. 3. Latinsemis, half: sesqui-, sesterce. 4. Greek hemi-, half:hemi-. .[Pok. semi- 905.]
sen-’.	Old. 1. Latin senex, old, an elder: seignior, sen-ate, SENECTITUDE, SENESCENT, SENILE, SENIOR, SENO-PIA, (signory), (sir), sire, (surly). 2. Suffixed form*sen-o- in Germanic ’senaz in compound ’sini-skalkaz,old servant (Germanic ’skalkaz, servant, slave; seeskalkaz), in Medieval Latin siniscalcus, seneschal: sen-eschal. .[Pok. sen(o)- 907.]
sen-².	Also seni-. Apart, separated. 1. Suffixedzero-grade form *sn-ter- in: a. Germanic ’sundro in OldEnglish sundor, sunder, apart: asunder; b. Germanicdenominative ’sundron in Old English syndrian, sun-drian, to put apart: sunder; c. Germanic derivativeadjective ’sundriga- in Old English syndrig, apart,separated: sundry. 2. Zero-grade form ’snni- in Latinsine, without (< “outside,” “out os’): sans; sinecure..[Pok. seni- 907.]
Sendhro-.	Crystalline deposit. Germanic ’sendra-, slag,in: a. Old English sinder, iron slag, dross: cinder; b. OldHigh German sintar (> German Sinter), slag: sinter..[Pok. sendhro- 906.]
Seng"-.	To sink. Germanic ’sinkwan in: a. Old Englishsincan, to sink: sink; b. Scandinavian intensive form•sakk- in Swedish sacka, to sink, akin to the Scandina-vian source of Middle English saggen, to subside: sag..[Pok. sengv- 906.]
sengwh-.	To sing, make an incantation. 1. Germanic"singan in: a. Old English singan, to sing: sing; b. OldHigh German singan (> German singen), to sing: Meis-tersinger, minnesinger, singspiel. 2. Suffixedo-grade form "songwh-o-, singing, song, in Germanic*sangwaz in Old English sang, song, song: song. .[Pok.sengyh- 906.]
senk-.	To burn. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form *sonk-eyo- in Germanic *sangjan, to cause to burn, in OldEnglish sengan, to singe: singe. .[Pok. senk- 907.]
sent-.	To head for, go. 1. Germanic suffixed form "sinth-nan in Old High German sinnan, to go: withershins.2. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form "sont-eyo- in Ger-manic *sandjan, to cause to go, in Old English sendan, tosend: send¹. 3. Suffixed o-grade form *sont-o- in Ger-manic *sandaz, that which is sent, in Old English sand,message, messenger: godsend. 4. Perhaps suffixed form"sent-yo- in Latin sentire, to feel (< “to go mentally”):SCENT, SENSE, (SENSILLUM), SENTENCE, SENTIENT, SEN-TIMENT, SENTINEL; ASSENT, CONSENT, DISSENT, PRESEN-TIMENT, resent. .[Pok. sent- 908.]
Sep-¹.	To taste, perceive. Suffixed zero-grade form*sap-yo- in Latin sapere, to taste, have taste, be wise:SAGE¹, SAPID, SAPIENT, SAPOR, SAVANT, SAVOR, SAVVY..[Pok. sap- 880.]
Sep-².	To foster, serve, venerate (the dead). Suffixed form*sep-el-yo- in Latin sepelire, to bury: sepulcher, sepul-ture. .[Pok. sep- 909.]
septm.	Seven. 1. Germanic * sebum in Old English season,seven: seven. 2. Latin septem, seven: September, sep-tennial, SEPTET, SEPTI-, SePTUAGINT, SEPTUPLE; SEP-tentrion. 3. Greek hepta, seven: hebdomad, hepta-,HEPTAD. .[Pok. septm 909.]
ser-¹.	To protect. 1. Extended form *serw- in Latinservare, to keep, preserve: conserve, observe, pre-serve, reserve, (reservoir). 2. Suffixed length-ened-grade form "ser-bs- perhaps in Greek herbs,“protector,” hero: hero. .[Pok. 2. ser- 910.]
ser-².	To flow. 1. Suffixed form *ser-o- in Latin serum,whey: serac, serum. 2. Basic form *ser- in Sanskritsarati, sasarti, it flows, it runs: samsara. 3. Extendedroots *sr-edh-, "sr-et-, to whirl, bubble, in Germanic*stred- in Old High German stredan, to whirl, swirl,whence ablaut formation in Middle High German stru-del, whirlpool: strudel. .[Pok. 1. ser- 909; sr-edh- 1001.]
ser-³.	To line up. 1. Latin serere, to arrange, attach, join(in speech), discuss: series, sertularian; assert,DESERT³, DISSERTATE, EXERT, INSERT. 2. Suffixed form*ser-mon- in Latin sermb (stem sermon-), speech, dis-course: sermon. 3. Suffixed form "ser-a- perhaps inLatin sera, a lock, bolt, bar (? < “that which aligns”):sear², (serried). 4. Suffixed zero-grade form "sr-ti- inLatin sors (stem sort-), lot, fortune (probably from thelining up of lots before drawing): sorcerer, sort;ASSORT, CONSORT, SORTILEGE. .[Pok. 4. ser- 911.]
serk-.	To make whole. Latin sarcire, to mend, repair:Sartorius. .[Pok. serk- 912.]
serp-¹.	Sickle, hook. 1. Latin sarpere, to cut off, prune (>sarmentum, twigs): sarmentose. 2. Greek harpe, sickle(> Old French harper, to seize): harpoon. .[Pok. 5. ser-911.]
serp-².	To crawl, creep. 1. Latin serpere, to crawl: ser-pent, serpigo. 2. Greek herpein, to crawl, creep: her-pes, herpetology. .[Pok. serp- 912.].[servus. Slave. Latin noun of unknown origin, serf,SERGEANT, SERVE, SERVICE, SERVILE, SERVITUDE, SIR-VENTE; CONCIERGE, DESERVE.]
seue-¹.	To give birth. Suffixed zero-grade form in deriva-tive noun *su(a)-nu-, son, in Germanic *sunuz in OldEnglish sunu, son: son. See also su-. .[Pok. 2. seu- 913.]
seue-².	To take liquid. I. Suffixed zero-grade form"sus-yo-, contracted to "su-yo- in Greek huein, to rain,and huetos, rain: isohyet. II. Possible extendedzero-grade form "sub-. 1. Germanic "sup- in: a. OldEnglish supan, supian, to drink, sip: sup¹; b. Old Frenchsoup(e), soup: soup, (sup²). 2 Germanic *supp- in: a. OldEnglish sopp, bread dipped in liquid: SOP; b. possiblyLow German sippen, to sip, probably akin to the sourceof Middle English sippen, to sip: sip. III. Possible ex-tended zero-grade form "sug-. 1. Germanic "suk- in OldEnglish sucan, to suck: SUCK. 2. Germanic shortenedform "sukbn in Old English socian, to steep: soak.3. Latin sugere, to suck: suction, suctorial. 4. Variantform "suk- in Latin sucus, succus, juice: succulent..[Pok. 1. seu- 912.]
seut-.	To seethe, boil. 1. Germanic "seuthan in OldEnglish seothan, to boil: seethe, (sodden). 2. Germanic*suth- in: a. Middle Dutch sudde, sudse, marsh, swamp:suds; b. suffixed form *suth-l- in Middle High Germansudelen, to soil, do sloppy work, akin to Middle Dutchsoetler, sutler: sutler. .[Pok. 4. seu- 914.]
Si-lo-.	Silent. Suffixed (stative) form "sil-e- in Latinsilere, to be silent: silent. .[In Pok. 2. se(i)- 889.]
skabh-.	To prop up, support. Suffixed form *skabh-no- inLatin scamnum, a bench (> Old English sceamel, table,stool): shambles. .[Pok. skabh- 916.]
skai-.	Also kai-. Bright, shining. 1. Extended form "kaid-in Germanic *haiduz, “bright appearance,” manner,quality, in Old English -had, quality, condition: -hood.2. Suffixed form *ki-t-ro- in Sanskrit citra-, variegated,many-colored: cheetah, chintz. .[Pok. (s)kai- 916.].[skalkaz. Servant, slave. Germanic noun of unknownorigin. 1. Old High German compound marahscalc,“horse-servant” (see marko-). 2. Germanic compound*sini-skalkaz, “old servant” (see sen-¹). .[In Pok. (s)kel-929.]
skamb-.	Also kamb-. To curve, bend. Suffixed form*kamb-o- in Celtic *kambo-, crooked, and denominativeverb *k(a)mb-yo-, to turn, exchange, whence Gallo-Latincambiare, to exchange: cambist, cambium, change..[Pok. (s)kamb- 918.]
skand-.	Also skend-. To leap, climb. 1. Latin scandere,to climb: scan, scandent, scansion, scansorial; as-cend, (condescend), descend, transcend. 2. Suffixedform *skand-alo- in Greek skandalon, a snare, trap,stumbling block: scandal. 3. Suffixed form "skand-sla-in Latin scalae, steps, ladder: echelon, escalade,scale².sked-. To split, scatter. Extension of sek-. 1. O-gradeform *skod- in Germanic "skat- in Old English *sc(e)ater-ian, to scatter: shatter. 2. Variant nasalized form"ska-n-d- in Latin scandula, a shingle for roofing (<“split piece”): shingle¹. .[Pok. (s)k(h)ed- 918.]
skeai-.	To gleam. 1. Suffixed form "ske(s)i-no- in Ger-manic "skinan, to gleam, shine, in: a. Old English scinan,to shine: shine; b. Old High German scinan, to shine:gegenschein. 2. Germanic extended form "ski-m- in OldEnglish scimerian, scymrian, to shine brightly: shim-mer. 3. Possibly suffixed form "ski-nto-, shining, inLatin scintilla, a spark: scintilla, scintillate, sten-cil, (tinsel). 4. Suffixed zero-grade form *skio-a-,*skiy-d- in Greek skia, shadow: skiagram, skiascope,squirrel. .[Pok. skai- 917.]
skei-.	To cut, split. Extension of sek-. 1. Germanicsuffixed form "ski-nb- in: a. Old English scinu, shin,shinbone (< “piece cut off’): shin¹-; b. Old Frencheschine, backbone, piece of meat with part of the back-bone: chine. 2. Latin scire, to know (< “to separate onething from another,” “discern”): science, scilicet,SCIOLISM, SCIRE FACIAS; ADSCITITIOUS, CONSCIENCE,CONSCIOUS, NESCIENCE, (NICE), OMNISCIENT, PLEBI-SCITE, prescient. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form "skiy-enain Old Irish scian, knife: skean. 4. Extended root "skeid-in: a. Germanic "skitan, to separate, defecate, in OldEnglish "seitan, to defecate: shit; b. suffixed zero-gradeform *sk(h)id-yo- in Greek skhizein, to split: schism,schist, SCHIZO-; c. nasalized zero-grade form *ski-n-d- inLatin sandere, to split: scission; exscind, prescind,rescind. 5. Extended root ’skeit- in: a. Germanic’skaith-, *skaidan in (i) Old English sceadan, to sepa-rate: shed¹ (it) perhaps Old English sceath, sheath (<“split stick”): sheath; b. Germanic *skidam in OldNorse skidh, log, stick, snowshoe: ski; c. o-grade form’skoit- in Latin scutum, shield (< “board”): ecu. es-cudo, escutcheon, esquire, scudo, scutum, (squire).6. Extended root *sketp- in Germanic ’skis- in: a. MiddleEnglish sheve, pulley (< “piece of wood with grooves”):sheave²; b. Old Norse skifa, to slice, split, akin to theScandinavian source of skive; c. Middle Low Germanscherer, splinter, akin to the possible Low German sourceof Middle English schivere, scivre, splinter: shiver²..[Pok. skei- 919.]
skel-¹.	Also kel-. To cut. 1. Germanic *skaljo, piece cutoff, shell, scale, in: a. Old English scell, sciel, shell:shell; b. Italian scaglia, chip: scagliola. 2. Germanic*skald in: a. Old English sc(e)alu, husk, shell: shale;b. Old French escale, husk, shell: scale¹. 3. Germanic*skal- in: a. Old Norse skalli, bald head (< “closelyshaved skull”): scall; b. Old Norse skalpr, sheath, shell,akin to the source of Middle English scalp, scalp: scalp.4. Germanic ’skeld in Old Norse skdl, bowl, drinkingvessel (made from a shell): scale³, skoal. 5. Germanic’skelduz in Old English scield, shield (< “board”):SHIELD. 6. Germanic *skeli- in: a. Old Norse skil, reason,discernment, knowledge (< “incisiveness”): skill;b. Middle Dutch schillen, to diversify, with past partici-ple schillede, separated, variegated, akin to the LowGerman source of Middle English scheld, variegated:sheldrake. 7. Germanic skuld, a division, in MiddleLow German schole, troop: school², shoal². 8. Suffixedvariant form ’kel-tro- in Latin culter, knife: colter,cultrate, cutlass. 9. Suffixed zero-grade form *skl-yo-in Greek skallein, to stir up, hoe (> skalenos, uneven):scalene. 10. Extended root * skelp- in: a. Germanic’skelf- in Middle Low German schelf, shelf (< “split pieceof wood”): shelf; b. possibly Germanic ’halbaz (<variant root *kelp-), divided, in Old English heals, half:HALF; c. perhaps variant ’skalp- in Latin scalpere, tocut, scrape, with derivative sculpere (originally as thecombining form of scalpere), to carve: scalpel, sculp-ture. .[Pok. 1. (s)kel- 923.]
skel-².	To be under an obligation. O-grade (perfect) form*skol- in Germanic *skal-, I owe, hence I ought, in OldEnglish sceal (used with the first and third personsingular pronouns), shall: shall. .[Pok. 2. (s)kel- 927.]
skel-³.	Also kel-. Crooked. With derivatives referring to abent or curved part of the body, such as a leg, heel, knee,or hip. 1. Suffixed form "skel-ko- in Germanic *skelha-in Old High German scilihen, to wink, blink (> GermanSchiller, iridescence): schiller. 2. Suffixed form‘skel-es- in Greek skelos, leg: isosceles, triskelion.3. Suffixed o-grade form *skol-yo- in Greek skolios,crooked: scoliosis. 4. Lengthened o-grade form *skdl- inGreek skolex, earthworm, grub (< “that which twists andturns”): scolex. 5. Suffixed lengthened-grade form’koi-o- in Greek kolon, limb, member: colon¹. 6. Attrib-uted (quite doubtfully) by some to this root is Greekkulindein, to roll: calender, cylinder. .[Pok. 4. skel-928.]
skel*-.	To parch, wither. Variant ’skle-, contracted from’skies-. 1. Greek skellesthai, to dry, whence skeletos (<suffixed form ’skeb-to-), dried up (body), mummy:skeleton. 2. Suffixed variant form *skle-ro- in Greekskleros, hard: sclera, sclero-, scleroma, (sclerosis),(sclerotic), sclerotium, sclerous; sclerotization..[Pok. 3. (s)kel- 927.]
skeng-.	Crooked. Germanic ’skankon-, “that whichbends,” leg, in Old English sc(e)anca, shinbone: shank..[Pok. (s)keng- 930.]
skep-.	Also kep-. Base of words with various technicalmeanings such as “to cut,” “to scrape,” “to hack.”1. Germanic *skap- in: a. Old English gesceap (ge-,collective prefix; see kom), form, creation (< “cutting”):shape; b. Old English -scipe, state, condition (collectivesuffix): -ship; c. Dutch -schap, “-ship,” condition (collec-tive suffix): landscape. 2. Germanic ablaut variant’skopo-, “thing cut out,” container, in Middle Dutch andMiddle Ixiw German schope, bucket for bailing water:scoop. 3. Germanic ’skaftaz in Old English sceaft, rod ofa spear: shaft¹. 4. Germanic expressive form ’skabb- in:a. Old English sceabb, a scab, scratch: shabby; b. OldNorse skabb, a scab: scab. 5. Variant form *skabh- in:a. Germanic ’skaban in (i) Old English sceafan, toscrape, pare away: shave (ii) Old High German skaban,to scrape: sapsago; b. Latin scabere, to scrape: scabies;C. suffixed form ’skabh-ro- in Latin scaber, rough (<“scratched”): scabrous; d. Greek skaphe, boat (<“thing cut out”): scaphoid; bathyscaph. 6. Variantform ’skap- in Latin scapula, shoulder blade (used as atool for scraping): scapula. 7. Variant form ’kap- in:a. Latin capo, castrated cock: capon; b. Late Latincapuldre, to cut: scabble. 8. O-grade form ’kop- in:a. suffixed form ’kop-ya- in Germanic ’hapjo, a cuttingtool, ax, sickle, in (i) Old High German hAppa, happa,sickle, akin to the Germanic source of Old Provencalapcha, small ax: piolet (ii) Medieval Latin hapia, ax,and Old French hache, small ax: hash¹, hatchet; nut-hatch, quebracho; b. suffixed form ’kop-yo- in Greekkoptein, to strike, cut: comma; apocope, sarcopticmange, syncope; C. Russian kopat’, to hack, with de-rivative kop’e, lance, in kopeika, kopeck: kopeck. 9. Pos-sibly zero-grade variant form *skup(h)- in Greek skuphos,a cup (but more likely of obscure origin): scyphistoma,scyphozoan. .[Pok. 2. (s)kep- 931.]
sker-¹.	Also ker-. To cut. I. Basic forms ’sker-, ’ker-.1. Germanic ’skeran in Old English scieran, sceran, tocut: shear. 2. Germanic ’skeraz in: a. Old Englishscear, plowshare: share²; b. Old English scearu, scaru,portion, division (but recorded only in the senses of “forkof the body,” “tonsure”): share¹. 3. Germanic ’sker- in:a. *sker-6- and ’sker-ez- in Old English scear, scissors:shears; b. compound *sker-berg-, “sword protector,”scabbard (see bhergh-¹) in Old High German scarberc,scabbard, akin to the possible Germanic source of Anglo-Norman escaubers, scabbard: scabbard. 4. Germanic’skur- in Old Norse skor, notch, tally, twenty: score.5. Germanic suffixed form *skar-jam in Old Norse sker,low reef (< “something cut off’): scar². 6. Suffixedo-grade extended form *skord-o- in Germanic ’skardazin Old English sceard, a cut, notch: shard. 7. Extendedform ’skerd- in suffixed zero-grade form *skrd-o- inGermanic ’skurtaz in: a. Old English scort, sceort, “cut,”short: short; b. Old English scyrte, undergarment (<“cut piece”): shirt; c. Old Norse skyrta, shirt: skirt.8. Germanic extended form ’skerm- in: a. Old HighGerman skirmen, to protect, akin to the source of OldFrench eskermir, to fight with a sword, fence: skirmish;b. Middle Dutch scherm, shield: screen. 9. Variantform *kar- in Latin card (stem cam-), flesh: carnage,CARNAL, CARNASSIAL, CARNATION, CARNIVAL, CARRION,CARUNCLE, CHARNEL, CRONE; CARNIVOROUS, INCAR-NATE. 10. Suffixed o-grade form ’kor-yo- in Latin co-rium, leather (originally “piece of hide”): coriaceous,CORIUM, CUIRASS, CURRIER; EXCORIATE. 11. Suffixedzero-grade form ’kr-to- in Latin curtus, short: curt,curtal, KiRTLE. 12. Suffixed o-grade form ’kor-mo- inGreek kormos, a trimmed tree trunk: corm. 13. Suffixedo-grade form ’kor-i- in Greek koris, bedbug (< “cutter”):coreopsis. II. Extended roots ’skert-, ’kerb.1. Zero-grade form ’krt- or o-grade form ‘kort- in Latincortex, bark (< “that which can be cut off’): cortex;decorticate. 2 Suffixed form ’kert-sna- in Latin cena,meal (< “portion of food”): cenacle. III. Extended root*skerb(h)-, *skreb(h)-. 1. Germanic *skarpaz, cutting,sharp, in: a. Old English scearp, sharp: sharp; b. Gothicskarpo, pointed object, akin to the possible Germanicsource of Italian scarpa, embankment: scarp. 2. Ger-manic *skrap- in: a. Old Norse skrap, “pieces,” remains:scrap¹; b. Old Norse skrapa, to scratch: scrape. 3. Ger-manic skrab- in: a. Middle Dutch schrabben, to scrape:scrabble; b. Middle Dutch schrobben, to scrape:SCRUB¹. 4. Germanic *skrub- in Old English scrybb,shrub (< “rough plant”): shrub¹. 5. Latin scrobis,trench, ditch: scrobiculate. 6. Latin serosa, a sow (<“rooter, digger”): screw, scrofula. .[Pok. 4. sker-,Section I. 938.]
sker-².	To leap, jump about. Perhaps same root as sker-³.1. Extended form *skerd- in Germanic 'skert- in MiddleHigh German scherzen, to leap with joy: scherzo.2. O-grade variant form *kor- in Latin coruscare, tovibrate, glisten, glitter: coruscate. .[Pok. 2. (s)ker- 933.]
sker-³.	Also ker-. To turn, bend. Presumed base of anumber of distantly related derivatives. 1. Extendedform *(s)kreg- in nasalized form *(s)kre-n-g- in: a. Ger-manic *skrink- in Old English scrincan, to wither, shrivelup: shrink; b. variant *kre-n-g- in Germanic *hrunk- in(i) Old Norse hrukka, a crease, fold: ruck² (ii) Frankish*hrunkjan, to wrinkle (> Old French fronce, pleat):flounce¹. 2. Extended form *(s)kregh- in nasalized form*skre-n-gh- in Germanic *hringaz, something curved,circle, in: a. Old English hring, a ring: ring¹; b. OldFrench renc, reng, line, row: ranch, range, rank¹,RINK; arrange, derange; C. Middle Dutch rinc (com-bining form ring-), a ring: ringhals. 3. Extended form*kreuk- in Germanic *hrugjaz in: a. Old English hrycg,spine, ridge: ridge; b. Old High German hrukki, back:rucksack. 4. Suffixed variant form *kur-wo- in Latincurvus, bent, curved: curb, curvature, curve, cur-vet. 5. Suffixed extended form kris-ni- in Latin crinis (<*crisnis), hair: crinite; crinoline. 6. Suffixed ex-tended form *kris-td- in Latin crista, tuft, crest: crest,crista, cristate. 7. Suffixed extended form *krip-so- inLatin crispus (metathesized from *cripsus), curly:CREPE, crisp, crispate. 8. Extended expressive form*kriss- in Latin ertsdre, (of women) to wiggle the hipsduring copulation: crissum. 9. Perhaps reduplicatedform *ki-kr-o- metathesized into Greek krikos, a ring (>Latin circus, ring, circle): circa, circle, circum-,search; cricoid. 10. Suffixed o-grade form *kor-6no- inGreek kordnos, curved: (corona), crown; coronoid.11. Suffixed variant form *kur-to- in Greek kurtos, bent:kurtosis. .[Pok. 3. (s)ker- 935.]
sker-*.	Excrement, dung. Extension of sek-, “to cut,separate,” hence “to void excrement.” 1. Form *sk-dr- inGreek skdr (genitive skatos < *sk-nt-), dung: scato-,scoria, skatole. 2. Extended form *skert- in taboometathesis *sterk-os- in: a. Latin stercus, dung: sterco-raceous; b. variant forms *(s)terg-, *(s)treg- in Germanic*threkka- in Middle High German dree, dung: DRECK..[Pok. sker-d- 947; 8. (s)ter- 1031.]
skerbh-.	Also skerb-. To turn, bend. Extension ofsker-³. 1. Variant form *skreb- in Germanic *skrip- inOld Norse skreppa, to slip, and derivative Old Norseskorpna, to shrink, be shriveled, akin to the probableScandinavian source of Middle English scorchen, toscorch: scorch. 2. Nasalized variant form *(s)kre-m-b-in: a. Germanic *hrimp-, *hrump- in (i) Old Englishhrympel, wrinkle, fold: RIMPLE (ii) Middle Dutch rom-pelen, to wrinkle: rumple (Hi) Old French ramper, toclimb, rear up: ramp²; b. Germanic *skrimp- in (i) Mid-dle Low German schrempen, to shrink, wrinkle, perhapsakin to the possible Low German source of MiddleEnglish shrimp, pygmy, shrimp; shrimp (ii) Swedishskrympa, to shrink, perhaps akin to the possible Scandi-navian source of scrimp. 3. Variant form *kramb- inGreek krambe, cabbage (having wrinkled, shrunkenleaves): crambo. 4. Perhaps Celtic *krumb-i- in Welsherwn, crooked, arched: cromlech. .[Pok. (s)kerb(h)- 948.]
sket(0)-.	To injure. Suffixed zero-grade form *skot-on- inGermanic *skathdn- in: a. Old Norse skadha, to harm:scathe; b. Old High German scado (> German Scha-den), harm, injury, damage: schadenfreude. .[Pok.sketh- 950.]
(s)keu-.	To cover, conceal. Zero-grade form *(s)ku-.Variant *(s)keuo-, zero-grade form *(s)kus-, contracted to*(s)ku-. 1. Suffixed basic form in Germanic *skeu-jam,cloud (“cloud cover”), in Old Norse sky, cloud: sky.2. Zero-grade form *sku- in: a. suffixed form *sku-mo- inGermanic *skumaz, foam, scum (< “that which coversthe water”), in (i) Old High German scum, scum (>German Schaum, foam): meerschaum (ii) Middle Dutchschum, scum: SCUM; b. suffixed form *sku-ro- in Latinobscurus, “covered,” dark (ob-, away from; see epi):obscure; chiaroscuro. 3. Zero-grade form *k&- in:a. suffixed form *ku-ti- in Germanic *hudiz in Old Eng-lish hyd, skin, hide: hide²; b. suffixed form *ku-ti- inLatin cutis, skin: cutaneous, cuticle, cutis; cutin;C. possibly suffixed form *ku-lo- in Latin cuius (>French cul), the rump, backside: culet, culottes;bascule, recoil; d. suffixed form *ku-to- in Greekkutos, a hollow, vessel: -cyte, cyto-. 4. Extendedzero-grade form *kus- in: a. Germanic *huson- in OldEnglish hosa, hose, covering for the leg: hose; b. suf-fixed form *kus-dho- (or suffixed extended form *kudh-to-) in Germanic *huzdam in Old English hard, stock,store, treasure (< “thing hidden away”): hoard; c. Rus-sian kishka, gut (< “sheath”), akin to the Slavic sourceof Yiddish kishke, kishke: kishke. 5. Suffixed extendedzero-grade form *kut-no- in Latin cunnus, vulva (<“sheath”): cunnilingus. 6. Extended root *keudh- in:a. Germanic suffixed lengthened zero-grade form *hud-jan in Old English hydan, to hide, cover up: hide¹;b. Germanic suffixed zero-grade form *hud-jdn- inFrench hutte, hut: hut. .[Pok. 2. (s)keu- 951.]
skeubh-.	To shove. 1. Germanic "skeuban and derivativelengthened zero-grade form *skuban in: a. Old Englishscufan, to shove: shove; b. Old Norse skufa, to push,perhaps akin to the probable Scandinavian scource ofscuff, scuffle¹. 2. Germanic suffixed form *skub-il6-in: a. Old English scofl, a shovel: shovel; b. MiddleDutch schoffel, schuffel, a shovel, hoe: scuffle². 3. Ger-manic *skub-, *skuf-, *skup- in: a. Danish skof, jest,teasing, probably akin to the Scandinavian source ofMiddle English scof, mocking: scoff; b. possibly (butquite doubtfully) Old English scop, poet (< “jester”):scop; C. Low German schiiffeln, to walk clumsily, shufflecards, probably akin to the source of shuffle. .[Pok.skeub- 955.]
skeud-.	To shoot, chase, throw. 1. Germanic *skeutan, toshoot, in: a. Old English sceotan, to shoot: shoot; b. OldNorse skjdta, to shoot: skeet. 2. Germanic *skutaz,shooting, shot, in: a. Old English sceot, scot, shooting, ashot: shot¹; b. Old High German scuz, shooting, a shot:schuss; c. Old Norse skot and Old French escot, contri-bution, tax (< “money thrown down”): SCOT, (scot ANDlot). 3. Germanic *skutjan probably in Old Englishscyttan, to shut (by pushing a crossbar): shut. 4. Ger-manic *skutilaz in Old English scytel, a dart, missile:shuttle. 5. Germanic *skautjdn- in: a. Old Englishsceata, corner of a sail: sheet²; b. Old English scete,piece of cloth: sheet¹. 6. Germanic *skut- in Old Norseskuta, mockery (< “shooting of words”), akin to theScandinavian source of scout². 7. Germanic *skaut-,perhaps in Old French escoutille, hatchway: scuttle¹..[Pok. 2. (s)keud- 956.]
skeup-.	Cluster, tuft, hair of the head. 1. Germanic*skauf- in Old English sceaf, bundle, sheaf: sheaf.2. Possibly Germanic *hupp- in Middle Dutch hoppe, thehop plant (having tuftlike inflorescence): hop². .[Pok.(s)keup- 956.].[sklpam. Ship. Germanic noun of obscure origin. 1. OldEnglish sap, ship: ship. 2. Middle Dutch schip, ship:(schipperke), skipper'. 3. Italian schifo, ship, skiff:skiff. 4. French equtper, to equip: EQUIP. .[In Pok. skei-919.]
skot-.	Dark, shade 1. Suffixed form ’skot-uv- in Ger-manic *skaduaz in Old English sceadu, shade: shade,shadow. 2. Suffixed form ‘skot-o- in Greek skotos,darkness: scotoma. .[Pok. skot- 957.)skreu-. To cut; cutting tool. Extension of aker-'. 1. Basicform *skreu- in: a. Germanic ‘skraw- in Old Englishscr?aua, shrew (having a pointed snout): shrew,(shrewd); b. Germanic *skraud■ in Old English screade,piece, fragment: screed, shred; c. Germanic *skrQd- in(i) Old English scrud, garment (< “piece of cloth”):shroud (ii) Old French escro(u)e, scroll: scroll (Hi)Dutch schrood, a slice, shred: scrod. 2. Extended form'skreut- in Latin scruta, trash, frippery: SCRUTINY.3.  Extended variant form *skraut- in Latin scrotum,scrotum (probably identified with scrautum, leatherquiver for arrows): SCROTUM. .[Pok. 4. (s)ker-, Section III.947.]
skrTbh-.	To cut, separate, sift. Extension of sker-'.1.  Latin scribere, to scratch, incise, write: scribble,SCRIBE, SCRIPT, SCRIPTORIUM, SCRIPTURE, SERIF,SHRIVE; ASCRIBE, CIRCUMSCRIBE, CONSCRIPT, DESCRIBE,INSCRIBE, MANUSCRIPT, POSTSCRIPT, PRESCRIBE, PRO-SCRIBE, RESCRIPT, SUBSCRIBE, SUPERSCRIBE, TRAN-SCRIBE. 2. Greek skariphos, scratching, sketch, pencil:SCARIFY'. .[Pok. 4. sker-. Section II. 945.]
skut-.	To shake. Germanic ’skid- in Middle Low Germanschbderen, to tremble, be afraid, akin to the source ofMiddle English shoddren, to tremble: shudder. .[Pok.(s)kit- 957.]
(s)kwal-o-.	Big fish. 1. Suffixed form *kual-o- in Ger-manic ‘hualaz, whale, in: a. Old English hwæl, whale:whale¹; b. Old Norse hvalr, whale: narwal, rorqual.2. Latin squalus, a sea fish: squalene. .[Pok. (s)kvalo-958.]
(s)lag»-.	To seize. 1. Suffixed form *lagw-yo- in Germanic’lakjan in Old English læccan, to seize, grasp: latch.2. Variant form ‘slagw- becoming ’lab-, with nasalizedform ‘la-m-b- in Greek lambanein (verbal adjectiveleptos), to take, seize: lemma', -lepsy; analeptic,ASTROLABE, CATALEPSY, EPILEPSY, NYMPHOLEPT, OR-GANOLEPTIC, PROLEPSIS, SYLLABLE, SYLLEPSIS. .[Pok.(s)lag^- 958.]
slak-.	To strike. 1. Germanic ‘slahan in Old Englishslean, to strike, kill: SLAY. 2. Germanic suffixed form‘slag-jo- in Old English slecg, hammer: sledgehammer.3. Germanic suffixed form ’slah-tram in Old Norse sldtr,butchery, “striking,” probably akin to the Scandinaviansource of Middle English slaughter, killing: slaughter.4. Germanic ’slag- in: a. Old High German slag (>German Schlag), a blow: SCHLOCK; b. Middle Dutchslag, a blow: onslaught; c. probably Middle Low Ger-man slagge, metal dross (< “that which falls off in theprocess of striking”): slag. 5. Germanic suffixed length-ened-grade form ’slbgiz in Old Norse slœgr, clever,cunning (< “able to strike”): sleight, sly. .[Pok. slak-959.]
sleb-.	To be weak, sleep. Possibly related to sleg-through a hypothetical base ‘sle- (< *sleo-). Germanic‘slepan, ‘slepaz in Old English slipan, to sleep, andslip, sleep: SLEEP. .[In Pok. 1. leb- 655.]
sleg-.	To be slack, be languid. Possibly related to sleb-through a hypothetical base ’sle- « ’sleo-). Zero-gradeform "(s)lsg-, becoming ’(s)lag-. 1. Germanic ‘slak- inOld English sixc, "loose,” indolent, careless: slack'.2. Suffixed form *lag-so- in Latin laxus, loose, slack:lax; delay, relax, relay. 3. Suffixed nasalized form*la-n-g-u- in Latin languere, to be languid: languish.4. Compound ‘lag-ous-, “with drooping ears” (’ous-, ear;see ous-), in Greek Iagos, Iagos, hare: lagomorph.5. Suffixed form ‘lag-no- in Greek lagnos, lustful, lasciv-ious (> lagneia, lust, lasciviousness): algolagnia.6. Variant form ‘leg- in Greek legein, to leave off:Catalectic. .[Pok. (s)leg- 959.]
sleidh-.	To slip, slide. 1. Germanic ‘slidan, to slip, slide,in Old English slidan, to slide: slide. 2 Germanic ‘slid-in: a. Middle Low German sledde, a sled, sledge; sled;b. Middle Dutch slide, a sled: sleigh; c. Middle Dutchsleedse, sleigh: sledge.slengwh-. To slide, make slide, sling, throw. 1. Germanicstrong verb *slingwan and derived suffixed noun form*slingu'-6- in Old Frisian slinge, sling, akin to the possi-ble source of Middle English sling, sling: SLING'; (sling-shot). 2. Germanic variant strong verb ’slinkan in OldEnglish slincan, to creep: slink. 3. Suffixed o-gradeform *slongwh ri-ko- in Latin lumbricus, intestinal worm,earthworm: lumbricoid. .[In Pok. (s)leidh- 960, slenk-961.]
sleu-.	Hypothetical base of a group of distantly relatedGermanic derivatives with various suffixes. 1. Germanic*slu-m• in Old English sluma, sleep: slumber. 2. Prob-ably Germanic 'slautjan- in Old English ‘slete, sleet:SLEET. 3. Germanic ‘slus- in Norwegian slusk, sloppyweather, probably akin to the possible Scandinaviansource of slush. 4. Germanic ‘sleura- in Middle HighGerman slier, mud, slime: Schlieren. 5. Extended form‘sleug- in Germanic ‘sluk-, ‘slug- in: a. Norwegiandialectal slugg and Swedish dialectal slagga, slow-mov-ing animal or person, probably akin to the source ofMiddle English slugge, a sluggard, and sluggen, to beidle; slug², sluggard; b. Dutch log, lazy, slack: logy..[Pok. (s)leu- 962.]
sleubh-.	To slide, slip. I. Basic form ’sleubh-. 1. Ger-manic ‘sleub- in Old English slef, slif, sites, sleeve (intowhich the arm slips): sleeve. 2. Suffixed form ‘sleubh-ro- in Latin lubricus, slippery: lubricate, lubricity,lubricious. II. Variant Germanic form ‘sleup-. 1. Ger-manic ’slup- in: a. Old English slypa, slyppe, slipa, slime,slimy substance: slip³; cowslip, oxlip; b. Old English‘sloppe, liquid food (perhaps > Middle English sloppe, amuddy place): SLOP*; C. Old English (ofer)slop, surplice(perhaps > Middle English sloppe, a kind of garment):slop². 2. Germanic ‘slaup- in Dutch sloep, sloop (<“gliding boat”): sloop. .[Pok. sleub(h)- 963.]
sli-.	Bluish. Contracted from *slio-. 1. O-grade form *slot-in Germanic *slaihwon in Old English sldh, sld, sloe (<“bluish fruit”): sloe. 2. Suffixed form *sli-wo- in Latinlivere, to be bluish: LIVID. 3. Suffixed form ‘sli-wd- inSerbo-Croatian Sljiva, plum: slivovitz. .[Pok. (s)li- 965.]
sloug-.	Help, service. Celtic and Balto-Slavic. Suffixedform ‘sloug-o- in Old Irish sluag, slog, army, host,whence Gaelic sluagh, army, host: slew', slogan. .[Pok.slougo- 965.]
sme-.	To smear. Contracted from ‘smeo-. 1. Extendedroot ‘smeid- (< ‘smeo-id-) in Germanic ‘smitan in OldEnglish smitan, to daub, smear, pollute: SMITE. (2. At-tributed by some to this root, but more likely to be ofunknown origin, is the Germanic root ‘mas-, spot, speck,in: a. Middle Dutch masel, pustule, spot, akin to thesource of Middle English masel, measles-spot: measles;b. Old French masere, mazre, knot in wood: mazer.)3. Attributed by some to this root, but perhaps distinct,is root ‘smik-, small, in: a. Latin mica, crumb, smallpiece, grain: mica; b. Greek (s)mikros, small: MICRO-,micron; chylomicron, omicron. .[Pok. sme- 966.]
smeg-.	To taste. Germanic ‘smak- in: a. Old Englishsmæc, flavor, taste: smack²; b. Middle Dutch and Mid-dle Low German smacken, to taste, make a sound withthe lips while tasting food, akin to the source of smack*..[Pok. smeg(h)- 967.]
smei-.	To laugh, smile. 1. Germanic reshaped forms‘smer-, ‘smar- in Old English smercian (with -k- forma-tive), to smile: smirk. 2. Germanic extended form *smil-in Swedish smila, to smile, probably akin to the Scandi-navian source of Middle English smilen, to smile: smile.3. Suffixed form 'smei-ro- in Latin minis, wonderful (>mirari, to be amazed): marvel, (mi), miracle, mirage,mirror; admire. 4. Prefixed zero-grade form *ko(m)-smi-, smiling with (*ko-, 'to-, together; see kom), inLatin co mis (< 'cos mis), courteous: comity. .[Pok. 1.(s)mei- 967.]
(s)meit(e)-.	To throw. Possibly Latin mittere (first per-son plural present indicative mittimus), to let go, sendoff, throw: Mass, mess, message, missile, mission,missive, mittimus; admit, commit, (compromise),DEMIT, DISMISS, EMIT, INTERMIT, INTROMIT, OMIT, PER-MIT, PREMISE, PRETERMIT, PROMISE, REMIT, SUBMIT,surmise, transmit. .[Pok. smeit- 968.]
(S)mer-¹.	To remember. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form*mr-no- in Germanic 'murnan, to remember sorrowfully,in Old English murnan, to mourn: mourn. 2. Redupli-cated form 'me-mor- in: a. Germanic *mi-mer- in OldNorse Mimir, a giant who guards the well of wisdom:Mimir; b. Latin memor, mindful: memorable, (memo-randum), memory; commemorate, remember. .[Pok.(s)mer- 969.]
(s)mer-².	To get a share of something. 1. Suffixed (sta-tive) form *mer-e- in Latin merere, mereri, to receive ashare, deserve, serve: meretricious, merit; emeritus.2. Suffixed form 'mer-o- in Greek meros (femininemeris), a part, division: -mere, meristem, mero-, -mer-ous; (allomerism), (dimer), (isomer), (monomer),trimer. .[In Pok. (s)mer- 969.]
(s)mer-³.	Grease, fat. 1. Suffixed form *smer-wo- inGermanic 'smerwa-, grease, fat, in Old High Germansmero, fat (> German Schmiere, grease): schmeer.2. Germanic denominative verb *smerwjan, to spreadgrease on, in: a. Old English smierwan, smerian, tosmear: smear; b. Old High German smirwen, smerian(> German schmieren), to apply salve, smear: smear-case. 3. Latin medulla (perhaps < "merulla, influencedby medius, middle), marrow: medulla. .[Pok. smeru-970.]
smerd-.	Pain. Extension of mer-². Germanic 'smarta- inOld English smeart, causing pain, painful: smart. .[Pok.smerd- 970.]
smeug-.	To smoke; smoke. Germanic *smuk- in OldEnglish smoca, smoke: smoke. .[Pok. (s)meukh-, (s)meug-,(s)meugh- 971.]
smi-.	To cut, work with a sharp instrument. 1. Germanic*smithaz in Old English smith, smith: smith. 2. Ger-manic *smith-ja- in Old Norse smidhja, smithy: smithy..[Pok. smei- 968.]
sna-.	To swim. Contracted from 'snao-. 1. Extended form*snagh- in Greek nekhein, to swim: nekton. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form '(s)na-to- in Latin natare, to swim:NATANT, NATATION, NATATORIAL, NATATORIUM; SUPER-NATANT. 3. Attributed by some to this root (but morelikely obscure) is Greek nesos, island: Chersonese. See(s)nau-. .[Pok. sna- 971.]
(s)nau-.	To flow, let flow, whence suckle. Contractedfrom *snaau-\ extension of sna-. 1. Suffixed basic form'naw-yo- in Greek naein, to flow, whence probablyNaias, fountain nymph: naiad. 2. Zero-grade form *nu-(< *nuo-) in suffixed form *nu-tri- (with feminine agentsuffix) in Latin nutrix, nurse, and nutrire, to suckle,nourish: nourish, nurse, nurture, nutrient, nutri-ment, NUTRITION, NUTRITIOUS, NUTRITIVE. .[In Pok.sna- 971.]
(s)ne-.	Ako ne-. To spin, sew. Contracted from '(s)neo-.1. Suffixed form *ne-tla in Germanic 'nethld in OldEnglish nidi, needle: needle. 2. Suffixed form *sne-mnin Greek nema, thread: nemato-; chromonema, proto-nema, SYNAPTINEMAL COMPLEX, TREPONEME. .[Pok.(s)ne- 973.]
(s)neeu-.	Tendon, sinew. Extension of (s)ne-. Suffixedform *(s)neow-r-, further suffixed in: a. 'neu-r-o- inGreek neuron, sinew; neuro-, neuron; aponeurosis;b. metathesized form 'nerwo- in Latin nervus, sinew:nerve; enervate. .[Pok. sneu- 977.]
sneg-.	To creep; creeping thing. 1. Suffixed o-grade form'snog-on- in Germanic *snak-6n- in Old English snaca,snake: SNAKE. 2. Variant Germanic root *sneg- in suf-fixed o-grade form *snag-ila- in Old English snseg(e)l,sneg(e)l, snail: snail. .[Pok. ? sneig- 974.]
sneigwh-.	Snow; to snow. 1 Suffixed o-grade form* snoigwh-o- in Germanic 'snaiwaz in Old English sndw,snow: snow. 2. Zero-grade form 'snig^h- in Latin nix(stem niv-), snow: neve, nival, niveous. .[Pok. sneig^h-974.]
sneit-.	To cut. 1. Germanic *snithan in Dutch snijden, tocut: snickersnee. 2. Expressive Germanic *snitt-ja- inMiddle High German sniz (> German Schnitz), slice:schnitzel. .[Pok. sneit- 974.]
sner-.	Expressive root of various verbs for making noises.1. Germanic *sner- in North Frisian sneere, scornfulremark, perhaps akin to the possible source of sneer.2. O-grade form *snor- in Germanic *(s)nor- in: a. MiddleHigh German snurren, to hum, whirr: schnorrer;b. German snarchen, to snore: snorkel; c. Middle LowGerman snarren, to snarl: snarl¹; d. Middle Englishsnoren, to snort: snore; e. Middle English snorten, tosnort: snort; f. possibly Old Norse Norn, goddess of fate(< “the whisperer”): Norn. Compare snu-. .[Pok. 1.(s)ner- 975.]
(s)ner-.	To wind, twist. 1. Suffixed extended zero-gradeform *snork- in Germanic *snarh-6n- in: a. Old Norsesnara, cord, noose, trap: snare¹; b. Dutch snaar, string:snare². 2. Proposed by some as a derivative of this rootis Germanic *narwa- in Old English nearu, narrow:narrow. 3. Extended variant form *(s)nark- in Greeknarke, cramp, numbness: narco-, narcosis, narcotic..[Pok. 2. (s)ner- 975.]
sneubh-.	To marry. 1. Latin nubere, to marry, take ahusband: nubile, nuptial; connubial. 2. Possiblynasalized zero-grade form *nu-m-bh- in Greek numphe,nymph, bride: nymph. .[Pok. sneubh- 977.]
sneudh-.	Mist, cloud. Latin nubes, cloud: nuance. .[Pok.2. sneudh- 978.]
sneud(h)-.	To be sleepy. Expressive root. Compare snu-.Zero-grade form 'snud-to- giving 'nusto- in Greek nusta-zein, to be sleepy: nystagmous. .[Pok. 1. sneudfh)- 978.]
Snu-.	Imitative beginning of Germanic words connectedwith the nose. 1. Germanic 'snut-, *snut- in: a. OldEnglish gesnot(t), nasal mucus (ge-, collective prefix; seekom): snot; b. Middle Dutch snut(e), snout, akin to theprobable source of Middle English snute, snout: snout;c. German Schnauze, snout: schnauzer, schnozzle.2. Germanic *snuf- in: a. Low German or Dutch snuffe-len, to sniff at: snuffle; b. Middle Dutch snuffen, tosnuffle: snuff¹; c. Old English *snyflan (> MiddleEnglish snyvelen), to run at the nose: snivel; d. MiddleEnglish sniffen, to sniff: sniff. 3. Germanic *snup- inDutch snoepen, to eat on the sly, pry: snoop. 4. Ger-manic *snip- in Low German and Dutch snippen, to snapat: snip. 5. Germanic *snap- in Middle Low German andMiddle Dutch snappen, to snap at: snap. 6. Germanic*snub- in Old Norse snubba, “to snub, turn up one’s noseat,” scold, rebuke: snub. 7. Germanic *snak- in MiddleDutch snakken, to snap at, akin to the Low Germansource of Middle English snacchen, to snatch: snatch..[In Pok. sna- 971.]
SO-.	This, that (nominative). For other cases see to-.1. Greek ho (nominative plural hoi), the: hoi polloi.2. Feminine form *syd in Germanic *sjo in Old Englishseo, sie, she: she. 3. Compound variant form *sei-ke(*-ke, “that”; see ko-) in Latin sic, thus, so, in thatmanner: sic¹. .[Pok. so(s), sa, si 978.]
sol-.	Also sole-. Whole. I. Basic form *sol-. 1. Suffixedform *sol-ido- in Latin solidus, solid: solid; consoli-date. 2. Suffixed form * sol-wo- in Greek holos, whole:holo-; catholic. 3. Dialectal geminated form *soll-o-in: a. Latin sollus, whole, entire, unbroken: solicitous;b. Latin sollemnis (second element obscure), celebratedat fixed dates (said of religious rites), established, relig-ious, solemn: solemn. IL Variant form 'sob-. 1. Suffixedzero-grade form *sb-u- giving *sal-u- in Latin salus,health, a whole or sound condition: salubrious, salu-tary, salute. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *sb-u<o- giv-ing 'sala-u'o- in Latin salvus, whole, safe, healthy,uninjured: safe, sage², salvage, salvo¹, save¹, save²..[Pok. solo- 979.]
spe-'.	To thrive, prosper. Contracted from *speo-. 1. Suf-fixed o-grade form 'spd-ti- in Germanic 'spodiz in OldEnglish sped, success; speed. 2. Suffixed form *spe-s- inLatin sp^s (plural speres), hope, with denominativesperdre, to hope: DESPAIR, esperance. 3. Suffixedzero-grade form *spo-ro- in Latin prosperous, favorable,prosperous (traditionally regarded as from pro spere,according to one’s hope; pro-, according to; see per¹):prosper. .[Pok. 3. sp(h)ei- 983.]
spe-².	Long, flat piece of wood. Contracted from *speo-.I. Basic form 'spe-. 1. Germanic *spe-nu- in: a. OldEnglish sport, chip of wood, splinter: spoon; b. OldNorse spdnn, shingle, chip: spannew. 2. Possibly Greeksphen, wedge (formation unclear; earliest Greek form'sphdn): sphene, spheno-. II. Suffixed zero-grade form’sps-dh-. 1. Germanic *spadan in: a. Old English spadu,digging tool: spade¹; b. Middle High German spat (>German Spat), spar: spathic. 2. Greek spathe, broadblade: spade², spathe, spatula, spay. .[Pok. sp(h)e-980.]
spei-.	Sharp point. I. Basic form *spei-. 1. Germanic•spituz in Old English spitu, stake on which meat isroasted: spit². 2. Germanic *spitja- in German spitz,pointed: spitz. 3. Germanic *spi-ra- in: a. Old Englishspir, slender stalk: spire¹; acrospire; b. possibly Mid-dle Dutch spierlinc, a small, slender fish, smelt, akin tothe source of Old French esperlinge, smelt: sparling.4. Germanic *sptk- in Old Norse spik, nail, perhaps akinto the possible source of Middle English spyk, spike:spike¹. 5. Germanic *spil- in Middle Low German spile,wooden peg: spile, spill². 6. Suffixed form *spei-nd inLatin spina (> Old French espin), thorn, prickle, spine:spine, spinel, spinney; porcupine. 7. Suffixed form*spei-kd in Latin spica, point, ear of grain: spica, Spica,spiculum, spike². II. Extended o-grade form 'spoig- inGermanic 'spaikon- in Old English spaca, spoke: SPOKE¹..[Pok. 1. sp(h)ei- 981.]
(s)peik-.	Bird’s name, woodpecker, magpie. 1. Suffixedform 'peik-o- in Latin picus, woodpecker: picaro,(picket), (pike¹), (pique). 2. Suffixed form *peik-d- inLatin pica, magpie: pica², pie². .[Pok. (s)ptko- 999.]
spek-.	To observe. I. Basic form *spek-. 1. Germanic*spehdn in: a. Old French espier, to watch: ESPY, SPY;b. Germanic derivative 'speh-on-, watcher, in Old Italianspione, spy: espionage. 2. Suffixed form 'spek-yo- inLatin specere, to look at: specimen, specious, specta-cle, SPECTRUM, SPECULATE, SPECULUM; ASPECT, AUS-PICE, CIRCUMSPECT, CONSPICUOUS, DESPISE, EXPECT,FRONTISPIECE, INSPECT, INTROSPECT, PERSPECTIVE,PROSPECT, RESPECT, (RESPITE), RETROSPECT, SUSPECT.3.  Latin species, a seeing, sight, form: species; espe-cial. 4. Latin -spex (< '-spek-), “he who sees,” in:a. haruspex, diviner (see ghera-); b. auspex, augur (seeawi-). 5. Suffixed form 'spek-d- in Latin (denominative)despicari, to despise, look down on (de-, down; see de-):despicable. 6. Suffixed metathetical form 'skep-yo- inGreek skeptesthai, to examine, consider: skeptic. II. Ex-tended o-grade form 'spoko- metathesized in Greekskopos, one who watches, also object of attention, goal,and its denominative skopein (< * skop-eyo-), to see:SCOPE, -SCOPE, -SCOPY; BISHOP, EPISCOPAL, HOROSCOPE,telescope. .[Pok. spek- 984.]
spel-¹.	To split, break off. 1. Extended form 'speld- inGermanic 'spilt- in Middle Dutch spelte, wheat (prob-ably from the splitting of its husk at threshing), akin tothe Germanic source of Late Latin spelta, spelt: spelt¹.2. Extended form 'spelt- in Germanic 'spilthjan in OldEnglish spillan, to spill, destroy: spill¹. 3. Suffixedo-grade form *spol-yo- perhaps in Latin spolium, hidetorn from an animal, armor stripped from an enemy,booty: spoil; despoil. .[Pok. 1. (s)p(h)el- 985.]
spel-².	To shine, glow. Extended form 'splend- in Latinsplendere, to shine: splendid; resplendent. .[Pok. 2.(s)p(h)el- 987.]
spel-³.	To say aloud, recite. Suffixed form *spel-no-.1.  Germanic 'spellam in: a. Old English spell, discourse,story: spell²; b. Old English spel, news: gospel. 2. Ger-manic denominative 'spelldn in Old French espeller,espelir, to read out: spell¹. .[Pok. (s)pel- 985.]
spelgh-.	Spleen, milt. 1. Deformation *(p)lihen in Latinlien, milt, spleen: lienal. 2. Uncertain preform in:a. Greek splen, spleen: spleen; b. Greek splankhna,inward parts: splanchnic. .[Pok. sp(h)elgh(en) 987.]
(s)pen-.	To draw, stretch, spin. I. Basic form 'spen-.1. Suffixed form 'spen-wo- in Germanic 'spinnan, tospin, in: a. Old English spinnan, to spin, with derivative'spin-thrdn-, “the spinner,” contracted to spithra, spi-der: spin, spider; b. Germanic derivative *spin-ildn inOld English spinel, spindle: spindle. 2. Extended form'pend- in Latin pendere, to hang (intransitive), andpendere, to cause to hang, weigh, with its frequentativepensdre, to weigh: painter², (pansy), penchant, pen-dant, PENDENTIVE, PENDULOUS, PENSILE, PENSION¹,PENSIVE, PESO, POISE¹; ANTEPENDIUM, APPEND, (APPEN-DIX), COMPENDIUM, COMPENSATE, DEPEND, DISPENSE,EXPEND, IMPEND, PENTHOUSE, PERPEND, PERPENDICU-LAR, PREPENSE, PROPEND, SUSPEND, VILIPEND. 3. Per-haps suffixed form 'pen-ya- in Greek penia, lack, poverty(< “a strain, exhaustion”): -penia. II. O-grade forms'span-, *pon-. 1. Germanic 'spannan in: a. MiddleDutch spannen, to bind: span²; b. Old High Germanspannan (> German spannen), to stretch: spanner.2.  Germanic 'spanno- in Old English spansn), distance:span¹. 3. Perhaps Germanic 'spango in Middle Dutchspange, clasp: spangle. 4. Suffixed and extended form*pond-o- in Latin pondo, by weight: pound¹. 5. Suffixedand extended form *pond-es- in Latin pondus (stemponder-), weight, and its denominative ponderdre, toweigh; ponder, ponderous; equiponderate, prepon-derate. 6. Perhaps suffixed form *spon-t- in Latinsponte, of one’s own accord, spontaneously: spontane-ous. 7. Greek penesthai, to toil, with o-grade derivativesponos, toil, and ponein, to toil: geoponic. .[Pok.(s)pen-(d)- 988.]
spend-.	To make an offering, perform a rite, hence toengage oneself by a ritual act. O-grade form 'spond-.1.  Suffixed form *spond-eyo- in Latin spondere, to makea solemn promise, pledge, betroth: sponsor, spouse;despond, espouse, respond. 2. Suffixed form 'spond-din Greek sponde, libation, offering: spondee. .[Pok.spend- 989.]
sper-¹.	Spear, pole. 1. Germanic 'speru- in: a. Old Eng-lish spere, spear: spear; b. Middle Low German sper,spit: spareribs. 2. Germanic 'sparjdn- in Old Norsesperra, rafter, beam: spar¹. .[Pok. 1. (s)per- 990.]
sper-².	To turn, twist. 1. Suffixed form 'sper-ya- in Greekspeira, a winding, coil, spire: spire². 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *spr-to- in Greek sparton, rope, cable:esparto. .[Pok. 3. sper- 991.]
sper-³.	Bird’s name, sparrow. Suffixed o-grade form*spor-wo- in Germanic 'sparwan- in Old Englishspearwa, spearwe, sparrow: sparrow. .[Pok. sper-(g)-997.]
sper-⁴.	To strew. I. Zero-grade form 'spr-. 1. Germanic*spr- in Old English spreawlian, to sprawl: sprawl.2.  Extended form 'spreut- in Germanic 'sprut- in: a. OldEnglish sprutan, to sprout: sprout; b. Old Englishspryttan, to sprout, come forth: spurt; c. Old Englishspreot, pole (< “sprout, stem”): sprit; d. Middle Englishbouspret, bowsprit: bowsprit. 3. Extended form 'spreit-in Germanic *spraidjan in Old English sprædan, tospread: spread. II. Basic form *sper-. 1. Suffixed form'sper-yo- in Greek speirein, to scatter: Diaspora. 2. Suf-fixed form 'sper-mn in Greek sperma, sperm, seed (<“that which is scattered”): sperm¹. III. O-grade form*spor-. 1. Suffixed form 'spor-a- in Greek spora, asowing, seed: spore, sporo-. 2. Suffixed form *spor-nd-in Greek sporas (stem sporad-), scattered, dispersed:sporadic. .[Pok. 2. (s)p(h)er- 993.]
spera-.	Ankle. Zero-grade form *spr(a)-. 1. Germanicsuffixed form 'spur-on- in Old English spura, spora,spur: spur. 2. Nasalized form 'spr-n-o- in Germanic*spurnbn in Old English spurnan, spornan, to kick,strike against: spurn. 3. Germanic suffixed form *spur-am in Middle Dutch spor, spoor, track of an animal:spoor. .[Pok. 1. sp(h)er- 992.]
spergh-.	To move, hasten, spring. Nasalized root form‘sprengh-. 1. Germanic *springan in: a. Old Englishspringan, to spring: spring; b. Middle Dutch springen(> Dutch springen and Afrikaans spring), to leap: klip-springer, springbok; c. Old High German springan, tojump: gelandesprung. 2. Germanic causative *sprang-jan in: a. Old English besprengan, to sprinkle, scatter:besprent; b. Old English *sprencg, snare used to catchgame: springe. .[Pok. spergh- 998.]
(s)peud-.	To push, repulse. 1. Latin pudere, to feelshæne: pudency, pudendum; impudent. 2. Latin repu-dium, a casting off, divorce (re-, off; see re-): repudiate..[In Pok. peu- 827.]
sping-.	Also ping-. Bird’s name, sparrow, finch. Ger-manic *finki- in Old English fine, finch: finch. .[Pok.(s)pingo- 999.].[spirare. To breathe. Latin word of unknown origin, withits derivative sptritus, breath, breath of a god, inspira-tion: SPIRACLE, SPIRIT; ASPIRATE, CESSPOOL, CONSPIRE,EXPIRE, INSPIRE, PERSPIRE, RESPIRE, SUSPIRE, TRAN-SPIRE. .[In Pok. peis-, speis- 796.]
splei-.	To splice, split. Extension of spel-¹.1. Germanic'fli- in: a. Old English flint, flint: flint; b. Norwegianflindra, splinter, akin to the Scandinavian source ofMiddle English flendris, bits, splinters: flinders.2. Germanic 'spli- in: a. Middle Dutch splinter, splinter:splinter; b. Middle Dutch splitten, to split: split;c. Middle Dutch splissen, to splice: splice; d. MiddleLow German and Middle Dutch splente, splinte, splint:splint. .[Pok. (s)plei- 1000.]
(s)poi-mo-.	Foam. 1. Variant form *poimo- in Germanic*faimaz in Old English fam, foam: foam. 2. Variantform *spoimd in Latin spuma, foam: spume. 3. Suffixedreduced form 'poim-ik- in Latin pumex, pumice (from itsspongelike appearance): pounce², pumice. .[Pok.(s)poimno- 1001.]
spreg-.	To speak. Germanic *sprek-, *spek- (with Ger-manic loss of r) in: a. Old English specan, to speak:speak; b. Germanic compound *bisprekan (*bi-, about;see ambhi) in Old English bisprecan, besprecan, to speakabout: bespeak; c. Old English spræc, spec, speech:speech. .[In Pok. (s)p(h)ereg- 996.]
(s)preg-.	To jerk, scatter. 1. Germanic *sprek-, *frek- in:a. Middle Dutch sprenkelen, to sprinkle, akin to thepossible source of Middle English sprenklen, to sprinkle:sprinkle; b. Old Norse freknur, freckles (< “that whichis scattered on the skin”): freckle; c. Swedish dialectalspragg, twig (< “that which is jerked off a branch”), akinto the Scandinavian source of sprag; d. Swedish dialec-tal sprygg, brisk, active, akin to the Scandinavian sourceof spry. 2. Zero-grade form *sprg- in variant *sparg- inLatin spargere, to strew, scatter: sparge, sparse,spurry; asperse, disperse, intersperse. .[Pok.(s)p(h)ereg- 996.]
spyeu-.	Also speu. To spew, spit. Expressive root.1. Germanic 'spitfan in Old English spittan, to spit:spit¹. 2. Germanic 'speiw- in Old English spiuan, spio-wan, to spew: spew. 3. Germanic 'spait- in Old Englishspoil, spittle: spittle. 4. Germanic 'sput- in: a. MiddleEnglish spouten, to spout forth: spout; b. Dutch sputte-ren, to sputter, akin to the probable Low German sourceof sputter. 5. Zero-grade form 'spu- in Latin spuere, tospit: sputum; cuspidor. 6. Zero-grade form '(s)pyu- inGreek ptuein, to spit: hemoptysis, ptyalin. .[Pok.(s)p(h)ieu- 999.]
srebh-.	To suck, absorb. Zero-grade form 'srbh- in:a. Germanic 'surp- in altered form in Dutch slurpen, toslurp, lap: slurp; b. suffixed form 'srbh-e- in Latinsorbere, to suck: absorb, adsorb, resorb. .[Pok. srebh-1001.]
srenk-.	To snore. O-grade form 'sronk- in: a. Greekrhonkos, rhonkhos, a snoring: rhonchus; b. Greekrhunkhos, snout, bill, beak: rhynchocephalian. .[Pok.srenk- 1002.]
sreu-.	To flow. 1. Suffixed o-grade form *srou-mo- inGermanic 'straumaz, stream, in: a. Old English stream,stream: stream; b. Dutch stroom, stream: maelstrom.2. Basic form 'sreu- in: a. Greek rhein, to flow: rheo-,-rrhea; catarrh, diarrhea, hemorrhoid, rhyolite;b. suffixed form *sreu-mn in Greek rheuma, stream,humor of the body, rheum. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form*sru-dhmo- in Greek rhuthmos, measure, recurring mo-tion, rhythm: rhyme, rhythm. .[Pok. sreu- 1003.]
srig-.	Cold. Suffixed form srig-os- in Latin frtgus, cool,cold: frigid; refrigerate. .[Pok. srig- 1004.]
Sta-.	To stand; with derivatives meaning “place or thingthat is standing.” Contracted from *stao-. I. Basic form'sta-. 1. Extended form *stadh- in: a. Germanic 'stod-jon- in Old English steda, stallion, studhorse ( < “placefor breeding horses”): steed; b. Germanic 'stodb in OldEnglish stod, establishment for breeding horses: stud².2. Suffixed form *std-lo- in Germanic 'stblaz in: a. OldEnglish stbl, stool: stool; b. compound 'faldistblaz (seepel-³). 3. Latin stare (third person singular presentsubjunctive stet), to stand, with its past participle status(< 'sto-to-) and derivatives statura, height, stature, andstatuere, to set up, erect, cause to stand: stage, stance,STANCH, (STANCHION), (STANZA), STATOR, (STATUE),STATURE, STATUTE, STAY¹, STET; ARREST, CIRCUM-STANCE, CONSTANT, CONSTITUTE, CONTRAST, (COST),DESTITUTE, DISTANT, ESTANCIA, EXTANT, INSTANT, IN-STITUTE, OBSTACLE, OBSTETRIC, (OUST), PROSTITUTE,REST², RESTITUTE, RESTIVE, SUBSTANCE, SUBSTITUTE,superstition. 4. Suffixed form *sta-men- in Latin sta-men, thread of the warp (a technical term): stamen,stammel. 5. Suffixed form 'sta-mon- in Greek stemon,thread: penstemon. 6. Suffixed form *sta-ro- in Russianstaryi, old (“long-standing”): starets. II. Zero-gradeform 'sta- (before consonants). 1. Nasalized extendedform *sta-n-t- in Germanic *standan in: a. Old Englishstandan, to stand: stand; b. Old English understandan,to know, stand under (under-, under; see ndher): un-derstand; c. Old French estandard, rallying place:standard; d. secondary zero-grade form in Germanic*stund-6 in Old English stund, a fixed time, while:stound. 2. Suffixed form *sta-tyo- in Germanic *stath-jon- in Old Norse stedhi, anvil: stithy. 3. Suffixed form*sta-tlo- in Germanic 'stathlaz in Old English stathol,foundation: staddle, starling². 4. Suffixed form'sta-mno- in Germanic *stamniz in Old English stefn,stem, tree trunk: stem¹. 5. Suffixed form *sto-ti- in:a. Germanic *stadiz in (i) Old English stede, place: stead(ii) Dutch stad, place: stadholder (Hi) Old High Ger-man stat, place: shtetl; b. Latin statib, a standing still:station; c. Latin -stitium, a stoppage (in solstitium,solstice; see sawel-): armistice; d. Greek stasis, astanding, a standstill: stasis; hypostasis, iconostasis,isostasy. 6. Suffixed form 'sta-to- in Greek statos,placed, standing: static, statice, stato-; astasia,astatine. 7. Suffixed form *sta-no- in: a. Latin desti-ndre, to make firm, establish (de-, thoroughly; see de-):destine; b. Latin obstindre, to set one’s mind on, persist(ob-, on; see epl): obstinate. 8. Suffixed form *sta-tu- inLatin status, manner, position, condition, attitude:state, statistics, status. 9. Suffixed form •sta-dhlo- inLatin stabulum, standing place: stable². 10. Suffixedform ’sta-dhli- in Latin stabilis, standing firm: estab-lish, stable¹. 11. Suffixed form *sta-td- in Greek■states, one that causes to stand, a standing; -stat;enstatite. III. Zero-grade form 'st-, ‘st(a)■ (beforevowels). 1. Reduplicated form ’si-stfs)- in: a. Latin sis-tere, to set, place, stop, stand: assist, consist, desist,EXIST, INSIST, INTERSTICE, PERSIST, RESIST, SUBSIST;b. Greek histanai (aorist stanai), to set, place: apostasy,CATASTASIS, DIASTASIS, ECSTASY, EPISTASIS, EPISTEMOL-OGY, metastasis, prostate, system; c. Greek histos,web, tissue ( < “that which is set up”): histo-; histio-cyte. 2. Compound form 'tri-st-i-, “third person stand-ing by” (see trel-). 3. Compound form *por-st-i-, “thatwhich stands before” ('por-, before, forth; see per’), inLatin postis, post: post¹. 4. Suffixed form 'st-o- incompound 'upo-st-o-, “one who stands under” (see upo).IV. Extended root *stdu- (< *staau-), becoming *stau-before consonants, 'stau'- before vowels; basic meaning“stout-standing, strong.” 1. Suffixed extended form'stdw-a in Germanic 'stand in Old English stow, place;stow. 2. Probable o-grade suffixed extended form'stow-yd in Greek stoa, porch: stoa, stoic. 3. Suffixedextended form 'stau-ro- in: a. (i) Latin instaurdre, torestore, set upright again (in-, on; see en): store;instauration (ii) Latin restaurdre, to restore, rebuild(re-, anew, again; see re-): restore; b. Greek stauros,cross, post, stake: staurolite. 4. Variant 'tau-ro-, bull(see tauro-). V. Zero-grade extended root stu- (< 'stuoj.Suffixed form 'stii-lo- in Greek stulos, pillar: stylite;amphistylar, astylar, epistyle, hypostyle, peri-style, prostyle, stylobate. VI. Secondary full-gradeform 'steua-. Suffixed form 'steua-ro- in Sanskrit stha-vira-, thick, stout, old: theravada. VII. Variantzero-grade extended root *stu-. Suffixed form 'stu-t- inOld English stuthu, studu, post, prop: STUD¹. VIII. Sec-ondary full-grade form *steu-. 1. Suffixed form *steu-rdin Germanic 'steurd, “a steering,” in Old English steor, asteering; starboard. 2. Germanic denominative 'steur-jan in: a. Old English stieran, to steer: steer¹; b. OldNorse styra, to steer, with its derivative stjorn, a rudder,a steering, akin to the possible source of Middle Englishsterne, stern of a boat; stern². 3. Suffixed form'steu-ro-, a larger domestic animal, in Germanic 'steu-raz, ox, in Old English steor, steer: steer². 4. ProbablyGermanic diminutive 'steur-ika- in Old English stirc,stierc, calf: stirk. See stak-. .[Pok. std- 1004.]
stag-.	To seep, drip. Possible root. 1. Latin stagnum,pond, swamp; stagnant. 2, Suffixed form *stag-yo- inGreek stazein, to ooze, drip: stacte; epistaxis. .[Pok.stag- 1010.]
Stak-.	To stand, place. Zero-grade form 'stak-; extensionof sta-. 1. Suffixed form 'stak-o- in Germanic 'staga- in:a. Old English stæg, rope used to support a mast: stay³;b. Old French estaie, a support: stay². 2. Suffixed form'stak-lo- in Germanic 'stahla- in Old English steli, style,steel (< “that which stands firm”): steel. .[Pok. stak-1011.].[stam-. To push, stutter, stammer. Germanic root. 1. OldEnglish stamerian, to stammer: stammer. 2. MiddleDutch stom, mute: stum. 3. Old Norse stemma, to stop:stem². 4. Old Norse 'stumla, stumra, to stumble, akin tothe probable Scandinavian source of Middle Englishstumblen, to stumble: stumble. .[In Pok. stem- 1021.].[staup-. (Cooking) vessel. Germanic root. 1.0ld Norsestaup, vessel: stoup. 2. Middle Low German stove,heated chamber: stove¹. .[In Pok. 1. steu- 1032.]
stebh-.	Post, stem; to support, place firmly on, fasten.I. Basic form 'stebh-. 1. Germanic 'stab- in Old Englishsties, stick, rod: staff¹. 2. Greek stephein, to tie around,encircle, crown, wreathe: stemma, STEPHANOTIS. II. Un-aspirated form 'steb-. 1. Germanic 'stap- in: a. OldEnglish stapol, post, pillar: staple²; b. Old Englishstipe, step (< "a treading firmly on, foothold”): step;C. Middle Dutch stapel, pillar, foundation: staple¹;d. Middle Dutch stoep, stoop: stoop²; e. 1-ow Germanstope, a step: stope. 2. Germanic nasalized form 'stamp-in: a. Middle English stampen, to pound, stamp: stamp;b. Middle Low German stump, stump: stump; c. OldHigh German stam, base, stem, in German Stammlager,base camp; stalag; d. Provencal estampier, to stamp:stampede. III. Variant 'stabh-in Greek staphule, grape-vine, bunch of grapes: staphylo-. .[Pok. steb(h) 1011.]
steg-.	Pole, stick. O-grade form *stog- in Germanic 'stak-in’. a. Old English staca, stake: stake¹; b. Old Norsestakkr, haystack: stack; c. Old Norse staka, to push,cause to stumble (as with a stick): stagger; d. OldItalian attacare, to attack: attack; e. Old French atta-chier, to attack: attach; f. Spanish estaca, stake:stockade. .[Pok. 2. (s)teg- 1014.]
(s)teg-.	To cover. I. O-grade form 'tog-. 1. Germanic*thakjan in: a. Old English theccan, to cover: thatch;b. Middle Dutch dekken, to cover: deck²; c. Old HighGerman decchen, to cover: deckle. 2. Germanic 'tha-kam in Middle Dutch dec, decke, roof, covering: deck¹.3.  Suffixed form *tog-d-, covering, in Latin toga, toga:toga. 4. Possibly Sanskrit sthagayati, he covers: thug.II. Basic form 'steg- in Greek stegein, to cover:STEGODON. III. Basic form 'teg-. 1. Latin tegere, tocover, and tegula, tile: tectrix, tectum, tegmen, teg-mentum, TEGULAR, TEGUMENT, TILE, TUILLE; DETECT,integument, obtect, protect. 2. Persian taj, crown:taj. .[Pok. 1. (s)teg- 1013.]
stegh-.	To stick, prick; pointed. 1. Nasalized form'stengh- perhaps in Germanic 'stingan in Old Englishstingan, to sting: sting. 2. O-grade form *stogh- in:a. Germanic 'stag- in Old English stagga, stag: stag;b. Greek stokhos, pointed stake or pillar (used as a targetfor archers), goal; stochastic. .[Pok. stegh- 1014.]
stei-.	Stone. Suffixed o-grade form 'stoi-no- in Germanic*stainaz in: a. Old English stdn, stone: stone; b. MiddleDutch steen, stone: steeNBOK; c. Old Norse steinn,stone: tungsten; d. Old High German stein, stone, inGerman Steingut, stoneware: stein. .[Pok. stdi- 1010.]
steig-.	To stick; pointed. Partly blended with stegh-.I. Zero-grade form *stig-. 1. Germanic suffixed form'stik-ilaz in Old English sticel, a prick, sting: stickle-back. 2. Suffixed form *stig-i- in Germanic *stikiz in OldEnglish stice, a sting, prick: stitch. 3. Germanic expres-sive form 'stikkon- in Old English sticca, stick: stick.4.  Germanic blended variant 'stekan in Middle Dutchsteken (> Dutch steken), to stick, stab: (etiquette),ticket; snickersnee. 5. Nasalized form *sti-n-g- inLatin stinguere, to quench, perhaps originally to prick,and its apparent derivative distinguere, to separate(semantic transitions obscure): distinguish, extin-guish, instinct. 6. Suffixed form 'stig-yo- in Greekstizein, to prick, tattoo: stigma; astigmatism. 7. Suf-fixed reduced form 'tig-ro- in Old Persian tigra-, sharp,pointed, and Avestan tighri-, arrow, in Greek tigris, tiger(from its stripes): tiger. II. Basic form 'steig- in Latin-stigdre, to spur on, prod, in instigdre, to urge: insti-gate. III. Suffixed o-grade form *stoig-d- in Germanic'staikd in Old Norse steik, roast, steak, and steikja, toroast (on a spit): steak. .[Pok. steig- 1016.]
steigh-.	To stride, step, rise. I. Basic form 'steigh-.1.  Germanic 'stigan in Old English stigan, to go up, rise:STY². 2. Germanic compound 'stig-raipaz, “mount-rope”('raipaz, rope; see rei-¹), in Old English stigrdp, stirrup:Stirrup. II. Zero-grade form 'stigh-. 1. Germanic 'sti-gila- in Old English stigel, series of steps: stile¹. 2. Suf-fixed form *stigh-to- in Germanic 'stihtan, “to place on astep or base,” in Old English stiht(i)an, to settle, arrange:stickle. 3. Suffixed form *stigh-o- in Greek stikhos, row,line, line of verse: stich; acrostic, cadaster, distich,HEMISTICH, ORTHOSTICHOUS, STICHOMETRY, STICHO-mythia. III. O-grade form *stoigh-. 1. Suffixed form*stoigh-ri- in Germanic *staigrt in Old English stager,stair, step: stair. 2. Greek stoikheion, shadow line,element: stoichiometry. .[Pok. steigh- 1017.]
Steip-.	To stick, compress. 1. Germanic *stifaz in: a. OldEnglish stif, rigid, stiff: stiff; b. Dutch stip, tip, point:stipple. 2. Latin stipes, post, tree trunk: stipe, stipes.3. Suffixed form *steip-a- in Latin stipare, to compress,stuff, pack: steeve¹, stevedore; constipate. .[Pok.steibfh)- 1015.]
Stel-.	To put, stand; with derivatives referring to astanding object or place. I. Basic form *stel-. 1. Suffixedform *stel-ni- in Germanic *stilli- in Old English stille,quiet, fixed: still¹. 2. Suffixed form *stel-yo- in Greekstellein, to put in order, prepare, send, make compact(with o-grade and zero-grade forms stol- and stal-):APOSTLE, DIASTOLE, EPISTLE, PERISTALSIS, SYSTALTIC.II. O-grade form *stol-. 1. Suffixed form *stol-no- inGermanic *stalla- in: a. Old English steals standingplace, stable: STALL; forestall; b. Old French estal,place: installment¹; C. Old French estalon, stallion:stallion; d. Old Italian staUo, stall: pedestal; e. Me-dieval Latin stallum, stall: install; I. Germanic denomi-native *stalljan in Old High German stellen, to set, place:gestalt. 2. Suffixed form stol-dn- in Latin stolo, branch,shoot: stolon. 3. Suffixed form *stol-ido- in Latin stoli-dus, “firm-standing,” stupid: stolid. 4. Suffixed form*stol-a- in Greek stole, garment, array, equipment:stole¹. III. Zero-grade form *stl-. 1. Suffixed form•stl-to- in Latin stultus, foolish (< “unmovable, unedu-cated”): stultify. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form *stl-no- inGermanic *stullbn- in Old High German stollo, post,support (> German Stolle, Stollen, stollen): stollen.3. Suffixed zero-grade form *stal-nd- in Greek stele,pillar: stele. IV. Extended form *stelg- in Germanic*stalk- in Norwegian dialectal stalk, stalk, akin to thesource of Middle English stalkfe), stalk: stalk¹. V. Ex-tended form *steld- in: a. Germanic *stiltjon■ in LowGerman and Flemish stilte, stick, akin to the source ofMiddle English stilte, crutch, stilt: stilt; b. zero-gradeform *stld- in Germanic *stult-, “walking on stilts,”strutting, in Old French estout, stout: stout. .[Pok. 3.stel- 1019.]
Stele-.	To extend. Zero-grade form *stb-. 1. Suffixed form*stb-to- in Latin lotus, broad, wide: latitude; dilate.2. Attributed by some to this root (but more likely ofobscure origin) is Latin lamina, place, layer: lamella,omelet. .[Pok. 2. stel- 1018.]
sten-.	Narrow. Suffixed form *sten-wo- in Greek stenos,narrow: steno-, stenosis. .[Pok. 2. sten- 1021.]
(S)tene-.	To thunder. 1. Zero-grade form *stno- in Ger-manic *thunaraz in: a. Old English thunor (genitivethunres), thunder, Thor: thunder; Thursday;b. Middle Dutch doner, donder (> Dutch dander), thun-der: blunderbuss, dunderhead: C. Old Norse Thorr(older form Thunarr), “thunder,” thunder god: Thor.2. O-grade form ‘tons- in Latin tonare, to thunder:TORNADO; ASTONISH, DETONATE, STUN. .[Pok. 1. (s)ten-1021.]
ster-¹.	Stiff. I. O-grade form *stor-. 1. Suffixed form*stor-e• in Germanic *staren in Old English starian, tostare: stare. 2. Suffixed form *stor-g- in: a. Germanic*starkaz in Old English stearc, hard, severe: stark;b. Germanic denominative *starkjan in Old English*stercan (> Middle English starchen), to stiffen: starch.II. Full-grade form *ster-. 1. Germanic *sternjaz in OldEnglish stierne, styrne, firm: stern¹. 2. Suffixed form*ster-ewo- in Greek stereos, solid: stere, stereo-;cholesterol. 3. Lengthened-grade form *ster- in Greeksterizein, to support: sterigma. III. Zero-grade form*str-. 1. Extended form *strg- in Germanic *sturkaz inOld English store, stork (probably from the stiff move-ments of the bird): stork. 2. Germanic *strut■ in OldEnglish strutian, to stand out stiffly: strut. IV. Extend-ed form *sterd-. 1. Germanic *stertaz in Old Englishsteort, tail: redstart. 2. Germanic *stert■ in: a. OldEnglish *styrtan, to leap up (< “move briskly, movestiffly”): start; b. Old English steartlian, to kick, strug-gle: startle. V. Extended form *sterbh- in Germanic*sterban in Old English steorfan, to die (< “becomerigid”): starve. VI. Extended form ’(s)terp- in suffixed(stative) zero-grade form *trp-e- in Latin torpere, to bestiff: torpedo, torpid, torpor. .[Pok. 1. (s)ter- 1022.]
Ster-².	Also Stere-. To spread. 1. Extended form *streu-.1.  Germanic suffixed form *streu nam in Old Englishstreon, something gained, offspring: strain². 2. Latinstruere, to pile up, construct: structure; construct,DESTROY, INSTRUCT, OBSTRUCT, SUBSTRUCTION.3. Zero-grade form *stru- in Latin industria, diligence,activity (endo-, within; see en); industry. 4. Russianstruga, deep place: sastruga. 5. Germanic *strelo in OldHigh German strala, arrow, lightning bolt (> GermanStrahl, ray): bremsstrahlung. II. O-grade extendedform ‘strou-. 1. Suffixed form *strou-eyo- in Germanic*strawjan in: a. Old English stre(o)wian, to strew:STREW; b. Old High German strouwen, strowwen, tosprinkle, strew: streusel. 2. Suffixed form *strow-o inGermanic *strawam, “that which is scattered,” in OldEnglish streaw, straw: straw. III. Basic forms *ster-,*stera-. 1. Nasalized form *ster-n-a in Latin sternere(past participle stratus from zero-grade *stra-to-), tostretch, extend: stratus, street; consternate, sub-stratum. 2. Suffixed form *ster-no- in Greek sternon,breast, breastbone: sternum. IV. Zero-grade form *str-,stra-. 1. Suffixed form *str-to- in Greek stratos, multi-tude, army, expedition: stratagem; stratocracy.2. Suffixed form *stra-to- becoming Celtic s(t)rato- inScottish Gaelic srath, a wide river valley: strath. 3. Suf-fixed extended form *stiy-mn in Greek stroma, mattress,bed: stroma; stromatolite. .[Pok. 5. ster- 1029.]
ster-³.	Star. 1. Suffixed form *ster-s- in Germanic *ster-ron- in Old English steorra, star: star. 2. Suffixed form*ster-ld- in Latin Stella, star: stellar, stellate; con-stellation. 3. Oldest root form * aster- in Greek aster,star, with its derivative astron, star, and possible com-pound astrape, asterope, lightning, twinkling (< “lookinglike a star”; dps, stem op-, eye, appearance; see okw-):aster, asteriated, asterisk, asterism, Astraea,astral, astro-; asteroid, astraphobia, disaster,Sterope. 4. Iranian stem *star• in Persian sitareh, star:Esther. .[Pok. 2. ster- 1027.]
ster-*.	To rob, steal. 1. Possibly dissimilated form inGermanic *stelan in Old English stelan, to steal: steal.2.  Germanic derivative noun *stel-ithd (-itho, abstractsuffix) in Middle English stelth, stealth: stealth. 3. Ex-tended dissimilated form in Germanic frequentative*stalkon in Old English *stealcian, to move stealthily:stalk². .[Pok. 3. ster- 1028.]
Ster-⁵.	Barren. Latin sterilis, unfruitful: sterile. .[Pok. 6.ster- 1031.]
(s)ter-n-.	Name of thorny plants. Extension of ster-¹.Suffixed zero-grade form *tr-n-u- in Germanic *thurnu-,thorn, in Old English thorn, thorn; thorn. .[Pok. 7.(s)ter-n- 1031.]
(s)teu-.	To push, stick, knock, beat; with derivativesreferring to projecting objects, fragments, and certainrelated expressive notions and qualities. I. Extendedforms *steup-, steub-. 1. Germanic *staup- in Old Englishsteap, lofty, deep, projecting: steep¹. 2. Germanic*staupilaz in Old English stypel, stepel, steeple: steeple.3.  Germanic *steup-, “bereft” (< “pushed out”), in OldEnglish steop-, step-: step-. 4. Germanic ’stup- in OldEnglish stupian, to stoop: stoop¹. 5. Germanic expres-sive form *stubb- in Old English stubb, stybb, stump:stub. 6. Germanic *stuf-, “fragment,” small coin, inMiddle Dutch stuyver, stiver: stiver. II. Extended form'steud-. 1. Nasalized form *stu-n-t■ in Germanic *stunt-jan in Old English styntan, to dull: stint¹. 2. Germanic'staut- in: a. Old High German stdzan, to push: stoss;b. Middle Low German and Middle Dutch stolen, toforce, akin to the source of Middle English stutten, tostutter: stutter. III. Extended form *steug-. 1. Ger-manic *stukkaz in: a. Old English stocc, tree trunk:stock; b. Old High German stoc (> German Stock),staff: alpenstock; c. Old French estoc, rapier, swordpoint: tuck’. 2. Germanic ‘stukkjam in: a. Old HighGerman stukki, crust, fragment, covering: shtick;b. Italian stucco, stucco: stucco. 3. Germanic 'stok- inDutch stoken, to poke, thrust: stoker. IV. Suffixed(stative) zero-grade extended form 'stupe- in Latinstupere, to be stunned: stupendous, stupid; stupefy.V. Suffixed (stative) extended zero-grade form *stude• inLatin 'studere, to be diligent (< “to be pressing for-ward”): student, STUDY. VI. Extended zero-grade form'stug- in Greek Stux, the river Styx (< “hatred”): Styx.VII. Variant zero-grade form 'tud-. 1. Latin tudes, ham-mer: TOIL¹. 2. Suffixed form *tud-ti- in Latin tussis,cough: tussis. 3. Nasalized form 'tu-n-d- in Latin tun-dere, to beat: contuse, obtund, pierce, retuse.VIII. Variant zero-grade form 'tup-. 1. Suffixed form*tup-o• in Greek tupos, a blow, mold, die: type; anti-type, archetype. 2. Nasalized form *tu-m-p- in Greektumpanon, drum: tympanum. .[Pok. 1. (s)teu- 1032.]
steu(e)-.	To condense, cluster. Possible root. 1. Extendedform 'stup- in: a. Greek stuppe, tuft, tow: stop, stupe;b. Sanskrit stupah, tuft of hair, crown of the head:stupa. 2. Extended form *stubh• in Greek stuphein, tocontract: styptic. .[Pok. steuo- 1035.]
st»-men-.	Denoting various body parts and orifices.Greek stoma, mouth: stoma, stomach, stomato-, (sto-matous), -stomy; anastomosis, ancylostomiasis,prostomium, scyphistoma. .[Pok. stomen- 1035.]
storo-.	Starling. Germanic *staraz in Old English steer,starling: starling¹. .[Pok. storos 1036.]
streb(h)-.	To wind, turn. 1. Greek strephein, to wind,turn, twist (> strophion, headband): strepto-, strop,strophe, strophoid, strophulus; anastrophe, apos-trophe¹, BOUSTROPHEDON, CATASTROPHE, DIASTRO-PHISM. 2. Unaspirated o-grade form 'strob- in Greekstrobos, a whirling, whirlwind (> strobiles, ball, pinecone): strobile; stroboscope. 3. Unaspiratedzero-grade form *strb- in Greek strabos, a squinting:strabismus; strabotomy. .[Pok. strebh- 1025.]
Strei-.	To hiss, buzz. Imitative root. 1. Extended form'strid- in Latin stridere, to make a harsh sound: stri-dent. 2. Extended variant form * trig• in Greek trismos,trigmus, a scream: trismus. .[Pok. 3. streig- 1036.]
streig-.	To stroke, rub, press. I. Basic form 'streig-.1. Germanic 'strikan in Old English strican, to stroke:STRIKE. 2. Germanic diminutive 'strik-ila- in Old Eng-lish stricel, implement for leveling grain: strickle.3. Germanic 'striken- in Old English strica, stroke, line:STREAK. II. O-grade form 'stroig- in Germanic 'straik- inMiddle English stroke, stroke: stroke. III. Zero-gradeform 'strig-. 1. Suffixed form *strig-a- in Latin striga,row of grain, furrow drawn lengthwise over the field:strigose. 2. Suffixed form 'strig-yd- in Latin stria,furrow, channel: STRIA. 3. Nasalized form *stri-n-g- inLatin stringere, to draw tight, press together: strain¹,STRAIT, STRICT, STRIGIL, STRINGENDO, STRINGENT;ASTRINGE, CONSTRAIN, DISTRAIN, PRESTIGE, RESTRICT..[Pok. 1. streig- 1036; 4. ster- 1028.]
strenk-.	Tight, narrow. Possible root. 1. O-grade form'stronk- in: a. Germanic 'strangi- in Old English streng,string: STRING; b. Germanic 'strangaz in Old Englishstrang, strong, powerful, strict: strong; c. Germanic'strangithb in Old English strengthu, strength, strict-ness: strength. 2. Variant 'strong- in: a. Greek strong-ale, halter: strangle, (strangles), (strangulate);b. Greek stranx, drop (< “that which is squeezed out”):strangury. .[Pok. strenk-, streng- 1036.]
Strep-.	To make a noise. Imitative root. I-a tin strepere, tomake noise: obstreperous. .[Pok. (s)trep- 1037.]
SU-.	Well, good. 1. Sanskrit su-, well-being, good luck:swastika. 2. Compound *su-gub-es-, “living in goodcondition" (see gwel-). .[Pok. su- 1037.]
SU-.	Pig. Contracted from 'sue-; probably a derivative ofseue-¹. 1. Suffixed form 'sta-ino- in Germanic 'swinamin Old English stein, swine: swine. 2. Celtic expressiveform 'sukko-, swine, snout of a swine, plowshare, in:a. British *hukk- in Old English hogg, hog: hog; b. per-haps Old French soc, plowshare: socket. 3. Germanic•su- in Old English sugu, sow: sow². 4. I .a tin sus, pig:soil². 5. Greek hus, swine: hyena; hyoscine. .[Pok. su-s1038.]
suro-.	Sour, salty, bitter. Germanic 'suraz in: a. OldEnglish sur, sour: sour; b. Old High German sur, sour:sauerbraten sauerkraut; c. Old French sur, sour:sorrel¹. .[Pok. sur-o 1039.]
swad-.	Sweet, pleasant. 1. Germanic 'swotja- in OldEnglish su'ete, sweet: sweet. 2. Suffixed form 'swdd-e-in Latin suddere, to advise, urge (< “recommend asgood”): suasion; (assuasive), dissuade, persuade.3. Suffixed form *swad-w-i- in Latin suduis, delightful:soave, suave; assuage. 4. Suffixed form 'swdd-es- inGreek hedos, pleasure: aedes. 5. Suffixed form *sudd-ond in Greek hedone, pleasure: hedonic, hedonism..[Pok. sudd- 1039.]
(s)wagh-.	To resound. 1. Germanic *swogan in OldEnglish swogan, to resound: sough. 2. Suffixed form*wdgh-d• in Greek ekhe, sound: catechize. 3. Suffixedform 'wagh-di- in Greek ekhb, noise, echo: echo. .[Pok.udgh- 1110.]
sward-.	To laugh. Greek sardanios, sneering, scornful;sardonic. .[Pok. suard- 1040.]
s(w)e-.	Pronoun of the third person and reflexive (refer-ring back to the subject of the sentence); further appear-ing in various forms referring to the social group as anentity, “(we our-)selves.” 1. Suffixed extended form*sel-bho• in Germanic 'selbaz, self, in Old English self,sylf, self, same: self. 2. Suffixed form 's(w)e-bh(o)- inGermanic 'sibja-, “one’s own,” blood relation, relative, inOld English sibb, relative: sib; GOSSIP. 3. Suffixed form*se-ge in Germanic 'sik, self, in Old Norse sik, oneself(reflexive pronoun), whence -sk, reflexive suffix, as inbuask, to make oneself ready: busk², (bustle). 4. Suf-fixed form *swoi-no- in Germanic *swainaz, “one’s own(man),” attendant, servant, in Old Norse sveinn, herds-man, boy: swain. 5. Suffixed form *s(u)w-o-, one’s own,in: a. Latin sui (genitive), of oneself: suicide; b. San-skrit sva- (< *swo-), one’s own, whence svamin, “one’sown master,” owner, prince: swami. 6. Extended form*sed in: a. Latin sed, se, self, oneself (accusative): felo-de-se, per se; b. Latin sed, se, without, apart (< “onone’s own”): secede, secern, seclude, secret, se-cure, sedition, seduce, segregate, select, sepa-rate, (sure); c. Latin compound sobrius, not drunk(ebrius, drunk; see egwh-): sober. 7. Possibly suffixedlengthened o-grade form 'so lo- in Latin solus, by oneselfalone: sole², solitary, solitude, solo, sullen; deso-late, SOLILOQUY, SOLIPSISM. 8. Extended root 'sw^dh-,“that which is one’s own,” peculiarity, custom, in: a. Lat-in soddlis, companion (< “one’s own,” “relative”): so-dality; b. suffixed form 'swedh-sko- in Latin suescere,to get accustomed: (consuetude), custom, desuetude,mansuetude, mastiff; C. Greek ethos, custom, disposi-tion, trait: ethic, ethos; cacoethes; d. suffixed form*swedh-no- in Greek ethnos, band of people living to-gether, nation, people (< “people of one’s own kind”):ETHNIC, ethno-. 9. Suffixed extended form *swet-aro- inGreek he taros, later hetairos, comrade, companion:hetaera. 10. Suffixed extended form 'swed-yo- inGreek idios, personal, private (“particular to oneself’):IVIO , IDIOM, idiot; idiomorphic, idiopathy, idiosyn-crasy. 11. Variant form *swei- in Irish fein, self: SinnFein. .[Pok. se- 882.]
swei-¹.	To whistle, hiss. Imitative root. Latin sibildre, towhistle at, hiss down: sibilate; chufa, persiflage..[Pok. suei- 1040.]
swei-².	To bend, turn. 1. Germanic o-grade form *swaip-in Old English swapan, to sweep, drive, swing: swoop.2. Germanic zero-grade form *swip- in Old English swift,swift, quick (< “turning quickly”): swift. 3. Germanicfull-grade form *swif- in Middle English swyvel, a swivel:swivel. 4. Possibly Germanic *swih- in Middle Dutchswijch, bough, twig: switch. 5. German schwappen, toflap, splash, akin to the source of Middle English swap-pen, to splash: swap. .[Pok. suei- 1041.]
sweid-¹.	To shine. Possible suffixed form *sweid-es- in:a. Latin sidus, constellation, star: sidereal; b. Latinaugury terms considerare, to examine, “observe the starscarefully” (con-, intensive prefix; see kom), and deside-rare, to long for, investigate (formed on analogy withconsiderare; de-, from; see de-): consider, desire..[Pok. 1. sueid- 1042.]
sweid-².	Sweat; to sweat. I. O-grade form *swoid-.1. Germanic *swaitaz, sweat, with its denominative*swaitjan, to sweat, in Old English swætan, to sweat:sweat. 2. Suffixed form *swoid-os- in Latin sudor,sweat: sudorific; sudoriferous. 3. O-grade form*swoid-a- in Latin sudare, to sweat: sudatorium,suint; exude, transude. II. Suffixed zero-grade form*swid-r-os- in Greek hidros, sweat: hidrosis. .[Pok. 2.sueid- 1043.]
s(w)eks.	Six. I. Form *seks. 1. Germanic *seks in OldEnglish s(i)ex, six, six: six. 2. Latin sex (> Italian sei),six: senary, sex-; seicento, semester. 3. Suffixedform *seks-to- in Latin sextus, sixth: sestet, sestina,SEXT, SEXTAN, SEXTANT, SEXTILE; SEXTODECIMO.II. Form *sweks in Greek hex, six: hexa-, hexad. .[Pok.sueks 1044.]
Swei-¹.	To eat, drink. 1. Perhaps Germanic *swil- in OldEnglish swilian, to wash out, gargle: swill. 2. Extendedform *swelk- in Germanic *swelgan, *swelhan in OldEnglish swelgan, to swallow: swallow¹; groundsel¹.3. Iranian *khvara- (attested in Avestan), to eat, in theprobable source of Greek mantikhbras, manticore (seemer-²). .[Pok. 1. suelfk)- 1045.]
swei-².	To shine, burn. 1. Extended form *sweid- inGermanic *swiltan in Old English sweltan, to die, perish(perhaps < “be overcome with heat”): (sultry), swel-ter. 2 O-grade form *swol- in Germanic *swal- in OldNorse svalr, cool (< “lukewarm” < “hot”), akin to theScandinavian source of Middle English swale, shade,shady place: swale. .[Pok. 2. suei- 1045.]
swei-³.	Post, board. Germanic *suljb- in Old Englishsyll(e), doorsill, threshold: sill. .[Pok. 2. sei-, suei- 898.]
swem-.	To move, stir, swim. Possibly an Indo-Europeanroot, but perhaps Germanic only. 1. Germanic *swimjanin Old English swimman, to swim: swim. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *swum-to- in Germanic *sundam in:a. Old English sund, swimming, sea: sound³; b. OldFrench sonde, sounding line: sound⁴; radiosonde,ROCKETSONDE. .[Pok. suem- 1046.]
swen-.	To sound. 1. Suffixed o-grade form *s won-o- in:a. Germanic *swanaz, *swandn-, “singer,” in Old Englishswan, swan: swan; b. Latin sonus, a sound: sone, sonic,sonnet, sound¹; unison. 2. Form *swen-a- in Latinsonare, to sound: sonant, sonata, sonorous; asso-nance, CONSONANT, DISSONANT, RESOUND. .[Pok. SUen-1046.]
sweng(w)-.	To swing, turn, toss. Germanic root. 1. Ger-manic *swingan in Old English swingan, to whip, strike,swing: swing. 2. Germanic *swing- in Middle Dutchswinghel, instrument for beating hemp: swingletree.3. O-grade form *swong- in: a. suffixed form *swong-eyo-in Germanic *swangjan in Old English swengan, toswing, shake: swinge; b. Germanic variant *swank- inMiddle High German swanken, to turn, swing: swank.4. Uncertain preform in Norwegian swagga, to sway,akin to the Scandinavian source of swag. .[Pok. sueng-,suenk- 1047.]
swento-.	Healthy, strong. Zero-grade form *sunto- inGermanic *sunth- in Old English gesund, healthy (ge-,intensive prefix; see kom): sound². .[Pok. suento- 1048.]
Swep-¹.	To sleep. 1. Suffixed form * swep-os- in Latinsopor, a deep sleep: sopor; (soporific). 2. Suffixed form* swep-no- in Latin somnus, sleep: somni-, somnolent;insomnia. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form * sup-no- in Greekhupnos, sleep: hypno-, Hypnos, (hypnosis), hypnotic..[Pok. 1. suep- 1048.]
swep-².	To throw, sling, cast. 1. O-grade form *swop-perhaps in Germanic variant expressive form *swabb- inMiddle Dutch swabbe, mop, splash: swab. 2. Suffixedzero-grade form *sup-a- in Latin dissipare, to disperse(dis-, apart): dissipate. .[Pok. 2. suep- 1049.]
swer-¹.	To speak, talk. O-grade form *swor- in: a. Ger-manic *swarjan in Old English swerian, to swear, pro-claim: swear; b. Germanic *and-swarb, “a swearingagainst,” “rebuttal” (*andi-, against; see ant-), in OldEnglish andswaru, answer: answer. .[Pok. 1. suer- 1049.]
swer-².	To buzz, whisper. Imitative root. I. O-grade form*swor-. 1. Suffixed form *swor-mo- in Germanic *swar-maz in Old English swearm, swarm: swarm. 2. Germanic*swar- in Dutch zwirrelen, to whirl, akin to the LowGerman source of Middle English swyrl, eddy: swirl.II. Zero-grade form *sur-. 1. Suffixed form *sur-do-perhaps in: a. Latin surdus, deaf, mute: sordino, sour-dine, surd; b. Latin absurdus, discordant, away fromthe right sound, harsh (ab-, away; see apo-): absurd.2. Reduplicated expressive form *su-surr- in Latin susur-rus, whisper: susurration. .[Pok. 2. suer- 1049.]
swer-³.	Post, rod. Suffixed zero-grade form *sur-o- inLatin surus, branch: surculose. .[Pok. 3. suer- 1050.]
swer-⁴.	To cut, pierce. Germanic *swerdam in Old Eng-lish sweord, sword, sword: sword. .[Pok. 4. suer- 1050.]
swer-⁵.	Also ser-. To lift, hang on the scale; heavy.Variant *ser- in suffixed lengthened-grade form *ser-yo-in Latin serius, serious, grave: serious.swerbh-. To turn, wipe off. 1. Germanic *swerb- in OldEnglish sweorfan, to file away, scour, polish: swerve.2. O-grade form *sworbh- in Germanic *swarb- in OldNorse svarf, filings, akin to the Scandinavian source ofswarf. .[Pok. suerbh- 1050.]
swergh-.	To worry, be sick. Germanic *sorg- in OldEnglish sorh, sorg, anxiety, sorrow: sorrow. .[Pok.suergh- 1051.]
swesor-.	Sister. 1. Zero-grade form *swesr- in: a. Ger-manic *swestr- in Old English sweostor, sister: sister;b. suffixed form *swesr-tno- in Latin sobrinus, maternalcousin: cousin. 2. Latin soror, sister: sororal, soror-ity. .[Pok. suesor 1051.]
swi-.	To be silent. Expressive formation in Greek slope,silence: aposiopesis. .[Pok. sui- 1052.]
SWO-.	Pronominal stem; so. Derivative of s(w)e-. 1. Ger-manic *swa- in: a. Old English swa, so: so¹; b. Germaniccompound *swa-lik-, “so like,” of the same kind (*lik-,same; see lik-), in Old English swylc, such: such. 2. Ad-verbial form *swai in Latin si, if, in quasi (quant, as; seekwo- + si, if): nisi, quasi. .[In Pok. 2. seu- 882.]
s(w)ok*o-.	Resin, juice. Variant form *sokwo- in Greekopos (< *hopos), juice: opium. .[Pok. s(u)ekw-s 1044.]
swombho-.	Spongy. Germanic *swamba- in: a. MiddleLow German sump, swamp: sump; b. Low Germanzwamp, swamp, akin to the Low German source ofswamp. .[Pok. suomb(h)o-s 1052.]
swordo-.	Black, dirty. 1. Germanic *swartaz in OldEnglish sweart, swarthy: swart. 2. Zero-grade suffixed(stative) form *swrd e- in Latin sordere, to be dirty:sordid. .[Pok. suordo-s 1052.]
syu-.	To bind, sew. I. Basic form *syu- in Germanic’siwjan in Old English seowian, siowan, to sew: sew.II. Variant form ’su-. 1. Germanic ’saumaz in Old Eng-lish seam, seam: seam. 2. Latin suere (past participlesutus), to sew: suture; COUTURE. 3. Suffixed form’su-dhld- in Latin subula, awl (< "sewing instrument”):subulate. 4. Suffixed form *su-tro- in Sanskrit sutram.thread, string: sutra; Kamasutra. 5. Suffixed short-ened form *syu-men• in Greek humen, thin skin, mem-brane: HYMEN. .[Pok. Siu- 915.]
ta-.	To melt, dissolve. 1. Extended form ’taw- in Ger-manic ’thawon in Old English thdwian, to thaw: thaw.2. Extended form *tdbh- in Latin tabes, a melting,wasting away, putrefaction: tabes. 3. Extended form’tak- in Greek tekein, to melt: eutectic. .[Pok. fa 1053.]
tag-.	To touch, handle. 1. Nasalized form ’ta-n-g■ inLatin tang ere, to touch (> tax are, to touch, assess, andtactus, touch): tact, tangent, tangible, taste, tax;ATTAIN, CONTACT, INTACT, TACTORECEPTOR, TANGORE-CEPTOR. 2. Compound form *n-tag-ro-, "untouched,intact” (*n-, negative prefix; see ne), in Latin integer,intact, whole, complete, perfect, honest: entire, inte-ger. 3. Suffixed form ’tag-smen- in Latin contaminare,to corrupt by mixing or contact (< ’con-tamen-, "bring-ing into contact with”; con-, com-, with; see kom):CONTAMINATE. .[Pok. tag- 1054.]
tag-.	To set in order. Suffixed form *tag-yo- in Greektassein, tattein, to arrange, and taxis (< *tag-ti-), ar-rangement: TACTICS, TAXIS, -TAXIS, TAX0-; ATAXIA, HY-POTAXIS, PARATAXIS, SYNTAX. .[Pok. tag- 1055.]
tak-’.	To be silent. Suffixed (stative) form ’tak-e- in Latintacere, to be silent: tacet, tacit; reticent. .[Pok. tak-1055.].[tak-². To take. Germanic root. Old Norse taka, to take:take; wapentake.].[tap-. Germanic base of various loosely related deriva-tives; “plug, wad, small compact object, projecting part;to plug, strike lightly.” Variants ’tap-, ’tapp-, *topp-,*tupp-. 1. Old English tsppa, spigot: tap². 2. Dutch tap,spigot: tattoo¹. 3. Old French tampon, plug: TAMPON.4. Old French taper, to strike lightly: tap¹. 5. Old Eng-lish top, summit: top¹. 6. Old English top, a child’splaything, perhaps a spinning top: top². 7. Old Frenchtoup, top, tuft of hair: toupee. 8. Old Norse typpi (>Middle English tip), end: tip¹. 9. Old French tof(f)e, tuft:TUFT. 10. Old English tæppe, strip of cloth: tape.]
tauro-.	Bull. Derivative of sta-, but an independent wordin Indo-European. Greek tauros (> Latin taunts), bull:taurine¹, taurine², Taurus, toreador, torero, tau-rochouc acid. .[In Pok. teu- 1083.].[taw-. To make, manufacture. Germanic root. 1. Ger-manic ‘taw- in Old English tow-, spinning (only incompounds such as tow-hus, spinning house or room):TOW². 2. Germanic ’taujan, ’tawon, to fashion, in OldEnglish tawian, to prepare: taw¹. 3. Germanic ’gatawja-(*ga-, collective prefix; see kom), equipment, in OldEnglish geatwa, geatwe, equipment: heriot. 4. Ger-manic variant *td(w)lam, implement, in Old English tol,implement (possibly borrowed from the cognate OldNorse tol): tool. .[In Pok. 2. deu- 218.]
tegu-.	Thick. Germanic ’thiku- in Old English thicce,thick: thick. .[Pok. tegu- 1057.]
tek-.	To beget, give birth to. 1. Suffixed form *tek-no-,child, in: a. Germanic ’thegnaz, boy, man, servant,warrior, in Old English thegn, freeman, nobleman, mili-tary vassal, warrior: thane; b. possibly Germanic ’the-wernd, girl, in Old High German thirona, diorna (>German Dime), girl: DIRNDL. 2. Reduplicated form’ti-tk-, metathesized in Greek tiktein, to beget, andsuffixed o-grade form ’tok-o- in Greek tokos, birth:OXYTOCIC, POLYTOCOUS, TOCOLOGY. .[Pok. 1. tek- 1057.]
teks-.	To weave; also to fabricate, especially with an ax;also to make wicker or wattle fabric for (mud-covered)house walls. 1. Latin texere, to weave, fabricate: text,tissue; context, pretext. 2. Suffixed form *teks-ld in:a. Latin tela, web, net, warp of a fabric, also weaver’sbeam (to which the warp threads are tied): tiller²,toil²; b. Latin sub tilts, thin, sine, precise, subtle (<’sub-tela, “thread passing under the warp,” the finestthread; sub, under; see upo): subtle. 3. Suffixed form’teks on, weaver, maker of wattle for house walls, builder(possibly contaminated with *teks-tdr, builder), in Greektekton, carpenter, builder: tectonic; architect. 4. Suf-fixed form *teks-na-, craft (of weaving or fabricating), inGreek tekhne, art, craft, skill: technical, polytechnic,technology. 5. Possibly Germanic *thahsu-, badger(“the animal that builds,” referring to its burrowingskill), in Old High German dahs (> German Dachs),badger but more likely borrowed from the same pre-Indo-European source as the Celtic totemic nameTazgo-, Gaelic Tadhg, “badger”): dachshund. .[Pok.tekth- 1058.]
tekw-.	To run, flee. Suffixed o-grade form ’toku-so- inIranian ’taxHa-, bow, borrowed into Greek toxon, bow,also (in the plural) bow and arrow (< “that which flies”):toxic. .[Pok. tek“- 1059.]
tel-.	Ground, floor, board. 1. Germanic *thil-jo- in MiddleLow German and Middle Dutch dele, plank: deal².2. Suffixed form *tel-n- in Latin tellus (stem tellur-),earth, the earth: (tellurian), (telluric), (tellurion),(tellurium), telluro-. 3. Possibly reduplicated form’ti-tel- in Latin titulus, placard, label, superscription,title: title. .[Pok. 2. tel- 1061.]
tela-.	To lift, support, weigh; with derivatives referring tomeasured weights and thence to money and payment.1. Suffixed form ’teb-mon- in Greek telamon, supporter,bearer: telamon. 2. Suffixed form ’telfr)-es- in: a. Greektelos, tax, charge: toll¹; philately; b. Latin tolerare,to bear, endure: tolerate. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form*tb-i-, becoming ’tali- (influenced by tdlis, such), inLatin tdlid, reciprocal punishment in kind, “somethingpaid out”: talion; retaliate. 4. Suffixed variantzero-grade form ’tala-nt- in Greek talanton, balance,weight, any of several specific weights of gold or silver,hence the sum of money represented by such a weight:talent. 5. Perhaps intensive reduplicated form ’tantai-in Greek Tantalos, name of a legendary king, “thesufferer”: (tantalize), Tantalus. 6. Perhapszero-grade form ’tb- in Greek Atlas (stem Atlant-), nameof the Titan supporting the world: Atlantic, Atlas.7. Suffixed zero-grade form ’tb-e- in Germanic ’thulenin Old English tholian, to suffer, endure: thole. 8. Suf-fixed zero-grade form *tb-to- in Latin latus, “carried,borne,” used as the suppletive past participle of ferre, tobear (see bher-¹), with its compounds: ablation, col-late, dilatory, elate, illation, legislator, ob-late¹, PRELATE, PROLATE, RELATE, SUPERLATIVE,translate. 9. Suffixed zero-grade form ’tb-d- in San-skrit tula, scales, balance, weight: tael, tola. 10. Nasal-ized zero-grade form ’tl-n-s- in Latin tollere, to lift:extol. .[Pok. 1. tel- 1060.]
tem-.	Also tema-. To cut. I. Form ’terns-. Nasalized form*t(e)m-n-s- in Greek temnein, to cut: tmesis, tome,-TOME, -TOMY; ANATOMY, ATOM, DIATOM, DICHOTOMY,ENTOMO-, epitome. II. Form ’tem-. 1. Suffixed form’tem-lo- in Latin templum, temple, shrine, open place forobservation (augury term < “place reserved or cut out”),small piece of timber: temple¹, temple³; contemplate.2. Extended root ’tem-d- becoming ’tend- in o-gradesuffixed (iterative) form 'tond-eyo- in Latin tondere, toshear, shave: tonsure. .[Pok. 1. tem-, tend- 1062.]
tema-.	Dark. Suffixed form *tems-s-. 1 Latin temere,blindly, rashly: temerarious, temerity. 2. Suffixedform ’temss-rd- in Latin tenebrae (plural), darkness:Tenebrae, tenebrionid. .[Pok. temfs)- 1063.]
temp-.	To stretch. Extension of ten-. 1. Possibly Latintempus, temple of the head (? where the skin is stretchedfrom behind the eye to the ear): temple². 2. Zero-gradeform ’imp- perhaps in: a. Persian tdftan, to weave (thewarp threads are stretched on the loom): taffeta;b. Iranian *tap-, “carpet,” in Greek tapes, carpet: tapes-try. .[Pok. temp- 1064.]
ten-.	To stretch. I. Derivatives with the basic meaning.1. Suffixed form * ten-do- in: a. Latin tendere, to stretch,extend: tend¹, tender², tendon, tense¹, tent¹; at-tend, CONTEND, DETENT, DISTEND, EXTEND, INTEND,ostensible, pretend, subtend; b. Latin portendere,“to stretch out before” (por-, variant of pro-, before; seeper’), a technical term in augury, “to indicate, presage,foretell”: portend. 2. Suffixed form *ten-yo- in Greekteinein, to stretch; tenesmus; bronchiectasis, epita-SIS, HYPOTENUSE, PERITONEUM, PROTASIS, TELANGIEC-TASIA. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *tn-nu- in Sanskrittanoti, he stretches or weaves, with suffixed (instrumen-tal) derivative *ten-tro- in tantam, loom: tantra. 4. Suf-fixed form *ten-tro- in Persian tar, string: sitar.5. Basic form (with stative suffix) *ten-e- in Latin tenere,to hold, keep, maintain (< “to cause to endure or con-tinue, hold on to”): tenable, tenacious, tenaculum,TENANT, TENEMENT, TENET, TENON, TENOR, TENURE,TENUTO; ABSTAIN, CONTAIN, CONTINUE, DETAIN, ENTER-TAIN, LIEUTENANT, MAINTAIN, OBTAIN, PERTAIN, PERTI-NACIOUS, RETAIN, (RETINACULUM), SUSTAIN.II. Derivatives meaning “stretched,” hence “thin.”1. Suffixed zero-grade form *tn-u- in Germanic *thunw-,whence *thunniz in Old English thynne, thin: thin.2. Suffixed full-grade form *ten-u- in Latin tenuis, thin,rare, fine: tenuous; attenuate, extenuate. 3. Suf-fixed full-grade form ‘ten-ero- in Latin tener, tender,delicate: tender¹, tendril. III. Derivatives meaning“something stretched or capable of being stretched, astring.” 1. Suffixed form *ten-on- in Greek tenon, ten-don: TENO-. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *ton-o- in Greektonos, string, hence sound, pitch: tone; tonoplast.3. Suffixed zero-grade form *tn-ya- in Greek tainia,band, ribbon: taenia; polytene. .[Pok. 1. ten- 1065.]
teng-.	To soak. 1. Latin tingere, to moisten, soak, dye:TAINT, TINCT, TINGE, TINT; INTINCTION, STAIN.  2. Zero-grade form *tng- in Germanic ‘thunk- in Old High German thunkon, dunkon, to soak: dunk. .[Pok. 1. teng- 1067.]
tenk-¹.	To stretch. Extension of ten-. Perhaps Germanic*thingam in: a. Old English thing, assembly, (legal) case,thing: thing; b. Old Norse thing, assembly: hustings;C. Old High German thing, ding (> German Ding), thing:dingus. .[Pok. 1. tenk- 1067.]
tenk-².	To become firm, curdle, thicken. 1. Suffixed form’tenk-to-, thickened, in Germanic ‘thinhtaz in Old Norsethettr, dense, watertight, akin to the Scandinavian sourceof Middle English thight, dense: tight. 2 Possiblysuffixed o-grade form *tonk-lo- in Germanic *thangul- inOld Norse thongull, seaweed (? < “thick mass”), akin tothe source of tangle². .[Pok. 2. tenk- 1068.]
tens-.	To stretch, draw. Extension of ten-. Suffixedzero-grade form ‘tns-ero- in Sanskrit tasaram, shuttle:tussah. .[Pok. tens- 1068.]
tep-.	To be warm. Suffixed (stative) form ‘tep-e- in Latintepere, to be warm: tepid. .[Pok. tep- 1069.]
ter-.	Base of derivatives meaning peg, post, boundarymarker, goal. 1. Suffixed form *ter-men-, boundarymarker, in Latin terminus, boundary, limit: term, ter-minate, terminus; determine, exterminate. 2. Suf-fixed zero-grade form ‘tr-m- in Germanic *thrum- in OldEnglish thrum, broken-off end (attested only in tungeth-rum, the ligament of the tongue): thrum². .[Pok. 4. ter-1074.]
tera-¹.	To rub, turn; with some derivatives referring totwisting, boring, drilling, and piercing; and others refer-ring to the rubbing of cereal grain to remove the husks,and thence to the process of threshing either by thetrampling of oxen or by flailing with flails. Variant *tre-,contracted from *treo-. I. Full-grade form *ter(o)-.1. a. Latin terere (past participle tritus), to rub away,thresh, tread, wear out: trite, triturate; attrition,contrite, detriment; b. Greek teredon, a kind ofbiting worm: teredo. 2. Suffixed form ‘ter-et- in Latinteres (stem teret-), rounded, smooth: terete. 3. Suffixedform *ter-sko- in Germanic *therskan, *threskan, tothresh, tread, in: a. Old English therscan, to thresh:(THRASH), THRESH; b. Old English therscold, threscold,sill of a door (over which one treads; second elementobscure): threshold. II. O-grade form ‘torso)-. 1. Greektoreus, a boring tool: toreutiCS. 2. Suffixed form* torso)-mo-, hole, in Germanic *tharma in Old HighGerman darm, gut: derma². 3. Suffixed form *tor(o)-no-in Greek tornos, tool for drawing a circle, circle, lathe (>Latin tornus, lathe): turn; (attorn), contour, (de-tour), (return). III. Zero-grade form *tr- in Germanic‘thr- in Dutch drillen, to drill: drill¹. IV. Variant form‘tre-. 1. Germanic *threw- in Old English thrdwan, toturn, twist: throw. 2. Greek trema, perforation: mono-treme, trematode. 3. Suffixed form *tre-tu- in Ger-manic *thredu-, twisted yarn, in Old English thræd,thread: thread. V. Extended form tri- (< *trio-). 1. Suf-fixed form *trt-6n-, probably in Latin trio, plow ox:septentrion. 2. Suffixed form "tfi-dhlo- in Latin tribu-turn, a threshing sledge: tribulation. VI. Various ex-tended forms. 1. Forms *tro-, ‘trau- in Greek trauma,hurt, wound: trauma. 2. Form *tru- in Greek truma,trume, hole: tryma. 3. Form *trib- in Greek tribein, torub, thresh, pound, wear out (> tripsis, a rubbing):DIATRIBE, TRIBOELECTRICITY, TRIBOLOGY, TRYPSIN.4. Form ‘trog- in Greek trogein, to gnaw: trogon.5. Form *trup- in Greek trupe, hole (> trupanon, auger):trepan¹; trypanosome. 6. Form ‘trug- possibly in OldFrench truant, beggar: truant. .[Pok. 3. ter- 1071.]
tera-².	To cross over, pass through, overcome. Variant*tra-, contracted from *trao-. I. Zero-grade form *tr(o)-.1. Germanic suffixed form ‘thur-ila- in Old Englishthyr(e)l, thyrel, a hole (< “a boring through”): thrill;nostril. 2. Suffixed form *tro-kwe in Germanic ‘thurh inOld English thurh, thuruh, through: thorough,through. 3. Greek nek-tar, overcoming death “(seenek-¹). 4. Zero-grade form "tip- and full-grade form*ter(o)- in Sanskrit tirati, tarati, he crosses over: avatar.II. Variant form *trd-. 1. Latin trans, across, over, be-yond, through (perhaps originally the present participleof a verb ‘trdre, to cross over): trans-, transient,(transom). 2. Suffixed form ’tra-yo- in Iranian thraya-,to protect, in Middle Persian srdyidhan, to protect, inPersian sardi, inn: caravansary. III. Extended form‘tru-. 1. Suffixed form *tru-k- in Latin trux (stem true•),savage, fierce, grim (< “overcoming,” “powerful,” “pene-trating”): truculent. 2. Suffixed nasalized form‘tru-n-k-o- in Latin truncus, deprived of branches orlimbs, mutilated, hence trunk (? < “overcome, maimed”):TRENCH, TRUNCATE, TRUNK. .[Pok. 5. ter- 1075.]
terk*-.	To twist. Extension of tera-¹. 1. Possible variantform *t(w)erk- in Germanic *thwerh-, twisted, oblique, inOld Norse thverr, transverse: thwart. 2. Suffixed (caus-ative) o-grade form *torkw-eyo- in Latin torquere, totwist: TORCH, TORMENT, TORQUE¹, TORQUE², TORSADE,TORT, tortuous; contort, distort, extort, nastur-tium, RETORT¹, TORTICOLLIS. .[Pok. terk- 1077.]
terp-.	To satisfy oneself. Greek terpein, to delight, cheer:Terpsichore. .[Pok. terp- 1077.]
ters-.	To dry. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *trs-t- inGermanic *thurs- in: a. suffixed form ‘thurs-tu- in OldEnglish thurst, dryness, thirst: thirst; b. Old Norsethorskr, cod (< “dried fish”), whence Norwegian torsk,task, cod, with dialectal variant tusk, cod, stockfish:cusk. 2. Suffixed form *ters-d- in Latin terra, “dryland,” earth (> French and Old French terre, earth,ground): terrace, (terrain), Terran, terrene, ter-restrial, TERRIER, TERRITORY, TUREEN; FUMITORY,INTER, MEDITERRANEAN, PARTERRE, SUBTERRANEAN,TERRAQUEOUS, TERREPLEIN, TERRE-VERTE, TERRICO-lous, terrigenous, VERDiTER. 3. Suffixed o-grade form'torseyo- in Latin torrs re, to dry, parch, bum: toast¹,torrent, torrid. 4. Suffixed zero-grade form 'trs-o- inGreek torsos, frame of wickerwork (originally for dryingcheese), hence a flat surface, sole of the foot, ankle:tarsus. .[Pok. tens- 1078.]
teu-.	To pay attention to, turn to. 1. O-grade form 'tou-in Germanic 'thau- in Old English theau\ usage, custom(< “observance”): thew. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form'tu-e- in Latin tuert, to look at, watch, protect: tuition,tutor; INTUITION. .[Pok. 2. teu- 1079.]
teu*-.	Also teu-. To swell. 1. Extended form 'teuk- inGermanic *theuham, “the swollen or fat part of the leg,"thigh, in Old English theoh, thigh: thigh. 2. Extendedform 'tus- in Germanic compound 'thus-hundi-, “swollenhundred,” thousand ('hundi-, hundred; see dekm), inOld English thusend, thousand: thousand. 3. Suffixedzero-grade form 'tu-l- probably in Germanic *thul- in OldEnglish thol(l), oar pin, oarlock (< “a swelling”): THOLEpin. 4. Extended zero-grade form *turn- in: a. Germanic•thumon- in Old English thuma, thumb (< “the thickfinger”): thimble, thumb; b. suffixed (stative) form'tum-e- in Latin tumere, to swell, be swollen, be proud:tumescent, tumid, tumor; detumescence, intu-mesce, tumefacient, tumefy; c. suffixed form *tum-olo- in Latin tumulus, raised heap of earth, mound:TUMULUS. 5. Extended lengthened zero-grade form*tubh- in Latin tuber, lump, swelling: truffle, tuber;protuberate. 6. Suffixed zero-grade form *tu-r-yo- inGreek turos, cheese (< “a swelling,” “coagulating”):BUTTER, TYROSINE, TYROTHRICIN. 7. Suffixed variantform 'tuv-ro- in Greek soros, heap, pile: sorites, sorus.8. Suffixed variant form ‘two-mn, in Greek soma, body(< “a swelling," “stocky form”): soma, SOMATO-, -some²;prosoma. 9. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘twa-uo- in Greeksaos, sds, safe, healthy (< “swollen,” “strong”), withderivative verb sozein, to save, rescue: creosote, sote-riology. 10. Perhaps nasalized extended form*tu-m-b(h)- (or extended zero-grade form 'turn-) in Greektumbos, barrow, tomb: tomb. .[Pok. teu- 1080.]
teuta-.	Tribe. 1. Germanic *theudd-, people, with deriva-tive * theudiskaz, of the people, in Middle Dutch duutsch,German, of the Germans or Teutons: Dutch; Platt-DEUTSCH. 2. Suffixed form 'teut-onds, “they of thetribe,” in Germanic tribal name *theudanoz, borrowedvia Celtic into Latin as Teutoni, the Teutons: Teuton.  3. Possibly Latin totus, all, whole (? < “of the whole tribe”): total, tutti; factotum, teetotum. .[In Pok. teu- 1080.].[threph-. To cause to grow, develop. Greek root (stemform treph-). 1. Greek trephein, to feed, nourish, andtrophe, nourishment: (trophic-), TROPHO-, -trophy;ATROPHY, CHEMOTROPHY, EUTROPHIC, PHOTOTROPH,(POLYTROPHic). 2. Suffixed form 'threph-ma in Greekthremma, creature (< “nursling”): thremmatology. .[InPok. dherebh- 257.].[thrix. Hair. Greek word of unknown origin (stem formtrikh-). TRICHINA, TRICHO-, TRICHOME, -TRICHOUS; PERI-TRICH, STREPTOTHRICIN, TYROTHRICIN, ULOTRICHOUS..[In Pok. dhrigh- 276.]
tit-.	Also tik-, kit-. To tickle. Expressive root. 1. Germanic'kit- in Old Norse kitla, to tickle, akin to the probablesource of Middle English kytyllen, to tickle: kittle.2. Latin titillare, to tickle, titillate: titillate. .[In Pok.geid- 356.]
tke-.	To gain control of, gain power over. 1. Possibly inIndo-Iranian suffixed form *ksa-tram in: a. Sanskritksatram, rule, power, and k^ayati, he rules: Kshatriya;b. Old Persian khshathra-, kingdom, province, in com-pound khshathra-pava, protector of the province (seepa-): satrap. 2. Possibly in Indo-Iranian 'ksayati, haspower over, rules, in Old Persian khshdyathiya-, king,whence Persian shah, king: check, shah; checkmate..[Pok. kthe(i)- 626.]
tkei-.	To settle, dwell, be home. 1. Suffixed o-grade form'(t)koi-mo- in Germanic 'haimaz, home, in: a. Old Eng-lish ham, home: home; b. Old Norse heimr, home:Niflheim; c. Middle Dutch home, hame (< “covering"):hame; d. Old French ham, village, home: hamlet;e. Germanic *haimatjan, to go or bring home, in OldFrench hanter, to frequent, haunt: haunt. 2. Zero-gradeform *tki- in Greek kti- in ktizein, to found, settle:amphyctyony. 3. Probable zero-grade form *tki- inLatin si- in suffixed form *si-tu- in situs, location:SITUATE, SITUS. .[Pok. 1. bet- 539, kthei- 539.]
to-.	Demonstrative pronoun. For the nominative singularsee so-. 1. Germanic 'the- in: a. Old English the, thy(instrumental case), by the: the¹, the²; natheless;b. Middle Dutch de, the: decoy. 2. Germanic 'thauh,“for all that,” in Old Norse tho, though, akin to theScandinavian source of Middle English though, though:though. 3. Germanic 'thasi- in Old English thes, this,this: (these), this. 4. Germanic *thana• in Old Englishthanne, thænne, thenne, than, then: than, then. 5. Ger-manic 'thanana- in Old English thanon, thence:thence. 6. Germanic 'ther in Old English thær, ther,there: there. 7. Germanic 'thathro in Old Englishthæder, thider, thither: thither. 8. Germanic nomina-tive plural 'thai in Old English tha and Old Norse their,they: they. 9. Germanic genitive plural 'thaira in OldNorse their(r)a, theirs: their. 10. Germanic dative plural'thaimiz in Old Norse theim and Old English thaem,them; THEM. 11. Extended neuter form 'tod- in: a. Ger-manic 'that in Old English thæt, that: that, (those);b. Greek to, the: Tauto-. 12. Germanic 'thus- in OldEnglish thus, thus: thus. 13. Adverbial (originally accu-sative) form 'tarn in Latin tandem, at last, so much (>Anglo-Norman tansy, tandem, tantamount. 14. Suf-fixed reduced form *t-ali- in Latin tabs (plural tales),such: TALES. .[Pok. 1. to- 1086.]
tolkw-.	To speak. Metathesized form *tlokw- in Latinloqui, to speak: locution, loquacious; allocution,circumlocution, colloquium, (colloquy), elocu-tion, grandiloquence, interlocution, magnil-oquent, obloquy, prolocutor, soliloquy,ventriloquism. .[Pok. tolkv- 1088.]
tong-.	To think, feel. 1. Germanic 'thankon in: a. OldEnglish thancian, to thank: thank; b. Old Englishthencan, to think: think. 2. Germanic '(ga)thauht-(*ga-, collective prefix; see kom) in Old English (ge)-thoht, thought: thought. 3. Germanic factitive *thunk-j an in Old English thyncan (third person singular presentindicative thyncth), to seem: methinks. .[Pok. 1. tong-1088.]
tragh-.	To draw, drag, move. Rhyming variant dhragh-.Latin trahere, to pull, draw: tract¹, tractable, trac-tion, TRAIL, TRAIN, (TRAIT), TREAT; ABSTRACT, AT-TRACT, CONTRACT, DETRACT, DISTRACT, EXTRACT,PORTRAY, PROTRACT, RETRACT, SUBTRACT. .[Pok. tragh-1089.]
treb-.	Dwelling. 1. Zero-grade form *trb- in Germanic  'thurp- in Old English thorp, village, hamlet: thorp.  2. Latin trabs, beam, timber: trabeated, trabecula, trave; architrave. .[Pok. treb- 1090.]
trei-.	Three. I. Nominative plural form 'treyes. 1. Ger-  manic 'thrijiz in Old English thrie, threo, thri, three,  with its derivatives thriga, thriwa, thrice, and thritig,  thirty, and threotine, thirteen: three, thrice, thirty,  thirteen. 2. Latin tres (> Italian tre and French trois),  three: trey, trio; trammel, trecento, trephine,  triumvir, trocar. II. Zero-grade form 'tri-. 1. Suffixed  form 'tri-tyo- in: a. Germanic 'thridjaz, third, in (i) Old  English thrid(d)a, thirdda, third: third (ii) Old Norse  thrithi, third: RIDING²; b. Latin tertius (neuter tertium),  third: tercel, tercet, tertian, tertiary, tierce;  sesterce. 2. Latin tri-, three: tri-, triple. 3. Greek tri-,  three: tri-; triclinium, tricrotic, tridactyl, tri-  glyph, tritone. 4. Sanskrit tri, three: Trimurti.5.  Greek trios, the number three: triad. 6. Greek trikha,in three parts: TRICHOTOMY. 7. Greek compound trieres,galley with three banks of oars, trireme (-eres, oar; seeere-’): trieRARCH. 8. Suffixed form 'tri-to- in Greektritos, third: tritium; tritanopia. 3. Compound form*tri-pl-, "threefold” (*-pl- < combining form ’-plo-; seepel-³), in Greek triploos, triple: triple. 10. Compoundform *tri-plek-, "threefold” ('-pick-, -fold; see plek-), inLatin triplex, triple: triplex. 11. Compound form*tri-st-i, “third person standing by” (see sta-), in Latintestis, a witness: testament, (testimony); attest,contest, detest, obtest, protest, testify. 12. Per-sian si, three: sitar. III. Extended zero-grade form *tris,“thrice.” 1. Latin ter, thrice: tern²; terpolymer.2. Greek tris, thrice: trisoctahedron. 3. Suffixed form*tris-no- in Latin trini, three each: trine, (trinity).IV. Suffixed o-grade form 'troy-o- in Russian troje,three: troika. .[Pok. trei- 1090.]
trem-.	To tremble. Possibly related to trep-’ and tres-through a hypothetical base *ter-. Latin tremere, toshake, tremble: tremendous, tremor, tremulous..[Pok. trem- 1092.]
trep-¹.	To tremble. Possibly related to trem- and tres-through a hypothetical base 'ter-. Latin trepidus, agi-tated, alarmed: trepid; intrepid. .[Pok. 1. trep- 1094.]
trep-².	To turn. 1. Greek trepein, to turn: -tropous;apotropaic, treponeme. 2. O-grade form 'trap- in:a. suffixed form 'trap-o- in Greek tropos, a turn, way,manner: trope, tropo-, trover; contrive, (re-trieve); b. suffixed form 'trop-a- in Greek trope, aturning, change, trophy, tropic; entropy. .[Pok. 2.trep- 1094.]
tres-.	To tremble. Possibly related to trem- and trep-’through a hypothetical base 'ter-. Metathesized form'ters- in o-grade suffixed (causative) form *tors-eyo- inLatin terrere, to frighten (< “to cause to tremble”), withvowel e from terror (< 'ters-os-), terror: terrible,terror; deter, terrific. .[Pok. tres- 1095.]
treud-.	To squeeze. 1. Suffixed o-grade form 'troud-o- inGermanic *thrautam in Old English threat, oppression,use of force: threat. 2. Variant form *trud- in Germanic'thrustjan in Old Norse thrysta, to squeeze, compress:thrust. 3. Latin trudere, to thrust, push: abstruse,extrude, intrude, obtrude, protrude. .[Pok. tr-eu-d1095.]
trozdo-.	Thrush. 1. Germanic *thrust- in Old Englishthrostle, thrush: throstle. 2. Germanic *thruskjon- inOld English thrysce, thrush: thrush*. 3. Zero-gradereduced form 'trzdo- in Latin turdus, thrush: sturdy.4.  Perhaps altered in Greek strouthos, sparrow, ostrich:struthious; (ostrich). .[Pok. trozdos 1096.]
tu-.	Second person singular pronoun; you, thou.1. Lengthened-grade form 'tu (accusative *te, *tege) inGermanic *thu (accusative *theke) in Old English thu(accusative thec, the), thou: (thee), thou¹. 2. Suffixedextended form 't(w)ei-no- in Germanic 'thinaz in OldEnglish thin, thine: thine, thy. .[Pok. tu- 1097.]
twei-.	To agitate, shake, toss. 1. Extended form 'tweid- inGermanic 'thwit- in: a. Old English thwitan, to strike,whittle down: whittle; b. Middle Dutch duit, a smallcoin (? < “piece cut or tossed off’): doit. 2. Extendedform 'tweis- in Greek seiein, to shake: seism, sistrum..[Pok. 2. tuei- 1099.]
twengh-.	To press in on. Germanic 'thwang- in: a. OldEnglish thwong, thwang, thong, band (< “constraint”):thong; b. by-form 'twangjan in Old English twengan,to pinch: twinge. .[Pok. tuengh- 1099.]
twer-¹.	To turn, whirl. Zero-grade 'tur-. I. Variant form'stur-. 1. Suffixed form *stur-mo- in Germanic 'sturmaz,storm (< “whirlwind”), in Old English storm, storm:storm. 2. Germanic 'sturjan in Old English styrian, tomove, agitate: stir¹. II. Suffixed form *tur-bd in Greekturbe, tumult, disorder (> Latin turbo, disorder, turbo,spinning top, and turbdre, to confuse, disorder): (trou-ble), TURBID, TURBINE; DISTURB, PERTURB. .[Pok. 1.tuer-, tur- 1100.]
twer-².	To grasp, hold; hard. 1. Slavic *tvrd- altered inWest Slavic kvardy, quartz, perhaps akin to the source ofMiddle High German quartz, quartz: quartz. 2. Possible(but very unlikely) suffixed form 'twer-y-en-, she whograsps, binds, enthralls, in Greek Seiren, Siren: siren..[Pok. 2. tuer- 1101.]
twerk-.	To cut. Zero-grade form *twrk- in Greek sarx,flesh (< “piece of meat”): sarcasm, sarco-, (sarcoid),(sarcoma), (sarcous); anasarca, ectosarc, perisarc,(SARCOCARP), SARCOPHAGUS, (SARCOPTIC MANGE), SYS-sarcosis. .[Pok. tuerk- 1102.].[twik-. To pinch off. Germanic root. I.Old Englishtwiccian, to pinch: tweak. 2. Ix>w German twikken, totwitch, akin to the Low German source of Middle Eng-lish twicchen, to twitch: twitch.]
ud-.	Also ud-. Up, out. 1. Germanic 'ut-, out, in: a. OldEnglish ut, out; utmost; b. Old High German uz (>German aus), out, in German garaus, “all out”: ca-rouse; auslander; c. Old Norse ut, out: outlaw;d. Middle Dutch ute, uut, out: uitlander; e. MiddleDutch uteren, to drive away, speak out: UTTER¹; f. Ger-manic suffixed (comparative) form 'ut-era- in Old Eng-lish utera, outer: utter²; g. Germanic compound*bi-utana (*bi-, by, at; see ambhi), “at the outside,” inOld English butan, bute, outside (adverb): but; about.2. Extended form 'uds in Germanic 'uz, out, and prefix*uz-, out, in: a. Old High German ir-, out, in irsezzan, toreplace: ersatz; b. Middle Dutch oor-, out: ort; c. Ger-manic 'uz-dailjam, “a portioning out,” judgment (seedail-). 3. Suffixed (comparative) form 'ud-tero- in Greekhusteros, later, second, after: hysteresis, hysteronproteron. 4. Greek hu- in compound hubris, violence,outrage, insolence (bri-, perhaps “heavy,” “violent”; seegwera-²): hubris. .[Pok. Ud- 1103.]
udero*.	Abdomen, womb, stomach; with distantly similarforms (perhaps taboo deformations) in various languages.1. Latin uterus (reshaped from 'udero-), womb: uterus.2. Perhaps taboo deformation *wen-tri- in Latin venter,belly: venter; ventriloquism. 3. Perhaps taboo defor-mation *wns-ti- in Latin vesica, bladder: vesica. 4. Vari-ant form 'ud-tero- in Greek hustera, womb: hysteric,HYSTERO-. .[Pok. udero- 1104.]
ill-.	To howl. Imitative root. 1. Possibly Germanic'uwwalbn, owl, in Old English ule, owl: owl. 2. Ger-manic by-form 'uwwildn, owl, possibly in Middle Englishhoulen, to howl (like an owl): howl. 3. Latin ululare, tohowl: ululate. .[Pok. 1. u- 1103; ul- 1105.]
uper.	Over. 1. Extended form 'uperi in Germanic 'uberiin: a. Old English ofer, over: over; b. Middle Dutchover, over: orlop. 2. Variant form *(s)uper in: a. Latinsuper, super-, above, over: soubrette, sovereign,SUPER-, SUPERABLE, SUPERIOR, SUPREME, (SUPREMO),SUR-; sirloin; b. suffixed form '(s)uper-no- in Latinsupernus, above, upper, top: supernal; C. suffixed form'super-bhw-o-, “being above” ('bhw-o-, being; seebheue-), in Latin superbus, superior, excellent, arrogant:superb; d. suffixed (superlative) reduced form 'sup-mo-rn Latin summus, highest, topmost: sum, summit; e. var-iant form '(s)uprd in Latin supra, above, beyond: (so-PRANINO), SOPRANO, SUPRA-; SOMERSAULT. 3. Basicform 'uper in Greek huper, over: HYPER-. .[Pok. uper1105.]
upo.	Under, up from under, over. 1. Germanic *upp-, up,in: a. Old English up, uppe, up: up; b. Old English up-,upp-, up-: up-; c. Middle Dutch op, up: uproar. 2. Ger-manic 'upanaz, “put or set up,” open, in Old Englishopen, open: open. 3. Germanic 'ufana, “on, above,” inOld English bufan, above, over: above. 4. Possiblysuffixed form 'up-t- in Germanic 'ufta, frequently, in OldEnglish oft, oft: oft, often. 5. Extended form 'upes- inGermanic 'ubaswo, 'ubizwb, vestibule, porch, eaves (<“that which is above or in front”), in: a. Old English efes,eaves: eaves; b. Germanic *obtsdrup-, dripping waterfrom the eaves (*drup-, to drip, from ’dhrub-: seedhreu-), in Old English yfesdrype, yfxs drypse, waterfrom the eaves: eavesdrop. 6. Variant form *(s)up- in:a. Latin sub, under: soutane, sub-; b. Latin supinus,lying on the back (< “thrown backward or under”):supine¹, supine²; c. suffixed form 'sup-ter in Latinsubter, secretly: subterfuge; d. Latin supplex, "withlegs folded under one” (-plex, -fold; see plek-): SUPPLE.7. Basic form ’upo in Greek hupo, under: hypo-. 8. Suf-fixed variant form *ups-o- in Greek hupsos, height, top:HYPSO-. 9. Basic form ’upo- in Celtic *vo-, under, inLatin veredus, post horse (see reldh-). 10. Compound*upo-st-o- probably in Celtic ’wasso-, “one who standsunder,” servant, young man (*sto-, standing; see sta-), inMedieval Latin vassus, vassal: valet, (varlet), vassal.11. Sanskrit lipa, near to, under (in upani^ad, Upani-shad): opal, Upanishad. .[Pok. upo 1106.]
us-.	Point, thorn. Proposed by some as the root forGermanic ’uzda- in Old Norse oddi, point, triangle,third, odd number: odd..[vinum. Wine. Latin noun, related to Greek oinos, wine.Probably from a Mediterranean word ’win-, ’woin-meaning “wine.” 1. Latin vinum: vinaceous, vine,vim-, wine; vinegar. 2. Greek oinos (earlier woinos):OENOLOGY, OENOMEL.].[virere. To be green. Latin verb of unknown origin (>French verte, green), (farthingale), verdant, vireo,VIRESCENT, VIRID; (BILIVERDIN), TERRE-VERTE.].[Volcae. Celtic tribal name. Latin noun akin to theunknown source of Germanic ’walhaz. Germanic *wal-haz in: a. Old English wealh, Wealh, foreigner, Welsh-man, Celt: Welsh; walnut; b. Medieval Latin walls, aforeigner: Walloon.]
wa-.	To bend apart. A possible root. Latin varus, bent,knock-kneed: vara, varus; divaricate. .[Pok. 2. ud-1108.]
wab-.	To cry, scream. Suffixed form ’wdb-eyo- in Ger-manic *wdpjan, to wail, in Old English wepan, to weep:weep. .[Pok. uab- 1109.]
wadh-¹.	A pledge; to pledge. 1. Germanic *wadi- in:a. Old English wedd, a pledge, marriage: wedlock;b. Old English weddian, to pledge, bind in wedlock: wed;c. Old French gage, a pledge: gage¹; degage, engage,(engage), mortgage; d. Old North French wage, apledge, payment, and wagier, to pledge: wage, wager.2. Latin praes (< *prai-vad-), surety, pledge (< “thatwhich is given before”; prae-, before; see per¹): prae-DIAL. .[Pok. uadh- 1109.]
wadh-².	To go. 1. Basic form *wadh- in: a. Germanic•wadan, to go, in Old English wadan, to go: wade;b. Latin vadum, ford: vadose. 2. Lengthened-gradeform ’wadh- in Latin vadere, to go, step: vamoose;EVADE, INVADE, PERVADE. .[Pok. Uadh- 1109.]
wag-.	Sheath, cover. Suffixed lengthened-grade form*wag-ind in Latin vagina, sheath: vagina, vanilla;evaginate, invaginate. .[Pok. 1. udg- 1110.]
wai.	Alas (interjection). 1. Germanic *wai in Old Englishwa, wei, woe (interjection), alas: woe; wellaway.2. Germanic ’waiwaldn in Old Norse vala, væla, ’veila,to lament, akin to the Scandinavian source of MiddleEnglish wailen, to wail: wail. .[Pok. uai- 1110.]
wak-.	Cow (perhaps “who calves for the first time”).Expressive form ’wakkd in Latin vacca, cow: buckaroo,vaccine, vaquero. .[Pok. uakd 1111.]
wal-.	To be strong. 1. Suffixed (stative) form *wal-e- inLatin valere, to be strong: valence, valetudinarian,VALIANT, VALID, VALOR, VALUE; AVAIL, CONVALESCE,COUNTERVAIL, EQUIVALENT, INVAUD¹, (INVAUD²), PRE-VAIL. 2. Extended o-grade form *wold(h)- in: a. Germanic*waldan, to rule, in Old English wealdan, to rule, andwieldan, to govern: WIELD; b. Germanic *wald-, power,rule, in Germanic *harja-waldaz, “army commander”(see koro-). 3. Suffixed extended o-grade form ’wold-tt-in Russian oblast', oblast: oblast. .[Pok. ual- 1111.]
walso-.	A post. 1. Latin vallus, post, stake, whencevallum, a palisade, wall: valuation, wall; interval.2. Greek helos (< *hdlos < ’walsos), stud, nail, wart:MYCELIUM. .[In Pok. 7. uel- 1140.]
we-.	We. For oblique cases of the pronoun see nes-².Suffixed variant form ’wei-es in Germanic *wiz in OldEnglish we, we, we: we. .[Pok. ue- 1114.]
we-.	To blow. Contracted from *wea-\ oldest basic form’awe- (< ’awes-). 1. Suffixed irregular shortened form’we-dhro- in Germanic ’wedram, wind, weather, in OldEnglish weder, weather, storm, wind: weather. 2. Suf-fixed (participial) form *we-nt-o-, blowing, in: a. Ger-manic ’windaz in (i) Old English wind, wind: wind¹ (ii)Old Norse vindr, wind: window; b. Latin ventus, wind:vent, ventail, ventilate. 3. Suffixed Germanic form’we-ingjaz in Old Norse vængr, wing, akin to the Scandi-navian source of Middle English wenge, wing: wing.4. Basic form ’we- in Sanskrit vdti (stem *vd-), he blows:nirvana. .[Pok. 10. au(e)- 81.]
webh-.	To weave, also to move quickly. 1. Germanic’weban in Old English wefan, to weave: weave, woof¹.2. Germanic *wefta- in Old English wefta, weft, crossthread: weft. 3. Suffixed o-grade form *wobh-yo- inGermanic ’wabjam, fabric, web, in Old English web(b),web: web, WEBSTER. 4. Suffixed Germanic form ’webila-in Old English wifel, weevil (< “that which movesbriskly”): weevil. 5. Suffixed Germanic form ’wabila-,web, honeycomb, in: a. Middle Low German was el, hon-eycomb, akin to the source of Old North French waufre,wafer: GOFFER, wafer; b. obsolete Dutch waefel, honey-comb; waffle¹. 6. Possibly Germanic *wab-, to moveback and forth as in weaving, in: a. Old English wafian,to move (the hand) up and down: wave; b. Low Germanwabbeln, to move from side to side, sway: wobble.7. Suffixed zero-grade form *ubh-a- in Greek huphe,web: hypha. .[Pok. uebh- 1114.]
wed-¹.	Water; wet. 1. Suffixed o-grade form *wod-6r inGermanic ’watar in Old English wæter, water: water.2. Suffixed lengthened-grade form ’wed-o- in Germanic’wed- in Old English wæt, wet, wet: wet. 3. O-gradeform ’wod- in Germanic suffixed form ’wat-skan, towash, in Old English wæscan, wacsan, to wash: wash.4. Nasalized form ’we-n-d- in Germanic ’wintruz, win-ter, “wet season,” in Old English winter, winter: winter.5.  Suffixed zero-grade form *ud-6r in Greek hudor,water: (hydrant), hydro-, (hydrous); anhydrous,CLEPSYDRA, DROPSY, HYDATHODE, HYDATID. 6. Suffixednasalized zero-grade form *u-n-d-d- in Latin unda, wave:UNDINE, UNDULATE; ABOUND, INUNDATE, (REDOUND),redundant, surround. 7. Suffixed zero-grade form’ud-ro-, *ud-rd-, water animal, in: a. Germanic *otraz,otter, in Old English otor, otter: otter; b. Latin Ultra,otter (with obscure /-): nutria; C. Greek hudros, a watersnake: Hydrus; d. Greek hudra, a water serpent, Hydra:Hydra. 8. Suffixed zero-grade form ’ud-skio- in Scottishand Irish Gaelic uisge, water: usquebaugh, (whiskey).9. Suffixed o-grade form *wod-a- in Russian voda, water:vodka. .[Pok. 9. aufe)- 78.]
wed-².	To speak. 1. Possibly oldest root form ’awed-becoming *awed- in reduplicated form *awe-ud- dissimi-lated to ’aweid-, with suffixed o-grade form ’awoid-o-respectively in Greek aeidein (Attic aidein), to sing, andaoide (Attic bide), song, ode (but more likely a separateroot ’aweid- becoming Greek ’aweid-, to sing): ode;COMEDY, EPODE, HYMNODY, MELODY, MONODY, PARODY,rhapsody, tragedy. 2. Sanskrit vadah, sound, state-ment: Theravada. .[Pok. 6. au- 76.]
wedh-.	To push, strike. Suffixed lengthened o-grade form’wbdh-eyo- in Greek bthein, to push: osmosis. .[Pok. 1.uedh- 1115.]
weg-¹.	To weave a web. Related to wokso-. Suffixedform *weg-slo- in Latin velum, a sail, curtain, veil: veil,VELUM, VEXILLUM, VOILE; REVEAL. .[Pok. Ueg- 1117.]
weg-².	To be strong, be lively. 1. Suffixed o-grade form*wog-e- in Germanic *waken in Old English *wacan, towake up, arise, and wacian, to be awake: wake¹. 2. Suf-fixed o-grade form 'wog-no- in Germanic *waknan inOld English wæcnan, wæcnian, to awake: waken.3. Germanic *wakjan in Old English wæccan, to beawake: watch. 4. Germanic *wahtwo in Old High Ger-man wahta, watch, vigil, in dialectal German beiwacht,supplementary night watch: bivouac. 5. Germanic*waht- in: a. Old North French waitier, to watch: wait;b. Middle Low German wachten, to watch, guard: waft.6. Suffixed (causative) o-grade form 'wog-eyo- in Latinvegere, to be lively: vegetable. 7. Suffixed (stative)form *weg-e- in Latin vigere, to be lively: vigor. 8. Suf-fixed form *weg-eli- in Latin vigil, watchful, awake (>vigilare, to watch, be awake): vedette, vigil, (vigi-lant), vigilante; reveille, surveillant. 9. Suffixedform *weg-slo- in Latin velox, fast, “lively”: velocity..[Pok. ueg- 1117.]
wegh-.	To go, transport in a vehicle. 1. Germanic *weganin Old English wegan, to carry, balance in a scale:weigh¹. 2. Germanic lengthened form *weg-b in OldEnglish wæg(e), weight, unit of weight: wee. 3. Suffixedform *wegh-ti- in Germanic *wihti- in Old English wiht,gewiht, weight: weight. 4. Germanic *wegaz, course oftravel, way, in Old English weg, way: WAY; always,(away). 5. Suffixed form *wogh-no- in Germanic *wag-naz, vehicle, in: a. Old English wæ(g)n, wagon: wain;b. Middle Dutch wagen, wagon: wagon. 6. Suffixedo-grade form *wogh-lo- in: a. Germanic *waglaz in OldNorse vagi, chicken roost, perch, beam: walleyed;b. Greek okhlos, populace, mob (< “moving mass”):ochlocracy, ochlophobia. 7. Distantly related to thisroot are: a. Germanic *wag-, “to move about,” in (i)possibly Middle English waggen, to wag: wag¹ (ii) OldHigh German waggo, wacko, boulder rolling on a river-bed (> German Wacke, boulder): graywacke; b. Ger-manic *wega-, water in motion, in Old Italian vogare, torow: vogue; C. Germanic *wig- in (i) Old English wicga,insect (< “thing that moves quickly”): earwig (ii)Middle Dutch and Middle Low German wiggelen, tomove back and forth, wag: wiggle. 8. Basic form *wegh-in Latin vehere (past participle vectus), to carry: vector,vehicle; advection, convection, evection, inveigh.9. Suffixed basic form *wegh-ya in Latin via, way, road:foy, via, voyage; convey, deviate, devious, (envoi),ENVOY¹, OBVIOUS, PERVIOUS, PREVIOUS, (TRIVIAL), TRIV-IUM, (viaduct). 10. Suffixed form *wegh-s- in Latinvexare, to agitate (< “to set in motion”): vex. 11. Prob-ably suffixed form *wegh-so- in Latin convexus, “carriedor drawn together (to a point),” convex (com-, together;see kom): convex. .[Pok. uegh- 1118.]
wegw-.	Wet. 1. Germanic *wakw-6 in Old Norse vok, acrack in ice (< “wet spot”): wake². 2. Suffixedzero-grade form ’ugw-sm- in: a. Latin (h)umere, to bewet: humectant, humid; b. Latin (h)umor, fluid: hu-mor. 3. Suffixed zero-grade form *ugu’-ro- in Greekhugros, wet, liquid: hygro-. 4. Regarded by some as anextended form of this root (with the meaning “theimpregnator”), but probably a distinct Indo-Europeanword, is *ukws-en-, bull, ox, in Germanic *uhson- in:a. Old English oxa, ox: ox; b. Old High German ohso, ox,in German Aurochs, aurochs: aurochs. .[Pok. uegv-1118.]
wegwh-.	Also eugwh-. To preach, speak solemnly. Suf-fixed o-grade form *woguh-eyo- in Latin vovere, topledge, vow: votary, vote, (votive), vow; devote,(DEVOUT). .[Pok. euegvh- 348.]
wei-’.	Also weia-. To turn, twist; with derivatives refer-ring to suppleness or binding. I. Form *wei-. 1. Germanicsuffixed form *wi-ra-, *we-ra- in Old English wir, wire:wire. 2. Probably suffixed Germanic form *wai-ra- inOld English war, seaweed: seaware. 3. Suffixedzero-grade form *wi-ria- in Isatin (of Celtic origin) viriae,bracelets: ferrule. 4. Suffixed form *wei-ti• in Ger-manic *wtth- willow, in Old English withig, wiry: withy.5. Suffixed zero-grade form *wi-t- in Germanic withjdn-in Old English withthe, supple twig: withe. II. Form*weio-, zero-grade *wi- (< '»). 1. Suffixed form 'wi-ti-in Latin vitis, vine: vise; viticulture. 2. Suffixed form*wi-td- becoming *witta in Latin vitta, headband: vitta.3. Suffixed form *wi-ri- probably in Greek iris, rainbow,and Iris, rainbow goddess: (iridaceous), irido-, iris.Iris; (iridium), (irisitis). 4. Suffixed form *wi-n- per-haps in Greek is (genitive inos), sinew: exine, inositol,inotropic. .[Pok. 1. uei- 1120.]
wei-².	To go after something. Suffixed o-grade form inGermanic *wai-thjo-, “pursuit,” with denominative*waithanjan, to hunt, plunder, in Old French gaaignier,gaigner, to obtain: gain¹; rowen. .[Pok. 3. uei- 1123.]
wei-³.	To wither. Extended form *weis- in Germanic *wis-in suffixed form *wis-n-on in Old English wisnian, towither, shrivel, shrink: wizen. .[Pok. 2. uei- 1123.]
wei-*.	Vice, fault, guilt. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form*wi-tio- in Latin vitium, fault, vice: vice¹, vicious,vitiate. 2. Suffixed form *wi-tu- in: a. Latin vitiligo,tetter (< “blemish”): vitiligo; b. Latin vituperare, toabuse (perhaps formed after Latin recuperare, to regain;see kap-): vituperate. .[Pok. 1. ut- 1175.]
weid-.	To see. I. Full-grade form *weid-. 1. Germanic*witan, to look after, guard, ascribe to, reproach, in:a. Old English witan, to reproach: twit; b. Old Proven-$al guida, a guide: guide; c. Germanic derivative noun*witi- in Old English wite, sine, penalty: wite¹. 2. Suf-fixed form *weid-to- in Germanic *wissaz in: a. OldEnglish wls, wise: wise¹; b. Old English wisdom, learn-ing, wisdom (-dom, abstract suffix; see dhe-¹): wisdom;C. Old High German wissago, seer, prophet: wiseacre;d. Germanic *wisson-, appearance, form, manner, in (i)Old English wise, wis, manner: wise² (ii) Old Frenchguise, manner: guise. 3. Suffixed form *weid-es- inGreek eidos, form, shape: eidetic, eidolon, idol,idyll, -oid; idocrase, kaleidoscope. 4. Perhaps GreekHaides (also Aides), the underworld, perhaps “the invisi-ble” (> French Hades): hadal, Hades. II. Zero-gradeform ’wid-. 1. Germanic *wit- in: a. Old English wit,witt, knowledge, intelligence: wit¹; b. Old English wita(genitive plural witena), wise man, councilor: witenage-mot. 2. Germanic *witan in Old English witan, to know:wit²; unwitting. 3. Suffixed form *wid-to- in Germanic*wissaz, known, in Old English gewis, gewiss, certain,sure: iwis. 4. Form *wid-e- (with participial form*weid-to-) in Latin videre (past participle visus), to see,look: VIDE, VIEW, VISA, VISAGE, VISION, VISTA, VOYEUR;ADVICE, (ADVISE), BELVEDERE, CLAIRVOYANCE, ENVY,EVIDENT, INTERVIEW, PREVISE, PROVIDE, REVIEW, SU-PERVISE, survey. 5. Suffixed form *wid-es-ya in Greekidea, appearance, form, idea: idea, ideo-. 6. Suffixedform *wid-tor- in Greek histdr, wise, learned, learnedman: history, (story¹); polyhistor. 7. Suffixed nasal-ized form *wi-n-d-no- in: a. Irish fonn, white (< “clearlyvisible”): colcannon; b. Welsh gwyn, gwynn, white:penguin. 8. Celtic compound *dru-wid-, “knower oftrees” (*dru-, tree; see deru-). III. Suffixed o-grade form*woid-o- in Sanskrit vedah, knowledge: Veda; Rig-Veda. .[Pok. 2. u(e)di- 1125.]
weidh-.	To divide, separate. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form*widh-ewo-, “bereft,” feminine *widh-ewa-, “womanseparated (from her husband by death),” in Germanic*widuwo in Old English widuwe, widow: widow.2. Zero-grade form *widh- in Latin dividere, to separate(dis-, intensive prefix): devise, divide, point-device..[Pok. ueidh- 1127.]
weia-.	Vital force. Perhaps related to wi-ro-. Zero-gradeform *wi- (< *wio-) in Latin vis, force, with irregularderivatives violdre, to treat with force, and violently,vehement: vim, violate, violent. .[In Pok. 3. uei- 1123.]
weik-'.	Clan (social unit above the household). 1. Suf-fixed form ’weik-sla in Isatin villa, country house, farm:VILLA, VILLAGE, VILLAIN, VILLANELLE, (VILLEIN); (BI-donville). 2. Suffixed o-grade form *woik-o- in: a. La-tin ficus, quarter or district of a town, neighborhood:(VICINAGE), vicinity; b. Greek oikos, house, and itsderivative oikia, dwelling: androecium, autoecious,DIOCESE, DIOECIOUS, DIOICOUS, ECESIS, ECOLOGY, ECON-OMY, ECUMENICAL, HETEROECIOUS, MONOECIOUS, PAR-ISH, TRIOECIOUS. 3. Zero-grade form *wik- in Sanskritns-, dwelling, house, with derivative vaisyah, settler:Vaisya. .[Pok. ueik- 1131.]
weik-².	In words connected with magic and religiousnotions (in Germanic and Latin). 1. Germanic suffixedform *wih-l• in Old English wigle, divination, sorcery,akin to the Germanic source of Old French guile, cun-ning, trickery: guile. 2. Germanic expressive form'wikk- in: a. Old English wicca, wizard, and wicce,witch: witch; b. Old English u'iccian, to cast a spell:bewitch. 3. Possible suffixed zero-grade form *wik-t-ima in Latin victima, animal used as sacrifice, victim(although this may belong to another root *(o)wek- nototherwise represented in English): victim. .[Pok. 1. ueik-1128]
weik-¹.	To be like. 1. Suffixed variant form *eik-on- inGreek eikon, likeness, image: icon, (iconic), icono-;aniseikonia. 2. Prefixed and suffixed zero-grade form*n uik-es, not like (*n-, not; see ne), in Greek aikes,unseemly: aecium. .[Pok. 3. ueik- 1129.]
weik-*.	Also weig-. To bend, wind. I. Form weig-. 1. Ger-manic ’wik- in: a. Old English wice, wych elm (havingpliant branches): wych elm; b. Swedish viker, willowtwig, wand, akin to the Scandinavian source of MiddleEnglish wiker, wicker: wicker; c. Old Norse vikja, tobend, turn, probably akin to the Scandinavian source ofOld North French u'tket, wicket (< “door that turns”):wicket. 2. Germanic *waikuaz in: a. Old Norse veikr,pliant: weak; b. Dutch week, weak, soft: weakfish.3.  Germanic *wikon-, “a turning,” series, in Old Englishwicu, wice, week: week. II. Form *weik-. Zero-gradeform ’wik- in: a. Latin vix (genitive vicis), turn, situ-ation, change: vicar, (vicarious), vice³; vicissitude;b. Latin vicia, vetch (< "twining plant”): vetch. .[Pok. 4.ueik- 1130.]
weik-³.	To sight, conquer. 1. Germanic 'wik- in Old Norseiigr, able in battle: wight². 2. Nasalized zero-grade form•wi-n-k- in Latin sincere (past participle victus), toconquer: vanquish, victor, vincible; convince,evict. .[Pok. 2. ueik- 1128.]
weip-.	To turn, vacillate, tremble ecstatically. 1. O-gradeform *woip- in Germanic 'waif- in Old Norse veif, wavingthing, flag, probably akin to the Scandinavian source ofAnglo-Norman waif, ownerless property: waif¹, (waive),(waiver). 2. Variant form *weib- in Germanic 'wipjan,to move back and forth, in: a. Old English wipian, towipe: wipe; b. Old French guiper, to cover with silk:guipure; c. Middle Dutch and Middle Low Germanwippen, to swing: whip. 3. Perhaps suffixed nasalizedzero-grade form *wi-m-pila- in: a. Old English wimpel,covering for the neck (< “something that windsaround”): wimple; b. perhaps Middle Dutch wimmel,auger (< “that which turns in boring”): wimble. 4. Suf-fixed zero-grade variant form *wib-ro- in Latin vibrare,to vibrate: vibrate. .[Pok. ueip- 1131.]
weis-.	To flow. I. 1. Germanic 'wison-, waison- in OldEnglish wase, mire, mud: ooze². 2. Taken by many as aderivative of this root, but probably an independentIndo-European word, is the suffixed form *wis-o- inLatin virus, slime, poison: virus. 3. Extended zero-gradeform *wisk- possibly in Latin viscum, mistletoe, birdlime:viscid, viscous. II. Attributed by some to this root, butmore likely of obscure origin, are some Germanic wordsfor strong-smelling animals. 1. Germanic *wisuldn- inOld English wesle, weosule, weasel: weasel. 2. Suffixedform 'wis-onto- in Germanic ’wisand-. 'wisunt-, Euro-pean bison (which emits a musky smell in the ruttingseason), in: a. Old High German wisunt, bison: wisent;b. 1 Jitin bison (plural bisontes), bison: bison. .[Pok. 3.ueis- 1134.]
weit(a)-.	To speak, adjudge. Extended o-grade form*woito- in Russian v^tu, council (see sem-¹).wekti-. Thing, creature. Germanic 'wihti- in Old Englishwiht, person, thing: wight¹; (aught²), naught, not..[Pok. uek-ti- 1136.]
wekw-.	To speak. 1. O-grade form *woku- in: a. Latin vox(stem t«c-), voice: vocal, voice, vowel; equivocal,univocal; b. Greek ops, voice: Calliope. 2. Suffixedo-grade form *woku-d- in Latin vocdre, to call: vocable,vocation, vouch; advocate, avocation, convoke,equivocal, evoke, invoke, provoke, revoke. 3. Suf-fixed form *weku-es- in Greek epos, song, word: epic,epos. .[Pok. uekv- 1135.]
wel-¹.	To see. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *wl-id- inGermanic 'wlituz, appearance, in Old Norse litr, appear-ance, color, dye, akin to the source of litmus. 2. Suffixedform 'wel-uno- perhaps in Sanskrit Varunah, “seer, wiseone,” sovereign god: Varuna. .[Pok. 1. uel- 1136.]
wel-².	To wish, will. 1. Germanic *wel- in Old English wel,well (< “according to one’s wish”): well². 2. Germanic*welbn- in Old English wela, weola, well-being, riches:weal¹, wealth. 3. Germanic 'wiljdn- in Old Englishwilla, desire, will power: will¹. 4. Germanic *wil(l)jan inOld English wyllan, willan, to desire: will²; nill. 5. Ger-manic compound *wil-kumdn- (see gwa-). 6. O-gradeform *wol- in Germanic 'wal- in Old French galloper andOld North French waloper, to gallop: gallop, wallop.7. Basic form 'wel- in Latin velle (present stem vol-), towish, will: velleity, volition, voluntary; benevo-lent, MALEVOLENT. 8. Suffixed form *wel-up- in Latinvoluptds, pleasure: voluptuary, voluptuous. .[Pok. 2.uel- 1137.]
wel-¹.	To turn, roll; with derivatives referring to curved,enclosing objects. 1. Germanic *walt- in: a. Old HighGerman walzan, to roll, waltz: waltz; b. Middle Dutchwelteren, to roll: welter. 2. Germanic 'weluka- in OldEnglish weoluc, weoloc, mollusk (having a spiral shell),whelk: whelk¹. 3. Perhaps Germanic *wel- in Old Eng-lish welig, willow (with flexible twigs): willow. 4. Per-haps Germanic *welk- in Old English wealcan, to roll,toss, and wealcian, to muffle up: walk. 5. O-grade form*wol- in Germanic *wall- in: a. Old English wiella, wælla,a well (< “rolling or bubbling water," “spring”): well¹;b. Old High German wallon, to roam: gaberdine.6. Perhaps suffixed o-grade form *wol-d- in Germanic*walo in: a. Old English walu, streak on the skin, weal,welt: wale; b. Old High German *-walu, a roll, roundstem, in *wurzwalu, rootstock (see wrad-). 7. Extendedform *welw- in: a. Germanic *walwon in Old Englishwealwian, to roll (in mud): wallow; b. Latin volvere, toroll: vault¹, vault², (volt²), voluble, volume, vo-lute, volutin, volvox, voussoir; circumvolve, con-volve, DEVOLVE, EVOLVE, INVOLVE, OBVOLUTE,revolve; C. suffixed o-grade form *wolw-a- in Latinvulva, volva, covering, womb: volva, vulva; d. suffixedzero-grade form *wlw-a- in Latin valva, leaf of a door (<“that which turns”): valve; e. suffixed form *welu-tro-in Greek elutron, sheath, cover: elytron. 8. Suffixedform *wel-n- in Greek eilein (< 'welnein), to turn: ileus;neurilemma. 9. Perhaps variant *wall- in Latin valles,vallis, valley (< “that which is surrounded by hills”):vail¹, vale¹, valley. 10. Suffixed form 'wel-ena, possi-bly identical with the Greek name Helene (earliest formWelend), Helen, in Greek helenion, elecampane: elecam-pane, inulin. 11. Suffixed form *wel-ik- in Greek helix,spiral object: helix. 12. Suffixed form 'wel-mi-nth- inGreek helmis, helmins (stem helminth-), parasitic worm:helminth; anthelmintic, platyhelminth. .[Pok. 7.uel- 1140.]
wel-⁴.	To tear, pull. 1. Suffixed form *wel-do- in Latinvellere, to tear, pull: avulse, convulse, divulsion,evulsion, revulsion, svelte. 2. Suffixed form*wel-no- in Latin vullis, shaggy hair, wool: velours,velvet, villus .[Pok. 8. uel- 1144.]
wel®-¹.	Wool. Probably related to wel-⁴. 1. Suffixedextended zero-grade form *wb-nd- in: a. Germanic‘wulld in Old English wul(l), wool: wool; b. Italic*wldnd in Latin lana (> French laine), wool, and itsderivative lanugo, down: lanate; delaine, lanifer-ous, lanolin, Lanugo; C. Celtic *wland in Welshgwlan, wool (> Middle English flannel, woolen cloth):flannel. 2. Possible suffixed o-grade form 'wolfofno- inGreek oulos, wooly, curly: ulotrichous. .[Pok. 4. uel-1139.]
wele-².	To strike, wound. 1. Suffixed o-grade form*wolfa)-o- in Germanic *walaz in Old Norse valr, theslain in battle in: a. Old Norse Valhdll, Valhalla: Val-halla; b. Old Norse Valkyrja, “chooser of the slain,”name of one of the twelve war goddesses (-kyrja, chooser;see geus-): Valkyrie. 2. Suffixed basic form ’ web-nes-in Latin vulnus (stem vulner-), a wound: vulnerable..[In Pok. 8. uel- 1144.]
welg-.	Wet. Germanic *welk- in: a. Old English wolc(e)n,cloud, sky: welkin; b. Middle English welken, to wilt:wilt¹. .[Pok. 2. uelk-, uelg-, 1145.]
welt-.	Woods; wild. 1. Suffixed form ’ wait-u- in Germanic*walthuz in: a. Old English weald, waid, a forest:weald, wold¹; b. Old Norse vollr, field: vole¹. 2. Ger-manic *walthdn- in Middle English welde, a plant yield-ing a yellow dye, weld: weld². 3. Germanic *wilthigazin: a. Old English wilde, wild: wild; b. Old Englishwildeor, wilddeor, wild beast (dear, animal; see dheu-¹):wilderness; c. Dutch wild, wild: wildebeest. .[In Pok.4. uel- 1139.]
wem®-.	To vomit. 1. Germanic *wam- in Old Norsevamla, qualm, and Danish uamle, to become sick, prob-ably akin to the Scandinavian source of Middle Englishwam(e)len, to feel nausea, stagger: wamble. 2. Latinvomere, to vomit: nux vomica, vomit. 3. Greek emein,to vomit: emesis, emetic. .[Pok. uem- 1146.]
wen-¹.	To desire, strive for. 1. Suffixed form *wen-w- inGermanic *winn(w)an, to seek to gain, in Old Englishwinnan, to win: win¹. 2. Suffixed zero-grade form*wn-yd in Germanic ‘wunjo in Old English wynn, wen,pleasure, joy: wen², winsome. 3. Suffixed (stative)zero-grade form ‘wn-e-, to be contented, in Germanic’wunen in Old English wunian, to become accustomedto, dwell: won¹, (wont). 4. Suffixed (causative) o-gradeform ‘won-eyo- in Germanic *wanjan in Old Englishwenian, to accustom, train, wean: wean¹. 5. Germanic‘weniz, hope, with denominative ‘wenjan, to hope, inOld English wenan, to expect, imagine, think: ween.6. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘wn-sko- in Germanic‘wunsk- in Old English wyscan, to desire, wish: wish.7. O-grade ‘won- perhaps in Germanic *wani- in: a. OldNorse Vanir, the Vanir: Vanir; b. Old Norse vana- inVanadis, name of the goddess Frey a: vanadium 8. Suf-fixed form *wen-es- in: a. Latin venus, love (> venerdri,to worship): venerate, venereal, venery¹, Venus;b. suffixed form *wen-es-no- in Latin venenum, lovepotion, poison: venom. 9. Suffixed form * wen-eta-, “be-loved,” possibly in Germanic * Weneda-, a Slavic people,in Old High German Winida, the Wends: Wend.10. Suffixed form *wen-yd in Latin venia, favor, forgive-ness: venial. 11. Lengthened-grade form *wen-d- inLatin vendri, to hunt: venatic, venery², venison.12. Suffixed basic form *wen-o- in Sanskrit vanam,forest: wanderoo. 13. Possibly zero-grade suffixed form*wn-ig- in Sanskrit vanik, vdnijah, merchant (? < “seek-ing to gain”): banian. .[Pok. 1. uen- 1146.]
wen-².	To beat, wound. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form‘wn-to- in Germanic ’wundaz in Old English wund, awound: wound¹. 2. Suffixed o-grade form *won-yo- inGermanic *wanja-, a swelling, in Old English wen(n),wænfn), wen: wen¹. .[In Pok. 1. ud- 1108.]
wendh-.	To turn, wind, weave. 1. Germanic *windan, towind, in: a. Old English windan, to wind: wind²; b. OldNorse vinda, to wind: windlass. 2. Germanic causative*wandjan in: a. Old English wendan, to turn to: wend;b. Dutch wenden, to turn: wentletrap. 3. Germanic*wandrdn, to roam about, in: a. Old English wandrian,to wander: wander; b. German wandern, to wander:wanderlust. 4. Germanic *wanduz in Old Norse vondr,a supple twig: wand. 5. Germanic *wandljaz, “wan-derer,” perhaps in Latin Vandalus, a Vandal: Vandal..[Pok. 1. uendh- 1148.]
weng-.	To bend, curve. 1. Germanic ‘wink- in Old Eng-lish wincian, to close the eyes (< “to bend down theeyelids”): wink. 2. Germanic ‘winkja in Old Englishwince, a reel, roller: winch. 3. Germanic ‘winkil- in OldEnglish -wincel, spiral shell: periwinkle¹. 4. Germanic‘wankil-, ‘wankul- in: a. Old English wencel, youth,maid (< “inconstant one”): wench; b. Old Englishwancol, inconstant, unsteady: wonky. 5. Germanic‘wankj- in: a. Old French gauchir, to turn aside:gauche; b. Anglo-Norman ‘weneir, to turn aside, avoid(> Middle English wincen, to kick): wince. .[Pok. ue-n-g-1148.]
wep-.	Bad, evil. From earlier ‘swep-. Suffixed zero-gradeform *up-elo- in Germanic ‘ubilaz, evil, in Old Englishyfel, evil: evil..[wepnam. Weapon. Germanic root. 1. Old English wæ-p(e)n, weapon: weapon. 2. Old Norse vdpn (plural vdpn),weapon: wapentake.]
wer-¹.	High raised spot. 1. Suffixed form ‘wer-d- inGermanic *wanton- in Old English wearte, wart: wart.2. Possibly Germanic ‘war- in obsolete Swedish var-bulde, “pus swelling” (bulde, swelling; see bhel-²), akin tothe source of warble². 3. Latin varius (genitive pluralvariorum), spotty, speckled, changeable: (vair), varie-gate, (variety), variola, variorum, various, vary;(miniver). 4. Latin varix, varicose vein: varix. 5. Suf-fixed and extended zero-grade form ‘wrsu-ko- in Latinverruca, a wart: verruca. .[Pok. 2. uer- 1151, 2. ud-1108.]
wer-².	To raise, lift, hold suspended. Earlier form ‘ower-.1. Basic form *awer- in Greek aeirein, to raise, andGreek arteria, windpipe, artery: aorta, arsis, arterio-,arteriole, artery. 2. Possibly referred to this root(obscure basic form *dwer-) is Greek aer (> Latin aer >Italian aria), air: aerial aero-, air, aria, malaria.3.  Related to Greek aer, air, is Greek aura (< zero-gradeform *aur-), breath, vapor: AURA. .[Pok. 1. uer- 1151.]
wer-³.	Conventional base of various Indo-European roots;to turn, bend. I. Root ‘wert-, to turn, wind. 1. Germanic‘werth- in: a. Germanic variant ‘worth- in (i) Old Eng-lish -weard, toward (< “turned toward”): -ward (ii)Germanic ‘inwarth, inward (‘in, in; see en), in OldEnglish inweard, inward: inward; b. perhaps Germanicderivative ‘werthaz, “toward, opposite,” hence “equiv-alent, worth,” in Old English weorth, worth, valuable,and derivative noun weorth, wierth, value: worth¹;stalwart. 2. Germanic ‘werthan, to become (< “to turninto”), in Old English weorthan, to befall: worth².3. Zero-grade form *wrt- in Germanic ‘wurth- in OldEnglish wyrd, fate, destiny (< “that which befalls one”):weird. 4. Latin vertere, to turn, with its frequentativeversdre, to turn, and passive versdri, to stay, behave (<“to move around a place, frequent”): versatile, verse¹,VERSION, VERSUS, VERTEBRA, VERTEX, VERTIGO, VOR-TEX; ADVERSE, ANNIVERSARY, AVERT, BOULEVERSE-MENT, CONTROVERSY, (CONVERSE¹), CONVERT,DEXTRORSE, DIVERT, EVERT, (EXTROVERSION), EXTRO-VERT, INTRORSE, INTROVERT, INVERT, MALVERSATION,OBVERT, PERVERT, PROSE, RETRORSE, REVERT, SINIS-TRORSE, SUBVERT, TERGIVERSATE, TRANSVERSE, UNI-VERSE. 5. Balto-Slavic *wirsta-, a turn, bend, in Russianversta, line: verst. II. Root *wreit-, to turn. Germanic‘writh-, ‘wraith- in: a. Old English writha, band (<"that which is wound around”); wreath; b. Old Englishwrithan, to twist, torture: writhe; c. Old Englishwrath, angry (< “tormented, twisted”): wrath, wroth.III. Root ‘wergh-, to turn. 1. Germanic *wurgjan in OldEnglish wyrgan, to strangle: worry. 2. Nasalized vari-ant *wrengh• in: a. Germanic ‘wreng- in Old Englishwnngan, to twist: wring; b. Germanic *wrang- in (i) OldNorse *vrangr. rangr, curved, crooked, wrong, akin tothe Scandinavian source of Middle English wrong,wrong: wrong (ii) Low German wrangeln, to wrestle,akin to the Low German source of Middle Englishwranglen, to wrangle: wrangle. IV. Root *werg-, toturn. 1. Nasalized variant form ‘wreng- in Germanic‘wrankjan in: a. Old English wrencan, to twist:wrench; b. Old English gewrinclian, to wind (ge-, col-lective prefix; see kom): wrinkle. 2. Latin vergere, toturn, tend toward: verge²; converge, diverge.V. Root ‘wreik-, to turn. 1. Germanic *wrig- in: a. OldEnglish wrigian, to turn, bend, go: wry; b. Middle LowGerman wriggeln, to wriggle: wriggle. 2. Germanic•wnhst- whence ‘wristiz in Old English wrist, wrist:wrist. 3. Secondary Germanic derivative *wraistjan inOld English wræstan, to twist, with its frequentative*wræstlian, to wrestle: wrest, wrestle. 4. Possiblyo-grade form ‘wroik- in Gaulish ‘bruko, heather (>French bruyere, heath): briar¹. VI. Germanic root*wrib- in Old French riber, to be wanton: ribald.VII. Root 'werb-, also *werbh-, to turn, bend. 1. Ger-manic 'werp-, *warp-, “to fling by turning the arm,” inOld English weorpan, to throw away: warp. 2. Latinverber, whip, rod: reverberate. 3. Latin verbena,sacred foliage: verbena, (vervain). 4. Zero-grade form•wrb- in Greek rhabdos, rod: rhabdomancy, rhabdovi-rus. 5. Nasalized variant form *wrembh- in Greek rhom-bos, magic wheel, rhombus: rhombus. VIII. Root•werp-, to turn, wind. 1. Metathesized form *wrep- inGermanic ‘wrap- in Danish dialectal vravle, to wind,akin to the source of Middle English wrappen, to wrap:wrap. 2. Zero-grade form ‘wrp- in Greek rhaptein, tosew (> rhaphe, suture): raphe, raphide; rhapsody,staphylorrhaphy, tenorrhaphy. IX Root *wrmi-,worm; rhyme word to kwrml-. 1. Germanic ‘wurmiz inOld English wyrm, worm: worm. 2. Latin vermis, worm:vermeil, vermi-, vermicelli, vermicular, vermin..[Pok. 3. uer- 1152.]
wer-⁴.	To perceive, watch out for. I. O-grade form ‘wor-.1. Suffixed form ‘wor-o- in Germanic ‘waraz in: a. OldEnglish wær, watchful: wary; b. Old English gewær,aware (ge-, collective and intensive prefix; see kom):aware; c. Old English warian, to beware: ware².2. Suffixed form ‘wor-to- in Germanic ‘wardaz, guard,and ‘warden, to guard, in: a. (i) Old English weard, awatching, keeper: ward; steward (ii) Old English wear-dian, to ward, guard: warder²; b. Old North Frenchwarder, to guard: warden; reward, wardrobe; c. OldFrench guarder, to guard: guard; d. Anglo-Normanwarde, guard: rearward². 3. Germanic *ward in: a. OldEnglish warn, goods, protection, guard: ware¹; b. OldEnglish -ware (probably plural of warn, “goods”), inhabi-tants (< “defenders”): fieldfare. 4. Suffixed form‘wor-wo- in Greek ouros, a guard: Arcturus. 5. Variant’(s)wor-, s(w)or- probably in Greek horan, to see: EPHOR,panorama. II. Suffixed (stative) form *wer-e- in Latinvereri, to respect, feel awe for: revere¹. .[Pok. 8. uer-1164.]
wer-⁵.	To cover. I. Basic form ‘wer-. 1. Germanic *wer-jon- in Old English wer, dam, fish trap: weir. 2 Com-pound form ‘ap-wer-yo- (*ap-, off, away; see apo-) inLatin apefire, to open, uncover: aperient, aperitif,aperture; overt, overture, pert. 3. Compound form*op-wer-yo- (’op-, over; see epl) in Latin operire, tocover: cover, operculum. II. O-grade form ‘wor-.1. Germanic ‘war-non in Old English war(e)nian, to takeheed: warn. 2. Germanic ‘war- in: a. (i) Old Frenchgarant, warrant, authorization: guaranty (ii) Old NorthFrench warant, warrant, and warantir, to guarantee:warrant, (warrantee), warranty; b. Old Frenchgarer, to guard, protect: garage; C. Old French g(u)arir,to defend, protect: garret, garrison; d. Old NorthFrench warenne, enclosure, game preserve: warren;e. Old French g(u)arnir, to equip; garment, garnish..[Pok. 5. uer- 1160.]
wer-⁴.	Also were-. To speak. Variant ‘wre-, contractedfrom *wm-. 1. Suffixed zero-grade form *wr-dho- inGermanic 'wurdarn in Old English word, word: word.2. Suffixed form *wer-dho- in Latin verbum, word: verb,verve; adverb, proverb. 3. Suffixed form ‘wer-yo- inGreek eirein, to say, speak: irony. 4. Variant form ‘wre-in suffixed form ‘wre-tor- in Greek rhetor, publicspeaker: rhetor. .[Pok. 6. uer- 1162.]
wer-⁷.	To burn. Suffixed lengthened o-grade (causative)form *wor-yo- in Russian varit’, to boil: samovar. .[Pok.12. uer- 1166.]
wer-’.	Squirrel. Reduplicated expressive form *wi-wer(r)-in Latin viverra, a ferret: viverrine. .[Pok. 13. tier-1166.]
wer-.	Water. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘ur-ind- in Latinurina, urine: urine. .[In Pok. 9. au(e)- 78.]
were-¹.	Wide, broad. Suffixed form *wer(a)-u- metathe-sized in Greek eurus, wide: eury-; aneurysm, Euryd-ICE. .[Pok. 8. uer- 1165.]
were-².	To find. Variant ‘wre-, contracted from *wreo-.Reduplicated form *we-wre- in Greek heuriskein (firstperson singular perfect indicative active heureka), tofind: eureka, heuristic. .[Pok. 4. uer- 1160.]
werg-.	To do. I. Suffixed form ‘werg-o-. 1. Germanic‘werkam, work, in: a. Old English weorc, were, work:work; b. Old High German were, work: (boulevard),bulwark. 2. Greek ergon, work, action: erg, -URGY;ADRENERGIC, ALLERGY, ARGON, CHOLINERGIC, DEMI-URGE, DRAMATURGE, ENDERGONIC, ENDOERGIC, EN-ERGY, ERGOGRAPH, EXERGONIC, EXERGUE, EXOERGIC,GEORGIC, LITURGY, METALLURGY, SURGERY, (SYNERGID),synergism, thaumaturge. II. Zero-grade form ‘wrg-.1. Suffixed forms ‘wrg-yo-, *wrg-to- in Germanic *wurk-jan, to work, participle *wurhta-, in Old English wyrcan,to work, participle geworht, wrought: wrought. 2. Suf-fixed form *wrg-t- in Germanic ‘wurhtjo- in Old Englishwryhta, maker, wright: wright. III. O-grade form‘worg- in: a. Greek organon (with suffix -ano-), tool:organ, organon; b. Greek orgia, secret rites, worship(< “service”): orgy. .[Pok. 2. uerg- 1168.]
wero-.	True. 1. Germanic *wera- in Old English wær,faith, pledge: warlock. 2. Latin verus (> Old Frenchvoir, truth), true, with its derivative verax, truth: vera-cious, VERISM, VERITY, VERY; AVER, VERDICT, VERIDI-CAL, verify, verisimilar, voir dire. 3. Latin severus,grave, serious; regarded by some as a compound of se-,sed, without (see s(w)e-), and verus, true, but thesemantic difficulties make this explanation improbable:SEVERE; ASSEVERATE, PERSEVERE. .[Pok. 11. Uer- 1165.]
wers-¹.	To confuse, mix up. Compare ers-¹. I. Suffixedbasic form. 1. Germanic *werz-a-, whence ‘werra- in:a. Old North French werre, war; war; b. Spanish gue-rra, war: GUERRILLA. 2. Germanic comparative ‘wers-izon- in Old English wyrsa, worse: worse. 3. Germanicsuperlative *wers-istaz in Old English wyrsta, worst:worst. II. Suffixed zero-grade form *wrs-ti- in Germanic‘wursti- in Old High German wurst (> German Wurst),sausage (< “mixture”): wurst; (liverwurst). .[Pok.uers- 1169.]
wers-².	To be wet. Compare ers-². Suffixed o-grade(causative) form *wors-eyo- in Greek ourein, “to makewater,” to urinate, whence ouron, urine: ureter, Ure-THRA, URETIC, -URIA, URO-¹, URONIC; DIURETIC, ENURE-SIS. .[In Pok. 9. aufe)- 78.]
wes-’.	To buy. 1. Suffixed form *wes-no- in Latin venum,sale: venal, vend. 2 Suffixed o-grade form *wos-nd- inGreek dneisthai, to buy: duopsony. .[Pok. 8. ues- 1173.]
wes-².	Wet. Germanic *wos- in Old English was, juice:ooze¹. .[Pok. 3. ues- 1171.]
wes-³.	To stay, dwell, pass the night, with derivativesmeaning “to be.” 1. O-grade form ‘wos- in Germanic‘was- in Old English wæs, was: was. 2. Length-ened-grade form ‘wes- in Germanic *wez- in Old Englishwære (subjunctive), wæron (plural), were: were. 3. Ger-manic ‘wesan in Old Norse vesa, vera, to be: wassail.4. Suffixed form ‘wes-td- perhaps in Latin Vesta, house-hold goddess; Vesta. 5. Suffixed variant form *was-tu-possibly in Greek astu, town (< “place where onedwells”), whence Latin astus, skill, craft (practiced in atown): astute. .[Pok. 1. ues- 1170.]
wes-*.	To clothe. Extension of eu-¹. 1. Suffixed o-gradeform *wos-eyo- in Germanic ‘wazjan in Old Englishwerian, to wear, carry: wear¹. 2. Suffixed form *wes-ti-in Latin vestis, garment: vest; devest, invest, revest,travesty. 3. Suffixed form *wes-nu- in Greek hennunai,to clothe: himation. .[Pok. 5. ues- 1172.]
wes-pero-.	Evening, night. I. Reduced form *wes-.1. Suffixed form *wes-to- in Germanic *west- in: a. OldEnglish west, west: west; b. Old English westerne,western: western; c. Old English westra, more west-erly: westerly. 2 Possibly Germanic *wis- in LateLatin Visigothi, “West Goths” (Gothi, the Goths): Visi-goth. II. Basic form *wespero-. 1. Latin vesper, evening:vesper, vespertilionid. 2. Greek hesperos, evening:Hesperian. .[Pok. uesperos 1173.]
west".	Spring. Latin ver, spring (phonologically irregular);vernal; primavera. .[Pok. ues-r 1174.]
wet-¹.	To blow, inspire, spiritually arouse. Related to we-.1. Lengthened-grade form *wdt- in Germanic suffixedform *wdd-eno-, *wdd-ono-, “raging,” “mad,” “inspired,”hence “spirit,” name of the chief Teutonic god, in: a. OldEnglish Woden, Woden: Woden; b. Old English Wad-nesdæg, “Woden’s day”: Wednesday; C. Old NorseOdhinn, Odin: Odin; d. Old High German Wuotan (>German Wotan), Wotan: Wotan. 2. Lengthened variantform *wdt- in Latin votes, prophet, poet: vatic. 3. Suf-fixed variant form *wat-no- in Latin vannus, a winnow-ing fan: fan¹, van³. 4. Oldest basic form ‘swet- becoming*awet- in suffixed form *awet-mo- in Greek atmos (<*aetmos), breath, vapor: atmosphere. .[Pok. uat- 1113.]
wet-².	Year. 1. Suffixed form *wet-ru- in Germanic *weth-ruz, perhaps “yearling,” in Old English wether, wether:wether. 2 Suffixed form *wet-es- in: a. Latin vetus, old(< “having many years”): veteran; inveterate;b. Latin veterinus, of beasts of burden, of cattle (perhapschiefly old cattle): veterinary; C. Greek etos, year:etesian. 3. Suffixed form *wet-olo- in Latin vitulus, calf,yearling: veal, vitellus. .[Pok. uet- 1175.]
wi-.	Apart, in half. 1. Suffixed form *wi-itos in Germanic*widaz in Old English wid, wide (< “far apart”): wide.2 Suffixed (comparative) form *wi-tero- in Germanic*withro, against, in: a. Old English wither, against, withits derivative with, with, against: with, withers; b. OldHigh German widar, against: guerdon; withershins..[Pok. 1. ui- 1175.]
widhu-.	Tree. Germanic *widu- in Old English wudu,wood: wood. .[Pok. uidhu- 1177.]
wikmti.	Twenty. Compound of wi-, in half, hence two,and *(d)kmt-i (nominative dual), decade, reducedzero-grade form of dekm. 1. Latin viginti, twenty: vice-nary, vigesimal. 2. Greek eikosi. twenty: icosahe-dron. 3. Sanskrit virpiatih, twenty: pachisi. .[Pok.ui-kmt-i 1177.]
wi-ro-.	Man. Derivative of wei»-². 1. Germanic shortenedfrom *wiraz becoming ‘weraz in: a. Old English wer,man: werewolf, wergeld; b. Germanic compound‘werald-, “life or age of man” (•-aid-, age; see al-’), inOld English weorold, world; world; C. Frankish ‘wer-wulf, “man-wolf” (*wulf, wolf; see wlk«o-), in Frenchgarou, werewolf: loupgarou. 2 Latin vir, man: vi-RAGO, VIRILE, VIRTUE, (VIRTUOSA), (VIRTUOSO); DECEM-VIR, duumvir, triumvir. 3. Possibly I>atin curia, curia,court, if regarded as from * co-vir, “men together” (co-,together; see kom): curia. .[Pok. uiro-s 1177.]
wleik-.	To flow, run. Zero-grade form *wlik-. 1. Adjective*wlik-u-, wet, in: a. suffixed form ‘whk-w-d- in Latinliqudre, to dissolve: liquate; b. suffixed form ‘whk-w-e-in Latin liquere, to be liquid: liquescent, liquid,liquor; deliquesce, liquefy. 2. Suffixed form *wlik-s-in: a. Latin lixa, lye: lixiviate; b. Latin prolixus,poured forth, stretched out in front, extended (pro-,forth; see per¹): PROLIX. .[In Pok. leiku- 669.]
wlkwO-.	Wolf. 1. Germanic *wulfaz in: a. Old Englishwulf, wolf: wolf; b. Middle Dutch wolf, wulf, wolf:aardwolf; c. Old High German wolf, wolf, in GermanWolfram, tungsten: wolfram; d. Frankish *wulf, wolf(see wi-ro-). 2 Taboo variant *lupo- in Latin lupus, wolf:LOBO, lupine¹, lupine²; loup-garou. 3. Taboo variant*lukuo- in: a. Greek lukos, wolf: lycanthrope, lycopo-dium; b. Suffixed form ‘luk^-ya in Greek lussa, martialrage, madness, rabies (“wolf-ness”): lytta; alyssum..[Pok. ulkvos 1178.]
wlp-e-.	Fox. 1. Latin vulpes, fox: vulpine. 2. Taboovariant *aldpek- in Greek a lop ex, fox: alopecia. .[Pok.u/p-, lup- 1179.]
wogwh-ni-.	Plowshare, wedge. 1. Probably Germanic*wagjaz in Old English wecg, wedge: wedge. 2. Prob-ably Latin vomer, plowshare: vomer. .[Pok. uogvhni-s1179.]
wokso-.	Wax. Related to weg-¹. Germanic *wahsam inOld English wæx, weax, wax: wax¹. .[Pok. uokso- 1180.]
wopsa.	Wasp. Metathesized form *wospd. 1. Germanic  *wosp- in Old English wæsp, wæps, wasp: wasp. 2 Isatinvespa, wasp: vespiary. .[Pok. uobhsd 1179.]
wds.	You (plural). Latin vos (> Old French vous), you:rendezvous. .[In Pok. 1. iu- 513.]
wrad-.	Branch, root. I. Basic form *wrdd- in Germanic*wrot- in Old Norse rot, root: root¹; rutabaga.II. Zero-grade form ‘wrad-. 1. Germanic *wurtiz in:a. Old English wyrt, plant, herb: wort; b. GermanWurzel (< ‘wurzwala, rootstock; *-wala, a roll, roundstem; see we!-³), root: MANGELWURZEL. 2. Latin radix,root: RACE³, RADICAL, RADICLE, RADISH, RADIX; DERACI-NATE, eradicate. 3. Suffixed form ‘wrad-mo- in Latinramus, branch: ramose, ramus; ramify. 4. Suffixedreduced form *wr(a)d-ya perhaps in Greek rhiza, root;RHIZO-, rhizome; coleorhiza, licorice, mycorrhiza..[Pok. use)rad- 1167.]
wragh-.	Thorn, tip. Greek rhakhis, ridge, spine: rachis..[Pok. 1. urdgh- 1180.]
wreg-.	To push, shove, drive, track down. I. Basic form*wreg- in Germanic ‘wrekan in: a. Old English wrecan,to drive, expel: wreak; b. Old Norse rek (older formvrek), wreckage, akin to the Scandinavian source ofAnglo-Norman wrec, wreck: wreck. II. O-grade form*wrog-. 1. Germanic ‘wrakjon-, “pursuer, one pursued,”in: a. Old English wrecca, exile: wretch; b. Frankish‘wrakjo, “one pursued, an exile,” perhaps in Frenchgarce, a girl: gasket. 2. Germanic ‘wrakaz in: a. OldEnglish wræc, exile, punishment, and Middle Dutchwrak, wreckage; wrack¹; b. Swedish rak, wreckage, akinto the source of Middle English rak, mass of drivenclouds: RACK³. III. Zero-grade form ‘wrg-eyo-, ‘urg-eyo-in Latin urgere, to urge, drive: URGE. .[Pok. ureg- 1181.]
wreg-.	To break. Suffixed form *wreg-nu- in Greekrhegnunai, to burst forth: -rrhagia. .[Pok. ureg- 1181.].[wrod-. Rose. A word (not common Indo-European) ofunknown origin. 1. Suffixed form *wrod-o- in Greekrhodon, rose: rhodo-; (rhodium). 2 Suffixed form*wrod-ya- (perhaps via Etruscan) in Isatin rosa, rose:rose’. 3. Zero-grade form *wrd- in Iranian ‘wrd inPersian gut, rose: JULEP.]
wrod-.	To root, gnaw. Germanic 'ur6t- in Old Englishurotan, to dig up: root². (Pok. 7. uer- 1163.]
wrodh-.	To grow straight, upright. Suffixed zero-gradeform ‘uradh-uo- in Greek orthos, straight, correct, right:ORTHO-, orthotics; ANORTHITE. .[In Pok. uerdh- 1167.]
wrog-.	To burgeon, swell with strength. Suffixedzero-grade form *u'rag-a- in Greek organ, to swell:orgasm. .[Pok. 3. uerg- 1169.]
wrughyo-.	Rye. Germanic *rugi- in Old English ryge, rye:RYE’. .[Pok. urughio- 1183.].[xenos. Strange: stranger. Greek word (earlier form'xenuos) of uncertain origin and formation; the initial rmay be the zero-grade form ‘ghs- of ‘ghos- (seeghos-tl-): xeno-; euxenite, pyroxene.]
ya-.	To be aroused. Suffixed form *yd-lo• in Greek zelos,zeal: jealous, zeal. (Pok. .[d- 501.]
yag-.	To worship; reverence. Suffixed form ‘yag-yo-perhaps in Greek hagios, holy: hagio-. .[Pok. jag- 501.]
ye-.	To throw. Contracted from ‘yea-. 1. Extendedzero-grade forms *yak-yo- in Latin jacere, to throw, lay,and •yak-e- (stative) in jacere, to lie down (< “to bethrown’’), and jaculum, dart: JESS, JET², joist; abject,ADJACENT, ADJECTIVE, AMICE, CONJECTURE, DEJECT,(EASE), EJACULATE, EJECT, GIST, INJECT, INTERJECT,OBJECT’, PARGET, PROJECT, REJECT, SUBJACENT, SUB-JECT, superjacent, TRAJECT. 2. Basic form ‘ye- andzero-grade form ‘ya- in Greek hienai, to send, throw:CATHETER, DIESIS, ENEMA, PARESIS, SYNESIS. .[Pok. ie-502.]
yeg-.	Ice. Germanic ‘jakilaz, ‘jekilaz, in Old Englishgicel, icicle, ice: icicle. .[Pok. ieg- 503.]
yegwa*.	Power, youthful strength. Greek hebe, youth,youthful vigor; Hebe; ephebe, hebephrenia. .[Pok.ie^d 503.]
yek-.	To speak. Suffixed o-grade form *yok-o- in Latinjocus, joke: jewel, jocose, jocular, joke, juggle,(juggler); jeopardy. (Pok. lek- 503.]
yek-.	To heal. Possible suffixed zero-grade form ‘yak-es-in Greek akos, cure: autacoid, panacea. .[Pok. lek- 504.]
yekwr.	Liver. Greek hepar, liver: hepatic, hepato-;HEPARIN, (HEPATITIS), (HEPATOGENIC). .[Pok. iekv-rt504.]
yem-.	To pair. Perhaps altered into Latin geminus, twin,paired: geminate, Gemini, gimmal; bigeminal, tri-geminus. .[Pok. iem- 505.]
yer-.	Year, season. 1. Suffixed basic form ‘yer-o- inGermanic ’jeram in Old English gear, year: year.2. Suffixed o-grade form ‘ybr-a- in Greek hor a, season:hour; horologe, horology, horoscope. .[In Pok. 1. ei-293.]
yes-.	To boil, foam, bubble. 1. Germanic ‘jest- in OldEnglish gist, yeast: yeast. 2. Greek zeein, zein, to boil:eczema, zeolite. .[Pok. ies- 506.]
yeu-.	Vital force, youthful vigor. Earliest form *jyeu-;variant of alw-. Suffixed zero-grade form ‘yuwen- (<’yu-æn-), “possessing youthful vigor,” young. 1 Furthersuffixed form ‘yuwn-ti- in Germanic ‘jugunthi-, ’jugun-tha- in Old English geoguth, youth: youth. 2. Furthersuffixed form 'yuun-ko- in: a. Germanic ‘juwungazbecoming ‘jungaz in (i) Old English geong, young:young (ii) Old High German jung, young: junker (iii)compound ‘jung-froud-, young lady (see per’); b. OldIrish doc, Irish Gaelic 6g, in oglach, soldier: callow-glass. 3. Latin iuvenis, young: junior, juvenile; juve-nocracy, rejuvenate. .[Pok. 3. ieu- 510.]
yeudh-.	To move violently, fight. Zero-grade form‘yudh-e- in Latin jubere, to command (< "to set inmotion”): jussive. .[Pok. ieu-dh- 511.]
yeue-.	To blend, mix food. Zero-grade form ‘yu- (< 'yua-)in: a. Suffixed form *yu-s- in Latin jus, juice, broth:juice; b. suffixed form *yus-md in Greek zume, leaven:-zyme, zymo-; enzyme. .[Pok. 1. ieu- 507.]
yeug-.	To join. I. Zero-grade form ‘yug-. 1. Suffixed form‘yug-o- in: a. Germanic ‘yukam in Old English geoc,yoke: yoke; b. Latin jugum, yoke: jugate, jugular,jugum; conjugate, subjugate; c. Greek zugon, yoke,and zugoun, to join: zygo-, zygoma, -zygous; (azy-gous), syzygy; d. Sanskrit yugam, yoke: Yuga. 2. Suf-fixed (superlative) form *yug-istos in Latin ‘jugistd (vid),“on a nearby (road),” contracted to juxta, close by:joust; adjust, juxtapose, (juxtaposition). 3. Nasal-ized form ‘yu-n-g- in Latin jungere, to join: join, JUNC-TION, JUNCTURE, junta; ADJOIN, CONJOIN, (CONJUGAL),(conjunct), enjoin, injunction, subjoin. II. Suffixedform ‘yeug-mn in Greek zeugma, a bond: zeugma.III. Suffixed o-grade form ‘youg-o- in Sanskrit yogah,union: yoga. .[Pok. 2. ieu- 508.]
yewes-.	Law. 1. Latin jus, law, and its derivative jurare,“to pronounce a ritual formula,” swear: jural, jurist,JURY’; ABJURE, ADJURE, CONJURE, INJURY, JURIDICAL,JURISCONSULT, JURISDICTION, JURISPRUDENCE, (NON-JUROR), objurgate, perjure. 2. Compound form‘yewes-dik-, “one who shows or pronounces the law” (seedeik-), in Latin judex, judge: judge; adjudicate,prejudice. 3. Suffixed form ‘yewes-to- in Latin justus,just: just’. .[Pok. ieuos 512.]
yewo-.	Grain. Suffixed form ‘yew-ya in Greek zeia,one-seeded wheat: zein. .[Pok. ieuo- 512.]
yds-.	To gird. 1. Suffixed form *yos-ter- in Greek zoster,girdle: zoster. 2. Suffixed form ‘yos-nd in Greek zone,girdle: zone; evzone. .[Pok. id(u)s- 513.]
yu-’.	You. Second person (plural) pronoun. Germanic ‘juz(nominative) and ‘iwwiz (oblique) in Old English #e andeow, you: ye², you. .[Pok. 1. iu- 513.]
yu-².	Outcry (of exultation). 1. Latin jubildre, to raise ashout of joy: jubilate. 2. Greek iuzein, to cry, call: jinx..[Pok. 2. iu- 514.]