a 英美人几乎不用思考就能正确地使用不定冠词; 而对于中国人来说 ( 尤其是初学者) ，这并非易事。但具体用法还是有章可循，简述如下。
1． 元音音素前用 an:
an eye
an island
an umbrella
2． 在字母、首字母缩略词或数字前如何使用冠词，要视它们的发音而定。
1) 辅音音素前用 a:
a university
a day's trip
2) 当 h 不发音、发弱音或书写时，a与 an 都可以使用:
a / an historical novel
3) 但是在说话时，不管 h 是否发音，多用 a; 但英格兰人在说话时，a、an
两者都有使用的:
a / an hotel
4) 在现代英语的书写和说话时，a 有时用在发强音的 h 前面:
a hundred
3． a 与 one 同源，意为 “一个”，可与可数名词单数连用，表示某一类东西或人:
a house
a leader
4． 表示职称、头衔、等级、称呼的名词与人名连用时，不用 a / an:
Premier Zhu
Professor Smith
Colonel Brown
5． crossroads 前面应该用 a，因为交叉路的英语释义是 a place where two or more roads cross each other( 一个两条或多条道路交叉的地方) ，是将它作为一个整体 ( 一个地方) 来看待的。
6． 抽象名词如在使用者头脑里是想表示 “一回事”时，可用 a / an:
Europe was in ferment. ( ferment抽象，泛指，前面不用 a)
The students' protest against the reactionary authorities was in a ferment. ( ferment 在说话者头脑中是一件具体的事，前面用 a)
7． yes 和 no 前是否加 a / an?
1) 在表示完整的、普通意义上的 yes 或 no 时，可以不用 a / an:
I often say yes; however， this time I must say no.
2 ) 当 yes 或 no 被形容词修饰限定或用来修饰其他名词时，就有了特殊意义，这时可作为可数名词，用 a / an 来修饰:
a hesitating no
an affirmative no
His answer is a firm no.
3) 有复数形式:
There were more noes and yeses to the proposal.
8． 可数名词前可用 a / an:
a worker
a cat
a house
9． 不可数名词( 如表示一般概念时的抽象名词和物质名词) 前一般不可用 a / an:
Iraq is rich in oil.
The girl is studying music.
He has received information that the spy may have left the city.
10． 一般来说，有复数形式的名词前可以加 a / an:
a teacher
an hour
1) teacher 和 hour 都有复数形式，所以它们的单数形式前可加 a / an。
2) 有些习惯上没有复数形式的名词前可以加也可以不加 a / an:
I gazed at her in admiration.
She has a unique admiration for the progress made in China.
You need six more courses in education to get your teacher's certificate.
He had a college education.
He was filled with joy at the thought of seeing his wife.
My kids are a great joy to me.
3) 这样看来，不可数名词前是否加 a / an 要视具体情况而定，一般来说，这类名词若有表示程度等特殊意义的形容词修饰，则可以用不定冠词来修饰:
She has a detailed knowledge of this period. ( a detailed knowledge 指具体的知识)
Knowledge is power. ( 这里的knowledge 是一般意义上的知识)
11． 在一些习惯短语中，即便名词是复数形式，其前面也可出现 a / an:
a myriad stars
We've lived here for a good many years.
He was asked a great many questions.
12． 少数表示学科、游戏、疾病、物体等名词，形式上是复数，但意义上是单数，它们前面可用 a / an:
There is a scissors on the table.
There is a barracks near our house.
It is an effective means for finding qualified job applicants.
It is a bellows made out of a goat skin.
A gallows is a wooden frame used to execute criminals by hanging.
A lion is a species of mammal.
A headquarters has been established near the village.
A series of traffic accidents was reported last week.
A steel works is being planned.
13． 专有名词前有时也可用 a / an，泛指一类人物、事物中的一个:
a Santa Claus ( 指一位圣诞老人的扮演者)
a Henry Levin( 指许多 Henry Levin 中的一个 Henry Levin)
a new Pudong ( 与 an old Pudong相对而言)
a modern Shanghai ( 与 an old Shanghai 相对而言)
He has bought a Buick. ( Buick 是专用名词，不可数，但这里指许多Buick cars 中的一辆，可数)
14． 一些省略的专有名词前有时也可用 a / an:
a Watergate ( 即 a Watergate Scandal， a political scandal like the Watergate Affair)
Do you have a Longman ? ( 即 a Longman dictionary)
She has a Lenovo. ( 即 She has a Lenovo computer. )
15． 不少表示食物饮料等的名词在现代英语中不可数，但表示“一份( 该种食物 )”时可数，前面可加 a / an:
We have tea at five.
She likes a green tea.
Brazil exports a lot of coffee.
Three teas and a coffee，please.
A black coffee and a white coffee，please.
16． 个别副词和形容词，其形看似最高级，实际上并非如此。当它们修饰名词时，前面可以用 a / an:
It's a most enjoyable party.
It's a best seller. abbreviate 从搭配上讲，有以下几种用法。
1． 不跟宾语:
Don't be afraid to abbreviate.
2． 多用于 abbreviate to sth 句型:
Frederick is often abbreviated to Fred.
3． 分词形式作形容词用:
I gave him an abbreviated account.
an abbreviated version of the text
4． 后面常跟介词 from 或 to:
“PO” is abbreviated from “Post Office”．
In writing，the title“Doctor”is abbreviated to “Dr.”． abbreviation 英语中缩略构词的方法主要有以下 7种。
1． 减法:
airplane( 去头)
telephone ( 去头)
literature( 去尾)
advertisement doctor( 去尾)
influenza( 去头尾)
detective( 去头尾)
2． 混成法:
motel ( motor + hotel)
boatel ( boat + hotel)
3． 首字母缩略法:
ABC ( Advanced Booking Charter)
CREEP ( Committee for the Re-election of the President)
4． 收缩法:
supt. ( superintendent / support)
patd. ( patented)
atty. ( attorney)
5． 保留辅音法:
hdwd. ( hardwood)
blvd. ( boulevard)
hdqrs. ( headquarters)
tspt. ( transport)
tsp. ( teaspoonful)
6． 仿音法:
IOU( 借据) ( 根据“I owe you”的发音缩略而成，英语解释为“A piece of paper that you sign to say that you owe someone an amount of money.”) :
The letters “IOU” sound like “I owe you.”
7． 委婉缩略法:
gd( goddamned)
sob ( son of a bitch) ABC 1． 有多种缩写意义:
American Broadcasting Corporation( 美国广播公司)
Australian Broadcasting Corporation( 澳大利亚广播公司)
Advanced Booking Charter ( 预订章程)
2． 可修饰名词:
ABC art( 简约派艺术)
3． 作单词，意为“基本知识”等:
the ABC of Web Site Evaluation
the ABC of gardening
4． 用在短语中:
as easy as ABC
5． 有时可写成 A． B． C． :
An A． B． C． of English Usage able 使用时要注意以下几点。
1． 几乎总是用主动语态，有生命和无生命的东西作主语都是如此:
The child is able to read and write. ( 有生命)
She wasn't able to left the suitcase. ( 有生命)
It is a simple experiment able to be performed by anyone. ( 无生命)
so social and religious life would be able to be carried out on a normal basis. ( 无生命)
2． 尽管无生命的主语也可用主动语态，但是要尽量避免，上述后两个句子最好改成:
It is a simple experiment that anyone could ( can) perform.
It is a simple experiment that could ( can) be performed by anyone.
so social and religious life could be carried out on a normal basis.
so ( we) could carry out social and religious life on a normal basis.
3． 作形容词修饰名词时，既可修饰有生命的也可修饰无生命的东西，表示“( 能力) 出众的、出色的”等。
1) 修饰有生命:
an able worker
2) 修饰无生命:
an able speech
able achievements
4． 有两种比较级和最高级形式。
1) 比较级:
an abler teacher
a more able teacher
2) 最高级:
the ablest student in the class
the most able student in the class aboard 原先是航海用词，英国人主要用在船务方面，美国人将其扩大到火车等运载工具上。 因而，美国检票员常喊
“All aboard!”，而英国检票员常说
“Take your seats，please!”
1． 注意以下几点。
1) 可作副词:
It's time to get / be / climb / come / fall / go / jump / lay / step aboard.
2) 可作介词:
He traveled aboard the space shuttle / ship / train / aircraft / bus / helicopter / glider / airship / hot-air balloon.
3) 可作形容词:
( 棒球 ) to hit a double with three runners aboard
2． 在美国口语中，常用作“加入组织、团体、公司”等意思:
I'd like to welcome three new employees aboard.
3． 注意它的固定用法:
All aboard! 上车 ( 或船、飞机等 )啦!
Close aboard. 紧靠船边。
come / get aboard 加入，入伙
fall aboard 并排靠上 ( 其他的船只)
hard aboard 紧靠船边
lay aboard 并排靠上 ( 其他的船只)
Welcome aboard! 欢迎上船( 或上车等) !
4． 与on board 近似:
get aboard / on board the train 上火车 about 1． 基本含义是 around，circling:
The student was walking about the campus.
2． 与其他动词组成复合动词时，含义总比原动词弱:
I know her. 我了解她。( 了解得比较深)
I know about her. 我对她有所了解。( 少许了解一些)
He had forgotten the incident. 他已忘记了那起事件。( 完全忘记)
He had forgotten about the incident. 关于这一件事他已有所忘记。( 未完全淡忘)
3． 后面可跟动名词和动词不定式。
这时它的含义是“on the point of( 即将……)”:
He is about leaving.
I was about to say that when you interrupted me.
The ceremony is about to begin.
4． 有人认为，about 前面不能用介词at，这是不对的。
1) 事实上，about 可以跟在很多介词的后面:
at about ten o'clock in the morning
for about three days
in about a week
by about Easter
2) 有时甚至前面一定要用 at:
They sold at about $ 10 a share.
5． 尽管 about 意为“约”，但是它后面可以跟确切的数字:
It weighs about 332 pounds.
The field is producing about 1，089 barrels of crude oil a day.
6． 后面一般不跟不确定的时间、数字短语，如一般不讲 about a little more than twenty 或 about less than five 等。 above, over, above 两词都有 “在……上方”的含义。
1． over 有 “在上方( 遮盖)”的含义:
She put a scarf over her head.
2． over 有 “在上面( 移动)”的含义:
The plane is flying over the airport.
3． 在实际使用中，两词常可换用:
There is an electric fan above /over the bed. above, over 1． above 作“上述”解时，常有以下表达方式:
the above facts
the above list
the above use of the word “picture”
Please reply to the above address.
the facts above
the facts mentioned above
the above-mentioned facts
2． 在表示“在……上面”时，above 经常可以与 over 替换使用:
They hang the picture above / over the fireplace.
3． 注意 aboe 与 over 的区别。
1) above 表示“位置高于”，不一定“垂直在上”，而 over 有“垂直在……上”的意思:
There is a ceiling-fan over the desk. 书桌正上方有一个吊扇。( 强调“吊扇就在书桌的上方”)
The hill is 78 meters above the sea. 小山高度为海拔 78 米。( “山”不可能在“海”的正上方)
2) 在实际使用中，它们的区别并不十分明显，在有些词的帮助下，above也可表达“垂直”的意思:
There is a light above the table there.
We looked up and saw a helicopter hovering directly above us.
Above the door a sign read “Members Only”．
3) over 有“覆盖、遮盖”的含义，above没有:
She pulled the quilt over her head. 她把被单盖过头上。( 被单遮盖了脸)
The farmer built a roof over the yard. 农夫给院子盖了个顶棚。( 顶棚遮盖了院子)
4) 如果要表示“飞越上方、在空中移动、悬在空中”等时，要用 over:
The plane flew over the mountains.
Black clouds hung over the mountains.
He tried to jump over the creek and fell in.
5) 表示“职位、军衔等高于 ……”用above，而 over 常指隶属关系:
A general is above a major. 上将的军衔比少校高。 ( 强调职位高低)
A general is over a major. 上将比少校官职高。( 强调隶属关系)
6) 表示 “( 价值、重要性、品行、品格等) 在……之上”用above:
Lei Feng always put the people's interests above his own. 雷锋总是把人民的利益放在个人利益之上。
Her behavior was above suspicion. 她的品行不容置疑。
7) 表示数目“多于 ……”时，两词可换用:
The highway is above / over 2000 miles long.
8) above 前面加定冠词，起名词作用，表示“上一部分、上面所说、上述事实”等时，即可将其看作单数名词，也可将其看作复数名词:
The above is what I want to stress. 上面所说的是我想强调的。
The above are candidates for the second round. 以上各位是进入第二轮的候选人。
9 ) 表示在“楼上”等意思时，用above，下面的说法都可以:
the floor above 楼上
the above floor 楼上
We lived in a little apartment above a grocery store. 我们住在杂货店楼上的一个小套间里。
I heard some noises from the room above. 我听到楼上房间里传来的一些噪声。
10) above 在文学上有时表示“在天堂里”的意思:
Lord above!
11) above 的反义词是 below，over的反义词是 under。 abreast 注意 abreast 在以下几个常用短语中的用法:
They set off three abreast.
He drew abreast and started talking.
The professor wants to keep abreast of the latest developments in computer science.
How can you stay abreast of all this new technology?
The police car came abreast of us signaling us to stop. abridge 源于拉丁语，意思是“shorten”，指
“( 把书、剧本、电影等) 压缩、节略”;
请注意以下几点。
1． 在大多数英语词典中，常用其形容词 abridged 形式作为词条，近期出版的一些国外词典也只列 abridged 作为词条，不列 abridge:
An abridged version of the novel appeared in a magazine.
an abridged edition of Gone with the Wind
2． 但 abridge 也常作动词，与介词from 连用:
abridge a speech from an hour to fifteen minutes
3． 书面与口头的“节略”都可以用abridge表达:
Remember，to abridge is to make something written or spoken shorter. abroad 1． 主要指“到国外、在国外、生活在国外”:
be abroad
go abroad
live abroad
2． 它的主要搭配有:
Is she going abroad for further studies?
He often travels abroad.
The visitors have come from abroad.
We should make special arrangements for voters living abroad.
He is having a holiday abroad.
3． 常用在词组 at home and abroad中:
She is well-known at home and abroad.
He was much respected both at home and abroad. absence 1． 注意以下搭配:
In your parents' absence the woman is responsible for your welfare.
The pupils remained in their seats during the teachers' absence.
His repeated absence from school is worrying.
In the absence of the Dean, I shall be in charge.
Throughout Mary's long absence, we hired a replacement.
After an absence of two weeks, he returned to work.
He has a record of numerous absences from office.
his frequent and prolonged absences
She told the story with a complete absence of any humor.
He took a month's leave of absence from his job.
She was conspicuous by her absence.
2． 注意它的成语、短语等:
Absence makes the heart grow fonder. 眼不见，心更念。
Salt water and absence wash away love. 远航久别恩情疏。
absence without leave 擅离职守
absence of mind 心不在焉
absence of reason 如痴如狂 absent 1． 后面主要跟介词 from 或 without:
Many able-bodied males are absent from the poor village.
She's absent from school for a week.
How many of them are absent without permission?
2． 可以表示 “人在心不在”，此时相当于 inattentive:
The pupil listened with an absent air and kept glancing at the door.
那学生心不在焉地听讲，眼睛老盯着门。 absorb 1． 是及物动词，主要有以下几种含义。
1) 吸收东西:
The paper absorbs ink.
Dry sand absorbs water.
2) 吸收知识:
absorb knowledge
absorb new ideas
3) 吸收资金，花费金钱、时间等:
absorb a lot of funds
Defense absorbs 10% of the country's money.
My work absorbs too much of my time.
The firm absorbed all the losses of the disaster.
4) 吸引注意力:
The research absorbs him.
The game absorbed the kids all morning.
5) 减少有害的影响:
Jump with your knee bent, so they absorb less impact.
2． 常用 absorbed 形式，有的词典已将它单列成一个词条，它的后面常跟介词 in / with:
The child is totally absorbed in his picture book.
She was absorbed with her reading.
3． 常用被动形式，后面跟介词 by 或into:
The small town has been absorbed into the growing city.
Small companies are being absorbed by big ones. absurd, ridiculous 两词都有“荒谬可笑的”含义，但各有侧重。
1． absurd 强调“荒唐到了不符合常理，违背真理，甚至与经验相悖”:
It's absurd to suggest that teachers should not test students. 建议教师不要测试学生是荒谬的。
It is absurd to say that the earth is flat. 说地球平坦是荒谬的。
2． ridiculous 侧重强调行为方式的“愚蠢、滑稽，会招到人们的嘲笑”等:
You look ridiculous in those tight trousers. 你穿着那条紧身裤看上去很可笑。
It is ridiculous to judge a culture by its food. 单凭食品去评价一种文化是可笑的。
3． 注意: 在日常使用中，两词的差别不大，有时可换用:
He looks absurd / ridiculous in that hat. abundance 不少词典将 abundance 列为不可数名词，也有的将其列为可数和不可数，归纳起来有以下几点。
1． 作可数名词时，一般用作单数，以an abundance of 形式出现:
This country has an abundance of natural resources.
The scientists found an abundance of marine life near the coast.
2． an abundance of 后面可跟可数或不可数名词:
an abundance of professional lawyers( 可数名词)
an abundance of evidence ( 不可数名词)
There was an abundance of sympathy in his tone. ( 不可数名词)
3． 作不可数名词时，常用 in abundance 形式:
There was food and drink in abundance at the buffet dinner.
The region has resources in abundance.
Evidence is there in abundance.
4． ( an) abundance of后面跟复数名词时，其动词用单复数形式都可以:
An abundance of natural resources is an advantage of a country's economy. ( 用单数动词)
The abundance of natural resources are taken for granted in these locales. ( 用复数动词) abundant 后面跟介词 in 或 with:
This creek is abundant in carp.
Rainfall is abundant in the region.
The sea around New Zealand is abundant with fish and shellfish. abuse 1． 作名词时，可用作可数或不可数:
He was responsible for serious human rights abuses. ( 可数)
Physical abuse of children is common in that area. ( 不可数)
2． an abuse of 后面常跟以下名词:
an abuse of power
an abuse of privilege
an abuse of position
an abuse of trust
an abuse of authority
an abuse of justice
an abuse of privilege
an abuse of democracy
an abuse of human rights
an abuse of public funds
an abuse of intellectual property rights
an abuse of civil rights
3． 近年来，随着人们对人权的重视以及对动物保护的重视，abuse 常被用来表述“性虐待、虐待儿童、虐待动物”等:
Some female students have made allegations of abuse against him.一些女学生指控受到他的性虐待。
There are some cases of child sex abuse. 有一些儿童性虐待的案例。
The child's parents were found guilty of abuse and neglect. 这孩子的父母因虐待和疏于管教而获罪。
The hostages suffered abuse during their captivity. 在被关押期间，这些人质受到了虐待。
The physical abuse of the horses is evident. 对这些马匹的虐待是显而易见的。
the abuse of animals in industrial product testing 在工业产品试验对动物的虐待
4． : 使用 abuse 后，句子中不管是否加 sex 或 sexually 都可以有 “性侵犯、性骚扰”的含义:
She was ( sexually ) abused by her boss.
5． 常用来表示“滥用烈性酒、毒品，因而对人的身体有害”等:
drug abuse
alcohol abuse
6． 作名词表示“谩骂”等时，常有下列搭配，此时它常作不可数名词:
He hurled racist abuse at a student.
She greeted me with a stream of foul-mouthed abuse.
She shouted abuse against the journalist.
She screamed abuse against the government.
He was met with a torrent of abuse.
7． 作动词时，主要作及物动词，注意下列搭配:
abuse a horse by forcing it run too far
abuse him over the phone
The POWs were abused by the guards.
The parents themselves were abused as children.
You must not abuse my trust.
abuse one's power
abuse one's position
abuse one's sb's hospitality
abuse one's authority
abuse the confidence in one
She was sexually abused.
He abused the name of the dead.
Don't abuse yourself too much!
Don't abuse your brother to her.
不要在她面前说你兄弟的坏话。
8． 可以派生名词 abuser:
a drug abuser
a child abuser academy 1． 常指军事、艺术、文学、音乐等方面的“专科学校”:
a military academy
a police academy
an academy of music
a naval academy
2． 指“科学院”:
a competition sponsored by the French Academy
the Academy of Social Sciences
the National Academy of Sciences
3． 在美国，可以指“私立大学预科学校”或者“私立中学或高中”:
After graduating from the Whittier Academy，my mother went on to Whittier College. 我母亲从惠蒂尔预科学校毕业后，上了惠蒂尔学院。
4． The Academy Award 是美国电影“奥斯卡奖”的专用词:
The Academy Award ( Oscar ) is the main national film award in the USA． accede 1． 是不及物动词，后面常跟介词 to:
They were forced to accede to all of the hijacker's demands.
She whispered that she would accede to his proposals.
accede to the will of the majority
accede to the wishes of the minister
accede to the throne
accede to a post
accede to a position
2． accede，allow，agree，consent都有“同意”的含义，但有所不同。
1) allow 指“同意时没有任何阻碍”:
She allows her kids to watch TV on weekends.
2) consent 指“尽管有权反对，但是自愿让步同意”:
My poverty， not my will， consents.
3) accede 常指“开始不同意而随后同意”:
In the end，he acceded to her request.
4) accede 有时也可指“自愿立刻同意”:
Many would accede without reluctance. accent, dialect 两词都有“口音”的含义。
1． accent 常指“一个国家、地区或阶级里的人讲话的方式”，可译成“口音、腔调”等; 其语法和用词可能一样，只是腔调口音不同而已，讲话的人可以是外国人:
She speaks English with a Japanese accent.
2． dialect 仅指“在一个国家里不同地区的人用不同的语法、用词、发音等讲同一种语言”，可译成“方言、土语”等，所指的说话人一般是同一国家的人:
Cockney is the colourful dialect spoken in the East End of London. 伦敦土腔是伦敦东区有特色的方言。
a Scottish dialect
3． accent 是可数名词:
She still speaks with an accent.
4． dialect 既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词。
1) 作可数名词:
He can recognize the Yorkshire and Lancashire dialects. 他能分辨出约克郡和兰开郡方言。
2) 作不可数名词:
He lapsed into dialect.
It's a play written in dialect.
5． dialect 可以指书面语，accent 一般指口语:
It's a poem written in Irish dialect.
( dialect 指书面语) accept accept, receive
1． 两词都有“接收、接受”等含义，但意思不完全相同。
1) accept 尤指情愿( willingly receive sth. ) 接受，强调主动接受:
I am here to accept the award. 我到这里来接受奖励。 ( 很乐意接受)
The joint venture offered him a job，and he accepted it without hesitation. 该合资企业给他提供一份工作，他欣然接受。
2) receive 侧重强调被动接受:
The new director received a lot of complaints about the project. 新主任收到许多有关这一项目的投诉。
( 这是他所不想看到的，但却不得不接受。)
The college president has received several calls from angry parents. 学院校长已收到愤怒家长们的好几个电话。( 不情愿地接电话) access access，excess
两词发音很近似，但意思完全不一样。
1． access 主要指“进入、入口”等，注意以下用法:
Access to a house is by way of the door.
Access to a great man requires money or influence.
2． excess 的意思是“过分、过量”，主要用法如下:
an excess of enthusiasm
an excess of anger
an excess of emotion
an excess of zeal
an excess of flour
an excess of fat
an excess of violence
He is drinking to excess. accident incident，accident
两词都有 “事件”的含义。
1． incident 尤指 “不平常的事件”，但不一定是坏事:
a very humorous incident
one of the strangest incidents in her life
2． accident 指 “令人不愉快的、不幸的、具有破坏性的意外事件”:
a serious car accident
the most calamitous accident
3． 人们常说 by accident:
The plane crash happened by accident. 坠机事件是意外发生的。
4． without incident 的意思是“顺利地”:
We completed the task without incident. 我们顺利地完成了这项任务。 accident, incident 两词的形和义都比较接近，都可指“发生的事件”，但它们的含义不完全相同。
1． accident 常指“由于一时疏忽( mishap) 而偶然发生的事件”:
She was killed in a car accident.
2． incident 尤指“偶然发生的暴力、犯罪、危险等事件”:
A serious incident along the border increased our fear of war.
The shooting was only an isolated incident.
3． 两词相比较，accident 所指的事件似乎要大一些、严重些; incident 所指的事件要小一些:
The fatal accident was caused by ice on the road.
Twenty people were killed in the mining accident. ( 两句中的 accident 都指比较大的事故)
an incident in which she claimed to have seen a ghost ( “疑心见鬼”是件小事)
4． accident 多指“不幸的事件”，incident 可以指“意外的好事”:
I had a slight accident at home and broke some glasses.
Their parents are both dead — an accident at sea. ( accident 指 “不幸的事件”)
Mary told us some of the amusing incidents of her holiday.
There was a humorous incident on the way. ( rgk 两句中的 incident 都指好事)
5． accident 可指“未按计划而发生的偶然事件”，如未婚先孕、避孕失败:
To be honest，my second pregnancy was an accident.
He is a business accident.
6． by accident 也是 by chance 的意思，可以指“偶然发生的好事”:
I met my girl friend on the subway yesterday by accident.
The beauty and charm of the city remained by accident in the war.
7． accident 可以组成一些固定短语:
an accident of birth 运气，机遇 by accident 偶然
more by accident than ( by ) design 完全是偶然的，不是预先计划的
by accident of birth 由于运气，靠机遇
an accident waiting to happen 可能会造成事故的情况
It is no accident that he became a musician. 他成为音乐家不是偶然的。
They arrived at the port without accident. 他们一路太平地到达了港口。 acclaim 1． 作名词时，常与动词 win，receive，attract，invite，enjoy 等搭配使用:
The city won acclaim as the most livable city in the world.
The novel received favorable critical acclaim.
Their achievement invites acclaim.
The writer enjoyed popular acclaim.
2． acclaimed 已作为独立词收入词典，意思是“为众人所传诵的赞美的”:
an internationally acclaimed film /book / scholar / musician / leader accommodation 当作“住宿”解时要注意以下几点。
1． 作不可数名词时主要在英国使用，指“供工作、生活用的房子、套间、旅馆”等:
Hotel accommodation is scarce in the city.
They are trying to find cheap accommodation.
The young married couple have found furnished accommodation.
2． 复数名词 accommodations 主要在美国使用，尤指“供客人、工人、学生等临时居住的地方”:
tourist accommodations on a ship
accommodations for guests
Accommodations at the hotel were quite luxurious.
3． 当收到国外邀请，说向你提供 accommodation ( accommodations ) ，到底这种 accommodation( s) 是提供“住宿”还是“膳宿”，要搞清楚。一般来说，美国人信上写的 accommodations 常常包括吃和住，但最好事先问清楚，以免尴尬。 accompany 1． 注意下面几个句中的搭配:
Such changes accompany a shift from ordinary management to across-department responsibilities.
He accompanied me on that trip.
She was accompanied on the expedition by her husband.
There was no accompanying note or letter.
She asked me to accompany her to the subway station.
She might accompany him in all his amusements.
True great genius is always accompanied with good sense.
2． 注意“音乐伴奏”的一些说法:
He accompanied her on the guitar.
The soloist was accompanied at /on the piano by his brother.
3． 表示“用动作伴随说话”时，常用如下搭配:
She delivered a speech accompanied with gestures.
He accompanied his words with blows.
4． 讲“疾病伴有某种症状、自然界伴有某种现象”等，accompany 后面常跟 with:
He suffered from a fever accompanied with delirium.
There was lightning accompanied with thunder. accomplish 1． 作及物动词，表示“经过一段时间的努力而做成功……”:
Such a result can only be accomplished by hard work.
He didn't accomplish much this month.
2． 作形容词 accomplished，尤用来表示在艺术、社交、语言、体育、音乐、烹调等方面“有建树的、有造诣的”等:
the country's most accomplished artist
an accomplished young lady
one of the most accomplished poet of the century
an accomplished chef
an accomplished linguist
3． accomplished 有时可形容社会地位低的人、手下的人等“手段高明的”，可以有贬义:
The things are no longer safe when such an accomplished thief enters. ( thief 是贬义)
They asked the accomplished doorman to come in and have a drink. ( doorman 是随同来的下层人士)
4． accomplishment 既可作可数名词，又可作不可数名词。
1) 作可数名词用:
Winning the speech contest was an accomplishment.
She ruled him entirely with her beauty and accomplishments.
2) 作不可数名词:
She stopped for a moment with a sense of accomplishment.
5． 在过去，accomplishment 常被用来表示“社交方面的才艺”，如女子社交应具备的条件等; 在现代英语中，它可指各方面的“造诣”。
1) 社交才艺:
Among her accomplishments are dancing，playing the piano，sewing and cooking.
2) 造诣:
Arranging peace talks was a remarkable accomplishment.
I cited my accomplishments in the car company.
English is a valuable accomplishment to teachers. accordance 参见 according to。
according to，in accordance with两词组都可以译成“按照”，但用法不同。
1． according to 强调信息的“来源”，尤指信息“来自别人或其他处”:
According to Mike，you were late last night.
Things were even stranger according to the gossip.
2． in accordance with 强调“按规矩( 如合同、规则、制度) 、某人的意愿办事”，强调一致、和谐等:
in accordance with the terms of the contract
in accordance with the regulations
in accordance with the custom
in accordance with the law
3． 在实际使用中，两词在不少场合可以换用，差别是 in accordance with语气较重:
in accordance with / according to his instructions
in accordance with / according to their wishes
in accordance with / according to Chapter One
accordion “手风琴演奏者”可译成 an accordionist 或 an accordion player。 accountable accountable，responsible两词都可译成“负有责任的”; accountable 多用来形容人或组织机构等“对……负有责任的”，一般不形容动物，如不讲“The dog is accountable for the damage.”而 responsible可以形容动物:
The bull was responsible for the hole in the wall and its owner was held accountable for the damage.
I am accountable for my own work. accountancy accountancy, accounting两词都可作“会计学、会计工作”解，注意它们的不同用法。
1． 英国英语较多使用 accountancy，
美国英语较多使用 accounting。
2． 两词在现代英语中区别并不明显，在最新出版的英国大学学科介绍里，不少学校都同时列出 accountancy 和 accounting 作为“会计学”，两词都可用，但用 accounting居多; 最新的美国大学介绍中有:
school of accountancy
international accounting
accounting and management information systems
3． “会计学学位”常译成 a degree in accountancy。
4． accountancy 涵盖的面似乎要比accounting 大一些，如在美国各大学介绍中，有些学校写道:
The faculty research interests in accountancy program include accounting，business law，finance，marketing，and taxation.
5． 注意两词与其他词的搭配:
management accountancy
behavioral accountancy
accountancy education
a new accounting system
the big accounting firms
international accounting accrue 可作及物或不及物动词。
1． 作及物动词用:
He accrued several oil paintings.
2． 作不及物动词用:
The interest at the bank accrued at 4% a year.
The interest has continued to accrue.
Some bad repute accrued to her from her increased evil practices.
Some problems have accrued from the project. ache 1． 一般指“持续但不太强烈的疼痛”:
He never had an ache or pain.
She wandered around， with an ache in her heart.
2． 是可数名词:
He grew tired of her aches and pains.
3． 在英国英语中，由 ache 组成的不少名词常作不可数名词:
I've got toothache.
I've got backache.
4． 但表示“一阵疼痛发作”时，作可数或不可数名词均可:
She's got heart aches. ( 可数)
She's got heartache. ( 不可数)
5． headache 一般作可数名词:
She has a splitting headache.
She is suffering from headaches.
Her daughter is a headache to the family.
6． 在美国英语中，由 ache 组成的许多名词常作可数名词:
He's got a really bad toothache.
The old man often suffers from backaches. acid 可组成不少新词:
acid cloud 酸云
acid house ( 1980 年代中期美国)迷幻宫音乐
acid jazz 迷幻爵士乐
acid pad 毒品注射窝
acid rain 酸雨
acid rock 迷幻摇滚乐
acid trip 迷幻游
acid wash 酸洗 acquaintance 1． 多指“泛泛之交、点头朋友、相识而不熟”等意思:
a business acquaintance
2． 注意的一些固定搭配:
a chance acquaintance
a desirable acquaintance
a slight acquaintance
a valued acquaintance
a nodding acquaintance
an intimate acquaintance
a good-humored acquaintance
3． 作“相识的人”解时，acquaintance 可作可数名词:
some of my acquaintances
one of his wealthy lady acquaintances
4． 作“懂得、认识、了解”解时，acquaintance 作可数或不可数名词均可。
1) 可数名词:
a slight acquaintance with numbers
2) 不可数名词:
have some acquaintance with English
He seems more friendly on further acquaintance. acquire 1． “获得”这一常用义有下列几种搭配:
acquire a knowledge of idiomatic
English from practice ( acquire sth from sth)
The company was acquired some years ago. ( sth be acquired)
She quickly acquired a reputation as a professional writer. ( sb acquire sth as sth)
Her brave deeds acquire her a scholarship. ( sth acquire sb sth)
2． 还可以当“养成”讲:
They will be able to acquire a taste of Arabic culture. ( acquire a taste of)
He has acquired a taste for smaller fish. ( acquire a taste for)
The students would acquire the habit of good citizenship. ( acquire the habit of sth)
The students would acquire the habit of rising early in the morning. ( acquire the habit of doing sth)
3． an acquired taste / habit / mannerism 等已成为习语:
Tea-drinking is an acquired taste.
It may grow into an acquired habit. acquisition 可作可数和不可数名词:
We explore and discuss papers in the area of language acquisition.
( 作不可数名词)
We review mergers and acquisitions from state member banks.
( 作可数名词) acronym 源于希腊语 ( acro = first，onyma =name) 。“首字母缩略词”按其读音分常有以下几种。
1． 当作一个单词来读的缩略词:
NATO ( the North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
UNESCO ( the United Nations Educational， Scientific and Cultural Organization)
LAS ( light-activated switch，光感开关)
radar ( radio detecting and ranging无线电探测器)
2． 按照字母拼读的缩略词:
the OED ( Oxford English Dictionary)
SOS ( save our soul / ship)
VOA ( Voice of America)
3． 这类词在首字母缩略词中占据的比例最大，而且科技词比例大:
UFO ( unidentified flying object)
CDTV ( compact disk television 光碟电视)
HIV ( human immunodeficiency virus)
4． 部分按照字母拼读、部分当作单词来拼读的缩略词:
CD-ROM ( compact disc read-only memory，数字只读储存光盘)
EAROM ( electronically alterable read only memory) across across, over
1． 两词都可译成“过”，有时可换用:
He rode a horse across / over the bridge. 他骑马过桥。
2． across 常指“过一个平面”，而over常指“过一个高的物体”:
I walk across the room.
The boy climbed over a hedge.
3． 表示“在空中越过”，两词都可用，译成中文相仿，但有差异。across表示“从一边到另一边 ( from oneside to the other)”，而 over 则强调“从一边到另一边，尤其是先上去后下来的过程( from one side tothe other，especially by going upand then down)”:
They jumped across the ditch.( 只强调“跳越沟”的飞跃过程)
They jumped over the ditch. ( 包含“爬上沟的一边、越过沟、最后从沟的另一边下去”的过程)
4． across from 是习语，意为“对面( on the opposite side of，opposite)”:
He stayed at a hotel just across from the American Consulate. 他住在美国领馆对面的一家宾馆里。 act act, action
两词都可以译成“行动”，有许多习惯用法。
1． 作单数名词时，两词含义十分接近:
Her brave act / action was witnessed by many people.
2． 表示“集体行动或行为”时，常用action，所指行为相对来讲比较抽象:
Officials are planning quick action.
People are looking forward to the People's Congress for action.
3． 强调“行为特点或本质”时，常用act:
an act of kindness ( 强调行为的本质是仁慈的)
an act of terrorism ( 强调行为的本质是恐怖主义)
4． 表示“即刻发生的单一动作”，比较具体，如被打断的事情等，常用act:
The thief was caught in the act.
She stopped in the act of turning and yelled at me.
5． act 含有“虚伪、装模作样、不真诚”等含义，相当于 pretense:
Don't take him seriously — it's all an act. 别把他( 的话) 当真———这是在装模作样。
She's just putting on an act. 她只是摆摆样子。
6． 两词都有各自约定俗成的短语，需熟记:
a double act 双簧
a balancing act 杂耍
a jugging act 杂耍
a hard act to follow 难以模仿的行为
a tough act to follow 难以模仿的行为
get in on the act 插手
get one's act together 协同一致
in the very act of doing sth 正在做……事之际
an act of God 天灾
a piece ( slice ) of action ( 为分得一份利益而被卷入的) 某事业
Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于言词。
action-packed 充满刺激性动作的
be killed in action 阵亡
bring an action against 起诉
in ( into) action 在活动
out of action 发生故障
swing into action 立刻采取行动
where action is( 被认为是) 生活繁忙、快乐或有利可图的地方 act act，play
1． act 是“( 戏剧中的) 一幕”:
the first act of the play
2． play 是“一部戏剧”:
The drama society is going to put on a play. active 注意以下 active 的几个常用词组:
the active voice 主动语态
on active duty 正在服役
on active service 正在服役
active window ( 电脑操作系统中的) 活动窗口
an active volcano 活火山
the active bomb mechanism 可能引爆的炸弹装置
an active member( 某组织的) 活跃分子
active birth 积极分娩法 activist 常指“参与旨在达成某种政治或社会变革的积极分子”:
a black activist
a labor union activist
a party activist
a green peace activist actor actor，actress
1． actor 主要指“男演员”，但也可以指“女演员”; actress 只指“女演员”:
Many women performers prefer to be called actors instead of actresses. actress actor，actress
1． actor 主要指“男演员”，但也可以指“女演员”; actress 只指“女演员”:
Many women performers prefer to be called actors instead of actres-
ses. ad 1． 作“广告”解时，主要用于口语中，是可数名词:
put an ad in the local paper
2． 可作形容词，修饰名词:
an ad agency
an ad man
an ad writer
3． “分类广告”可译成 classified ad，英国人又称 small ad，美国人称want ad。不管如何称呼，“分类广告”较多时候指为个人需求而刊登的小广告:
Do you know how to place a classified ad?
This is your first step for free small ads in London.
The want ads seem everywhere.
4． 参见 advertisement，advertising AD 作“公元”解时，要注意以下几点。
1． 用 A． D． 或 AD 都可以，但后者居多:
A． D． / AD 561
2． AD 用在年份前面和后面都可以，但用在年份前占多数:
760 AD
AD 760
3． AD 普遍用在“世纪”( century) 后面:
about the tenth century AD
4． AD 前可以用 in，但在多数情况下不用 in:
She died 35 AD．
She dies in 35 AD． adapt 注意后面介词的用法。
1． 表示“( 使) 适应”，常与 to，for，连用:
adapt the problem to a computer solution
My son adapted himself to life abroad quite smoothly.
The car is adapted for use in cold weather and rough conditions.
2． 表示“改编( 电影、剧本等)”，常用from，for:
The comedy was adapted from the Russian.
He adapted the film for a TV drama.
adaptable
He is adaptable. 指“他适应性很强”。 adaptation 可作可数名词或不可数名词。
1． 作可数名词:
The film is an adaptation of a novel.
2． 作不可数名词:
The process is known as adaptation. addendum addendum，appendix
1． addendum 的复数是 addenda，主要指“( 讲话、文件、书等的) 补遗( a thing that is added at the end of a book)”:
The original documents and the addenda are available in three different configurations.
2． appendix 的复数是 appendices，主要指“( 书的) 附录 ( a section at the end of a book)”:
The appendices of the book are especially helpful in understanding the limitations and obligations.
3． 参见 appendix。 addict 主要作可数名词，表示“上瘾者”，注意它的搭配:
an Internet addict
a comfort addict
a sugar addict
a game addict
a technology addict
a movie addict
a chocolate addict
a heroin addict
a confirmed TV addict
a chess addict
a football addict
a drug addict
a sports addict
a history addict
It's difficult for most smokers to admit that they are addicts. addicted 不少词典将其单列词条，而不列其动词 addict，注意该词的搭配:
He has become addicted to tobacco.
The boy is hopelessly addicted to TV．
The kids are getting addicted to computer games.
He was addicted to seeking fame and wealth. ( 一般不说 be addicted to do sth) address 1． 在现代英语中，address 除通常的地址以外，还应包括 zip code ( 美国) 或 postcode( 英国) 等。
2． 现在讲 address 有可能指“电子邮址 e-mail address 或 email address”。
3． 作名词时，常用来指“重要讲话”:
President Hu is making a televised address.
4． 作动词时，常用在以下句型中:
The Dean will address the meeting.
She addressed her remarks to the office head.
All complaints should be addressed to the manager.
5． 作“试图解决、致力于”解时，常用address oneself to 句型:
The committee is addressing itself to the work of seating.
We need to address ourselves to the question of cost.
adequate adequate，enough，sufficient
1． 3 个词都可修饰表示量的不可数名词:
adequate / sufficient / enough money
2． adequate 和 sufficient 比 enough正式。
3． adequate 表示“质和量都足够”，enough 和 sufficient 则表示“量足够”:
adequate food ( 指 “质和量都足够好”) adhere adhere 后面常跟介词 to:
adhere to the terms of the contract
adhere to the principles
adhere to the agreement
adhere to one's faith
adhere to the pact
adhere to one's words
adhere to you
adhere to her purchaser
adhere to a schedule
adhere to an idea
adhere to a plan adhesive adhesive，sticky
两词都有“粘的、黏的”含义。
1． 两词有时可换用，在修饰跟胶水等相关的物质时尤其明显:
adhesive / sticky tapes
adhesive / sticky labels
2． adhesive 比较正式，主要指 “( 物质) 有黏性的、可以粘住的”，强调“粘牢( clinging)”:
adhesive side of a stamp
adhesive plaster
adhesive bandages
3． sticky 为通俗用法，主要指“含有黏性的、粘有黏性物的”，“黏”但不一定“粘牢”:
sticky fingers covered with jam( 手指上有果酱，但不一定粘住其他东西)
sticky toffee ( 糖果粘牙，但不一定黏住牙齿一直不掉下来)
sticky soil
sticky dough adjacent adjacent, adjoining
两词都有“邻近的、毗连的”含义。
1． adjacent 可以指“实际接触”，也可以指“不一定实际上接触的那种连接”:
The new restaurant is adjacent to the lake. ( 不一定紧靠湖滨)
four adjacent windows ( 四扇窗不一定紧连着)
They work in the immediate adjacent rooms. ( 加上 immediate，可以指“紧挨着”)
2． adjoining 总是指在某一面或某一点相连:
adjoining rooms with a door between them 毗邻的房间，中间有一扇门相通
3． adjacent 后面常跟介词 to:
in the jungle adjacent to the pond
4． adjacent 可组成不少词组:
adjacent air space
adjacent color
adjacent sea
adjacent continental shelf
adjacent association
adjacent territory
adjacent nouns
adjacent events
adjacent hills
adjacent highways adjourn 作“暂时休会、休庭”解时，主要有以下句型:
The second session of the Congress adjourned without any resolution.
The president adjourned the meeting for a week.
The case was adjourned until next month. adjust 注意以下句子结构及搭配:
adjust the scale if necessary
adjust the poles to their shoulders
Her mind is trying to adjust memory to reality.
Daily affairs were adjusted by the office heads.
The figures were adjusted for inflation.
The business needs time to adjust.
His eyes gradually adjusted to darkness.
My body quickly adjusted itself to the cold water.
adjust one's skirt
adjust the desks and seats
adjust a trade difficulty
adjust the rear mirror
adjust the focus of a camera
adjust the brakes of the car
adjust one's tie
adjust one's strap administration administration，government
1． 在美国英语中，administration 可以用来表述以下几种含义。
1) “国家政府”，是可数名词，与总统的名字连用，特指某个政府时，第一个字母常大写，前有定冠词:
the Bush Administration
2) “政府的某个部门”:
the Federal Highway Administration
2． 在英国英语中，人们常用 government 表示“政府”，与首相的名字连用时，第一个字母也要大写，前有定冠词:
the Major Government
3． 与国家、政党等名词相连时，两词的第一个字母不一定大写，前有定冠词:
the US administration
the Mexican government
the last Labour government admirable 注意以下句型和搭配:
The results are admirable.
Are we so admirable?
He had done an admirable job of designing the car.
his girl friend's admirable playing of the violin
the admirable behavior of the young woman admire 注意以下句型和搭配:
He has always admired her way of doing things. ( admire one's way of doing sth)
The scholar was loved and admired by all the students. ( be admired by)
The scientist was admired for his discovery. ( be admired for sth)
We admired his riding. ( admire sth)
I admire what you've been doing.( admire what) admission admission, admittance
两词都有“允许进入”的意思，它们的差异主要有以下几点。
1． admittance 比 admission 的含义显得正式。
2． admittance 仅用于表示“进入一个地方或一栋建筑物( 如大楼等)”:
He couldn't gain admittance to the embassy.
He was refused admittance.
3． admission 可以表示“进入俱乐部、政治团体等有特权、地位等组织，成为其中的一名成员”:
He got the admission to Harvard University.
the immediate admission of China into WHO
4． admission 比 admittance 常用，有不少常见的搭配:
Many students apply for admission to several universities.
within three hours of admission
the ticket of admission
On admission he was suffering from high fever.
the free admission of immigrants
gain admission to the great hall
Admission is free.
5． emergency admissions 可译成“( 医院) 紧急收治的病人”，admittance 不这样用。 admit 主要有以下结构。
1． 表示“承认”时，常用以下句型:
He admitted his disappointment.
She admitted to the murder.
“I can't read and write，”the boy admitted.
I admitted that I was wrong. ( 跟从句)
She admitted to being nervous about the interview. ( 跟动名词短语)
The rebels were forced to admit defeat and surrendered. ( 习语)
2． 表示“允许进入”时，主要用于下列句型和搭配:
The cinema admits adults only.( sth admit sb)
The country was admitted into the United Nations in 1972． ( be admitted into)
The patient was admitted to hospital last night. ( be admitted to)
admit women
admit sunlight
admit membership
3． 后面有无介词 of 意思相同:
The question admits ( of ) only one answer. admittance 参见 admission。 adolescence 青春期到底是指几岁的人，众说纷纭。
有的说是 13-16，有的说是 13-17，有的说是 13-19，但 13-19 岁应称为teenager，因此，比较含糊地讲 adolescence 是指“［介于儿童期和成年期之间 ( between childhood and adulthood) 的］青春期”。从这个时期的身体发育来讲，可用 puberty 这个词。注意下列词组的含义:
a miserable childhood and adolescence 悲惨的童年和青春期
the period of adolescence 青少年时期
It is characteristic of adolescence.
这是青少年时期的特征。 adolescent 可作可数名词:
It's a common habit of children and adolescents.
He acts like an adolescent. adopted adopted, adoptive
两词都有“收养的”含义，但用法不一样。
1． adopted 是美国用法，指“通过法律手段收养的”:
an adopted child
2． 注意“养父母”不可以说成 adopted parents，因为孩子常不会“通过法律手段认养父母”; 用 foster parents 也不妥，因为 foster parents 也常指 “( 没有经过法律手续的) 收养”。所以，采用英国人的说法，用 adoptive parents 是最好的解决办法。
3． adoptive 主要是英国用法，使用域很广，除了可以形容“养子女或养父母”外，还可以形容有类似意义的家庭、国家、亲戚等:
an adoptive son
an adoptive daughter
an adoptive parents
an adoptive sister
in one's adoptive country
an adoptive home
an adoptive family
an adoptive city
an adoptive state adult adult, adulthood
1． 作名词用时，adult 指“成年人”，是可数的:
25% of the British adults
Tickets are $ 10 for adults.
2． adulthood 在作名词使用时，指“成年期”，是不可数名词:
These diseases are usually not discovered until adulthood.
3． adult 亦可作形容词:
adult population
adult readers
4． adult 有“仅供成人看的、含色情和暴力内容的等”含义:
adult books
adult magazines
adult TV programs
5． adult education 在英语国家常指“( 经常在晚间上课的) 成人教育”。但在中国这一概念比较混乱，adult education 不少在白天上课，学生中不少人年纪很小; 有人将“成人教育”译成 further education，continuing education 等，其实它们的含义是 “继续教育”。 advance advance, advanced
1． 复数 advances 可以指“求爱的表示”，含“想与某人发生性关系 ( 但多遭拒)”的意思，常用短语 make advances:
He made ( sexual ) advances to her but she refused them.
2． “高级英语教程”可译成:Advanced English Courses 但不是所有“高级的”都可以译成 advanced:
senior accountant 高级会计师
high( -ranking) official 高级官员
3． advance 和 advanced 都有“先于……的”含义，若要表示“在时间上先于 …… 的”要用 advance; 若要表示“在学术层次、思想、方法等方面先于…… 的”常用 advanced。
1) 用 advance:
an advance payment
a 10 days' advance notice
an advance warning
an advance planning
advance preparations
make an advance booking
2) 用 advanced:
an advanced communications system
advanced mathematics
advanced undergraduate courses
advanced stage
advanced level
advanced degrees
advanced nations
4． 注意 advance 的另外一些搭配:
one of the great advances in modern technology
the big advance in science
by the advance of civilization
major advances in computer technology
The rebels continued their advance on the capital city.
ask for an advance on the next month's wages. advantage 1． 可作可数名词，尤其在指比较“具体的好处或优势”时:
the advantages of being a senior citizen
The new credit card has many advantages.
2． 注意下列句子的用法:
The car dealer tried to take advantage of the old lady. ( take advantage of sb)
Students here know how to take advantage of the Internet. ( take advantage of sth)
The host team had an advantage over the guest team. ( have an advantage over)
She seldom has the advantage of meeting her old friends here.( have the advantage of)
It was natural that others should want to get an advantage over him. ( get an advantage over)
His teaching experience gave him an advantage when he tried to get a job. ( give sb an advantage)
He is at an advantage because the interviewer is his schoolmate.( be at an advantage)
The businessman has the advantage of dealing with his former partner. ( have the advantage of doing sth)
The tool has been found to be of no advantage. ( be of no advantage)
The Conservative Party gained great advantage over the Labour Party. ( gain advantage over)
The contract is to our advantage.( to one's advantage)
The athlete used his body to best advantage. ( to best advantage) adventure 1． 在现代英语中作名词用，可作可数或不可数名词:
Such adventures are popular topics of today's adolescents. ( 指较具体的冒险活动，作可数名词)
These teenagers are eager to look for adventure. ( 较抽象，作不可数名词)
2． 很难确定其单复数时，如果抽象地泛指“冒险活动”，就用不可数; 如果要表示进行“一次次具体的冒险”，就用可数名词。 注意下面的用法:
He was born adventurous，and he loves adventure / adventures. advertisement advertisement, advertising
两词都有“广告”的含义，但侧重点不同。
1． advertisement 具体指电视、电台、报纸杂志、因特网等媒体上的“广告”:
TV advertisements
At this time of year，the papers are full of advertisements for winter holidays. ( 注意介词用 for)
Advertisements on the Internet seemed to be treated as newspaper ads which may be seen anywhere in the country.
2． advertisement 可缩略成 ad 或 advert，advert 是英国写法:
Did you see that advert for the new car? ( 注意介词用 for)
some of my favourite UK TV adverts
3． advertising 指“广告业 ( business of making advertisements)”，常作不可数名词:
Car advertising has been promoted recently.
She works in advertising.
4． 广告业的广告种类和表达方式很多:
advertisement
ad
advert
commercial
billboard
poster
flyer( 美国的“广告传单”，英国叫leaflet)
slogan
campaign
the classified ads
the personal ads( 交友广告)
the want ads advice advice, advise
1． advice 主要作不可数名词使用:
ask your mother for advice
2． 注意以下 advice 的搭配:
act on advice
ask for advice
accept advice
follow advice
get advice
give advice
ignore advice
need advice
obtain advice
offer advice
provide advice
receive advice
seek advice
take financial / legal / medical /expert / practical / professional /advice
3． advise 是动词，常用在以下句型中:
His wife advised him to step down to save his dignity. ( advise sb to do sth)
His doctor advised him against batting for three weeks. ( advise sb against sth)
I advised him that he should not use the state phone. ( advise sb that)
He advised that a feedback is needed. ( advise that)
I advised him on many political matters. ( advise sb on sth)
I advised him about the appointment. ( advise sb about sth)
Democrats advised him how to cover up the scandal. ( advise sb what / where / how / when to do sth)
A Magistrate Judge twice advised him of his constitutional rights.( advise sb of sth) adviser adviser，advisor
1． 两词拼写不同，含义相同。 差异是，美国人用 advisor 的时候居多。
2． 两词后面都常跟介词 on 或 in:
the president's special advisor on international affairs
He is an adviser in American studies.
3． 有很多词可以用来修饰这两个词:
the chief adviser / advisor
independent legal adviser /advisor
medical adviser / advisor
financial adviser / advisor
business adviser / advisor
high-ranking adviser / advisor
special adviser / advisor
tech law adviser / advisor
Internet adviser / advisor
better adviser / advisor
budget adviser / advisor
investment adviser / advisor
science adviser / advisor
foreign affairs adviser / advisor
intelligence adviser / advisor
national security adviser / advisor
travel adviser / advisor
job adviser / advisor
US adviser / advisor
student adviser / advisor advisory 在美国英语中，可以作 official warning 解:
a travel advisory ( 官方以此告诫公民，哪些地方不宜去等) advocate 1． 作动词时，常用在下列搭配中:
The scholar advocates an open door policy. ( advocate sth)
He advocates banning cigarette smoking in public sectors. ( advocate doing sth)
She has advocated that public transportation should be improved. ( advocate that)
2． 作名词时，后面常跟介词 of 或 for:
a great advocate of green peace
a tireless advocate for women's rights
an advocate for her people aerodrome 在英国，可指“小飞机场”，即 small airport:
She started her world flight from Croydon Aerodrome in London. affair 1． 表示“重要事务”时，一般用复数形式:
world affairs
international affairs
foreign affairs
state affairs
2． 即便是修饰其他词时，也常用复数形式:
the Foreign Affairs Department
3． have an affair 可指“( 已婚男女之间发生性关系的) 婚外恋”，即便发生多次性关系也可用单数 affair:
After the meal，they had a casual affair. ( 这里的 had a casual affair只指 “有一次关系”)
She's having an affair with her former classmate. ( 这里的 having an affair 可持续一段时间，可指发生多次性关系)
4． 作“( 公共生活或政治生活中的 )惊人事件”解时，常用单数:
the Watergate Affair affection 可作可数或不可数名词。
1． 可数名词:
He has a great affection for the country.
a public display of my affections
2． 不可数名词:
He felt a surge of affection for China.
It was the act of simple affection.
The girl had difficulty showing affection. affectionate 1． 注意下列句型:
She is affectionate towards her children.
She was very affectionate with him.
He glanced at her in an affectionate way.
He is affectionate to her.
2． 注意下列搭配:
an affectionate glance
an affectionate kiss
an affectionate kid
an affectionate friend
an affectionate hug
an affectionate penitence
an affectionate manner
an affectionate smile
an affectionate farewell
an affectionate nature
an affectionate disposition
an affectionate friendship
an affectionate comment
an affectionate couple
an affectionate tone
an affectionate behavior
an affectionate guardian
an affectionate performance
an affectionate society
an affectionate influence
an affectionate photo
an affectionate tribute
an affectionate couple
an affectionate pet
an affectionate care affiliated affiliated，attached
1． 表示“……大学的附属中学”可译成以下两种形式，但两者含义和用法有细微差别:
high school affiliated to / attached to a university
2． affiliated 比较正式，一般只指“附属某组织、机构或团体”; 因此大学的附属中学、学院等用 affiliated 较好:
The college / high school is affiliated to the university.
The college / high school is affiliated with the university.
3． 美国人较多使用 affiliated with，英国人较多使用 affiliated to，加拿大人则两种形式都使用。
4． attached 比较普通，可以表示各种意义上的“附属”:
a house with an attached garage
a message attached to the flowers
a printer attached to the computer
risks attached to the business
prestige attached to her new appointment
He is now attached to the State Department.
the couple so attached to each other
They attached too much importance to writing.
The institute is / gets / becomes /grows attached to the company. affirmative affirmative，positive
两词都有“肯定的、赞成的”含义。
1． affirmative 比较正式，positive 比较口语化。
2． affirmative action 在美国常指“( 女权、少数民族等) 反对歧视的积极行动”:
take affirmative action to hire more black employees
3． affirmative 可作名词，组成 in the affirmative 的形式，表示“同意”:
He can't answer the question in the affirmative.
4． affirmative 的反义词是 negative。 afford 1． 注意以下两种用法的不同。
1) 表示“买得起”:
Only a select few could afford this kind of car.
2) 表示“能无后顾之忧地去做某事”:
She can't afford to lose her job.
2． 注意以下句型:
He just can't afford the tuition.
( afford sth)
No one can afford to ignore the attraction of television. ( afford to do sth)
The award afforded him the chance to study abroad. ( afford sb the chance to do sth)
They do afford him a remedy.( afford sb sth)
The injection affords protection against TB． ( afford sth against sth) afire 有些以前缀 a- 开头的形容词 ( 如 afire，afloat，afraid，aflame ) 主要作宾语补足语或表语，不直接修饰名词，如不说 an afire house，但可以说:
The criminal set the warehouse afire.
get the boat afloat
I am afraid he is late.
Her face was aflame. aforementioned aforementioned，aforesaid
1． aforementioned 比 aforesaid 更常用。
2． aforementioned 常用在书面语中。
3． 两词都有幽默效果，有时会出现在法律文件中:
works of all the aforementioned authors
Whether the aforesaid vices arise from lust? aforesaid aforementioned，aforesaid
1． aforementioned 比 aforesaid 更常用。
2． aforementioned 常用在书面语中。
3． 两词都有幽默效果，有时会出现在法律文件中:
works of all the aforementioned authors
Whether the aforesaid vices arise from lust? afraid 1． 一般不直接修饰名词，如一般不说 an afraid boy，但却常说:
The boy is afraid.
2． 后面可以跟介词 of:
She is afraid of darkness.
He is afraid of driving.
3． 后面常可以跟 to do sth:
He is afraid to fly a plane.
The girl is afraid to go near the snake.
4． 后面可以跟介词 for:
Most people here aren't afraid for their jobs.
The teachers are afraid for their pupils.
5． 后面可以跟 that 从句:
I am afraid that she will leave me.
6． 可以用 I'm afraid to say that 句型:
I'm afraid to say that the film was very boring.
7． I'm afraid 后面常接令人不愉快的信息:
I'm afraid they will make me marry that villain.
I'm afraid we have to leave earlier.
8． I'm afraid 亦可置于句尾:
We have to leave now，I'm afraid. African-American American，African-American
1． 在美国，这些词都可以指美国的“黑人”。
2． Negro 是西班牙语，black 是 17 世纪从 Negro 翻译过来的，所以应该先有 Negro，后有 black; 奴隶制盛行时期，Negro，black，colored 都是中性词; 南北战争后，人们喜欢用colored; 20 世纪 70 年代末，人们受民权运动的影响，倾向用 black来指“黑人”; 后来，人们又开始用Afro-American 来表示 “美国黑人”; 1984 年后，人们开始用 African-American; 但现在 black 仍很常用。
3． 要避免将 black 作名词使用，因为它有时会冒犯人。
4． 美国黑人喜欢别人叫他们 African-American。
5． 在英国，来自 Caribbean 地区的黑人喜欢别人叫他们 African-Caribbean。
6． 澳大利亚英语中，常用 black 来指那些在欧洲人迁居澳洲大陆前就在澳洲生活的人们。 after 1． 主要有 3 种用法。
1) 作介词:
She went for a walk after supper.
2) 作副词:
The couple lived happily ever after.
3) 作连接词:
After the party ended，we cleaned up the house.
2． 经常与时间连用:
after 10: 00
after 5 years
for centuries after
for a week after
minutes after
years after
the day after
the week after
the day after tomorrow
the week after next
3． 常与副词连用，组成短语:
soon after
shortly after
not long after
right after
4． 注意下面一些句子:
After you，my dear!
They yelled after him.
We turn left after the post office.
The police are after him.
She is only after your money.
They name the building after the scientist.
After all，knowledge is everything.
Day after day， year after year，they tried hard to find a solution to the problem.
5． 作构词成分 after-，可组成不少组合词:
aftercare 病后护理
afterboomer 生育低谷期出生的人
afterheat 余热
aftershave 剃须以后抹擦用的润肤霜
afterbirth 胞衣
aftereffect 余波
afterglow 晚霞
after-hours 业余时间的
afterlife 后半生、死后的生活
afterthought 事后的想法
aftertaste 余味
after-school 课余的 afternoon 1． 注意“下午”的几种说法:
I will go hunting this afternoon.
I went hunting that afternoon.
I will go hunting on Sunday afternoon.
I will go hunting tomorrow afternoon.
I will go hunting sometime tomorrow in the afternoon.
I will go hunting during the afternoon.
I will go hunting in ( the) early afternoon.
I will go hunting in ( the ) late afternoon.
2． 有复数形式:
She went to see her husband three afternoons every week.
3． 在美国英语中，afternoons 可作副词:
Afternoons，she stays at the studio painting. afterward afterward，afterwards
1． 两词在美国都用，但是较多人用afterward; 英国人多用 afterwards:
September 11 and Afterward ( 美国用法)
for years afterwards ( 英美都用) afterwards afterward，afterwards
1． 两词在美国都用，但是较多人用afterward; 英国人多用 afterwards:
September 11 and Afterward ( 美国用法)
for years afterwards ( 英美都用) again 1． 作副词“再一次”解:
Say it again.
2． 用以说明与前面所说之事的关系:
Cats are lovely. But，again，they need special care.
3． 注意一些习语的含义:
once again 再次
yet again 再次
all over again 从头来过
again and again 一再，屡次
time and again 一再，屡次
half as much again 一半于
twice as much again 二倍于
twice as many again 二倍于
ever and again 时时
now and again 时时
over again 再一次
over and ( over again) 多次，翻来覆去 against 1． 注意下列用法及其含义:
235 votes against 100 235 票对100 票
a campaign against the penalty 反对处罚的运动
They were forced to leave their village against their will. 他们在违背自己意愿的情况下离开村庄。
The heavy rain beat against the windows. 大雨拍打着窗户。
She leaned against the wall. 她倚靠在墙上。
against the wishes of the parents 违背父母的意愿
against the advice of the doctor 不遵医嘱
a law against the cruelty to animals 禁止虐待动物的法律
It is against the law / the rules to smoke here. 抽烟在这里是违法( 规) 的。
His age may count against him. 他也许力不从心了。
His former friends turned against him. 他以前的朋友转而反对他。
a preference for the imported movies against the home ones 偏爱进口电影、冷落国产电影的做法
They walked against the strong wind. 他们顶着大风行走。
The furniture looks elegant against the white wall. 家具靠白墙放，显得很高雅。
The political climate worked against his reelection. 政治气候对他再次当选不利。
2． fight 等词后面跟 against 和 with，意思接近，但跟 against 更强调“与……的对抗”:
Protesters fought with the police on the square. 示威者在广场上与警察对抗。
Protesters fought against the police on the square. 示威者在广场上与警察对抗。( 语气较强) age 1． 在口语中，人们常常只用数字表示“岁数”:
The boy is five and the girl is six.
I got married at 28．
They've got a girl of 11．
a preschool for the under-fives
2． 表示说years old 时，old 不能缺少:
The bridge is thousands of years old.
3． 可以说 a -year-old 或 -year-olds; year 也可以换成 week，month 等:
a 10-year-old car
a group of 20-year-olds
a 10-month-old boy
a lively 25-year-old
4．  years of age 主要用在正式场合或书面语中:
They are 20 years of age.
5． 表示 “…… 岁不到 ( 或过头)”，可用 under 或 over:
He is under 50．
She is over 30．
6． 表示“大致年龄”时可以说:
in his teens
in her twenties
in their early / middle / late thirties
a very successful twenty-something businessman
The TV drama appeals to thirty-somethings.
7． 用 age 表示岁数时，常可以说:
He is six years of age.
I left the school at the age of 18．
The two boys are of the same age.
She could read by the age of five.
The girl was aged 6．
Their ages are 10 and 11．
The ages of these elephants vary from 15 to 20 years.
At his age，he might be expected to live on his own.
People of all ages like the movie.
child-bearing age
school age
working age
What age are you?
A boy aged 15 has been chosen to play the role.
His face was wrinkled with age.
His face has shown signs of age.
8． 表示“我 10 岁”，可以说:
I am ten.
I am ten years old.
I am ten years of age.
I am aged ten.
I am aged ten years.
My age is ten.
My age is ten years.
9． 关于“岁数”，还有其他说法:
He is small for his age. 他显得比实际岁数小。
a middle-aged man 一个中年人
a man in his green old age 童颜老人
in his old age 在他年老时
at a good old age 上了高龄
at an advanced age 高龄
in his advanced age 在他高龄时
in his full age 在他成年期
in middle age 在中年期
in his middle age 在他的中年期
She lived to a great age. 她活到高龄。
She lived to a ripe age. 她活到高龄。
He died at an early age. 他英年早逝。
a man ( of) about my age 与我年龄相仿的人
a man of twice my age 年龄比我大一倍的人
die at a noble age 活到很老才去世
die at a venerable age 活到很老才去世
10． 还可指其他事物的“年龄”:
What's the age of the church? ( 教堂的岁数)
The elephant died at a noble age.( 动物的岁数)
The value of the furniture depends on its age. ( 家具的年头)
trees of unknown age ( 植物的年数)
10． 表示“很长时间”，可以说:
I waited for an age.
I waited for ages.
I waited ages.
I waited an age.
He left ages ago.
She took ages to open the door.
He spent ages trying to complete the work.
It's been ages since I visited the campus.
For the first time in ages，the two countries reached a peace agreement.
After what seemed ( like ) ages，the doctor arrived.
11． 可作后缀-age，构成名词:
coinage
coverage
spoilage
wreckage
postage
baggage
breakage
orphanage
mileage
carriage
dotage
hermitage
marriage
passage
tillage
tonnage
vicarage
village agenda 1． 常用 agendas 作 agenda 的复数形式:
the draft agendas of some academic conferences
2． 可组成一些表示 “重要议程”的短语:
Public transportation is high on the political agenda.
Fitness is at the top of his agenda.
Let's discuss the first item on the agenda.
3． agenda 指的是“整个议程”，其中的“一个议程”要用 item:
the last item on the agenda agent 1． 可指各类“代理商”:
a shipping agent
a literary agent
a travel agent
a real estate agent
an insurance agent
2． 注意，美国的 ticket agent 在英国就是 booking clerk; 英国的 newsagent 在美国就是 newsdealer。
3． 注意 agent 作“特务、密探”解时的一些常见词组:
a secret agent
an undercover agent
an intelligence agent
a CIA agent
an FBI agent aggression 可作可数或不可数名词。
1． 作可数名词:
It's an aggression on ( upon) Kuwait.
2． 作不可数名词:
He has shown aggression toward others. aggressive aggressive，aggressor
1． aggressive 一般指 “( 人、行为等)好斗的”:
aggressive individuals
an aggressive act
2． aggressive 今天常有褒义:
He is an aggressive and outgoing manager. 他是位进取心强、喜欢社交的经理。
3． 表示“侵略国”，用 an aggressor nation 较普通。 aggressor aggressive，aggressor
1． aggressive 一般指 “( 人、行为等)好斗的”:
aggressive individuals
an aggressive act
2． aggressive 今天常有褒义:
He is an aggressive and outgoing manager. 他是位进取心强、喜欢社交的经理。
3． 表示“侵略国”，用 an aggressor nation 较普通。 ago 1． 一般用在名词或副词后面，与过去时态连用:
He got here ten minutes ago.
The accident happened long ago.
2． 在有情态动词的句子中，可以用ago，因为那是表示“推测”:
He must have been in Paris long ago.
3． 在有分词、动名词、不定式的句子中，可以用 ago:
Having read the book a few days ago，he is very familiar with the story. ( 分词)
He talked about having met the pop star a couple of days ago.
( 动名词)
He seems to have met her a few days ago. ( 动词不定式)
4． 表示“过去之过去 ( 即‘那个时候之前’)”不能用 ago，要用 before或 previously:
I remembered that I had met him five years before / previously.
5． 可以说:
many lives ago
three evenings ago
two winters ago
five generations ago
How many generations ago did we have a common ancestor? agogue 1． temple 一般指“非基督教的寺庙( 如 Hindu，Buddhist，Sikh，Mormon 等)”; mosque 是“伊斯兰教等的清真寺”; monastery 是“基督教的修道院”; convent，nunnery是“女修道院”; shrine 是“圣寺、神社”等; synagogue 是“犹太教的教堂”。
2． temple 是可数名词，但说“上寺庙( 去朝拜)”常用 go to temple:
When his grandmother was alive, she went to temple regularly. agony 1． in agony 是短语，有多种组合形式:
The girl cried out in ( great) agony. ( 用作抽象名词)
She was in an agony of indecision. ( 可加冠词)
He was in agonies of suspense.( 有复数形式)
The boy was in the agonies of writing a composition. ( 复数前加定冠词)
2． 注意以下句子:
He suffered many agonies of guilt.
He suffered the agony of guilt.
He was in agonies of guilt.
He went through the agony of leaving his homeland.
There is no point in prolonging the agony.
He is piling on the agony.
He touches a nerve of agony.
She endured the agony with tears in her eyes.
3． 由 agony 组成的有些词组主要出现在英国英语中:
agony aunt“为您解忧”专栏女作家
agony column“为您解忧”专栏 agree 1． agree with 表示“与某人的意见相同”，后面接人或所表达的意见:
I agreed with my father about it.( 接人物)
I agreed with my father's opinion.( 所表达的意见)
2． agree to 表示“赞成”，后面常接suggestion，proposal，plan 等:
I agreed to the suggestion.
3． agree on / upon 表示“双方商定的一致意见”:
We agreed on a date when to meet. ( 后面接双方同意的“会面日期”)
4． 表示“同意”时，还常用 agree 的以下句型:
We agreed. ( 没有宾语)
We all agreed that we should meet again. ( 跟从句)
We agreed about the need for further action. ( agree about)
We agreed to take further action.( 跟动词不定式)
We agreed with him about the plan. ( agree with sb about sth)
We agreed with him on the date.( agree with sb on sth)
Are we all agreed on / about the date? ( be agreed on / about)
Is it agreed that we should meet again next week? ( be agreed that)
We couldn't agree more. 我们完全同意。( 强调)
5． 注意，agreed 与 agreeable 都是形容词，但含义不同。
1) agreed 的意思是“同意接受的”，常用在名词前:
the agreed price
the agreed date
the agreed sum of money
the agreed signal
2) agreeable 表示“同意的”时，常作表语用，后面跟介词 to:
We are agreeable to his plan.
He is agreeable to her coming.
3) 在美国口语中，可单独使用，表示
“同意”:
— First come first serve.
— Agreed. agreement 注意 agreement 下述用法:
a trade agreement between China and Norway
an agreement with the computer company
an agreement on educational collaboration
sign an agreement to protect the environment
come to an agreement on trade
conclude an agreement
reach an agreement
We are all in agreement that we should go ahead with the plan.
They made agreement among the independent departments.
They broke the agreement on military cooperation. agreement lease， contract，treaty，agreement 这组词都有“合约”的含义。
1． lease 侧重指 “租用房屋、土地、设备等的租约”:
obtain a lease on large piece of land || take a lease on an apartment
2． contract 除可指两人之间的 “契约”外，还可以指团体、商务、生意、买卖、交易等方面的“合同”:
a contract of employment || a contract for construction of a bridge
3． treaty 主要指 “( 国家之间签订的) 条约”:
a trade treaty with Australia || A number of countries have entered into the treaty.
4． agreement 在这组词中最普通，可用于各种 “协约”，个人、团体、国家、口头、书面的“协议”都可以:
The three countries signed an agreement in 2000． || The two men had not reached an agreement yet. ahead 1． 作形容词修饰名词时，一般置于名词之后:
on the road ahead
the traffic light ahead
2． 一般不说 the ahead road。
3． 常用在 ahead of 短语中:
He has arrived ahead of others.
4． 注意常用的搭配:
look ahead
think ahead
plan ahead
get ahead
keep ahead
stay ahead of time
be well ahead
press ahead
jerk ahead
plan ahead
move ahead aid 1． 作名词时，后面主要跟介词 to，for，in:
an important aid to economic development
valuable aids to teaching physics
financial aid for students / small businesses
an aid in learning a foreign language
2． 作动词时，常用以下句型:
The computer will aid him in his research. ( aid sb in sth)
The computer will aid him to do his research. ( aid sb to do sth)
The computer will aid him in doing his research. ( aid sb in doing sth)
3． 注意下列 aid 的一些搭配:
emergency aid
economic aid
foreign aid
overseas aid
international aid
food aid
humanitarian aid
first aid
a hearing aid
teaching aids
a useful aid to giving up drinking
enlist the aid of
seek the aid of
come to the aid of
fly to the aid of
come to one's aid
go to one's aid
hurry to one's aid
rush to one's aid
4． aid agency 在美国指“救灾机构”，
救济因战乱、自然灾害等受困的人们:
Some relief workers for an American aid agency were killed in the war. AIDS 1． 也可拼写成 Aids。
2． 注意“艾滋病人”的几种称呼:
an AIDS patient
a PWA ( person with AIDS)
an AIDS victim ailing 常出现在新闻报道中:
Ailing Pope misses Lent service.
the ailing economy
the ailing environment
ailing Democrats
its ailing publishing sector
ailing airlines
ailing workers
ailing ozone layer aim 1． 在现代英语中，aim to do sth 与
aim at doing sth 相比，后者较口语化:
He aims to please her.
He aims at pleasing her.
2． 注意下列句子中 aim 的几种用法:
He aimed at the prize. ( aimed at sth)
He aimed for the prize. ( aimed for sth)
He aimed his criticism at the Chairman. ( aim sth at sb)
It's an advertising campaig aimed at teenagers. ( aimed at sb)
He is all for the services aimed toward( s) better living. ( aimed toward sth)
3． 作名词时，要注意短语 take aim，一般在 aim 前不用冠词:
He took aim at the target.
He took aim at reforming the system. air 注意作名词时的一些规则。
1． 当特指时，可加冠词:
All these cars are polluting the air.( 特指说话时当地的空气)
I breathed in the cold air. ( 特指呼吸周围的冷空气)
2． 当泛指时，作抽象名词，常为不可数:
I need some air. ( 泛指空气)
Let's go for some fresh air. ( 泛指空气)
3． “一股 …… 气流”可用 a  of air，
air 前常不用冠词:
a blast of air
a rush of air
a draft of air
a gust of air
4． 表示“在空中”，用 “in the air”，
air 前面常加定冠词:
The kite is high in the air.
The students threw their hats into the air.
5． 表示 “( 人的 ) 态度、( 周围的 ) 气氛”等，air 前面可加冠词:
She had a triumphant air.
There was an air of gloom about the castle.
6． 表示“不自然的行为 ( 如高傲等)”，常用复数 airs:
Stop putting on airs with me.
7． 表示电视台、电台的“广播”或“不广播”可以说 on ( the ) air 或 off ( the) air，用不用定冠词都可以:
We'll be on ( the ) air in ten minutes.
Wait till we're off ( the) air.
8． “乘飞机”可用 by air，air 前面不加冠词:
I came here by air.
9． air one's views 后面跟 on 或 about都可以:
He aired his views on pollution.
He aired his views about pollution.
10． 动词 air 后面所跟的名词似乎复数居多:
air one's grievances
air one's problems
air one's views
air one's opinions aircraft 1． 的单复数形式相同:
a combat aircraft ( 单数)
30 commercial aircraft ( 复数)
2． 参见 craft。 alarm 1． 泛指“惊恐”时，常作不可数名词:
It filled me with alarm.
She has a look of alarm.
There is no cause for alarm.
2． 具体指“某种警报”或“警报装置”时，为可数名词:
smoke alarms
a burglar alarm alert 1． 表示 “( 对 ……) 保持警觉”，下面几种说法都可以:
The local hospitals are on alert /on the alert / on the full alert for SARS patients.
2． 作动词时，主要有以下几种用法:
He alerted the police. ( alert sth)
The police alerted him to the danger. ( alert sb to sth)
The police alerted him to take shelter. ( alert sb to do sth) alienate 主要用法如下:
The new policy has alienated many of their supporters. ( alienate sb)
What alienated her from the house? ( alienate sb from sth)
He felt alienated from society.( be alienated from sth) alight 1． 常作“( 从交通工具上) 下来”解:
alight from the limousine
alight from the train
alight from the bus
alight from the plane
alight from the horse
alight from the ship
2． 可以作 “( 鸟、虫等 ) 停落
( 在……上)”解:
The eagle alighted on a nearby tree. alike 1． 形容词 alike 主要作表语，一般不直接修饰名词，注意修饰 alike 的副词:
They are often very alike.
They are alike in many ways.
They don't really look alike.
They are nearly alike.
They are so much alike.
They are not at all alike.
They are almost alike.
They are very much alike.
2． 注意 alike 在下列句子中的用法:
They acted alike.
They think alike.
It appeals to adults and kids alike.
They treated people exactly alike.
3． 不要说 They are both alike. 这里的 both 是多余的。 alive 注意与动词和副词的搭配:
My grandmother is still alive.
It was very much alive.
It was much alive.
He is looking more alive today.
He is fully alive.
They have managed to stay alive.
It was buried alive.
It was burned alive.
It was captured alive.
It was rescued alive.
The memories of the event are still very much alive.
He tried to keep the faith alive.
The dream has come alive.
They skinned him alive.
He is alive and kicking. all 1． 可作限定词，后面跟可数或不可数名词。同单数名词连用时为单数，同复数名词连用时为复数，后面动词作相应变化:
All dogs are animals.
All students hate exams.
He has given up all hope.
All wood tends to dry up.
2． all 和 all of 都可用于带限定词
( the，this，that，my，her，those，his 等) 的名词前:
All ( of) my relatives will come to the wedding.
He has lost all ( of) his money.
3． 没有限定词的名词前一般只用all，不用 all of:
All kids need encouragement. ( 不能说: All of kids need encouragement. )
4． all of 可用在人称代词前:
I want to invite all of you.
All of us are students.
5． 与人称代词连用时可以后置:
The boy said hello to them all.
He likes you all to leave.
6． 常用在情态动词、助动词或 be 动词后面:
They can all relax now. ( 用在情态动词 can 后面)
The concert tickets had all been sold out. ( 用在助动词 had 后面)
They were all non-starters. ( 用在be 动词的第三人称复数过去式were 后面)
7． 常用在形容词、副词、介词连接词的前面:
He was at home all last winter.( 用在形容词 last 前)
She forgot all about the incident.( 用在介词 about 前)
8． 一般不可指两人或两物，如不能讲
We two are all here. 应该说:
We are both here.
9． 与名词有时可组成一些固定短语，常用在 be 动词后面:
He was all smiles when he saw his girl friend.
10． 有许多固定习语:
All is not gold that glitters.
All's well that ends well.
The end crowns all.
All this and heaven too.
11． all the 常用在比较级前作加强语气用:
He laughed all the louder.
It's all the more revealing. all-around all-around，all-round
all-around 是美国用语，all-round 美国人和英国人都用。 allege 主要指“( 没有根据地) 声称”，常用于以下句型:
He alleged that he was not at the scene of the murder. (allege that)
He was alleged to have been at the scene of the murder. ( be alleged to have done sth) allergic 1． be allergic to 中的 to 是介词，后面要跟名词:
He is allergic to pollen.
2． be allergic 有幽默含义，表示“一点儿也不喜欢”:
I'm allergic to holidays. 我一点儿也不喜欢假期。 alley 1． 在现代英语中，alley 和 alleyway
含义相同，英美人都用，但用前者居多。
2． ( right) up / down one's alley 主要用在口语中，意思是“正对某人的口味或适合某人的能力”:
Teaching kids — that sounds right up my alley.
3． in a blind alley 指“进入死胡同，没有前途”; in a dark alley 则指 “进入黑胡同，处于危险境地”:
The solution isn't good either; we are in a blind alley again.
Let's say you are in a dark alley, and ten thugs come up behind you. alliance 注意以下的搭配:
an alliance between church and state
maintain the alliance with its neighbors
He is working in alliance with his friends.
form / forge / enter into an alliance to combat the aggressors allow allow，permit
1． 两词常可换用:
They do not allow / permit smoking here.
2． permit 强调权威的“认可”或法规的“准许”:
The Chairman permitted the delegate to speak.
3． allow 较普通，有时仅表示“不加阻拦”而已:
The nurse allowed the visitors to stay in the ward.
4． 注意下列句子中的用法:
Smoking is not allowed here. ( allow sth)
They allowed him to smoke. ( allow sb to do sth)
He was allowed visitors fruit. ( be allowed sb / sth)
He allowed himself some rest.( allow oneself sth)
She allowed the soup to cool for a while. ( allow sth to do sth)
He allowed that the situation was critical. ( allow that)
I allow you that. ( allow sb sth)
The case allows of no delay. ( allow of sth) allowance 1． 作“津贴、补助”解时，为作可数名词:
Married students can get extra allowances.
He has a monthly allowance of $ 800．
2． 在美国可作“零用钱”解，相当于英国英语中的 pocket money; 在英国可作“减免的税款”解:
There's a small allowance of money. 这里是一点点的零花钱。
A married man's tax allowance is about 100 pounds. 结婚男子的减免税额大约为 100 英镑。
3． 注意下列搭配:
a housing allowance
a clothing allowance
a dietary allowance
a travel allowance
a traveling allowance
a subsistence allowance
a baggage allowance
the recommended daily allowance of Vitamins alloy 可作可数或不可数名词。
1． 作可数名词:
an alloy of iron and copper
One of these alloys contains zinc.
2． 作不可数名词:
These knives are made of alloy.
all right all right，alright
两词都可以用，但多数英美人认为，alright 是不正确的，可是在现实生活中依然有人在使用它; 建议主要使用all right. all-round all-around，all-round
all-around 是美国用语，all-round 美国人和英国人都用。 all-round 参见 all-around。 allusion 1． 可作可数或不可数名词。
1) 作可数名词:
It is full of literary allusions.
He made an allusion to his personal history.
2) 作不可数名词:
No allusion is allowed in trials.
2． 常用于短语 make allusion ( s) to中:
She has not made any allusion to the birds.
He made several allusions to the Chair's errors. almighty 1． 用 almighty 表示“上帝”时，常有以下说法，首字母要大写:
Let us pray to Almighty God.
Let us pray to God Almighty.
Let us pray to the Almighty.
2． 用于强调“吃惊、生气”等情绪时，常有以下表达法:
Almighty God!
God Almighty!
God almighty!
Christ almighty!
Christ Almighty! almost almost，nearly
两词都有“几乎、差不多”的含义，但有差别。
1． almost 的语气比 nearly 强，更强调“接近终点或完成”。
2． 两词都可用在 all，every，everyone，everything，always 前:
Almost / Nearly all of the students here are from Asia.
It's a mistake they almost / nearly always make.
3． nearly 前面可用 very，pretty 或not，almost 一般不这样用:
They pretty nearly collide with the heavy-duty truck.
4． almost 可以用在 any，anything 或no，none，never，nobody，nothing 等否定词之前，nearly 一般不这样用:
Almost no one believed her.
He said almost nothing.
They'll fix almost anything. almost practically，almost
两词都有“几乎、差不多”的含义。
1． almost 比 practically 常用。
2． practically 常用在口语中。
3． 在实际使用中，两词常可以替换使用:
The summer is practically / almost over.
The lake has practically / almost dried up. alone 1． 主要有两种用法。
1) 作形容词:
He is alone in the wilderness.
2) 作副词:
He lives alone.
2． 常用在名词和代词后面:
His name alone can draw a crowd. ( 用在名词后面)
He alone was allowed to visit the castle. ( 用在代词后面)
3． 常用 leave / let sb alone 或 leave /
let sth alone，意思是“听其自然、不加干涉”:
Just leave me alone! ( leave sb alone)
Leave those pots alone — they are fragile and valuable. ( leave sth alone)
alone， solitary， lone， lonely aloud 注意以下的几种搭配:
read aloud
wonder aloud
speak aloud at the cinema
cry aloud in grief
laugh aloud
call aloud for help
think aloud already already，yet
1． 在英国英语中，already 与完成时态连用:
I've already had my breakfast.
2． 在美国英语中，人们常将 yet 与一般过去时态连用:
Did you have breakfast yet?
3． yet 与否定式或问句连用:
Are they here yet? ( 问句)
They had not come yet. ( 否定句)
4． already 强调动作的完成，常用在主动句中:
She had already arrived.
5． already 也能用于问句中，但用来表达吃惊的语气:
What，tired already?
Is it noon already?
6． 注意，同样用于完成时态中，yet
与 already 的含义不同:
Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃过午饭没有? ( 一般问候)
Have you had your lunch already?
你已经吃过午饭啦? ( 表示惊讶) alright 参见 all right。
also，as well，too 3 词和词组都可译成“也”，但用法不一样。
1． also 在这组词中最正式，常用在句子中间主要动词的前面，助动词、情态动词或动词 to be 的后面:
I've met the dean and I also met the president. ( 用在主要动词 met前面)
He can also speak Spanish. ( 用在情态动词 can 后面)
He is also a first-rate painter. ( 用在 is 后面)
2． as well 与 too 常用在口语中，一般用在句尾:
I've read the novel and I've seen the movie too / as well.
3． as well，too 可用来指示别人做事，also 不这样用:
Open the door，and open the windows as well / too.
4． also 有时也用于开始一个句子:
Also，his father is a professor. although although，though
两词都可译成“虽然、尽管”等，但用法不一样。
1． 两词都可用在句子的开头:
Although / Though he's got everything，he still complains. ( 用在句子开头)
He called me“shortie”although /though I am as tall as he was.( 用在从句开头)
2． though 更多用在口语中，并用在句尾，相当于 however; although，一般不用在句尾:
It's interesting，though.
3． 两词可用在形容词、副词或副词短语前:
Her first job， although / though unimportant，was a step toward success.
He left willingly，although / though sadly.
4． although 只能作连接词，though 可以作副词、连接词。
5． “Though，but”的句子是错误的，可以说:
Though，yet
Though，nevertheless
Though，still
Though U． K． is a small country，yet it plays a big role in the world.
Though U． K． is a small country，nevertheless it plays a big role in the world.
Though U． K． is a small country，still it plays a big role in the world.
altogether altogether，all together
不要混淆这两个词。
1． 表示“总共”，用 altogether 和 all together 都可以:
How many guests will there be altogether / all together?
2． altogether 可解释为“completely，entirely，wholly”:
The rare animals will become extinct altogether.
3． all together 可解释为 “gathered together in one place”:
I put the letters all together in one box.
We will be all together at the evening party.
Write down the number and add them all together.
4． in the altogether 是幽默语，它的意思是“ nude”; 下面两个句子的意思不同:
The children are swimming in the altogether. 孩子们光着身子在游泳。
The children are swimming all together. 孩子们在一起游泳。 always 1． 强调“不间断”:
The light is always burning.
The tap always drips that way.
2． 强调“每次总是那样”:
I always take the 6 o'clock train.
3． 强调“( 迄今为止或将来) 总是、永远”:
Have your parents always lived with you?
Will you always love me?
4． 与进行时态连用时，有“因翻来覆去地发生而使人烦恼”的含义:
He is always forgetting my name.
She is always asking for money. am 1． I am 的缩写是 I'm。
2． I am not 的缩写是 I'm not 或 I ain't。
3． Am I not，Am not I，Amn't I 可写成 Ain't I 或 An't I。
a. m.
1． a. m. 是拉丁文 ante meridiem 的缩写，即 before noon 的意思。
2． a. m. 可以写成 AM 或 am :
the 7am train to New York
3． 在口语中，a. m. 有时可单独作名词用，表示“上午”:
I saw him this a. m. ．
4． 从凌晨到中午都可以称 a. m. 。具体地讲，11 点 59 分应该是 11: 59
a. m. ，12 点 1 分则是 12: 01p. m. ，“中午 12 点”该是 12 noon 或 the noon，也有人写 12 M． ，M． 代表拉丁文 meridies ( 即 noon 之意 ) ，或12 a. m. ，但这些都不常用。
5． “半夜 12 点”应属于逝去的一天，可译成 12 p. m. midnight; 介于Monday 与 Tuesday 之间的 “半夜”应该写成 midnight Monday，而不是 midnight Tuesday。 amass 这组词都有“积累、积聚”等意思:
1． gather 常指 “( 把零乱的、难分开的东西) 收集起来”:
gather wild flowers
gather different opinions from various regions
2． collect 与 gather 近义，但 collect常指“收集一次可以处理的东西”:
collect books and put them in the box
3． accumulate 强调“经过长时间的收集”:
He accumulated a lot of stamps over the years.
4． amass 强调“逐渐积累，并且数量巨大”:
amass a fortune worth a billion amateur 1． 一般指两种人。
1) “业余爱好者”:
an enthusiastic amateur
2) “外行、生手”，尤指在艺术、体育等方面很不在行:
They are a bunch of amateurs. 他们是一帮生手。
2． 可跟介词 of，in，at 等:
an amateur of horses
an amateur of poetry
an amateur of fashion
an amateur in the field
an amateur in the Australian Open
an amateur in the job market
an amateur at the Masters
an amateur at marine biology amaze 主要有以下用法:
I am amazed at his response to my appeal. ( be amazed at sth)
I am amazed that he is still alive.( be amazed that)
I am amazed to learn that he would believe those lies. ( be amazed to do sth)
What amazes me is that he is still alive. ( amaze sb)
He continues to amaze the world with his talent. ( amaze sth with sth) ambassador 后面可以用介词 to，of，for，in，at:
British ambassador to China
a cultural ambassador of his country
a cultural ambassador for Russia
British ambassador in Beijing
British ambassador at Athens ambition 1． 后面常跟 for，in，of 或 to do sth:
She has an ambition for success in painting.
He has ambitions in that direction.
He has developed an ambition of becoming a doctor.
He achieved his ambition to become a novelist.
2． 从上述例句可以看出，ambition 可作可数或不可数名词。一般来说，表示抽象的“雄心、野心”时，为不可数名词; 表示追求具体的“志向”时，作可数名词用:
She lacks ambition. ( 抽象，指“雄心”)
She has an ambition to become a success in writing. ( 有具体的“志向”) ambitious 后面常跟介词 for，to:
His parents are ambitious for him.
It is an ambitious plan for managing the city's public transportation system.
It seems ambitious to me.
She is ambitious enough to be a musician.
He is very ambitious to finish the thick novel in a day. ambush 1． “伏击”可译成 waiting in ambush 或 lying in ambush，“遭伏击”可以说 be ambushed:
The army was waiting in ambush along the road.
A couple of hunters are lying in ambush.
They were ambushed by a large，well-organized force with good intelligence.
2． “设埋伏”可译成 set up an ambush:
The soldiers went up the trail first and set up an ambush at the top.
3． 可作可数或不可数名词:
insurgents firing mortars and staging ambushes( 可数名词)
It reminds people that this threat is waiting in ambush. ( 不可数名词) amends 1． 单复数形式相同:
an amends
two amends
2． 常用 make amends ( for) 的句型:
I wish I could make amends somehow.
How can I make amends for what you have done for me?
3． 可以说 make amends to sb:
I want to make amends to that poor man. amenity 1． 表示具体的“娱乐设施”时，amenity 常用来作可数名词:
Amenities include a library，a cinema，a gym，and a pool.
2． 抽象地表示一个地方“宜人”，常作不可数名词:
the amenity of the river valley America American，America
1． 两词已习惯上用来指“美国人”和
“美国”; 尽管不少人持异议，但已习惯成自然。
2． 要区别来自不同国家的移民，常用加前缀等方法:
Chinese American
Anglo-American
Latin-American
3． “the Americas”可指“美洲各国”或“全美大陆”:
The problem with American is that “the Americas” refers to North，Central and South America. American American，America
1． 两词已习惯上用来指“美国人”和
“美国”; 尽管不少人持异议，但已习惯成自然。
2． 要区别来自不同国家的移民，常用加前缀等方法:
Chinese American
Anglo-American
Latin-American
3． “the Americas”可指“美洲各国”或“全美大陆”:
The problem with American is that “the Americas” refers to North，Central and South America. American American，African-American
1． 在美国，这些词都可以指美国的“黑人”。
2． Negro 是西班牙语，black 是 17 世纪从 Negro 翻译过来的，所以应该先有 Negro，后有 black; 奴隶制盛行时期，Negro，black，colored 都是中性词; 南北战争后，人们喜欢用colored; 20 世纪 70 年代末，人们受民权运动的影响，倾向用 black来指“黑人”; 后来，人们又开始用Afro-American 来表示 “美国黑人”; 1984 年后，人们开始用 African-American; 但现在 black 仍很常用。
3． 要避免将 black 作名词使用，因为它有时会冒犯人。
4． 美国黑人喜欢别人叫他们 African-American。
5． 在英国，来自 Caribbean 地区的黑人喜欢别人叫他们 African-Caribbean。
6． 澳大利亚英语中，常用 black 来指那些在欧洲人迁居澳洲大陆前就在澳洲生活的人们。 amid amid，amidst
1． 两词书卷气都较重，相比之下，amidst 更加文雅。
2． 两词后面可跟可数或不可数名词。
1) 跟可数名词:
amid / amidst mounting fears of war
amid / amidst many students
2) 跟不可数名词:
Britain shivers amid / amidst snow and ice amidst amid，amidst
1． 两词书卷气都较重，相比之下，amidst 更加文雅。
2． 两词后面可跟可数或不可数名词。
1) 跟可数名词:
amid / amidst mounting fears of war
amid / amidst many students
2) 跟不可数名词:
Britain shivers amid / amidst snow and ice ammunition ammunition，munitions
1． 17 世纪时，这两个词的意思还是一样的，后因发音错误而成了两个不同的词。
2． ammunition 指“从武器里射出来的子弹、炮弹”等:
hunting ammunition
machinegun ammunition
shotgun ammunition
3． ammunition 常作不可数名词用:
a box of live ammunition
4． munitions 包括的范围广，如武器、军用设备、军需储备等，因此可以说
ammunition 是 munitions 的一部分。
5． 在现代英语中，munitions 作名词时，常用复数形式:
increased production of munitions
6． munitions 在修饰名词时，也用其复数形式:
a munitions plant
among，amongst，amid 1． among 比较普通，amongst 主要在英国使用。
2． among 和 amongst 两词后面一般不跟表示“两样东西、两个人”的词语，如不要说 among / amongst two people; 但可以说:
The teacher sat among many /three hundred / a group of students.
3． among 有时可与 amid 替换使用，但含义稍有不同; among 含有 “被围住”的意思，amid 强调“处于两者之间的位置”:
among the students ( 有被学生围住的意思) ;
Amid the heated debate，he stood neutral. ( 强调 “立场中立”) amount 1． 常可以与不可数名词连用:
a small amount of money
a large amount of traffic
a certain amount of trust
2． 也可与“被视作一个整体的可数名词”连用:
the high amount of taxes( 将“税”作为一个整体来看)
any amount of black pebbles ( 将“黑卵石”作为一个整体来看)
3． 作动词时，后面跟介词 to，再跟名词或动名词:
Your information doesn't amount to anything. ( 跟代词)
Borrowing money and not returning it amounts to stealing. ( 跟动名词) amuse amuse，amusement
1． amuse 的意思是“使人发笑、逗乐”，因而说 Your opinion amused me 的意思是“你的意见使我发笑”，多有贬义。
2． amusement 可用作可数名词或不可数名词。
He does that for amusement. ( 不可数名词)
The city has a wide variety of amusements. ( 可数名词)
3． amusement 常用在短语 to everyone's amusement 中:
Much to everyone's amusement，he locked himself out of the room.
4． 将“游乐场”译成 amusement arcade 是英国用法，美国常用 amusement park 来表示。 amusement amuse，amusement
1． amuse 的意思是“使人发笑、逗乐”，因而说 Your opinion amused me 的意思是“你的意见使我发笑”，多有贬义。
2． amusement 可用作可数名词或不可数名词。
He does that for amusement. ( 不可数名词)
The city has a wide variety of amusements. ( 可数名词)
3． amusement 常用在短语 to everyone's amusement 中:
Much to everyone's amusement，he locked himself out of the room.
4． 将“游乐场”译成 amusement arcade 是英国用法，美国常用 amusement park 来表示。 an 1． 何时用 an，何时用 a，取决于后面名词的发音; 若名词的发音以元音音素开头，则用 an; 以辅音开头则用 a:
an accident
an hour
an X-ray
a university
a college
a school
2． 参见 a。 and 1． 可用来衔接两个词、短语、句子等:
apples and oranges
You clean the living room，and I'll take care of the bedroom.
2． 当用来衔接两个以上的词或短语时，and 一般用在最后两个词或短语之间:
He can speak Chinese，French，Russian，German，and English.
3． 用来表示“一件事接着另一件事发生”:
He opened the door and went in.
4． 用在动词 go，come，try，wait，run 等后面，表示打算和目的。在美国，人们有时还用 be sure and ，take care and，remember and等句型，这种结构一般只用现在时:
Come and see my new house.
Take care and see she gets there safely.
5． 用来表示因果关系:
He often lies to us and now no one will trust him. 他常跟我们说谎，现在没人再信他。
6． 用来连接重复的词借以加强语气:
It will take years and years to complete this project.
7． 用于加法计算之中:
Three and four are seven.
8． 在口语中宣布通知、提问或转变话题时，可用来引导一个句子:
And now，here is the news from the VOA． ( 宣布开始播送新闻)
9． 在说话时用来表示停顿，添加信息:
One-third of the students — and I swear this is true — couldn't name our president.
10． 用在计数的百位和十位之间或分数的计数之中:
two hundred and ten
three and four quarters
11． 用来进行对比:
He wants to go to New York and I want to go to Paris.
12． 用在 nice，good 等词的后面加强语气:
She is nice and pretty.
I'm good and tired.
13． 用在短语中:
and so on
and so forth
and the like
books， magazines， dictionaries，and so on
jogging，swimming，and the like
14． 符号 ＆ 一般只用在英语书写之中，以取代 and:
Brown ＆ company
15． and how 等于 very much so，有
“当然、那还用说”等意思，是俚语，用来强调语气:
— Did you have a nice holiday?
— 你假期过得好吗?
— And how! — 那还用说!
16． 用 and etc. 是不对的，因为 etc.的意思是 and the rest， and so on，and the others of the same kind，再用 and 是多余的; 可以说:
 poets， novelists， dramatists，etc. bandit bandit, gangster, robber, pirate
这组词都可译成“强盗”。
1． bandit 常指“武装的强盗”，多在农村或偏僻处抢劫，在西方电影中常是骑着马，拿着枪，或单独或成群地抢劫:
Bandits are found in the mountains of the Karanas.
2． robber 在泛泛而用时可指类似
thief 一样的人; 但作“强盗”解时，常指“抢银行、抢火车或抢商店的人”:
bank robbers
train robbers
The robbers escaped with the jewels of the shop.
3． gangster 一般指“( 现代社会中基地在城市里的有组织的) 强盗”，他们用暴力进行各种非法活动:
a movie about Chicago gangsters in the 1930s
4． brigand 较具文学色彩，尤指“在山区、森林等地区作案的强盗”:
broken mountain brigand camps
5． pirate 主要指在海上对船只进行抢劫的“海盗”:
pirates at San Francisco Bay anecdote 注意以下用法:
anecdotes about her life in Africa
a few interesting anecdotes from her past
this sort of anecdote
He is full of anecdotes.
It had never been more than a family anecdote.
slanderous anecdotes about him horrifying anecdotes anesthesia 常为不可数名词:
The history of anesthesia is quite long.
He is interested in a career in anesthesia.
There are many different types of anesthesia. angle 注意几种“角度”的说法:
keep him informed at every angle
meet at right angles
at a 90-degree angle
firing at him from several different angles
lean at an angle
She hit her knee against the angle of the desk.
look for a new angle for the next presidential campaign Anglo 1． 在美国，常指“来自英国的、讲英国英语的白种人”:
Anglo-Americans
2． 在英国，人们有时用它来指“英格兰人 ( English )”，以区别于 Irish，
Scottish，Welsh。
3． 常用作构词成分 Anglo-，作“英裔”解:
Anglo-Indian
Anglo-Asian annals 后面跟介词 of:
a name that will go down in the annals of American politics anniversary 1． 一般用来指“周年纪念”:
on the anniversary of her birth
2． 也可以指“几个月的纪念”等:
on the 16- month anniversary of his release from the jail announce 常有以下句型:
He announced that he is going to fire me. ( announce that)
It was announced early today.( be announced)
He announced the General Manager's resignation. ( announce sb's resignation)
He announced a 50% decrease in profits. ( announce a decrease /an increase in )
He announced to the press that the Chairman had decided to step down. ( announce to sth that )
He announced the guests as they came in. ( announce sb) annoy 1． 后面常跟介词 with，at，by:
Cathy was annoyed by his rude remarks.
Cathy was annoyed at his boyishness.
Cathy annoyed him with her carelessness.
2． 常用 it annoys sb that / when /how 等句型:
It annoys me when people forget to say thank you.
It annoys her that people are going to think she can't look different.
It annoys him how slow it is. another 1． 主要有两种用法。
1) 作限定词，后面常跟单数可数名词:
another cup of coffee ( 但也可说another 100 nurses)
2) 作代词，后面不能跟名词，前面常有 one:
She kept going from one thing to another.
2． 前面一般不能加其他限定词，如不说 the another professor，因为 another 是 an other 的拼合形式。
3． 后面可以接数目词:
It will cost me another $ 10．
In another three weeks I'll be on holiday.
Another 100 nurses are needed.
4． 一般在 3 个以上时才用它。所以在表示两个时不用 another，一般不说 She has two friends; one is a boy，and another is a girl. 句中的 another 应改成 the other。
5． yet another 在表示“已经太多了”的意思时才用它:
She had yet another cup of tea.
她又喝了杯茶。( 她已经喝过好几杯，太多了。)
He is involved in yet another scandal. 他又卷入了一起丑闻。
( 他已经卷入了好几起丑闻。)
6． not another 在口语中表示讨厌、厌倦等情绪，有“可别再……了”的意思:
Oh， no， not another supermarket! 啊呀，可别再造超市了!
7． one another 可用来修饰两个或两个以上的事物:
The two of them sat facing one another. ( 两人)
The students all shook hands with one another. ( 两人以上)
8． one another 的所有格是 one another's:
We respect one another's privacy.
9． another time 口语中常用来表示“现在不行，下一次吧”:
Another time，Mike，I'm busy right now.
10． 参见 each。 answer 1． 作动词时常用以下句型:
She answered one simple question. ( answer sth)
She is still waiting for you to answer. ( 作不及物动词)
She answered that she would turn down the offer. ( answer that)
Answer me! ( answer sb)
Their request was answered by the president. ( be answered by)
She answered his look with a smile. ( answer sth)
The teacher doesn't like people who answer back. ( answer back)
I can answer for nothing. ( answer for)
He answered to the description of the police. ( answer to sth)
2． 注意作名词时的一些搭配:
The answer to your question is no.
The police came in answer to my call.
He rang the door bell but there was no answer.
I am sure you will give me a frank answer.
He is going to get the answer from me.
3． 作名词时，可作可数或不可数名词。
1) 作可数名词:
She was a nice girl and had no sharp answers.
The answers are at the back of the book.
2) 作不可数名词:
In answer to her shouts，people rushed to my help.
4． 在口语中常用的句型是:
get the answer right
get the answer wrong
5． 作名词时，后面经常跟介词 to:
He knew the answer to the question.
There are no easy answers to the crisis.
Have you had an answer to the letter?
6． 注意 answer 与 reply 的区别。
1) answer 比 reply 更普通。
2 ) reply 比 answer 正式，较多用于书面的“答复”:
His reply to the request was a firm“No!”
An answer in the form of a statement appropriate to the question is a reply.
7． 有时，answer 在译成中文时不一定是“回答”:
answer the door 开门
answer the phone 接电话
answer the needs of the people 满足人民的需要
He didn't answer our hopes. 他辜负了我们的希望。
answer his requirements 符合他的要求 ant 1． “蚂蚁窝”可译成:
an ant colony
2． 美国俚语 have ants in one's pants 表示“坐立不安”:
Would you please stop tapping your foot?! — You must have ants in your pants! ante 1． 常作单数用:
a $ 5 ante 5 美元赌注
2． 常用在短语 raise / up the ante:
It upped the ante in the joint venture. 它增加合资的危险
3． 不要将构词成分 ante- ( 意为 earlier， before ) 与 anti- ( 意为 against，opposite，opposed ) 混淆起来:
anteroom 前室
antisocial 反社会的 anticipate anticipate，expect
两词都可以译成“期望、期待”等，但含义不完成一样。
1． anticipate 尽管也可以表示“期待坏事”，但较多指“期待好事”，而
expect 较中性:
anticipating the arrival of the
Spring Festival ( 期待好事)
I expect he'll pass the exam. ( 期待好事)
I expect he'll fail the exam. ( 期待坏事)
2． expect 强调“期待假定必然发生的事”:
This is the parcel we've been expecting.
3． anticipate 常用以下句型:
I anticipate a big audience tonight.
I anticipate running into some problems.
I hadn't anticipated that she would turn it down.
He can anticipate what his opponent will do.
I anticipated his making a complaint by submitting a report myself. anxiety 1． 可作可数或不可数名词。
He is full of anxiety over the train delay. ( 不可数名词)
They are talking about the anxieties of modern life. ( 可数名词)
2． 注意一些的常见用法:
He is now freed of anxiety. ( be freed of anxiety)
The anxiety that I felt about is still in my mind. ( the anxiety that is)
The slack business is a great anxiety to him. ( be a great anxiety to sb)
Her anxiety to please her husband is obvious. ( one's anxiety to do sth is)
There is increasing anxiety over the outcome of the test. ( there is increasing anxiety over)
The parents waited with great anxiety for more news about their lost son. ( with great anxiety) anxious 常用以下句型:
Her silence made him anxious.( make sb anxious)
I feel anxious about my future.( feel anxious about)
He is anxious for promotion. ( be anxious for)
He is extremely anxious to meet the dean. ( be anxious to do sth)
He is anxious that his son might not find a job after graduation.
( be anxious that) any 1． 主要有以下几种用法。
1) 用在问句中:
Have you been to any interesting places?
Do you want to speak to any of the students?
2) 用在否定句中:
He isn't in any danger.
3) 作代词用:
You may borrow any of these books.
4) 作形容词:
She didn't drink any milk.
2． 注意以下几个方面。
1) 作形容词时，可修饰可数或不可数名词:
Do you have any novels? ( 可数名词)
Are there any cookies left? ( 可数名词)
She doesn't have any money. ( 不可数名词)
Do you know any English? ( 不可数名词)
2) 在现代英语中，any 作代词时，作单复数用均可:
 nor is any of her novels a reflection of reality. ( 作单数用)
 before any of her novels were published. ( 作复数用)
3) 常用来强调比较级:
any better
any faster
any slower
If your toothache gets any worse，you should see a doctor.
4) 不可指两个事物或人物，如不说any of the two students。
5 ) 英国英语的 any more 在美国英语中常写成 anymore:
I don't want to see you any more.
No one comes here anymore. anybody anybody，anyone
1． 两词一般都只用作单数，可以换用:
Is anybody / anyone there?
2． anybody 一般用在问句或否定句中:
Have you appointed anybody to that position yet? ( 问句)
Hardly anybody came. ( 否定句)
3． 因为 anybody 或 anyone 不知道指的是男人还是女人，通常用 he 或 they 来代替它们，anybody 用they，their，them 指代居多; anyone 用 he，him，his 指代居多:
anybody in their senses would
If anybody calls， tell them I'm busy.
to anyone except his parents
Anyone who thinks he's pure
4． anybody 有两种截然不同的意思。
一是指“任何人”，二是指“重要人物”:
Anybody could tell the solution to it. 任何人都能说出它的解决办法。
Is he anybody? 他是个重要人物吗?
He wasn't anybody before he got that job. 在得到那份工作以前，他还算不上个人物。 anyhow anyway，anyhow
1． 两词主要用于口语中，含义相似，可以换用:
The water is cold， but I had a shower anyway / anyhow.
2． 两词主要有两种用法。
1) 表示说话人想要回到主题上来:
But anyway / anyhow，it's too late now. 但话又说回来，现在太晚了。
2) 表示另起一个主题:
Anyway / Anyhow let's move on to the next topic. 不管怎么说，让我们继续下一个话题吧。 anymore 参见 any。 anyone 参见 anybody。 anyplace 主要用在美语中，意思是 anywhere:
Anyplace would be better than this place.
With this ticket you get to go any place you want to. anytime 1． 主要是美国用法，作副词:
I can get a job anywhere anytime.
2． anytime soon 已经成为习语:
Things won't improve anytime soon. 情况不会很快得到改善。 anyway anyway，anyhow
1． 两词主要用于口语中，含义相似，可以换用:
The water is cold， but I had a shower anyway / anyhow.
2． 两词主要有两种用法。
1) 表示说话人想要回到主题上来:
But anyway / anyhow，it's too late now. 但话又说回来，现在太晚了。
2) 表示另起一个主题:
Anyway / Anyhow let's move on to the next topic. 不管怎么说，让我们继续下一个话题吧。 anyways 主要见于美国口语中，相当于 anyway，也见于英国的方言中，但不是标准规范的英语，应尽量避免在正式场合使用:
Anyways，I told Matilda that guy was a lazy bum before she ever married him. anywhere 1． 主要有两种用法。
1) 作副词:
Are you going anywhere this afternoon?
2) 作代词:
She hasn't anywhere to stay.
2． 注意它的一些特殊用法。
1 ) anywhere between 和 anywhere fromto可表示大概的数目:
anywhere between $ 100 and $ 300 a month
anywhere from a week to three weeks
2 ) not getting / going anywhere 可表示“毫无进展、不太可能取得成就”等:
The debate isn't getting us anywhere. 这场辩论对我们没有任何好处。 anywheres 为美国口语，是不规范的用词，相当于anywhere:
I didn't live anywheres near Boston.
I'm not going anywheres any ways. apartment apartment，flat
1． apartment 在美国指“一套房间( a suite of rooms)”:
a four-room apartment
2． 复数 apartments 在英国常指“宽大、豪华的套房”:
the Royal Apartments
3． 美国英语中的 apartment 在英国英语中叫 flat。
4． 在美国人的头脑中，flat 一般是那种条件设施不太好的套房:
a cold-water flat 不供应热水的套房
5． 美国的 an apartment house / hotel 在英国叫 an apartment block或 a block of service flats。
apiece，a piece apiece 是“每个、每个人、每件”等意思，强调“完整的一个”; a piece 常指“碎片( a fragment)”，强调“小、不完整( small and incomplete)”:
These cakes are fifty cents a piece. 这些蛋糕 50 美分一个。
The cake is five cents a piece. 这个蛋糕 5 美分一片。 apologize 常用以下句型:
I must apologize for taking so long to answer your letter. ( apologize for sth / doing sth)
I apologized to him for taking so long to reply. ( apologize to sb for sth / doing sth) apology 1． 下面几种说法都可以:
I've come here to make him an apology.
I've come here to make my apologies to Mr. Wang for keeping him waiting.
I've come here to make an apology to him for keeping him waiting.
Please allow me to offer you my apologies.
I want / demand an apology.
I owe you an apology.
Please give my apologies to your parents.
2． 复数 apologies 不一定指“多次道歉”，是习惯上强调“歉意”的诚心:
Please give my apologies to your parents. ( 这里的 apologies 指一次性的道歉)
3． 下面的例子中，apology 作不可数名词，前面没有冠词:
a letter of apology
a gesture of apology
a word of apology apostrophe 主要有以下用法。
1． 表示省略字母:
cannot — can't
I am — I'm
2． 表示所有格。单数名词和不以-s
结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加 's:
John's books
Women's garments
3． 以-s 结尾的复数名词在词尾一般只加 ':
the students' grades
the girls' garments
4． 复合名词和作为一个整体的词组在最后一个词后加 's:
an hour and a half's walk
his father-in-law's study
5． 以 z 音结尾的名词的属格用 's 或
':
Burns's essays
Burns' essays
6． 表示词组内的并列各词之间的所有关系时，每个名词后都要加 's:
Japan's and Russia's troops
7． 用来表示时间:
the 1980's 1980 年代 apparatus 常用作单数名词或不可数名词，类似equipment:
a piece of apparatus
breathing apparatus
set up the apparatus for the test
sports apparatus
types of apparatus apparel 1． 在美国英语中，常用在商店里或商务上:
Ladies'-ready-to-wear apparel is on the third floor.
2． 常作不可数名词:
winter apparel
online sales of apparel
articles of apparel
ladies in rich apparel
3． “一件衣服”常说 an article of apparel。
apparent，obvious，evident 3 词都有“显而易见的”意思，但含义完全相不同。
1． apparent 除有“迹象”表明外，还多少有些“推理”的含义:
It soon became apparent that they knew reach other.
2． evident 强调有“可见的迹象”存在:
She spoke with evident sadness.
3． obvious 强调“轻而易举”:
the obvious heir to the throne apparel attire，dress，apparel，clothes，clothing，costume， garb， garment 这组词都有“衣服”的含义。
1． attire 是正式用词。
1) 指特定式样的“衣服”，如礼服等:
in formal attire 穿着礼服
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 强调“服装给人的总体印象”:
the strange attire of the eccentric old woman
2． dress 指男女的外衣。
1) 尤指在正式场合穿的“服装”:
evening dress || court dress
2) 也特指妇女穿的“紧身胸衣”或“裙子、连衣裙”等。
3． apparel 较古雅，也较古旧。
1) 尤指“盛装”:
the Queen's ceremonial apparel
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 在美语中可用作复合词，泛指“衣服、衣物”:
ladies' ready-to-wear apparel
4． clothes 与 clothing 较普通常用; clothing 比 clothes 正式。
1 ) clothing 是衣服的总称，包括上衣、裤子、衬衣等，是不可数名词:
warm winter clothing || protective clothing
2) clothes 主要指供人穿的衣服，强调用各种布匹、衣料做成的各种衣服，还强调一个人所穿的所有东西，甚至帽子、鞋子等。
3) clothes 还特指用于各种活动的特制衣服:
football clothes || school clothes
4) clothes 后面常用动词的复数形式:
Clothes are things that people wear.
5) clothing 后面常用动词的单数形式:
Clothing consists of the things people wear.
5． costume 指( 某个地区、时代、民族等穿的) 服装:
in traditional costume || in 18th-century costume || in cowboy costume
1) 在这层意思上，与 dress 近义。
2) 常指戏装:
a clown's costume || The costumes，sets，and acting are all superb.
3) 是可数名词:
Hollywood studios costumes
6． garb 是文学用词，主要指供专业人士穿着的“制服、服装”:
in a judge's solemn garb || the garb of a priest
7． garment 尤指生产、销售中的衣服:
the garment workers || the fashion garment industry
1) 也多指外衣:
waterproof outer garment
2) 是可数名词:
She wore a long garment in yellow linen. appear 常用以下句型:
A stranger appeared then in the doorway.
He appears to be sleeping.
He appears willing to do it.
He appeared rather upset about the issue.
No one appeared to notice him.
He may appear a fool but actually he is quite smart.
It appears that she was wrong.
It appears so.
The town appeared deserted.
It appears as if she's lost interest in life.
He will appear before the committee to defend his case.
The singing group appeared on the stage.
He will appear for you in court.
An ugly face appeared at the window.
His story appeared in printed form.
The president appeared with assistants. append 1． 常用 append sth to sth 这种句型:
The dean appended his signature to the document.
Both sides agreed to append an extra clause to the contract.
2． 可以用于被动语态:
A medical report is appended. appendix addendum，appendix
1． addendum 的复数是 addenda，主要指“( 讲话、文件、书等的) 补遗( a
thing that is added at the end of a book)”:
The original documents and the addenda are available in three different configurations.
2． appendix 的复数是 appendices，主要指“( 书的) 附录 ( a section at the end of a book)”:
The appendices of the book are especially helpful in understanding the limitations and obligations.
3． 参见 appendix。 appendix 1． 复数形式为 appendixes 或 appendices。 美国人多用 appendixes，英国人多用 appendices。
2． 注意 appendix 前后介词的用法:
an appendix to the grammar table
several appendices on irregular verbs
in the appendix to Chapter 10
3． 参见 addendum，appendix。 appetite 1． 注意与动词的搭配:
acquire an appetite
lose one's appetite
satisfy one's appetite
spoil one's appetite
ruin one's appetite
work up an appetite in the gym
whet my appetite
have an amazing appetite for money
The jogging has given me a good appetite.
develop an appetite for seafood hide an appetite
carve up an appetite at
gain an appetite for
2． 可作可数或不可数名词:
sexual appetites( 作可数名词)
Loss of appetite may signal sickness. ( 作不可数名词) applause 不可数名词，要表示“……掌声”可以说:
Let's have a round of applause.
amid thunderous applause
receive rapturous applause
Great applause followed his speech.
get a big round of applause
burst into loud applause
win great applause
A thrill of applause bursts through the hall.
receive a deafening round of applause
a bit of applause for
have a big round of applause
get an avalanche of applause
roars of applause
deserve a round of applause
a storm of applause apple 1． 可作可数或不可数名词:
The child is eating an apple. ( 可数)
There is a slice of apple on the table. ( 不可数)
2． 口语中常用 the apple of one's eye 来表示“珍爱之物”等义。 尽管人们都有两只眼睛，但在使用时只用单数形式:
She is the apple of her father's eye.
3． 注意与 apple 有关的一些习惯用语:
He ate the apple，core and all.( 全吃了)
He peeled the apple. ( 给苹果削皮)
The room was in apple-pie order.( 井然有序)
He has upset the applecart. ( 打破计划，applecart 也可拼成 applecart，是英国拼法)
as American as apple pie 非常典型( apple pie 是美国人爱吃的食品，一提到它就会使人想起温馨的家) apply 常用以下句型:
apply for a job
apply to the committee for a scholarship
apply the brakes
apply in person
apply by letter
apply the glue to both sides
apply common sense to the problem
apply theory into practice
apply my mind to finding a solution
apply himself to his work
apply to join the club appointment 1． 注意以下与“约会”有关的习惯用法:
make an appointment 约定会面时间
keep an appointment 按时赴约
cancel an appointment 取消约会
have an appointment 有约会
confirm an appointment 确定约会
decline an appointment 谢绝约会
2． 注意下列常用搭配。
1) 关于“约会”:
He will have an appointment at 2 p. m. with the dean.
He will make an appointment to the manager.
He will see the Chairman by appointment.
He forgot the appointment to meet the delegation that afternoon.
2) 关于“任命”:
He has got a teaching appointment at the Law School.
He is pleased about the appointment of Mike as dean.
He is very pleased about the appointment of Mike to be president.
He is looking for a permanent appointment. appreciate 1． 常用以下句型:
Martin doesn't appreciate her opinion.
He doesn't seem to appreciate how busy I am.
His help was greatly appreciated.
He appreciated her knowing about the answer.
He appreciated being invited.
He appreciated what I have done.
He appreciated that the plan had worked well.
2． 口语中常用 I / We would appre-
ciate it if  的句型，句中的 it 一般不能省去:
We would appreciate it if you would let us know about the incident.
3． 与 thank 一样，也有“感谢”的意思，但含义不同; appreciate 稍许含有“不情愿”的意思，有点不愿屈尊直说 Thank you 的意味; 而 Thank you. 有时含卑谦之意:
I appreciate your help.
Thank you for your help.
I will thank you for your help. appreciation 注意在以下句子中的搭配:
share an appreciation of pop music
show their appreciation with cheers
express my appreciation for your good work
show my appreciation for what you have done
The thank-you note is given in appreciation of your hard work. apprehensive 1． 当“担心”的对象是人时，后面常跟介词 for:
feel apprehensive for Mike
2． 还常跟介词about或 of ，后面一般跟事物:
feel apprehensive about the election results
feel apprehensive of the imminent danger
3． 一般可跟从句:
I felt apprehensive that the truck might run me down.
She seems apprehensive about what might happen here. apprentice 1． 可数名词:
an apprentice
three apprentices
2． 表示“学徒”时，后面常跟介词 to:
become an apprentice to a carpenter
3． 表示“成为 …… 的学徒”时，apprentice 后面可跟介词 with:
He became an apprentice with a local company.
4． 表示“招收学徒”，可用 take on an apprentice:
The local firm is taking on seven new apprentices.
5． 作动词时，常为被动语态:
He was apprenticed to a plumber at the age of 18． apprise 1． 使用频率不高。
2． 常用于被动语态，后面跟介词 of:
He was apprised of the approaching danger. approach 1． 作名词时，后面常跟介词 to，作动词时是及物动词。
1) 作名词:
the approaches to the city 通往城市的道路
2) 作动词:
approach the city 接近城市
2． 注意 approach 的下列用法。
1) 动词:
He approached his advisor about his project. ( approach sb about sth)
He approached the bank manager for a loan. ( approach sb for sth)
They approached the issue from different angles. ( approach from)
2) 名词:
an initial approach to the problem
take an imaginative approach in helping small businesses
adopt an approach to cancer treatment
use an approach to language teaching
with the approach of night
make an approach to the bank for a loan
make approaches to the Department of Education
during its final approach to the airport appropriate 注意一些搭配方法:
under appropriate conditions
the appropriate relations among the local people
She is not appropriate for a formal party.
a style appropriate to the occasion
at the appropriate time
using handouts and overheads as appropriate
It seems appropriate that he should deliver a speech. approval 注意一些常用搭配方法:
I'll give my approval to it.
It has the approval of the whole committee.
The girl longed for a sign of approval from her parents.
give a nod of approval
give a smile of approval
have one's approval
show his approval by nodding his head
fail to meet with her mother's approval
A murmur of approval ran through the audience.
It is subject to the approval of the committee.
The report was given the seal of approval. approve 1． 作“赞同”解时，后面常跟介词 of:
We don't approve of war.
We approved of the way he handled the situation
2． 也可直接跟宾语:
I can't approve rude behavior.
3． 作 “( 正式 ) 批准”解时，常用 be
approved by句型:
It should be approved by a national referendum after being drafted.
The proposal must be approved by at least two-thirds in each of two separate votes.
4． approved school 在英国指“少年犯管教所”，也叫 borstal，现在常称为 community home; 美国旧时叫
reformatory 或 reform school。 approximately 1． 意思与 about，nearly，almost 相近。
2． 常用在公司的报告、技术文献以及参考书中。
3． 常与数字连用:
Approximately 500 people filled the hall.
approximately 150 cars a day
It cost approximately $ 250．
4． 也可以不跟具体数字:
I have approximately the same feeling with you.
His story was at least approximately true. April 1． 可缩写成 Apr 或 Apr. 。
2． “4 月 23 日”有很多写法 ( 其他日期以此类推) :
on April 23
on April 23 rd
on 23 April
on 23 rd April
on the twenty-third of April
on the 23 rd of April
on April the twenty-third
on April twenty-third
3． 没有具体日期的情况下，月份前用介词 in:
His birthday is in April.
4． 说 the first of April，April the first
或 April first 都可以，“April first”是美国用法。
5． 说 in April 2005 或 in April，2005
都可以，前一种较常用，后一种较正式。
6． April Fool 和 April fool 都可以用，可作可数名词:
They are April Fools / April fool or April fish as they are called in France.
These are April fools stories. apt liable，apt
两词都有 “倾向于……”的含义。
1． liable 侧重 “告诫倾向发生危险、意外的事”:
Be careful，this vase is liable to break.
2． apt 强调“倾向”的原有性、固有性、习惯性等:
Iron is apt to rust. aptitude 1． 尤指“天生的 ( 学习) 能力”，可作可数或不可数名词。
1) 作可数名词:
He showed an aptitude for learn-
ing foreign languages.
2) 作不可数名词:
He showed great aptitude for learning foreign languages.
2． 后面常跟介词 for，表示某方面的能力:
He had no aptitude for accountancy.
He showed aptitude for mathematics. Arab 1． 除可表示“阿拉伯人”外，还常作形容词，修饰名词:
Arab states
Arab countries
the Arab world
2． 注意，不要将其与 Arabian( 阿拉伯的) 或 Arabic ( 阿拉伯语 ) 混淆起来。
Arbor Day
1． “植树节”主要用在美国，时间约在 4 月底。
2． 前面一般不加定冠词:
The idea for Arbor Day originally came from Nebraska.
the history for Arbor Day archipelago 1． 表示 “…… 群岛”时，前面常加定冠词:
the Philippine archipelago
2． 复数有两种形式，archipelagos 和
archipelagoes:
French Polynesia is made up of 118 islands scattered throughout 5 different archipelagos.
We visited one of the biggest archipelagoes on the Atlantic Ocean. archive 1． 作“档案馆、档案”解时，单复数都可以用，但用复数居多。
1) 作单数:
the National Sound Archive
an archive of local history
2) 作复数:
the BBC archives
the National Archives
2． 复数形式作“档案馆”解时，可视作单数，也可视作复数，复数用法系非正式用法。
1) 作单数名词:
establish a National Archives of the United States Government
the National Archives has carried out．
2) 作复数名词:
 as European archives were opened to discover the causes of the war.
3． 单复数形式都有延伸意义上的用法。
1) 单数形式:
making himself a living archive.…… 使他自己成为一个活的档案馆。
2) 复数形式:
in the archives of idea 在思想的宝库中
aren't 1． 在非正式场合用来代替 are not。
2． 在主语为第一人称单数的问句中，用来代替 am not:
Aren't I foolish?
I'm beautiful，aren't I? arguably 1． 在现代英语中，当认为他人可能会持异议时，用 arguably 来委婉说出自己的观点，有积极意义:
It is arguably the best hotel in town.
2． 常用在比较级或最高级前:
It is，arguably，a more important novel than her previous literary works.
She is arguably the best actress of her generation.
It is arguably the most hopeless case this year. argue 1． 注意以下搭配:
Don't argue with me.
The couple often argued about money.
They argued over who should be served first.
One does not argue against the laws of nature.
She argued again for me.
I argued that it was not the case.
2． argue sb into / out of doing sth
意为“劝某人做或不做……”，在英国英语中用得较多:
She argued him into accepting the job offer.
She had tried to argue him out of going to the club. argue quarrel，argue
两词都有“争辩”的含义，但 quarrel强调的是“争吵”，其语气强于 argue; argue 有时仅指“争论而不动怒”:
In a violent quarrel，she hurled a glass of water at her husband.
The couple argued about the education of their only child. arise arise，rise
1． arise 常描述较抽象的、无形的事物:
A new difficulty has arisen. ( “困难”是无形的)
Problems arose. ( “问题”是抽象的)
Some confusion has arisen.( “混乱”是抽象的)
2． arise 较具修饰性和诗意:
My sweet lady，arise.
3． arise 强调“事情形成的过程或原因”:
How did this problem arise? ( 询问“问题的起因和过程”)
Hostility often arises from misunderstanding. ( 说明“误解的起因”)
4． rise 的使用域要比 arise 广得多，下面的句子中应用 rise。
1) 表示“上升”:
The sun rises in the morning.
Prices have kept rising in the city.
2) 表示“起身、起立”( arise 的这一用法常在诗歌中出现，比较古雅) :
She rises very early every morning.
The injured horse was unable to rise.
3) 表示因某物高出其他物，显而易见:
The wooded hills rise in the distance.
4) 还可表示液体等因自然力量而上升:
The river rises at 4 o'clock every afternoon.
5) 表示情绪等的高涨:
Our spirits rose at the exciting news. aristocrat nobleman，aristocrat
1． 两词都有 “贵族”的含义，aristocrat 的语气强于 nobleman。
2． 英国的贵族可分以下几等:
duke ( duchess) 公爵 / 女公爵
marques / marquess ( marchioness) 侯爵 ( 女侯爵)
earl ( countess) 伯爵 ( 女伯爵)
viscount ( viscountess ) 子爵 ( 女子爵)
baron ( baroness) 男爵 ( 女男爵)
baronet ( lady) 从男爵 ( 小姐、夫人)
knight ( lady) 爵士 ( 小姐、夫人)
3． 注意下面的意思:
nobleman 贵族 noble man 君子 arithmetic arithmetic，mathematics
arithmetic( 算术) 是 mathematics ( 数学) 的一部分; 主要指“加、减、乘、除”等:
Arithmetic is part of mathematics.
Without it， much of mathematics and its application to the real world would grind to a halt. ark 1． 常指“( 《圣经 》中诺亚的 ) 方舟( Noah's ark)”，前面常加定冠词，首字母宜大写; 但说 Noah's ark时，前面不加定冠词:
The story of the Ark is gripping，suspenseful， heartbreaking， and ultimately，inspiring.
I have heard that Noah's Ark is still on top of Mt. Ararat.
2． come out of the ark 或 go out with the ark 常用在英国口语中，意思是“早就过时了”:
The idea of that role play did not go out with the ark. arm 1． 作名词时有很多习语:
arm in arm 臂挽着臂
be up in arms 起来反抗
by the strong arm 强制地
change one's arm 冒险一试
cost sb an arm and a leg 使某人付出一大笔钱
give one's arm 提携
in the arms of Morpheus 在梦乡
keep ( put) sb at arm's length 疏远
make a long arm 伸臂
offer one's arm 提携
put the arm on sb 向某人讨钱
take up arms 起义
talk sb's arm off 唠叨
twist one's arm 向某人施加压力
look on with folded arms 袖手旁观
within arm's reach 近在咫尺
with open arms 诚心欢迎
would give one's right arm for 愿意付出巨大代价来换取
2． 作动词时，常用以下句型:
The rebels armed themselves with sticks and stones.
I've armed myself with all the facts.
They were armed to the teeth
3． armed forces 常指“陆海空三军武装力量”，但有时可指更多的“武装力量”，前面常用定冠词:
The armed forces consist of four branches: the army，the navy，the air force，and the air defense. arms 作“武器”解，后面常用复数动词:
This means that the arms are not expensive and that a lot of people can buy them. army 1． 常指“陆军”，与 navy force 和 air force 等组成 the armed forces。
2． “陆海空三军”可译成 the army，navy，and air force; 注意，此时的force 一般用单数形式。 aroma 常作可数名词。
1． 单数:
the aroma of strong boiling coffee
give off a rich aroma
2． 复数:
the recognition of the aromas of wines
the aromas of ripe raspberry，black currant，and rich earth around around，round
1． 在过去，不少词典说美国人用round 修饰物体，除此之外，一般都用 around。但在现代英语中，两词无多大区别，也无英美之分，有时在同一作家的文章中可同时找到around 和 round。 around 主要有以下用法。
1) 表示运动:
running around the campus
travel around the world
2) 表示位置:
with his arm around her waist
when kids are around ……当孩子在身边的时候
3) 表示“搜寻、寻找”等:
She looked around，trying to find her boy friend.
4) 表示约数:
around 300 students
I went back around 12．
5) 表示消磨时光的方式:
He was sitting around doing nothing.
6) 表示“存在于附近”:
It's the best hotel around.
2． 美国英语中常用 around-the-clock
或 around the clock 表示“一天 24小时”，但也可以说 round-the-clock 或 round the clock:
Volunteers are working around the clock to prepare relief kits.
We offer round-the-clock service. arouse arouse，rouse
1． 两词均可作“唤起、激起”解，有时可换用:
The terrible explosion aroused /roused the sleeping guard.
2． rouse 侧重表示“用威胁骚扰来激起( 某种情感)”，常有“接着发生某种剧烈行为”的含义:
After hearing his speech， the students' indignation was roused.
His words roused the mob to fury.
3． arouse 的语气比 rouse 弱，侧重表示“激起人们的同情或注意等”，一般不含“接着会采取激烈行动”的意思:
A little rustle of the leaves aroused me from the sleep.
A fear was aroused in him and dispelled immediately afterwards.
Her pretty dress aroused us.
4． “引起性欲”用 arouse:
using massage on women to arouse their senses arrange 1． 注意下列搭配:
arrange his clothes in the suitcase
have the table nicely arranged
arrange a meeting with his partner
arrange for a taxi to pick him up at the airport
We arranged to go hunting the following day.
It can be arranged that we meet tomorrow.
I arranged that we could have a camping trip.
2． 下面几句都正确，第一句最常用:
I arranged to meet her at six.
I arranged for meeting her at six.
I arranged that I should meet her at six. arrangement 1． 用单复数均可，但用复数居多:
I must make arrangements / arrangement for the meeting.
2． 短语 by arrangement 中 arrangement 前常不加定冠词:
Appointments can be made by arrangement.
3． 注意下列搭配:
seating arrangements
sleeping arrangements
wedding arrangements
funeral arrangements
meal arrangements
flower arrangements
travel arrangements
funding arrangements arrest 1． 常作可数名词:
The police made several arrests.
2． under arrest 是固定词组，arrest前面常不加冠词:
He was under arrest in connection with the murder.
3． under arrest 常用 put / place sb under arrest 的句型:
He was soon put placed under arrest.
4． “软禁”可译成 under house arrest:
The prime minister has been ousted and put under house arrest. arrive 1． 后面常跟介词 at 或 in。一般说来
arrive at 用在“到达”相对较小的地方，arrive in 用在“到达”相对较大的地方:
I finally arrived at their house.
We arrived at the train station.
I arrived in America in 2005．
We will arrive in Paris at noon.
2． 表示“降生”时，用 at，in，into 都可以:
A girl baby arrived in their home.
A boy baby arrived at their house.
His parents were hardly 20 years old when he arrived into the world.
3． 偶尔后面也跟介词 on 或 upon:
arrive on the dock
arrive upon the scene
4． 强调“出发地”时，常用 from:
She arrived recently from the countryside.
5． 强调“到达的方式”时，常用介词by，on，in:
arrive by water
arrive by air
arrived on the Challenger
arrived in wagons
6． arrive at 常用来表述“( 经过努力)才达到目的、形成决议”等:
arrived at different conclusions
arrive at an agreement
arrive at a decision
7． 一般不说 arrive at home，因为home 是副词; 但可以说 arrive at my home。 art art，craft
1． 两词都有“艺术”的含义，但所指的方面不一样。 art 是指音乐、文学、绘画、雕塑、舞蹈、戏剧、电影等视觉艺术; craft 主要指用手工艺:
Her dance displayed great art.
Are these film art or entertainment?
traditional village crafts
2． 作“艺术”解时，art 可作不可数名词，craft 常作可数名词:
The National Gallery of Art
The Metropolitan Museum of Art
African crafts
Christmas crafts for kids
3． “艺术品”常可译成 works of art:
in the recovery of stolen Iraqi works of art
generate a list of works of art
4． the arts 常指 “( 大学里历史、语言、文学、哲学等 ) 人文学科，文科”，有时也称作 the humanities，
the liberal arts，一般常作复数使用，即便在修饰其他词时也一样:
an arts graduate 文科毕业生
an arts degree 文科学位
5． the fine arts 是“审美艺术”，如绘画、雕塑、音乐等，前面常加定冠词:
The Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco 旧金山美术馆
6． arts college 不是“美术学院”，而是“文学院”:
the School of Arts and Sciences 文理学院
7． “文学士”和“文学硕士”分别译成
bachelor of arts Bachelor of Arts，
master of arts / Master of Arts，
art 都用复数形式:
He got his bachelor of arts from Fisk University in Nashville.
8． art 可延伸指其他方面的“艺术”，或者说是“技术”，注意它后面的介词用法:
the art of conversation
the art of novel-writing
an art to parking the heavy-duty truck
article， composition， essay as 1． 作连接词，可以用来连接两个句子:
He watched her as she combed her hair.
As you weren't there I left a message.
2． 可作介词:
He treated me as his best friend.
As his assistant，she has access to all his files.
3． 可作副词，后面跟形容词、副词，跟much，many 等词:
Run as fast as you can.
It costs three times as much.
4． 可用来表示“比较”:
She is as thin as her sister.
Exercise is just as important.
It costs twice as much as the other one.
His opinion is the same as mine.
There were as many tourists as usual last Sunday.
My aim is to gather as much information as possible.
5． 可前指或后指一个情况:
As everyone knows， corruption has become a serious social problem.
6． 可用来表示同时发生的事，相当于when，while，just as，as soon as:
As I was reading， there was a strange knock at the window.
7． 用来表示“某人或某事的独特之处”:
She was regarded as the greatest poet of her time.
That cult is seen as a threat to the security of the country.
8． 注意 as 在下列惯用法中与其他词的比较。
1 ) 在作比较时，在 not 后面可以用 as或 so; 但是如果前面没有 not，则只能用 as:
He is not as / so tall as his brother.
This dress is as expensive as the red one. ( 一般不说: This dress is so expensive as the red one. )
2) as 和 like 用来表示“像……”，但as 是连接词，后面跟从句; like 是介词，后面跟名词或代词:
He has black eyes like her mother.
He enjoys classical music, as I do.
3) 在口语中，like 经常被用来替换 as和 as if:
It looks as if / like it's going to snow.
4) 用来说 “职业、功能”时，as 强调“确实是干这一行的”，有 in the capacity of 的意思; like 指“像干这一行的，但实际并不是”:
He works as an actor. ( 他是个演员)
He works like an actor. ( 他像演员那样工作，但却并非演员。) as like，as
作介词用时，两词都可以表示
“像……”，但是 like 所表示的 “像
……”并非 “真的是 ……”，as 可以表示 “真的是……”:
She has been playing golf like a professional. ( she is not a pro-
fessional but she plays as well as
a professional)
She has been playing golf as a professional for five years. ( =
she is a professional) ascend 1． 可作及物或不及物动词。
1) 不及物:
The path started to ascend at this point.
2) 及物:
She ascended the stairs.
2． ascend 有延伸意义，表示 “( 职位或地位上的) 升迁”:
ascended through the ranks to be-
come chairman
ascend the throne
3． 它的反义词是 descend。 ascent 1． 可作可数或不可数名词。
1) 可数:
a steep ascent
a gradual series of ascents
2) 不可数:
rapid ascent through ranks
2． 不要将 ascent ( 上升 ) 与 assent
( 同意) 混淆起来。 ascertain 1． 与 find out 相比，ascertain 比较正式，find out 比较口语化。
2． 后面常跟 what， who， when，
where，whether，how 等词引导的从句:
I need to ascertain who will come to the dinner.
We need to ascertain when the meeting will be held.
3． 后面可跟 that 引导的从句:
The lawyer ascertained that a po-
liceman had dealt roughly with the black man.
4． 后面可以直接跟名词:
I need to ascertain the facts.
5． 常与介词 by，from，as 连用:
the laws ascertained by scientists
facts ascertained from the univer-
sity files
objects ascertained as being sat-
ellites
as follows
在现代英语中，已作为固定词组，不随人称或时态变化，常用 to be as fol-
lows 的句型，作“如下”解:
Our main products are as follows:
fresh garlic， fresh ginger， fresh carrot and fresh taros. ash ，ashes
1． 两词都是集合名词，含义完全一样; 在实际运用中，不少人将两词混淆使用，无区别，下面两个例子都多对:
cigarette ash
cigarette ashes
2． 在实际使用中，单数 ash 较多用在下面的搭配中:
Don't drop cigarette ash on the carpet.
Never knock a pipe against a hard surface to empty tobacco ash.
What is coal ash?
Volcano ash is beneficial to soil.
3． “人的骨灰”多用复数 ashes:
Her ashes are to be scattered at sea.
4． 有些短语中常用复数 ashes:
The house was burnt to ashes.
reduce to ashes
lay in ashes
rise up from the ashes
a pile of ashes
A new city had risen out of the ashes of the old.
5． 修饰其他名词时，常作单数用:
an ash bin
an ash tray
an ash can
an ash color
an ash plume
an ash sample ashamed 1． 常用于以下句型:
She is ashamed of her shabby clothes. ( be ashamed of sth)
I felt ashamed that I was late for the meeting. ( feel ashamed that)
I'm ashamed to say I didn't keep my promise. ( be ashamed to do
sth)
You ought to be ashamed of your-
self. ( be ashamed of oneself)
I feel ashamed for you. ( feel
ashamed for sb)
2． 常被以下副词修饰:
deeply ashamed
bitterly ashamed
much ashamed
very much ashamed ( 一般不说
very ashamed)
3． 有时可用来修饰其他名词:
the most ashamed boy in the
class
an ashamed look ashore 注意一些搭配:
He rowed ashore.
He has come ashore.
He had a week ashore.
He went ashore.
He had put ashore more than ten boxes.
He'll get ashore all right.
He managed to swim ashore.
He was washed ashore in Japan.
He came ashore from the yacht.
It was driven ashore.
It ran ashore. Asian Asian，Asiatic
1． 现代英语中，Asian 的使用频率高于 Asiatic; Asiatic 常作术语用:
Asiatic porcelain
Asiatic chemicals
2． Asiatic 有时含种族色彩:
Asiatic studies
Asiatic Society
3． 在美国，Asian 指“来自中国、日本、泰国、朝鲜等东亚和东南亚地区的人”; 在英国，指“来自印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国等南亚地区的人”。
aside from
作为复合介词，主要在美语中使用，有时英国人也用。
ask， enquire， question， inter- Asiatic Asian，Asiatic
1． 现代英语中，Asian 的使用频率高于 Asiatic; Asiatic 常作术语用:
Asiatic porcelain
Asiatic chemicals
2． Asiatic 有时含种族色彩:
Asiatic studies
Asiatic Society
3． 在美国，Asian 指“来自中国、日本、泰国、朝鲜等东亚和东南亚地区的人”; 在英国，指“来自印度、巴基斯坦、孟加拉国等南亚地区的人”。
aside from
作为复合介词，主要在美语中使用，有时英国人也用。
ask， enquire， question， inter- asleep 1． 常作表语用，不直接修饰名词:
She is asleep. ( 不说 an asleep
child，可以说 a sleeping child)
2． 表示“睡觉的深度”，可有各种表达法:
completely asleep
nearly asleep
fast asleep
sound asleep
half asleep
We found mom fast asleep on the sofa.
3． My foot / hand / leg is asleep. 句中的 asleep 应译成“麻木了”，相当于:
It is numb. I can't feel it. aspiration 1． 作单复数名词都可以，但多作复数用:
He's never had any aspiration to become famous.
I have serious aspirations for a career in politics.
He has no literary aspirations.
She has aspirations to greatness.
2． 后面常跟介词 for，of，to，toward
等:
He has power aspirations for him-
self.
the aspiration of upper class
Americans
aspirations to greatness
aspirations toward a better job aspire 1． 主要作不及物动词，常用的句型有:
He aspired to the position of dean. ( aspire to sth)
He aspired to be a filmmaker.
( aspire to be sb)
He never again aspired to disobey her. ( aspire to do sth)
He aspired after a literary career.
( aspire after sth)
He lived only to aspire after what was good and great. ( aspire after
what)
2． 可直接修饰名词:
aspiring writers
aspiring pianists
aspiring actors
aspiring guides
aspiring artists
aspiring poets
aspiring models
aspiring performers
aspiring politicians ass 1． 是美国英语拼法，英国英语拼写成
arse。
2． 常被用来组成一些贬义的短语:
His companions are trying to make an ass of him. 他的同伴想愚弄他。
make a complete ass of oneself
丑态百出
lose one's ass out 搞得狼狈不堪
play the ass 作糊涂事，胡闹 assassinate assassinate，murder
两词都可译成“谋杀”，但含义不同。
1． assassinate 是 murder 的一种特殊形式，主要指“刺杀 ( 政治人物、政府官员、著名人物等)”:
The President was assassinated by the extremists.
2． “刺客”可译成 assassin 或 assas-
sinator，前者较普通。
3． murder 的含义较广，可指各种“谋杀”，谋杀的动机可以是出于私仇，也可以是出于其他原因:
He murdered his wife.
The troops murdered as they went through the village. assault 1． 常指“( 对人体进行) 袭击”:
an assault on a young man
2． sexual assault，be sexually as-
saulted 有“强奸”或“遭强奸”的意思，有时 assault 本身就有“强暴、强奸”的含义:
The girl fainted after being assaul-
ted. 遭强奸后，女孩昏了过去。
3． indecent assault 有时也包含“遭性侵犯”的意思，但不一定指“强奸”:
Nationally， girls under 17 made
up 43% of all reported cases of
indecent assault in 2003． assemble 1． 在表示“集合”时，常有下列用法:
The tourists assembled in the hall. ( 作不及物动词)
He assembled his team and told them of his plan. ( assemble sb)
He was speaking to the assem-
bled company. ( 作形容词)
Wait until all the guests are as-
sembled. ( be assembled)
He assembled the facts for his pa-
per. ( assemble sth for sth)
2． 表示“组装”时，作及物或不及物动词都可以:
This car is easy to assemble.
He has assembled a radio.
assembly，meeting，conference，
congress， convention， congre- assent 后面常跟介词 to，名词和动词都一样:
He gave his assent to the propos-
al. ( 作名词用)
He could never assent to such a request. ( 作动词用) assert 常用以下句型:
He asserted his innocence rights /
authority as a leader / leadership
/ privileges / opinion. ( assert
sth)
He asserted that he was inno-
cent. ( assert that)
He needs to learn to assert him-
self. ( assert oneself)
His real influence was asserted through his domination of the committee. ( be asserted through
sth) assertive 在现代英语中，assertive 常有褒义，指“行为自信的”:
If you want to succeed in busi-
ness，you need to be more as-
sertive. 如果你想在业务方面取得成功，需要更加自信一些。 assess 常用 assess sth at sth 的句型，表示
“估成多少价值”的意思:
assess the damage of the storm
at $ 10，000
assess the value of the apartment
at $ 30，000 assessment 注意以下搭配:
They made no strategic assess-
ment.
They shared a skeptical assess-
ment of his motivation.
They made correct assessments of his intention.
There has to be a shrewd as-
sessment of their financial re-
sources. asset 1． 作单数名词时常指“优点、长处、人才、资源”等:
He is an asset to the department.
Brevity is an asset.
A large garden is an asset when you have kids.
2． 复数 assets 常指“财产、资产”等:
He had a lot of assets in the firm.
The company has assets totaling
$ 1 million. assign 下面的说法都可以:
I was assigned the task. ( be as-
signed sth)
The task was assigned to me.
( be assigned to sb)
The dean assigned me a task.
( assign sb sth)
The dean assigned the task to me. ( assign sth to sb)
The dean assigned me to the job.
( assign sb to sth)
I was assigned to do the job. ( be
assigned to do sth)
I was assigned as group leader.
( be assigned as)
I was assigned a car for my per-
sonal use. ( be assigned sth) for
sth assignment 注意下列句子中的搭配:
my completed assignments
his first assignment
homework assignment
his current assignment as deputy
chair of the department
a short special assignment
a technical assignment
the chosen assignment
a challenging assignment
heavy reading assignments
He is going to Japan on a special assignment for his magazine.
her recent assignment to the com-
mission
He is in charge of the assignment of work. assimilate 注意后面所跟的介词，它们使用频率可从高到低排列成 into， to， by，
with，in，as:
He assimilated easily into the new community.
He helped her assimilate to the conditions of rural Chinese life.
It was forcibly assimilated by the
West.
The area assimilated itself with the
West.
Some of the lay-offs can be as-
similated in service industry.
They have truly been assimilated as Chinese. assist 1． 主要有以下用法 ( 从常用到不常用) 。
1) assist + 宾语 + in + 动名词:
assist the young man in making
his way in the world
2) assist + 宾语 + to + 动词不定式:
assist the visitors to have a good
time in the city
3) assist + 宾语 + 动词不定式 ( 不带
to) :
assist him make contact with peo-
ple in the business world
4) assist + 动词不定式:
He assisted to send her into the hospital.
2． 注意 assist 后面的介词:
She assisted at the negotiation.
She assisted in the project.
She assisted in designing the blueprint.
She assisted him with new tools.
He assisted her to her destina-
tion.
He was assisted into the world by operation.
She assisted the campaign by do-
nating a large sum of money. assistant 1． 在英国英语中，可指“( 商店、咖啡店等里的) 雇员、帮手、店员”，相当于美国的 clerk:
a shop assistant
a coffee bar assistant
2． 常用在名词前，作“助理”解:
an assistant manager
an assistant dean
the assistant director of education
3． 可以有各色各样的 assistant:
a writing assistant
a physician assistant
a legal assistant
a role-playing assistant
a medical assistant
teaching assistants
a language assistant
a personal assistant
4． assistant professor 在美国指“助理教授”，职位低于 associate pro-
fessor。 associate 1． 作形容词时，常用在职称前，表示
“副”，这在美国用得较多:
an associate professor
an associate editor of a magazine
an associate conductor
2． associate degree 主要用在美语中，指“在社区学院中经过两年的学习而获得的大专或准学士文凭”，是最低的本科文凭:
He got an associate degree，took a job with Boeing and began to raise a family. association 注意以下的常用搭配:
a close association between the
two units
my brief association with the actor
They are working in association with some professional people.
the association of university
teachers
the association of ideas
The place has many happy child-
hood associations for me.
The word has some strange as-
sociations.
The name evokes many pleasant associations.
assume，presume，suppose
3 词都有“假定、假设”的含义。
1． assume 表示在没有足够证据或对某一看法尚有不同意见的情况下的假设，含有较强的主观臆断:
She assumed he wouldn't love her any more after the quarrel.
2． presume 是在某种经验或理由基础上的假设，虽然没有直接证据，但仍有较肯定的因素。然而，假设仍有可能是错误的:
My husband didn't say when he would return，but I presume he'll be back for dinner.
3． suppose 在这组词中用途最广，可表示有一定根据的假设，这时与
presume 的意义接近:
I suppose / presume that you've already learned about his death.
4． suppose 常用在科技文献中，作
“假设”解:
Suppose the sum of the angles equals 45 degrees. assume presume，assume
两词都有“假设”的含义。
1． presume 常指某种基于经验或理由的“假设”，因而其推断较含肯定的因素:
I presume you're here on busi-
ness?
I presume you've already had din-
ner?
2． assume 含较多的主观推测成分:
I have always assumed her to be
American. ( 其实她不是美国人) assurance 1． 在英国英语中，“人寿保险”可用
life assurance 表示。
2． 可作可数名词或不可数名词:
He received assurances on this critical issue. ( 可数)
He gave repeated assurances of his loyalty. ( 可数)
He said it with complete assur-
ance. ( 不可数)
He seems to lack assurance. ( 不可数)
3． 下面 3 种说法都可以:
John needed an assurance / the
assurance / assurances that he． assure 1． 注意以下常用句型:
I can assure you. ( assure sb)
The dean assured me that he would support me. ( assure sb
that)
I was assured that everything pos-
sible was being done. ( be as-
sured that)
I assure him of my willingness to help him. ( assure sb of sth)
He assured him of the girl's safe-
ty. ( assure sb of sth)
He booked early to assure himself of getting a good seat. ( assure
oneself of doing sth)
He assured himself that the girl is safe. ( assure oneself that )
The award has assured him a
scholarship of a first-rate universi-
ty. ( assure sb sth)
2． 可修饰很多名词:
an assured manner
an assured reply
an assured income
an assured tenancy
an assured young man
an assured demand for new prod-
ucts
his assured future
his assured promotion
3． 美国英语中，常用 rest assured 的短语，意思是“( 可以) 放心”:
You can rest assured that we will help you out. 你可以放心，我们会帮助你的。
astonish，surprise，astound
3 词都有“( 使) 惊讶”的含义。
1． astonish 的语气比 surprise 强，侧重表示“( 使某人) 非常惊讶”:
The magician's next trick will as-
tonish you.
2． surprise 较常用，语气最弱。
3． astound 侧重强调 “( 因超越人们以往的经验或知识而使人感到) 惊讶、震惊、惊骇”:
Bell astounded the world with his invention of telephone.
4． 注意 astonish 的下列用法:
He astonished her by refusing to help. ( astonish sb by doing sth)
We were astonished at his words.
( be astonished at)
I was astonished at how beautiful it was. ( be astonished at how )
It astonishes him that no one has thought of it before. ( astonish sb
that )
I was astonished to be offered the teaching position. ( be astonished
to be)
I was astonished to hear that she had passed the exam. ( be aston-
ished to do sth)
He astonished me with the new invention. ( astonish sb with) astonishment 注意以下的搭配:
I watched it with astonishment.
To my astonishment he had pas-
sed the test.
She stared at me in astonish-
ment. astray 注意以下的搭配:
The mail must have gone astray.
Bad company led him astray.
In the present instance，you are quite astray. astride 1． 作介词用时，常有下列用法:
ride astride the horse
sit astride the horse
He woke to find the guy standing astride him.
The city lies astride the river.
a village astride the road
2． 作副词用:
riding astride
He stood with legs astride. at 1． at 与 in 的区别。
1) 一般来说，at 后面跟较小的地名，
in 后面跟较大的地名:
at Shanghai
in China
2) 但这是相对而言的，如上海比复旦大学大，所以上海前面改用 in:
at Fudan University
in Shanghai
3) 国家前面常用 in:
in the United States
in Japan
4) at 与 in 有时可换用，但含义不同:
The conference was held at the auditorium.
The conference was held in the auditorium.
5) 上述两句从表面上看意思相同，其实不然; in 包含“四周被围住或被封闭在里边开会”的意思，而 at 仅交代会议地点。
6) 说某大城市的某大建筑时，城市前用 at 或 in 都可以，in 的使用频率高:
the Library Hotel in New York
the Twin Towers at New York
7) 将某地方 ( 如车站、机场、学校、商店等) 看作一个点时，常用 at:
at the bus stop
at the airport
at the post-office
8) 说具体的地址，如水电路 1325 号时用 at:
at 1325 Shuidian Road
9) 单说某某路，用 on 或 in:
on Lockwood Road
the driveways in 12th Avenue
2． 常与行为动词连用，表示“试图干……”，但是不一定成功:
guess at the answer 猜答案 ( 不一定猜对)
3． 后面可跟其他介词:
at about the same time
at about the 2003 level
4． 说具体时刻常用 at:
at nine o'clock
at ten to eight
5． 说较短的时期时常用 at:
at the weekend
at the moment
at the end of the month
6． 常与表示时间的名词构成短语，名词前常不用冠词:
at dawn
at daybreak
at sunrise
at sunset
at noon
at midnight
at dusk
at midday
at night
at nightfall
at present
7． 与某些宗教节日连用:
at Christmas
at Easter
at Halloween
8． 常可构成一些短语，不加冠词:
at home
at work
at school
at college
at lunch
at dinner
at breakfast
at rest
at war
at peace
9． 表示“某人工作的地点”时，常使用 at，“'s”后面的名词可省去:
at the butcher's
at the baker's
at the dentist's
at the hairdresser's
at the baker's ( shop)
10． 价格、温度、速度、比率、年龄等前面常用 at:
at $ 5 apiece
at 55 miles an hour
at the age of 45
at low temperatures
11． 在美语中，电话号码前常用 at，英国人常用 on:
You can reach me at 65641235．
12． 瞄准、指点、观看的特定方向、目标前常用 at:
aim at the target
shoot at the birds
stare at me
13． 反复进行但仍未完成动作的对象前常用 at:
sipping at tea
nibbling at the pie
gnawing at the bone
14． 用在名词所有格 + 形容词最高级前:
at his best
at its finest
at his most forceful
at its worst
15． 可以用来说明某人的特长或短处:
I am an expert at chess.
I am good at cooking.
I am bad at sports.
16． 表示“在吃饭”，可用 at:
at breakfast
at lunch
at supper
at dinner
at meals
17． 表示“在忙什么”，可用 at:
the children at play
He is busy at work. athlete athlete，sportsman
都有“运动员”的含义。
1． athlete 主要指“体育技能好、训练为了参加比赛的运动员”等:
Olympic athletes from all over the
world
2． sportsman 可指“参加或爱好运动的人”，也可指“运动风格高尚的人”:
a fine sportsman
3． sportsman 有 sportsman 和 sports-
woman 之分，athlete 没有这样的区分。
4． 注意，sportsman 中的 s 不能省去，不能写成 sportman。 atrocity 1． 作“暴行”解时，常用复数形式:
atrocities committed by the Japa-
nese army in China
the recent atrocities
war criminals who committed ap-
palling atrocities
alleged Taliban atrocities
Many atrocities have been com-
mitted against innocent people in wartime.
2． 作“暴行”解，有时也用作抽象名词，作不可数用:
acts of appalling atrocity
mass rape atrocity in Sudan
end the atrocity in Timor attach 1． 后面常跟介词 to:
attach a label to each piece of
luggage
attach a printer to her computer
prestige attached to his new posi-
tion
attach great importance to educa-
tion
attach herself to a group of tour-
ists
2． 常用于 be / get / become / grow
attached to 句型:
I was / got / became / grew deeply attached to this old car.
3． 注意，attach together， attach
hereto，attach herewith 中的 to-
gether，hereto 和 herewith 是多余的。 attain 1． 常用以下搭配:
attain a position of power
attain this standard of physical fit-
ness
attain the age of 35
attain a length of five inches
attain one's goal
attain one's ambition
attain our target
attain retirement age
attain the height
attain his objectives
attain the maximum range
attain rank of dean
attain its independence
2． attain to 表示“到达、接近”:
She was attaining to 40． 她快 40
岁了。
He attained to greatness. 他成就了伟大的事业。 attainment 1． 作“达到、获得”等解时，常作不可数名词:
the attainment of peace and de-
velopment
the attainment of happiness
different levels of social inequality
in attainment
2． 作“成就、技能”等解时，可作可数名词，多用复数:
a comparison of career attain-
ments
a scholar of the highest attain-
ments
all human attainments of learning
child education attainments in
Canada attempt 1． 作名词时，后面常跟介词 at:
my first attempt at a cake
his second attempt at flying a
plane
2． 作名词时，后面还可跟 on，upon，
against 等:
an attempt on his life
an attempt on the world record
attempts on his authority
the third attempt upon his life
assassination attempt against the
president
3． 作动词时，常用以下句型:
She attempted to lie. ( attempt to
do sth)
She attempted walking on the tight rope. ( attempt doing sth)
She attempted suicide. ( attempt
suicide)
She attempted an escape. ( at-
tempt sth)
4． attempted 已作为单列词条收入词典，强调“未遂的”，尤多形容错误或非法的事或罪犯、肇事者:
an attempted suicide
an attempted murder
an attempted rape
an attempted robbery
an attempted coup
an attempted cover-up
an attempted intrusion
an attempted assassination
an attempted assault
an attempted deportation
an attempted hacker attend 1． 注意以下搭配:
attend a meeting
attend the school
attend to what I am saying 注意听我说话
attend to an urgent matter 处理紧急事务
attend the baby 照看婴儿
attend his needs
attend to the buying of his clothes
2． 后面常跟介词 to，upon，on，at
等:
attend to the details of his busi-
ness
the duty to attend upon the sick
attend on your behalf
attend on lan Internet connection
attend at the location of their
choice
attend at their own expense
3． attender 与 attendant 的主要区别有两点。
1) attender 指经常去某一个地方的人:
a regular attender at evening clas-
ses
2) attendant 还可指“服务员、侍从”等:
a flight attendant
a swimming-pool attendant attention 1． 常用的句型有:
May I have your attention? ( have
one's attention)
Please pay attention to your teacher. ( pay attention to sb)
You need to pay attention to re-
membering new usages of old words. ( pay attention to doing
sth)
It's time to turn my attention to your proposal. ( turn one's atten-
tion to sth)
The lecture failed to hold / keep my attention. ( hold / keep one's
attention)
He has focused his attention on the issue of the aging society.
( focus one's attention on sth)
The letter is for the urgent atten-
tion of the dean. ( for the attention
of，常见于英国商务信函中)
They used the news story to divert the attention from the presidential scandal. ( divert the attention
from)
The issue came to my attention.
( come one's attention)
I'd like to draw your attention to this urgent social problem. ( draw
one's attention to)
It will bring environmental pollution to the government's attention.
( bring sth to one's attention)
2． 常作不可数名词，但也有复数形式，表示“殷勤、亲切、爱慕”等:
He was flattered by her kind atten-
tions.
He was flattered by many of her little attentions.
the unwelcome attentions of a
drunk
3． 在作军事口令“立正”解时，发音的重音在最后一个音节。
4． “立正”还可译成:
come to attention
stand at attention
stand to attention
5． attention span 指“集中注意力的时段”，常见的搭配有:
a short attention span
a limited attention span
increase the child's attention span
reduce the visual attention span
the shortest attention span
a mature attention span
gain the attention span
extend the attention span
attic，garret，loft
3 词都可译成“阁楼”。
1． attic 指房顶底下的空间，尤其是
“独立房子屋顶下的空间”:
the attic of a single family house
a marvelous secret world in the
attic of his house
2． garret 较具文学色彩，可译成“顶楼( 层) 的小屋”，强调小、黑暗，不一定在屋顶下:
an artist's garret
the Garret of Green Gables
a poor man living in a garret
3． loft 的用途最广，除可表示“阁楼”外，在美语中可表示 “( 大商店、工厂的) 顶层、顶楼、( 教堂的) 楼座、
( 放干草的) 马厩”等:
an organ loft ( 教堂的) 风琴楼
a hay loft attire attire，dress，apparel，clothes，clothing，costume， garb， garment 这组词都有“衣服”的含义。
1． attire 是正式用词。
1) 指特定式样的“衣服”，如礼服等:
in formal attire 穿着礼服
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 强调“服装给人的总体印象”:
the strange attire of the eccentric old woman
2． dress 指男女的外衣。
1) 尤指在正式场合穿的“服装”:
evening dress || court dress
2) 也特指妇女穿的“紧身胸衣”或“裙子、连衣裙”等。
3． apparel 较古雅，也较古旧。
1) 尤指“盛装”:
the Queen's ceremonial apparel
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 在美语中可用作复合词，泛指“衣服、衣物”:
ladies' ready-to-wear apparel
4． clothes 与 clothing 较普通常用; clothing 比 clothes 正式。
1 ) clothing 是衣服的总称，包括上衣、裤子、衬衣等，是不可数名词:
warm winter clothing || protective clothing
2) clothes 主要指供人穿的衣服，强调用各种布匹、衣料做成的各种衣服，还强调一个人所穿的所有东西，甚至帽子、鞋子等。
3) clothes 还特指用于各种活动的特制衣服:
football clothes || school clothes
4) clothes 后面常用动词的复数形式:
Clothes are things that people wear.
5) clothing 后面常用动词的单数形式:
Clothing consists of the things people wear.
5． costume 指( 某个地区、时代、民族等穿的) 服装:
in traditional costume || in 18th-century costume || in cowboy costume
1) 在这层意思上，与 dress 近义。
2) 常指戏装:
a clown's costume || The costumes，sets，and acting are all superb.
3) 是可数名词:
Hollywood studios costumes
6． garb 是文学用词，主要指供专业人士穿着的“制服、服装”:
in a judge's solemn garb || the garb of a priest
7． garment 尤指生产、销售中的衣服:
the garment workers || the fashion garment industry
1) 也多指外衣:
waterproof outer garment
2) 是可数名词:
She wore a long garment in yellow linen. attitude 后面可跟介词 toward，towards，to。
1． toward 常用在美国英语中:
attitudes toward senior citizens
attitudes toward sex
2． towards 主要使用在英国英语中:
an attitude towards the quality
3． to 英美人都用，但在英国更常用:
What's your attitude to the slave
trade?
People here have a more relaxed attitude to their work.
4． 后面还常跟介词 among，of，a-
bout 等:
changing attitudes among man-
agement
in the attitude of prayer
a pessimistic attitude of mind
his attitude about those dangers
5． 注意 attitude 的一些搭配:
adopting positive attitudes to life
She took the attitude that acting was a sort of recreation.
I resented his attitude.
in easy attitudes
a cheerful attitude
in a prayerful attitude
an unhelpful attitude
in various attitudes
the prevailing attitude
encourage negative attitudes
have a sexist / professional / ag-
gressive / ambivalent / cavalier /
dismissive / enlightened / favora-
ble / hostile / uncompromising at-
titude
attorney，lawyer，barrister，advo-
cate，solicitor，counsel，counselor
这组词都可译成“律师”。
1． 在美国，在正式的场合或官方文件中，“律师”有时被称作 attorney。
2． lawyer 泛指受过训练的法律工作者，最普通。
3． barrister 在英格兰和威尔士指( 在高等法院出庭的) 诉讼律师、大律师。
4． advocate 在苏格兰和法国指 ( 法庭) 辩护律师。
5． 在不少情况下，在法律事务所工作的律师常称作 solicitor，主要工作有为出庭律师的辩护工作作准备、提供法律咨询等。
6． counsel 是正式法律用词，在美国和英国都指辩护律师或法律顾问。
7． counselor 尤指美国的律师、法律顾问，相当于英国的 barrister。
attract， fascinate， captivate， auction 1． 表示“拍卖”时，以下几种说法都可以:
It will be sold at auction.
It will be sold by auction.
It is now up for auction.
2． 美国人用 at auction 比 by auction
多。
3． auction 可作可数名词:
a furniture auction
attend all the local auctions
4． 还可用来修饰其他名词:
internet auction sites audience ，spectator
1． audience 主要指“看电影、看演出
( 音乐会、歌剧、马戏等) 、看电视、听演讲、听收音机的人”，spectator
主要指“看体育比赛、看其他重大事件的人”:
movie audiences in the world
television audiences
The big football match attracted
10，000 spectators.
2． audience 本身有单复数形式。
1) 单数:
an audience of school children
2) 复数:
cinema audiences
3． audience 后面可跟单数或复数动词:
The audience was / were enthusi-
astic on the opening day.
4． 表示“观众的多少”，可以说:
some members of the audience
some people in the audience
some audience
a general audience
have a sizable audience
an unknown audience
50% of the audience
a lot of audience
lots of audience
a few audience members
5． 表示“阅读对象”，可以说 target
audience:
The target audience of our adver-
tising has always been the affluent under-30s. aunt 1． 口语中常用作 auntie 或 aunty。
2． 用在人称前要大写:
Aunt Mary
3． 小孩可用 aunt 来称呼成年女性。
4． 可用 maternal aunt 或 paternal
aunt 来区分父母各方的女性亲戚。 author 1． 不一定是著名作家，可以指一般的作者:
Nobel Prize winning author ( 指名作家)
the author of this article ( 指一般作者)
2． 注意其他用法:
the author of the rumor 撒布谣言者
the author of his own misfortune
自作自受者
the author of this proposal 本提案的发起人
the author of the excesses 过火行为的唆使者
the author of the committee report
该委员会的报告起草人
3． authoress ( 女作家 ) 属旧词，较少用。 authority 1． 指一个人时，后面大多跟介词 on:
an authority on human rights
a high authority on antique musi-
cal instruments
2． 此外，后面还常跟介词 upon，o-
ver，in，for，over，about，of 等:
an authority upon herbal medicine
an authority over his companion
an authority in a certain vein of
knowledge
What is your authority for that
statement?
Parents have legal authority over their children.
He has the authority about foreign affairs.
He is acting under the authority of the central government.
3． 作“( 警察、司法) 当局、官方”等解时，常用复数形式 authorities:
local and regional authorities of
the Council of Europe
the French authorities
approach the proper authorities
for a visa
the Medical Regulatory Authorities
of Canada
4． 下列短语中，authority 前常不加冠词:
a deep distrust of those in authori-
ty
She can write with authority.
Nothing is merely accepted on au-
thority.
I have it on good authority that． auto 1． 作“汽车”解时，auto 不如 car 常用。
2． 作形容词用较普遍:
auto parts
the auto industry
auto accidents
3． 其复数加 s:
The autos are perfect the way
they are! automobile 1． 在美国尤指“汽车”，但在日常生活中，car 更常用。
2． 作形容词用较普遍:
the automobile industry / age /
association / club / ads / insur-
ance autumn 1． 主要用于英国英语中，在美国英语中一般用 fall。
2． 注意 autumn 的下列用法:
I will go on holiday in the autumn.
( 特指这一年的秋天，autumn 前面用 the)
The leaves turn brown in autumn.
( 泛指秋天，autumn 前可不用冠词)
in the autumn of 2003 ( 特指 2003
年的秋天，autumn 前面用定冠词
the)
the dusky gold of a fine autumn
( 指某一个有特点的秋天，autumn
前可用不定冠词 a) avail 1． 作动词时，常用 avail oneself of
sth 句型:
Only a few people have availed themselves of the free training program.
He availed himself of this opportu-
nity to improve his English.
2． 作名词时，常有下列固定用法:
His efforts were of no avail.
His words of encouragement were to no avail.
He tried to save her but without a-
vail. available 1． 常用在它所修饰的名词后:
There is no money available for the program.
2． 用在名词前也很常见，但前面多用 all 或形容词的最高级修饰:
the best available equipment || All the available money has been used.
3． 可作表语用:
The room is available on Sunday afternoon.
avenge avenge，revenge，retaliate
3 词都可以作“报仇”解; 但报仇的原因和目的有所不同。
1． avenge 常指因他人 ( 如家里的亲人) 受到伤害、侮辱、委屈等而为其报复:
She is out to avenge her father's death. || I shall avenge my sister.
2． revenge 常指因自己受到伤害等而报仇，包含恶意和不肯原谅之义:
I will revenge that insult. || The cat revenged itself on the teasing boy by scratching him. || We bombed their towns in revenge for their attacks on ours.
3． 在实际使用中两词有时区别并不太明显，可换用:
He avenged / revenged himself on his enemies.
4． retaliate 最正式，侧重指受到某种伤害后，用同样或类似的手段进行报复，有“以牙还牙”的意思:
When one of their soldiers was killed，the occupying army retaliated by killing hostages.
5． 注意 avenge 的下列用法:
They avenged his death by burning the village. ( avenge sth by doing sth) || They avenged themselves on their enemy. ( avenge oneself on sth) || Hamlet was avenged of his father's murder. ( be avenged of sb) || I swear to avenge you on him. ( avenge sb on sb) || She was avenged on her aunt for her misdeeds. ( be avenged on sb for sth) || avenue avenue，street，boulevard，drive 这组词都可指城市里的“道路”。
1． avenue 指城市的林阴道，比较高雅; 也可以用来指两旁植树的小路:
Many London theatres are in Shaftesbury Avenue.
2． street 在这组词中最常用，可指城镇内各种路:
wander around deserted streets || cross the busy street
3． boulevard 是林阴大道，强调路面的宽阔:
Lenton Boulevand Sunset Boulevard
4． drive 有时作 driveway，常指连接私人住宅与街道的路，也可作“街道”解:
35 Ocean Drive average 作“平常的、普通的”解时，average 所修饰的名词用单数居多:
the average man in the street
The average American car owner drives 10，000 miles a year.
the average reader of the news-
paper
the faith of the average man
the average graduate of the gram-
mar school
the average age of teachers was averse 后面常跟介词 to，注意下列用法:
I'm not averse to an occasional glass of whiskey. ( 跟可数名词)
I'm not averse to having an occa-
sional glass of whiskey. ( 跟动名词短语)
He seems to be averse to hard work. ( 跟不可数名词)
aversion
aversion 后面常跟介词 to，at，from，
for:
have an aversion at intellectual
employment
take an immediate aversion to her
new colleague
have an aversion to doing the
housework
in his aversion to noise
feel an aversion from airing her
views
have an aversion for pork avid 1． 比 eager 语气强，更具文学色彩。
2． 后面常跟介词 for 或 of:
avid for success
avid for news of her son lost in
war
avid of glory
avid of quick effects
3． 后面跟动词不定式:
avid to spend some time on the
beach
avid to learn a new language
avid to show his talents
4． 常修饰以下几类名词。
1) 人物名词:
an avid reader
an avid collector of old coins
an avid fan
an avid moviegoer
an avid viewer
an avid investor
an avid student of James Joyce
2) 拟人化的名词:
avid little fingers
his avid eyes
her avid mind
3) 普通抽象名词:
take an avid interest in
her avid fondness for fashionable
clothes
her avid thirst for truth
avid curiosity avoid 1． 后面较多跟名词或动名词。
1) 跟名词:
I went early to avoid the traffic jam.
2) 跟动名词:
I try to avoid driving in the rush-
hour.
I just avoided running over the deer.
2． 后面跟动词不定式属于旧时的用法，如 He avoided to say ……，现在不常见。 await ，wait
1． await 比 wait 正式。
2． await 是及物动词，后面常直接跟宾语:
await the birth of their first child
3． wait 常用 wait for 的句型，await
不能这样用:
wait for him to make up his mind
( 可以说)
4． await 后面可跟动名词，一般不跟动词不定式:
I shall await hearing from you.
awake，wake，awaken，waken
1． 4 词都可作“唤醒”解，不少情况下可以换用:
He awoke / woke / awakened /
wakened at 7 a. m. in the morn-
ing.
The alarm clock awoke / woke /
awakened / wakened me.
2． awake 侧重表示“警觉、毫无睡意”，4 词中只有它常作形容词用:
I am fully awake.
Do you lie awake at night，wor-
rying about things?
3． wake 最为普通，较口语化，后面常接 up:
He woke up at the sound of the alarm.
4． waken 与 awaken 较正式，常用被动语态:
I was awakened by a loud noise.
I was wakened by the sound of the gunfire. award 1． 作名词用时，后面常跟介词 for:
an award for outstanding services
to the industry
win the award for best actor
2． 作动词用时，常用以下句型:
award both finalists equal points
( award sb sth)
award him a medal for bravery
( award sb sth for sth)
award the contract to an American
company ( award sth to sth)
The prize is awarded annually.
( be awarded)
Students will be awarded a diplo-
ma. ( be awarded sth) award reward，award
两词都有“奖金”的含义。
1． reward 侧重指“( 帮助他人或工作后所获得的) 奖金、物质奖励”等，有“酬谢、酬报”的意思:
She got a computer as a reward for passing her final exams.
He deserves a day off as a re-
ward for working so hard.
2． award 可以指“奖金”，也可以指
“只有荣誉没有物质奖励的精神奖励”:
He got an award of $ 1，000 for his new novel. ( 物质奖励)
The general presented a bravery award to the soldier. ( 精神奖励) aware 常用于以下句型:
He was very aware of the prob-
lem. ( be aware of sth)
I was not aware that something was burning. ( be aware that)
I am well aware how risky it is.
( be well aware how )
I don't think you're aware of how much this means to me. ( be a-
ware of how much)
Its leaders are always aware of what the people think when they act. ( be aware of what )
He became aware of the danger.
( become aware of sth) awareness 1． 后面常跟 of 或 about:
raise awareness of the dangers of
drunk driving
a lack of awareness about safety
issues
2． 注意下列搭配。
1) 与形容词搭配:
public awareness
political awareness
spiritual awareness
ecological awareness
environmental awareness
increasing awareness
growing awareness
heightened awareness
2) 与动词搭配:
show an awareness
raise an awareness
increase an awareness
lose an awareness
develop an awareness
demonstrate an awareness
promote an awareness
gain an awareness
achieve an awareness
have an awareness
maintain an awareness
build an awareness
reflect an awareness
create an awareness
derive from an awareness
generate an awareness
account for an awareness
get an awareness
move from an awareness
need an awareness
extend into an awareness
3) 与名词搭配:
an awareness of time and place
an awareness of the proposal's
limitations
an awareness of one's surround-
ings
an awareness of hazards
an awareness of office condos
an awareness of death
an awareness of frameworks
an awareness of the negative
consequences
an awareness of environmental is-
sues
an awareness of their own thoughts
an awareness of one's own limita-
tions
an awareness of history
an awareness of the conventions
an awareness of tradition
an awareness of the problems
an awareness of differences and
similarities
an awareness of the sense of
community away 注意下列用法:
They are away from their homes.
He is away from his wife
He is away on vacation.
Don't go away.
He lives 10 miles away.
The police kept people away from the site.
The sound died away.
The flood swept the house away.
She was working away at her desk.
Away with him! awful 在美国口语中可作副词，相当于 very
或 extremely:
It is an awful long time to wait.
It was awful slow. awfully 在口语中用于强调，相当于 very 或
extremely:
It's awfully nice of you to come by and see us.
I'm awfully sorry.
awhile，a while
1． 两者都很常用。
2． 介词后 ago 前常用 a while。
1) 用在介词后:
stay for a while
2) 用在 ago 前:
a while ago
3． 其他场合两词常可换用:
It will take me awhile / a while to read it.
Would you write awhile / a while? BA 1． 也可作 B． A． 。
2． 可以指“文学士学位”，也可用来指“有文学士学位的人”:
He has a BA． 他拥有文学士学位。
I found out that she is a BA． 我发现她是个文学士。
3． 用在姓名后表示某人是文学士，至少有两种说法:
Jim Fox BA ( 不加逗号)
Susan Potter，BA ( 加逗号)
4． 说明是哪方面的文学士，常用介词
in:
He has a BA in history.
He has a BA in literature.
baby shower
美语，指为即将生孩子的妇女举行的聚会，但仅指聚会，送礼包含在聚会中:
how to host a baby shower when
celebrating an event as joyous as
a baby's imminent arrival
Hosting a baby shower is a lot of work. babysit 注意下列用法:
I'll ask my sister to babysit. ( 作不及物动词)
My sister often babysits for us.
( 作不及物动词，后跟介词 for)
Would you babysit my plants? ( 作及物动词可指照看植物、动物等) babysitting 1． 主要在美国使用:
how to successfully run a babysit-
ting business
2． 英国英语的对应词是 child-mind
或 baby-minding，前者更常用:
Parents can drop their babies in the child-mind / the baby-minding room while they are out working. bachelor 1． 指从未结过婚的男子。
2． 结过婚但妻子去世的叫 widower。
3． 在现代英语中，常用 single 来形容
“单身男子”。
4． an eligible bachelor 指“众多女子追求的单身男子”，这种人一般富有而具魅力。
5． a confirmed bachelor 指“立誓终身不娶的男子”。 back 1． back of 是美国英语，常用在口语中:
on the wall back of the bar
He stood back of me.
2． in back of 也是美国英语，可以有
“赞助、支持”的意思:
in back of the plot
in back of this venture
3． back pay，back rent 或 back taxes
主要在美国使用:
I guess they finally did find his pa-
perwork; I think just shortly before the war ended he got his back pay / backrent / back taxes.
4． backbench 可以用来修饰其他名词:
a backbench Member of Parlia-
ment
5． 其复数形式 backbenches 常指
“议席”，是英国用法:
He returned to the backbenches.
6． back street，back road，back alley
主要在美国使用，指 street 等与主要街道距离甚远:
The car veered off into the back alley.
7． back yard 也可写成 backyard，在美国指“( 有草皮的) 后花园”，在英国指“( 铺着硬地面的) 后院”; 若称
“后花园”，在英国应用 back gar-
den。 backwards 应该说 backwards and forwards，一般不说 forwards and backwards。 bacteria 1． 单数是 bacterium。
2． 在口语和新闻媒体中，也有人将其用成单数:
a genetically-altered bacteria bad 1． 在现代口语中，有人将其用成副词:
It hurts real bad when I run.
I didn't do too bad.
2． bad off 是美国英语，比较级是
worse off，最高级是 worst off:
Is he really that bad off?
They were worse off than when they started. bag 这组词都有“皮夹”的含义。
1． purse 在美国常指“女用手提包、手袋”，在英国常指“女用零花钱钱包”。
2． wallet 常指“( 可以放信用卡的) 折叠式皮夹”。
3． handbag 在英国指“女用手提包”，相当于美国的 purse 或 pock-
etbook。
4． pocketbook 在美国指“女用手提包”，相当于英国的 handbag。 baggage 1． 主要在美国使用:
baggage car
baggage claim
2． 英国人较多使用 luggage。
3． 但 baggage reclaim 是英国英语，指“机场领取行李处”，相当于美国的 baggage claim。
4． 美国的 baggage room 在英国称
left luggage office。
bail out，bale out
作“跳伞( 逃命)”解时，美国人较多使用 bail out，英国人较多使用 bale
out。 bake 注意下列用法:
I'm baking John a birthday cake.
( bake sb sth)
I'm baking a birthday cake for
John. ( bake sth for sb)
A birthday cake is being baked.
( be baked)
She is baking a birthday cake.
( bake sth)
She always baked on Sunday.
( bake 作不及物动词) bald 注意下列搭配:
He is going bald. 他快要秃顶了。
a bald spot 光秃秃的地方
a bald patch 不毛之地
bald facts 不加虚饰的事实
a bald question 直截了当的提问
a bald account 不加任何掩饰的陈述
a bald tyre 磨光的轮胎
a bald eagle 秃鹫
a bald lie 赤裸裸的谎言
a bald word 露骨的字眼
a bald style of writing 单调的文体
the bald landscape 光秃秃的景色
bald time 无聊的时光
bald eyes 直愣愣的眼睛
in bald terms 用直截了当的言语 ball 1． 表示“玩球”用 play ball，ball 前面没有不定冠词; “玩足球、篮球”等都一样:
play football
play basketball
2． play a ball 是“玩一个球”。
3． play the ball 是“玩这个球”。
4． play with the ball 是“摆弄这个球”。
5． 作“舞会”解时前面常用介词 at:
You'll see that music of all styles has been performed at the ball. ballet 1． 作“芭蕾舞”或“芭蕾舞艺术”解时，作不可数名词用，前面有时可以不用冠词:
She has studied ( the ) ballet for ten years.
I enjoy modern ballet / classical ballet.
2． 作“芭蕾舞剧”或“芭蕾舞乐曲”解时，是可数名词，可用复数形式:
several famous ballets ballot 1． 作“无记名投票制度”解时，较多为不可数名词:
Party leaders are elected by bal-
lot.
2． 作“某次无记名投票”解时，是可数名词:
We should put it to a ballot.
a strike ballot
a postal ballot
3． 前面常用介词 by，in，on 等:
Committee members were elected by ballot.
vote for a strike in a secret ballot
He won an overall majority on the first ballot. balmy balmy，barmy
1． 两词含义相同。
2． balmy 比 barmy 早出现。
3． 在美国英语中，balmy 比 barmy 常用。
4． 注意 balmy 的搭配:
a balmy night
balmy weather
a balmy summer's evening
a balmy breeze
balmy days
the balmy air
I should like to go on for ever through that balmy freshness. Baltic 1． 首字母要大写。
2． 前面常加定冠词:
the Baltic Sea
the Baltic states
the Baltic economies bamboo 1． 可作可数和不可数名词。作可数名词时，复数为 bamboos:
furniture made of bamboo
a grove of bamboos
2． 常用来修饰其他名词:
a bamboo table
bamboo canes
bamboo shoots
bamboo plants
bamboo furniture
bamboo poles
a bamboo fence ban 1． 作名词用时，后面常跟介词 on:
There is a ban on smoking in the bus.
The government put a ban on the import of alcohol.
They agreed to impose an imme-
diate ban on sales.
It is unlikely to lift the ban on over-
time.
2． 作动词用时，常用 ban sb from
( doing) sth 句型:
He was banned from entering the school grounds.
The department banned him from the meeting. banana 1． 可组成不少词组:
banana belt 冬季避寒地带
Banana bender( 澳大利亚) 昆士兰州人
banana plug 香蕉形插头
banana seat 香蕉形座位
banana skin 困难( 或尴尬局面) 的原因
banana republic 香蕉共和国( 指由外资控制的，只有单一经济作物的拉丁美洲小国)
2． be / go bananas 意为“生气”:
The crowd went bananas.
b and b，B and B
是 bed and breakfast 的缩写，主要在英国使用:
b and b / B and B hotels and
guesthouses
B and S，B and S ball
指在澳大利亚远离城市的内地举行的“单身男女聚会( 或舞会)”，通常要持续整个周末:
Also don't forget the B and S
( ball ) is on the Saturday night and will be a great night for all the bachelors and spinsters.
bandit，robber，gangster，brig- banish 注意以下用法:
He was banished by the govern-
ment for political reasons. ( be
banished by)
He was banished to Siberia. ( be
banished to)
He was banished for life. ( be
banished for)
Noisy kids should be banished from the reading-room. ( be ban-
ished from)
You should banish the idea from your mind. ( banish sth from sth) bank 1． 河岸、湖岸都可以叫 bank:
We went down to the Mekong
River banks.
The banks of the lake are mostly covered by forest.
2． 河的两岸从上游向下游看，右边叫
right bank，左边叫 left bank。
3． 注意下列搭配:
The river has overflowed its banks.
He followed the man along the riv-
er bank.
The town is on high banks on ei-
ther side of a river.
My house is on the south bank of the river.
on the opposite / east / steep /
bank
4． 有许多其他含义:
a bank of TV monitors
a data bank
a valuable bank of old documents
a blood bank
a gene bank
a sperm bank
an organ bank
a bank of useful addresses
a bank of references
a bank of information
barbarian， barbaric， barba-
rous
3 词都可表示“野蛮的”。
1． barbarian 源于希腊语，意思是“异族的、粗鲁的、无知的”。当时较先进的希腊人用这种眼光去看待其他文化，因而这个词常用来指一种
“未开化的文化状态”，是与 full civ-
ilization 相对而言的:
The Chinese then regarded the
European way of eating as bar-
barian because Europeans “ate
with swords”．
2． barbaric 与 barbarous 十分相似，有时可以换用，意义无多大区别:
barbaric / barbarous acts
3． 但 barbarous 在“野蛮”的程度上要胜过 barbaric。用英语将两词作比较，barbarous 的意思是 not civi-
lized( 不文明的) ，而 barbaric 则是
lacking civilization( 缺乏文明的) :
It's barbarous to keep a man in a cage like that. 像那样把人关在笼子里是野蛮的。 ( 指非人道，程度严重)
Boxing is a barbaric sport. 拳击是一种野蛮的体育活动。( 指缺乏文明，程度较轻) barbaric 参见 barbarian。 barbarous 参见 barbarian。
bare，nude，naked
3 词都可以译成“赤裸的”。
1． bare 在描述人“赤裸”时，通常只指身体的部分裸露:
He walked around in bare feet.
We could see his bare arms.
2． nude 与 naked 都指“全身赤裸”，
但 nude 较中性些，不含过多的性色彩，用在绘画等艺术作品方面还包含一种“受人尊重的”含义:
She is a nude model.
the famous painter's nude paint-
ings
3． naked 常有感情和道德方面的含义，有较多的性色彩:
They are caught naked in a mo-
tel.
Elizabeth doesn't want to wear bi-
kini because they make her feel naked.
4． “裸眼”只能用 naked eyes。
5． nude 可作名词，其他两个词不这样用:
Is it a nude? barefoot barefoot，barefooted
1． 尽管两词含义相同，但 barefoot 比
barefooted 常用:
The kids here go barefoot in sum-
mer.
They are dancing barefoot in the sand.
2． barefoot 可作形容词和副词:
He is a barefoot doctor. ( 作形容词)
He ran barefoot down the hill. ( 作副词) barefooted barefoot，barefooted
1． 尽管两词含义相同，但 barefoot 比
barefooted 常用:
The kids here go barefoot in sum-
mer.
They are dancing barefoot in the sand.
2． barefoot 可作形容词和副词:
He is a barefoot doctor. ( 作形容词)
He ran barefoot down the hill. ( 作副词) bargain 1． 传统上的表述方式:
bargain with a person
bargain with a group of persons
bargain for a thing
2． 但在现代英语中，bargain 也可以说 bargain with something:
He should not bargain with any group other than this one.
He has to bargain for everything.
bargain with where we should
have the meeting
3． 还常有以下用法:
bargain about their working hours
bargain on their pensions
bargain his expertise to the high-
est bidder
bargain out their differences
bargain away the divisions
bargain the price down
4． 作名词时，注意下列搭配:
make a bargain with you
strike a bargain with each other
strike a bargain that both sides
would accept
drive a hard bargain
keep your side of the bargain
pick up a good bargain
offer you a bargain
He couldn't resist a bargain. barmy balmy，barmy
1． 两词含义相同。
2． balmy 比 barmy 早出现。
3． 在美国英语中，balmy 比 barmy 常用。
4． 注意 balmy 的搭配:
a balmy night
balmy weather
a balmy summer's evening
a balmy breeze
balmy days
the balmy air
I should like to go on for ever through that balmy freshness. baron 常用来指“巨头、大王”:
an oil baron
a press baron
union barons
steel barons barracks 1． 作“兵营、营房”解时，常用作单数; “一处兵营”也可用 barracks:
There is a barracks near our house.
A barracks is a building or group of buildings where soldiers live.
2． 但 barracks 后面也可以跟复数动词:
The barracks are crowded.
3． 修饰其他名词时，用单复数形式都可以:
barrack rooms
old barrack yards
the world-class barracks yard
base，basis，foundation
3 词都有“基础”的含义。
1． base 常指“有形、具体的基础”:
the base of a statue
2． basis 常指“抽象、无形的基础”:
the basis of his argument
3． foundation 既可以指“有形的基础”，又可指“无形的基础”。
1) 指“有形的基础”时，其“基础”比
base 更宏伟、坚实:
the foundation of an ancient city
the base of a lamp
2) 指“无形的基础”:
the foundation of democracy
the basis of his decision
3) 英国大学里的“基础课”常用
foundation courses。 baseball 1． 表示运动上的“打棒球”，一般用
play baseball 表示，baseball 前没有冠词。
2． 表示“棒球运动”时，baseball 常作不可数名词，前面不加冠词:
Baseball is the national game of
the U． S． ．
3． 表示棒球运动中使用的那个球时，
baseball 是可数名词，而 play with
a baseball 是“玩一个棒球”; “play
with the baseball”是“玩这个或那个棒球”。 based 后面常跟介词 in，on，upon，at，o-
ver 等:
The firm is based in Paris.
Prices are based on two people sharing a room.
based upon the prices yesterday
consultants based at the hotel
Those companies are based over the border. basic 1． 大学的“基础课”，可译成 a basic
course，an elementary course 等。
2． 英国大学似乎多用 a foundation
course:
MBA Foundation Courses are for
students who plan to pursue grad-
uate-level study in business.
3． “基础英语”是 Basic English 或
Foundation English，前面常不用冠词:
Bible in Basic English
the 850 words of Basic English basis 1． 常用 on abasis 句型，注意下列的搭配:
on a production basis
on a seasonal basis
on a temporary basis
on a first-name basis
on a matching basis
on a daily / weekly / monthly /
yearly basis
on a regular basis
on a permanent basis
on a scientific basis
on a profit-making basis
on a trial basis
on an individual basis
on a part-time basis
on a voluntary basis
2． 后面跟介词时，常用 of，for 等:
on the basis of cost alone
on the basis of optimism
on the basis of finite life
on the basis of classical theory
on the basis of the advice I've
been given
the basis for this belief
as a basis for oil painting
use it as a basis for literature
the scientific basis for these
claims basketball 参见 baseball。 bass 1． 表示演唱“低音部”，演奏“低音乐器”时，bass 前常没有冠词:
He sings bass in the choir.
He's formed a new band with his brother playing bass.
2． 表示“唱低音的歌手”等时，bass
常作可数名词:
Is he a bass? 他是一名低音歌手吗? bath 作名词时，注意以下几点。
1． take a bath 或 have a bath 通常指
“( 在浴盆里) 洗澡”; “洗淋浴”应是
take a shower。
2． run a bath 的意思是“给浴盆放水
( 准备洗澡)”。
3． “喜欢洗澡”不应该说 fond of
bath，应该说 fond of taking baths。
4． 复数形式 baths 在英国可指“公共游泳池或浴池”:
swimming-baths
the public baths
5． 在美国广告中，bath 可指 bath-
room:
an apartment with two baths bath ，bathe
1． “给( 小孩、病人、动物等) 洗澡”英国人用 bath，美国人用 bathe:
I'll bathe the baby for you. ( 美国用法)
Bath the baby for me. ( 英国用法)
2． 在江河海洋或大片水域中“游泳、玩耍、洗海水浴”用 bathe:
On hot days we often bathe in the river.
It's dangerous to bathe in the sea.
3． go for a bathe 是英国用法:
I vote we all go for a bathe before
supper!
4． “( 用水、消毒水或其他液体) 清洗
( 伤口等)”用 bathe:
bathe the wounds gently
5． “洗 ( 眼睛等身体的一部分 )”用
bathe:
bathe my eyes twice a day
bathe the patient's feet
6． 在美国英语中，bathe 相当于 have
a bath:
I would return home to bathe and change for the party.
7． bathe 常被用在引申意义方面，表示“淋浴( 在阳光、爱情或其他感情之中)”:
The fields are bathed in sunlight.
She was bathed in love and affec-
tion of the host family. bathhouse 1． 可指“公共浴室”。
2． 在美国英语中，可指“( 海滨、游泳池边上的) 更衣室”:
If you wait here I can run and change in the bathhouse. bathroom 1． 在美国英语中，可指 “( 家里或公共场所中任何带厕所的房间，即 )
卫生间、厕所”:
go to the bathroom 上厕所
2． 而在英国英语中，bathroom 则指
“( 有浴盆的 ) 浴室”，不一定有厕所:
go to the toilet 上厕所 Batman 在美国，人们可用 Batman 幽默地告诉别人，他们的主意是“好主意”; 这个词源于美国卡通 Batman and Rob-
in。
BBC English
常指“标准的英国英语”:
In a survey，the majority of the in-
formants felt that BBC English
would serve as the best model for
Indian English.
B． C．
1． 是 before( the birth of) Christ 的缩写，也可写成 BC。
2． 常置于年份的后面:
in 653 BC / B． C． 公元前 653 年
3． 可以用来修饰“世纪”:
in the third century BC / B． C． be 主要有以下用法。
1． 作助动词:
He's been reading when she called.
The glass door was broken.
2． 作动词，后面跟动词不定式:
Visitors are to leave when the bell
rings
3． 作连系动词:
My wife is in bed.
4． 用来构成疑问句或否定句:
Are you a teacher?
He is not a doctor.
5． 常用在反意疑问句中:
It's sour，isn't it? bean pea，bean
两词都可译成“豆( 角)”:
1． pea 较多指“短的豆角”:
new peas 新鲜豌豆
2． bean 较多指“长的豆角”:
string beans 刀豆
runner beans 红花菜豆 bear 1． 作“生、生育”解时，有两个过去分词 born 或 borne; 表示“生于哪一年”用 born:
She was born in 1980．
She has borne two children.
2． 表示“生孩子”用 bear，常有以下表达法:
She bore three children.
She has borne three children.
She bore him a child.
Three children were born in this hospital.
A daughter was born to him.
3． 具体说“某时某次生孩子”时，常说:
She gave birth to a child last Sun-
day.
She had a daughter last night.
She was delivered of a boy early this morning.
4． 注意一些搭配:
He cannot bear seeing her suffer.
He can't bear to be left alone.
The bench will bear your weight.
Christian bore the pain with courage.
5． 注意一些习惯用法:
bear no relation to
bear no resemblance to
bear witness to
grin and bear it
bear the scars / marks / signs /
stamp of sth
bear sb's signature
bear arms
bear a grudge
bear fruit
bear sth in mind
bear the brunt of sth
bear comparison with sb / sth
bear，endure，stand
1． bear 较普通，无论“忍受”的程度或时间长短、程度如何都可用:
The pain was more than he could bear.
He can't bear living alone.
I can't bear black coffee.
2． endure 较正式，一般指长时间的忍受，或用于较严肃的事:
He can't endure talking to radi-
cals.
He endured great pain for many years.
3． stand 多用于口语中:
I can't stand the noise downstairs.
beard，moustache，whiskers
3 词均可翻译成“胡子”。
1． beard 一般指“嘴巴以下 ( 有时包括嘴巴、下巴和脖子上 ) 长的胡须”。
1) 注意在 beard 前面常用的形容词:
a thick bear
a false bear
a grey bear
a bushy bear
a long bear
a white bear
2) beard 后面可加 s:
Men and goats have beards.
3) a beard 不指“一根胡须”，是一个人“胡须”的总称:
He has a long beard. 他留了长胡子。
4) beard 可以作不可数名词，泛指胡须:
a month's growth of beard
5) “留胡子”可以说:
He has a beard.
He wears a beard.
He has grown a beard.
6) beardless 主要是英国用法。
7) beard 可指“山羊等动物的胡子”:
a goat's beard
2． moustache 是英国拼法，美国拼法是 mustache。 指“长在上嘴唇的小胡子”。
1) 是可数名词:
a man with a moustache
2) 复数 moustaches 指“长得很长的小胡子”:
He frowned and twirled his mous-
taches.
3) 注意在 moustache 前的形容词:
a bristling moustache
a drooping moustache
a neatly trimmed moustache
a gray moustache
a long moustache
a thick moustache
4) 注意与动词的一些搭配:
have a moustache
He licked his black moustache.
He frowned and twirled his mous-
taches.
He has shaved off his mous-
tache.
3． whiskers 主要指 “( 长在脸上、双颊的) 连鬓胡子”。
1 ) 一般情况下，用其复数形式 whisk-
ers:
Whiskers are more than twice as thick as ordinary hairs.
2) 注意 whiskers 与动词的一些搭配:
He tugged at his side whiskers.
clip one's whiskers
cultivate one's whiskers
shampoo one's whiskers
smooth one's whiskers
stroke one's whiskers
thin out one's whiskers
trim one's whiskers
3) 注意 whiskers 与形容词的一些搭配:
combed whiskers
closely-cropped whiskers
bushy whiskers
unruly whiskers
huge whiskers
bountiful whiskers
unkempt whiskers
ingrown whiskers
4． 注意，beard 和 moustache 后面跟单数动词，whiskers 后面跟复数动词:
A man's beard is the hair that grows on his chin and cheeks.
A man's moustache is the hair that grows on his upper lip.
The whiskers of an animal are the long，stiff hairs that grow near its mouth. beat beat，beaten
1． 两词都可作过去分词用，在现代英语中，beaten 比 beat 更常用:
The two men had been beaten to death.
Our tem was easily beaten.
The gold is beaten out into thin strips.
2． 在 get 或 can't be 后面常用 beat:
He got beat.
The weather couldn't be beat.
3． 口语中表示“疲惫不堪的”，用
beat:
I'm beat after all that work. beaten beat，beaten
1． 两词都可作过去分词用，在现代英语中，beaten 比 beat 更常用:
The two men had been beaten to death.
Our tem was easily beaten.
The gold is beaten out into thin strips.
2． 在 get 或 can't be 后面常用 beat:
He got beat.
The weather couldn't be beat.
3． 口语中表示“疲惫不堪的”，用
beat:
I'm beat after all that work. beau 1． 已属于过时之词。
2． beau 的复数是 beaux 或 beaus，
beaux 是美国拼法。
beautiful， bonny， cute， fair，
gorgeous，good-looking，hand- beautiful pretty，beautiful
两词都有“漂亮”的含义。
1． pretty 较多形容小孩、女人、小事物等，侧重“小巧玲珑的漂亮”:
a pretty little garden
her pretty face
that pretty little girl
a pretty little cottage
2． beautiful 较普通常用，可形容各种
“美”，但在形容人时，常用来描述女人:
a beautiful Sunday
a beautiful country
a beautiful shot
the most beautiful child
a very beautiful woman beauty 在现代英语中可作形容词，用来与一些名词组成与“美容、美化生活”等意义有关的词组:
beauty products
beauty treatments
beauty parlor
beauty sleep
beauty queen
beauty contest
beauty culture
because，since，as，for
1． 表示直接因果关系时，4 词都可以用，但 because 语气最强，依次为
since，as，for。
2． 表示必然推理时，4 词都可以用:
The hotel's difficult to find because
/ since / as for the road isn't sign-
posted.
Since / As / Because you weren't there I left a message.
3． 如果不是必然推理，则一般用 for:
It must be a fine day，for larks are singing.
4． for 作为连接词一般不用在句首:
I listened eagerly，for he brought news of my wife.
5． 在回答 why 问题时，必须用 be-
cause，不能用其他 3 词:
— Why did you get up so early?
— Because it's too noisy outside.
6． because 可用在强调句中，其他 3
词一般不这么用:
It is because I hate him.
7． because 引导的状语从句常放在主句后面:
Mark did it because she told him to.
I couldn't call you because I didn't have your phone number.
8． 常用 because of 的句型，句首、句尾都可以放:
She walked slowly because of her illness.
Because of the rain， we post-
poned the trip.
become，get，go，grow，turn
这组词都有“变化”的含义。
1． 5 词都可以表示颜色的变化:
The girl's face is becoming red.
The girl is getting red in the face.
The girl's hair is going gray.
It's growing dark.
The trees are turning yellow.
2． 表示“变质”时，5 词均可使用:
Milk soon becomes / gets / goes
/ grows / turns sour easily in summer.
3． 表示“变富”，常用 grow，get，be-
come:
He is growing / getting / becom-
ing rich.
4． 表示“天气变化”，常用 become，
get，grow，turn:
It's becoming / getting / growing /
turning warmer.
5． 表示“年纪变化”，常用 get，grow，
become:
Man is wiser as he gets / grows /
becomes older.
6． become，turn，go 后面可接名词，表示“变成何种人物”等; become
后面的名词前有时可省去冠词，有时可保留冠词; turn 后面的冠词一般省去:
She became queen.
He became a musician.
He turned renegade.
He went a child but returned a veteran soldier.
7． 在这组词中，get 最为口语化:
I'm getting tired.
Don't get excited.
8． become 是一时动作，所以一般不说 She has become a dancer two years ago. 应该说:
She became a dancer two years ago.
9． go 常用来表示“向坏的方向变化”:
He went mad / blind / deaf /
bald.
The meat's gone bad. bed 1． in bed 前面通常不加冠词，是习语，表示“躺在床上，通常盖着东西
( 如被子等)”:
It's midnight — why aren't you in
bed? 已经半夜了———你为什么还不躺在床上? ( 当然是躺在被子里)
2． on the bed，on a bed，on one's
bed 不一定有“盖被子”的意思:
She is lying on her bed for a rest.
( 可能是“和衣躺着”)
3． 下面的例子都是习语，bed 前面一般都不加冠词:
It's time for bed.
It's time to go to bed.
She was putting the kids to bed.
get out of bed on the wrong side
get out of bed on the right side
4． 注意，下列句子表示“有性关系”:
He tried to get her to go to bed with him. 他企图拉她上床。( 与她发生性关系)
He jumped / got into bed with her last night. 昨晚他与她发生了一夜情。
She went to bed with him last month. 上月她与他上了床。 ( 发生了性关系)
5． make the bed，make the beds，
make one's bed ( s) 都可以说，要视情况而定:
He helped me to make the bed.
Why can't you kids make your
own beds?
6． bed of roses 指“安乐的处境”，常用在否定式中:
Working here isn't exactly a bed of roses.
Life isn't always a bed of roses.
7． 注意，句中 bed 前没有冠词: She is getting old; bed is the only place for her. bedclothes 不是“睡衣”，是“床单、被褥等床上用品”，“睡衣”是 night-clothes 或 paja-
mas。
bedroom community，bedroom bedtime 1． 是“适合睡觉的时间”，即“就寝时间”，不是“在床上睡觉的时间”，所以可以说:
It's long past your bedtime.
2． 一般不说:
Your bedtime is too long.
His bedtime is 9 o' clock.
His bedtime is from 9 o'clock to 12
o'clock. beef 1． 是不可数名词:
roast beef
2． 具体讲多少“牛肉”，可用下列方法:
a joint of roast beef
plenty of beef
some beef
a lot of beef
cuts of beef
a rump of beef
a pound of beef
prime ribs of beef
a piece of beef
a side of beef
sides of beef
3． 常用“食用肉”的对应表达法如下:
cow — beef
pig — pork，ham，bacon
calf — veal
deer — venison
sheep — mutton
lamb — lamb
hen — chicken
cock — chicken
chicken — chicken
duck — duck beer 1． 泛指“啤酒”，beer 常作不可数名词:
I don't drink beer.
2． “啤酒”的量可以说:
bottles of beer
a glass of beer
a steady supply of beer
new types of beer
10 gallons of beer
a closet full of beer
a keg of beer
different brands of beer
a mug of beer
lots of beer
thousands of cans of beer
a bowl of beer
a pack of beer
5 million liters of beer
a pint of beer
3． a beer 指“一杯啤酒、一听啤酒、一份啤酒”等:
Would you like a beer? beg 常用以下句型:
I begged him to leave. ( beg sb to
do sth)
I begged him not to leave. ( beg
sb not to do sth)
I begged that he leave. ( beg that
)
I begged for mercy. ( beg for sth)
I begged for him to leave. ( beg
for sb to do sth)
I begged her for another chance.
( beg sb for sth)
I begged to be given another chance. ( beg to be given sth)
I begged that my son ( might) be set free. ( beg that sb be )
I would beg food from the food store. ( beg sth from sth)
Some people are begging in the streets. ( be begging in) beggar 可以说 beggar man，一般不说 man
beggar:
Will you lodge a beggar man?
The only person in the room is a beggar man named Hugh Boone. begin ，start
两词都有“开始”的含义。
1． 两词都可作及物动词:
I'll begin / start when you are ready.
The TV programs have begun /
started discussing the aging prob-
lem in big cities.
2． 两词都可作不及物动词:
We'll begin / start by reading a-
loud.
3． begin 强调从零开始; start 与 stop
相对而言，常表示中断后又开始，试比较:
The meeting begins at 10．
He is starting his watch after it has
stopped
4． 注意，start 虽不常表示从头开始，但 start from the scratch 则表示从起点开始。
5． start 侧重“开始”这一动作，含“突然开始”之义; begin 侧重表示为某一目标而奋斗中迈开第一步，含
“努力开始”之义:
The baby started to cry.
He began a course of study lead-
ing to a doctorate.
6． 两词后面都可以接动名词或动词不定式:
He started / began to read and write at seven.
He started / began writing a novel last week.
7． start 的主语可以是某件事的间接始动者，begin 一般不这样用:
His father started him in business.
( 不可以说 His father began him in
business。)
8． 表示“开始向某地走去”，用 start
for，不能用 begin for:
He started for the Great Lake. 他开始朝大湖走去。
9． begin 是“开始做某事”，begin
with 是“从某事做起”:
He will begin this novel today. 今天他将开始看这本小说。( 只看这本书)
He will begin with this novel to-
day. 今天他将从这本小说开始看起。( 然后看其他书)
10． begin 较少用在被动语态中。 beginning 1． from beginning to end 中 begin-
ning 前常不用冠词:
This movie is bad from beginning to end.
Here is my story from beginning to end.
2． 下面短语中，beginning 前都有定冠词:
from the very beginning
right from the beginning
mark the beginning of sth
in the beginning
the beginning of the end behalf 1． 常用以下表达法:
I intervened on his behalf. ( on
one's behalf)
On behalf of my president I came here. ( on behalf of)
I did it in behalf of everyone. ( in
behalf of)
I did it in everyone's behalf. ( in
one's behalf)
2． 注意以下表述方法。
1) in behalf of 有“为了……的利益”的意思，如果没有“利益”，仅表示
“代表 ……”时，用 on behalf of 或
on one's behalf 为好; behalf 前都没有冠词。
2) 据最新研究成果表明，现代美国英语中，behalf 前用 on 或 in 都可以，在英国英语中人们倾向用 on。 behind 1． 表示 “晚了”，可以用 behind
schedule，较少用 behind time:
During the meeting many assump-
tions were made as to why the project seemed behind schedule.
Field corn harvest is behind schedule.
The train is behind time，owing to the late arrival of the Channel boat.
2． behind the times 是“落伍”的意思:
Are you falling behind the times?
Why is Oxford behind the times? belief 1． beyond belief 中的 belief 前常不用冠词:
The lies and the manipulation of
this administration are beyond be-
lief.
2． beyond belief 用在贬义句多于褒义句中:
His greediness is beyond belief.
3． 注意 belief 前常用的形容词:
passionate belief
popular belief
common belief
widely held belief
widespread belief
firm belief
strong belief
growing belief
religious beliefs
political beliefs
4． 表示宗教、政治信仰时，belief 常用复数形式:
She was imprisoned for her dissi-
dent beliefs.
They are expressing their person-
al beliefs. believe ，think
1． 在口语及非正规的写作中，两词含义近似，常可换用:
I believe / think you are right.
2． 但 believe 的涵盖面比 think 广得多，用法也较广:
I don't believe in miracles. ( be-
lieve in sth)
Few people believed it. ( believe
sth)
Mary and I don't believe that he will return tonight. ( believe that)
Don't believe what you have read in the newspapers. ( believe
what)
I believe him to be guilty. ( believe
sb to be)
I believe him guilty. ( believe sb
sth) believer 后面接介词 in，of 等:
a great believer in health food
a message to all true believers of Is-
lam bellows 1． “一个风箱”可说成:
a bellows made out of a goat skin
a pair of bellows
a new set of bellows
2． 后面跟单复数动词均可，下面两个句子都可以说:
The bellows are being repaired.
The bellows is being repaired.
belly，abdomen，stomach
3 词均有“腹部”的含义。
1． belly 较俗气，常包含“腹部圆鼓鼓的，向外凸出”的意思:
his round belly tightly buttoned in-
to his trousers 他的裤子紧紧地勒进他圆滚滚的肚皮
a full belly 吃得圆滚滚的肚子
pot-bellied 大肚皮的
2． abdomen 是医学上的专用名词，可以指“腹部的外面和内部”:
to open up an abdomen to re-
move a tumour
3． stomach 最通俗常用，可以指具体的“腹部”，也可以指抽象的“胃”，
常与“消化”有关系:
I have no stomach for strong drink. 我不能喝烈酒。 belong 1． 后面可跟介词 to，in，on，under，
with，among 等:
This novel belongs to me.
The dictionary belongs in the li-
brary.
The plates belong on the shelf.
The pan belongs under the sink.
A child belongs with its mother.
2． belong to 一般不用在被动语态的句子中，一般不说 This book is be-
longed to me.
below，under，underneath，be- bench 1． the bench 可以指 “( 英国) 法院、法官、法官席”等:
remarks of the Chief Justice from
the Bench 法院首席法官的话
2． benches 可指 “( 英国议院的 ) 议席”:
the opposition benches 反对党议席 beneath 参见 below。 benefit 注意下面 benefit 与介词的搭配:
for the benefit of the people
have the benefit of a good educa-
tion
with the benefit of modern tech-
nology
Her vacation wasn't of much ben-
efit to her.
bring lasting benefits for the com-
munity
derive little benefit from the reform
The new rules will be of benefit to us all.
conditions benefited by acupunc-
ture
Mr. Smith would have benefited as a writer. bereave 有两个过去时态和分词形式: be-
reaved 和 bereft; bereaved 常用来指密友、家人的“丧亡”; bereft 通常与抽象名词连用，指无形东西的“丧失”:
He was bereaved of his wife. ( his
wife 是家人)
He was bereft of all hope. ( all
hope 是抽象名词)
beside，besides，except
1． 在现代英语中，beside 只作介词，意思是“在……旁边”:
She knelt down beside the bed.
2． besides 作介词时，是“除 …… 以外还有”:
There will be six of us for dinner，
besides two students. ( 意思是共有
8 人出席晚宴)
3． except 的意思是“除去 ……”或
“不包括……在内”:
All of them passed the exam ex-
cept Mary. ( 强调“只有玛丽没有通过考试”) best 1． 作形容词用时，best 前面不一定加定冠词:
Which apples are best for cook-
ing?
He is best at painting.
2． at best 和 at the best 意思相同，但前者较常用:
Kerry's plan is anemic at best.
Kerry's plan is anemic at the best.
3． 可在组合词中表示最高级:
good-looking — best-looking
well-dressed — best-dressed
4． 有 bestseller，但没有 goodseller
或 betterseller。
5． 可拼成 best seller 或 best-seller，但是在现代英语中，较多使用 bestsell-
er。 bet 1． 有两个过去分词形式，bet 和 bet-
ted; 在现代英语中，英美人大多用
bet。
2． 口语中 You bet! 的意思是 Yes! better 1． I'm better today. 是“今天我的病有所好转。”不是“今天我的病好了。”
2． 用 you better 代替 you had better
在英国英语中还可见到，但不常用，不正规。
3． one's better half 过去指 “( 某人的) 妻子、丈夫、老伴”等; 在现代英语中还可指“同居的人、性伴侣”等:
Well，about 6 months before our
sixth anniversary，my better half
changed his response about hav-
ing a child. between 1． 一般来说，between 只能用在两人或两物之前; 但在实际使用中，表示 3 个或 3 个以上的人、物之间的关系时，也可以用 between; 如果将 3 个或 3 个以上的人、物视为一个整体，则要用 among:
the difference between the three
students
between you and me and Mary
the relations between the three
states
the relations between China and
the rest of the world
2． 以上的 4 个例子尽管都涉及 3 个以上人、物，但实际上表达两者之间的关系，如中国与美国、中国与日本、中国与俄国……的关系。但是，下面的句子中应该用 among:
The three housewives quarreled among themselves. ( 3 位家庭主妇在争吵时乱成一团，不分你我，是一个争吵的整体，应该用 among)
3． 从逻辑上讲，between 后面不能跟单数名词或代词等，如一般不说
between one student; 但是名词前加了 each 或 every，表示“每个东西与它邻近物之间的关系时”，可以用 between:
between each house
between every stitch
between every sentence
between every pause
between each stroke
4． 实际上这些例子中省略了一些成分，between each stroke 应该是
between each stroke and the next
one。
5． between 后面跟两个概念后，其间要用 and，一般不用 to，or 等:
between the ages of six and nine
6． 一般不说:
between the ages of six to nine
between this house or that house
7． 注意一些例外的说法:
a choice between two or more
a choice between good or greedy
8． 平时我们也常说:
It's me.
between you and me
9． 下面这一说法主要用在一般场合下或在口语中，尽量少在正式书面语中使用:
between you and I
10． 常跟在下列名词的后面:
conversation between
game between
relations between
distinction between
link between
bond between
affection between
love between
friendship between
negotiations between
contrast between
difference between
distinction between
gap between
parallels between
similarity between
11． in between 常作副词用:
There is some free time in be-
tween. beware 主要有以下用法:
Beware， buying a car is full of problems.
Beware of the wet paint.
Beware the man who speaks nicely to you.
Beware how you deal with the chemicals.
Beware what you say before her. bias bias，prejudice
1． bias 强调“偏见的倾向”，prejudice
主要指“偏见在感情方面的不合情理”:
bias in the way the newspaper re-
ported the event ( 强调报纸在报道事件时有偏向)
A judge must be free from preju-
dice. ( 强调法官不能感情用事)
2． bias 有时有褒义:
His scientific bias showed itself in the early childhood. 他偏爱科学，这在童年时代就显露出来了。 bias prejudice，bias
两词都可译成“偏见”。
1． prejudice 尤指“对某一类人或事物的偏见”，有时也强调其“长久的历史根源”:
overcome prejudice against women
a deep-rooted racial prejudice
2． bias 强调“由于缺乏足够的信息或受到外界的影响”而造成的“偏见”:
a strong bias toward neuroscience
alleged political bias against FOX
news Bible 1． 指《圣经》时，前面要加定冠词并大写:
the Bible
2． 指许多《圣经》中的一本时，bible
可以大写，也可以小写:
a Bible
a leather-bound bible
3． 对一个人来说，有价值和经常使用的书都可以叫 bible:
the stamp-collector's bible bicycle bicycle，bike
1． bicycle 比较正式; bike 比较口语化。
2． bicycle 一般指“脚踏车”; 而 bike
常可指“脚踏车、摩托车”。
3． 下面的说法都对:
go to work on his bicycle / on bike
ride a bicycle
ride on a bicycle
travel by bicycle
come by bike
Let's go biking. bid 作动词时，常有以下用法:
She bade me goodbye. ( bid sb
goodbye)
She bade me enter. ( bid sb do
sth)
She bade me to enter. ( bid sb to
do sth)
They are bidding against each other. ( bid against)
Several people bid for the job.
( bid for sth)
He has been bidden to the din-
ner. ( be bidden to sth)
He has been bidden to attend the dinner. ( be bidden to do sth)
big，large，great
1． 表示物体“大的”时，3 词都可以用; 但是 big 比 large 通俗，great 指
“出奇得大”:
a big desk 大书桌
a large house 大房子
a great building 大楼
2． 表示抽象东西“大的”，较多用
great:
great care
great happiness
3． 表示个子“高大的”，常用 large:
a large man
4． 表示辈分“大的”，用 big:
He is my big brother.
5． 说尺寸“大的”，用 big 或 large:
The shirt is too big / large for me
6． 注意 large 的特殊用法:
Small，medium or large — they are all the same price. ( 这里不说
Small，medium or big)
7． great 常与不可数名词连用:
great learning
great courage
8． great big 与 very big 同义，主要用于口语中。
9． 可以说 a big smile / kiss / hug，
这里一般不用 large 或 great。
10． 形容小孩时，用 big:
He is a very big baby.
( 一般不说: He is a very large /
great baby. )
11． 在形容胖女人时，用 large 是委婉语，取代 fat:
She is a large woman. bike bicycle，bike
1． bicycle 比较正式; bike 比较口语化。
2． bicycle 一般指“脚踏车”; 而 bike
常可指“脚踏车、摩托车”。
3． 下面的说法都对:
go to work on his bicycle / on bike
ride a bicycle
ride on a bicycle
travel by bicycle
come by bike
Let's go biking. billiards 1． 形式是复数，动词用单数:
Billiards is a game played by two people.
2． “赛一场桌球”可说:
have a game of billiards
3． 在复合词中，billiard 常用的单数形式:
a billiard-cue
a billiard-room
a billiard-table
billion
a billion 或 billions 表示“许多”，是夸张说法，相当于 thousands of，mil-
lions of; 而且从数量上讲不一定比它们多:
I've been there a billion / billions of times. 我到那里去过许多次了。
biology
a degree in biology 中的 biology 前一般不用冠词。 binoculars 1． “一副望远镜”常用 a pair of bin-
oculars 来表示。
2． 下面的说法都可以:
He watched the game through a pair of binoculars.
He watched the game through binoculars.
3． 后面的动词用复数形式较多:
Binoculars are really just two re-
flecting telescopes joined together with a hinge. birth 1． 注意下面句子中，birth 前都没有冠词:
He is blind from birth.
This has been my dream since birth.
This code list is used for place of birth， migration， and place of work.
My wife give birth to our son while on vacation.
Is your child Danish by birth?
2． 但是在下面句子中应该用定冠词:
His father was present at the birth. ( 这里的 birth 特指他出生的时候，前面要加定冠词) biscuit 1． 英国的 biscuit 在美国是 cookie;
美国的 biscuit 常是一种“小而圆的软面包卷”。
2． 统称“饼干”时，用 biscuit 或 bis-
cuits 都可以:
There are many different kinds of biscuit.
We had coffee and biscuits. bishop 1． 用在宗教称呼中，常大写:
the Bishop of Durham
Bishop Desmond Tutu
2． 指许多主教中的一个，bishop 可作可数名词:
He was made a bishop in 2000． bison 单复数形式相同，下面的句子都可以说:
I want to protect a bison and save an acre of tropical rain forest. ( 单数)
Several bison have wandered into
Idaho. ( 复数) bit 1． a bit of 后面常可以跟以下几种名词。
1) 不可数物质名词:
a bit of bread
a bit of paper
a bit of cheese
2) 抽象名词:
a bit of advice
a bit of good news
a bit of scandal
3) 可数名词:
a bit of a problem
4) 有人将它用于表示“液体”的名词前，但有人认为不可以这样用:
There is not a bit of water in the
village
2． a bit 用在形容词前主要是英国口语用法:
a bit ( too) long
a bit tired
My hair is getting a bit too long.
I'm not a bit tired.
He is not a bit good at English. biweekly biweekly，fortnightly
1． 两词都可译成“两周一次的”或
“一周两次的”。
2． biweekly 比较普通; fortnightly 比较正式，主要是英国用法:
They use a biweekly payment plan.
Erwin James will continue writing fortnightly. black ，dark
1． 在表示黑色时，black 比 dark 更深; 因为 dark 不过是 tending to-
wards black:
a black dress 黑色的衣服
a dark dress 深颜色的衣服
black hair 黑头发
dark hair 深色的头发
2． dark 可与其他颜色组成新的色彩词，black 一般不这么用:
dark grey 深灰色
dark green 深绿色
3． 表示种族肤色 ( 如黑人) 时，常用
black; 表示一般人( 如白人) 的肤色
“黝黑的”时用 dark:
a black African 黑色非洲人
She still has the English twang that makes her distinctly British.
She has dark skin，big eyes( 她皮肤黝黑，眼睛大大的……)
4． 表示人们在性格方面“黑暗阴险的”用 black 或 dark 都可以; 但表示“黑心肠的”，一般用 black:
The villain gave me a black look.
那个坏蛋恶狠狠地瞪了我一眼。
The gangster gave me a dark look. 那歹徒恶狠狠地看了我一眼。( 表示“阴险的”用 black 或
dark)
He is a black-hearted man. 他是黑心肠的人。
5． 表示亮光时，black 是“乌黑的”
( completely without light) ，dark 是
“昏暗的”( partly without light) :
a black night 漆黑的夜晚
a dark room 昏暗的房间 ( 有稍许亮光)
black， Negro， colored， Afro- blame 1． 作名词时后面常跟介词 for，on，
of，with 等:
Bush shifts the blame for his Iraq whopper.
People laid the blame on the gov-
ernment for acting too late.
She couldn't bear any implied blame of her.
We should replace a culture of blame with a culture of building.
2． 作动词时，常用以下句型:
blame his failure on his parents
( blame sth on sb)
I can't blame him for going pro.
( blame him for doing sth)
Folks might blame him for the crime. ( blame sb for sth)
He was to blame for the accident.
( be to blame for sth)
not to blame onto the government
( blame onto)
blank， empty， vacant， void， blanket 用其喻义“覆盖层”时，常用单数形式:
a blanket of fog
a blanket of cloud
in a blanket of secrecy
a blanket of gloom blend 1． 有人说，blend together 中的 to-
gether 是多余的，其实偶尔有这样的用法:
Blend the eggs and milk ( togeth-
er) ．
Their voices blend ( together )
well.
2． 后面常跟 with，into，in with，in
等:
blend the rock with the shore
blend the separate ingredients into
a unity
He blends in with the background.
Blend in some eggs. blind 作名词时，要注意以下几点。
1． 表示“一只眼睛瞎了”，可以说:
He was blind in one eye.
He went blind in one eye.
2． 表示“对……视而不见”，可以说:
He is completely blind to her faults.
The media has not turned a blind eye to the whole story.
3． 表示“生来双目失明”，可以说:
He is blind from birth. blink 1． 表示“无视、漠视”时，用 blink the
fact 或 blink at the fact 都可以:
It's no use blinking the fact that prices are rising.
It's no use blinking at the fact that prices are rising.
2． blink the fact 可用于被动语态:
The fact cannot be blinked.
3． 下面的表述都可以:
blink the fact
blink facts
blink at the fact
blink at these facts
blink the pitfalls
blink the weaknesses
blink the realities
blink at the differences
blink at the brutality of the inva-
ding troops
blink the policemen
blink the tears away
blink away the tears
blink the sleep away
blink away the stinging sweat from
his eyes
blink away the grit in her eye
blink away the rain
blink away the dazzle
blink away the burning sensation
blink away the eyedrop solution
blink away the light
blink away the haze
blink away the mist
blink away the pain
blink away the soft wetness in her
eyes
blink away the fantasy
blink away the memories bloc bloc，block
1． 作名词用时，bloc 一般指 “( 政治上的) 集团、阵营”:
the former Soviet bloc nations
2． block 用来指“街区、大的建筑物”等:
an office block
live on the same block block bloc，block
1． 作名词用时，bloc 一般指 “( 政治上的) 集团、阵营”:
the former Soviet bloc nations
2． block 用来指“街区、大的建筑物”等:
an office block
live on the same block blond blond，blonde
1． 作名词用时，blonde 主要指“金发女人”; blond 指“金发男人或女人”:
She was a plump blonde of about
25．
The blond was on the sofa，his feet tied to the post.
2． 作形容词时，两词都可以用来形容
“金发女人或男人”，但形容女人居多:
He was very blonde.
She was a beautiful blonde lady.
nude photos of a blonde girl
a blond actor
a slim blond girl
3． 形容物质时，两词都可以用，但一般较多形容木头和啤酒:
blond / blonde wooden chairs
blond / blonde beer blonde blond，blonde
1． 作名词用时，blonde 主要指“金发女人”; blond 指“金发男人或女人”:
She was a plump blonde of about
25．
The blond was on the sofa，his feet tied to the post.
2． 作形容词时，两词都可以用来形容
“金发女人或男人”，但形容女人居多:
He was very blonde.
She was a beautiful blonde lady.
nude photos of a blonde girl
a blond actor
a slim blond girl
3． 形容物质时，两词都可以用，但一般较多形容木头和啤酒:
blond / blonde wooden chairs
blond / blonde beer blood 1． 下面是一些搭配用法:
much blood
noble blood
royal blood
blue blood
aristocratic blood
new blood
fresh blood
young blood
Chinese blood
cold blood
warm blood
new blood
hot blood
a lot of blood
a great deal of blood
plenty of blood
a pool of blood
bad blood
congealed blood
each donated unit of blood
3 inches of blood
the flow of blood
a rush of blood
tides of blood
one drop of blood
a tiny droplet of blood
milliliters of blood
rivers of blood
a shortage of blood
a pint of blood
a bag of donation of blood
collection of blood
2． 在下面短语中，blood 前常不用冠词:
in cold blood
shed blood
draw blood
be of good blood
covered with blood
3． 在下面短语中，blood 前有定冠词:
It was in the blood.
I smell the blood.
Golf is something that gets in the blood.
princesses of the blood
spill the blood of our people
for the blood of me
the circulation of the blood bloody 常用在英国口语甚至书面语中，表示
“很、太、十分、非常”等，可以修饰坏事，也可修饰好事:
Bloody nonsense! ( 简直是) 胡说八道!
Don't be such a bloody fool. 别做这样的傻瓜。
It's bloody marvelous! 真是好极了! bloom ，blossom
1． bloom 要注意以下几点。
1) bloom 作名词常泛指“花”，用复数居多:
The chrysanthemums have beau-
tiful blooms.
It produces yellow， pink， white，
or red blooms.
2) “花盛开”可用“in full bloom”来表示; 注意 bloom 前面没有冠词，后面不用复数形式:
The roses are in full bloom.
2． blossom 作名词时，要注意以下几点。
1) blossom 尤指“树上开的花”，单复数都常用:
apple blossom
apple blossoms
2) “花盛开”可用 in( full) blossom 来表示:
The pear trees are in full blos-
som. blossom 参见 bloom。 blue 作名词时，要注意以下几点。
1． 作“蓝色”解可有单、复数:
dressed in blue
painted in blues and yellows
2． blues 可以指 “( 起源于美国南方的) 布鲁斯音乐”，后面可跟单数或复数动词。单指“布鲁斯音乐”时前面常用定冠词:
The blues was / were first per-
formed in New Orleans.
3． blues 可作可数名词:
Play us a blues.
It's so cool to play those little blue-
ses and other tunes.
the best ballads and blueses
4． blues 指“忧伤”时，前面常加定冠词:
have the blues
a sudden attack of the blues
boast
boast 与 boast of 或 boast about 有所不同。
1． boast 常有褒义，指“以有 …… 而自豪”:
The city boasts the highest num-
ber of tourists in the country. 该城市以在全国游客最多而自豪。
2． boast of 和 boast about 常有贬义，指“吹嘘、夸口”:
Don't believe him; he's just boas-
ting about his own child. 别相信他，他只是在吹嘘他自己的孩子。
He's always boasting of his lan-
guage skills. 他总是吹嘘自己的语言技能。
3． 但是在现代英语中，boast of 和
boast about 也有褒义:
The newspaper can boast of a first-rate columnist. 该报能以其一流的专栏作家而自豪。
The school could boast about its playground facilities. 该校能以其娱乐场的设施而自豪。
boat
boat 通常指“小船”，但是，在非正式用法中有时也可指“大船”:
—How are you going to England?
—I'm taking the boat. ( 能越洋去英国的船应该是大船)
There are 3000 people on the boat.
( 能载 3000 人的船应该是大船) body 1． 在过去，body 作“身材”解时，被认为是不礼貌用语，在现代英语中它已被接受:
to smooth and shape the body
from top to bottom
One could distinguish a slim body in a short pink dress.
2． 指人的身体本身时，说 I saw her body. 可指“我看见她裸露的身体。”或“我看见她的尸体。”
3． body shop 不是“停尸场”，是“( 出车祸后) 车身修理处”，这是美国用法:
Trimbach's Body Shop — quality
collision repair in Southwest Ohio
since 1970． bodyguard 既可指一个“卫兵”，又可指“卫队”，
后面的动词单复数都可用:
The president's bodyguard is /
are armed. bog 作动词时，主要有以下几种用法:
The truck got bogged down in the snow. ( get bogged down in sth)
The truck bogged down in the snow. ( bog down in sth)
The conference was bogged down with disputes. ( be bogged down
with sth)
The discussion got bogged down in irrelevant detail. ( get bogged
down in 抽象的东西)
The peace talk bogged down on the question of costs. ( bog down
on sth)
It's bogging down on me. ( bog
down on sb)
His armies were bogged down for lack of supplies. ( be bogged
down for sth)
It was bogged down by prejudice.
( be bogged down by sth)
boil
boil down to 意为 “ 归结起来是……”，其中的 to 是介词，后面跟名词，不可跟动词:
It boils down to yet another delay.
看来又要迟到了。
boiling point
1． 下面例子中，boiling point 前加不加定冠词都对，加定冠词的频率较高:
Racial tension has reached boiling point.
Temperature is closely related to the time it takes to reach boiling point.
Tension between the two sides has reached the boiling point.
Read with care — your blood may reach the boiling point.
It will reach the boiling point in five minutes.
2． boiling point 和 boiling-point 两种拼法都可以。
3． at boiling point 和 at the boiling
point 也都可以:
I think it's at boiling point.
When you hear his story，you will realize why his anger is at the boiling point. bog moor， marsh， swamp， wetland ，bog
这组词都有 “( 沼) 泽”的含义。
1． moor 主要是英国用法，指“长满杂草、低矮灌木丛的沼泽”，侧重强调“土地贫瘠，但不一定低洼”; 常用作复数:
the Yorkshire moors
It is higher， right up on the moors.
2． marsh 与 swamp 含义接近，常可换用; 但 swamp 比 marsh 大一些，而且杂草多得几乎无法通行;
marsh 则更强调积水和泥泞; 我国古代名著《水浒》的一种译法就是
Outlaws in the Marsh: || There was a deep and thorny swamp nearby. || There was a watery marsh close by.
3． wetland 常指 “遭附近湖泊、河流或海水覆盖的低洼湿地”，含义比较宽泛，常用复数:
protect the wildness of the wetlands
4． bog 是爱尔兰语，强调“松软”，走在上面可能会 “陷入其中，难以自拔”:
He knocked me down face first in a knee deep muddy bog. bookworm 非正式用语，可指两种人: 极爱读书的人和书呆子:
She's a bit of a bookworm and knows the world only from the books. ( 书呆子)
He is a bookworm， a world traveler and a veteran. ( 爱读书的人) boot 1． 作“( 汽车后面的) 行李箱”解是英国用法，美国人用 trunk:
The heavy blood stain in the boot of the car was much bigger in comparison.
She was locked in the trunk of the car.
2． 注意以下各种搭配:
walking boots
hiking boots
riding boots
winter boots
army boots
football boots
ski boots
climbing boots
ankle boots
knee boots
thigh boots
hobnail boots
suede boots
put on my boots
lace up my boots
wear heavy boots
border
the border 在美国常指“美国与墨西哥之间的边界”，在英国常指“英格兰与苏格兰之间的边界”。 bored bored，boring
1． bored 形容“人感到厌烦的”:
She's bored with her job. 她厌倦了她的工作。
2． boring 形容 “( 某事物 ) 让人生厌的”:
a boring movie 一部让人生厌的电影 boring bored，boring
1． bored 形容“人感到厌烦的”:
She's bored with her job. 她厌倦了她的工作。
2． boring 形容 “( 某事物 ) 让人生厌的”:
a boring movie 一部让人生厌的电影 born 参见 bear。 borrow 1． 向别人借东西用 borrow:
I borrowed some money from my sister.
2． 别人借东西给你用 lend:
My friend lent me some money.
3． 把钱还给别人可用 pay back:
I paid him back a few days later.
4． borrow 除可与介词 from 连用外，还可以与 on，against 等:
borrow freely from these phrases
borrow on her expectations
borrow against the cash value of
their life insurance policies boss 除“老板、领班、上司”外，在现代口语中可指“必须服从的人”:
—OK，you're the boss. —好吧，你说了算。 both 1． 常用于以下结构:
Both books are cheap.
Both the books are cheap.
Both these books are cheap.
Both his sons are at college.
Both of them are learning Chi-
nese.
Both live in Paris.
My brother and I both went the cinema last night.
We both went to the cinema last night.
They are both good students.
They can both speak English.
2． 一般不用在否定句中，如不说
Both my parents did not want me to leave school. 应该说:
Neither of my parents wanted me to leave school.
3． bothas well as 同时出现是不好的句型，应该避免; 但在实际应用中还能看到这样的句子:
eat both the very best，as well as
the very worst
4． 后面一般只能跟表示两个人或物的名词; 但也有人用了 3 个以上，这是不规范的，应该避免。
5． 下面的句子有误，应更正:
The two students are both equally excellent. ( 应该将equally去掉)
The two students are both togeth-
er. ( 应该将 both 去掉)
She likes both the horse and buf-
falo. ( 应该在 buffalo 前加定冠词) bother 1． 以下句子都可以:
Don't bother me.
Don't bother yourself.
Don't bother yourself about the details.
Don't bother your head about the details.
Don't bother with the details.
Don't bother about the details.
Don't bother writing down the de-
tails.
Don't bother to write down the de-
tails.
Don't bother.
2． I'm not bothered 是英国口语，用来表示“某事对说话者不重要”，可译成“不要紧、没关系”等。
bottom line
1． 常在前面加定冠词。
That's the bottom line.
2． 是俚语，在口语中表示 the most
basic fact or issue:
The bottom line is that he did it.
3． sb's bottom line 可指“最低要价”:
the kidnapper's bottom line 绑架者的最低要价 boulevard avenue，street，boulevard，drive 这组词都可指城市里的“道路”。
1． avenue 指城市的林阴道，比较高雅; 也可以用来指两旁植树的小路:
Many London theatres are in Shaftesbury Avenue.
2． street 在这组词中最常用，可指城镇内各种路:
wander around deserted streets || cross the busy street
3． boulevard 是林阴大道，强调路面的宽阔:
Lenton Boulevand Sunset Boulevard
4． drive 有时作 driveway，常指连接私人住宅与街道的路，也可作“街道”解:
35 Ocean Drive boulevard 作街名时常用大写，它的缩写形式是
Blvd. :
on Palm Boulevard
Sunset Blvd. -bound 1． 可作表示“方向”的构词成分:
eastbound
westbound
parkbound
inbound
outbound
Paris-bound
2． 表示“某人没法离开某地”:
My mother is house-bound.
He is desk-bound.
3． 形容其他“受牵累、受阻碍的”事情:
duty-bound
tradition-bound
class-bound
snowbound
fog-bound
ice-bound boundary 注意与一些动词的搭配:
push back the boundaries
extend the boundaries
cut across the boundaries
cross the boundaries
define the boundaries
overstep the boundaries
mark the boundaries
form the boundaries
stay within the boundaries
attain the boundaries
clarify the boundaries bourgeois 1． 作名词，指“资产阶级 ( 或中产阶级) 一员”时有贬义; 其单复数形式同形，都是 bourgeois:
He is a bourgeois and a bit of a sex-maniac. ( 用作单数)
The social-chauvinists are our
class enemies， they are bour-
geois within the working-class movement. ( 用作复数)
2． bourgeoisie 是“中产阶级”，使用时前面要加定冠词:
The bourgeoisie is the exploiter class most characteristic of the capitalist system. bowl 1． 在美国常指体育比赛( 尤其是橄榄球比赛) 中的“奖杯”，使用时前面一般要加定冠词:
the Rose Bowl 玫瑰杯
2． 在美国等国家中，常用来指“圆形体育场或剧场”:
the Orange bowl
the Hollywood bowl
boy meets girl
指“典型的浪漫情景或故事”; boy 和
girl 前常不用冠词:
All the stories in this book are boy meets girl. BR 美国英语中，大写 BR 用在广告中指
“房子或套房”。 brain 1． 讲一个人“很有头脑、很聪明”，可以说:
He / She has got a brain / an ex-
cellent brain / plenty of brains.
2． 食用的动物的“脑子”要用 brains:
The family had a thinking that in
order to boost their intelligence，
they need to eat pigs' brains.
3． 注意下列短语中 brain 的单复数形式:
bash sb's brains out
beat sb's brains out
blow one's brains out
cudgel one's brains
pick sb's brains
rack one's brain( s)
have sth on the brain breach 1． a breach of the peace 指“打架斗殴等扰乱治安的行为”，不是“破坏和平”; peace 前面有定冠词。
2． 注意由 a breach of 组成的词组:
a breach of trust
a breach of confidence
a breach of confidentiality
a breach of contract
a breach of etiquette
a breach of security
a breach of promise bread 1． 泛指“面包”，具体说各种“面包”时，有以下表达法:
a loaf of bread
a slice of bread
two large slices of bread
a bread roll
a piece of bread
wholemeal bread
white bread
brown bread
olive bread
a crust of bread
a load of bread
2． brown bread 常译成“黑面包”。
3． “靠面包生活 ( live by bread)”中
bread 前没有冠词。
4． breads 指“多客面包”或“多种面包”:
It is one of my favorite breads.
break，tear，cut，smash，crack， breakdown 1． 后面常跟介词 on，of，in，for 等:
My car had a breakdown on the road.
after the breakdown of his mar-
riage
breakdown in communication
individual breakdowns for 25 villa-
ges
2． 注意与其他词组成的名词短语:
a nervous breakdown
a car breakdown service
have a bad breakdown
a motor breakdown
a motor vehicle breakdown
roadside breakdown service breakfast 1． 下面例子中，breakfast 泛指“早餐”，前面一般不加冠词:
He usually has breakfast at 6: 30．
He likes bread for breakfast.
2． 但是下面的句子中，breakfast 特指“某顿早餐”，可用冠词:
He had a quick breakfast yester-
day morning.
They had a working breakfast this morning. breath 1． 泛指“呼吸”时，常为不可数名词，前面一般不用冠词:
He is out of breath.
He is short of breath.
as long as he had breath.
pausing for breath
draw breath
2． 具体指“一次呼吸”，可用冠词或复数形式:
take a deep breath
take quick shallow breaths
breeze，gust，gale
3 词均指“风”。
1． breeze 指“微风”:
A gentle breeze was blowing.
2． gust 是“阵风”:
A gust of wind blew her hat off.
3． gale 是“非常强烈的风”:
The ship lost its masts in the gale.
4． 3 词都有喻义，它们各自所包含的
“强度”也与原义相仿:
Learning to drive is a breeze.
a gust of anger from the crowd
gales of laughter from the audi-
ence
5． breeze 有时为不可数名词:
There's not much breeze outside. bribe bribe，bribery
两词作名词时，都有“贿赂”的含义。
1． bribe 指“贿赂的钱或礼物”等，是可数名词:
He has taken bribes from drug dealers.
2． bribery 指“贿赂的罪行( crime)”，
是不可数名词:
He was convicted of bribery. bribery bribe，bribery
两词作名词时，都有“贿赂”的含义。
1． bribe 指“贿赂的钱或礼物”等，是可数名词:
He has taken bribes from drug dealers.
2． bribery 指“贿赂的罪行( crime)”，
是不可数名词:
He was convicted of bribery. brick 1． 下面两个句子都对，但含义有所不同:
The church was built of red brick.
( brick 为不可数名词，泛指建筑材料“砖头”)
The church was built of red bricks. ( bricks 为可数名词，强调
“一块块砖头”)
2． 在句子 He built his house，brick by brick. 中，brick by brick 没有必要加冠词。 bride 可以指结婚前、结婚后、结婚有一段时间的“新娘”:
his bride of one year
a bride of a day
bring，take，fetch，carry
这组词都可用来指“拿( 东西)”。
1． bring 主要指“把东西拿来，拿给说话人，或送到说人所在之处”:
Bring a cup of tea for me.
2． take 主要指“把东西拿到另一个地方，离开说话人”:
Remember to take a pen with you.
3． fetch 主要指“把东西拿回来，离开说话人后又折返回来”:
Let me fetch the chair for you.
4． carry 主要指“用身体的某部分拿东西”，不含来去方向的意思:
He is carrying a bag over his shoulder.
5． 在实际使用中，这组词的区别并非那么严格，违反上述原则的例子比比皆是:
Bring a coat in case it gets cold.
( 东西将被拿离说话人) bristle 可作抽象名词，单复数都可用，意思相同:
The brush here is made of bristle
/ bristles. Britain 1． “英国”有很多表达法:
Britain
Great Britain
The United Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Brit-
ain and Northern Ireland
the British Isles
England
2． Greater Britain 可指英国及其属地，与以下表达法类似:
the British Empire
the Commonwealth
3． 以下表述前要加定冠词:
the Unite Kingdom
the British Isles
the British Empire
the Commonwealth broad broad，wide
两词都可表示“宽的”。
1． 在强调“一边到另一边的宽度”时，两词经常可以换用:
a broad / wide street
a broad / wide river
2． broad 常强调“表面宽的”:
a broad leaf
the broad plains
broad shoulders
3． wide 除强调“表面宽的”外，还侧重指“开口、间隙、空隙的宽度”:
a wide opening
a wide gash in his leg
a wide mouth broke 作 penniless 解时，常有以下表达法:
He is broke.
He is flat broke.
He is stony broke.
He is completely broke.
He is half broke.
He has gone broke.
He is going broke.
The firm started to go broke.
The company has left the share-
holders broke. buck 1． 作“美元”解，是美国的非正式用法。
2． 注意 buck 延伸意义的一些用法:
Students pass the buck on responsibility. 学生相互推卸责任。
The sign“The Buck Stops here.”was on President Truman's desk in his white House Office. 在杜鲁门总统白宫的办公桌上有一条幅“决不推诿”。
3． “赚一笔容易赚的钱”可译成:
make a fast buck
make a quick buck
4． 注意，用 a buck，一般不用 bucks。
5． buck's party 是澳大利亚用语，指“单身汉的聚会 ( bachelor party)”:
A buck's party is a bachelor party — not the sort of thing for gays really. buddy 主要是美国用语，指“朋友”:
We are good buddies. buffalo 复数有 3 种形式，分别为 buffalo，
buffaloes 和 buffalos，前两种较常用:
The next morning they renewed the hunt and soon sighted several buffalo.
It is also a recognized fact that
several buffalos go progressively
insane due to having their heads
dashed constantly against compe-
ting buffalos.
During the following spring sever-
al buffaloes were seen along the river. buffet 在英国英语中，buffet 可指“汽车或火车站的小咖啡店、餐车”等:
After we checked in， we had lunch at the buffet at Bally's. bug 1． 在美国常指“小虫子”; 在英国常指“臭虫”。
2． put a bug in sb's ear ( 告诉某人他应该做某事) 是美国英语的非正式用法:
He didn't know anything about it until I put a bug in his ear. buggy 作形容词用，表示“满是小虫的”，是美国用法:
The restaurant is buggy. build 作名词“体格、体形”解，可作可数或不可数名词:
Their build is similar. ( 不可数)
The young man is of medium build. ( 不可数)
Their builds are similar. ( 可数)
He has a powerful build. ( 可数) bulk 后面可跟单复数动词。
1． 跟单数动词:
The bulk of his writing output is extraordinary.
The bulk of the work has been done.
2． 跟复数动词:
The bulk of his writings are ex-
traordinary.
The bulk of the people here dread war. burglary 1． 指“入室盗窃罪”时，常作不可数名词:
He was convicted of burglary.
2． 具体指“某一次盗窃或几次盗窃”时，作可数名词:
Burglaries are increasing in the city. burst 这组词都有“弄坏”的意思。
1． break 一般不以布、纸等表示软东西的词作宾语。
2． tear 指“撕开”，使其毛边。
3． cut 指“剪开”，使剪开的东西有光边。
4． smash 指“弄得粉碎”。
5． crack 指“弄得裂开”:
crack the wall 把墙壁弄裂
6． burst 意为“弄爆裂”:
burst a balloon bus 1． 在美国，作名词时，其复数形式有时为 busses。
2． 泛指“乘公共汽车旅行”，可用
travel by bus; 但是“乘某一种或某一辆公共汽车旅行”要用 travel in
/ on abus:
The pupils will travel to the down-
town by bus.
The pupils will travel to the down-
town in / on a greyhound bus.
3． 下面句子中的 bus 前都有冠词:
I took a bus downtown.
I caught a bus downtown.
I missed the bus.
I missed the last bus.
I once took a double-decker bus.
I got on the bus.
I waited for the bus back to town.
4． 下面短语中的 bus 前一般不用冠词:
I came by bus.
I went by bus. bush shrub，bush
两词都有“灌木( 丛)”的含义。
1． shrub 常指“家里种的、低矮的灌木”:
I grow a number of shrubs in the garden as I use them a lot for my flower arrangement.
2． bush 常指“未开垦地上的灌木丛”:
Most berries are picked from the bushes in the wild.
3． the bush 常指“澳大利亚、非洲等国家天气炎热、不宜耕作的丛林地”，shrub 不这样用:
The wood pigeon can often be seen in the bush in Australia.
travel through the dense African
bush business 1． 在指跟“钱”有关的抽象“商务”
( trade / commerce) 活动时，busi-
ness 常作不可数名词:
The firm didn't do much business with foreign companies.
Business is booming.
2． 具体指某个“工厂、企业、商店、公司”等时，作可数名词:
I am going to start up a new busi-
ness.
He runs a small business in the town.
3． 注意下面短语的中文意思，busi-
ness 前大多不用冠词:
to be in business 在正常经营
come to business 动手做事，言归正传
drum up business 招揽生意
go to business 上班
go into business 入实业界做生意
get down to business 认真干起来
go about one's business 做自己的事情
enter on business 开业
mind your own business 别多管闲事
stick to one's business 专心做事
talk business 说正经话，谈正经事 businessman merchant，businessman
两词都可译成 “商人”。
1． merchant 比较正式，尤指 “( 与其他国家作大宗进出口交易的 ) 商人”:
an import-export merchant
2． businessman / businesswoman /
businessperson 尤指 “经营管理方面的商人”:
I could get a better prize for the
car，but I am not a shrew busi-
nessman. busy 1． 表示“忙的”，常有以下表达法:
I'm busy at my homework.
I'm busy with my homework.
I'm busy doing my homework.
My homework kept me busy last weekend.
I busied myself with my home-
work.
2． 后面一般不跟动词不定式，而常用
be busy doing sth 的句型:
I am busy writing a letter.
3． 除 busy 外，表示“忙的”的短语还有很多:
I'm fully occupied.
I'm fully engaged.
My boss has kept piling more work on me.
I'm up to my eyes in my work.
I'm up to my ears in my work.
I'm up to my eyeballs in my work.
I'm up to my neck in my work.
I've got a lot of work to wade through.
I'm snowed under with my work.
I'm swamped with my work right now.
I buried myself in my work last weekend.
I immersed myself in my work last weekend.
I am over head and ears in my work.
I am drowning in my work.
I've been inundated with my work.
I immersed myself in my work. but 主要有 4 种用法。
1． 连接两个句子或短语:
I'd love to go，but I'm busy right now.
2． 开始一个新句子，起承上启下作用:
He ended up in jail. But that's an-
other story.
3． 作介词用:
You can come to see me any day but Monday.
4． 作副词用:
This is but one of the teaching methods I have been trying in the classroom.
but，except，save
3 词都有“除……以外”的含义。
1． 有时可换用:
The guests are all here but / ex-
cept / save the mayor.
2． but 后面一般跟名词或代词:
There's been nothing but trouble since she became the director.
There's no one in the room but him.
3． 在 all，anywhere，everything，an-
yone，none，nowhere，nobody 和
who，where，what 等疑问词后面常用 but:
He does nothing but complain all day long.
Who else but Mary would have
done such a wicked thing?
4． 下面的句子中要用 except 或
save，不要用 but:
The museum is never open to the public except / save on holiday.
butt，buttock，ass，arse，bot-
tom，rump，posterior，rear
这组词都有“屁股”的意思。
1． butt 指“人的屁股”，多用于单数:
Get off your butt and do some work.
2． butt 还可指“香烟屁股”:
a cigarette butt
3． buttock 主要指“人的屁股”，使用时一般用复数，单数 buttock 指“半边屁股”:
the left / right buttock
large buttocks
4． ass 是美国拼法及用法，英国拼法及用法是 arse，两词都是不礼貌用语，后面都跟单数动词:
Ass is your bottom.
Your arse.
5． bottom 作“屁股”解比较普通和口语化，是可数名词:
to smack a child's bottom
Her bottom was pressed firmly a-
gainst the wall.
6． rump 常指“动物的屁股”; 指“人的屁股”时，含幽默意思。
7． posterior 也有幽默意思，但比较正式。
8． rear 作“屁股”解比 bottom，but-
tocks 等委婉。 buy 1． 下面的句子都是对的:
Let me buy a drink.
Let me buy you a drink.
Let me buy a drink for you.
Let me buy a drink from you.
2． 作名词用时，常有“买得很便宜”或“买得很糟糕”等极端含义:
my fantastic bargain buys
a really great buy
the very best buy on the market
today
The shirt was a bad buy. buy purchase，buy
两词都可以译成“买”。
1． purchase 比较正式，侧重指“购买”大件、贵重物品:
purchase a number of shares in
the company
purchase a house
2． 表示“购买力”，用 purchasing
power。
3． buy 比较通俗，常用在口语中:
buy some film tickets
buy a toy
buy the best education
buy time
4． buy 可指“收买”:
Efforts to buy off him have failed. by 由 by 组成的不少短语中，有些名词前要加冠词，有些不加冠词。
1． 不加冠词:
by nature
by profession
by birth
by name
by day
by night
by bus
by car
by train
by air mail
by phone
by sight
by far
by God
by mistake
by accident
by design
by hand
by email
by fax
by air
by taxi
by chance
by skill
by determination
by land
by check
by candlelight
by choice
by law
by temperament
little by little
bit by bit
day by day
week by week
year by year
one by one
stage by stage
item by item
atom by atom
2． 加冠词:
paid by the hour
buy them by the dozen
by a stroke of luck
3． 强调用手接触身体或东西的某部分时可用 by，短语中的定冠词一般不宜改动:
led her by the hand
grabbed the hammer by the han-
dle
took me by the arm
pick up the CD by the outer edge
seize her by the hair
hold him by the back cab 作动词是美国或加拿大用法:
I missed the last train to Windsor，
so I had to take a train that went close by and cabbed the rest.
So I put aside my hatred for cabs
and cabbed the rest of the way to
Logan. cabbage 1． 作“白菜”解时，是可数名词:
piles of Chinese winter cabbages
A visit to the Cabbages Garden helps to expose the myth that making a garden is simply a makeover exercise.
Traditionally they are cooked lon-
ger than green cabbages.
2． 作“蔬菜”解时，常作不可数名词:
He ate corned bread and cab-
bage.
3． 注意下面的一些搭配:
a head of cabbage
fresh，uncut heads of cabbage
the whole head of cabbage
a bowl of cabbage
bits of cabbage
types of cabbage
three varieties of cabbage
big chunks of cabbage
pieces of cabbage
one pound of cabbage
lots of cabbage
4． 在加拿大英语中，cabbagetown 指
“( 市中心的) 贫民区”:
Cabbagetown in Toronto is a stri-
ving vibrant area within walking distance of Toronto's downtown core.
He became a butcher in Cabba-
getown in Toronto. cabinet 作“内阁”解时，前面常加定冠词，后面的动词可以是单数形式，也可以是复数形式，意思相同:
The cabinet meets / meet tomor-
row to discuss the environmental problem. cake 可作可数名词或不可数名词。
1． 作不可数名词:
Would you like a slice of cake?
Would you like a piece of cake?
Would you like some cake?
2． 作可数名词:
Would you like a chocolate cake?
calligraphy，handwriting，
penmanship
3 词都可以译成“书法”。
1． calligraphy 指 “( 用特殊笔或毛笔书写的) 书法”，有“美、艺术”等含义，常用来作装饰品美化家居或环境:
Calligraphy is most often applied to artistic or decorative lettering.
sculptural calligraphy
neon-tube calligraphy
2． handwriting 尤指 “( 某人) 写字的风格、笔迹、字迹、书法”等，可以指一般的书写，不一定有“美、艺术”等含义:
very clear handwriting ( 仅指写得清楚而已)
3． penmanship 比前两词更正式，侧重强调“书写技巧”:
his flawless penmanship callous ，callus
1． callous 主要用作形容词，callus 是名词。
2． 在医学方面，callous 指“( 皮肤) 变硬的”; 日常使用中，较多用来指感情方面“冷漠的”:
his callous disregard for human
life
calm， quiet， peaceful， placid，
serene，still，tranquil
1． calm 强调“从原先激动、混乱、焦躁等状态恢复到平静的状态”:
Amid so many private and public miseries he stayed calm.
My roused senses grew slowly calm.
2． quiet 描述那种“没有喧闹、没有嘈杂的平静”:
Can you keep the children quiet
while I'm on the phone?
3． peaceful 主要描述“和平安宁、没有战争、没有动乱、没有骚乱、休闲式的平静”:
People of different religions are living in peaceful coexistence.
4． placid 在描述人的“性格平和”时有贬义，可暗示某人“缺乏激情、想象力迟钝、缓慢、愚蠢”:
He sat there with folded hands like a placid，stupid god.
5． serene 侧重描写“一种自然、非世俗、精神理想化的平静”:
When she was serene，she skimmed like a swallow.
Some wild geese，flying low; wa-
vered against the serene ashen evening.
6． still 着重描述“无声无息的静”，几乎是“绝对的静”，有时可描述“死一般的静”，是与“动”相对的“静”:
It is perfectly still.
the still face of the dead man
7． tranquil 主要指“固有的、较持久的平静( 没有焦虑、担心，使人感到松弛，得到宽慰和闲适)”:
He led a tranquil life in the coun-
tryside.
She looks like one in a tranquil sleep. calvary calvary，cavalry
calvary 是“耶稣受难像”，cavalry 是
“骑兵 ( 队 )”; 两词拼写及发音很近似，要注意区分。 cameraman correspondent，cameraman
这组词都可以译成“记者”。
1． reporter 常指“报纸、杂志、电视、电台等的记者”:
Our reporter Mary Smith sums up her findings.
2． journalist 强调“记者是专业性的”，尤指“为某一专门领域写文章的记者”:
a journalist of the Ecodigest news-
paper
3． newsman 可以指“报纸、电视、电台的新闻记者”，一般不指“杂志的记者”;
4． correspondent 尤指“从一地向另一地报道消息的专题记者”:
Our Middle East correspondent is reporting the event from Iraq.
5． cameraman 主要指“摄影记者”。 camouflage 1． 可作可数名词或不可数名词:
use tree leaves as camouflage
( 不可数)
a natural camouflage ( 可数)
2． 脸上涂的“伪装色”也可用 cam-
ouflage 表示，相当于 face paint:
The soldiers are wearing face paint as camouflage. camp 1． 下面的句子中，camp 前一般不用冠词:
We'll soon be back to camp.
Let's go back to camp.
We pitched camp by a lake.
We made camp by a river.
We broke camp at sunrise.
We struck camp at sunrise.
We set up camp by the park.
I'll stay in camp.
The children were sent away to camp.
2． 表示政治、宗教等方面的“阵营”，
camp 前常有定冠词:
the pro-life camp
the socialist camp
3． 表示政治、宗教等方面的“阵营”时，camp 作集合名词，其后面的动词可用单数或复数形式:
Each political camp is trying to spin the results in their favor. ( 单数)
The Bush camp are painting John
Kerry as an “international man of
mystery”． ( 复数) campaign 1． 后面常跟介词 for，against 或动词不定式:
a campaign against nuclear weap-
ons
a campaign for reelection
a campaign to ban smoking
2． 注意与下列词语连用时的用法。
1) 动词:
mount a campaign
launch a campaign
conduct a campaign
run a campaign
fight a campaign
lead a campaign
wage a campaign
spearhead a campaign
enforce a campaign
plan a campaign
2) 名词:
sales campaign
election campaign
reelection campaign
advertising campaign
publicity campaign
marketing campaign
literacy campaign
recruitment campaign
anti-drug campaign
3) 形容词:
splendid campaign
valiant campaign
protracted campaign
offensive campaign
illegal campaign
successful campaign campus 1． 前面常用介词 on:
Do you live on campus or at
home?
2． 没有形容词时，on campus 中的
campus 前一般不用冠词; campus
前有形容词修饰时，常加冠词。
1) 前面没有形容词修饰:
Many students are living on cam-
pus now.
2) 前面有形容词修饰:
A new building will be built on the university campus.
3． big man on campus 不是“校园里的大人物”的意思，指“( 某个组织、团体中的 ) 著名人物”，是美国用法:
Right now，the US under Bush is like the big man on campus. can 1． 常用来表示“某人有能力或机会做某事”:
He can run fast. || I can speak English. || They can have dinner in a fancy restaurant.
2． 除正式书面语以外，在表示“允许、许可”时，can 比 may 更为常用:
You can take the car， if you want. || Can we go home now，please?
3． 可用来表示“将来的允许、许可”:
You can call me tomorrow.
4． 常用来表述“对近期的计划或决定”:
I can go book-hunting at the weekend.
5． 一般不能用来表示“或许 ( perhaps)”等不确定的事情，表示“不确定的事情”应该用 may，might，could 等:
The path to the lake may / might / could have been blocked by the snow last night.
6． 可以用来表示“可能吗、真的吗”等吃惊的意思:
Can this be true? || She can't be here already!
7． 常用来与表示感觉的动词连用:
can taste || can smell || can understand || can remember || can see || can feel || can hear || can believe || can imagine || I can hear someone calling my name. || I can see figures approaching me. || I can't believe he told you about it.
8． 可以表示“唯一的可能性”，此时多与 how 连用:
How can I refuse such an offer?
我怎么能拒绝这样的提议呢? ( 意思是“我只能接受”)
9． 否定式有 cannot， can not 和 can't，前两种较正式，后一种较口语化;
10． can but，cannot but，cannot help 和 cannot help but 都可以说，但用法有所不同:
He can but laugh at his own foolish acts. || I cannot choose but listen to her babbling. || I cannot help imaging that. || I cannot but think of my wife. || I cannot help but call you. canal 表示“…… 运河”时，canal 前面常加定冠词:
the Grand Canal
the Panama Canal
cancel
cancel a cheque 这一词组有以下意思。
1． “( 在支票上画一条线 ) 使支票作废”。
2． “通知银行支票作废”，这是英国用法，美国人说 stop payment on a
check。 cancer 1． 可作可数名词或不可数名词:
Some cancers are easier to treat.
( 可数)
She died of breast cancer. ( 不可数)
2． 有不少引申意义的用法:
the cancer of greed 贪婪的恶瘤
the cancer of modern society 现代社会的恶瘤
Racial hatred is a cancer in our society. 种族仇恨是我们社会里的恶瘤。
3． 医学术语是 carcinoma。 candidacy 1． 是美国用词，英国人常用 candida-
ture。
2． 后面常跟介词 for:
his candidacy for mayor
3． 以下表述方法都可以:
candidacy for the presidency
candidacy for president
candidacy for presidency candy 1． 主要是美国用词，相当于英国人说
sweets 或 chocolate。
2． 可作可数和不可数名词，注意 can-
dy 与其他词的搭配。
1) 作可数名词:
a box of candies
rows of delicious candies
2) 作不可数名词:
He doesn't like candy.
He doesn't like to eat candy.
He likes to have a piece of candy. cannon 1． 复数形式可与单数相同，也可在单数后加 s:
a 17th century cannon ( 单数)
two 17th century cannon / can-
nons ( 复数)
2． 注意其后面动词的变化:
A cannon is a large gun. ( 用单数名词和动词)
The cannon are still thundering.
( 单数形式的名词、复数形式的动词)
Twenty cannon were used. ( 前面用 twenty 修饰，后面用复数动词
were) capable 后面多跟介词 of:
He is capable of anything.
He is capable of performing well. cape 作“海角”解用于地名时，要大写，前面有时没有定冠词，有时有定冠词。
1． 不用定冠词:
Cape Horn
Cape Cod
Cape Canaveral
2． 用定冠词:
the Cape of Good Hope capital 1． “某国首都”常用 the capital of 
来表达:
the capital of France
2． “用大写字母写”可译成 write in
capital letters，注意介词用 in。 capitol 1． the Capitol 是 ( 美国 ) 国会大厦。
注意前面有定冠词，首字母 C 大写。
2． the Capitol 还可指美国各州首府的政府大楼。
3． 在美国，the Capitol 可指其他大楼，此时第一个字母常小写:
the capitol of Morrisonville car 在美国，可指火车的各个车厢，在英国常用 carriage:
The train has a sleeping car.
He is sitting in the second carriage from the front of the train. care 1． 在大部分情况下，用作不可数名词:
handle with care
high standards of medical care
He spent his first 10 hours in care.
2． 在表示“忧虑”等时，可作可数名词:
weighed down by the cares of a
demanding job
all the cares of the world
3． care，care about，care for 和 take
care of 有时要混淆。
1) care，care about 有“在意、在乎、介意”等意思，强调某事很重要，后面可直接接宾语从句:
He didn't seem to care at all.
He really cares whether he wins or loses. ( 跟从句)
He cared about her feelings very much.
He doesn't care about what others think of him. ( 跟从句)
2) care for 的意思是“喜欢”，但是仅限于“友谊”意义上的喜欢，并不存在任何“性”方面的含义:
I don't really care for beer. 我实际上并不喜欢啤酒。
He really cared for her. 他真的喜欢她。
3) care for 表示“喜欢”时，常用在否定句或疑问句中:
I don't much care for candy. ( 否定句)
Would you care for a drink? ( 疑问句)
4) care for 和 take care of 都有“照料”的意思; care for 比较文雅，
take care of 比较正式:
Who will care for me when I am
sick?
I'll leave you to take care of the business. career 1． 主要作可数名词:
a career in accountancy
pursue careers as engineers in in-
dustry
2． 后面常用 in 来表示在具体某个方面的职业生涯:
a career in journalism
a career in the diplomatic service
3． 表示“给他人做就业指导的人或机构”，常可用 careers 来表示，注意
careers 用的是复数形式:
careers teachers 就业指导教师
careers offices 就业指导办公室
4． a career girl，a career woman 指的是“视事业重于一切的女性”，可译成“职业妇女”等。
5． 有时不指“一生的职业”，而是指
“一段工作经历”:
a short career as a soldier
6． a change of career ( 变换职业) 中的 career 前没有冠词，也不用复数形式。 careful 1． 根据不同情况，后面可跟不同的介词、从句、动词不定式等。
1) 跟介词:
He had been careful of her.
You should be careful about the things you say.
She's always careful with her money.
She's generally careful about her money.
He is careful in dress.
Be careful about / in crossing the highway.
Be careful crossing the creek.
be careful about / with money
2) 跟从句:
Be careful that the drug is kept away from the kids.
Be careful how you carry the plates.
Be careful who you accept a gift from.
He is careful where to use a com-
ma.
3) 跟动词不定式:
He is careful to keep his files in a safe place.
He is careful not to say anything foolish.
2． 不要说 Be careful about your mis-
spelling. 应该说 Be careful about your spelling. careless 1． 常用 it was careless of sb to do
sth 的句型，表示“做……事实在太大意啦”:
It was careless of you to lose the important documents. 丢失了文件，你实在太大意啦!
2． 以下几例中的 careless 相当于
carefree:
a careless gesture 自然放松的姿态( 不是“粗心大意”的意思)
a careless laugh 开怀大笑
a careless charm 自然迷人的风采
cargo，freight，goods
3 词都可译成“货物”，但含义不同。
1． cargo 为可数名词，其复数形式有
cargoes 和 cargos，后者是美国拼法:
a cargo of oil
a cargo of trucks
2． freight 为不可数名词:
This company carries freight only.
3． freight 可指运输方式:
You can send this container by sea freight.
4． freight 可作动词:
This car had to be freighted to
China.
5． goods 总是用复数形式; 除作“货物”解外，还可用作“( 供销售的) 商品”解:
a variety of consumer goods in
the shop
6． 3 词有时可换用:
a cargo / freight / goods train
7． cargo 似乎较多与 ship，airplane
和 vessel 联系在一起:
a cargo ship
a cargo airplane caricature 可作可数或不可数名词:
caricatures of political figures ( 可数)
a master of caricature( 不可数) carnival 1． 作“狂欢节、嘉年华”解，主要是美国用法，英国称 fair。
2． 可作可数或不可数名词。
A carnival is a special occasion.
( 可数)
Were you in Shanghai during car-
nival? ( 不可数) carousel 在英国称 roundabout，也叫 merry-
go-round。 carpentry 常以不可数形式出现:
learn carpentry
a fine piece of carpentry
The house needs some carpen-
try.
carpool lane
美国用语，常指 “( 高速公路上) 专供合伙用车的车辆通行的车道( 单人驾车不准通行)”:
We can use the carpool lane dur-
ing the commute hours. carpet rug，carpet
1． rug 指 “( 覆盖部分地板的 ) 小地毯”。
2． carpet 可指各种地毯。 cash 1． 常作不可数名词，注意下面例子中
cash 的用法:
I'm completely out of cash.
I have no cash on me.
I am short of cash.
I never carry much cash with me.
I need to raise some cash.
The store only takes cash.
Do you want to pay by cash or by
credit card?
The company is hungry for cash.
2． hard cash 常指 notes and coins。
3． cash machine 主要在英国用，指
“自动柜员机 ( Automatic Telling
Machine; ATM)”:
When a customer withdraws mon-
ey from a cash machine，the ma-
chine produces an electronic audit trail.
4． cash cow 可指“源源不断提供现金的事业”等，可译成“摇钱树”:
Online games are already proving to be a cash cow for domestic websites. casket 美国英语中的委婉语，用来表示 cof-
fin，英国人还是常用 coffin。 cast 注意与其他词的搭配，尤其是与介词的搭配:
cast the nets into the sea
cast a glance at her
cast a shadow on the desk
cast a shadow over their lives
cast doubt on his honesty
cast new light on the disease
cast your mind back to the last
meeting
cast a spell over the guest
cast a vote for the liberal candi-
date
cast his enemy into prison
cast a look in her direction
cast him as a dancer casual 1． 作名词用时可指“便装”:
smart casuals 漂亮的便装
2． 作“( 衣服) 便装”解时，常用作复数:
a pair of men's casuals
3． a casual laborer 常指 “( 无技术的) 临时工”。
4． casual sex 常指 “( 相互间不太熟悉的人们之间短暂的) 随便的性行为”，即中文所谓的“露水之情”。
5． 注意 casual 修饰的一些名词:
casual encounter
casual meeting
casual visit
casual remark
casual invitation
casual attitude
casual glance
casual observer
casual shirt
casual work
casual workforce
casual atmosphere
casual interview
casual contact
casual employment
casual readers
casual friendship
casual acquaintance
casual manner
casual wear
casual shoes
casual user
casual slack
casual wave
casual job
casual worker casualty 1． 指“( 战斗或事故中) 死伤者”。死和伤都可以叫 casualty，所以，“三死五伤”就是“eight casualties”。
2． 注意 casualty 前面所用的动词:
There were casualties from the at-
tack.
They inflicted heavy casualties on our troops.
The army suffered heavy casual-
ties in the battle.
The storm took a toll of casual-
ties.
3． 作“急救室”解，是英国用法，相当于美国的 emergency room，也作
casualty ward 或 casualty depart-
ment。
4． 有时不一定指真的“死伤”:
a casualty of the recent economic
slowdown 最近经济萧条的一名受害者
5． 有时为不可数名词:
He fell casualty to the recent spending cuts. cat 1． 是“猫”的统称。“雄猫”是 tomcat
或 tom( 非正式) ，“雌猫”是 tabby
或 she-cat，“小猫”是 kitten 或
cub，口语中可称 kitty，puss 或
pussy。
2． 表示“如热锅上的蚂蚁”，英国人讲 like a cat on hot bricks，美国人讲 like a cat on a hot tin roof。 catch 1． 表示“吸引某人的注意力”，可用
catch one's eye，eye 并非指“眼睛”，而是指“注意力”，故用单数。
2． “被钩住、卡住、绊住、缠住”等都可用 catch 来表达，但后面的介词不一样，下面几个句子都可以说:
Her skirt caught in the door.
Her skirt got caught in the door.
Her skirt got caught on the nail.
I caught my skirt on the nail.
I got my skirt caught in the hedge.
I caught my index finger in the door.
I caught my foot on a tree and fell.
A nail caught my skirt.
3． 用 catch 表示“当场捉住”，有不少表达法:
We caught him stealing the watch.
He was caught in the act of steal-
ing the watch.
We caught him in the act of steal-
ing the watch.
He was caught red-handed steal-
ing the watch from her.
We caught him red-handed steal-
ing the watch from her.
4． 用 catch 表示“抓住、捉住”等，常用 catch sb by ( 某个部位) 后用定冠词，不用物主代词 his 或 her 之类:
catch him by the arm
catch him by the wrist
catch him by the elbow
catch him by the sleeve
5． catch fire 中的 fire 前面没有冠词:
The plane caught fire in mid-air. catch-all 在美国英语中，catch-all 可作“杂物箱”解。
catchup，ketchup，catsup
该词源于我国的粤语，3 种拼法都可以，catsup 最不常用。 cater 1． cater for sb / sth 主要是英国用法:
The programme caters for the up-
per classes.
2． cater to 有贬义，指“迎合( 不良需求)”
The show caters to young male audiences. cattle 1． 集合名词，后面的动词用复数形式:
The cattle are in the shed.
Cattle were sold for next to noth-
ing.
2． 表示“成群的牛”，可以说:
a herd of cattle
a group of cattle
thirty head of cattle( 注意:
head 是单数)
3． 各种“牛”的称呼主要如下:
cow 母牛，奶牛
bull 公牛
heifer( 未生育的) 小母牛
bullock 小公牛，阉牛
calf 小牛
dairy cattle 奶牛
Guernsey cow 荷兰奶牛
Spanish bull 西班牙公牛
African cow 非洲母牛
steer 小公牛，阉牛，菜牛
ox( 驮物用的) 公牛，阉牛
longhorn 长角牛
buffalo 水牛，野牛
water buffalo( 亚洲) 水牛
bison( 欧洲) 野牛，( 北美) 野牛
4． 用 cattle 表示“一头牛”要说:
a head of cattle
5． 可以说 much cattle:
We don't have as much cattle as we had. caucus 1． 是美语，指 “( 政党决定政策或推举候选人的) 决策干部会议”:
the Iowa caucuses
the whole caucus process
the Black Caucus of minority con-
gressmen
the winner of Iowa caucus
2． 可作动词:
The human rights group caucused
and decided not to back the can-
didate. cause 注意以下用法:
What caused the accident / dam-
age / problems / trouble? ( cause
sth)
He caused me to drop my box.
( cause sb to do sth)
The accident was caused by drunk driving. ( be caused by)
He caused his wife much sad-
ness. ( cause sb sth)
He's always causing trouble for others. ( cause sth for sb) caution 1． 注意在下面短语或句子中，caution
前一般不用冠词:
act with caution
Please treat the explosive with caution.
exercise caution on a rainy day
The American scientist is advising caution.
throw caution to the winds
fling caution to the winds
She progressed beyond all cau-
tion.
2． 作“警告( warning)”解时，常作可数名词，是法律用语:
The policeman gave him a caution for speeding. cavalry calvary，cavalry
calvary 是“耶稣受难像”，cavalry 是
“骑兵 ( 队 )”; 两词拼写及发音很近似，要注意区分。 cease 1． 常用 cease doing sth，cease to
sth 的句型，相当于 stop doing sth，
下面两句的意思相同:
The factory has ceased making cars.
The factory has ceased to make cars.
2． 可用在祈使句中:
Cease this noise!
Cease fire! ceiling 作“上限”解时，后面常跟介词 on，
注意 ceiling 与动词的搭配:
a 5% ceiling on wages and prices
impose a ceiling on car imports
put ( set ) a ceiling on imports of
foreign cars
raise the ceiling on income
establish a ceiling on prices
abandon the ceiling on revenues celebrant celebrant，celebrator
1． 两词都可用，celebrant 比 celebra-
tor 常用。
2． celebrant 的含义已超出宗教，可用在各个方面:
celebrants of the art celebration 1． 抽象指“庆祝”时，常作不可数名词:
Celebration for this fine writer came only after his death.
a day of celebration
in celebration of a true American
legacy
2． 具体指“庆祝会、庆祝仪式”可用复数形式:
independence celebrations
centennial celebrations
birthday celebrations celebrator celebrant，celebrator
1． 两词都可用，celebrant 比 celebra-
tor 常用。
2． celebrant 的含义已超出宗教，可用在各个方面:
celebrants of the art cement 注意作动词的用法:
cement over the front garden
cement the post in
cement the filters together
cement it to the fence
cement friendship between them
cement the copper onto the iron
cement the bricks into place centenary centenary，centennial
两词都有“一百周年的”意思; cente-
nary 是英国用法，centennial 是美国用法:
This exhibition marks a wider cen-
tenary celebration in London.
He appeared at Jolson Centennial
Celebration in New York. centennial centenary，centennial
两词都有“一百周年的”意思; cente-
nary 是英国用法，centennial 是美国用法:
This exhibition marks a wider cen-
tenary celebration in London.
He appeared at Jolson Centennial
Celebration in New York. center 作动词时，后面常跟介词 on，upon，
around，round，about，in，at 等:
center his thoughts on the girl
center around her life story
center about money
center at the source
centered in two eastern Utah are-
as ceremony 1． an awards ceremony 是“颁奖仪式”，注意 awards 是复数。“颁奖仪式”还可以说:
an awarding ceremony
an award ceremony
2． “开张仪式、开幕式”可译成:
opening ceremony
launching ceremony
3． without ceremony 不是“没有仪式”，而是“没有礼貌”:
At such times a man who puts on armor is without ceremony. 这时候戴上盔甲是没有礼貌的。
4． stand on ceremony ( 客气 ) 中，
ceremony 前没有冠词:
You have to know when to stand on ceremony and when to stand on the street corner. 你应该知道什么时候客气，什么时候随便。 certain 1． 表示“有把握的、确信的”时，介词用 about 或 in 都可以，意思一样:
I am quite certain about / of it.
2． 注意下列用法:
It is certain that he will agree. ( It
is certain that)
He is certain to agree. ( be cer-
tain to do sth)
You can be pretty certain that he will agree. ( be pretty certain
that)
I still can't be certain who will come to the party. ( be certain
who)
I still can't be certain when he will come to the party. ( be certain
when)
I still can't be certain where the party is going to be held. ( be cer-
tain where)
I still can't be certain what he is going to say at the party. ( be cer-
tain what)
3． I am not certain about what he wants. 中的 about 可以省去，意思不变。
4． 在表示“某某、某位”时，certain 与
some 近似，但有差异。 certain 前可以用不定冠词，some 前不可以用; 另外，some 不用在具体人称前:
a certain person a certain Mr. Jones
a certain newspaper
some guy
some fool
some newspaper ( 不说 a some
newspaper 等)
5． 表示“某些 ( 人等)”时，certain 和
some 的含义相同:
certain / some people
certain，sure，bound
1． 3 词都有“肯定的”意思，有时可以相互替换使用:
He is certain / sure / bound to win the race.
Are you certain / sure that you
met him before?
2． certain 的语气比 sure 强，bound
的语气最强。
3． certain 指“有肯定的理由或确切的证据来排除疑虑”:
War was certain after Germany in-
vaded Poland.
4． sure 指“心里没有怀疑”:
The detective was sure that the girl had been kidnapped.
5． bound 侧重指“受到责任、义务等约束而肯定”:
I'm bound to say I agree with my daughter.
6． 可以说 It is certain that:
It is certain that every country pro-
duces both brave men and cow-
ards. certainly ，definitely
1． 在日常使用中，两词有时可换用，意思相同:
This is certainly / definitely his best novel.
2． 说 certainly 时多少带有一些疑问:
The apartment is certainly super，
but I guess it's very expensive. 这套房子当然非常好，但是我猜想它一定很贵。
3． certainly 有时会暗示否定:
—She is a smart clerk，isn't she?
—Well，she certainly works hard.
( 言下之意她不聪明，只是工作努力)
4． 回答请求时，常用 certainly，不用
definitely:
—We'd like you to explain it to us in greater detail.
—Certainly.
5． 回答具体询问时，definitely 比 cer-
tainly 常用:
—So we'll meet you tonight at
6: 00?
—Definitely! certificate 1． 后面用介词 of，in，from 等:
a certificate of excellence
a certificate in teaching English as
a Foreign Language
a certificate from a doctor
2． 常用 certificate 来修饰的词有:
birth certificate
death certificate
exam certificate
marriage certificate
health certificate
doctor's certificate
teacher's certificate
sales certificate
insurance certificate
government certificate
formal school certificate
a certificate of airworthiness
a certificate of origin
a certificate of ownership certificated certificated，certified
1． certificated 主要局限在教育、卫生和航空运输等方面:
a certificated nurse
a certificated teacher
a certificated trainer
a certificated parachute technician
certificated airlines
2． 注意 certified 在下面短语的译法:
certified mail 挂号邮件
certified milk 消毒牛奶
certified public accountant 特许会计师( 美国说法，相当于英国英语中的 chartered accountant)
certified accounting firm 合格会计公司
certified strain 注册品种
certified check 保付支票
certified tree 合乎标准的树 certified certificated，certified
1． certificated 主要局限在教育、卫生和航空运输等方面:
a certificated nurse
a certificated teacher
a certificated trainer
a certificated parachute technician
certificated airlines
2． 注意 certified 在下面短语的译法:
certified mail 挂号邮件
certified milk 消毒牛奶
certified public accountant 特许会计师( 美国说法，相当于英国英语中的 chartered accountant)
certified accounting firm 合格会计公司
certified strain 注册品种
certified check 保付支票
certified tree 合乎标准的树 chain 1． 现代英语中，出现不少与 chain 有关的短语:
chain debt
chain discount
chain paper
chain process
chain gang
chain letter
chain mail
chain reaction
chain-smoke
chain-smoker
chain store
2． 以 chain reaction 为例，就可组成不少词组:
a chain reaction of phone calls
a 15-car chain reaction on the
highway
a chain reaction in nearby villages
a chain reaction undermining the
political stability
a domino chain reaction of bank-
ruptcies chair 1． 指“( 大学的) 教授席位”时，一般情况下首字母不大写，但指“特设的教席”要大写:
He got his chair at Leeds.
a chair in the department of busi-
ness
He held the Einstein Chair of
Physics at Harvard ( the Einstein
Chair 是“特设的教席”，要大写)
2． 随着女权运动的兴起，出现了与
chair 有关的不少词汇，它们与
chairman 或 chair 一起进入了日常词汇中:
chairwoman
chairperson
chairlady
3． 尽管有些学者建议大家用 chair 或
chairperson，但实际上除 chairlady
使用频率不高外，其他几词都已是标准用词; 另外，chairman 仍然可指“女主席”:
As chairman of the department，
Mrs Smith will announce chairman 参见 chair。 chalk 1． 在一般情况下作不可数名词:
a piece of chalk
a stick of white chalk
a picture drawn in chalk on the
door
He wrote with chalk.
2． 也可作可数名词，尤其指多种颜色的“粉笔”:
a box of colored chalks
3． 一般不说 a chalk 或 some chalks，
应用 a piece of chalk 或 some
pieces of chalk。 chamber 1． 复数形式 chambers 常指“法官专用办公室”:
Cases are sometimes heard in the judge's chambers.
2． 注意一些词组:
burial chamber
torture chamber
debating chamber
the master's chamber
the council chamber
gas chamber
decompression chamber
the upper chamber of the Parlia-
ment chance 1． 作名词时，后面常可以跟介词 of:
There was no chance of saving her.
I won't get another chance of get-
ting there.
2． 作名词时，后面有时还可以跟介词
at，for，like，on 等:
have a chance at it
the best chance for success
provide a chance for a scholarship
Don't let a chance like that go by.
take a chance on success
3． 作名词时，后面可跟动词不定式:
the chance to learn another lan-
guage
4． 注意下面的短语中，chance 前常不用冠词:
by chance
by any chance
by sheer chance
trust to chance
leave nothing to chance
as chance would have it
5． Chances are  ( 很有可能……)
中，chances 用复数形式，前面有时加定冠词，句中的 that 可省去。下面两个句子都对:
Chances are she'll be coming.
The chances are ( that ) she'll be coming.
6． 作动词时后面常跟 on 或 upon:
I chanced on / upon an old friend on the train last night. chancellor 用来指大学的行政领导时，要注意以下两点。
1． 在英联邦体系的大学中，chancel-
lor 常指“名誉校长”，而不是我国有些媒体报道的“校长”，真正的校长是 vice-chancellor; chancellor 也可以译成“校监、学监”等; 英国的
chancellor 可以是外国人担任，每年去该校主持一些重要仪式，本人可以长期不在该校。
2． 在美国高等教育中，chancellor 可指一些大学的主要行政官员，或某些州里负责高等教育的官员。 change 注意下列汉英翻译中 change 的用法。
1． “改变颜色”，下面几句都可以说:
Wait until the traffic lights change.
Wait until the traffic lights change to green.
Wait until the traffic lights change from red to green.
仅说“改变颜色”可以说 change
color:
The leaves are changing color.
color 前没有冠词，也不是复数形式。
2． 表示“交换、调换”，常有以下说法:
Change places with me，please.
He changes sides in arguments.
He changed my library books for me.
She changed the dress for anoth-
er.
He had to change from a bus to a train.
I'll have to change in Boston.
I'll have to change planes in
Chicago.
He has changed his job.
He has changed his jobs.
The baby needs changing.
The team changed sides changed over changed round at half time. ( 中场交换场地)
3． 表示“换汇”，可以说:
Can I change my Chinese money
for dollars here?
Can I change my Chinese money
into dollars here?
4． 表示汽车“换挡”，gear 用单复数都可以，前面没有冠词:
change gear
change gears
5． 作名词时，应注意以下的用法:
a change of job
my change of address
the second change of government
a change of name
a change of scene
a change of subject
a change of direction
a change of course
a change of heart
a change of scenery
a change of air
a change of leader
a change of pace
6． 注意这个句子:
She packed three changes of un-
derwear. ( change 用复数，under-
wear 用单数)
7． 作“零钱”解时，常作不可数名词，
change 后面不加 s，前面也不加冠词:
a handful of loose change
I don't have any small change.
Keep the change，please.
How much have you got in
change?
I got 55 pence change.
8． change purse 是美国英语，意思是
“放零钱的小袋子”:
Without a change purse， does
your pocket seem to be getting
heavier by the day?
9． the change of the Guard 在英国可指白金汉宫前的“换岗仪式”。
Guard 的首字母大写，是单数形式，前面有定冠词:
The change of the Guard is a tourist must in London. channel 1． “通过正常途径 ( go through the
proper channels )”中的 channels
常用复数形式。
2． 首字母大写、前面加冠词 the
Channel 时，可指“英吉利海峡”。
3． the Channel Tunnel 首字母大写，前面加冠词时，可指英国与法国间的“火车隧道”。 character ，characteristic
1． 两词都与 quality 含义相近或相同。
1) character 一般指 “( 总体上的) 品德、品质、性格”等，常用单数:
He is of a lofty character.
2 ) characteristic 指 a particular char-
acter，所以一个人可以有许多
characteristics:
their children's physical character-
istics;
2． character 已被用得有些滥了，有时其含义非常含混。
3． characteristic 作形容词时，后面常跟介词 of，但有时也可跟 in，for
等:
Such politeness is characteristic of her.
It has become characteristic for
American writers.
It is so characteristic in this kind of disease. charge 1． 表示“指控”用 charge，常有以下表达法:
charge him with speeding ( charge
sb with sth)
She was charged with neglecting her work. ( be charged with sth)
He has been charged in connec-
tion with the murder. ( be charged
in connection with sth)
The committee charged that she was unqualified for the position.
( charged that)
He was arrested on a charge of speeding. ( on a charge of)
He was arrested on a speeding charge. ( on a charge)
The court brought a charge of speeding against him. ( bring a
charge of against sb)
2． 表示“负责”时，用 in charge，in
charge of，in sb's charge，under
the charge of 都可以说:
With you in charge，I'm at ease.
He is in charge of the investiga-
tion.
The kids are in her charge.
This patient is under the charge of
Dr. Smith. charisma 意思相当于 great charm，是不可数名词:
a man with tremendous popular
charisma charitable charitable，philanthropic
两词都可表示“慈善的、仁慈的”。
1． charitable 常指用“慷慨大方的”实际行动来表达爱心:
They are charitable people who always help others.
2． philanthropic 所指的“慈善的、仁慈的”常包含“向特别的事业、机构、团体、组织、人类进步事业等捐赠大笔钱款或大规模捐赠”等意思:
philanthropic organizations
philanthropic foundations
The orphanage is just one of her philanthropic causes. charm 1． 作名词用表示“魅力”时，男女都可以指:
a woman of great charm
He has a lot of charm.
2． 作名词用表示“美色、美貌、妩媚”时，较多指女人或景物:
1) 指女人:
She used all her charms on him.
2) 指景物:
the small town's more rustic
charms charming fascinating，charming
两词都有“吸引人”的含义，但侧重点不同。
1． fascinating 的英语解释是 ex-
tremely charming，因此，其语气强于 charming。
2． charming 指“有魔力般吸引力的”:
She gave us a charming smile. chart 1． 泛指“图表”:
a patient hospital chart
a weather chart
a sales chart
2． 不同的图表有不同的表达法:
graph 曲线图
bar chart 条形图
pie chart 饼形图
cheap，inexpensive，low-priced
3 词都可表示“便宜的”。
1． cheap 最普通常用，可用来描述各种“便宜的”东西:
cheap seats
cheap fruit
2． cheap 有时有贬义:
cheap labor 廉价劳动力
3． cheap 有“便宜没好货、价低质次”的含义:
cheap fur coats made of dyed
rabbit skins
cheap furniture sold to the poor
4． inexpensive 所描绘的“便宜”货常常质量是“好的”，或者是“可以接受的”，有“价格公道的”含义，即汉语所谓“价廉物美”:
an inexpensive raincoat one may
carry folded up in one's handbag
These door locks are inexpensive and effective.
5． low-priced 是美国用法。它并不包含真正的价值或质量的含义，所谓
“便宜”，只是相对而言的:
Compact cars are low-priced as compared with cars of standard size. chase 现代电影中，经常可以看到“警察追匪徒、汽车追逐”，英语中常用 a po-
lice chase，a car chase，a paper
chase 等来表达:
Two young men died in a police chase.
An argument between rival gang members led to a car chase.
We will end up with a paper chase of written acceptances every time an event is organized. cheat 1． 后面用 of 或 out of 意思相同:
They cheated him of / out of his money.
2． 表示 “( 男女关系上的 ) 不忠诚
( sexually unfaithful )”，特别是指
“妻子、丈夫或性伴侣跟他人发生性关系”，主要是美国用法:
She swore to me that she had never cheated.
They've just got married，and al-
ready she's started cheating ( on
him) ．
3． 也常指在 “( 考试、游戏等中 ) 作弊”，注意 cheat 后面的介词:
She always cheats at cards.
She often cheats on tests.
They all used to cheat in exams. check 1． 注意下面的习惯搭配:
He checked the car for signs of damage.
He is checking for spelling mis-
takes.
He checked through his notes for her address.
He checked into the development of the project.
He checked out the result of the test.
He began to check her story out.
He came to check on our pro-
gress.
No one checks up on him.
Check up that the kids are proper-
ly fed.
Check with Mary to see if the phone number is correct.
He is checking over the lists.
He is secretly checking around.
2． check out 在美国英语中可指“( 在超市等商店中) 付款”或 “( 从图书馆) 借书”:
You can check three books out.
3． 作名词用，说“一张 …… 数额的支票”时，后面常用介词 for:
a check for $ 100 一张 100 美元的支票
4． 表示“用支票支付”，可以说 pay
by check，check 前常不用冠词:
Can I pay by check? 我能用支票支付吗? cheek 1． 一般情况下，一个人有两个面颊，所以正常指“面颊”时用复数
cheeks:
Tears rolled down her cheeks.
She has healthy rosy cheeks.
2． 但在不少习语中，cheek 常用单数:
She is sitting cheek by jowl with him.
She had the cheek to ask me for
help!
She always tries to turn the other cheek.
Cheek brings success.
He said it with his tongue in his cheek. cheerleader 1． 有些词典将其译成“拉拉队队长”，
其实，它可以指“拉拉队中任何一名队员”:
A cheerleader is one of a group of people who shout and dance to encourage the crowd to cheer at a sports event.
2． 也可以指“( 某组织、某思想、某个人的) 支持者”。 cheese 1． 通常作不可数名词，要表示数量，可以这样说:
a piece of cheese
a lump of cheese
a slice of cheese
a solid block of cheese
2． 作可数名词时，主要有两种情况。
1) 指“( 未被切开之前的) 奶酪”:
a big Stilton cheese
2) 指 “( 某种特殊的 ) 奶酪、多种奶酪”:
a selection of French cheeses
a range of cheeses
3． 英美人照相时为了让人微笑，常说
say cheese。 chef chef，cook
两词都有“厨师”的意思，但是含义有所不同。
1． chef 通常指 “( 餐馆里的男性 ) 厨师”，尤指 “( 技艺高超的) 主厨、厨师长”。
2． cook 比较普通，可指 “( 任何会做饭菜的) 炊事员、厨师”或“会做饭的家庭主妇”，常需用形容词来说明技艺高超:
My mother is a good cook.
cheery tomato
指“一种非常小的西红柿”:
The dish is topped with cheery to-
matoes. chemist pharmacist，chemist
两词都有“药剂师”的含义。
1． pharmacist 主要是美国用词，美国人有时也用druggist。
2． chemist 主要是英国用词; 除可作
“药剂师”解外，还有“化学家”的含义。 chess 1． “下棋”可译成 play chess，chess
前一般不用冠词:
Do you play chess?
2． chessmen 是“国际象棋棋子”，不是“棋手”。 chicken 1． 表示“鸡肉”，一般用 chicken，童子鸡、老母鸡、公鸡的肉都可用 chick-
en 来表示。
2． chicken 作“胆小”解时，可作名词或形容词。
Don't be such a chicken! ( 作名词)
I don't want the others to think I
am chicken. ( 作形容词) child 1． 父母所指的“孩子”，可以是 “( 任何岁数的) 孩子”，甚至“成年人”:
All of her children are grown and married.
2． to be heavy with child ( 怀孕) 中，
child 前无冠词，也不用复数形式:
She is heavy with child. 她怀孕了。 childish ，childlike
1． childish 含有贬义，childlike 含褒义:
Don't be so childish! ( 贬义)
childlike honesty ( 褒义)
2． 两词都可以描述成年人或孩子。
1) 形容成年人:
the woman's high childish / child-
like voice
2) 形容孩子:
the boy's childish / childlike man-
ners
3． 我们可以说 childlike trust，不说
childish trust。
chill，chilly，chilling
1． chill 与 chilly 的含义无多大区别，只是作形容词时，前者使用频率没有后者高; 另外，chill 可以作名词、动词等，chilly 一般只作形容词用:
There's quite a chill in the air this morning. ( 作名词)
You must be chilled to the bone.
( 作动词)
a chilly wind( 作形容词)
2． chilling 与 chill 和 chilly 是同源词，但它主要用其喻义，即 frightening:
a chilling ghost story
a chilling scream china china，porcelain
1． china 作“瓷器”解，与 porcelain 同义，china 比 porcelain 通俗。
2． 两词都是不可数名词:
China is very delicate.
a valuable collection of antique
porcelain
3． 两词都可修饰名词:
a fine porcelain vase
fine china cups China ，Chinese
1． 修饰其他名词时，两词意思有别:
Chinatown( 可能在美国)
China watcher 中国问题专家 ( 一般是外国人)
China edition 销往中国的版本，但可能是外文版
Chinese courtesy 中国( 人) 的礼节
Chinese reporter 中国记者 ( 一般是中国人)
2． 汉语中，一些表述单位名称等的译法相对随便，无十分明确的规律:
中国京剧团 the China Peking Op-
era Groupe
中国人民大学 China People's Uni-
versity
《中国文学》Chinese Literature
《中国医学》China's Medicine
中国医学科学院 Chinese Acade-
my of Medical Sciences
3． 究竟采用何种译法也无定论，只是约定俗成。 china porcelain，china
1． 两词都可译成“瓷器”，china 比
porcelain 普通常用。
2． china 为不可数名词:
He collects blue and white china.
3． porcelain 为可以数名词:
19th century porcelains
4． 短语中多用 china:
a bull in a china shop
china wedding chip 1． 美国英语中常作“( 圆形) 土豆片”解，常用作复数:
Would you like some chips?
2． 英国人说 chips，是指“土豆条”，而
“土豆条”在美国英语中常用
French fry 表示。
3． 在现代英语中，chip 常作计算机中的“芯片”解:
chip card
silicon chip
chip set
4． chip in 在口语中有“凑钱 ( 买东西)”的意思:
We chipped in and bought a car. chocolate 1． 泛指“巧克力”时，chocolate 为不可数名词，表示数量时可以说:
a piece of milk chocolate
a bar of plain chocolate
2． 表示液体的“巧克力”，为不可数名词:
a mug of hot chocolate
3． 指“小块巧克力”时，为可数名词:
a box of chocolates
delicious chocolates with cream fill-
ings
4． 可修饰其他名词:
chocolate cake
chocolate cookies
chocolate mousse
chocolate biscuits
chocolate chips choice 1． 常与其他词构成复合形容词:
multiple-choice exercises
a three-choice situation
2． 后面常跟介词 between:
a choice between peace and war
3． 还可用不少形容词修饰:
good choice
right choice
first choice
second choice
difficult choice
free choice
wide choice
great choice
personal choice
parental choice
consumer choice
informed choice
stark choice
obvious choice
natural choice
popular choice
excellent choice
number one choice
preferred choice choir 常指教会、学校里的“唱诗班”，所以前面的形容词常有:
the church choir
the cathedral choir
the school choir cholesterol 现代生活中，常谈到“胆固醇”，注意它的一些搭配:
low in cholesterol
reduce cholesterol levels
A high cholesterol level can cause heart disease.
Try you best to avoid fatty foods that are high in cholesterol. choose 常跟以下介词:
choose from a range of vacations
choose between A and B
choose between the different
methods
choose from among many candi-
dates
choose him as their leader
choose by lot
choose a book for him
choose work over play
choose death before surrender
choose him out of ten candidates chop 1． 下面的句子含义相同:
Chop the onions and cook it in the oil.
Chop up the onions and cook it in the oil.
Chop the onion into small pieces and cook it in the oil.
2． 作名词时，可指“……( 肉) 排”:
pork chops
lamb chops
3． 但是，“牛排”一般说 steak。
Christian
Christian name 意为“教名”，是英国用法，美国人常用 given name，其他叫法有:
first name
forename
personal name Christmas 1． 有复数形式:
The past Christmases had been very quiet.
2． 前面常用介词 at，没有冠词:
They did a little play at Christmas.
3． Christmas Day 与 Christmastime
不一样，Christmas Day 指“圣诞节”这一天，Christmastime 常指
“圣诞节前后的一段时间”。
Christmas Day 与 Christmastime
前的介词不同:
on Christmas Day
at Christmastime
chunk，hunk，lump
3 词都有“块”的含义。
1． chunk 一般指“形状不规则的一块东西”:
a chunk of meat
2． hunk 一般也指“形状不规则的一块东西”，但尤指“可以分开、掰开、切开的食品”:
a hunk of bread
a hunk of meat
3． lump 有时指“有规则的块状东西”:
a lump of sugar 方块砂糖
4． 但在实际使用中，它们的区别并不太大:
a chunk / hunk / lump of meat /
cheese / butter
a hunk / lump of concrete
5． hunk 可指“肌肉发达的壮汉”，其他两词一般不这样用 ( 但可以说 a
chunky person) 。
6． lump 可指“懒惰或愚蠢的人”，其他两词一般不这样用。 church 1． 作 a religious service 解时，在一些短语中常不加冠词:
go to church
see them at church
meet him after church
get married in church
attend church
2． the Church 常指“英国国教”:
the Church of England cigar cigar，cigarette
1． cigar 是“雪茄烟”，即“将未切开的烟叶卷起来做的烟”或“外面不包纸的烟”，通常比 cigarette 大:
the strong smell of self-made cigar
2． cigarette 一般指精制的“香烟、纸烟”:
a pack of cigarettes cigarette cigar，cigarette
1． cigar 是“雪茄烟”，即“将未切开的烟叶卷起来做的烟”或“外面不包纸的烟”，通常比 cigarette 大:
the strong smell of self-made cigar
2． cigarette 一般指精制的“香烟、纸烟”:
a pack of cigarettes cinema 1． the cinema 是英国用法，英国人也用 the pictures; 美国人常说:
movie theater
movie house
2． the cinema 指“电影业、电影艺术、电影”等:
He works in the cinema. 他在电影界工作。
3． “看电影”英国人说 go to the cine-
ma，美国人说 go to the movies。 circle 1． 指一般的“一群人”时，circle 常用单数:
a circle of friends
a circle of acquaintances
a social circle
a family circle
2． 指同一个“职业、有共同兴趣”的
“一群人”时，circle 常用复数:
the scientific circles
the academic circles
the literary circles
3． 后面可以用介词 round，around，
含义不变。下面的句子意思相同:
The plane circled the airport.
The plane circled round the air-
port.
The plane circled around the air-
port.
4． 后面还可以跟其他介词:
The eagle is circling above the camp.
The eagle is circling about the camp. circumstances 1． 前用介词 in 或 under 都可以，英国人较多用 in，美国人两个介词都常用。
2． 当 circumstances 的含义是 finan-
cial situation 时，英美人都常用介词 in:
He lived at Paris in very modest circumstances. 他住在巴黎，生活水平非常一般。 citation 1． 作“传票”解是美国用法:
a citation for drunken driving
2． 后面常跟介词 for:
a citation for bravery
citizen，subject，civilian，resi- city 1． city 一般比 town 大或重要:
China's capital city
major cities
2． 在英国英语中，the City ( 加冠词，首字母大写) 常指 the City of Lon-
don:
She works in the City. 她在伦敦商业区工作。
civic，civil，civilian
1． civic 主要描述“城市与市民之间的事”:
civic duties
civic responsibilities
civic buildings
2． civil 侧重描述“平民与国家之间的事”:
civil liberty
civil law
civil rights
3． civilian 主要与军事、警察、消防系统的人相对而言:
civilian duties in time of war civilization 1． 作不可数名词居多:
the benefits of modern civilization
the history of Chinese civilization
2． 有复数形式，指“各种不同的文明”:
the ancient civilizations 各种古代文明 clad 常作构词成分-clad:
leather-clad drivers
ivy-clad buildings
snow-clad regions
iron-clad truth clap 作“鼓掌”解，主要是英国用法:
give him a big clap 为他热烈鼓掌 class 1． 指 “( 学生在一起学习的 ) 班级”时，英美人都这么用:
Mary and I are in the same class in fifth grade.
2． 指“在同一年毕业的一届学生”时，是美国用法:
the class of 1998 九八级毕业生或学生
3． 表示“课程”时是美国用法，英国人常用 course:
a class in Chinese history
a course in Chinese history
4． 表示“一节课”是美国用法，英国人常用 lesson，美国人不用 lesson
来表示“一节课”:
What time is your next class?
Each lesson lasts 45 minutes.
5． 表示大学学位的“等级”，是英国用法:
What class of degree did you get?
First，second，or third? classic classic，classical
两词拼写很接近，但含义和用法有所不同。
1． classic 主要指“典范式的、一流的、最佳的”:
a classic football game 一场一流水准的足球赛
a classic Chinese film 一部优秀的中国电影
2． classical 主要指“受古希腊、古罗马影响的”，即“古典的”，现在尤其多用在文学、艺术、建筑等方面:
a classical scholar 研究拉丁语和希腊语的学者
the classical style of architecture
古典建筑风格
3． 表示“传统的、典型的、经典的”时，两词区别不大，可以换用:
He wrote a classic / classical bi-
ography of Lincoln. 他写了一部经典的林肯传记。 classical classic，classical
两词拼写很接近，但含义和用法有所不同。
1． classic 主要指“典范式的、一流的、最佳的”:
a classic football game 一场一流水准的足球赛
a classic Chinese film 一部优秀的中国电影
2． classical 主要指“受古希腊、古罗马影响的”，即“古典的”，现在尤其多用在文学、艺术、建筑等方面:
a classical scholar 研究拉丁语和希腊语的学者
the classical style of architecture
古典建筑风格
3． 表示“传统的、典型的、经典的”时，两词区别不大，可以换用:
He wrote a classic / classical bi-
ography of Lincoln. 他写了一部经典的林肯传记。 clean clean，cleanse
两词都可以作“打扫、弄干净”解。
1． clean 比 cleanse 常用，几乎可以表示任何形式的“打扫”。
2． clean 可作不及物动词，cleanse 多作及物动词:
This dress cleans well.
3． cleanse 常指用清洁剂等化学物品进行“深度或彻底清洗”:
cleanse the wound with the disin-
fectant
cleanse it with a liquid cleans-ing lo-
tion
4． cleanse 后面常跟介词 of:
cleanse the city of crime cleanse clean，cleanse
两词都可以作“打扫、弄干净”解。
1． clean 比 cleanse 常用，几乎可以表示任何形式的“打扫”。
2． clean 可作不及物动词，cleanse 多作及物动词:
This dress cleans well.
3． cleanse 常指用清洁剂等化学物品进行“深度或彻底清洗”:
cleanse the wound with the disin-
fectant
cleanse it with a liquid cleans-ing lo-
tion
4． cleanse 后面常跟介词 of:
cleanse the city of crime cleanse 参见 clean。 clergy 1． 作“神职人员”解是集合名词，后面要用复数形式的动词、代词等:
The clergy are the officially ap-
pointed leaders of the religious ac-
tivities.
retired clergy and their widows
2． clergyman 有单复数形式:
a clergyman
10 clergymen
3． 反义词是 laity。 clerk 1． 作“店员”解是美国用法，英国人说 shop assistant。
2． 作“( 宾馆) 接待员”解也是美国用法( 也称 desk clerk) ，英国人说 re-
ceptionist. clever smart，clever
两词都可表示“聪明的”，smart 有时有贬义，含“机敏过头、不守规矩、耍花招”等意思; clever 有“才思敏捷”的含义，试比较:
The boy was punished for being smart in class. 那男孩因上课调皮捣蛋而被惩罚。
The boy is clever and intelligent.
那男孩聪明伶俐。 client client，customer
两词都可以译成“顾客”。
1． client 主要是 buy services from a
professional，especially a lawyer
or a doctor:
He advises clients on their invest-
ments.
2． customer 主要是 buy goods:
Supermarkets use a variety of tac-
tics to attract customers.
3． 在实际使用中，两词有时含义接近:
a client / customer in a shop climate 1． 可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词。
1) 可数名词:
spend their holidays in warmer cli-
mates
It has a mild climate.
2) 不可数名词:
changes in climate
2． 常用来指 “( 政治等的 ) 气候、局势”等:
the economic climate
political climate
moral climate
intellectual climate
a climate of fear
a climate unrest
a climate mistrust
a climate opinion clipping 1． 主要是美国用语; 英国人常用 cut-
ting。
2． 可数名词:
A clipping is an article that has been cut from a paper.
magazine clippings clipping cutting，clipping
1． 作“剪报”解时，cutting 是英国用法，clipping 是美国用法。
2． cutting edge 的意思是“非常先进的、非常现代的”，常用作单数:
at the cutting edge of space sci-
ence 在空间科学的前沿
3． cutting-edge 可作形容词:
cutting-edge technology clock 注意一些用法:
set the clock 校对钟点
adjust the clock 校对钟点
fight the clock 抢时间
like a clock 钟表似的、准时地
around ( round) the clock 日日夜夜、全天候
beat the clock 提前完成任务
put ( turn) the clock back 扭转历史车轮
watch the clock( 眼睛) 盯着时钟
work against the clock 抢时间做完
when one's clock strikes 在某人临终之时
the clock is ticking 时钟在滴答走
( 指“时间剩下不多了，应该马上行动”等)
run the clock down ( run out the
clock / kill the clock ) ( 在球赛最后一刻、持球) 拖完比赛时间 clone 1． 音译为“克隆”，原是科技词语，使用不广; 自从克隆羊“多利”降世以来，其使用频率提升很快，含义渐广，可涉及各方面的“复制、翻版”等，一般作可数名词:
She is almost a clone of her moth-
er.
It is yet another Buick clone.
There is a whole legion of IBM
clones.
clones of books
2． 作动词也逐渐常用:
His novels have been cloned in the West.
to clone a nationwide chain of
Goodyear
genetic cloning
3． 常带有贬义。 close ，shut
两词都可作“关、闭”解，但有以下区别。
1． close 所表示的“关”不一定关严，而 shut 一般含“紧闭”的意思:
Please close the window a little.
He shut the door and drew the bolt firmly.
2． shut 有“禁闭、关押”的意思，close
无此义:
The criminal was shut in the pris-
on.
3． shut 比 close 通俗，常用在口语中:
I'll show him he can't shut the
door in my face!
4． shut 比较直截了当，close 比较客气、婉转:
Shut up! I'm reading now.
Close the door please; I'm cold.
5． shut 强调关闭的方法、过程，close
强调关闭的动作、结果:
The great gates slowly shut.
The workers soon closed the breach in the dyke. cloth 1． 复数形式是 cloths，不是 clothes;
作可数名词时，意为“( 作特殊用途的) 一块布”:
a table cloth / tablecloth
a dish cloth / dishcloth
a soft cloth
a floor cloth
2． 作“布料、衣料、织物”等解时，常作不可数名词:
several meters of cloth
poor-quality woolen cloth
clothes，clothing，garment， clothes attire，dress，apparel，clothes，clothing，costume， garb， garment 这组词都有“衣服”的含义。
1． attire 是正式用词。
1) 指特定式样的“衣服”，如礼服等:
in formal attire 穿着礼服
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 强调“服装给人的总体印象”:
the strange attire of the eccentric old woman
2． dress 指男女的外衣。
1) 尤指在正式场合穿的“服装”:
evening dress || court dress
2) 也特指妇女穿的“紧身胸衣”或“裙子、连衣裙”等。
3． apparel 较古雅，也较古旧。
1) 尤指“盛装”:
the Queen's ceremonial apparel
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 在美语中可用作复合词，泛指“衣服、衣物”:
ladies' ready-to-wear apparel
4． clothes 与 clothing 较普通常用; clothing 比 clothes 正式。
1 ) clothing 是衣服的总称，包括上衣、裤子、衬衣等，是不可数名词:
warm winter clothing || protective clothing
2) clothes 主要指供人穿的衣服，强调用各种布匹、衣料做成的各种衣服，还强调一个人所穿的所有东西，甚至帽子、鞋子等。
3) clothes 还特指用于各种活动的特制衣服:
football clothes || school clothes
4) clothes 后面常用动词的复数形式:
Clothes are things that people wear.
5) clothing 后面常用动词的单数形式:
Clothing consists of the things people wear.
5． costume 指( 某个地区、时代、民族等穿的) 服装:
in traditional costume || in 18th-century costume || in cowboy costume
1) 在这层意思上，与 dress 近义。
2) 常指戏装:
a clown's costume || The costumes，sets，and acting are all superb.
3) 是可数名词:
Hollywood studios costumes
6． garb 是文学用词，主要指供专业人士穿着的“制服、服装”:
in a judge's solemn garb || the garb of a priest
7． garment 尤指生产、销售中的衣服:
the garment workers || the fashion garment industry
1) 也多指外衣:
waterproof outer garment
2) 是可数名词:
She wore a long garment in yellow linen. clothing attire，dress，apparel，clothes，clothing，costume， garb， garment 这组词都有“衣服”的含义。
1． attire 是正式用词。
1) 指特定式样的“衣服”，如礼服等:
in formal attire 穿着礼服
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 强调“服装给人的总体印象”:
the strange attire of the eccentric old woman
2． dress 指男女的外衣。
1) 尤指在正式场合穿的“服装”:
evening dress || court dress
2) 也特指妇女穿的“紧身胸衣”或“裙子、连衣裙”等。
3． apparel 较古雅，也较古旧。
1) 尤指“盛装”:
the Queen's ceremonial apparel
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 在美语中可用作复合词，泛指“衣服、衣物”:
ladies' ready-to-wear apparel
4． clothes 与 clothing 较普通常用; clothing 比 clothes 正式。
1 ) clothing 是衣服的总称，包括上衣、裤子、衬衣等，是不可数名词:
warm winter clothing || protective clothing
2) clothes 主要指供人穿的衣服，强调用各种布匹、衣料做成的各种衣服，还强调一个人所穿的所有东西，甚至帽子、鞋子等。
3) clothes 还特指用于各种活动的特制衣服:
football clothes || school clothes
4) clothes 后面常用动词的复数形式:
Clothes are things that people wear.
5) clothing 后面常用动词的单数形式:
Clothing consists of the things people wear.
5． costume 指( 某个地区、时代、民族等穿的) 服装:
in traditional costume || in 18th-century costume || in cowboy costume
1) 在这层意思上，与 dress 近义。
2) 常指戏装:
a clown's costume || The costumes，sets，and acting are all superb.
3) 是可数名词:
Hollywood studios costumes
6． garb 是文学用词，主要指供专业人士穿着的“制服、服装”:
in a judge's solemn garb || the garb of a priest
7． garment 尤指生产、销售中的衣服:
the garment workers || the fashion garment industry
1) 也多指外衣:
waterproof outer garment
2) 是可数名词:
She wore a long garment in yellow linen. clothing 参见 clothes。 cloud 1． 可作可数名词，也可作不可数名词。
1) 可数名词:
A cloud is a mass of water vapor that floats in the sky.
Clouds are usually white or gray in color.
A few clouds drifted across the sky.
2) 不可数名词:
There was more cloud than yes-
terday.
There is nothing to see from the plane except cloud.
2． 作“云状物”解，如“烟雾”等，一般作可数名词:
a cloud of black smoke
clouds of toxic gas clue 后面常跟 to，as to，about 等:
He has found no clues as to the whereabouts of the missing girl.
the clue to solving the energy
problem
He didn't have a clue about com-
puters.
Co.
是 company 的缩写，表示“公司”，常有以下说法:
the Ford Motor Co.
James Smith ＆ Co.
James Smith and Co.
Seagram Co. ，Ltd.
Morris，Marshall，Faulkner ＆ Co. Co Co，Ltd
Co. ，LTD．
Co Ltd
Company Limited
limited company
limited-liability company
4． 注意下面的具体表达方法:
Fuji Co. ，Ltd
MITSUI ＆ Co. ，LTD
YAMAHA MOTOR Co. ，LTD
William R Storie ＆ Co Ltd
Bangkok Bank Public Company
Limited
Boldfield Limited Company
KASB Bank Limited
Tritech International Limited coach 注意以下短语中，coach 前没有冠词:
I went to New York by coach.
Only soft drinks are complimenta-
ry in coach.
I flew coach to New York.
I traveled by overnight coach. coal 1． 作“煤、煤块”解时是不可数名词，表示“多少煤”，可以说:
a piece of coal
a lump of coal
a sack of coal
5，000 tons of coal
2． 表示“燃烧的煤块”时，可作可数名词:
A coal fell from the stove and burnt the rug.
She stirred the coals with the pok-
er.
3． 注意以下表述:
carry / take coals to Newcastle 多此一举( 因为 Newcastle 盛产煤)
rake / haul sb over the coals 申斥
blow hot coals 暴怒
blow the coals 唆使
heap coals of fire on sb's head 使某人痛苦难忍 coalesce 后面常跟 into，with，around 等:
coalesce into a single area
coalesce with bias
coalesce around the candidate coaster 在美国英语中可作 a small vehicle
解。 coat 1． 可指男士制服中“上衣”的那一部分。
2． 常作女子的“大衣”解:
a woman wearing a fur coat
3． 也作“外套”解:
a scientist in a white coat
4． 表示“短上衣”时，美国人常用
jacket; 说“大衣”时，英美人也用
overcoat。 cocaine 有时也可叫作 coke。 cock 1． 作“公鸡”解，主要是英国用法，美国人常用 rooster。
2． 在美国英语中常作 penis 解，因此在与美国人交流时，应慎用。
code
“用密码写”可译成 write  in code，
注意 code 前没有冠词。 coed 1． 是美语，是 co-educational student
的省略，可以表示 open to or used
by both men and women:
a coed dormitory
2． 可作名词:
known as a “coed”
3． 近年来，美国人已不太使用 coed。 coffee 1． 是不可数名词:
a lot of coffee
Would you like some coffee?
2． black coffee 是“不加奶的咖啡”，
white coffee 是“加奶的咖啡”。
3． “一杯咖啡”常可说 a cup of cof-
fee，一般不说 a glass of coffee。
4． 可指“一份咖啡”，为可数名词:
Three coffees，please.
5． coffee break 主要是美国用语，指
“( 工作中间的) 休息”，不一定“喝咖啡”。 coffin 参见 casket。 cohort 在现代美国英语中，有 partner，com-
panion，colleague，follower 等意思，有贬义:
his widow and her cohorts
the café cohorts coin 注意下面短语中 coin 的意思:
toss a coin 抛硬币决定
flip a coin 抛硬币决定
pay sb in their own coin 以牙还牙
the other side of coin 事情的另一面
two sides of the same coin 同一事情的两个不同方面
coin money 发大财，暴富
to coin a phrase 常言道，俗话说
cold，chilly，frosty，freezing
这组词都可表示“冷的”。
1． cold 最为普通，有时仅表示“缺乏热量”:
The water is cold.
2． chilly 介于 cold 和 cool 之间，不是
“冷得受不了”，而是“冷得使人不舒服”，常用来修饰空气或天气:
a chilly wind
a chilly morning
3． frosty 是 very cold，常指“冷得空气清新，地面、树上结了霜”:
His breath turned to steam in the frosty air.
4． freezing 是 extremely cold，因而是本组词中语气最强的，指“冷得使水体都结了冰”:
Shut the window，it's freezing out
there!
5． 此外 cold 还可表示“感冒”，下面的说法都可以:
catch a cold
catch cold
have a cold
take a cold
get a cold
6． 用 cold 表示“重感冒”时，可以说:
have a bad cold
have a heavy cold
have a nasty cold
catch you death of cold collaborate ，cooperate
两词都可译成“合作”，但含义和用法有所不同。
1． collaborate 侧重表示在文学、艺术、科学方面“合作”:
The two authors collaborated in writing a history of China.
They collaborated on many folk musicals.
2． collaborate 也表示与敌人之间的
“勾结”:
He collaborated with the occup-
ying enemy during the war.
3． cooperate 指为了共同目的而相互支持、援助等，常表示生产劳动中的
“合作”:
All the people cooperated happily to get the work done.
4． collaborate together 中的 together
是多余的。 colleague 1． 除可指“在同一单位、办公室、组织工作的同事”外，还可泛指从事同一事业的人，即便是第一次见面，例如大学校长们在一起开会，相互称
dear colleagues。
2． 一般是高级职业( 医生、银行经理、律师等) 从业人员相互介绍时的称呼。
collect
collect call 是美国用法，英国人常用
reverse-charge call。
collection
collection company 是美国用法，指
“( 帮助别人) 讨债( 的) 公司”。
college，university，school，fac- college institute，college
institute 主要指 “研究所、研究机构”。在作 “大学”解时，含义与 col-
lege 接近，但何时用 institute，何时用 college，没有定论。指“专科型的学院”不少地方用 institute，“( 学院式的) 大学或小型的、以本科为主的学院”，似乎用 college 居多。另外，在
university 里的 “学院”多用 school
或 college。到底如何用，一般是约定俗成的:
Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology
Courtauld Institute of Art
The Liverpool Institute for Per-
forming Arts
Beloit College ( 美国一所以本科为主的小型学院)
Clifton College( 英国一所只有 600
多名学生的学院) color 1． 在一些短语中，color 前常不用冠词:
in color
change color
add color to
give color to
bring color to
lend color to
off color
a splash of color
Many leaves change color in au-
tumn.
The scar on his face lent color to his claim.
She seemed a little off color.
A pink scarf gave her outfit a splash of color.
2． 有时可用复数形式:
one's true colors
school colors
team colors
national colors
state colors
with flying colors
the high school colors
He returned home with flying col-
ors.
3． 下面两句意思相同:
His shirt is the same color as yours.
His shirt is of the same color as yours. colored 1． 一般指“彩色的”:
colored photos
colored glass
2． 形容人时，一般指“有色人种”，尤其是“黑人”，有贬义; 相比较而言，
black 稍好一些:
He was“colored”when he was a
kid，a Negro when he was 23，
and a black man ever since. combat 下面两句都可以说:
He was killed in combat.
He was killed in the combat. combine 1． 作动词用时，后面常跟介词 with:
combine his holiday with a visit to
his relatives
2． 可作 joint 解:
the combined effort by residents
and the police come 应注意以下几点。
1． 后面常跟以下一些词搭配:
come across
come along
come down
come into
come with
come before
come after
come here
come home
come nearer
come downstairs
come running
come flying
come rushing
come crashing
come by train
come by car
come by airplane
come to a conclusion
come to a decision
come to view
come to an end
come to a stop
come to a halt
come to a standstill
come to power
come to prominence
come as a shock
come as a surprise
come as a relief
come as a disappointment
come as reminder
come first
come second
come third
2． “我会去看你的。”常用 I'll come to see you. 表示。
3． 同样是 come from，但含义不同:
My parents came from Shanghai.
我父母生于上海。
My wife comes from a poor fami-
ly. 我妻子来自贫困家庭。
Where do you come from? 你是什么地方的人?
Where have you come from? 你刚从什么地方来?
4． Spring is come. 中的 come 是过去分词作表语用，相当于 Spring is here.
5． 可表示 reach the greatest sexual
excitement，是粗俗语。 comedy 可作可数名词或不可数名词。
1． 不可数:
The channel will bring you the best in music and comedy.
2． 可数:
a fast-moving comedy
English comedies comic ，comical
1． comic 比 comical 普通常用。
2． comic 可形容任何“滑稽的”事情。
comical 一般形容“意外、奇怪、荒谬或令人吃惊的滑稽”; comic 是
all-purpose，comical 不含此义:
a comic actress
a comic writer
a comical tiny hat
a comical look of surprised seri-
ousness
He looked comically astonished.
3． comic 强调“经过思考后感到滑稽”; comical 强调的“滑稽”是“即时、放纵的”:
He is dealing with a comic per-
spective.
The police looked comical without arresting anybody.
4． 可以说:
comic opera
comic strip
5． 注意，一般不说 comical opera，
comical strip。 coming 1． 可以说:
in the coming year
in the coming weeks
in the coming elections
with the coming of the summer
during the coming months
with all the comings and goings
2． 下面的例子都对:
the coming Sunday
This coming Sunday is her birth-
day. command 1． 下面的短语中，command 前没有冠词:
He is in command of the military.
但是注意下面的句子:
The military is in the command of the general.
The guest team soon took com-
mand of the football game.
He is a man in command of him-
self.
2． 一般指 official，尤其是 military 的
“命令”，父母、教师的“命令”一般不要用 command:
The general commanded his men to seize the town. commence ，begin
1． commence 比 begin 正式，侧重表示“开始”诉讼程序、宗教或其他仪式、军事行动等:
The lawyers are preparing for the trial， which commences in a week.
Divine service commences promptly at ten.
Shall we commence the ceremo-
ny?
2． commence 不应用于一般场合，如不应说 Commence to have your
lunch，应该用 begin to eat  来表示。
3． commence 有时也用于某些诙谐的场合:
We commence to drink our beer.
4． 在美语中，“( 大学及高中的) 毕业典礼”用 commencement，意味着人生的新起点:
Thousands of people jammed into
Harvard Yard on Commencement morning.
5． begin 比较常用，几乎可指各种情况下的“开始”。 commencement 参见 commence。 comment 1． 后面常跟介词 on，upon，about
等:
welcome your comments on our
work
make comments about the presi-
dential candidates
2． 可作不可数名词，尤其用在电视、电台、报纸等方面:
a page of news and comment commerce ，trade
两词都有“商务、贸易”的含义。
1． 两词一般指“异地大笔商务贸易”，常可替换使用，commerce 比
trade 常用:
interstate commerce / trade
2． 但是 commerce 侧重用在“各国之间( 或州与省之间) 的贸易、跨海洋的贸易”方面，还涉及钱款、账单等的交换:
international commerce
ships engaged in commerce
3． trade 除可用在国际贸易方面外，说到国内贸易或具体商品交易时，较多使用它:
He works in the cotton trade.
4． trade 可作动词或名词，commerce
一般只作名词:
built up its wealth by trading with
other countries
5． 表示“商标、商品名称”用 trade-
mark，trade name，一般不用 com-
merce mark。 commission commission，committee
1． commission 里的“委员”是“上级任命的 ( appointed )”; committee
里的“委员”一般是“从许多人中选出来的”。
1) 上级任命的:
The government has set up a
commission to suggest improve-
ments in the educational system.
2) 许多人选出来的:
He was elected to the Party's
Central Committee.
2． “中共中央军事委员会”应该译作:
the Military Commission of the
Central Committee of the Commu-
nist Party of China committee commission，committee
1． commission 里的“委员”是“上级任命的 ( appointed )”; committee
里的“委员”一般是“从许多人中选出来的”。
1) 上级任命的:
The government has set up a
commission to suggest improve-
ments in the educational system.
2) 许多人选出来的:
He was elected to the Party's
Central Committee.
2． “中共中央军事委员会”应该译作:
the Military Commission of the
Central Committee of the Commu-
nist Party of China common ，ordinary
1． common 在形容人的举止等时，可表示“粗俗的”，ordinary 不含这层意思:
She didn't even have the common courtesy. 她连通常的礼节都不顾。
He spoke with a common accent.
他说话粗声粗气。
2． common 强调出现的次数、频率、范围的广泛等:
common mistakes
a common occurrence
3． common 强调“共有的”，ordinary
没有这层意思:
the Common Market
the common room
the common ground
4． 注意 common 的一些搭配:
common sense
common knowledge
common law
common noun
common saying
5． ordinary 侧重“按常规的、合乎常规的、普通的”:
An ordinary workday is eight hours.
an ordinary degree
6． ordinary 也侧重“平凡、普通得令人感到乏味”:
a very ordinary meal
ordinary clothes commonwealth 1． 除可指“英联邦”外，还可指美国的 Kentucky，Massachusetts，
Pennsylvania，Virginia 等州:
the Commonwealth of Virginia
2． 注意，Commonwealth 中的首字母是大写的。 communicate 1． 后面常跟介词 with，to，via，by
等:
We communicate with each other via email.
Can you communicate to him that
I'm not interested?
The two rooms communicate via a hidden passage.
Bats communicate by making high-pitched noises.
2． 常用 communicate sth to sb 的句型:
The guide communicated his in-
struction to the team by radio. community 1． 可以表示大到“国际社会”，小到
“居住小区”:
the black community in New York
a closely-knit community of sever-
al hundred people
the international community
a community of monks
the academic community
rural communities
2． 前面加定冠词，可泛指“社会”:
He was released from the jail and returned to the community. 他从监狱获释并回到了社会。
3． community college 是美国用法，一般指“( 两年制的) 社区大学”，其部分经费由政府支付。 company 1． 名词 company 作“陪伴、交往、客人”解时，前面常可不用冠词:
He got into bad company.
He is not coming — he has com-
pany.
I take my daughter for company.
I'm expecting company.
It's impolite to whisper in company.
I'll keep you company.
in company with
join company with
keep company with sb
part company
in good company
fall into company with
find sb poor company
keep to one's own company
see a great deal of company
2． and Company 作“公司、商号”的名称时，前面可以有不止一个姓:
Robinson and Company 鲁宾逊公司 ( 注意 Company 中的首字母大写)
Johnson，Jones ＆ Company
3． company car 主要是美国用法，指
“( 雇主在职工为其工作期间提供的私用) 公司车”:
The Chancellor put together a
package of reforms designed to
make driving a company car alto-
gether more taxing.
compare to，compare with
1． 表示“把 …… 比作 ……”，强调两者相似时，常用 compare to:
She compared him to a summer's day.
He compared Dick to a devil.
2． 表示“进行比较以发现差异之处”时，常用 compare with:
I compared the copy with the orig-
inal，and there wasn't much differ-
ence.
3． 两词组有时可换用，含义相似:
New York is large，compared to /
with Chicago. company firm，company
两词都可译成“公司”，但 firm 强调
“做生意”，而 company 强调“合伙”。 comparison 后面常跟 with，to，of，between 等:
in comparison with the work she is
doing
the comparison of the heart to a
pump
comparison between the two lan-
guages
a systematic comparison of the
teaching methods used by the dif-
ferent teachers compass 1． 复数形式 compasses 是“圆规”的意思。
2． “一副圆规”可用 a pair of com-
passes 来表示。
3． 有时，“圆规”用 compass，com-
passes 表示都可以，后面用单数或复数动词:
A compass or compasses is a hinged V-shaped instrument that you use for drawing circles，etc. ． compensate 作“赔偿”解，可以有以下表达法:
The company compensated its workers. ( compensate sb)
The company will compensate the worker for the losses. ( compen-
sate sb for sth)
The workers are unlikely to be compensated by the company.
( be compensated by)
Nothing can compensate for the death of the worker. ( compen-
sate for sth) compete 后面常跟 in，with，against，for 等:
compete in the national games
compete with a rival company
compete against the best sports-
men in the world
compete for the contract
compete to get the contract competent 注意与其他词的搭配:
He is competent at his work. ( be
competent at sth)
He is competent to run the depart-
ment. ( be competent to do sth) competition 1． 作具体的“比赛、竞赛”解，常作可数名词:
beauty competitions
a competition to find a name for
the school
2． 作抽象的“竞争”解，常作不可数名词:
Competition has intensified re-
cently. compile 注意以下用法:
compile a report ( compile sth)
compile statistics for a report
( compile sth for sth)
The dictionary was compiled by
Dr. Smith. ( be compiled by sb)
It was compiled from statistics published by the city government.
( be compiled from sth)
Bibliographies are compiled in many different forms. ( be com-
piled in sth) complacent complacent，self-satisfied
1． complacent 一词所指的“自满”强调“自满得没有道理”，强调“自满的东西也许是不真实的”:
We cannot afford to be compla-
cent about the energy problem.
2． self-satisfied 强调“自鸣得意，使他人感到讨厌”:
a smug self-satisfied smirk
complain about，complain of
1． complain about 主要指“因不满意某件事而抱怨”:
She complained about the noise.
2． complain of 比较正式，主要指“诉说自己的痛苦、疾病、不幸”等:
He had complained of being robbed and beaten by some bad guys.
He complained of difficulty in breathing. complex ，complicated
1． 两词的含义十分接近，很难划出一条明显的界线。不过，complex 比
complicated 正式，两词有时可以换用:
It is a complex / complicated problem.
2． 口语中似乎用 complicated 的频率高:
Oh， it's too complicated to ex-
plain.
3． 英语中的“复合句”用 complex
sentence，不用 complicated。
complexion，appearance，look
1． complexion 主要指“面部皮肤的天然颜色”:
pale complexion
dark complexion
smooth complexion
fair complexion
healthy complexion
2． appearance 除可以指“肤色”以外，还可以指人的整个“外貌、外表、外观”以及其他事物的“外表”等:
Her skin had an unhealthy ap-
pearance.
to improve the appearance of the
city
3． look 常指“面部表情、眼神”:
I could tell by the look on his face that he was not happy.
4． look 也可指总体的“外表”，但比
appearance 口语化:
She has the look of a winner. 他看起来像个赢家。 complicated 参见 complex。
composition，article，essay， comprise 1． 在主动语态和被动语态中都可以用:
The council comprises 102 mem-
bers.
The course is comprised of three essays.
2． 有人认为，A chess set is com-
prised of 32 chessmen. 这样的句子用法不对，但有时也有这样用的。
compulsory，mandatory，oblig-
atory
3 词都可表示“强制的”。
1． compulsory 与 mandatory 含义接近，都强调用法律、命令等“强制”;
两词经常可以换用:
compulsory / mandatory budget
cuts
Tuition is compulsory / mandatory for all students.
2． 组合词中似乎用 compulsory 多一些:
compulsory course
compulsory subject
compulsory education
3． obligatory 侧重强调“受到道德、良心、义务等迫使的”，不是“上级命令的”:
Paying taxes is obligatory. computer 1． 下面例子中，computer 前没有冠词，常用介词 on 或 by:
Hotel reservations are all done on computer.
The accounts are processed by computer.
2． 当特指某一台“电脑”时，comput-
er 前可以用冠词:
Is the new information available
on the computer? comrade 1． 在现代英语中常与共产党、社会主义等概念联系在一起:
Comrade Ivanov
2． comrade 也常指“战友”。
con artist，con man
二者含义相同，指“( 骗钱的) 骗子”。 conceal 常用以下搭配:
conceal the photo in the crack of
the wall
conceal evidence from the police
tried to conceal how he felt
conceal the microphones inside
the window
They appeared to conceal them-
selves. conceal conceal，hide
1． conceal 比 hide 正式，常含有“故意隐藏”的意思:
She concealed her feelings from her husband.
2． hide 比 conceal 普通常用、使用域广，可以指“有意或无意隐藏”:
The boy hid the broken glass in the corner. ( 有意地隐藏)
Where's that magazine hiding?
( 无意地隐藏)
3． 在实际使用中，两词有时可以换用:
Trees concealed / hid the en-
trance of the villa. conceive 1． 表示“构想、设想”等时，常不用进行时:
I can't conceive why you did that.
( 可以说)
I am not conceiving why you did that. ( 不可以说)
2． 常用被动语态:
The three processes must be con-
ceived as an interrelated whole.
3． conceive of 常用在疑问句或否定句中。
It's difficult to conceive of living without a television. ( 否定句)
How can they even conceive of
cutting down the trees in the park?
( 疑问句)
4． conceive 和 conceive of 有时意思相同:
We can conceive ( of) the third di-
mension as a right angle to a flat two-dimensional surface. concentrate 常用以下句型:
I couldn't concentrate. ( 作不及物动词用)
I couldn't concentrate my mind.
( concentrate one's mind)
I couldn't concentrate on my read-
ing. ( concentrate on sth)
I couldn't concentrate my attention on my reading. ( concentrate
one's attention on sth) concept 1． 原先是哲学用词，在现代英语中已被广泛使用在各个方面:
market a concept
expand the concept of conserva-
tion
a new concept in English lan-
guage teaching
a discount airline concept
understand the concept of sharing
2． 常用以下句型:
He has grasped the basic concept of mathematics. ( grasp the basic
concept of sth)
I have no concept of what it is like to live in a tropic country. ( have a
concept of)
I will be familiar with the concept
that everyone should have an e-
qual chance. ( be familiar with the
concept that) concern 1． as far asis concerned 与 so far
asis concerned 含义相同。
2． 注意: as far asconcerned 与 so
far as concerned 后面引导的句子中的主语不同:
As far as Dr. Smith was con-
cerned ( 跟人名)
As far as nature is concerned，
( 跟抽象名词)
So far as food supply is con-
cerned ( 跟具体名词)
3． to whom it may concern 常被用在正式信件的开头，作“敬启者”解，语气较严肃。
4． 当 concern 的意思是 interest，in-
volvement 时，它后面的介词常是
with 或 in:
He has a concern in the busi-
ness.
Her concern with bringing new
rhythms into modern Chinese po-
etry.
5． 表示 an uneasy state 时后面常跟介词 over，for，about，with 等:
my concern over issues of poverty
my concern for the safety of
students
my concern about the acid rain
my concern with the quality of
drinking water
6． be concerned 常表示 worry，anx-
iety，后面常跟 about，for，也跟
over，at，by 等:
He was concerned about his daughter.
He was concerned for the safety of his daughter.
He is concerned over the reading program.
John is concerned at the issue.
Johnson is concerned by his pres-
ence.
7． be concerned 后面跟 in 常包含
“参与的、有牵连的”等:
Everyone who was concerned in the affair regrets it very much.
Was he really concerned in the
theft?
8． concerned 有时混合了 worry 和
interest 的含义:
He is not very interested in the
program，but he is concerned a-
bout the result of the experiment.
9． concerned 常用在名词后面，作
“有关的”解:
I suggest you have a quick word with the person concerned.
It was a difficult time for all con-
cerned.
Please contact the department concerned.
10． concerned 前面加不加冠词意思一样:
I would like to thank all ( the) peo-
ple concerned.
11． where sth is concerned 与 as far
as sth is concerned 的含义相同:
As far as / Where grammar is concerned， he's never been a good student. concerning 1． 作介词时，一般不直接用在动词后面，如一般不说 It is concerning politics.
2． 常跟在名词 allegation，article，in-
formation， question， discussion，
advice 等后面:
hear any information concerning
her whereabouts
an article concerning racial dis-
crimination concert 注意下面例子中，concert 前没有冠词:
They've decided to act in concert over the issue.
It is a plan devised in concert with local businesses. concession 1． 可以指“大企业所拥有的大楼里开设的小商店、小企业”等，可以译成
“租地商铺”，主要是美国用法:
a hot-dog concession at the Yan-
kee Stadium
2． 作复数用时，可指 “( 租地商铺出售的) 商品”，主要是美国用法:
They tried to get more customers through the ticket lines in time to buy concessions before movie. conclusion 1． 注意与一些动词的搭配:
reach a conclusion
draw a conclusion
come to a conclusion
bring sth to a conclusion
jump to the conclusion that
lead to the conclusion that
2． 下面几种说法都可以:
jump to a conclusion
jump to the conclusion
jump to conclusions
in conclusion to the chapter
in conclusion of the chapter concord 常作不可数名词，注意以下搭配:
We shall all live in peace and con-
cord.
We should live in concord with our neighbors.
concur
concur 后面常跟 with，in，on，to 等:
I strongly concur with the recom-
mendations.
concurred in by all members of the committee.
We all concurred on the argu-
ment.
The council concurred to bring the new employees in. condense 常用以下搭配:
condense the year-long training
course into one month
It is condensed from a long fic-
tion.
Light is condensed by means of lenses. condition 1． 泛指“状况”时，condition 前常不用冠词:
in good condition
in bad condition
in terrible condition
2． 指具体“状况”时，condition 前常用冠词:
in a serious condition
in a critical condition
3． in an interesting condition 多指
“怀孕”:
Is she in an interesting condition
yet?
Ladies in interesting conditions
are apt to
4． 指不明的具体疾病时，可用 condi-
tion 指身体某部分“状况”不好:
a painful chest condition
A few physical conditions can cause impotency.
5． 注意下面的例子中用复数 condi-
tions:
There is a change in economic conditions.
The job was done under difficult conditions.
under appalling conditions
create the conditions for
provide better living conditions for
provide better working conditions
for
in windy conditions
in wet conditions
under existing conditions
lay down conditions
6． 下面的句子意思相同:
I can go out on ( the ) condition that she ( should) stay at home.
I can go out on ( the ) condition that she stays at home. conditions conditions，situation
1． 两词有时可以换用:
He is studying the financial condi-
tions / situation in the city.
2． conditions 常指 “( 影响日常生活、工作的) 状况 ( 如住房、食品)”等;
situation 常指 “( 较宽泛的、具有普遍意义事情的) 状况 ( 如国家的形势、政府的计划)”等:
He is trying to improve the poor working conditions in the factory.
( “工厂的状况”，比较具体)
He is very concerned about the current situation along the border.
( “边境的形势”，比较宽泛和严重) condolence 1． 常用复数形式:
Please accept my condolences on your mother's death.
2． 表示“吊唁”时，常有以下用法:
Our condolences and thoughts are with you all.
My condolences and deepest sympathies to your family and to all of you at Fudan University.
Please convey my condolences to
your colleagues at Fudan Univer-
sity.
I offer you my most heartfelt con-
dolences.
We offer our condolences to you on your tragic loss.
3． 表示“唁电”时，condolence 常用单数，前面不用冠词:
a letter of condolence
a message of condolence
a book of condolence
condominium，flat，apartment， conduct 作“行为”解时，常作不可数名词:
He was ejected for unsportsman-
like conduct.
He was accused of unprofessional conduct.
He was released from the jail ear-
lier because of good conduct. confer 1． 作“商议”解，后面常用 with:
He is conferring with his advisers.
2． 作“授予”解，后面跟 on 或 upon，
不跟 to:
The university conferred an honor-
ary doctorate on / upon him. conference 1． in conference 的意思是 having a
( business ) meeting，conference
前一般不用冠词:
I'm afraid you can't see him now:
he's in conference.
2． 前面常用下列动词:
attend a conference
address a conference
convene a conference
go to a conference
hold a conference
host a conference
organize a conference
open a conference
select a conference
put a value to a conference
add a conference
present a conference
apply to a conference
set up a conference
schedule a conference
have a conference
prepare for a conference
conference，assembly，congress， confess 后面常用以下句型:
She has confessed her crime.
( confess sth)
She has confessed to the murder.
( confess to 后面常接不利于主语的名词，如 sin，guilt 等)
She has confessed to the police.
( confess to sb)
She has confessed to the police that she took the money. ( con-
fess to sb that)
She has confessed to taking the money. ( confess to doing sth)
She confessed that she'd stolen the car. ( confess that) confide 注意下列搭配:
She confided her concern doubts to me. ( confide sth to sb)
You can always confide in me.
( confide in sb)
She could confide to him her alarm. ( confide to sb sth)
She confided to me that she had spent a year in jail. ( confide to sb
that)
She confided that she had spent a year in jail. ( confide that) confident 后面可跟介词 about，in，on，of，at
等:
I feel confident about the inter-
view.
I am confident in my ability to do it well.
I am confident on that point.
He is confident of a bright future.
Few would be confident at assig-
ning David a place in history. confine 后面常跟介词 to:
He confined himself to the topic.
Poor health kept him confined to his flat.
He was confined to bed for a month. conform 后面一般接介词 to 或 with:
conform to rules
conform to Chinese ways
conform with American standards confront 后面常用介词 with 或 by:
confront him with hard evidence
He was confronted with hard evi-
dence.
Confronted by armed terrorists，
the police retreated. congratulate 主要用在以下句型中:
congratulate the newlyweds ( con-
gratulate sb)
congratulate him on his promotion
( congratulate sb on sth)
He congratulated himself on his promotion. ( congratulate oneself
on sth)
He is to be congratulated for his job well done. ( to be congratula-
ted for sth) congratulation 1． 常用复数形式:
Please give her my congratula-
tions.
2． 常用省略形式来表示:
Congratulations!
Congratulations on your promo-
tion!
3． “贺信”可用 a letter of congratula-
tion 表示。 congratulation 是单数形式，前面没有冠词。
4． 后面常用介词 on:
Congratulations on passing your exam. congress 参见 conference。 congressperson congressperson，congresswoman
两词已很常用，尤指美国众议院( 女)
议员。 congresswoman congressperson，congresswoman
两词已很常用，尤指美国众议院( 女)
议员。 conjugal 1． 指“与婚姻有关的”，是正式用词:
conjugal right
conjugal bed
2． conjugal visit 指“探监”，犯人可与妻子或丈夫在单间会面，甚至可以发生性关系。 conjure 主要有以下搭配:
conjure some sweets out of the
hat
conjure up a meal in a few mi-
nutes
conjure the pain away
conjure a good meal from the left-
overs connect 主要有以下搭配:
This cable connects to that TV．
This road connects Shanghai and
Nanjing.
It connects us with the world.
The operator connected him to the police station.
They are connected by marriage.
Connect the hotplate up with the electricity supply. connection 作复时可指“社会关系、熟人”，常有贬义:
He got his job because of his father's connections.
He used his party connections to get a job. conscience 注意下列短语中，conscience 前不用冠词:
a matter of conscience
a position of conscience
a vote of conscience
a prisoner of conscience
in good conscience
in all conscience conscious 1． 常用在以下句型中:
He is conscious of being watched.
The captain was conscious that some of his men did not wish to fight.
I'm making a conscious effort to be careful.
Are you conscious ( of) how peo-
ple fall in love with each other?
2． 可作构词成分-conscious:
health-conscious people
fashion-conscious teenagers
the energy-conscious world
a status-conscious official
a bargain-conscious shopper
money-conscious housewives
media-conscious politicians
class-conscious revolutionaries
clothes-conscious ladies consensus 1． 一般用单数形式，与其搭配的动词也用单数形式:
There is a consensus in the town on this issue.
The general consensus is that you an I should stop the project.
2． 下面几个句子都可以说:
They have reached a consensus.
They have reached consensus.
They haven't reached any sort of consensus.
3． by consensus 中的 consensus 前不用冠词:
The decision was made by con-
sensus. consent 1． 作动词时，后面常跟介词 to:
She consented to the marriage.
He consented to the treatment.
2． 作动词时，后面还可跟动词不定式:
He consented to answer the ques-
tion.
3． sex between consenting adults 可指“成人之间的通奸”。
4． 作名词时，常为不可数。下面的短语中，consent 前没有冠词:
by mutual consent
by common consent
by general consent
give consent to
withhold consent
age of consent
a basis for consent between them consequence 1． 在下面短语中，常用复数形式 con-
sequences:
have disastrous consequences for
have dire consequences for
take the consequences of one's
actions
suffer the consequences of one's
actions
bear the consequences of one's
actions
consider the economic conse-
quences
consider social consequences
consider health consequences
accept the consequences
face the consequences
2． 下面短语中的 consequence 是单数形式，前面没有冠词:
in consequence of
of no consequence
of little consequence
consequential
a consequential man 是“一个傲慢的人”，不是“一个重要人物”。 consider 1． 可用于句型 consider doing sth
中:
He's considering changing his job. ( 一般不说: He's considering to change his job. )
2． 下面的句子都可以:
We considered him a hero. ( con-
sider sb sth)
We considered him to be a hero.
( consider sb to be sth)
We consider it a great honor to be invited to attend the banquet.
( consider it an honor to do sth)
We consider ourselves greatly hon-
ored to be invited to attend the banquet. ( consider oneself hono-
red to do sth)
I consider her suitable for the job.
( consider sb suitable for sth)
I consider her to be suitable for the job. ( consider sb to be suit-
able for sth)
3． Consider it done! 在口语中的意思是“我愿效劳!”
4． all things considered 常用作固定词组，意思是“考虑所有因素之后”:
She has done a good job， all things considered. 综合起来考虑，她工作干得还是不错的。 considerate 是褒义词，常用下列句型:
She is considerate person. ( 作前置定语)
She is considerate towards oth-
ers. ( be considerate towards sb)
It is considerate of her to invite us. ( It is considerate of sb to do
sth) considering 1． 可作介词用:
Considering the lack of funds，the project was a success.
2． 在口语中，可作副词:
She sings very well，considering.
3． 用在 how，what，that 等词前面，组成连接词:
She did very well in her exams considering how little she had studied. constant 注意 constant 的常用搭配:
a constant flow of traffic
drive at a constant speed
keep the temperature constant
constant maintenance
under constant attack
a constant source of concern
constant supervision
a constant friend
constant noise
constant chattering
constant complaints
constant interruptions
in constant use
constant pressure
constant companion
constant supporter
in constant pain
at an constant level
make constant efforts
the strain of constant traveling
a constant war construction 1． 泛指“建筑”时，常用作不可数名词，注意下面例子中 construction
前没有冠词:
The dorm is still under construc-
tion.
He works in construction.
The wall is of solid construction.
2． 指具体的“建筑物”或语法“结构”时，是可数名词。
1) 单数:
a fantastic modern construction
a complex construction of wood
and glass
a brick construction
a round-shaped construction
2) 复数:
the meanings of words and exam-
ples of constructions
consulate，consul，consular
1． consulate 一般指某国派驻异国某城市的“领事馆”，在首都的类似机关叫 embassy; “总领馆”习惯用
Consulate General，一般不用
General Consulate:
U． S． Consulate General in Shang-
hai
2． “领事”是 consul
; “总领事”是
Consul General，不是 General
Consul
; “某某总领事”前不加冠词:
Consul General Levine
3． 但是，“某国总领事某某先生”前可用冠词:
the Consul General of the United
States of America，Henry Levine
4． consular 是形容词:
the consular office of the embassy
5． Consulate General 也可写成
Consulate-General
，“某国的总领馆”前可以加定冠词:
the British Consulate-General consult 1． 常用以下句型:
Have you consulted your doctor?
( consult sb)
She has consulted her lawyer a-
bout the case. ( consult sb about
sth)
She must consult with her lawyer first. ( consult with sb)
2． “在词典里查某个词 ( look up the
word in the dictionary)”是 consult
the dictionary。
3． “查阅”其他东西，如地图、文件、目录单等，也可用 consult:
Consult the train schedule to see when the first train starts.
He consulted the papers on the desk.
4． “看手表”也可用 consult:
He consulted his watch and stood up to go.
5． 医生的“会诊室”是 consulting
room，不是 consult room。 consumption 1． 吃、喝、抽烟等，只要是 use up，都可用 consumption:
daily consumption of meat， fruit
and vegetables in the city 城里每天肉类、水果和蔬菜的消耗
2． 能源等的“消耗”也可用 consump-
tion:
the country's total energy con-
sumption
a much lower fuel consumption
3． 多数情况下作不可数名词:
The fruit was declared unfit for hu-
man consumption. contact 1． 作名词时，常有以下搭配，contact
前都没有冠词:
They are now in contact with each other.
The rear wheels lost contact with the road.
There has been no direct contact between the two sides.
Do you still keep ( stay ) in con-
tact?
His hand came into contact with the ceiling.
He put me in contact with a good
English teacher.
He made contact with her by email.
The research brought us into close contact.
It burns on contact with oil.
2． 作动词时，应注意以下几点。
1) 用电话“联系”，后面可用 by:
Contact me by telephone.
2) 用某某号电话“联系”，后面要用
at:
Contact me at 65651234．
3) 始终作及物动词用:
Where can I contact you next
week?
3． contact lens 是“隐形眼镜”，也可拼写成 contact lenses。
4． 构成不少新词组:
contact group 联络小组
contact language 混杂语
contact sport 接触式运动
contact visit 接触式探监
contagious，infectious，commu-
nicable
3 词都可表示“传染的”。
1． contagious 尤指“与患者或患病动物直接接触或与患者、患病动物的分泌物或与他 ( 它) 们接触过的东西接触后传染的”:
Scarlet fever is highly contagious.
2． infectious 指“细菌等从外部侵入体内并繁殖、破坏组织的传染”:
Colds are infectious.
3． communicable 强调“传染的中间媒体”，如昆虫对疾病的传播:
Malaria and yellow fever are ex-
amples of communicable disea-
ses.
4． 3 词都有引申义:
contagious enthusiasm
infectious laughter
communicable thoughts
5． 所有的 contagious diseases 都是
infectious，而不是所有的 infec-
tious diseases 都是 contagious。
6． contagious 强调“传染的速度”;
infectious 强调“传染的不可抗拒”。
7． 用作喻义时，contagious 可修饰好事或不好的事; infectious 总是修饰好事:
contagious heresy( 不好的事)
contagious disturbed behavior ( 不好的事)
contagious excitement ( 好事)
contagious good humor( 好事)
infectious lyricism ( 好事)
infectious elegance( 好事)
infectious grin( 好事)
infectious vitality( 好事) contemplate 主要用在以下句型中:
He is contemplating a visit to Chi-
na. ( contemplate sth)
The inhabitants of this planet must contemplate that it may no longer be habitable. ( contemplate that)
The university has contemplated reforming the testing system.
( contemplate doing sth)
The city government has refused to contemplate change. ( contem-
plate change)
He contemplated what the future would be like without his wife.
( contemplate what ) contemptible 参见 contemptuous。 contemptible contemptuous，contemptible
1． contemptuous 的意思是“表示轻视的( showing contempt)”:
give a contemptuous laugh
a contemptuous gesture
2． contemptuous 后面可接 of:
He has been always contemptu-
ous of authority.
3． 在现代英语中，contemptible 主要指“可轻视的 ( deserving to be
treated with contempt)”:
a contemptible little man
a contemptible liar contemptuous contemptuous，contemptible
1． contemptuous 的意思是“表示轻视的( showing contempt)”:
give a contemptuous laugh
a contemptuous gesture
2． contemptuous 后面可接 of:
He has been always contemptu-
ous of authority.
3． 在现代英语中，contemptible 主要指“可轻视的 ( deserving to be
treated with contempt)”:
a contemptible little man
a contemptible liar contend 主要用于以下句型:
They are contending for the first prize. ( contend for)
He contended against the opposi-
tion. ( contend against)
He contended that taxes were too high. ( contend that )
He has lots of problems to con-
tend with. ( contend with)
He had to contend with deep-root-
ed prejudice. ( contend with sth) content 1． 作名词用时，复数 contents( 内容)
常指“盒子、瓶子、房子、屋子、书本、杂志、信、文件等里边( 里头) 的东西”:
The entire contents of the villa were put up for sale.
I opened the letter and read its contents.
She knew the contents of the note.
He drank up the contents of his glass.
2． 单数 content 可泛指 “( 作品、电视、电台、音乐、电脑网站的 ) 思想内容、主题”等，这时，常作不可数名词:
I like the style of his writing，not its content.
Her novels are all form and no content.
The show's content is not good for kids.
3． 物质的“内容”用单数 content:
food with a high fat content content ，contented
两词都可以译成“满意的、满足的”等。
1． content 一般只作表语用:
She is content to live quietly by herself.
Are you content with your present
salary?
He seems content to live by him-
self.
2． contented 常用作前置定语，修饰名词:
a contented smile
a contented family
Continent
the Continent 中首字母大写，前面加定冠词，这时，要注意以下两点:
1． 英国人说 the Continent 指“英国、爱尔兰以外的欧洲大陆，尤其是法国、西班牙等西欧国家”。
2． 美国人说 I'm going to Europe. 这里的 Europe 包括欧洲大陆和英国
( the Continent and Britain) 。
3． 美国人说 the Continent ( 或 the
continent) 常指北美洲。 contest 这组词都有“比赛”的含义。
1． tournament 常指“一系列的体育联赛”:
The first match of the tournament played poorly.
For the last game of the tourna-
ment，the Bears faced the hosting
Marist team.
2． match 和 game 都可以指“一系列比赛中的一场比赛”，但美国人说
game 多一些，英国人说 match 多一些:
The last match was between India and Hong Kong.
The second game of the tourna-
ment for the Wolves was played
against Grand Valley State Uni-
versity.
3． 不少大型的全国性或国际性体育比赛可以用复数 games 来表示，不用 matches:
The Olympic games as we know them are an international sports festival.
The closing ceremony of the 14th
Asian Games was held in Pusan
Asiad Main Stadium.
4． contest 主要指“各种技艺的竞技比赛”，不一定是体育比赛:
a speech contest
a writing contest
a beauty contest
a contest between two top tennis
players
a poetry contest
a digital photo contest
a bridge design contest
an essay contest
an annual screenplay contest continual continual，continuous
两词都可表示“连续的、持续的”。
1． continual 形容敲打声时，指“一下又一下”，两下的间隔时间似乎长一些:
continual dropping of water ( 滴水有间隔)
2． continuous 一词强调“连续不断”:
a continuous rain for a day ( 不间断的雨)
a continuous supply of blood to
the brain ( 对大脑的供血不能间断)
3． 英语语法中的“进行时”用 contin-
uous tense，不可将 continuous 改成 continual。
4． 在数学、建筑、制造、生物等科技方面常用 continuous:
continuous hum of the air condi-
tioner
continuous recording device
continuous beam continue 1． 常用于以下句型:
She continued typing while she spoke. ( continue doing sth)
She continued to type after having a cup of tea. ( continue to do sth)
The rain continued for a week.
How long can the workers contin-
ue with their strike? ( continue
with)
The story will be continued tomor-
row. ( be continued)
He continued along / down the road. ( continue along / continue
down)
The construction workers are con-
tinuing the new highway. ( contin-
ue sth)
He is to continue as dean. ( con-
tinue as)
They continued on toward Paris.
( continue on)
2． 后面可直接跟形容词，下面两个句子意思相同:
He continued to be faithful to his wife.
He continued faithful to his wife.
( 省略 to be)
3． 注意 continue 一词后面所跟的名词:
continue the story
continue the studies
continue the research
continue the speech
continue the article
continue the journey
continue the trip
continue the voyage
4． to be continued ( 待续) 可作为固定词组，常用在讲长篇故事、播连续剧等方面。 continuous continual，continuous
两词都可表示“连续的、持续的”。
1． continual 形容敲打声时，指“一下又一下”，两下的间隔时间似乎长一些:
continual dropping of water ( 滴水有间隔)
2． continuous 一词强调“连续不断”:
a continuous rain for a day ( 不间断的雨)
a continuous supply of blood to
the brain ( 对大脑的供血不能间断)
3． 英语语法中的“进行时”用 contin-
uous tense，不可将 continuous 改成 continual。
4． 在数学、建筑、制造、生物等科技方面常用 continuous:
continuous hum of the air condi-
tioner
continuous recording device
continuous beam contract lease， contract，treaty，agreement 这组词都有“合约”的含义。
1． lease 侧重指 “租用房屋、土地、设备等的租约”:
obtain a lease on large piece of land || take a lease on an apartment
2． contract 除可指两人之间的 “契约”外，还可以指团体、商务、生意、买卖、交易等方面的“合同”:
a contract of employment || a contract for construction of a bridge
3． treaty 主要指 “( 国家之间签订的) 条约”:
a trade treaty with Australia || A number of countries have entered into the treaty.
4． agreement 在这组词中最普通，可用于各种 “协约”，个人、团体、国家、口头、书面的“协议”都可以:
The three countries signed an agreement in 2000． || The two men had not reached an agreement yet. contrast 下面的短语中，contrast 前没有冠词:
in contrast to her predecessor ( in
contrast to sb)
in contrast with their system ( in
contrast with sth)
by contrast with their system ( by
contrast with sth) 不如上一句常用 contribute 1． 注意 contribute 的用法:
It has contributed to our under-
standing of the situation. ( contrib-
ute to sth)
He has contributed some articles to the magazine. ( contribute sth
to sth)
2． 下面的两种说法都可以:
contribute some money to helping
the victims
contribute some money to help
the victims contrive 1． 有“使用巧妙或者不诚实的手段办成某件事”的含义:
She contrived a beautiful dress from an old piece of material.
2． 还有“克服种种困难后做成某事”的含义:
They contrived to have an enjoy-
able vacation in spite of the rain.
3． 主要强调 make sth happen or succeed in doing sth。 因而，She contrived to do it，but failed. 这种说法不妥。
4． 常用于以下句型:
He can plan，contrive and see a-
head.
We would have to contrive a meeting.
They contrived to make them-
selves genuine booklovers. ( con-
trive to do sth) control 1． 下列短语中，control 前常不用冠词:
gain control of
lose control of
have control over
have control of
take control of
regain control of
keep control
be in control of sth
be out of control
get out of control
bring sth under control
get sth under control
without control
2． 但是，下面句子中 control 前要用定冠词:
The town is under the control of the enemy.
The committee is in the control of the radicals.
3． 在下面句子中，control 要用复数形式:
An experienced pilot was now at the controls. controversial 注意 controversial 与名词的搭配:
controversial issue
controversial topic
controversial proposal
controversial decision
controversial speech
controversial book
controversial politician
controversial figure
controversial tax
controversial aspect
controversial goal controversy 1． 后面常跟 over，about，between，
surrounding 等:
a controversy over a treaty
a controversy about the site of the
nuclear power plant
a controversy between the con-
servatives and liberals
the controversy surrounding the
president's resignation
2． beyond controversy 前没有冠词，意思是“无可争辩的”:
It is the fact beyond controversy.
那是无可争辩的事实。 convenience 注意 convenience 的下列用法和含义。
1． at your convenience:
Please come at your conven-
ience. 请您在方便的时候前来。
2． at your earliest convenience:
Please come at your earliest con-
venience. 请您在方便的时候尽早前来。
3． for one's convenience:
A pre-paid envelope is enclosed for your convenience. 为了您的方便，内附一张贴好邮票的信封。
4． for the sake of convenience:
For the sake of convenience，we have a car ready for you. 为了方便起见，我们为您准备了一辆车。
5． suit sb's convenience:
Will ten o'clock suit your conven-
ience? 您 10 点钟方便吗?
6． 注意下面的一些词组:
a marriage of convenience 基于物质利益的婚姻
convenience store 便利商店
convenience food 方便食品
convenience outlet 万用插头 convenient 1． 后面可跟动词不定式:
It is convenient to put it into Chi-
nese.
2． 后面常跟介词 for，to:
Will it be convenient for you to
meet her at ten tomorrow morn-
ing?
The hours are convenient to work-
ing people. convention ，meeting
这组词都有“会议”的意思。
1． conference 可以指“由许多人参加的、开好几天的会议”，也可以指
“只有两个人的会议”，但会议都比较正式:
Many Americans attended the conference on the control of drugs.
I had a conference with my advis-
er yesterday.
2． assembly 常指“事先有计划的、有很多人参加的会议”，尤指“宗教礼拜聚会、国会下议院会议、联合国大会”等:
the United Nations General As-
sembly
the New York State Assembly
3． congress 常指“人民代表大会”，
常常是选举出来的，如美国的国会
( the U．S． Congress) ，由参众两院
( the Senate 和 the House of Rep-
resentatives) 组成。
4． Congress 作“美国国会”解时，首字母要大写，前面不用冠词:
Congress has approved the billed to reduce taxes.
The President has lost the support of Congress.
5． congress 也可指“由不同国家、不同政治派别派代表参加的会议”，
或是“科学家代表会议”等:
a medical congress
an international energy congress
6． convention 用在政治方面时，( 尤其在美国) 常指“通过决议、选举领袖的全州或全国大会”，这种大会常成为一种大型的社交活动，甚至有娱乐活动:
the national Democratic Conven-
tion in Chicago
7． convention 也可指“专业组织、社会团体、企业组织的大型会议”:
a teachers' convention
a car dealers' convention
8． meeting 在这组词中最普通，可泛指各种“会议”。 convention 参见 congress。 conventional 1． conventional war 指“不用核武器的常规战争”。
2． conventional medicine treatment
指“在欧洲、北美等地流行的以西药、手术为主的传统西医治疗法”，
有别于 alternative methods of
treatment ( 以草药治疗为主的非传统治疗法) 。
3． conventional wisdom 指“大部分人都认为正确的流行看法”:
the American education and the
conventional wisdom about the
current state of the economy conversation 1． 下面短语中，conversation 前没有冠词:
enter into conversation with
get into conversation with
snatches of conversation
topic of conversation
subject of conversation
make conversation
in conversation with
They are in conversation with the dean.
2． make conversation 常指“为了表示礼貌，与不熟悉的人没话找话”，
英国英语中叫 small talk:
For the first time， we tried to make conversation with him.
Why don't you just start a small
talk for the sake of a small talk?
Just say“hello，do you like cats?”
convert
convert 后面常跟介词 into，to，from
等:
convert rags into paper
Coal can be converted to gas.
The flats were converted from a house. convict 1． 后面常跟介词 of，也可跟 by，on，
for 等:
He was convicted of the murder of two women.
He was convicted by his own con-
science.
He was convicted on the less seri-
ous charge.
He was convicted for his disloyal activities.
2． convicted 常用作形容词，作“被判有罪的”等解，修饰其他名词:
a convicted killer
a convicted murderer convince convince，persuade
两词都有“说服”的含义。
1． convince 一词侧重强调“在思想上说服某人，并使其付诸行动”:
What convinced you to vote for
him? ( 包含“你”已经说服了“他”，
而且“他”投了票)
2． persuade 则侧重指“试图在思想上说服，但并使其付诸行动”:
Despite all my efforts to persuade him，he wouldn't agree.
3． persuade 常与 into 或 out of 连用:
I persuaded her into / out of going to the States. cook chef，cook
两词都有“厨师”的意思，但是含义有所不同。
1． chef 通常指 “( 餐馆里的男性 ) 厨师”，尤指 “( 技艺高超的) 主厨、厨师长”。
2． cook 比较普通，可指 “( 任何会做饭菜的) 炊事员、厨师”或“会做饭的家庭主妇”，常需用形容词来说明技艺高超:
My mother is a good cook.
cheery tomato
指“一种非常小的西红柿”:
The dish is topped with cheery to-
matoes. cool 1． 作“酷的、爽的”解时，在美国口语中十分流行，表示 impressive be-
cause of being fashionable or at-
tractive:
It's considered cool to wear T-shirt.
I met a really cool artist last week.
2． 作形容词时，在口语中可作“同意”解:
—We could go to the beach.
—Cool.
3． cool it 在口语中可作“沉住气”解。
4． blow one's cool 和 lose one's cool
是“沉不住气”。
5． keep one's cool 是“保持冷静”。 coop 也可拼成 co-op，相当于 a coopera-
tive，常用在口语中，指“合作性质的超市、商店、企业”等:
the local growers' coop
We have a coop advantage that no one can ignore. cooperate 常用于以下句型:
They should cooperate. ( 作不及物动词)
I cooperated with my friends.
( cooperate with sb)
They have agreed to cooperate on the project. ( cooperate on
sth)
The firm has agreed to cooperate
in the development of the Science
Park. ( cooperate in sth)
Several factories cooperate to build the new machine. ( cooper-
ate to do sth) cop cop，policeman
1． cop 比较口语化，过去有贬义，但现在已被大众和媒体所接受:
He is a cop in New York.
a traffic cop
a local cop
2． policeman 比较正式。 cope 是不及物动物，主要有两种用法。
1． 用 cope with 的句型:
cope with difficulties
cope with stress in the workplace
2． 可独立使用:
they are doing their best to
cope
Never mind，I can cope.
copper，brass，bronze
3 词都有“铜”的含义。
1． copper 是“棕红色的铜”。
2． brass 是“黄色的铜”。
3． bronze 是“青铜、古铜”。 copy 1． 作名词用时，应注意以下搭配:
make a copy of the document
keep back-up copies of your files
enclose a copy of your certificate
have a copy of today's newspaper
can afford a new copy of the book
receive the top copy of the receipt
hand in his copy to the editor
His remarks always make good copy.
wrote the copy for the commercial
sign every copy
take out a copy of the Gazette
2． hard copy 尤指“计算机打印出的硬副本”，soft copy 指“储存在电脑中的软拷贝”。
3． copy 作动词使用时，注意以下搭配:
copy it down in the notebook
copy out a letter
copy notes into the exercise book
copy notes from the book into the
exercise book
copy the certificate on the photo-
copier
copy what others do
copy the setup file onto your hard
drive
You can copy while you watch.
I'll email him about it，and copy you in. coral 1． 作“珊瑚”解，常作不可数名词:
a necklace made of coral
The fish feeds on coral.
2． 作“珊瑚虫”解时是可数名词:
creatures like corals core 1． 下面表示情绪的短语是英国用法:
shaken to the core
shocked to the core
thrilled to the core
2． 注意下列句子中的短语:
He is Chinese to the core.
He is rotten to the core.
The concept is at the core of the theory.
It forms the core of the system.
It lies at the core of the problems.
He got to the core of the argu-
ment.
3． 注意作定语的 core 与名词的搭配:
core melt
core memory
core activities
core business
core groups
core values
core beliefs
core curriculum
core time
core areas
core stores
core vocabulary
core tool
core implement
core sample
core loss corn 1． 作“玉米”解是美国用法，英国人和澳大利亚人用 maize。
2． 在英国指“大麦、燕麦、小麦等谷类作物”:
a field of ripe corn 一片成熟的谷物
3． 在英格兰指 wheat，在苏格兰和爱尔兰指 oats。
4． 是不可数名词，可以说:
a sheaf of corn
grains of corn
10 billion bushels of corn
grow a hard flint variety of corn
three stalks of corn
plenty of corn
a splendid crop of corn
the kernels of corn
a field of corn
5 million tons of corn
samples of corn
an ear of corn
distinctive tufts of corn
the total acreage of corn
a handful of corn
strains of corn
heaps of corn
a patch of corn
a row of corn
5． 作“一粒”解时，corn 是可数名词:
a corn of rice
several corns of rice
6． 可以说:
There was a little hay left and a lit-
tle corn.
7． 有不少组合词:
corn bread
corn cob
corn syrup
corn field
corn exchange
corn market
corn duty
corn silk
corn chip
corndog
cornflakes
cornflour
cornmeal
8． corn 作 “( 脚上的) 鸡眼”解时，是可数名词:
Generally speaking， the corns would disappear. corps 1． p 不发音，单复数拼写法一样; 单数读 / k / ，复数读 / kz / 。
2． corps 后面所跟的动词用单复数都可以:
A corps is a part of army which has special duties.
The corps are on their way.
3． 可指“共同活动的一群人”，常见的搭配有:
the Beijing press corps
the diplomatic corps
4． 常指“( 军队的) 技术兵种、特殊部队”:
the medical corps
the Marine Corps
the U． S． Army's Corps of Engi-
neers
corpse，remains，carcass，car- correction 1． corrections officer 是美国用法，指
“狱警”，corrections 要用复数形式。
2． the Department of Corrections 是
“劳改局”。 correctional 可与一些名词组成词组，常与监狱有关，是美国用法:
correctional facility 监狱
correctional programs 劳改计划
correctional systems 劳改制度 correspond 后面常跟 to 或 with，前者更常用:
There are two bedrooms to corre-
spond with the rooms downstairs.
It doesn't correspond to what was actually said. correspondence 1． 一般指“所有的来往信件”:
a twenty-year correspondence
20 年间的来往信件
2． 一般作不可数名词用:
We have a heavy correspondence to deal with.
His correspondence is open to public inspection.
correspondent，reporter，news-
man，cameraman，journalist
参见 report， journalist， newsman，
correspondent，cameraman correspondent correspondent，cameraman
这组词都可以译成“记者”。
1． reporter 常指“报纸、杂志、电视、电台等的记者”:
Our reporter Mary Smith sums up her findings.
2． journalist 强调“记者是专业性的”，尤指“为某一专门领域写文章的记者”:
a journalist of the Ecodigest news-
paper
3． newsman 可以指“报纸、电视、电台的新闻记者”，一般不指“杂志的记者”;
4． correspondent 尤指“从一地向另一地报道消息的专题记者”:
Our Middle East correspondent is reporting the event from Iraq.
5． cameraman 主要指“摄影记者”。 cosmetic 常用来指“表面的( 改变)”:
a cosmetic repairs 表面上的修理
cosmetic alterations to the building
大楼外立面的改变 cost 1． at all costs，at any cost 和 what-
ever the cost 含义相近，可以换用:
You've got to keep that job at all costs / at any cost / whatever the cost.
2． at a cost 和 at what cost 含义相近，可以换用:
She got the job，but at a cost / at what cost.
3． cost 后面可以跟复合宾语，但一般不用被动语态:
The mistake cost him his job. ( 不讲 He was cost his job by the mis-
take. 或 His job was cost him by the mistake. ) costume attire，dress，apparel，clothes，clothing，costume， garb， garment 这组词都有“衣服”的含义。
1． attire 是正式用词。
1) 指特定式样的“衣服”，如礼服等:
in formal attire 穿着礼服
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 强调“服装给人的总体印象”:
the strange attire of the eccentric old woman
2． dress 指男女的外衣。
1) 尤指在正式场合穿的“服装”:
evening dress || court dress
2) 也特指妇女穿的“紧身胸衣”或“裙子、连衣裙”等。
3． apparel 较古雅，也较古旧。
1) 尤指“盛装”:
the Queen's ceremonial apparel
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 在美语中可用作复合词，泛指“衣服、衣物”:
ladies' ready-to-wear apparel
4． clothes 与 clothing 较普通常用; clothing 比 clothes 正式。
1 ) clothing 是衣服的总称，包括上衣、裤子、衬衣等，是不可数名词:
warm winter clothing || protective clothing
2) clothes 主要指供人穿的衣服，强调用各种布匹、衣料做成的各种衣服，还强调一个人所穿的所有东西，甚至帽子、鞋子等。
3) clothes 还特指用于各种活动的特制衣服:
football clothes || school clothes
4) clothes 后面常用动词的复数形式:
Clothes are things that people wear.
5) clothing 后面常用动词的单数形式:
Clothing consists of the things people wear.
5． costume 指( 某个地区、时代、民族等穿的) 服装:
in traditional costume || in 18th-century costume || in cowboy costume
1) 在这层意思上，与 dress 近义。
2) 常指戏装:
a clown's costume || The costumes，sets，and acting are all superb.
3) 是可数名词:
Hollywood studios costumes
6． garb 是文学用词，主要指供专业人士穿着的“制服、服装”:
in a judge's solemn garb || the garb of a priest
7． garment 尤指生产、销售中的衣服:
the garment workers || the fashion garment industry
1) 也多指外衣:
waterproof outer garment
2) 是可数名词:
She wore a long garment in yellow linen. costume 参见 clothes. costume ，garment
这组词都有“服装”的含义。
1． suit 常指 “( 用相同衣料做的 ) 套装”:
brown leather Western suit
swimming suit
space suit
2． dress 尤指“为特定场合做的某民族特色的服装、妇女的连衣裙、女装”等:
evening dress
national dress
dresses for job-hunting
working-women's dresses
3． clothes 可以是“用各种布料制成的衣服”，也可以指内衣、外衣、男装、女装等:
We are specialized in exporting all
kinds of clothes， including eve-
ning dresses and jeans.
4． clothing 是不可数名词，作“衣服”的总称，为正式用词:
the clothing of the aristocracy 贵族服饰
pilgrim clothing 朝圣服装
middle-class clothing 中产阶级的服饰
5． costume 尤指“戏服”:
actresses in 17th century cos-
tumes
6． garment 常用在服装制造、销售领域:
the garment industry
100 garment workers
35th India International Garment
Fair cot 在美国指“窄小的折叠床”，在英国指
“婴儿床”; 美国的“婴儿床”用 crib。 cottage 1． 可译成“村舍”，但现在不少场合用来指“乡间、湖边或山里的别墅”。
2． cottage hospital 指“乡间的小医院、小诊所”，是英国用法。
3． cottage industry 指“家庭小工业、作坊”等。
4． cottage fries 指“家常炸土豆片”，
也作 home fries，home fried pota-
toes 等:
Cottage fries are fairly thick chips with wide ripples and a moderate portion of salt.
Home fries satisfy that morning empty feeling in a big way.
5． cottage loaf 是“农家面包”:
The cottage loaf is small，but it's enough for everybody.
A cottage loaf is a double decker round loaf with a hole hollowed out through the center giving it an extra crust. cotton 1． 在一般情况下作不可数名词:
fields of cotton
The sheets were 100% cotton.
2． 但在作“棉花制作的衣服”解时作可数名词:
Wash the cottons separately.
Use hot water for cottons.
3． cotton coats 是“棉花制作的衣服”，不是“棉衣”; “棉衣”可译成:
padded coats
wadded clothes
4． cotton to sb / sth 是美国用法，指
“开始喜欢某人或某事”等:
I didn't cotton to him at first. 起初，我并不喜欢他。
couch potato
couch potato 常指“老泡在电视机前的人”，主要是美国用法，有贬义:
Are you a contented couch pota-
to? 你是心满意足老泡在电视机前的那种人吗? cough 1． 可指“一声咳嗽”，是可数名词:
a muffled cough outside the read-
ing-room
2． 可指“咳嗽的症状”，为可数名词，用作单数:
She had a bad cough last week.
3． “咳嗽的症状”也可用 coughing 来表示，是不可数名词:
He suffered intense coughing.
4． “咳嗽糖浆”英国人常用 cough
mixture，美国人常用 cough syrup。 counsel 1． 作动词时，常用于以下句型:
He counseled the chairman to proceed slowly. ( counseled sb to
do sth)
He counseled against the bill.
( counsel against)
He counseled patience. ( counsel
sth)
He counseled gradualism in the removal of the regulations.
( counsel sth in sth)
2． 可用作可数或不可数名词。
1) 可数名词:
bring the scattered counsels into a
focus
2) 不可数名词:
on the advice of counsel
take counsel from lawyers
My idea is to take counsel with
Mike.
You need counsel. count 注意下列搭配:
I counted all the chairs in the room.
I counted the numbers up to ten.
I counted him among the best.
I counted myself lucky.
It counted against me.
I counted down from ten to zero.
I am counting on you to be there.
I counted him out.
Count me in if you're planning an outing.
I counted up the hours I had spent.
He is the only person that counts.
I count him as a friend.
counter
go counter to 和 run counter to 含义相同，用法一致; counter 前不用冠词，
to 是介词:
The result went / ran counter to our expectation. counter- 是构词成分，作前缀:
counterespionage
counter-advertising
counter-commercial
counter-demonstrate
counterforce
counter-program
counteragent
counter-argue
counterattack
counterattraction
counter-bill
countercharge
counter-charm
counter-claim
counter clockwise
counterculture
counter-elite
counter-evidence
counter-influence
countermeasure
counter-offer
counterplea
counterplot
counter-pressure
counter-price
counter-productive
counterproof
counter-questioning
counter-revolution
counter-step counterpart 既可指“对等的人”，又可指“对等物”。
1． 对等的人:
The president is meeting his
British counterpart.
2． 对等的物:
The new car is better than its
2000 counterpart.
3． 对等的抽象物:
the counterpart of erosion
the counterpart of his respect for
human mankind
4． 对等的动物:
the counterpart of the dog country 1． 作“国家”解时，是可数名词:
Arab countries
2． “国中之国”，如我国古代的“战国”一般称 states，“战国时代”可译成 the Period of Warring
States; 统一的“国家”应用 coun-
try。
3． 作“乡村、农村”解时，是不可数名词，前面有时用定冠词:
over 100 miles of strange country
We went for a walk in the coun-
try.
4． 前面加定冠词，可指“一个国家的人民”:
Last week the country voted for the first time. 上周该国人民第一次投票选举。
5． 可用来指 “( 某著名人物或产品之) 乡”，是不可数名词:
It is known as Whitman country.
This is foxhunting country.
6． 表示“乡村”可用 country，也可用
countryside; 但是“乡村音乐”要用
country music，不用 countryside
music。 county 1． 表示 “( 郡、县的 ) 首府”美国用
county seat，英国用 county town。
2． county fair 是美国用词，指“在夏天举行的集市 ( 娱乐、贸易、比赛等各种活动都有)”:
The 2005 San Diego County Fair
has great entertainment， food，
rides and exhibits.
3． Orange County 和 Issaquena
County，Mississippi 是美国用法，
County 首字母大写，前面没有冠词。
4． “ 县或郡”英国用 the county
of表示:
the county of Kent coup 1． 是法语词 coup d'état 的简略形式。
2． coup 是可数名词，复数读音不变，写作 coups d'état，常用的搭配有:
military coup
army coup
bloodless coup
attempted coup
failed coup
abortive coup
stage coup
lead coup
mount coup
put down coup
foil coup
carry out coup
launch coup
plot a coup couple 1． a couple 一般指“两人、两个、两件、两样”等:
a couple of police officers 两名警官
a couple of things 两件东西
2． 在美国口语中，a couple of 可以指
“一些、几个 ( a few， several，
small number)”:
I'll be back in a couple of minutes.
我几分钟就回来。
The village is a couple of miles off the highway. 村庄离开公路几英里。
3． 在英国，a couple of 几乎总是指
“两个”:
a couple of friends 两个朋友
4． a couple 是“一对”或“两个人”，
但后面所用的动词常是单数:
A couple is two people who are married.
A nice young couple has moved in next door.
5． 除“一对 ( 夫妻等)”外，其他场合下使用 a couple ( of) 时，支配它的动词用复数:
There were a couple of things I
want to do.
The last couple of years were rough on him.
6． 在美国口语和书面语中，经常将 a
couple of 中的 of 省去:
I'll ask a couple more questions.
I'll give a couple lectures here.
a couple more promotions
a couple more examples
waiting a couple years
in the last couple weeks
7． in couples 指“成双成对地”:
The guests came in couples. couple couple，pair
两词都有“两件”的含义。
1． couple 可以指“两件可以分开的东西”:
a couple of drinks
a couple of friends
2． pair 一般指“两件一套 ( 通常不可分开使用)”:
I found a couple of socks， but they don't make a pair. 我找到两只袜子，但它们不是一双。 courage 1． 下面短语中，courage 前常不用冠词:
It takes courage to do sth.
take courage from
put courage into
with courage
take a great deal of courage
show ( great) courage
a man of ( great) courage
She puts courage into us. 她给了我们勇气。
2． 在下面短语中，courage 前有冠词:
have the courage to do sth
have the courage of your own
convictions
lack the courage of one's own
convictions
3． 下面短语中，courage 前冠词可有可无:
pluck up ( the) courage
summon up ( the) courage course 1． 下列短语中，course 前不用冠词:
on course
off course
on course to do sth
on course for sth
in due course
change course
2． 下列短语中，course 前一般要用冠词:
take a course
run a course
offer a course
change the course of history
in the course of time
steer a middle course
in the normal course of events
in the ordinary course of things
stay the course
set a course
3． 使用 of course 时要注意下列两种情况。
1) 表示“同意、愿意”，是一种客气的表达法:
—Can I come in?
—Of course!
2 ) 但在回答询问信息的问题时，用 of
course 是不礼貌的，下面对话中的回答不礼貌，因为它好像在说提问的人应该知道答案:
—Did many professors once study
abroad at your college?
—Of course! ( 回答用 Yes，they did. 较好)
4． “学习某课程、教授某课程”常用以下说法:
take a language course abroad
run an English course for begin-
ners
offer an art course the elders
do a two-year post-graduate course
go on an intensive training course
have a course in economics
take a course from / under / with
Professor Smith
5． 注意一些课程的名称:
correspondence course 函授课程
foundation course 基础课
refresher course 复习课
sandwich course 工读交替制课程
a course of lectures 讲座课程
a four-year history course 四年制历史课程
a course in novel writing 小说写作课程 court 1． 在不少由 court 组成的短语中，
court 前面常不用冠词:
appear in court
go to court
take sb to court
come to court
settle sth out of court
rule sth out of court
2． 注意各种法庭的表达法:
county court
high court
crown court
kangaroo court
supreme court
court of appeal
local court
intermediate court
lower court
trial court
court of inquiry
court of law
3． “军事法庭”用 court-martial，不是
martial court; 它的复数形式有两种:
courts-martial
court-martials
4． “上诉法庭”用 court of appeal 或
court of appeals 都可以。 courtesy 1． 下面句子中，courtesy 前常不用冠词:
She treats everyone with kindness and courtesy.
He used the photo by courtesy of the publisher.
Most women expect a number of small special courtesy.
First prize is an air ticket to Lon-
don，courtesy of British Airways.
It would only have been common courtesy to say thank you.
2． pay a courtesy call 与 pay a cour-
tesy visit 意思相同。
3． do me the courtesy 与 have the
courtesy to do sth 中，courtesy 前都有定冠词:
Please do me the courtesy of
reading at least some of my pa-
ges first.
They ought to have the courtesy
to say “yes”．
4． courtesy shuttle service 常指“( 饭店等提供的) 免费班车”:
There is a courtesy shuttle service
between the terminals and the
Ground Transportation Centre. cover 1． 作动词用时，后面常跟 with 或 in:
The players were soon covered with / in mud.
The furniture was all covered in /
with dust.
Her hands were covered in blood.
Approximately 75% of the earth's surface is covered with water.
2． 作名词时，cover 在很多短语中前面都没有冠词:
read sth from cover to cover
run for cover
take cover
break cover
give cover
keep sth under cover
under plain cover
under separate cover
3． 注意由 cover 组成的一些组合词:
cover girl 封面女郎
cover story 封面故事
cover charge 服务费
cover letter 附函
cover page ( 传真、简历等的 ) 第一页
cover sheet ( 传真、简历等的 ) 第一页
cover boy 封面俊男
cover version ( 流行歌曲等的 ) 转录制品
4． 有“保险”的意思，注意下列用法:
The warranty covers damage caused by misuse of the product.
Her car insurance covers him for business use.
He is covered to drive a truck.
He is covered against fire.
He is covered by private health in-
surance
Will the goods be covered for loss
or damage through fire?
5． 下面两个句子意思相同:
He is fully covered against theft.
He is fully covered for theft. coverage 不可数名词，下面例子中，它的前面没有冠词:
see live coverage of the sports e-
vents
There's not much coverage of for-
eign news in this newspaper.
receive extensive media coverage
get massive media coverage
put a ban on all television cover-
age of cowboy 1． 在美国常指西部片( Westerns) 中
“身处险境毫不畏惧、与印第安人斗争的牛仔”或北美骑马的“放牧人”。
2． 通常不是孩子，而是成年人。
3． 在英国常指“不诚实、做事马虎的商人”。
4． 女放牧人，女牛仔可以称为 cow-
girl。
5． 可作动词用，意为“当牧工、横冲直撞地开车”:
As a teen，I cowboyed，rodeoed，
and wrangled.
6． 用在玩游戏方面时，一般为复数:
play a game of cowboys and Indi-
ans
cozy，snug，comfortable
这 3 词都可表示“令人感到舒适的”含义。
1． cozy 侧重描绘“因温暖、受到保护而感到舒适”:
She spent a cozy evening in front of a fireplace.
2． snug 在这组词中最正式，强调“安逸”或“因衣服非常贴身而感到舒服”:
The kids were snug and warm in bed.
It's a snug-fitting coat.
3． comfortable 在这组词中最普通，可以表示各种“舒适”:
a comfortable sofa
a comfortable salary
a comfortable life crack 注意在以下几个词组中的用法及意思:
crack a book 读书学习
crack a joke 讲笑话
crack a safe 撬开保险箱
crack a smile 开始微笑
crack the whip 试图使人努力快干
cradle
from cradle to grave 和 from the cra-
dle to the grave 都可以说，前一种说法主要用在美国英语中:
The responsibility for the waste
stays with the generator from cra-
dle to grave. craft 作“船( boat，ship，submarine，hov-
ercraft) 、飞机 ( aircraft) 、宇航飞行器
( space vehicle )”解时，单复数形式相同:
several craft on the river
hundreds of small craft
They landed their craft down to the moon's surface. cram 1． 后面常用以下介词:
crammed food into his mouth
crammed his mouth with food
cramming food down their throats
crammed bags under the seat
crammed her in a box
crammed 20 people into a room
designed for 10
cramming for his finals
2． 表示“死记硬背、临时准备应付考试”解，主要是英国口语用法:
He passed the exam after two weeks' cramming. crash 1． 后面常跟以下介词:
It crashed into a tree.
It crashed through the window.
It crashed against the rocks.
It crashed to the ground.
It crashed within seconds of taking off.
It crashed on the floor.
It crashed outside the city.
It crashed in a pretty inaccessible place.
2． 注意由这一词所组成的一些名词词组:
a plane crash
a car crash
a train crash
a elevator crash
a ship crash
a stock market crash
a head-on crash
3． a crash course 是“速成课程”，
a crash diet 是“快速减肥饮食法”。 crazy 1． 主要用于口语中，强调 mad，in-
sensible，irrational，impractical 等:
You must be crazy to go hunting in such awful weather.
2． be crazy about sb 的意思是“迷恋某人”:
She is crazy about the pop star.
3． be crazy about sth 的意思是“醉心或着迷于某事”:
She's crazy about dancing.
4． 可以说 be crazy for / like / as
等:
Just remember this guy is crazy for you.
She is crazy like a fool.
He is crazy as a fox about Internet security.
5． 可作构词成分-crazy，表示 “( 某人) 迷恋于……，醉心于……”:
car-crazy
soccer-crazy
crazy，insane，mad
3 词都可以译成“疯的”。
1． crazy 在本组词中最口语化，尤指因生病或随着年纪的增大而“精神失常”:
crazy Hitler
2． insane 可用于法庭鉴定，说某人在犯罪是否“发疯的”:
He was not insane at the time of the murder.
3． mad 语气强于 insane，常指“精神完全失控的”:
She went mad and had to be put into a mental hospital.
4． 在实际使用中，3 词的延伸意义
“( 对……) 狂热的”含义很接近，有时仅语气强弱有别而已:
He must be mad / insane / crazy to do that. cream 1． 常作不可数名词:
a lot of cream
strawberries and cream
2． 作“糖果”等含奶油的食品解时，是可数名词:
chocolate creams
a smooth cream with cold milk
3． 作“精华( the best part)”解时，前面常加定冠词，不用复数:
the cream of the society
the cream of last year's graduates
the cream of the army credentials 1． 后面常跟介词 to，as，for，from 等:
his credentials to the court
Martin's credentials as an econo-
mist
his credentials for the job
Mark's credentials from Washing-
ton
2． 常用复数形式，后面用复数动词:
My credentials are unsatisfactory.
3． 注意以下搭配:
good credentials
her teaching credentials
with the highest credentials
with splendid credentials
formidable credentials of achieve-
ment
enhance its environmental creden-
tials
the driver's credentials
have the perfect credentials for
the job
establish her leadership creden-
tials
examine his credentials
present his credentials to the
President
have excellent credentials as a
soccer coach
ask for his credentials credit 下面例子中，credit 前一般不用冠词:
He has brought credit to the col-
lege.
I didn't want such credit for my a-
chievement.
He deserved credit.
He was not receiving adequate credit.
She did credit to the educational system.
Smith's ambition does him credit.
They would get credit for what they had done.
Much credit should be given to him.
He has credit with the boss.
He lives comfortably on credit.
I took credit for it.
The store is offering interest-free credit to its customers.
Henry's account remains in credit. crew 1． 一般指“全体人员”:
all the crew
2． 一般用 a crew 来代表“一组人、一群人”等，不用复数形式:
a crew of enthusiasts
3． 但“几队人、几组人”可以用复数
crews:
The TV crews couldn't film at night.
4． 常用 crew members，crewmen 等来表示复数:
He was watching some crew members.
5． 幽默用法时，crew 后面也可以跟一个人，如 Jack London 说过，I
once had a crew of one man.
6． 后面跟单复数动词均可:
The crew is / are waiting for in-
structions from the captain. crime 1． 注意下面短语中，crime 前常不用冠词:
fight crime
combat crime
an increase in crime
organized crime
his role in preventing crime
the police role in detecting crime
a rise in violent crime
2． 具体指某一种“罪行”时，crime 一般为可数名词:
a crime of murder
a minor crime
He had committed several crimes:
murder，burglary，and rape.
crippled，disabled，handicapped， crisis 复数形式是 crises，但在有些情况( 如周期性的危机等) 下，只用 crisis 的单数形式，而且前面不加冠词:
It was a time of great crisis for her.
without any sense of urgency or
crisis
a period of economic / financial /
political crisis
The teaching profession is in cri-
sis.
in moments of national crisis crisp crisp，crispy
1． 两词含义相似，有时可以换用:
hot crisp / crispy rolls
2． crisp 的使用范围比 crispy 广，如讲蔬菜、水果之类的“脆”，常用
crisp:
a crisp apple
crisp lettuce
crisp tomatoes
3． 修饰 cooked food 时，两词常可换用:
crisp / crispy bacon
4． crisp 还用来修饰延伸意义上的
“脆”:
a crisp speech
a crisp spring day
a crisp reply crispy crisp，crispy
1． 两词含义相似，有时可以换用:
hot crisp / crispy rolls
2． crisp 的使用范围比 crispy 广，如讲蔬菜、水果之类的“脆”，常用
crisp:
a crisp apple
crisp lettuce
crisp tomatoes
3． 修饰 cooked food 时，两词常可换用:
crisp / crispy bacon
4． crisp 还用来修饰延伸意义上的
“脆”:
a crisp speech
a crisp spring day
a crisp reply crisscross 可作名词、动词、形容词等。
a crisscross of walls ( 名词)
crisscross the country on a bus
( 动词)
beautiful crisscross designs ( 形容词) critical 1． 后面可用介词 of，for，in 等:
He is very critical of the situation in that region.
It will be critical for the school.
It is critical in making the most of the situation.
2． 注意以下词组:
in critical condition ( 处于危急状态)
win critical acclaim ( 受到批评家赞誉)
under sb's critical eye ( 在某人挑剔目光的监视下)
with a critical eye ( 带着挑剔的眼光) criticism criticism，critique
两词都可译成“批评( 文章)”。
1． criticism 的使用范围广，除可指
“批评文章”外，还可以指“口头等方面的指责”等:
Some fierce public criticism of the plan had been voiced.
2． critique 主要指“书面的评论文章、书等”:
He wrote a critique of the new art show. critique criticism，critique
两词都可译成“批评( 文章)”。
1． criticism 的使用范围广，除可指
“批评文章”外，还可以指“口头等方面的指责”等:
Some fierce public criticism of the plan had been voiced.
2． critique 主要指“书面的评论文章、书等”:
He wrote a critique of the new art show. crop 1． 单数 crop 常指“一种农作物”:
a wheat crop
2． the crops 常指“所有的农作物，包括蔬菜、水果”:
The rain damaged the crops. 这场雨毁了所有的农作物。
cross
cross into 常可以表达“跨越边界
( cross the border)”的意思:
He crossed into Mexico. 他越过边界进入墨西哥。 crossroads 表面形式是复数，但使用时常作单数:
at a crossroads
The first crossroads was a check-
point. crowd 1． 是“一群人”，被视作一个整体，常用作单数:
A crowd is a large group of peo-
ple.
The crowd was silent.
The crowd goes wild.
2． “随大流”可译作:
follow the crowd
go with the crowd
crown
the Crown ( 首字母大写，前面加冠词) 可指“国君”:
the British Parliament and the
Crown 英国政府和国王 crumb 一般作可数名词:
She hasn't touched a single crumb of it.
a few crumbs crunch 一般用作单数:
the crunch of potato chips
I heard a loud crunch.
crush
a crush of 可以表示 a crowd of:
a crush of people 一群人
I lost my kid in the crush. 在人群中，我丢失了我的孩子。 cry 1． 作动词用，后面常跟介词 for，
with，in，over 等:
cry for help || cry with pain || cry in surprise || cry over spilt milk || 2． cry over spilt milk 常用在否定式中:
There is no use crying over spilt milk. cry sob，cry
两词都可以指“哭”，但 cry 比较普通，可以指“无声地哭”，也可以指
“出声地哭”; sob 一般指“出声地哭”，可译成“呜咽”等:
They hugged and cried silently.
He sobbed: “Come and bury my wife.” cuisine 主要用作不可数名词:
He is fond of Chinese cuisine. culture 1． 泛指“包括音乐、文学和其他艺术在内的文化”时，culture 常作不可数名词:
a city of great culture
2． 指“某一种特殊文化”时，culture
是可数名词:
people from different cultures cup mug，cup
两词都可译成 “杯子”:
1． mug 是 “( 喝咖啡、茶等热饮的 )
圆筒形有柄大杯”，一般底下不用托盘。
2． cup 一般是 “( 有柄、有托盘的) 小圆杯子”。 cure 1． 下面几个句子都可以:
The doctor cured her.
The doctor cured her cancer.
The doctor cured her of cancer.
2． 作名词用，后面常跟介词 for，of
等:
a certain cure for cancer
I'm interested in the cure of canc-
er.
3． 表示“灵丹妙药”用 cure，可以说 a
cure-all 或 a miracle cure 等:
Money is a cure-all for Africa's poor.
I don't believe in a miracle cure. curfew 可作可数名词或不可数名词。
1． 可数名词:
a dusk-to-dawn curfew
left a curfew
2． 不可数名词:
go out after curfew curiosity 1． 常作不可数名词或单数名词:
He opened the letter out of curios-
ity. ( 不可数)
He showed a curiosity for her past. ( 单数)
2． 前面有无冠词意思相同:
There was ( an ) intense curiosity about the plan. curious 常用于以下句型:
I was curious about the methods.
( be curious about sth)
I am curious to know what lies a-
head. ( be curious to do sth)
It's curious that she didn't tell me about it. ( It's curious that )
What a curious thing to say!
( What a curious ) currency 1． 下面的例句中，currency 前没有冠词:
It's best to take some currency.
They are paid in local currency.
Do you change foreign currency?
I had bits of odd currency.
2． 下面例子中，currency 为可数名词，主要指“多种货币”或“某种货币”:
the currencies of the world
trading in foreign currencies
supporters of a single European
currency
one of the stronger currencies currency ，dough
这组词都有 “钱”的含义。
1． money 在这组词中最常用，泛指
“钱”，也可指具体的 “钱”:
I haven't got any money.
The company has made more money this year.
1) money 在多数情况下都为不可数名词，下面例子中 money 不用冠词:
make money
earn money
spend money
raise money for a hospital
2) 注意下列句子的译法:
Money can't buy love. 金钱买不到爱情。
Money talks. 金钱万能。
He must have money to burn. 他一定钱多得化不完了。
Don't throw your money away. 别乱花钱。
Money burns a hole in his pocket.
钱烧口袋漏，一有就不留。
Money is like an arm and leg; use it or lose it. 金钱犹如臂和腿，不用等于没有用。
Money makes the horse go. 有钱能使鬼推磨。
Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain. 学费书费不虚投。
2． cash 常指 “现金、有形的纸币、硬币”等;
Some checkout counters at the supermarket take cash only. 超市里有些付款柜台只收现金。
3． change 常指“找零、零钱”:
I told the taxi driver to keep the change.
Here is your change.
4． buck 在口语中尤指“美元”，在美国也泛指 “钱”:
Can't you lend me a few bucks till
next Monday? 能否借些钱，我到下周一还好吗?
5． currency 指 “( 某个国家流通的)
货币”，尤其是 “纸币”:
You can use credit cards but it's best to take some currency as well.
6． currency， buck 是可数名词，
change，money 常作不可数名词用:
foreign currencies
10 bucks
a handful of loose change
He hasn't any money.
7． dough 也可作 “钱”解，是俚语，主要用在美国口语中，在英国已不太使用:
He worked hard for his dough. current 1． 作“水流、气流”解，常为可数名词:
currents of hot air
a cold current of air
2． 作“电流”解，可作可数或不可数名词:
This circuit uses a high current.
( 可数)
The supply of current here is 110
volts AC． ( 不可数) current recent，current
两词都有“最近”的含义，但 current
比 recent 更加靠近现在，而且强调
“现在还起作用”:
Of these ten copies of recent re-
ports，only one is still current. 在这最近的 10 份报告中，只有一份还有用。 curriculum 1． 前面常用介词 on，in，into，to 等:
Chinese is on the curriculum this term.
Latin is in the curriculum.
Computer studies has been intro-
duced into the curriculum.
Spanish has been added to the curriculum.
2． 复数形式有 curricula 和 curricu-
lums。
3． “简历”可译成:
curriculum vitae
CV
cv
resume
biodata
4． resume 和 biodata 是美国用词。 curtain 注意下面例子中 curtain 与动词的搭配:
close the curtains
pull the curtains
draw the curtains
open the curtains
pull back the curtain
pull up the curtain
drop the curtain
adjust the curtain
lift the curtain
lower the curtain
stretch out the curtain
bring down the curtain
The curtain rises.
The curtain went up.
The curtain fell.
The curtain came down.
The curtain flutters.
The curtain sways.
emerge from the curtain
hide behind the curtain
peep through the curtain curve 1． 在美国英语中，可用来指 “( 妇女乳房、臀部的) 曲线”，常用作复数:
Her tight-fitting dress emphasized the curves of her body.
2． throw sb a curve 是美语用法，意思是“戏弄、欺骗”等:
That's when life threw him a curve. custodian 在美语中，可指“楼房清洁管理员”:
Dick has been the custodian of the
hall since its opening in 1992． custody 1． 前面常用介词 in 或 into:
He is still in custody.
He has been taken into custody.
2． 常作不可数名词:
They were involved in a battle over custody.
One of the men is still in custody.
3． 常用于以下短语:
He was put into custody.
He was placed in the custody of his mother.
Martin was kept in police custody.
The police held him in custody for a week.
He got the custody of his son.
( custody 前有冠词)
She was sure to get custody of both kids. ( custody 前没有冠词)
He has the custody of his son.
The police took him into custody.
He was awarded custody of his son. ( custody 前没有冠词) custom 1． 前面常用以下形容词:
local customs
old customs
age-old customs
ancient customs
established customs
traditional customs
foreign customs
another country's customs
religious customs
tribal customs
social customs
peculiar customs
gracious customs
pleasant customs
barbaric customs
pagan customs
primitive customs
family customs
prevailing customs
casual customs
habitual customs
recognized customs
long-continued customs
offensive customs
praiseworthy customs
2． 下面的例子中，custom 是不可数名词，前面没有冠词:
a slave to custom
Custom demands that visitors
take off their shoes before ente-
ring the temple.
He was a quiet man by custom.
His behavior was in line with cus-
tom and practice.
3． 用作复数，是“关税、海关”的意思; 虽然是复数形式，但可作单数或复数使用。
Customs isn't too much on that new car. ( 用单数动词)
The customs on that new car are very high. ( 用复数动词)
4． 注意以下搭配:
a customs officer
pay customs duties on
He works for the customs.
customs clearance
go through the customs
the customs building customer client，customer
两词都可以译成“顾客”。
1． client 主要是 buy services from a
professional，especially a lawyer
or a doctor:
He advises clients on their invest-
ments.
2． customer 主要是 buy goods:
Supermarkets use a variety of tac-
tics to attract customers.
3． 在实际使用中，两词有时含义接近:
a client / customer in a shop cutthroat 可作形容词或名词。
1． 作形容词:
engaged in cutthroat competition
卷入白热化的竞争
2． 作名词:
He is a cutthroat. 他是个亡命之徒。 cutting cutting，clipping
1． 作“剪报”解时，cutting 是英国用法，clipping 是美国用法。
2． cutting edge 的意思是“非常先进的、非常现代的”，常用作单数:
at the cutting edge of space sci-
ence 在空间科学的前沿
3． cutting-edge 可作形容词:
cutting-edge technology cyber- 作为构词成分，在现代英语中使用广泛，可表示“计算机网络”:
cybercafe
cybercash
cybercrime
cyberspace
cybershop
cybersurf
cybercop
cybercollege
cyberworld cycle 1． 注意 cycle 的一些词组:
the cycle of economic booms and
slumps
the cycle of hate and violence in
the world
the endless life cycle
the cycle of prosperity and reces-
sion
the evil cycle
the inflationary cycle
a fresh cycle of war
the daily cycle of water
2． 作“骑自行车”解，主要是英国用法:
In sunshine we cycled to Westport
and then headed to Collinwood on
the northwest tip of the South Is-
land. cynical 后面常跟介词 about:
He is cynical about the peace conference. czar 参见 tsar。 dad 除常在口语中指“爸爸、爹爹”外，还可指“年纪相对较大的男人”:
The latest fad is to look for a dad.
最新的潮流是寻找一个老男人。 daily daily，everyday
两词都可译成“每日的”。
1． daily 主要表示“每 24 小时发生一次的”:
a daily newspaper
my daily journey to work
2． daily 也表示“每天不可避免要发生的”:
our daily bread
3． everyday 主要表示“普通日常的”，不一定 24 小时发生一次的:
the everyday life of the city
an everyday occurrence
4． everyday 有“简单乏味”的含义:
everyday clothes
everyday routine damage 在下面的例子中，名词 damage 前面不用冠词:
It could cause damage to the economy.
The villa suffered damage in the wildfire.
It will do damage to the house.
The storm there did a lot of damage.
There is little damage to the trees.
The steamer sustained damage to her keel. damn 1． damn 与 damned 和 goddamn 含义相同。
2． damn 作副词用，相当于 very，可以修饰好事，也可以修饰坏事，是粗俗用语:
He is a damn good teacher.
He is a damn fool. damp damp，wet
两词都可表示“湿的”。
1． damp 是 slightly wet，因而，其含义相对较弱:
a damp basement room
2． wet 是 covered with liquid; in a
liquid state，所以可指 “( 可以看到水的那种) 湿”:
I went out in the rain and got wet.
3． wet 可以指“下雨的”，damp 一般不可以这样用:
a wet day 下雨天 dance 1． 作“舞蹈艺术”解时，常作不可数名词:
a book on dance
a student of modern dance
2． 可组成不少词组:
dance band
dance floor
dance hall
dance music
country dance
dance school
dance teacher
dance class
3． 在现代英语中，a dance class，a
dance hall 要比 a dancing class，a
dancing hall 普通。 danger 1． 下面例子中，danger 前没有冠词:
in danger
in no danger
in great danger
in grave danger
It may put my life in serious dan-
ger.
He is facing danger.
He is now out of danger.
2． 作可数名词时，danger 常指“危险的人或事情”等，后面常跟介词 to
或 of:
Smoking is a danger to health.
He is a danger to the community.
They are the dangers of society. dangerous 1． 指 likely to harm or kill sb， or
damage or destroy sth，强调“对别人是危险的”，表示“自己遭受危险的”，可以说:
I am endangered.
I am in danger.
My life is in danger.
I am in danger of death.
2． 常用于下列句型:
It is dangerous to do it.
It is dangerous for you to do the work.
It is dangerous to you.
It is dangerous for you. dare 1． 既是行为动词，又是情态动词，因此它可以作不及物动词、及物动词或情态动词。
2． 可以像实义动词那样使用:
I daren't go.
I dare not go.
I do not dare to go.
I do not dare go.
3． 后面的动词不定式 to 可加可不加:
I don't dare go.
I don't dare to go.
I didn't dare disobey.
I didn't dare to disobey.
I dare you to do it.
Do you dare to go?
Will you dare to go?
Don't you dare!
Don't you dare touch it.
Don't you dare to touch it.
How dare you suggest it!
Dare he tell her the truth?
4． 作情态动词用时，dare 在第三人称单数后面不加 s:
He dare go.
5． 作实义动词用时，其第三人称单数形式后面要加 s，后可跟动词不定式:
He dares to criticize his boss.
He dare not go.
He does not dare go.
Nobody dares criticize him.
Nobody dares to criticize him.
6． 前面可用其他情态动词，如 might，
would，do 等:
He might dare go.
He might not dare to go.
7． 后面可直接跟名词作宾语:
He dares personal exposure.
She dared the anger of the whole family.
8． 作不及物动词用时，一般不用进行时态，如不说 He is not daring to
complain，可以说:
He does not dare to complain。
9． 作及物动词时一般不用被动语态。 dark 1． 注意 dark 在下列句子中的用法及含义:
The hall went dark. 大厅突然一片漆黑。
It is getting dark. 天渐渐黑下来了。
It is growing dark. 天渐渐变得黑了。
Please keep it dark. 请保守秘密。
I hate the dark powers. 我憎恨那些邪恶的权威。
2． 可表示“深色的”:
dark blue
dark red
dark green
dark grey
dark suits
3． 作名词时，dark 前面不用冠词:
Don't go out after dark.
I'll get home before dark.
It looks beautiful at dark. darkness 1． 通常用作不可数名词，下面例子中，darkness 前没有冠词:
during the hours of darkness
The room was plunged into dark-
ness.
The classroom there was in dark-
ness.
when darkness falls
under cover of darkness
the forces of darkness
the power of darkness
Darkness is gathering around him.
Darkness is setting in.
2． 注意其与形容词的搭配:
in pitch darkness
pitchy darkness
pre-down darkness
mysterious darkness
invincible darkness
somber darkness
thick darkness
utter darkness
dead darkness
complete darkness
gathering darkness
impenetrable darkness
sudden darkness
gradual darkness
ominous darkness
cozy darkness
deepening darkness
enveloping darkness
uneasy darkness
chilly darkness
fearful darkness
windy darkness
horrible darkness
serene darkness
howling darkness
fathomless darkness
3． 参见 black，dark darling 1． 主要用在口语中，表示友善。
2． 作称呼语常有以下用法:
What can I do for you，darling?
Darling Peter，what can I do for
you?
Peter darling，what can I do for
you?
My dear，darling Peter，what can
I do for you?
Oh，Peter darling，I am sorry. dart 后面常跟 to，away，through，into，
out，across，forward，off，around，
down，at，on，out of，in and out of，
toward 等:
He darted to his feet.
He darted into the doorway.
He darted forward and caught the ball.
The thoughts darted in and out of his mind.
He darted away from the killing site. dart dash，dart
两词都有“冲”的含义。
1． 有时含义相近，可以换用:
He dashed / darted across the street.
He dashed / darted toward the door.
He made a sudden dash / dart for the door.
2． 下面的句子中，用 dash 更贴切:
He ran the 100-meter dash. ( 不用 dart)
I must dash off — I've got to catch the last shuttle bus.
The accident dashed his hopes of going abroad. dash dash，dart
两词都有“冲”的含义。
1． 有时含义相近，可以换用:
He dashed / darted across the street.
He dashed / darted toward the door.
He made a sudden dash / dart for the door.
2． 下面的句子中，用 dash 更贴切:
He ran the 100-meter dash. ( 不用 dart)
I must dash off — I've got to catch the last shuttle bus.
The accident dashed his hopes of going abroad. data 1． 复数形式，单数形式是 datum，但很少用; data 在现代英语中可用作单复数和不可数名词:
These data are inconclusive.
This data is inconclusive.
2． 下面的句子都可以:
It carries ten times more data than
a CD-ROM．
Very little data is available.
I looked at all the data.
The analysis was based on data just collected.
It is referred to as data.
3． 可组成不少新词或词组:
dataphone
data money
data bank
database
data warehouse
data processing
data mining
data bus
data dictionary
data highway
data sheet
data terminal
data-undervoice date 1． 常指具体的“某年某月某日”:
Jan 20，2005
2． 也可指没有具体日期的“年代”:
Wasn't 1815 the date of the battle
of Waterloo?
3． 通常不可指“月份”，一般不说:
March is the date of the accident
4． 但是作动词时，可用下面的句子:
The letter is dated in March，
1998．
5． 作动词时除包括时间外，还可以包括地名:
The package was dated at Bos-
ton，March 15，1998．
6． 作“日期”解时，和介词的常见搭配如下:
at a later date
at a future date
at some date in the near future
a week from the date of his
pledge
from that date to the present
on a given date
on the same date
on its scheduled date
It will be out of date before it's printed.
the result to date
profits made to date
a fax under date of May 5，2003
until a recent date
up to a recent date
a fax with no date
the date on the coin
the closing date for the competi-
tion
the date for his departure
the date of her death
the date of its virgin voyage
7． 作动词用，后面常跟以下介词:
This collection of stamps dates
back to 1945．
The painting must date from the
15 th century.
It may date way back in the 14 th century.
The gift was dated at New York
on May 5 th，2003．
A fax dated from New York on
May 5，2003．
The letter is dated in May，2003．
8． 作“约会”解时，一般指“与异性朋友约会”:
She was sad because he had never asked her for a date.
9． 因此，若要讲 “( 公务方面的 ) 约会”，最好不要用 date，可以用
have an appointment with 之类的短语来表示。
10． to date 表示 until now 时，date
前常不用冠词:
This is the best novel I've read to date.
11． What is the date today? 应该回答具体的日期，如 Jan 5，2003; 而
What day is it today? 应该回答
It's Sunday. 等。
12． datebook 是美国用词，相当于
appointment book。
13． date rape 尤指 “( 在与朋友) 约会( 时被) 强奸”，可作动词:
The actress has revealed that she was date raped more than once as a young woman. dawn 1． 下面的例句中，dawn 前面一般不用冠词:
He left at dawn.
He got up at the crack of dawn.
Dawn broke over the small vil-
lage.
He works from dawn till dusk.
2． 下面的例子中，dawn 前面用冠词:
the dawn of a new day
the dawn of civilization
It marks the dawn of a new era.
It ushers in the dawn of lasting peace.
We are standing at the dawn of the new technology.
The first signs of the dawn appear on the horizon.
3． 作动词时，后面常跟 on，upon 等:
The truth finally dawned on me.
The truth began to dawn upon him.
It dawned on me that he was a liar. day 1． all day 和 all day long 的含义相同:
He worked all day ( long) ．
也有人说 all the day 或 all the day
long 的，但不常用。
2． day in，day out，day after day，
from day to day 或 day by day 都有“每天”的意思，但含义各有侧重。
1) day in，day out 和 day after day
含义接近，都强调 boring，unpleas-
ant:
It's so boring，doing the same job day in，day out.
It went on raining day after day.
2) from day to day 和 day by day 的含义很接近，都强调“经常”:
The situation changes from day to day / day by day.
3． one day 可以指“过去的某一天”，
也可以指“将来的某一天”。
1) 将来:
He hopes to go abroad one day.
2) 过去:
One day she left home and never returned.
4． some day 多指“将来的某一天”:
She plans to run her own shop some day.
5． 下面短语中，day 用复数形式:
in the early days of 在……早期
back in the days 早在……
between two days 通夜
for days on end 连续数日
in the days gone by 在从前、以往
in days of old ( yore) 在从前、以往
in our days 如今
in modern days 现今
man of other days 古人
be on days 上日班
the day of days 重大的日子
the good old days 昔时的美好时光
the bad old days 昔日的倒霉时光
have seen better days 曾有过好日子
have known better days 曾过过好日子
in the old days 昔时
in those days 在过去
one of these days 最近的某一天
one of those days 过去的某一天
those were the days when  那些……日子是令人怀念的
sb's / sth's days are numbered 某人 / 某事的日子已屈指可数
end one's days 结束某人的生命
high days and holidays 节日和特别的日子
in all one's born days 某人问世以来
6． the day before yesterday 前天
the day after tomorrow 后天
7． 下面短语中，day 前面一般不用冠词:
by day
as plain as day
day after day
day and night
day by day
day in，day out
from day to day
as clear as day
before day
8． every second day 与 every other
day 意思相同，是“每隔一天”; ev-
ery third day 是“每隔两天”。
9． to a day 恰恰，正巧
to this day 至今
to the day 恰好，刚好
It is ten years to a day. 正好 10
年。
I haven't told him about it to this day. 迄今为止我还没有把这事告诉他。
I left New York one year ago to the day. 我离开纽约正好一年了。
day care
1． 在美国指 “( 照顾小孩的 ) 日托中心”，常写作 day care center。
2． 在英国常指“( 老人、残疾人的) 日托( 中心)”。
3． “( 动物的) 日托( 中心)”也可以用
day care:
Dog Day Care in London
4． day care 可以写成 day-care，可以作形容词或名词。 DC 作“( 华盛顿) 哥伦比亚特区”解，可写成:
Washington，D． C． DC Washington，DC
dead meat
用在口语中，形容某人“遇上大麻烦、可能要受到伤害”等:
You are dead meat while talking like that; be careful. 你那样说话可能要遇上大麻烦的，小心些。 deadwood 1． 也可以拼成 dead wood 或 dead-
wood。
2． 常作不可数名词:
The firm has got too much dead wood. 该公司冗员太多。
The firm wants to get rid of its deadwood. 该公司想去除冗员。 deaf 1． 可以搭配 profoundly，totally，par-
tially，very，exceedingly deaf 等，表示“聋”的程度。
2． 下面两个句子意思相同:
He is deaf in one ear.
He is deaf of one ear.
3． 作“不愿意听、不肯听”解时，后面常跟介词 to:
He is deaf to people's requests.
He is deaf to pleas for help.
He turned a deaf ear to the words of his teacher.
4． deaf-mute，deaf mute 是名词，作
“聋哑人”解; deaf-and-dumb 是形容词，作“聋哑的”解。 deal 1． 作不及物动词时，后面常跟介词
with，但有时也跟 in:
deal with complaints
deal with politics
deal in cash
a company dealing in hardware
2． a great deal of 与 a good deal of
的含义相同，后面只跟不可数名词:
a great deal of research
a great deal of exercise
a great deal of sickness
a good deal of talk
a good deal of publicity
3． the deal 不是“交易”的意思，在口语中指 what is happening 或 what
is going to happen:
What's the deal? 怎么回事? dear expensive，dear
两词都可以译成“贵的”。
1． expensive 常指“价格贵得超过物品的实际价值或购买者的支付力”，有“奢华、昂贵、浪费”等含义:
an expensive party
an expensive restaurant
drive in an expensive limousine
2． dear 主要用在英国口语中，与
cheap 相对而言:
Oil is cheap when it is plentiful，
and dear when it is scarce. death 1． 注意下列搭配:
The man was beaten / stabbed /
starved / kicked / crushed / shot /
frozen / squeezed / bled / burned
/ worked / tormented / frightened /
put / condemned to death.
die a terrible / decent / heroic /
meaningless / natural death
2． 下面例子中，death 前面常不用冠词:
Smith escaped death by a miracle.
He chose death before dishonor.
He faced death with a smile.
He feigned death.
He met death calmly.
He greeted death with laughter.
That man preferred death to dis-
honor.
That man suffered death for his belief.
3． the death of 100 people 中的
death 可以用作单数。
4． 表示“疾病、事故等的死亡人数”时，常用复数:
the number of deaths from cancer
the number of deaths on the road
5． death bed 可以拼写成 deathbed，
death-bed; 前面常用介词 on，to，
at 等:
He promised his mother on her deathbed that he would study hard.
He summoned all his friends to his deathbed.
6． death penalty 前面常加定冠词，它的正式说法是 capital punish-
ment:
A closely divided Supreme Court
outlawed the death penalty for ju-
venile criminals. debate 后面常跟介词 on，about， for，
through，with，within 等:
debate on a question
debate about an issue
debate for a long time
debated through the remainder of
the afternoon
debated with himself
debated within himself debris 1． 常作不可数名词，后面跟单数动词:
Debris is shuttle's biggest threat.
2． 可指各种“残片”:
earthquake debris
bombing debris
human debris debt 1． 具体指某一笔“债务”时，debt 是可数名词:
I've paid all my debts.
2． 泛指“债务状况”时，debt 常作不可数名词:
He was deeply in debt.
How can I get out of debt?
He was terrified of getting into debt.
He never ran into debt.
3． 表示延伸意义“欠某人的情”时，
debt 只作单数用:
I owe a debt of gratitude to my teacher. ( 一般不说 I owe debts of gratitude to my teacher. ) debut 1． 常用 make one's debut 的句型:
make her acting debut
make one's singing debut
make one's movie debut
make one's screen debut
make one's stage debut
make one's film debut
make one's radio debut
2． 后面常跟介词 on，at，in，as 等:
make one's debut on Broadway
make one's debut at a recital
make one's debut in Paris
make one's debut as a replace-
ment decade 前面常用介词 in， over， during，
within，for 等:
in the present decade
over the last decade
during the next few decades
within the past decade
for several decades
deceased
the deceased 可以指一个、两个或多个“死者”。
1． 一人:
The deceased left a large sum of money to his daughter.
2． 两人:
The deceased were both mur-
dered by him.
3． 多人:
The identities of the deceased have been determined.
deceive
Looks / Appearances can be decei-
ving. 中的 looks，appearances 常用复数形式。
deceiving，deceptive，deceitful， decide 后面常用介词 on， upon， for，
against，between，in，by，about 等:
We decided on Beijing as our holi-
day destination this year.
His father let him to decide upon music as his career.
I have a chance to decide for my-
self.
The court decides against him.
He has to decide between the two choices.
The court decides in our favor.
You may decide by yourself.
The committee will decide about the matter. decision 注意与下列动词的搭配:
make a decision
come to a decision
reach a decision
reverse a decision
overturn a decision
await a decision
delay a decision
announce a decision
give a decision
form a decision
have a decision
learn a decision
postpone a decision
sustain a decision
ratify a decision declaration proclamation，declaration
两词都可译成“宣言、宣布”。
1． proclamation 所指的“宣言”一般对整个国家和民族都有影响:
the Emancipation Proclamation
( 美国的) 废奴宣言
the proclamation of national emer-
gency 宣布国家处于紧急状态
2． declaration 所指的“宣言”可以对国家有影响，也可以只对个人有影响:
the declaration of war 战争宣言
his declaration of love 他的爱情宣言 declare 1． 下面每组句子的意思相同:
The election was declared to be invalid.
The election was declared invalid.
The court declared him to be inno-
cent.
The court declared him innocent.
He declared himself to be a sup-
porter of the cause.
He declared himself a supporter of the cause.
2． 常用于以下句型:
He declared that he had no inten-
tion of giving up the fight. ( de-
clare that)
She was declared the winner.
( be declared sth)
He declared it delicious. ( declare it + a. )
She declared herself happy to be home. ( declare oneself + a. )
He declared himself mayor of the city. ( declare oneself sth)
The rebels declared a temporary ceasefire. ( declare sth)
The occupying army declared it to be a safe zone. ( declare it to be
sth)
He declared himself in favor of the agreement. ( declare oneself in
favor of sth)
He declared his intension to be-
come the best writer in the world.
( declare one's intension to sth)
Japan declared its support for the agreement. ( declare one's sup-
port for)
He declared for the tax cut. ( de-
clare for sth)
They followed him and declared a-
gainst the war. ( declare against
sth)
Japan declared war on the United
States. ( declare war on sth)
Have you anything to declare? 你有什么东西要申报的? ( 海关用语)
Are you going to declare the vase
at customs? 你打算在海关申报这只花瓶吗? ( 海关用语) decline 1． 下面两句话的意思相同:
I asked her to come to the party，
but she declined.
I asked her to come to the party，
but she declined the invitation.
2． 表示数量等的“降低”，常有以下表达法:
The number declined from 450 to
350．
Its membership has declined by
50 percent over the last five years.
There has been a drastic decline
of 20% from 1998．
There has been a steady decline in weight from 120 to 101 pounds.
The daily output declined 3% in the second quarter.
The daily output declined sharply last year.
The rate of production growth was
on the decline in 2000．
The market is in long-term de-
cline.
3． 在 decline 的后面常跟动词不定式:
He declined to comment on the rumor.
He declined to discuss the plan with his colleagues. decode 常与下列名词搭配:
decode a broadcast signal
decode a work of art
decode a secret message
decode a play
decode the enemy's telegram
decode information
decode digital electronic signals
decode the eighteen bits decoration 1． 泛指“装潢艺术”时，常作不可数名词:
It is free of all decoration.
2． 具体指各种不同的“装饰品”时，常作可数名词:
festive paper decorations
inside decorations
Christmas decorations
house decorations
table decorations
3． 作“勋章”解时，前面常用下列动词:
accept a decoration
award a decoration
wear a decoration
give a decoration decrease 1． 作名词时，后面常跟下列介词:
a decrease in the number of vio-
lent crimes
a decrease of 10 percent from last
year
a decrease of 2% in the rate of in-
flation
a 2% decrease in her income
show a decrease of 10% against
the percentage of the previous
year
show a decrease on the numbers
of the previous week
2． 作动词时，后面常跟以下介词:
decreasing by 10% each year
have decreased in size
The cold has decreased in severi-
ty.
The number has decreased to
less than 3，500．
3． 不同程度的“降低”有不少表达法:
Prices are going down / coming
down / dropping / falling / plum-
meting / plunging / slumping /
dwindling / declining / on the de-
cline. dedicate 1． 有以下句型:
dedicate sth to sth
dedicate sth to doing sth
dedicate oneself to sth
dedicate sth to sb
2． 可以说:
He has dedicated his life to help-
ing others. ( 一般不说 He has ded-
icated his life to help others. ) deduce deduce，infer
两词都有“推断”的含义; 但 deduce
比较正式，对“推断”的结果更加负责，因而也更加可靠; infer 的“推断”有时不那么可靠:
From her conversation，I deduced that she had a large family. 从她的交谈中，我推断她有许多子女。
( 这里，推断比较可靠)
What can we infer from his refusal
to see us? 他拒绝见我们，从中我们能推断出什么呢? ( 这里，推断不太可靠) deduct 常用于以下句型:
deduct taxes from his pay checks
( deduct sth from sth)
deduct 100 dollars out of his al-
lowance ( deduct sth out fo sth)
Tax will be deducted automatically from his salary. ( be deducted
from)
Up to 10% of marks in the test will be deducted for spelling mistakes.
( be deducted for) deduction 有可数和不可数形式。
before tax and insurance deduc-
tions( 可数，用来指多笔扣款)
without deduction of tax ( 不可数，泛指税的扣除) deem 作 consider 或 think 解时，常用在文学作品、新闻等中，用在一般场合会显得不太自然:
They would deem it an honor if the president agreed to meet them. deep ，profound
两词都可译成“深的”。
1． deep 有时可与 deeply 换用，意思相同:
The needle went deep / deeply into his skin.
2． deep 比 profound 常用，可用来形容各种“深”，精神、物质等方面都可以:
a deep thinker
a deep discussion
a deep ocean
a deep pit
3． deep 可以形容“颜色的深”，pro-
found 不这么用:
deep blue
4． profound 较正式，程度胜过 deep:
The canyons there are more pro-
found than the deepest gorges here.
5． profound 比较文雅，常用在文学作品中:
bliss love and profound hatred
6． 下面词组中用 deep 更合适:
a deep breath
knee-deep
a deep voice
in deep trouble deer 1． “雄鹿”是 stag，“雌鹿”是 doe，
“小鹿”是 fawn。
2． 复数形式可以是 deer 或 deers。
deers 主要是美国人使用，所以下面的例子都是对的:
a deer
three deer
three deers defeat 1． 下面词组中不用冠词:
admit defeat
accept defeat
concede defeat
suffer defeat
in defeat
acknowledge defeat
bring defeat to
He was prepared to admit defeat.
He was not a man to accept de-
feat.
2． 具体指“多次失败”时，可说:
several defeats defect 注意以下搭配:
a hearing defect
a defect in the plane
the defects of the system
grave defects in modern school
a defect of character
mechanical defects
design defects defend 1． 后面常跟介词 from，against，含义相同:
Steps are taken to defend the town from / against attack.
2． 但有人说，用 from 或 against 是有区别的。
1) 按语言规则应该是:
defend others from
defend ourselves against
2) 但在实际使用中，人们并不遵循此规律。
2． 常与以下副词连用:
easily defend
stoutly defend
strongly defend
strenuously defend
vigorously defend
successfully defend
brilliantly defend
obstinately defend
staunchly defend
passively defend
competently defend
aggressively defend
3． defender 是“防御者、防守队员、辩护人”的意思，defendant 是“被告”的意思。 defer 常用于下列句型:
defer it until a more proper time
( defer sth until)
defer payment for as long as pos-
sible ( defer sth for)
defer making a decision ( defer
doing sth)
The pension was deferred until af-
ter age 65． ( be deferred until) deficient 1． 后面常跟介词 in:
a diet deficient in essential fatty
acids
deficient in math skills
2． 后面偶尔也可以跟介词 of:
He was deficient of imagination.
3． 在 deficient in 后面常跟下列名词:
deficient in iron
deficient in supply of water
deficient in clearness
deficient in ability
deficient in strength
deficient in courage
deficient in capital
deficient in common sense
deficient in vitamin
deficient in intelligence
deficient in self-confidence
deficient in experience
deficient in knowledge define 常用于下列句型:
Her job is to define the new words.
( define sth)
I have to define what my problem is before I can solve it. ( define what)
I defined it as a storm. ( define 
as)
It is hard to define. ( It is  to de-
fine)
It is defined as manual work. ( be
defined as) definite 1． 常与下列名词连用:
a definite answer
a definite bestseller
a definite link
a definite date
a definite period of time
a definite attitude
a definite view
a definite plan
a definite news
a definite proof
a definite policy
a definite improvement
a definite standard
a definite appointment
a definite place
a definite form
a definite shape
a definite evidence
a definite opinion
a definite advantage
a definite relationship
a definite decision
a definite result
a definite change
a definite action
a definite energy
a definite strength
a definite conclusion
a definite defeat
a definite elation
a definite promise
2． definite 与 definitive 的发音、拼写近似，有时会混淆，注意下面句子的中文意思:
a definite answer 明确的回答
a definitive answer 最后的判决( 不可更改) degree 1． 前面常用以下形容词:
to some degree
to a large degree
to certain degree
to the startling degree
to a considerable degree
to a extraordinary degree
to a conspicuous degree
to an eminent degree
to the lesser degree
to the last degree
to a remarkable degree
to a slight degree
2． 前面有时还用以下介词:
in full degree
with a fair degree
at 30 degrees
by slow degrees
of a high degree
above 38 degrees
3． 表示“学位”时，前面常用以下动词:
get a degree
attain a degree
award a degree
bear a degree
confer a degree
grant a degree
have a degree
hold a degree
inaugurate a degree
obtain a degree
receive a degree
take a degree
win a degree
earn a degree in law delay 1． 作动词时，常用于以下句型:
He wanted to delay his departure.
( delay sth)
They wanted to delay having chil-
dren. ( delay doing sth)
The trip was delayed by the storm. ( be delayed by)
Don't delay if we want to get it done in time. ( delay 作不及物动词)
He decided to delay his holiday until next month. ( delay sth until)
2． 作名词用时，有单数和复数形式:
The accident has caused more delays.
Such a delay won't hurt anyone.
3． 可作不可数名词:
Do it without delay!
After much delay，the plane took off at midnight. delegate ，representative
两词都可以译成“代表”，但含义不尽相同。
1． delegate 常指 “( 被选举出来去参加某个会议的) 代表”:
their delegate at the conference
delegates to the People's Con-
gress
conference delegates from all over
the world
2． representative 在表示“( 被选举出的) 代表”时，与 delegate 有相似之处，比如都可有“被选举出来代表众人发表意见”的含义:
China's delegate / representative
to the Untied Nations
3． representative 的使用域比 dele-
gate 广，可指“各种代表”，官方的、私人的、选举的、指派的等等。注意下面句子中各种“代表”:
buying representatives
selling representatives
commercial representatives
consular representatives
travel representatives
company representatives
political representatives
elected representatives delegation 后面常跟介词 to，from 等:
send a delegation to the summit
Britain's delegation to the UN talks
a delegation from Japan deliberate deliberate，intentional
两词都可译成“故意的”，但含义有些不同。
1． deliberate 尤其强调“事先准备和计划，明知是件坏事，还要深思熟虑、盘算周到地去准备”，语气较强:
a deliberate lie
It was a deliberate attempt to kill him.
2． intentional 的语气没有 deliberate
强，常常没有想伤害人的意思:
I'm sorry I left you off the list — it wasn't intentional.
3． 在实际使用中，两词有时差别不大，可以换用:
an intentional / a deliberate insult delicious 除可表示“可口的、美味的”外，还有不少其他含义:
a delicious breeze
a delicious feeling of pleasure
savor the delicious spectacle
a delicious joke
a delicious thrill
a delicious contentment
a delicious irony
a delicious history lesson
a delicious humor
the delicious double meaning
in a state of delicious wonder
delicious fragrance
delicious coolness
a delicious sin
delicious opportunities
delicious vale
a delicious shade
cultivate this delicious habit
feel a delicious floating sensation delight 1． 作“对 …… 很喜欢、以 …… 为乐”解时，后面常跟介词 in。delight in
亦可用来表达“不愉快、不健康、非同寻常的事”:
They delight in festivals.
She delights in scandals.
He delights in shocking people.
2． be delighted 后面常跟介词 at，
by，with 等，下面几句话意思相同:
I am delighted at the news.
I am delighted by the news.
I am delighted with the news.
3． be delighted 后面常跟动词不定式、从句等:
I am delighted that the class is over.
I am delighted to see you again. delightful 表示“使别人愉快”，而不是“自己感到愉快的”; “自己感到愉快的”可用
be delighted:
He is delightful child. 他是个讨人喜欢的孩子。
The child is delighted with the toy.
玩具使这个孩子感到高兴。 delinquency 1． 可作可数或不可数名词:
The lad had no history of delin-
quency.
The court took into account her former delinquencies.
2． 尤指“少年犯罪”，更正式的译法是 juvenile delinquency。 deliver 常跟以下名词连用:
deliver ( the) package
deliver ( the) parcels
deliver ( the) message
deliver ( the) attack
deliver ( the) records
deliver ( the) person
deliver ( the) prisoner
deliver ( the) talk
deliver ( the) speech
deliver ( the) lecture
deliver ( the) address
deliver ( the) verdict
deliver ( the) health service
deliver ( the) votes
deliver ( the) software
deliver ( the) baby
deliver ( the) blow
deliver ( the) punch
deliver ( the) goods
deliver ( the) letter
deliver ( the) food
deliver ( the) pizza
deliver ( the ) working technolo-
gies
deliver ( the) newspaper
deliver ( the) hard kick
deliver ( the) power
deliver ( the) electrons
deliver ( the) radiation
deliver ( the) check delusion delusion，illusion
delusion 比 illusion 语气强，“幻觉”的时间更长久，造成的影响或危害也更大:
She was under the delusion that he intended to marry her. ( 这种错觉往往对女方影响极大)
She cherished the illusion that he loved her. ( 即便是错觉，她喜欢这种感觉) delusion illusion，delusion
1． illusion 指“人们有理由对某事信以为真，但实际是假的”:
A lot of local people still have the illusion that full employment is possible.
2． illusion 也常指由视觉产生的 “幻觉”:
Mirror give an illusion of more space in a room.
3． delusion 指 “( 因胡思乱想或精神错乱而产生的 ) 妄想、错觉”，常常明显是假的:
Delusions are commonplace in the final stages of alcoholism.
The mental patient is suffering from delusions. demand 1． 作名词用时，在下列短语中常用复数形式:
The job makes great demands on his time.
He is unwilling to meet / satisfy her demands.
He is quite clear about the de-
mands of the task.
He is not afraid of the demands of the new job.
2． 在下面短语中，demand 前面不用冠词:
The new radio is in demand all o-
ver the country.
The bill is payable on demand.
It is created by popular demand.
3． 作动词用，常出现在句型 to know，
to see，that，sth of sb，sth from
sb 中:
He demanded to know the truth.
He demanded to see the presi-
dent of the company.
He demanded that he should be told the truth.
She demanded a lot of her hus-
band.
She demanded a lot from her hus-
band.
4． 下面的句子意思相同:
He demanded that all the facts should be made public.
He demanded that all the facts be made public.
He made the demand that all the facts should be made public.
He made the demand that all the facts be made public.
5． 作名词用，后面常跟介词 for，on，
upon，of 等:
a demand for skilled workers
many demands on my time
The demands upon him must be limited.
the demands of his new job demise 有人说，demise 作为 death 的委婉语已经过时，实际上，在现代英语中它还是常见的:
the demise of freedom in that
country
the demise of typewriter in this
computer age democracy 1． 指“民主”的抽象概念时，为不可数名词:
the spread of democracy in Asia
the move toward democracy
a threat to democracy
2． 特指“民主的国家、体制”等时，de-
mocracy 是可数名词:
the fledgling democracies
new democracies
emerging democracies den 1． 作“小巧舒适的私室”解，主要是美国用语:
my father's den
2． 常与非法、不良的事情联系在一起:
a gambling den
a drinking den
a crack den
an opium-smoking den
a den of thieves
a den of iniquity
a den of frightful ruffians denial 1． 表示不同程度的“否定”，denial 前可用不同的形容词:
firm denial
strong denial
vehement denial
strenuous denial
repeated denial
official denial
personal denial
flat denial
bold denial
cynical denial
rigid denial
smiling denial
indignant denial
amused denial
utter denial
self denial
2． 后面常跟介词 of:
the denial of human rights
3． 前面常跟介词 in，with 等:
Elizabeth had not a word in deni-
al.
She met with a denial. dense dense，thick
两词都有“密”的含义。
1． dense 强调“密得不可穿透”:
dense undergrowth
dense fog
2． dense 指“在有限空间里沉重物体
( 或物质) 的密集”:
a dense crowd in the small lecture
hall
dense traffic in the city
3． thick 强调“茂密、稠密、浓密”等:
long thick hair
thick gruel
thick flowers dent dent，inhabitant
这组词都跟“平民”有关。
1． citizen 尤指“有选举权的市民、公民”。
2． subject 尤指封建社会的“臣民”，
君主国家的“国民”:
all the Queen's subjects
3． civilian 是与军队、警察、消防队的成员相对而言的“平民”:
Ten civilians and one soldier were killed in the bombing.
4． resident 是“居民、住客”，住在宾馆里的人也可称 resident。
5． inhabitant 指“长时间住在一个地方的人或动物”:
the oldest inhabitants
The inhabitants of a place are the people or animals that live there.
6． 参见 civic。 deny 1． 常用于以下句型:
He denied the allegations. ( deny
sth)
He denied having committed the crime. ( deny doing sth)
He denied that he had committed the crime. ( deny that)
His ex-wife denied him access to his daughter. ( deny sb sth)
He had been denied the right to visit his daughter. ( deny sb sth)
The dentist was accused of deny-
ing treatment to the old lady. ( de-
ny sth to sb)
2． There's no denying主要用在口语中，后面常跟以下句型:
There's no denying his popularity.
There's no denying the fact that he is popular.
There's no denying that he is pop-
ular.
There's no denying his being pop-
ular. depart 1． 后面常跟介词 at，for，from，to，
on，in 等:
The shuttle bus departs at 8: 00
am.
I was surprised to see him depart at such speed.
The president will depart for Paris tomorrow.
His flight departs from New York at 10 o'clock.
I will depart to my own country next week.
He departed on the adventure last year.
He departed just in time for the last train.
2． 作及物动词，表示“离开”，主要是美国用法:
Before departing Boston，he visi-
ted Harvard University.
He departed football last year.
They are departing science alto-
gether.
He departed his father's house in
May.
The president of SNU has depart-
ed office.
3． depart this life( 离开人间) 是习惯用法，一般不说 depart his / her
life 等:
She departed this life in the sum-
mer of 2003．
4． 可表示一时的动作，故不说 She has departed for three years. 可以说:
She departed three years ago.
5． the departed 表示“死者”，是委婉语，可指“所有的死者”，也可指“一个死者”，常指刚刚去世的人，后面可用单数或复数动词:
The departed is used to refer to someone who has recently died.
( 用作单数)
The departed are people who have died. ( 用作复数) department 1． 可表示汉语中 “( 大学里的) 系”，
还有其他英语词可表示“系”，如
faculty 等，但 faculty 有时似乎大于
department:
The Department of physics is in the Faculty of Science. 物理系隶属理学部。
2． 作为一个“行政部门”，在美国可相当于一个“部”，在英国叫 minis-
try:
the United States Department of
Labor
a helicopter flight carrying two US
Department of Agriculture Forest
Service employees departure 后面主要用介词 from，for，to，in 等:
early departure from Paris
the man's departure for the vaca-
tion
his departure to the strange world
a new departure in American liter-
ature depend 1． 后面常跟介词 on 或 upon:
It depends on how well you can do in college.
No one can depend upon him.
2． 在口语中，后面常可跟 what，
where， how， when， whether， if
等引导的从句。这时，depend 后面往往不跟 on 或 upon 等:
It depends what type of computer you use.
It depends whether it rains.
3． 常用 depend on sb for sth 或 de-
pend on sb to do sth 的句型:
She depended on her lover for a meager living.
The senior citizens here depend on Mr. Smith to take care of them.
4． That depends，That all depends，
It all depends 的含义相同，都表示
“那得看情况”。 dependant dependent，dependant
1． dependent 是美国拼法; depend-
ant 是英国拼法。
2． dependent 可作名词用，表示“依赖别人生活的人”:
army dependents
family dependents
the dependents of the king
idle dependents
He has dependents from a previ-
ous marriage. dependent dependent，dependant
1． dependent 是美国拼法; depend-
ant 是英国拼法。
2． dependent 可作名词用，表示“依赖别人生活的人”:
army dependents
family dependents
the dependents of the king
idle dependents
He has dependents from a previ-
ous marriage. depict 常用于以下句型:
depict the most famous battle
( depict sth)
depict the landscape in its natural
colors ( depict sth in sth)
He was depicted as a martyr.
( be depicted as)
The novel depicted her as a rath-
er unpleasant character. ( depict
sb as sth)
The painting depicts her lying in a sofa. ( depict one's doing sth) depiction 可以有单数和复数形式:
the depiction of tigers in their nat-
ural surroundings
graphic depictions of earthquakes
deplete，depleted，depletion
注意下面的一些词组。
1． 动词 deplete 表示“锐减”:
It has severely depleted the company's funds.
It has seriously depleted the city's stocks of food.
2． 形容词 depleted 表示“耗尽的、枯竭的”:
depleted ozone layer
depleted army
depleted fuel stocks
depleted food supplies
3． 名词 depletion 表示“耗尽、枯竭”:
the depletion of underground wa-
ter supplies
the depletion of forests / precious
dollar supplies / resources / soil
nitrogen / local populations deposit 1． 注意下列与 deposit 搭配的动词:
pay a deposit
put down a deposit
make a deposit
put a deposit on
require a deposit
ask for a deposit
lose one's deposit
collect a deposit
demand a deposit
draw one's deposit
forfeit the deposit
get a deposit
give a cash deposit
have a deposit
offer a deposit
2． deposit account 是英国用语，美国人说 savings account:
I'd like to open a deposit account with you. 我想要在你们这儿开个储蓄账户。
I'd like to open a savings account
with an initial deposit of 200
dollars. 我想以 200 美元起存开个储蓄账户。 depot 1． 作“( 小) 火车站、( 小) 汽车站”解，是美国用法:
As Lincoln's vice-president， An-
drew Johnson stopped at the dep-
ot greeted by
2． 作“公共汽车停车库、修理场”解，是英国用法:
A variety of freight wagons were repaired at the depot. depressed 常用于以下句型中:
He felt deeply depressed. ( feel
depressed)
He was very depressed about los-
ing his job. ( be depressed a-
bout)
He was very depressed by the sad news. ( be depressed by)
He looks rather depressed. ( look
depressed)
He has been greatly depressed at the news. ( be depressed at)
He seemed somewhat depressed over the love affair. ( seem de-
pressed over) depression 1． 当首字母大写，前面加定冠词时，常指“20 世纪 20、30 年代欧美的经济大萧条”，也作 the Great De-
pression:
America from the Depression to
World War II
It showed the negative impact of the Great Depression.
2． 表示“( 精神上的) 忧伤”等义时，常作不可数名词:
signs of depression after a divorce
a fit of depression
suffering from depression
3． 但也可作可数名词用:
He slid into a depression.
Other depressions are ‘built into’
the characters and the personali-
ties of the patients. deprive 1． 常用于以下句型中:
He was deprived of his civil rights.
( be deprived of sth)
The court has deprived him of his right to see his daughter. ( de-
prived sb of sth)
The court has deprived the com-
pany of its money it needs to for further development. ( deprive sth
of sth)
2． 作形容词用，指“没有过舒适生活所需的基本东西”，即“贫困的”:
deprived childhood
deprived area
deprived people
deprived city depth 1． 作复数用，前面加冠词 the depths，常强调“最、极”等; 常指遥远的地方或不愉快的情况:
in the depths of the forest 森林深处
in the depths of the ocean 大洋深处
in the depths of winter 在隆冬
in the depths of despair 在绝望的深渊
2． in depth 表示“详细 ( 研究) 、深入( 讨论 )”等时，depth 前常不用冠词:
We discussed the issue in depth.
He studied the situation in depth. deputy ，vice
两词都可以译成“副手”，但用法有所不同。
1． deputy 与 vice 含义相似，有时可以换用:
the deputy chairman
vice-chairman of the committee 委员会副主席
2． deputy 可以单独使用，但 vice 一般不能单独用，如不说 He will be my vice while I am away. 下面的句子是正确的:
He will be my deputy while I am away.
3． 美国人说 the deputy secretary of
foreign affairs，但很少说 the vice-
secretary。
4． 可以说 vice-chancellor，但很少说
deputy chancellor。
5． 可作构词成分 vice-，与表示职称的词连用:
vice-chair
vice president derive 1． 常用于 derive from，derive sth
from( doing) sth，be derived from
sth 句型:
Many Japanese words derive from
Chinese.
derive pleasure from helping oth-
ers
His name is derived from an Eng-
lish word.
2． 后面还可以跟介词 in， out，
through 等:
The victory derived in the inability of the opposition party.
deriving out of poverty
the benefits the industry would de-
rive through greater automation descend 1． 后面常跟介词 from，into，on，to，
upon 等:
descend from father to son
descend into the chaos
descend on the Capital Hill
descend to the heir
descend upon the peaceful village
2． 下面两句意思相同:
She descends from royalty.
She is descended from royalty. descent 1． 作“出身、籍贯”等解时，可作不可数名词:
He is of Irish descent.
My father is German by descent.
2． 后面常跟介词 into，to，from，of，
by 等:
swift descent into poverty
a gradual descent to the sea
a descent from a mountain
the ascent and descent of a
mountain
a descent by boat through cur-
rents
describe，narrate，portray，de- deserve 1． 下面几个句子的意思相似:
He deserves an award.
He deserves to receive an award.
He deserves to be granted an award.
He is deserving of an award.
2． deserve better 和 deserve more
常用在口语中，指“应该受到更好的待遇”等:
She's worked extremely hard for the firm and deserves more. 她极其努力地为公司工作，应该得到更好的待遇。 design 1． by design 表示“故意地、蓄意地”时，design 前面不用冠词:
She is not acting by design.
2． have designs on 是指“( 用不诚实的手法 ) 企图得到 ……”等，注意
designs 是复数形式:
It has designs on the territory of its neighboring countries.
3． 后面可跟从句、动词不定式以及动名词短语:
We design that the apartment shall be renovated. ( 跟从句)
Elizabeth designs to leave tomor-
row. ( 跟动词不定式)
Elizabeth designs leaving tomor-
row. ( 跟动名词短语) desirable 注意下面例句中 desirable 后面的从句要用虚拟语气:
It was not desirable that the
probes should have strong politi-
cal feelings. desirable desirable，desirous
两词形状相似，含义不同。
1． desirable 强调 you would like
something to happen( 希望某事发生) :
It is desirable to sell stationery on campus.
2． desirous 强调 you want to have
or do it( 希望得到或做……) :
He is desirous of getting his name in the papers.
3． desirable 后面常跟介词 for; desir-
ous 后面常跟介词 of:
It is desirable for a country to have access to the sea.
They are desirous of having more money. desire 1． 作动词时，常用于以下句型中:
I was bored and desired to go home. ( desire to do sth)
She desired a child with her lover.
( desirewith)
When she no longer desired him，
she would leave him. ( desire sb)
We all desire happiness. ( desire
sth)
She desired me to inform her a-
bout the election result. ( desire
sb to do sth)
The program leaves a lot / much
/ something / a great deal / noth-
ing to be desired. ( leave a lot /
much / a great deal / nothing /
something to be desired)
The President desires that you to see him. ( desire that)
2． 后面跟从句时，从句有时用虚拟语气，下面的句子都对:
I desire that he should leave im-
mediately.
I desire that he leave immediate-
ly. ( 不是 leaves)
3． 作名词时常用以下句型:
I have a desire to see her. ( have
a desire to do sth)
They have expressed a desire for peace. ( express a desire for)
He showed a desire that it should be made public. ( show a desire
that) desirous desirable，desirous
两词形状相似，含义不同。
1． desirable 强调 you would like
something to happen( 希望某事发生) :
It is desirable to sell stationery on campus.
2． desirous 强调 you want to have
or do it( 希望得到或做……) :
He is desirous of getting his name in the papers.
3． desirable 后面常跟介词 for; desir-
ous 后面常跟介词 of:
It is desirable for a country to have access to the sea.
They are desirous of having more money. desist 常用以下句型:
She felt painful and desisted.
( feel desisted)
She desisted from trying. ( desist
from doing sth)
She must desist from this behav-
ior at once. ( desist from sth) desk 1． 常用来指“部门”:
the Sports Desk ( 体育部)
the News Desk ( 新闻部)
the Asian Desk( 亚洲司)
2． the desk“问讯处”有以下译法:
the information desk
the inquiry desk
the enquiry desk
the reception desk
3． desk clerk 是美国用法，相当于 re-
ceptionist。
4． desk study 可指“对文件等进行书面的研究、纸上谈兵”等:
A desk study is a review of the
proposal to ascertain whether the
project appears to meet the crite-
ria. despair 1． 主要作不及物动词，后面常跟介词
of 或 at，常用于以下句型:
I never despair.
I despaired of seeing him again.
( despair of doing sth)
I despair of politicians. ( despair
of sb)
I despaired of the immediate fu-
ture. ( despair of sth)
I despair at the press criticism.
( despair at sth)
2． 作名词用时，主要是不可数名词，下面例子中的 despair 前面常不用冠词:
In despair she phoned her friend.
It filled us with despair.
It drove us to despair.
I was thrown into despair.
I was in the depth of despair.
I felt close to despair. desperate 1． 后面常跟介词 for 或 at:
I am desperate for money.
I became desperate at my failure.
2． 常用于以下句型:
He is in desperate need of mon-
ey. ( be in desperate need of)
He made a desperate attempt to save his daughter. ( make a des-
perate attempt to do sth)
He grew desperate at the delay.
( grow desperate at)
He is desperate for food. ( be
desperate for) despite 1． 常用于以下句型:
Despite the approach of winter，the sun shone brightly. ( despite)
Despite being unconscious， she seemed distressed. ( despite be-
ing)
He still loves her，despite the fact that she left him. ( despite the fact
that)
Despite himself he looked at the frightening scene. ( despite one-
self)
2． 与 in spite of 相比，despite 语气较轻。 dessert 可作可数和不可数名词。
1． 可数名词:
I had a pineapple dessert.
He is partial to desserts that com-
bine fruit with pastry.
2． 不可数名词:
I had ice cream for dessert.
What's for dessert? destination 可作可数和不可数名词:
He is familiar with all the ports and destinations. ( 可数名词)
The bill is payable at destination.
( 不可数名词) destined 常用于以下句型:
She felt she was destined to be-
come a teacher. ( be destined to
do sth)
She is destined for greatness.
( be destined for sth)
She was destined to be a musici-
an. ( be destined to be sb) destiny 可作可数和不可数名词。
1． 可数名词:
There is a destiny in war， to which a brave man knows how to submit.
These events have shaped the destinies of nations.
2． 不可数名词:
Destiny drew us together.
destitute，poor，penniless
3 词都可以译成“贫穷的”。
1． destitute 是“缺少最基本的生活必需品”的意思，可译成“赤贫的”:
destitute tramps and loafers
2． poor 最普通常用，可以指“很贫穷的”，以可以指“相对贫穷的”:
He was so poor that he couldn't e-
ven afford the carfare.
Looking at my well-dressed friend，I
feel poor.
3． penniless 可以指“赤贫”，也可以指“暂时无钱”，也可能是戏言:
a penniless beggar
I'm penniless today. destruction 1． 后面常跟介词 of，by，to 等:
the destruction of environment
the destruction by fire
the destruction to life
2． 主要用作不可数名词:
It was saved from destruction.
a scene of destruction destructive 后面常跟介词 of 或 to:
Smoking is very destructive of health.
The storm was very destructive to the fruit industry. detach 常用于以下句型:
detach him from the dancing floor
( detach sb from sth)
detach himself from the gang ( de-
tach oneself from sth)
detach an electron from a metal
( detach sth from sth) detail 1． 下面短语中，details 多用复数形式:
For further details please feel free to contact me.
For full details contact my secre-
tary.
See the notes for details.
2． 注意下列句子中的搭配:
I don't want to go into details / go into the details / go into detail.
There is no need to go into details
/ go into the details / go into de-
tail.
3． in detail，in great detail 和 in more
detail 中的 detail 前常不用冠词:
I'll talk about it in more detail later deteriorate 后面常用介词 into:
It quickly deteriorated into social unrest. determination 1． 作不可数名词居多:
act with great determination
an expression of full determination
2． 但在指具体的“决定”时，determi-
nation 可以用作可数名词，用在数学等学科方面更是如此:
with a determination to win the
speech contest
determinations of thermal diffusivi-
ties determination resolution，determination
两词都有“决心”的含义。
1． resolution 强调“下决心的艰难”，
这种决心有时不一定会付诸实践:
She made a resolution to lose 20
pounds.
2． determination 强调“决心去排除万难，不让任何事情阻碍实现目标”:
We have overcome our difficulties with determination.
3． 表示“新年的决心 ( 如戒酒、戒烟、减肥等 )”用 resolution，不用 de-
termination:
Have you made a New Year's
resolution? determine 下面两个句子的意思相同:
I determined to ignore the warn-
ing.
I was determined to ignore the warning. devastating 除可以表示 harmful， damaging，
shocking，upsetting 等贬义外，还有
very good，attractive，impressive 等褒义:
devastating beauty
devastating charm
devastating good looks
devastating success
devastating performance deviate 1． 后面可跟介词 from 或 into:
He has never deviated from that axiom.
He deviated into a less traveled path.
2． 注意下列句子中副词与 deviate 的搭配:
deviate systematically from every-
day speech
deviate still further from perfect
competition
deviate little from his advice
deviate much from the Bible device 1． 常与下列介词搭配:
used as a device for managing
the economy
the literary device of the metaphor
by devices of diplomacy
a number of devices
poor device in your warblers
a sensory device at every street
crossing
through a legal device
2． leave sb to their own devices 中的 devices 常用复数形式:
Left to my own devices，I'd proba-
bly do some reading.
3． device 常作名词，devise 常作动词。 devil 1． the Devil 常指犹太教、基督教、伊斯兰教中的“魔王、撒旦”。
2． the devil take the hindmost，devil
take the hindmost 中，devil 前有没有定冠词都可以，take 是虚拟语气，不能用 takes:
It's every man for himself，and the
Devil take the hindmost. devote 1． 后面常接介词 to，to 后面接名词或动词短语，一般不接动词不定式:
devote his time to welfare work
( 接名词)
devote his future to teaching( 接动名词)
2． 常用 devote oneself to sth 或 de-
vote sth to sth 的句型:
He devoted himself entirely to mu-
sic.
The newspaper has devoted more space to literature. dew 1． 尽管指 small drops of water，但常作不可数名词，后面跟单数动词:
Her skirt was wet with dew.
Dew is small drops of water formed on the ground or surfaces outdoor during the night.
The dew falls.
2． 在实际使用中，dew 有时可作可数名词:
Morning dews glitter in the sun.
3． 表示“汗珠”时，为可数名词:
A dew ran off her face. 一滴汗珠从她的脸上滚下来。 dialect 1． 不知是何种“方言”，泛指“说方言”时，dialect 可不加冠词:
They began to speak in dialect.
2． 具体说“某地的方言”时，dialect
前常加定冠词:
the Lancashire dialect
the Mandingo dialects
3． 如果某个地方的方言很多，要表示其中的某一种，可以说:
The book is written in a dialect of the South. dialectic 1． 作“辩证法”解，常用复数形式 dia-
lectics，但后面的动词用单数:
Dialectics is a form of logic，used as method of reasoning.
2． 作单数用时，前面常加定冠词:
The dialectic is the philosophical
system of asserting truth by
a powerful weapon in the dialectic
and dialogue 有单复数形式，有时含义相似:
At last there can be ( a) dialogue between the two parties. diamond 1． 作“( 纸牌) 红方块”解，常用复数形式; 但“一张红方块”可以说 a di-
amond。
2． diamonds 作为“一种花式的纸牌”解，常视作一个整体，后面的动词用单数:
Diamonds is one of the four suits of cards in a pack of playing cards.
3． the four of diamonds 是“方块四”，four diamonds 是“4 张方块
( 纸牌)”。
4． Diamond cut diamond. ( 势均力敌、龙虎争斗) 中用 cut，不用 cuts，
是习惯用法。 diary 1． “记日记”常译成 keep a diary，也可以说 write a diary，但不太常用。
keep a dairy 可泛指“记日记”，即便是指“记一段时间的日记”，也用
keep a diary:
I haven't kept a dairy since I was at school. 自从上学以来，我一直没有记日记。
2． 指“很多日记”时，要用复数:
Mary's Chinese Diaries in Eng-
lish.
3． 作“记事本”解，是英国用法，美国人常说 calendar:
using the actual unofficial diary of
the company to make my tale fac-
tual dictate 常用于以下句型:
He dictated a letter to his secretary.
( dictate sth to sb)
He has a letter to dictate to his sec-
retary. ( dictate to sb)
He can't type but he can dictate.
( dictate 在这里作不及物动词)
He tried to dictate what I read.
( dictate what)
Who gives him the right to dictate
to me what to read? ( dictate to sb
what to do)
The law dictates that he should be given capital punishment. ( dictate
that) dictation 1． 主要是不可数名词，下面例子中
dictation 前不加冠词，前面常用介词 at，from，for，on 等:
She is taking dictation.
She is good at dictation.
Johnson would not accept dicta-
tion.
She took down her books from dictation.
He resented dictation from above.
There is no need for dictation from above.
She did well on dictation.
2． 教师给学生“听写”，是 give dicta-
tion to the class; 学生“作听写练习”是 have dictation 或 take dicta-
tion 等。其他“( 上级对下级的) 口授、口述”等，也遵循此原则:
The executive could give dictation to his stenographer.
3． give dictation to 有时有“以强欺弱、发号施令”的含义:
The Americans are not in a posi-
tion to give dictation to other gov-
ernments.
4． 可以是可数名词:
Our teacher often gives us English dictations. dictionary 1． 表述 “…… 字典”之义时，可有前置和后置两种表达法。
1) 前置:
A Dictionary of English Usage
A Dictionary of Synonyms
2) 后置:
Advanced Learner's Dictionary
Illustrated Oxford Dictionary
2． 有人说，dictionary 后面只跟介词
of; 其实还有可用其他介词，如 for，
to 等:
The Collins COBUILD English
Dictionary for Advanced Learners
A Dictionary to the Plays and No-
vels of Bernard Shaw die 1． 后面最常用的介词是 of:
died of thirst
died of hunger
died of heart disease
died of starvation
died of old age
died of boredom
2． 后面也可以跟介词 from， for，
with，in，at，on，through，under，
upon 等:
He died from an infection.
He died for want of food.
He died with kidney disease.
He died in agony.
He died at his post.
He died on the spot.
He died through the bursting of a blood vessel.
He died under the surgeon's knife.
He died upon his own gun.
3． 表示如何“死去的”，可有不少方法:
die happy
die a natural death
die a violent death
die a horrible death
die a hero
die a martyr
die rich
die a rich man
die poor
die old
die young
die a virgin
die a beggar
4． 除 die 以外，“死”还有很多表达法:
suffer death
meet death
be dead
perish
expire
pass away
leave this world
depart
come to one's end
be heard of no more
draw the last breath
go to one's glory
kick the bucket
commit suicide
5． 指一时的动作，因此，要表示“死了很长时间的人”，一般不要用 die 的完成时态，如不要说 He has died for 20 years. 可以说:
He died 20 years ago.
6． 表示“他死了”，用 die 及派生词可以译成以下句子，但它们的侧重面不同:
He has died. ( 说明刚刚去世)
He is dead. ( 说明死的状态)
He has suffered death. ( 说明不是自然死亡)
7． 后面可接形容词和名词，下面两个句子的意思近似:
He died rich.
He died a rich man.
8． die hard 常被用来指“( 旧观念、旧习俗等 ) 难以灭绝”，它的名词是
diehard:
Old habits die hard. ( 作动词用)
The diehards ruled that poor country. ( 作名词用)
9． 口语中说: I nearly died. 或 I could have died. 是夸张地表示“I was very embarrassed / shocked.”等意思。 diet 1． 现代生活中，人们注意日常饮食，有时节食减肥，因而产生了不少与
diet 有关的短语:
eat a balanced diet
need a diet
live on a diet
go on a diet to lose weight
a high-fiber，low fat diet
a healthy diet rich in fruit and veg-
etables
improve your diet
Poor diet will damage your health.
put sb on a diet
a special diet for kids
sugar-free diet food
She has to watch her diet.
2． 进行时态 dieting 常用来表示“正在节食( 减肥)”:
No dessert for me，thanks，I'm di-
eting.
3． 下面例子中，diet 作不可数名词用:
the effect of diet on health
Diet cares more than the doctor.
Changes in diet should be careful-
ly noted. differ 1． 表示 to be unlike 或 to be dissimi-
lar 等意思，特别是事物方面的“不同”，differ 后面常跟介词 from，in
等:
The story he told police differed from the one he told his mother.
His apartment differs from mine in having no heating.
The two houses differ in color but not in shape.
2． 表示 “( 人们意见的) 不同”，differ
后面常跟介词 with， in， about，
on，over 等:
He had differed with the majority.
The two presidents differed with each other.
They differ in opinions.
They differ about moral stand-
ards.
The two leaders had differed on
the issue of environmental protec-
tion.
Experts differ over / on the cause of the disease. difference 1． 下面例子中，difference 常用复数形式:
We have our differences，but we work together well.
The two sides agreed to resolve their differences.
The two countries are learning how to settle their differences.
They have decided to sink their differences.
The peace talks had broken down because of their irreconcilable differences.
There are many / considerable /
subtle / slight / minor differences of opinion on this point.
2． make 与 difference 可以组成不少短语，其中 difference 作可数和不可数名词都可以:
make a difference
make a big difference
make a great deal of difference
make a lot of difference
make all the difference
make no difference
make little difference
make some difference
make much difference
it doesn't make any difference
it doesn't make the slightest differ-
ence different 1． 对于 different from，different than
和 different to 的解释有许多说法，最新的说法是以下几点。
1) different from 最常用，而且在英美都常用:
Paris is different from most Euro-
pean cities.
He is different from the rest of us.
2) 不少人说，different than 是美国用法，在英国英语中不能用; 也有人说它在英美都是标准用法，than 后面跟从句尤其如此。不管怎样，说它在美国使用更加频繁一些是不错的:
These things were different than they used to be.
We are not really any different than they are.
3) different to 是标准的英国用法，很少在美国使用:
They are different to what they were.
My method is different to hers.
2． different 与 various 都可译成“不同的”，但含义不同。
1) different 比较普通和常用，它所指的“不同”有时仅强调“分开”，没有相互比较的意思:
Three different people told her the same story.
2) various 强调“种类繁多”，多指
“数目”方面的“差异”:
The products they sell are many and various. different distinct，different
1． 两词都可以译成“不同的”，但含义有所不同。
1) distinct 强调“截然不同”，偏重清晰、明了、黑白分明:
The party split into two distinct groups.
2) different 比 distinct 更常用，它所指的“不同”有时仅强调“分开”，没有相互比较的意思:
Three different people told him the same story.
2． 常用 distinct from， as distinct
from 的句型:
The two ideas are quite distinct from one another.
Rural areas，as distinct from big cities， have different transport problems. differentiate 1． 后面常跟介词 from:
differentiate tourists from local
people
2． 后面也跟介词 between，among
等:
differentiate between her imagina-
tion and the real world
differentiate among those who
might be good at English and
those who might not difficult 1． 常用于以下句型:
It's a difficult task. ( 作形容词修饰名词)
It's difficult to get the book pub-
lished. ( difficult to do sth)
It's difficult for me to make the de-
cision. ( difficult for sb to do sth)
Teaching can be difficult for him.
( difficult for sb)
I find this class difficult to cope with. ( find sth difficult to do)
His ex-wife made life / things diffi-
cult for him. ( make life / things
difficult for sb)
His age made it difficult to get a new job. ( make it difficult to do
sth)
2． a difficult man 指“一个难以讨好、难以满足、难以对付，从不感到高兴的人”:
The course director is not very well liked. He is a difficult man to approach. difficulty 1． in difficulty 和 in difficulties 的含义常常相同:
I have to admit that I am actually in difficulty / in difficulties.
The banks are in difficulty / in dif-
ficulties.
2． have difficulty in doing sth 和
have difficulty doing sth 的含义常常相同:
He had great difficulty ( in) under-
standing her.
3． get / run into difficulty 和 get /
run into difficulties 的含义常常相同:
I got into difficulty / difficulties with the rent.
4． 下列句子中，difficulty 用不可数形式:
I have difficulty in understanding spoken English.
He spoke with difficulty.
He finished it without difficulty.
It puts the firm in financial difficul-
ty. digital 在现代英语中，digital 的用途渐广，可组成不少新词:
digital camera
digital signature
digital television
digital display
digital watch
digital clock
digital recording
digital broadcasting
digital cash
digital democracy
digital highway
digital money
digital mapping
digital superhighway
digital video
diligent，industrious，hardwork-
ing
3 个词都可表示“勤奋的”。
1． diligent 常强调“为某个目标或追求而勤奋”，包含“成功”的可能性:
He is diligent and should do well in the exams.
2． industrious 所指的“勤奋”，并不包含“所干工作质量的好与坏”，它强调“工作的态度、干劲、速度”等:
Industrious workers are trying to finish the task within a day.
3． hardworking 是个普通词，常可替换其他两词:
He is a hardworking / industrious and bright student.
Diligent / hardworking research will produce good result.
dime
a dime store 是美国用法，指 “( 卖各种廉价商品的) 小商店”:
He also worked as a manager of a dime store in Nashville. dine 1． 注意下列例子中 dine 作“进餐”解的一些搭配:
They dined together at an expen-
sive restaurant.
He dined alone for the first time in
20 years.
He dined with the dean last night.
I shall be dining in tonight.
Let's dine out.
He dined off rice and fish.
2． dine on 常指“( 以昂贵的食品) 当正餐”:
He dined on lobster last night.
3． 与 have dinner 相比，dine 比较正式，常有“进丰盛正餐”的意思:
They dined at the Hilton.
4． wine and dine 一般作动词用，其时态要同时变化:
They wined and dined their guests until late into the night.
If someone wines and dines you，
you go out to an expensive res-
taurant and spend a lot of money. ding ding，if
1． 下面几种说法都可以:
I will buy the computer provided I
have enough money.
I will buy the computer provided that I have enough money.
I will buy the computer providing I
have enough money.
I will buy the computer if I have enough money.
2． provided 常可以与 if 替换:
Provided / If you pay me back by
Monday，I'll go with you. dinner 1． 如果 dinner 指“午餐”，晚餐就常称 tea 或 supper; 如果 dinner 指晚餐，午餐就称为 lunch。在英国，午餐常被称为 lunch，但也可以被称为 dinner。dinner 尤指傍晚吃的正餐，supper 常指傍晚在家里吃的便饭，或者指“宵夜”和就寝前吃喝的东西。tea 常指下午吃的“茶点”，
在英国可以指“傍晚吃的正餐”，尤指孩子们在这时吃的晚餐。
2． 常指“有特别意义的晚餐”，前面常用冠词:
a three-course dinner
a Christmas dinner
a dinner in honor of the prime
minister
a Sunday dinner
a Thanksgiving dinner
a benefit dinner to raise money for
the hospital
a TV dinner
the company's annual dinner
3． 在英国，a school dinner 常指孩子们“( 在学校吃的) 午餐”，孩子们从家里带的午餐叫 packed lunch。
4． 下面例子中 dinner 系习惯用法，前面常不加冠词:
Have you had dinner yet?
Shall we ask her to dinner?
Are the pupils having steak for
dinner?
It's time for dinner.
Will you have dinner with us to-
night?
In some houses dinner is the big-
gest of the day.
He wore full dress at dinner.
The president met his guests be-
fore dinner.
They took a walk in the garden af-
ter dinner.
I am going to dinner.
Bob and I are through with din-
ner.
5． 下面几组句子的意思相同:
Why don't we go out to dinner this
evening?
Why don't we go out for dinner
this evening?
I haven't had my dinner yet.
haven't had dinner yet.
I am cooking dinner right now.
I am cooking the dinner right now.
6． “吃饭”可译成 have dinner，take
dinner，eat dinner，它们的含义相同。 dinner supper，dinner
1． 两词都可以译成“晚饭”，dinner
比 supper 正式; dinner 可以指“晚宴”，supper 不这样用:
The President is holding a dinner in honor of the visiting professor.
( 这里不宜用 supper)
2． 泛指“晚饭”时，两词前面都常不用冠词:
What time do you have supper /
dinner?
I'm having fish for supper / din-
ner.
It happened at supper / dinner.
3． 特指“某一顿晚饭”，两词都可作可数名词:
We'll have an early supper / din-
ner. diploma 1． 常指“( 学校颁发的) 毕业文凭”，
后面常跟介词 in:
a diploma in American studies
2． 前面常用以下动词:
have diploma
get diploma
grant diploma
issue diploma
obtain diploma
present diploma
receive diploma
take a diploma diplomacy 常作不可数名词用，前面不加冠词:
go into a stage of quiet diplomacy
solved by diplomacy
give up diplomacy for force direct direct，directly
1． 两词有时可以换用:
He flew direct / directly to Paris.
2． directly 比 direct 常用。
3． 作副词用在所修饰的词前面时，一般用 directly:
He is directly responsible to the president.
It was directly in front of us.
4． direct 常用 direct sb / sth at / to，
toward / into / against sb / sth 的句型:
direct a shotgun at him
direct me to / toward the post of-
fice
5． direct 后面跟从句时，从句中常用虚拟语气:
The judge directed that they be found guilty. directive 常用来指“( 正式的、官方的) 指示、命令”等:
a new EC directive
a presidential directive
directives from the headquarters directly direct，directly
1． 两词有时可以换用:
He flew direct / directly to Paris.
2． directly 比 direct 常用。
3． 作副词用在所修饰的词前面时，一般用 directly:
He is directly responsible to the president.
It was directly in front of us.
4． direct 常用 direct sb / sth at / to，
toward / into / against sb / sth 的句型:
direct a shotgun at him
direct me to / toward the post of-
fice
5． direct 后面跟从句时，从句中常用虚拟语气:
The judge directed that they be found guilty. dirt 1． 不可数名词，前面常不加冠词:
Her clothes were covered with dirt.
a pile of dirt
mounds of dirt
a dab of dirt
a bit of dirt
treat sb like dirt
2． dirt cheap 是 extremely cheap 之义，也可以写成 dirt-cheap，可以作形容词和副词:
dirt-cheap prices
bought it dirt-cheap
disabled，handicapped，retard-
ed
3 词都可表示“残疾的”。
1． disabled 尤指“人体的残疾”，如手脚丧失能力等。
2． handicapped 可指“身体和精神方面的残疾”。说 handicapped 会冒犯人; 可以说 mentally handi-
capped，不要说 mentally disabled。
3． retarded 尤指“( 儿童智力) 发育迟缓的，弱智的”，说 retarded 会冒犯人。 disagree 后面除常跟介词 with 外，还可以接
on，about，to 等:
I disagree with you.
He and I disagree with this con-
clusion.
I disagree with spending so much money.
We disagree on many aspects of the new policy.
We disagree about the procedure to be followed.
The new policy was disagreed to. disappear 1． 以前有些书中说，disappear 指“一时动作”，不可用完成时态; 事实上，disappear 用完成时态的情况很多:
Thousands of people have disap-
peared in the war.
Several secret files have disap-
peared.
2． 后面常跟介词 from，into，with-
out，to，up，over 等:
The car disappeared from the view.
The train disappeared to the night.
Mary disappeared without trace.
It disappeared into thin air.
It disappeared up a pine tree.
The deer disappeared over the hill. disappointed 1． 后面常跟介词 about， at， in，
with，by 等，在不少情况下，它后面跟的介词不同，但句子的意思可能相同，下面 3 组句子的意思相同:
I was disappointed at losing the game.
I was disappointed about losing the game.
I was disappointed at her failure.
I was disappointed by her failure.
My father will be disappointed in me if I fail the exam.
My father will be disappointed with me if I fail the exam.
2． 后面还常接从句和动词不定式。
I was disappointed that President
Wang wouldn't meet the delega-
tion. ( 从句)
I was disappointed to hear she was not coming. ( 动词不定式) disapprove 1． 后面常跟介词 of 表示“不赞成”;
但也可以不跟介词，直接跟宾语。
直接跟宾语的语气较强，指“不准许”。disapprove 也可作不及物动词:
She wants to be an actress，but her parents disapprove the idea.
( 不同意)
She wants to be an actress，but
her parents disapprove of the ide-
a. ( 不赞成)
She wants to be an actress，but her parents disapprove. ( 不赞成)
2． 表示“不赞成”的程度，可使用不同的副词:
strongly disapprove
wholly disapprove
unmistakably disapprove
harshly disapprove
wordlessly disapprove
obviously disapprove
distinctly disapprove disarmament 1． 通常作不可数名词:
a policy of unilateral disarmament
accelerate the pace of nuclear
disarmament
2． 后面常跟单数动词:
Disarmament is the act of reducing the number of weapons. disassociate dissociate，disassociate
1． 两词含义相似，但 dissociate 比较常用。
2． 两词都常用 dissociate / disasso-
ciate oneself / sb from 的句型:
dissociate / disassociate herself
from the scandals
dissociate him from his father's ill
fortune disaster 1． 是可数名词:
a natural disaster
a series of disasters
2． 泛指“灾难”时，可作不可数名词:
The potential for disaster is enor-
mous.
3． 前面常用形容词修饰，表示各种
“灾难”:
air disaster
traffic disaster
sea disaster
road disaster
railroad disaster
national disaster
naval disaster
impending disaster
terrible disaster
complete disaster
fiscal disaster
financial disaster
hotel disaster
economic disaster
widespread disaster
family disaster discharge 1． 作动词，后面常用介词 from，for，
into，on，at 等:
discharge him from the army
be discharged for theft
discharge itself into the sea
be discharged on medical grounds
be discharged at sea
2． 作名词，后面常跟介词 of，from
等:
a discharge of oil into the sea
an early discharge from the hospi-
tal discipline 作“纪律”解，主要为不可数名词。下面例子中，discipline 前没有冠词:
The professor can't keep disci-
pline in his classroom.
The teacher believes in strict dis-
cipline.
The teacher imposed tough disci-
pline.
It is the teacher's job to maintain discipline.
That student needs discipline! disclose 主要有以下句型:
The chairman has nothing to dis-
close.
The chairman disclosed the secret to me.
The secret was disclosed to me.
He is reluctant to disclose that the dean will step down next week.
He did not disclose where the gun was kept. disclosure 有单复数形式，前面有无冠词均可以。
1． 作不可数名词:
pushing for full disclosure of the
secrets
2． 用作复数名词:
a number of sensational disclo-
sures
unauthorized newspaper disclo-
sures
3． 加不定冠词:
make a startling disclosure about
the president's private life
4． 加定冠词:
the newspaper's disclosure of her
private life discontent 1． 作名词时，后面常跟介词 with，o-
ver，in，about，among 等:
a discontent with the war in Iraq
a widely voiced discontent over
the tax program
reports of widespread discontent
in the capital
a discontent about the tax pro-
gram
widespread discontent among tsu-
nami survivors
2． 注意下面句子中冠词的使用:
There is ( a ) growing discontent among the unemployed. discount 1． 作名词时，前面常用介词 at:
All tickets are available at a dis-
count.
2． 表示“折扣”或“折扣的比率”，常有以下说法:
at a discount of 15%
at 15% discount
get a discount of 15%
get a discount of fifteen per cent
get a 15% discount on goods up
to $ 5000 each year
get a fifteen percent discount on
goods
give a small discount
Discounts are available for people
over 50．
offer a 15% discount on selected
airfares
extend a special discount of 15%
to you
sell everything off at a discount
gain membership at discount rates
3． 在 for discount，get discount 或
without discount 中，discount 前可不用冠词:
commercial papers acceptable for
discount
AARP cards can get discount on baby diapers. discourage 1． 常用 discourage sb from doing
sth 的句型，from 后面可跟动名词短语或名词。
discourage young people from
smoking ( 跟动名词)
discourage him from his attempt
( 跟名词)
2． 后面有时可跟介词 into，with，in，
over 等。 discourse 1． 在语言学中常是不可数名词，下面例子中，discourse 前没有冠词:
a strong research in discourse
analysis
to analyze the structure of scientif-
ic discourse
our research work on discourse
and the way people talk to each
other
2． 后面常用介词 on:
the discourse on language
discourse on inequality
a discourse on law and artificial in-
telligence
present innovative discourse on
the convergence of art， science
and technology discover 1． 常用以下句型:
I discovered him smoking in the kitchen. ( discover sb doing sth)
He discovered the treasure by ac-
cident. ( discover sth)
He discovered that she was his sister. ( discover that)
It was difficult for him to discover which documents were important.
( discover which / whether / who /
where)
Gold was discovered in Alaska.
( be discovered)
2． discover 强调“发现已存在的东西”，invent 强调“发明原先没有的东西”:
Columbus discovered the New
World.
Edison invented the light bulb.
3． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
I discovered myself unable to fall asleep.
I discovered myself to be unable to fall asleep. discriminate 常用于以下结构中:
discriminate between a good idea
and bad one ( discriminate be-
tween A and B)
discriminate one sound from an-
other( discriminate A from B)
The law discriminates against
women for higher-paying jobs ( dis-
criminate against)
We discriminate against violent movies or we discriminate in favor of them. ( discriminate in favor of)
Each pigeon was trained to dis-
criminate among line drawings of four different objects. ( discrimi-
nate among) discuss 下面的句子都是对的:
We're meeting to discuss the is-
sue tomorrow.
I'll discuss it with you next week.
We'll discuss what to do and where we should go.
We'll discuss about the merits and demerits of the project. discussion 1． 下面的句子都对:
We'll have a discussion about your proposal.
We'll hold a discussion on your project.
There should be wider discussion of these matters.
2． 注意下面句子中，discussion 前不用冠词:
The question is still under discus-
sion.
His proposals leave much for dis-
cussion.
The plan is up for discussion.
The matter will be dealt with in open discussion.
The plan is open to discussion.
We're in discussion with them a-
bout the joint venture.
3． discussion group 可以指 “( 使用因特网交换意见的) 讨论小组”:
Maphist is an email discussion
group whose primary focus is his-
torical maps. disease ，illness
1． 泛指“疾病”时，disease 前通常没有不定冠词:
The body's immune system com-
bats disease.
There is a rapid spread of disease in the region.
Disease may result from infection.
2． 泛指 liver disease，heart disease，
lung disease 等疾病时，disease 前面常不用冠词; 但特指这些疾病中的一种病时，它们前面可用冠词:
the leading causes of heart dis-
ease( 泛指)
a rare heart disease( 特指)
3． disease 与 illness 都可译成“病”，
但 illness 是指“身体不好的状态或时期”; disease 是指“有名字的、染上或传染他人的疾病”，它常与身体某种器官连在一起使用，如 a
brain disease 等。
1) illness 表示“身体处于不好的状态”:
She died after a short illness.
She is away from school because of illness.
2) disease 常与身体器官名称连用:
It can help prevent liver disease.
4． 表示“得病”，可以说:
catch a disease
get a disease
contract a disease
suffer from a disease。 disgrace 下面例子的短语中，disgrace 前没有冠词:
She has to resign in disgrace.
He has brought disgrace upon his family.
The scandal has brought disgrace on the school. disguise 1． 作动词时，常用于以下句型:
She disguised herself as a man.
( disguise oneself as)
The detective was disguised in a porter's uniform. ( be disguised
in)
It can be disguised with polish.
( be disguised with)
She didn't try to disguise her an-
ger. ( disguise sth)
2． 作名词时，常用于以下句型:
The actress often went out in dis-
guise. ( go out in disguise)
She is wearing a disguise of a black wig. ( wear a disguise of)
He grew a beard as a disguise.
( as a disguise)
She threw off her disguise.
( throw off one's disguise) disgusted 后面常用介词 at，by，about，with
等:
He was quite disgusted at it.
He was disgusted by the way she treated her mother.
He felt disgusted about the living conditions in the slum.
He felt rather disgusted with him-
self. disgusting 常用于以下结构:
It's disgusting.
It's a disgusting habit.
It's disgusting to me.
It's disgusting that a man of his age should act like that.
dish
“洗碗”可有如下表述，但 dishes 是复数形式。
do the dishes
wash the dishes disinterested disinterested，uninterested
1． disinterested 比 uninterested 常用。
2． disinterested 强调 impair，当事人不可能从中牟利或不涉及个人利益:
a disinterested witness and ob-
server 无偏见的目击者和观察者
disinterested groups 利益外集团
3． uninterested 常表示“毫无兴趣的”:
He is uninterested in the job.
4． uninterested 一般作表语用。
5． 在实际使用中，两词的区别有时很小，甚至可换用:
When I grow tired，I often feel dis-
interested / uninterested in any-
thing. dislike 1． 作动词用，后面跟动词不定式、动名词短语都可以:
I dislike seeing her again. ( 跟动名词)
Why does my daughter dislike to
be called a girl? ( 跟动词不定式)
2． 作名词时，后面常跟介词 of，for，
to，against 等:
hide his dislike of horror films
have a strong dislike for strangers
take a dislike to foreigners
have a deep-rooted dislike against
authorities dismiss 常用在以下句型中:
dismiss it as worthless
dismiss him for misconduct
dismiss him from his post dismiss remove，dismiss
表示“解除 ( 某人的职务)”，remove
的语气强于 dismiss。dismiss 的基本含义是“允许离开”，语气较温和; re-
move 是“剥夺( 某人的权力)”，带有强制性:
He was removed from office be-
cause of the scandal.
The director dismissed his assis-
tant with many thanks upon the
completion of the research pro-
ject. dismissal 1． 后面常用介词 of:
a dismissal of staff members
2． 注意 dismissal 的 3 种形式:
several dismissals( 作复数用)
made a quick dismissal of the of-
fer ( 作单数用)
several cases of unfair dismissal
( 作不可数名词) Disneyland 1． I'm going to Disneyland. 在美国可指“我( 们) 刚获得冠军”，因为有些体育比赛的奖品是去 Disneyland
玩一次。
2． 前面常不用冠词:
a photo tour of Disneyland
take a look at the history of Dis-
neyland through the postcards
3． 但修饰其他词时，前面常用定冠词:
a virtual tour through the Disney-
land Paris
4． 可作可数名词:
China can accommodate more
Disneylands due to the potential of its huge market. display 在下面例子的短语中，前面常不用冠词:
There was a great deal of cars on display.
The paintings were placed on dis-
play in the hall.
The costumes were put on display in the museum. disposable 1． 在现代生活中，有很多 disposable
( 一次使用后即丢弃的) 的东西:
disposable paper cups
disposable cigarette lighter
disposable razor
disposable camera
disposable diapers
disposable syringes
disposable email addresses
disposable undergarments
disposable contact lenses
disposable products
disposable DVDs
disposable razors
2． 下面的例子中，disposable 的意思是“可自由支配的”:
disposable income
disposable earnings
disposable salary
disposable wage
dispose
dispose 和 dispose of 都可以说，但含义不同。 dispose 常指 arrange，
dispose of 常指 get rid of:
dispose the objects on the desk 整理书桌上的东西
dispose of all litter in the dustbin
把所有的废物倒进垃圾箱 dispute 后面常跟介词 between，over，with，
among，on，about 等:
a dispute between rival troops
a dispute over tax cuts
a dispute with his boss
a dispute among local residents
a dispute on the issue of environ-
mental protection
a dispute about a girl disregard 1． 后面常跟介词 of，for 等，有时可跟 to:
his complete disregard of orders
showed a total disregard for the
safety of miners
showed a total disregard to the
safety of the workers
2． with disregard of 和 with disre-
gard for 都很常用，disregard 前面常不用冠词:
with disregard of danger
with disregard for human rights
3． 前面用介词 in 时，其后面常用介词 of:
The officers attacked her in disre-
gard of normal checking proce-
dures. dissatisfied dissatisfied，unsatisfied
1． 较多情况下，dissatisfied 形容人:
dissatisfied voters
dissatified landowners
dissatified wife
2． unsatisfied 主要形容事物等:
unsatisfied ambition
unsatisfied curiosity
unsatisfied claims dissent 后面常跟介词 from，in，偶尔也跟 to
或 against:
He dissents from the decision to join the union.
He dissents in opinion.
He dissents to the violation of hu-
man rights.
He dissents against tax increase. dissertation 这组词都有“文章”的意思。
1． composition 常指学校里老师布置的任何“短文章”，可译成“作文”，
主要强调写作的语法正确等，而不是研究性的文章:
Their teacher asked them to de-
scribe their picnic in the class composition.
2． article 常指报纸、杂志、期刊上的
“文章”，短文章、长文章、普及性文章、学术性文章都可以:
a newspaper article on the Ameri-
can way of life
3． essay 使用的范围较广，它可以指报纸杂志以及书上的短文，也可以指学校中老师布置的“论说文、散文、随笔、小品文”等，因而，它比
composition 的层次要高一些:
an essay in the newly published
book on the origin of the English
language
We've got to write an essay about the civil war.
4． dissertation 尤指为获得大学最高学位而写的“学位论文、专题论文”:
a Ph. D． dissertation analyzing
the civil war dissimilar 后面常跟介词 to，from，in 等:
dissimilar to each other
dissimilar to the way fishermen
make their nets
dissimilar from those for peace
dissimilar in temperament dissociate dissociate，disassociate
1． 两词含义相似，但 dissociate 比较常用。
2． 两词都常用 dissociate / disasso-
ciate oneself / sb from 的句型:
dissociate / disassociate herself
from the scandals
dissociate him from his father's ill
fortune dissolve 常用于以下句型:
Dissolve the salt in the hot water.
( dissolve sth in sth)
Salt dissolves in water. ( dissolve
in)
Wait for the salt to dissolve. ( dis-
solve)
The union was dissolved in 1998．
( be dissolved in)
She dissolved into tears. ( dis-
solve into) distance 1． 下面的句子中，distance 常用复数形式:
He's used to driving long dis-
tances.
Some birds are able to fly very long distances.
Did she run short distances or
long distances?
2． 下面的句子中，distance 前一般不用冠词:
The post office is within walking distance.
The town is within commuting dis-
tance of Chicago.
The city is within driving distance.
3． 下面的句子中，distance 前面常用不定冠词:
She placed it at a distance from both of us.
She has come a distance on this project.
She heard his whisper from a dis-
tance.
She had always tended to keep her friends at a distance.
4． “远程教育”常译成 distance
learning，作不可数形式:
the international center for dis-
tance learning
a guide to distance learning
counselor training by way of dis-
tance learning
She is doing a law degree by dis-
tance learning. distance remote，distance
两词都可表示“远的、遥远的”。
1． 两词都可以指 “( 人际关系 ) 疏远的”:
my remote nephews
distant relatives
2． distant 所形容的“远”往往表示
“尽管远但容易触及或到达”:
a book six inches distant from the
eyes
The temple was two miles distant.
3． remote 除表示“远的”以外，还包含“偏僻的、孤寂的、隔离的、难以触及的”等:
a remote village cut off from the
rest of the world
remote stars
4． 表示“遥控”用 remote control，一般不说 distant control。 distaste 后面主要跟介词 ( for，偶尔也跟 at，
of，toward) 等:
his distaste for money
a distaste for household chores
her distaste at being thought of as
a second-class citizen
his distaste of books about sex
his distaste toward / towards
nude-bathing distasteful 后面主要使用介词 to:
Unnecessary killing of animals is distasteful to most people.
The same food twice running may be distasteful to us. distinct distinct，different
1． 两词都可以译成“不同的”，但含义有所不同。
1) distinct 强调“截然不同”，偏重清晰、明了、黑白分明:
The party split into two distinct groups.
2) different 比 distinct 更常用，它所指的“不同”有时仅强调“分开”，没有相互比较的意思:
Three different people told him the same story.
2． 常用 distinct from， as distinct
from 的句型:
The two ideas are quite distinct from one another.
Rural areas，as distinct from big cities， have different transport problems. distinguish 1． 常用在以下句型中:
distinguish between causes and
effects( distinguish between)
distinguish between today and
yesterday( distinguish between)
distinguish right from wrong ( dis-
tinguish sth from sth)
distinguish a friend from an enemy
( distinguish sb from sb)
distinguished himself as a leading
scholar( distinguish oneself as)
distinguish the policies of two suc-
cessive city governments ( distin-
guish sth)
He is distinguished for his cour-
age. ( be distinguished for)
distinguish himself by winning a
prize( distinguish oneself by)
2． 偶尔也跟介词 in，into，among，
above 等:
distinguish himself in American lit-
erature
distinguish the files into classes
distinguish among numerous books
distinguish her poems above oth-
ers distinguished 常用来形容“杰出的人或事”。
1． 形容“杰出的人物”:
a distinguished professor
a distinguished painter
a distinguished politician
a distinguished silver-haired old
man
a distinguished faculty
a distinguished alumni
a distinguished group of media
practitioners
a distinguished businessman
a distinguished speaker
a distinguished guest
a distinguished scientist
a distinguished educator
a distinguished recipient
a distinguished fellow
2． 形容“杰出的事物”:
a distinguished career
a distinguished program
a distinguished heritage
a distinguished approach
a distinguished Website
a distinguished name
a distinguished award
a distinguished record
a distinguished past
a distinguished school
a distinguished club
a distinguished scholarly edition distract 1． 常用在以下句型中:
distract him from his research
work ( distract sb from sth)
She was distracted between the two choices. ( be distracted be-
tween)
2． 下面两个句子都可以说，意思近似:
They tried to distract people's atten-
tion from the crisis.
They tried to distract attention from the crisis. distraction 至少有以下 3 种形式。
1． 单数:
It's a distraction from what I really want to do.
2． 复数:
It is essential that there are no distractions.
3． 不可数:
I was driven to distraction by the constant noise down the street. distress 1． 作名词时，常用 in distress 形式:
a ship in distress
a woman in genuine distress
2． 下面例子中，distress 前没有冠词:
She showed no signs of distress.
It caused her a great deal of dis-
tress.
It was the cause of great distress to her.
She flushed with distress.
3． 可以有复数形式:
In all dangers and distresses， I
will remember that. distribute 1． 常用于以下句型:
distribute leaflets to passers-by
( distribute sth to sb)
distribute gifts among his friends
( distribute sth among sb)
distribute their products through
separate wholesale companies
( distribute sth through sth)
distribute goods according to their
categories ( distribute sth accord-
ing to sth)
distribute packages within the de-
livery zone ( distribute sth within
sth)
distribute seed over the whole
field( distribute sth over sth)
2． 一般不说 distribute sth to one
person。 district 1． 可以指 country，town，city 等大小不一的各种“行政区”:
the Wall Street District
the District of Columbia
the business district of New York
the Lake District
2． district attorney ( 地方法官) 在美国可以指“州政府或县政府的法官”，要视具体情况而定。 类似的短语还有 district court 等。 district region，district
两词都有“地区”的含义。
1． region 主要从地理的角度去考虑地区，强调区域间风俗习惯和特征的差异:
a remote mountain region
the Buddhist region of the country
the jungle region
2． district 主要是“因行政管理、司法选举、通讯等需要而划分的区域”:
the District of Columbia
a district court
a postal district distrustful 后面常跟介词 of:
He is distrustful of strangers. disturb 后面常接的名词 :
disturb the peace
disturb the balance
disturb one's sleep
disturb the ordinary towndweller
disturb one's happiness
disturb the stillness of the night
disturb one's thoughts
disturb the tranquility of the area
disturb the papers on the desk
disturb the surface of the pool
disturb the beautiful scene
disturb the costume
disturb the cordial atmosphere
disturb the situation
disturb the elliptical motion of the
moon around the sun
disturb one's life
disturb their control of North Africa
disturb the silence of the village
disturb the temperatures
disturb the motionless stranger disturbance 常用下列形式。
1． 不可数:
It helped to prevent disturbance to the sleeping child. ( 抽象指“扰乱”)
2． 单数:
It caused a disturbance in the company. ( 指“引起一阵骚动”)
3． 复数:
There were disturbances in that country last summer. ( 指“有多次骚乱”) ditch trench，ditch
两词都可译成“沟”。
1． trench 可以作“打仗用的战壕”解，
ditch 一般不这样用:
Soldiers in the trench who should
have completed preparations for
charge were busy collecting a-
corns from short acorn trees and stuffing them into their pockets.
2． ditch 主要指“导水沟”:
The water in the ditch overflowed its banks. dive 1． 作动词时，后面主要跟下列介词:
He dived into the river.
He dived off the top board.
He dived for a fish.
He dived beneath the pool.
He dived under the water.
He dived in the sea.
He dived to the bottom of the sea.
2． 作名词时，常用于下列短语:
He made a dive to catch the ball.
The glider lost control and went into a dive.
His popularity took a dive last week. diverse 注意下列搭配:
a number of diverse economic
groups
cover a diverse range of products
diverse interests
diverse properties
diverse effects
diverse responsibilities
diverse history
diverse forms
diverse range of issues
diverse audience
diverse cultures
diverse subjects diversion 注意下列用法。
1． 与形容词的搭配:
a satisfactory diversion
an occasional diversion
a momentary diversion
her favorite diversion
a massive diversion
pleasant diversions
a most welcome diversion
an empty diversion
an excellent diversion
traffic diversions
2． 常用短语 a diversion of:
a diversion of funds
a diversion of resources
the illegal diversion of profits
3． 与动词的搭配:
create a diversion
smell like a diversion
design a diversion
offer a diversion
provide a diversion
obtain a diversion
have a diversion
debate a diversion
collaborate on a diversion
want a diversion
need a diversion
use a diversion divide 后面可以跟很多介词，如 up，into，
between，among，from，by，as to，
against，towards，on，upon，along
等:
divide up nouns
divide the class into five groups
divide his time between Shanghai
and Beijing
divide his property among his rela-
tives
divide women from girls
divide the region by the river
a town divided against itself
divide on the issue
divide the city along the river
dividend
pay dividends ( 产出效益 ) 中的 divi-
dends 常为复数形式:
This small effort can pay great dividends in creating customer loyalty.
This diet has started paying divi-
dends. divinity 1． “神学院”可译成 divinity school。
2． 作“神学”解，为不可数名词:
He entered Harvard University to study divinity.
a Bachelor of Divinity
3． the Divinity 作“上帝”解时，首字母常大写，前面加定冠词:
Raising doubts about the Divinity is an entirely recent development.
4． 可作可数名词，指一个或多个“天神”:
They have found a divinity to wor-
ship.
three Roman divinities division 1． 用在军事方面，相当于中国军队中的“师”:
A crack division is on the border.
一个精锐师驻扎在边界上。
2． 大学中的“系”，可以用 division，
department，faculty 等。尽管在使用中 3 词的区别并不那么严格，但它们的含义还是有些区别。
1) division 的意思是 a group of de-
partments 或 a large organization，
因此它所指的“系”一般规模比 de-
partment 大:
the Engineering Division 工程系
2) faculty 比较侧重从“教学、科研、学科”等角度去看待“系”:
the Faculty of Oriental Studies at
Oxford University
3． division 可以译成“处”:
the Sales Division 销售处 divorce 1． 作动词时，后面常跟介词 from 等:
Philosophy became divorced from religion.
2． 表示“他与妻子离婚”，常有下列表达法:
He was divorced from his wife.
He divorced his wife.
He is divorcing his wife.
He and his wife are divorced.
He and his wife are divorcing each other.
He and his wife are getting divor-
ced.
He is getting a divorce from his wife.
He is seeking a divorce from his wife.
He asked his wife for a divorce.
He procured a divorce from his wife.
He secured a divorce from his wife.
He obtained a divorce from his wife.
He and his wife have got divor-
ced.
When he and his wife divorced，
He wanted a divorce from his wife.
3． 只提及“一个人离婚”，也可以用
divorce:
She divorced and remarried later.
4． 下面句子中，divorce 前面不用冠词:
Their marriage ended in divorce.
dock， pier， wharf， harbor， doctor 1． 在美国，所有的“医生”都可以称
doctor，外科医生( surgeons) 、牙医
( dentists ) 、兽医 ( veterinarian ) 都可以叫 doctor。
2． 在英国，“医生( Dr. )”的头衔用来称呼“全科医生 ( general practi-
tioner )”，其他医生 ( surgeon，
dentist，veterinarian 等 ) 常称为
Mr. ，Mrs. ，Miss。
3． family doctor 相当于 general
practitioner，也称 GP。
4． 缩写 Dr. 可以用在全称人名前，
Dr. Mary Smith; 也可以用在姓前，
Dr. Smith。
5． 表示“两位姓王的医生”时，可以说 the two Dr. Wangs。
6． 如果说两位同姓不同名的“王芳、王林医生”，可以说 Drs. Fang and
Lin Wang，注意 s 加在 Dr 后面，成为 Drs. 。
7． 可以单独使用，作为称呼语:
Good morning，doctor.
8． 学术头衔 Ph. D． ，M． D． 等一般不能用在人名前作称呼语，如不说
Ph. D． Wang。
9． 下面几种表达方式都可以:
Doctor Baker
Dr. Baker
Dr Baker
doctorate， postdoc， post-doc-
toral
doctorate 是大学里能授予的最高学位，postdoc 或 post-doctoral 不是学位，是指获得博士学位以后继续从事相关研究时所得到的职位。 doctrine 作“……学说、主义、教义”解时，前面常用定冠词。但也有不用冠词的时候，一般来说，抽象时不用，具体时要用。
1． 指具体的“教义”，前面加定冠词:
the Christian doctrine of resurrec-
tion
2． 指抽象的“教义”，前面不加定冠词:
his ignorance of Christian doctrine docudrama 由 document 与 drama 组合而成的。 document 1． 除可指有文字的“公文”外，还可指 “计算机文件 ( a computer
file)”，以及作证据用的钱币、图画等物证。
2． 后面常跟介词 for，between，of
等:
a policy document for the Labor
Party conference
the most important document be-
tween the populist platform and
the Democratic platform
a document of a judgment documentary 后面常用介词 about，on 等:
a documentary about the war in
Korea
a documentary on homelessness
Dodge City
可指“混乱、失控、暴力事件经常发生的地方”，它源于 19 世纪美国 Kan-
sas 州的“道奇城”，当时该城经常发生街头枪战:
In the old days Dodge City may have been the wildest and woolliest town on record. dog 1． “狗”或“公狗”的统称，“母狗”是
bitch，“小狗”是 puppy 或 pup; 还有其他各种常见的有关狗的名称:
bulldog
hound
sheepdog
mongrel
cur
greyhound
foxhound
deerhound
Alsatian
German shepherd
dachshund
Labrador
collie
Afghan
chow
poodle
husky
Pekinese
fox terrier
spaniel
cocker spaniel
boxer
mastiff
bloodhound
retriever
Irish setter
Scotch terrier
Dalmatian
2． dog eat dog 中的 dog 前一般不用冠词:
It's dog eat dog in the business world.
3． 有些成语中，常用复数形式 dogs:
let the sleeping dogs lie
going to the dogs
rain cats and dogs
throw to the dogs
US business is going to the dogs.
It's too late to say it might have been best to let the sleeping dogs lie. dollar 1． 只说 dollar，人们常常会想到“美元”; 所以，要说加拿大、澳大利亚、新西兰、香港等地的货币，最好在
dollar 前加上地方名称，以示区别:
Hong Kong dollars
2． the dollar 常指“美元”:
The dollar is falling! But the Bush
team has basically told the world
that
3． pay top dollar 指“花很多钱”，
dollar 常用单数，前面常不用冠词:
He paid top dollar for the furni-
ture. dominate 下面两个句子都可以:
He dominated the party.
He dominated over the party. domino 1． 作“多米诺骨牌”解，常用其复数形式 dominoes，前面常不加冠词:
They played dominoes all night.
2． domino effect 前常加定冠词:
The domino effect is enormous. donate 1． 可以指“捐献”各种东西，钱、物、人体器官，甚至精子( sperm) 等:
donate large sums of money to
the university
donate one of his organs
2． 注意 donate 的一些搭配:
donate money to the project
donate their organs for use after
death
The car was donated to us by a local company.
He donated a sum of money from his private purse. donation 注意以下搭配:
He has promised a generous do-
nation of 
He has given a handsome dona-
tion of
He has made a substantial dona-
tion of
Charities appealed for donations
of
He is collecting donations for the relief fund.
The university received a good deal of money in donations.
The university is supported by
public donations
He has got a large donation from one of the unions.
A donation has been presented to the hospital by a millionaire. donkey 参见 ass。 door 1． “开门”可以说:
open the door
answer the door
get the door
2． 下面的短语中，door 常用复数形式:
The new position has really opened the doors for him.
She spent a lot of time out of doors.
Her office is two doors from her boss.
The meeting is going on behind the closed doors.
3． from door to door ( 挨家挨户) 中，
door 前不加冠词:
He was begging from door to door.
4． “走后门”可译成 by the back door
或 through the back door，意思相同:
He got his job by / through the back door. dormitory 1． 可以指 “( 大学的) 学生宿舍楼”，
即 building，简称 dorm，这是美国用法，在英国常称 hall of residence:
May I go to the dormitory，
please?
bringing art into the dorm
the oldest University Hall of Resi-
dence at Stoke Bishop double 1． 有时，double 或 body double 含义相同:
the actress' body double / double
2． 注意 double 的一些组合词:
double act 两人同时演出
double bill 两个节目同场演出
double-book 重复预定
double-click 双击
double-digit 双位数
double jeopardy 一罪不受两次审理原则
double play 双杀
double standard 双重标准
double whammy 双重打击
double yellow line 双黄线 ( 禁止停车)
double dipper 双重支薪
double nickel 限速每小时 55 英里
double vision 复视
3． 表示网球等运动的“双打”，常用复数形式 doubles:
They reached the finals of the doubles.
Who's your doubles partner?
4． 作动词用时，可指“打双份工、派双份用场”:
She doubles as a night nurse.
Lots of homes double as busines-
ses. doubt 1． 作动词时，常用在下列句型中:
I don't doubt ( that) you are right.
( doubt that)
I doubt whether / if we can catch the train. ( doubt whether / if)
I have no reason to doubt his sto-
ry. ( doubt sth)
I doubt of his ability. ( doubt of
sth)
2． 前面有 no 等否定词或限定词时，后面常跟 that:
There is no doubt that he is ab-
sent.
I have no doubt that you will suc-
ceed.
There is little doubt that he is pop-
ular.
There is some doubt whether he can come.
3． no doubt，doubtless 在口语中可表示 I think，I agree:
No doubt you'll be at the meeting tomorrow. ( 与 I think you'll be there. 意思相同)
4． 下面的句子中，doubt 常用复数形式:
The car accident raised doubts about the quality of the road.
I have grave doubts about the safety of the aircraft.
I have expressed serious doubts about his sincerity.
He hired her despite lingering doubts about her ability.
He hired her despite nagging doubts about her suitability.
5． without a doubt，without doubt 都可以，意思相同:
He is without ( a ) doubt the company's best employee.
6． beyond a doubt，beyond doubt
或 beyond a reasonable doubt，
beyond reasonable doubt 都可以，意思相同:
The poll shows beyond ( a) doubt that people here want change.
7． 一般不说 It is no doubt that，而说 There is no doubt that。
8． 下面的句子都可以，注意 doubt
前没有冠词:
He is in doubt about whether to go or not.
He is in doubt whether to go or not.
He is in doubt as to whether to go or not. doubtful 1． 后面常跟介词 about:
She is still doubtful about the chances for success.
2． 下面两个句子意思相同:
Diana feels doubtful about going.
Diana feels doubtful about wheth-
er to go or not.
3． 后面可跟 that，whether，if，how
等引导的从句:
It seems doubtful that the compa-
ny can secure the land for further development.
I am doubtful whether / if he will agree to accept the proposal.
4． 有时，that 等连接词可省略:
It is doubtful ( that ) Japan would refuse the proposal.
doubting Thomas
1． doubting Thomas 和 Doubting
Thomas 的拼法都是正确的。
2． 尽管在《圣经》中，doubting Thom-
as 是男性，但它可以用来指各种
“怀疑一切的人”:
Elizabeth is a real doubting Thom-
as. doubtless 多作副词:
It was doubtless her own fault.
He will doubtless have a try. dough 有可数和不可数形式。
1． 可数:
the preparation of frozen and re-
frigerated doughs
Work the flour and yeast mixture together until you have a sticky dough.
2． 不可数:
Knead the dough well.
Fermentation also makes bread dough rise.
Dow Jones Average，Dow Jones down 1． 表示“朝低处 ( 移动)”，如“下楼、下坡”等:
fall down the stair
I will carry you down the hill on my back.
Tears rolled down her face.
The plane came down in a rice field.
He is looking down the valley be-
low.
Put the radio down on the desk.
He was bending his head down.
2． 表示“朝南( 移动)”:
They are going down to Canton tomorrow.
3． 表示“沿着路”，不一定指从路的高处到低处，朝路的两个方向移动或观望:
He is walking down the avenue with his wife and daughter.
The spy looked back down the road to see if he was followed.
4． 表示“沿着河水流动的方向 ( 移动)”，即从上游朝下游移动或观望:
David traveled down the Hudson
River.
There is another bridge down the river.
5． 表示“坐下、躺下”:
Sit down and have a cup of tea.
You may feel better if you lie down.
6． 表示“吃下、喝下、吞下、咽下、写下、记下、录下”等:
He gulped down his dinner.
Can't you get your medicine
down?
Please put down my name.
I copied down her email address.
7． 表示“下跌、下降”等:
Car prices have come down to a reasonable level.
Crime rate is down 5% from last year.
8． 表示“毁坏、破坏、倒塌”等:
The bridge is down.
The wall came down.
The old cars were broken down for their parts.
9． 表示“拧紧、黏牢”等:
The lid was screwed down tight on the bottle.
Have you stuck down the back of
the envelope?
10． 表示“彻底( 清洁)”等:
He washed car down.
11． 表示“病倒、累倒”等:
She came down with SARS．
He was down after working for three days running.
12． 表示“( 上一代) 传给( 下一代)”:
This ring has been handed down in my family for generations.
13． 表示“郁闷、悲伤”等:
Why do you look so down today?
14． 表示“被选中或期待做某事”:
I've got Mary down for the job in the lab.
15． 表示 “( 比赛中 ) 失分、失利、输了”:
The guest team was down ten points in the last game.
I'm down. 我输了。
16． 表示 “( 计算机等机器、设备 ) 坏了”:
The computer is down today，so you have to wait.
17． 表示“穷困、潦倒、落魄”等:
He is down to his last penny.
He is down to being a coolie.
18． 表示“表示音量、活动、力量等的减弱”:
Please turn down the radio.
19． 表示 “( 课程结束后 ) 离开大学、毕业、退学、开除、返家”:
He was sent down for cheating in the exam. 他因考试作弊被开除。
He came down from Yale. 他从耶鲁大学( 退学) 回家。
20． 表示“已完成”:
Three down and five to go. 3 件已完成，还有 5 件要做。
21． 表示“( 上至……) 下至……”:
from the president down to the
door keeper 上至总统，下至门卫
22． 表示“失望、反感”:
I won't let you down. 我不会让你失望的。
He was rather down on Japa-
nese. 他对日本人很反感。
23． down 表示“沿海”，up 表示“内地”:
He is down to the coast.
He is up to the highland.
24． down 表示“乡村”，up 表示“城镇”:
Our parents are down in the coun-
tryside.
My son has gone up to the capital city.
25． 表示“繁华的市中心、商业区”用
down，“安静的城郊”用 up:
Let's go downtown. 我们去闹市区吧。
Lisa lives up town. 莉莎住在市郊。
26． 表示“离地面( 或表面等) ……以下”:
30 yards down the coal mine
35 ft down the rock face
27． 在英国口语中，down a place，就是 at that place 之义，有人认为这种用法不正规:
The young men are down the pub，getting drunk.
28． 在英国英语中，down to sb. ( or
sth) 指“那人或那事是发生事情的根源”:
Any mistakes are entirely down to us.
29． down for 表示“报名加入( 比赛、面试)”:
Mary told me that she was down for an interview.
30． 表示“某事将按照原定计划进行”等:
The houses were down for demo-
lition.
31． 表示“付分期付款的首期款项”:
He paid 15% down at settlement.
32． 在口语中，down with 常用来指
“打倒……”:
Down with Hitler!
33． 复数 downs 尤指“( 英格兰) 丘陵草原”，常大写，作专有名词的一部分 the North Downs。
34． 名词 down 作“绒羽、绒毛”解，常作不可数名词:
The plant is covered with fine down.
35． 可以作构词成分 down-，与很多词组成新的词语:
download
downtick
downspin
downsize
Downing Street
前面常不用定冠词，用介词 at:
The Prime Minister arrived at
Downing Street last night. downstairs 1． downstairs 比 downstair 常用。
2． 可作副词、形容词或名词:
We were all downstairs. ( 副词)
I got in through a downstairs win-
dow. ( 形容词)
The downstairs has been renova-
ted. ( 名词)
3． 作名词用，如果指“一栋楼的楼下”，后面一般跟单数，但“几栋楼的楼下”可用复数动词: The whole downstairs needs repainting. ( 单数)
If this room is full there are sever-
al downstairs and another up-
stairs， so you should hopefully find space in at least one of them.
( 复数) downtown 1． 主要在美国使用:
He used to trickle through the downtown of New York for a fix.
2． 可作副词、形容词或名词:
Let's go downtown. ( 副词)
the streets of downtown New York
( 形容词)
It's a short ride from downtown.
( 名词) dozen 1． 有两种复数形式，dozen 和 doz-
ens。当 dozen 前面有具体数字或是 several，a few 等时，用 dozen;
当 dozen 前面无具体数字时，用
dozens:
ten dozen bottles
I'll have two dozen eggs
a few dozen straw hats
dozens of attempts at reform
dozens of homes and buildings
Pack them in dozens.
2． some dozen students 指“大约 12
个学生”，some dozens of students
指“几十个学生”。
3． a baker's dozen 是“13( 个)”:
A baker's dozen is when you
could get 13 freshly baked dough-
nuts for the price of 12．
4． dozens of 可译成“许多”:
He has dozens of friends. 他有许多朋友。
5． dozens and dozens 用来强调“许许多多”:
The candidate talked to dozens and dozens of people along his campaign trip.
6． a dozen of eggs 和 a dozen eggs
都是正确的表达方法，但在现代英语中，a dozen 后面不用 of 居多:
only a dozen feet away
half a dozen words
Dr.
参见 doctor。 draft 1． the draft 作“被应征入伍的一群人”或“兵役体制”解是美国用语，英国人常用 conscription:
The draft could give us an army of
“citizen soldiers”．
The House of Commons voted in favour of conscription in Britian.
2． “逃避兵役”可译成 dodge the
draft，“逃避兵役的人”是 a draft-
dodger，这主要是美国用语。 dragon 在中国，dragon 是一种吉祥物; 在西方，它常含贬义，可指“性情暴烈的人”:
She is an absolute dragon! 她绝对是个泼妇! drain 1． the drains 常指“( 城镇的) 排水系统”:
The drains of the city are clogged.
2． “人才流失”可译成 brain drain，
“人才回流”可译成 brain gain，都为可数，但很少用复数形式:
They turned a brain drain into a brain gain.
3． 作名词用，后面常跟介词 on 或 of:
a big drain on resources
an expensive drain on the public
purse
stop the drain of capital overseas
4． go down the drain 可作“化为乌有”解，drain 常作单数，前面有定冠词:
All my work went down the drain. drama 1． 泛指“戏剧”时，drama 前常可不用冠词:
lovers of drama 戏剧爱好者
He teaches drama.
2． 指“某种戏剧”时，drama 前有修饰词时常不用冠词，后面有修饰词时常加定冠词。
1) drama 前不加冠词:
the themes of Greek drama
He knew nothing of contemporary
British drama.
2) drama 前加定冠词:
the drama of Shakespeare
3． 作为“戏剧性场面”解时，可数和不可数的形式都有:
a high drama at the airport( 可数)
a game full of drama( 不可数)
draw，paint，sketch
1． draw 指“( 用铅笔、钢笔、蜡笔、粉笔、炭笔等) 画”:
She would sit there drawing with the pencil stub.
2． paint 常指“( 用颜料等) 画”，如油画、水彩画、水墨画等:
He painted his father in oils.
3． sketch 指 “( 快速、草草地 ) 画素写”，常指画物体的主要特征，仅为完整的作品打基础:
He sketched the lake many times before making a painting of it. dream 1． 下面两个句子意思相同:
I had a dream last night.
I dreamed a dream last night.
2． 注意以下搭配:
I had strange dream last night.
I had a bad dream last night.
I had a nightmare last night.
I daydreamed yesterday.
It's a girl's romantic daydream.
3． 下面的句子都可以说:
I often dreamt that I was lying on a beach.
I often dreamt of lying on a beach.
I often dreamt about lying on a beach.
4． 下面句子中，dream 常用复数形式:
This could be the man of my dreams.
The money we raised was beyond our wildest dreams.
Never in my wildest dreams could
I imagine that I would go to the
States for further studies.
5． 可与不少词组成词组或作构词成分 dream，构成新的词语:
dreamboat 梦中情人 ( 不是“梦中的船”)
dream team 梦之队
dream ticket 最佳竞选拍档
dream world 梦幻世界
dreamland 梦境
dream factory 电影业
dream machine 电视业 drench 1． drenched 可以指“透、完全、彻底”:
The scandal drenched the press.
She was drenched in furs and dia-
monds.
He drenched her with wine.
The young morning light drenched the beach with gold.
2． drench sb to the skin 和 be
drenched to the skin 都强调“浑身湿透”:
The downpour drenched him to the skin. dress attire，dress，apparel，clothes，clothing，costume， garb， garment 这组词都有“衣服”的含义。
1． attire 是正式用词。
1) 指特定式样的“衣服”，如礼服等:
in formal attire 穿着礼服
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 强调“服装给人的总体印象”:
the strange attire of the eccentric old woman
2． dress 指男女的外衣。
1) 尤指在正式场合穿的“服装”:
evening dress || court dress
2) 也特指妇女穿的“紧身胸衣”或“裙子、连衣裙”等。
3． apparel 较古雅，也较古旧。
1) 尤指“盛装”:
the Queen's ceremonial apparel
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 在美语中可用作复合词，泛指“衣服、衣物”:
ladies' ready-to-wear apparel
4． clothes 与 clothing 较普通常用; clothing 比 clothes 正式。
1 ) clothing 是衣服的总称，包括上衣、裤子、衬衣等，是不可数名词:
warm winter clothing || protective clothing
2) clothes 主要指供人穿的衣服，强调用各种布匹、衣料做成的各种衣服，还强调一个人所穿的所有东西，甚至帽子、鞋子等。
3) clothes 还特指用于各种活动的特制衣服:
football clothes || school clothes
4) clothes 后面常用动词的复数形式:
Clothes are things that people wear.
5) clothing 后面常用动词的单数形式:
Clothing consists of the things people wear.
5． costume 指( 某个地区、时代、民族等穿的) 服装:
in traditional costume || in 18th-century costume || in cowboy costume
1) 在这层意思上，与 dress 近义。
2) 常指戏装:
a clown's costume || The costumes，sets，and acting are all superb.
3) 是可数名词:
Hollywood studios costumes
6． garb 是文学用词，主要指供专业人士穿着的“制服、服装”:
in a judge's solemn garb || the garb of a priest
7． garment 尤指生产、销售中的衣服:
the garment workers || the fashion garment industry
1) 也多指外衣:
waterproof outer garment
2) 是可数名词:
She wore a long garment in yellow linen. dress 1． clothes 是最常用的词。
1) 常用来指“穿在身体各个部位的衣服，包括帽子、鞋子”等:
Having clothes may mean every-
thing one wears — coats，dres-
ses，suits，shoes，hats，etc. ．
2) clothes 也常指 “( 用于特殊活动的) 衣服”:
football clothes
school clothes
baby clothes
maternity clothes
3) clothes 前面一般不加不定冠词，也不被数词修饰，如不可说 three
clothes，但可以被 many，these，
those 等修饰:
There are many clothes on the bed.
Take those clothes off!
4) clothes 后面跟复数动词:
Clothes are the things people wear.
2． clothing 含义较抽象、正式。
1) 常与销售、制造“衣服”有关:
a second-hand clothing store
a factory that makes summer
clothing
a clothing manufacturer
the clothing industry
2) 是不可数名词，表示“一件衣服”要用:
an article of clothing
an item of clothing
a piece of clothing
3． garment 常指“单件衣服 ( an arti-
cle of clothing)”。
1) 尤指“外套”:
waterproof outer garments
2) 也可指“内衣”:
a foundation garment
3) 常常与“制衣业”相关:
the fashion garment industry
4． dress 尤指在正式场合穿的“衣服”。
1) 也用来指“妇女、姑娘们穿的套装，如连衣裙”:
I've never seen her in a dress be-
fore.
2) 也指“特定服装”，这时作不可数名词:
wear formal evening dress
court dresswear period dress
They performed in traditional Chi-
nese dress. dress 1． 一般不说 He is dressing his clothes. 但可以说:
get dressed
dress yourself
2． 下面几个句子的意思相同:
She is dressing.
She is dressing herself.
She is getting dressed.
She is putting on her clothes.
3． 表示“穿 …… 衣服”，可以说 be
dressed in ，下面两个句子的意思相同:
She's dressed in black.
She's wearing black.
4． She was dressed in her Sunday best. 不要译成“她身穿星期天的最好衣服”，应该译成“她身着节日盛装”。
5． 下面 3 个句子的含义有所不同，
dress 一般就指“穿衣服”，dress
up 常指“穿上特别的衣服”:
Elizabeth is dressing. 伊丽莎白正在穿衣服。
She is dressing up ( for the par-
ty) ． 她正在 ( 为这次聚会) 穿上礼服。
Mary is dressing up ( as a queen) ．
玛丽正在装扮( 成女王) 。
6． 用 dress 表示不同民族的服饰、有时代特征的服装等时，可以在其前面加上另一个词:
casual dress
formal dress
traditional dress
evening dress
full dress
morning dress
fancy dress
national dress
period dress
Victorian dress
western dress
Oriental dress
Scottish dress
7． 上述词组在使用时用不可数形式:
The kids were wearing traditional
Norwegian dress.
They performed the play in Victori-
an dress.
8． 注意下面两句的区别:
She is wearing a black dress. ( 作可数名词)
She is wearing western dress. ( 作不可数名词)
9． 泛指“衣服”的词很多:
clothes
clothing
garment
wardrobe ( winter wardrobe)
wear ( children's wear)
apparel ( ladies' apparel)
outfit ( a whole range of outfits)
costume
uniform
gear ( skiing gear)
cast-offs
hand-me-downs dressing 1． 一般指 “( 浇在色拉等外面的 ) 调料”，但在美国英语中它可以指
“( 塞在里边的) 馅料、填料”等，相当于 stuffing:
It's turkey dressing. 这是火鸡填料。
2． 可数和不可数形式都有。
1) 可数:
I like a blue cheese dressing.
These oils are ideal for cooking，
frying，and salad dressings.
2) 不可数:
Mix the ingredients for the dress-
ing in a bowl.
What kind of dressing would you
like on your salad? drift 后面可跟 out， across， around，
round，in，toward ( s ) ，apart，off，
about，away，down 等:
drift out to sea
drift across the city
drift around the country
drift round the corner
the drift toward( s) the coast
drifted away from the key principle
Lives drifted down! drink 1． 泛指“饮料 ( 尤其是各种酒)”时，
drink 可作不可数名词:
Too much drink is bad for your health.
2． 具体指“一份饮料、一杯酒”时，
drink 常作可数名词:
Would you like a drink of water?
你想喝杯水吗?
Have another drink! 再来一杯
( 酒) !
3． 下面句子中，drink 都是名词，前面都没有冠词:
After the accident she turned to drink.
He took to drink after his daughter died.
He is addicted to drink.
He is given to drink.
4． 用 drink 表示“祝酒”，常有下列表达法:
Let's drink to your success!
Let's drink a toast to the bride and groom.
We'll drink her health.
Raise your glasses and drink to the bride and groom.
Raise your glasses and drink to the health of the bride and groom.
They drank each other's health.
They agreed on their plan and drank to it.
Mr. President，I drink to you.
5． 表示“喝成 …… 状态”，有不少表达法:
drink himself to death
drink himself stupid
drink himself into unconscious-
ness
drink his troubles away
drink himself into a stupor
drink himself into oblivion
drink himself into an illness drive avenue，street，boulevard，drive 这组词都可指城市里的“道路”。
1． avenue 指城市的林阴道，比较高雅; 也可以用来指两旁植树的小路:
Many London theatres are in Shaftesbury Avenue.
2． street 在这组词中最常用，可指城镇内各种路:
wander around deserted streets || cross the busy street
3． boulevard 是林阴大道，强调路面的宽阔:
Lenton Boulevand Sunset Boulevard
4． drive 有时作 driveway，常指连接私人住宅与街道的路，也可作“街道”解:
35 Ocean Drive drive 1． “驾驶汽车、开火车、赶马车”等都可以用 drive:
to drive a car / train / bus
2． 但“开飞机”不用 drive，常用:
fly / pilot / steer a plane
3． “开轮船”常用:
pilot / steer a ship
4． She is driving. 是“她在开车。”
She is driving in a car. 可以是“她在乘汽车。”
5． 表示“开车兜风”，drive 和 ride 有时含义相同:
Let's go for a drive / ride.
6． 大写 Drive 常与地名连用表示
“……街 / 路”:
135 Bootleg Drive
7． 表示“传动装置”时，可作可数或不可数名词，下面两句意思相同:
This jeep has a rear-wheel drive.
This jeep has rear-wheel drive.
8． “驾驶证”在美国用 driver's li-
cense，在英国用 driving licence。 drive-in 1． 可以指“免下车的餐馆、影院、商店、银行、加油站”等商业场所:
drive-in movie theatres
2． 有复数形式:
Let's go to a drive-in. drive-through 含义有时与 drive-in 相似:
a drive-through supermarket
a fast-food drive-through
a drive-through restaurant drop 1． 在口语中，drop in 常用来表示“事先未预约的”:
Why not drop in for a chat?
2． drop a line 和 drop a note 的意思相似，都是“写封短信”:
Drop me a line when you are free.
3． 口语中常用 drop dead 来表示“突然死亡”:
He dropped dead of a heart attack last night. drown 1． 用于有生命的东西时，常表示“淹死”，用于无生命的东西时常表示
“淹没”。
1) 有生命:
A girl was drowned this morning.
2) 无生命:
The village wad drowned in the flood.
The conversation was drowned in the music.
2． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
She drowned in the river.
She was drowned in the river. drug 注意下面句子中，drug( 毒品) 常用复数:
Is he still on drugs?
Does he take drugs?
He has never used drugs in his life.
He is dealing in drugs. drug medicine，drug
两词都有 “药”的含义。
1． medicine 可表示 “药水、药剂、药粉、药丸”等:
cough medicine 咳嗽药水
herbal medicine 草药
2． drug 是个通俗词，除可指“药”以外，还可以指“毒品”，medicine 一般不指“毒品”; drug 可作动词用，
medicine 不可以:
He was drugged and robbed. ( 这里的 drug 不能改成 medicine) drugstore 1． 在美国，可指“杂货店”:
My father opened the drugstore
on Main Street in 1914．
Years ago，people would come in the drugstore for little minor things.
2． 在现代英语中，人们较多拼写成
drugstore，而不是原来的 drug-
store 或 drug store。
3． 在英国，drugstore 的同义词是
chemist's 或 pharmacy。 drunk ，drunken
1． drunk 常作表语用，drunken 常作前置定语用。
1) drunk 作表语:
He was often drunk when young.
Johnson had gotten drunk on vod-
ka.
2) drunken 作前置定语:
a drunken sailor
a drunken sleep
a drunken party
2． 但是，“酒后驾车”常用 drunk driv-
ing，“醉酒的驾驶员”常用 drunk
drivers。
3． 修饰除 driving 或 driver 以外的名词，常用 drunken 表示“醉酒”:
a drunken brawl
a drunken rage
a drunken stupor
a drunken hand
a drunken slaughter
a drunken hooligan
dry goods
在美国指“以布、帘子等制成之物”，
在英国指“干的茶、咖啡、面粉等”。 dual 尽管指“成双的、两重的”，但是它修饰的名词用单数形式:
the government's dual aim of cut-
ting taxes and increasing job op-
portunities
a teacher with a dual British- Irish
nationality
a dual standard for the determina-
tion of quorum dub 后面常用介词 into，as 等:
dub the film into Chinese
dub the man as “shortie” duck 1． 可指“鸭、雌鸭”; “公鸭”可用
drake 表示，但不常用; “小鸭”是
duckling。
2． lame duck 不是动物，是“不中用的人或物，如即将辞职的官员”等:
A lame duck is an elected official
currently in office whose replace-
ment has been chosen.
due to，owing to
1． due to 常用在动词后面:
His absence is due to his illness.
2． 在其他场合下要表示 because of，
两词的用法相似:
The flight was canceled due to /
owing to bad weather.
Due to / Owing to the large vol-
ume of letters he is unable to an-
swer all of them personally.
3． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
The employees were reduced partly due to budget pressures.
The employees were reduced due partly to budget pressures. dumb 注意下列句子中的搭配:
Don't play dumb with me.
Don't act dumb with me.
The sad news struck me dumb. duplicate ，copy
两词都有“复印件”的意思，但含义各有不同。
1． duplicate 特别强调“一模一样的复制”:
If you've lost your key，I can give you a duplicate.
2． copy 既可指“一模一样的复印件”，也可指“不完全一样的复印件”:
a carbon copy of the letter( 可以完全一样)
a copy of the original ancient stat-
ue( 很难一样)
durable goods
1． 在美国常指“( 家用电器、汽车等)
耐用商品”，英国人常用 consumer
durables。
2． 可以说:
semi-durable goods
non-durable goods
dusk，evening，night
3 词都与“夜晚”有关，但含义不同。
1． dusk 指“黄昏”:
I saw a figure in the dusk of the street.
2． evening 指“工作结束( 或日落) 到就寝以前这段时间”:
By the time he gets home there won't be much evening left.
Supper is 7: 00 to 8: 00 in the eve-
ning.
3． night 常指“24 小时中没有太阳的那段时间，尤指人们睡觉的时间”:
He slept well last night.
The baby woke up twice in the night.
4． dusk 前面常跟介词 at，into 等:
They arrived home at dusk.
He disappeared into the dusk.
5． at dusk 中的 dusk 前一般不用冠词:
At dusk，thousands of bats come out of the cave. dust 1． 常用作不可数名词，下面例子中，
dust 前不用冠词:
The books were covered in dust.
The room was empty and dust lay everywhere.
Many of the machines in the base-
ment are gathering dust.
It is ( as) dry as dust.
I throw dust in her eyes.
He treated her like dust.
2． 注意: 一般不说 treat sb as dust。
3． 可以说:
The old cloth there fell to dust when the detective touched it.
You will crawl on your belly and you will eat dust all your life.
Therefore I despise myself and re-
pent in dust and ashes.
4． 表示“灰尘”多少时，可以说:
a layer of dust
a thick layer of dust
a cloud of dust
huge trails of dust
handfuls of dust
a speck of dust
half an inch of dust on the books
5． 下面的句子中，dust 前可以加不定冠词:
The car raised quite a dust.
The pupils kicked up a dust when the teacher left the classroom.
I gave the room a quick dust. Dutch 1． the Dutch 指“全体荷兰人”，后面跟复数动词:
The Dutch are the people of Neth-
erlands.
2． 作“荷兰语”解时，前面一般不加冠词，后面跟单数动词:
Dutch is the language spoken by the people of the Netherlands.
The church records were written in Dutch.
3． 可构成有趣的词组:
go Dutch 各人付各人的账
Dutch courage 酒后之勇
Dutch uncle 严厉教训人的人
Dutch cap ( 常指避孕用的) 子宫帽
Dutch treat 各自付账的聚餐 duty 1． on duty( 值班) ，off duty( 下班) 中的 duty 前面不加冠词:
I'm off duty / on duty.
2． 下面句子中，duty 前一般也不用冠词:
She has a strong sense of duty.
He reported for duty in the morn-
ing.
3． 表示“职责”时，duty 用单复数形式都有。
1) 复数:
His duties include drafting letters for the president.
He carried out his duties well.
2) 单数:
It's my duty to help her.
His duty is to look after the ani-
mals. DVD 1． 是 digital video，versatile disc 的缩写词。
2． 有以下表达法。
1) 单数:
a DVD
2) 复数:
three DVDs
3) 修饰名词:
a DVD player dwarf 复数形式有两种:
dwarves
dwarfs dwell 1． 没有 live 普通常用。
2． 后面除常跟介词 on，upon 外，还可跟 behind，on，within，at，in，
among，beneath，with， outside，
over，under 等:
dwelling among the tribesmen
dwelling under the fig tree
dwelling with her dying 注意由 dying 组成的一些词组:
dying wishes
my dying day
the dying minutes of the game
the dying days of the war
a dying business
save the dying man
her dying words
a dying breed
the dying moments
with his dying breath
a dying tradition
a dying industry
his dying hour dynasty 表示“…… 王朝”时，前面用冠词，首字母大小写均可:
the Ming dynasty
the Tudor dynasty
the Selijuk dynasty of Syria
The Qin Dynasty was the dynasty that redefined China.
285
dynasty

 each 1． 修饰单数名词时，后面常跟单数动词:
Each man reads alone.
Each book is beautifully illustra-
ted.
2． 但下面几种情况中，each 后面的动词或所有格人称代词可用复数形式。
1) 用在复数主语之后，句中的所有格人称代词等也要与主语一致，即便两句间有逗号分开; 如果意思相连，
each 也常这样用:
They each do their share of work.
The families live in semi-detached houses，and each have their own doors.
2) 后面跟的所有格人称代词习惯上常用 his，但在现代英语中为避免男尊女卑，常用复数 their 等来泛指男人或女人，当然也可用 his or her
的形式; 下面的两种说法都是可以接受:
Each student has their own place in the reading room.
Each student has his or her own place in the reading room.
3) each of 后面跟较长的成分，而且该成分中的名词又是复数，其动词可以是单数或复数，下面两种说法都可以:
Each of the 26 professors in the
college is specialists trained a-
broad.
Each of the 26 professors in the
college are specialists trained a-
broad.
3． each of 后是复数名词时，后面常跟单数动词:
Each of us has a lot to do.
Each of the articles relates to the same scandal.
4． 但是，在现代英语的实际使用中，
each of 后是复数名词时，后面也有跟复数动词的，而且数量不少:
She has 20 students， each of whom pay 25 yuan an hour. Each of her ideas are stated.
5． 归纳起来说，如果将 each 作为分开的对象来看就使用单数动词; 如果将 each 作为集合名词来看，就可以使用复数动词以及相关的代词。
6． 一般不说:
each of A，B and C
each of A and B
between each
7． each 与 every 都可以译成“每个”，但含义和用法不同。
1) each 侧重从“个体的”角度去形容，every 从“团体、整体”角度去看问题:
He gave one book to each student of the class. ( 强调每个学生都有书)
Every student got a book. ( 强调所有的学生都有书)
2) each 可以指“两个中的一个”，也可以指“两个以上的”; every 只能形容“3 个以上的”事物:
The road has a sign at each end.
( 路一般只有两端，这里不能用
every)
Every student has to take the final exam. ( 这里指全体学生)
3) each 既可以作形容词，又可以作代词; 而 every 只能作形容词用。
4) every 可译成“每个 ……”，each
不可以:
every two days 每隔两天
each other，one another
两个词组都可以翻译成“互相”。
1． 有人说 each other 局限于两人，
one another 可用于 3 人以上:
The two men shook hands with each other. ( 仅两人)
They all shook hands with one an-
other. ( 不止一人)
2． 但在实际上，两词在表示“两人之间”时，没有原则上的区别，可以换用:
The two states do a lot of trade with one another / each other.
甚至表示 3 人以上时，两词也可换用:
Dozens of books were piled on top of each other / one another.
The people in the room all knew each other / one another.
3． each other 的所有格有两种形式:
They held each other's hands.
They held each others' hands.
4． each other 一般不用来作主语。 eager 1． 后面常跟介词 for:
The boys were eager for new ex-
periences.
She is eager for you to meet her friends.
2． 后面偶尔也跟介词 in:
She is very eager in her reading.
3． 后面常跟动词不定式:
She is eager to learn.
Some are eager to tell you how they feel.
4． 常与一些名词组成有趣的词组:
eager ears 招风耳、包打听
an eager nose 大鼻子
eager fingers 急切的手指 ( 想去摸……)
eager faces( 面露急切表情的脸)
eager beaver 干活特别卖力的人 eagle 1． the bald eagle 是美国国徽的标志:
The bald eagle is our national symbol.
2． 除 eagle 以外，表示“鹰”还有很多词:
falcon
hawk
vulture
condor ear 1． 强调“听”，而不是指“耳朵”时，
ear 常用作单数或不可数名词:
He learned to play the flute by ear.
He gained the ear of the presi-
dent.
He kept his ear to the ground for the news.
He has the Chair's ear.
I told him to observe the rules，
but it went in one ear and out the other.
He has turned a deaf ear to my warning.
2． 表示“听”时，ear 偶尔也用复数形式:
Tell me about the scandal — I'm all ears. ( 也可以说 I'm all ear. )
Close your ears to what she has to say.
Rumors of his resignation reached my ears.
My ears are burning.
He has itching ears.
Walls have ears.
Help，I'm up to my ears in debt!
He pricked up his ears and got some of her words.
3． ear 和 ears 前面加带定冠词的短语也不少:
a flea in the ear
wet behind the ears
set the whole class by the ears early 1． 作副词用时，可紧跟在表示
“早……( 时间)”的具体名词后面:
The plane arrived 25 minutes early.
2． 作副词用时，常用在含糊时间状语的前面:
The pine tress was planted early in the season.
He arrived earlier this week.
3． 注意一些由 early 组成的词组:
early bird 起早的人，早到的人
early warning system 预警系统
early retirement 提前退休
4． early retirement 常用在 take early
retirement 短语中，注意前没有冠词:
Some schemes require you to get your employer's permission to take early retire ment. earn 1． 后面可跟复合宾语:
His hard work earned him a place in the committee.
Her high score in the exam earned her a scholarship at the university.
2． a Ph. D． degree 与 an earned
Ph. D． degree 不同，前者可以指
“名誉博士”，而后者是要刻苦攻读才能获得的“博士学位”。
3． “挣工资的人”可译成 wage / sal-
ary / bread earner，当然，它们的含义各有侧重。
4． earnings 一般作复数用，即便是一个人也用复数，后面的动词也用复数:
She is satisfied with her earnings as a teacher.
Your earnings are the sums of money that you earn by working. earth 1． 注意大小写的区别。
1) 大写时，前面用定冠词:
the planet Earth
The Moon goes around the Earth
2) 小写时，前面常没有冠词:
The space shuttle returned to earth safely.
2． 何时用大写，何时用小写基本取决于作者的风格; 但也有一些规则:
1) 当从天文学的角度去看“地球”时，可用大写:
the planet Earth
2) 当同时提到“地球”和其他星球时可用大写:
The Moon goes around the Earth
 Mars， Venus， Mercury and
Earth.
3． 下面例子中的 earth 是小写，前面一般不用冠词:
He wanted to be the greatest man on earth.
Nothing on earth could get me to speak to her.
He disappeared and went to earth.
When his money ran out， he came down to earth.
What on earth are the people do-
ing?
earth，land，ground，soil
这组词都有“地”的含义。
1． earth 主要与“天空( sky)”相对而言:
He returned safely from the Moon to the Earth.
2． land 主要与“海洋 ( sea)”相对而言:
They did not see land again until the ship reached Cape Cod.
3． ground 主要指“( 在户外脚下站立的坚硬) 地面”:
I slipped and fell to the ground.
4． soil 侧重指“耕地”:
He makes his living from the soil.
The rich soil is suitable for plant-
ing rice. earth globe，earth
两词都可以译成“地球”。
1． globe 强调“地球是个圆球”:
They circled the globe.
2． earth 与天空相对而言，强调“人类生活的土地”:
The astronauts returned from the moon to the earth. ease 1． 作动词时，可用 ease into 或 ease
out of 的句型:
He eased himself into the chair behind the desk.
She eased herself slowly out of the hot bath.
2． 作名词用时，可组成不少短语，前面常不用冠词:
He passed the exams with ease.
He climbed the slope with relative ease.
He was blessed with natural ease.
He is more at ease on the stage.
He did his best to make his girl-
friend feel at ease.
He was ill at ease with strangers.
He made little attempt to put her at ease. easily easy，easily
1． 两词作副词时含义相同，有时可以换用:
Laughs come easy / easily.
2． easy 可组成很多短语，属习惯用法，easily 不这样用:
That's easier said than done.
Easy come，easy go.
Go easy on her — she's still young.
I like to take things easy when I'm on holiday.
I won't rest easy until I know the score of the exam.
Just two more questions and then you can breathe easy. east 1． the East( 首字母大写，加定冠词)
在美国可指“( 密西西比河以东、华盛顿特区以北的) 东部地区”; 在西方常指“亚洲，尤其是中国和日本”; 在欧洲常指“东欧”。
2． the Far East，the Near East，the
Middle East 和 the Mideast 都要大写，前面加定冠词。
3． East Africa， East China， East
Germany，East Europe 等前不用冠词。
4． 注意下面几个句子的译法:
The school lies in the east of the city. 该学校位于城市的东部。
The school lied to the east of the city. 该学校紧靠城市的东部。
The school lies on the east of the city. 该学校位于城市的东部 / 位于城市的东部边界 / 紧靠城市的东部。
The school lies at the east side of the city. 该学校位于城市的东部。
The school lies at the eastern side of the city. 该学校位于城市的东部。
5． the east coast / the East Coast
在美国常指“( 大西洋沿海) 东海岸地区”; the East End 在英国指
“( 劳工阶层居住的 ) 伦敦东部地区”，前面都要加定冠词:
New York is on the east coast of
the United States，on the Atlantic
Ocean.
He conducted a social survey of the East End in London. east eastern，east
1． 两词作形容词用时，含义和用法相似:
the eastern / east side of the
house
Eastern / East Africa
2． east 可以作名词或副词，eastern
不这样用:
Most of the factories are in the east. ( 名词，这里 east 不可改成
eastern)
My apartment faces east. ( 副词，这里 east 不可改成 eastern) Easter 1． 前面常不加定冠词:
The students get two weeks off at
Easter.
2． Easter egg 是在“( 复活节上分发的) 复活彩蛋、复活巧克力蛋”。
3． Easter egg hunts 中的 hunts 常是名词，用复数:
Kids often go on Easter egg hunts to find eggs hidden around their home.
4． the Easter bunny 前面要加定冠词，bunny 在这里指“( 孩子们想象中会带来糖果等礼物的) 复活兔”。 eastern eastern，east
1． 两词作形容词用时，含义和用法相似:
the eastern / east side of the
house
Eastern / East Africa
2． east 可以作名词或副词，eastern
不这样用:
Most of the factories are in the east. ( 名词，这里 east 不可改成
eastern)
My apartment faces east. ( 副词，这里 east 不可改成 eastern) easy easy，easily
1． 两词作副词时含义相同，有时可以换用:
Laughs come easy / easily.
2． easy 可组成很多短语，属习惯用法，easily 不这样用:
That's easier said than done.
Easy come，easy go.
Go easy on her — she's still young.
I like to take things easy when I'm on holiday.
I won't rest easy until I know the score of the exam.
Just two more questions and then you can breathe easy. eat 1． eat out 是“外出吃饭、下馆子”:
Shall we eat out tonight? 今晚我们下馆子好吗?
2． 在口语中“你吃过饭了吗?”可以说:
Have you had your meal / break-
fast / lunch / dinner / supper?
Have you eaten your meal?
3． Eat your meal. 是“吃饭吧!”的意思，有“别说话，赶紧吃饭”等含义，是一种命令。
4． Eat up your meal. 也是命令式的，意思是“把你的饭都吃干净。”( Eat all your meal. )”
5． dog eat dog ( 同类残杀) 中用 eat
不用 eats:
It's dog eat dog in the television industry.
6． 注意，“同类不残杀”中的动词却要用第三人称单数形式:
Dog doesn't eat dog.
7． eating apple 不是“吃苹果”，而是
“生吃的苹果”，它的对应词是 bak-
ing apple。 eatable eatable，edible
两词都有“能食用的”意思，但含义不同。
1． eatable 强调“味道的好坏”:
The food in the dining hall is bare-
ly eatable. 食堂里的食品几乎没法吃。
2． edible 比 eatable 正式，它强调“食品能否安全食用，是否有毒”:
These mushrooms are edible but those are poisonous. eaves 后面用复数动词:
The eaves of a house are the lower edges of its roof. eavesdrop 1． 为不及物动词，后面常跟介词 on
等:
He tried to eavesdrop on the pri-
vate conversation of his boss.
2． “偷听者”是 eavesdropper:
how to expose an eavesdropper
3． eavesdropping 泛指“偷听”，前面常没有冠词:
Eavesdropping is a pastime for him. ebb 1． 作“退潮、落潮”解，ebb 与 ebb
tide 的含义相同。
2． ebb tide 的反义词是 flood tide。
3． ebb 作名词表示“落潮”时，前面常用介词 on:
He decided to leave on the ebb at five in the afternoon.
The tide is on the ebb.
4． 表示引申意义上的“退潮”时，ebb
前常用介词 at:
The relations between the two
countries are at their lowest post-
war ebb.
His popularity is at its lowest ebb. eccentric eccentric，strange
两词都可表示“奇怪的”，但侧重不同。
1． eccentric 常指“人的行为、举止、习惯、观点、着装、话语等与常人的做法或社会所能接受的规范不同”; 除有“古怪的”含义以外，还有
“逗人的、好笑的”等意思，因而不完全是贬义:
If you wear T-shirt to the banquet，
people will think you're eccentric.
2． strange 普通常用，含义广泛，可形容各种“奇怪的”人或事:
a strange habit
a strange behavior
a strange gentleman
a strange smell echelon 1． 原是法语词，主要用在军队中，现在日常生活也很常见。
2． 是可数名词，可以说:
a higher echelon
the top echelon of the party
3． 但现在 echelon 用复数形式很常见:
the upper echelons of power
He works in the higher echelons of the Civil Service.
the lower echelons of society echo 作动词时，后面常跟介词 around，
through，across，in，with，to，down
等:
His voice echoed around the hall.
His voice echoed through the val-
ley.
His voice echoed across the can-
yon.
His voice echoed in the hall.
The corridor echoed with his voice.
The corridor echoed to the sound of their laughter.
His words will continue to echo down the centuries. ecology 1． 在多数情况是不可数名词:
The concept of ecology finds its
origins in Darwin's “web of life”．
It has changed the ecology of the whole area.
He is a lecturer in ecology.
2． 有时亦可作可数名词:
Global ecological efforts can easi-
ly be at odds with local ecologies. economic economic，economical
两词都可表示“经济的”。
1． economic 可表示“经济 ( 学科 )
的”:
the economic system 经济体系
a period of economic crisis 经济危机
2． economic 还可表示“盈利的、赚钱的”:
They had to raise prices to make it economic enough for the service to continue. 他们必须提高价格，使它有足够的盈利以维持这种服务。
3． economical 主要强调“避免浪费的、节约的”等:
an economical meal 节约的一餐
4． 在表示“节约”方面，两词无太大的差异:
an economic housewife
an economical method of heating economical economic，economical
两词都可表示“经济的”。
1． economic 可表示“经济 ( 学科 )
的”:
the economic system 经济体系
a period of economic crisis 经济危机
2． economic 还可表示“盈利的、赚钱的”:
They had to raise prices to make it economic enough for the service to continue. 他们必须提高价格，使它有足够的盈利以维持这种服务。
3． economical 主要强调“避免浪费的、节约的”等:
an economical meal 节约的一餐
4． 在表示“节约”方面，两词无太大的差异:
an economic housewife
an economical method of heating economics 1． 作“经济学”解时，常作单数用:
Economics is the oldest of the so-
cial sciences.
2． 作“经济情况、经济意义”解时，常作复数用:
The simple economics of the case are easy to explain.
3． “政治经济学”是 political econo-
my，而不是 political economics。 Eden 1． Eden 作“( 《圣经》中的) 伊甸园”解，前面不加冠词:
The Garden of Eden is a paradise in heaven.
2． Eden 作“美丽和平的地方”解时，是可数的:
The village is a remote and beau-
tiful Eden.
edge
on edge 与 on the edge 的意思不同。
1． on edge 是“紧张不安”:
My nerves were constantly on edge. 我经常神经紧张。
2． on the edge 有“危险、迷惑、不愉快”等意思:
Russia is on the edge of a political collapse. 俄国处在政治崩溃的边缘。 edible eatable，edible
两词都有“能食用的”意思，但含义不同。
1． eatable 强调“味道的好坏”:
The food in the dining hall is bare-
ly eatable. 食堂里的食品几乎没法吃。
2． edible 比 eatable 正式，它强调“食品能否安全食用，是否有毒”:
These mushrooms are edible but those are poisonous. edible 参见 eatable。 edit edit，publish
两词都与“出版”有关。
1． edit 是“为出版作准备，如决定文章的取舍、校正错误等”:
His original text has been heavily edited. ( 包含“作了很大修改”的意思)
2． publish 主要从商业的角度考虑问题，目的是为了“向公众出售”:
The company mainly publishes
English textbooks and has made a lot of profits out of them.
3． edit out 应译成“删除( 不合适的部分)”，除文字外还可删除图像、声音等:
Her voice will be edited out of the final film. edition ，issue
两词都有“( 一次) 印刷出版物”的含义。
1． edition 指强调“一次印刷出版”，
并不一定特指何时出版:
This is the second edition of this dictionary. ( 强调第二版)
Is there a hardback edition of this
novel? ( 强调精装版)
the city edition of the New York
Times( 强调城市版)
2． issue 比较强调“出版的特定时间
( published at a particular time)”，
强调是某一天、某一年出版的:
The poem appeared in the April issue. ( 强调四月出版)
The Christmas issue of the maga-
zine had her photo on its cover.
( 强调圣诞节出版) education 1． “高等教育”是 higher education，
不是 high education，也可译成 ter-
tiary education。
2． 注意一些近年来发展较快的教育表达方法:
distance learning / education 远程教育
adult education 成人教育
continuing / further education 继续教育
cybereducation 或 network / web
education 网络教育
pre-school education
elementary education
secondary education
professional and technological ed-
ucation
spare-time education
on-the-job education
mid-career education educationist educationist，educator
1． educationist 作“教育家”解，在英国较常用:
British educationists are divided about how best to teach maths.
2． 在美国，人们常用 educator:
She is an educator and a philoso-
pher.
3． 用 educator 代替 teacher 显得有些“自高自大”。 educator educationist，educator
1． educationist 作“教育家”解，在英国较常用:
British educationists are divided about how best to teach maths.
2． 在美国，人们常用 educator:
She is an educator and a philoso-
pher.
3． 用 educator 代替 teacher 显得有些“自高自大”。 -ee 常用作后缀，表示“动作的承受者或受影响者”:
addressee
trainee
retiree
divorcee
presentee
nominee
brokee
co-optee
appointee
draftee
grantee
absentee
escapee effect 在下面例句中，effect 前没有冠词:
He paused for effect.
The new law is in effect.
The new law came into effect from
May 1st.
These suggestions were adopted and put into effect.
Try to relax for a few minutes until the medicine takes effect.
The decision will remain in effect until May 1st.
She has used my advice to good effect.
She is resigning from the position with immediate effect. effective 后面常跟介词against，from，in，on，
after 等:
The pills are effective against cancer.
The agreement will become ef-
fective from June 23．
The new law will become effec-
tive in the next few weeks.
The new rules will be effective on and after May 1st. efficiency 1． 是不可数名词，在下面句子中，effi-
ciency 前没有冠词:
to increase agricultural efficiency
in the poorer regions of the world
aiming at improving efficiency and
customer service
2． 特指“效率”时，efficiency 前可加定冠词:
the efficiency of the Germans
measuring the efficiency of his
newspapers effort 作“力气、努力”解，常用作单数或不可数名词。
1) 单数:
It's an effort for us to solve the rid-
dle.
2) 不可数:
A lot of effort has been put into solving the riddle.
2． 在不少场合用作复数:
His first commercial efforts had re-
sulted in a scandal.
The patient died despite the doctors' efforts to save him.
eg，i. e.
两词主要用于书面语中，它们的区别表现在以下几方面。
1． i. e. 是 that is 的缩写，主要指“通过改用别的词语 ( rewording，re-
phrasing) 来解释刚刚用过的词语”:
The cinema is open only to adults，i. e. people over 18． ( a-
dults 就是 people over 18，是对等的)
2． eg，也写成 e. g.，是 for the sake of
example，for example 的缩写，主要指“用一个或多个例子来解释、说明某事”:
The patient must avoid sweet foods，eg cake，chocolate，sugar and ice cream. ( eg 后面部分不完全是 sweet foods 的对等词，而是举例)
3． 在实际使用中的情况要复杂得多。
有的词典给出的例句是:
Hot drinks，i. e. tea and coffee，
are also available.
4． 这里的 i. e. 与上面例句中的 eg 无区别。为避免这种情况，国外专家提议干脆不用 i. e. 或 eg，改用句子等其他方式来解释。
5． i. e. 或 eg 放在句首时，它们的第一个字母要大写:
I． e. ，like that is，introduces a re-
wording
6． 使用 i. e. 或 eg 时要注意标点符号:
Hot drinks，e. g. tea and coffee，
are also available. ( 常用)
Hot drinks，eg tea and coffee，are also available. ( 常用)
Hot drinks，e. g. ，tea and coffee，
are also available. ( 不常用)
560 Christian ( i. e. Protestant)
bookstores( 常用)
 560 Christian ( i. e. ， Protes-
tant) bookstores( 不常用)
7． i. e. 或 eg 后面跟和不跟逗号都可以，但在现代英语中似乎不跟的居多。 egg 1． 在日常生活中，统称“鸡蛋”时，一般用复数居多，比如“我喜欢炒鸡蛋”，一般不说 I like scrambled
egg，而说 I like scrambled eggs:
Would you like your eggs，scram-
bled or fired?
I like eggs。
2． 注意 egg 在习语中的一些惯用法。
1) 用单数:
He can't even boil an egg. 他连最简单的饭菜都不会做。
Go and lay an egg. 别管闲事，滚开。
2) 用复数:
It is unwise to have all eggs in one basket. 孤注一掷是不明智的。
Bob has broken the eggs in her pocket. 鲍勃破坏了她的计划。
He has brought his eggs to a wrong market. 他失败了。
Don't teach your grandmother to suck eggs. 不要班门弄斧。
It's like treading upon eggs. 如履薄冰。
Don't kill the goose that lays the golden eggs. 不要杀鸡取卵。
3) 下面例句中，eggs 后面用单数动词:
If you bet on that horse，you will lose your money as sure as eggs is eggs. either 1． 在书面语中作代词用时，表示
“( 两者之中的) 任何一个”:
They are both fine，so you can use either.
Take either of the two books.
2． 在书面语中作限定词用时，后面常跟单数名词:
You can park on either side of the street.
It's a room with a door at either end.
3． 在书面语中作代词和限定词时后面都应该跟单数动词:
Is either of them at home?
Either novel is good.
4． 在现代英语中，尤其是在口语和非规范文字中，用 either 时要注意以下几点。
1) 作连接词可以连接两个以上事物:
the attention from either profes-
sors， scholars， biographers， or critics.
We have no offers to merge with
other companies， either Asian，
American， European， or Chi-
nese.
2) 作代词也可指“两者以上”，但很不常用:
on either of the three buses
in either of the five directions
3 ) 根据“就近原则”，either of 后面如果跟复数名词或代词，后面的动词可用复数:
If either of these take place，the system is no longer isolated.
Either of these critics make my flesh creep.
They are able to talk openly to one another whenever either of them feels hurt. ( 规范用法)
5． 注意 either  or  后面所跟的成分:
It's either pink， red， white， or yellow. ( 跟多个形容词)
You either love or hate her. ( 跟谓语动词)
I left it either on the table or in the car. ( 跟介词短语)
Your must answer either yes or no. ( 跟 yes or no)
You can contact us either by phone，by fax，by email，or by letter. ( 跟多个介词短语)
Either the teacher or the students are wrong. ( 就近原则，跟复数动词)
Either the students or the teacher is wrong. ( 就近原则，跟单数动词)
Either he goes or I go. ( 后面句子) eke 1． 常用在 eke out a living，eke out
an existence 的短语中，作“竭力维持生计”解:
The villagers tried to eke out an existence off the barren soil.
2． 还可以说:
eke out a subsistence upon
eke out a livelihood as
eke out a living from
eke out redundancy money
eke out their meager supplies
eke out a thrilling victory
eke out 10% of the vote
eke out an endurable existence elaborate 1． 作动词用时，后面可以直接跟宾语:
His task is to elaborate the envi-
ronmental policies of the govern-
ment.
2． 后面常跟介词 on，upon 等:
The dean refused to elaborate on the expulsion of the student.
The police declined to elaborate upon the statement released last week. elbow 注意一些特殊用法:
He was hovering at her elbow，
trying to say something. 他凑在她跟前，试图说些什么。
The security men elbowed aside a suspicious woman. 保安人员推开了一个可疑的女人。
He elbowed his way right to the stage. 他一直挤到了舞台上。
There was not much elbow room in the small lecture hall. 小讲演厅里没有多少自由活动的空间。
He is up to the elbows in work. 他正埋头工作。
He walked aimlessly on the
street，his coat was out at the el-
bows. 他漫无目的地在街上游荡，他的上衣破烂不堪的。
Maybe you could improve it if you use a lot of elbow grease. 如果你花大工夫，或许能够改进它。
The truth elbowed itself through the crowd of his illusions. 真实情况透过他的种种幻想显露了出来。 elder ，older
两词都有“年长的”含义。
1． elder 只能用来形容人:
She is my elder sister.
2． elder 不能用于比较级中，下面的例句是错的:
He is elder than she.
3． elder 的比较级可在其前面加定冠词和后面跟介词 of 的办法来解决，下面的例句是对的:
He is the elder of the two. 他是两人中较年长的一位。
4． 用 elder 形容“年长几岁”时，可以说:
She is my elder by three.
She is a woman three years my elder.
5． older 既可形容人又可形容物，还可以用于比较句中:
He is older than his cousin.
This house is older than that one.
6． 说谁 “…… 人几岁”用 old，不用
elder:
He is twenty years old.
7． an elder statesman 不是“年老的政治家”，而是“有丰富经验、受人尊敬的政治家”。 elect 1． 下面几个句子的意思相同:
We elected him chairman of the department.
We elected him to be chairman of the department.
He was elected chairman of the
department ( by us) ．
He was elected to be chairman of
the department ( by us) ．
He was elected as chairman of the department.
2． the president elect 是“( 当选而尚未就任的) 候任总统”，前面要加定冠词:
the President elect
the president-elect
the president elect
3． 类似的词还有:
the mayor-elect
the representative-elect
4． “候任总统下周就职”可译成:
The President elect will take office next week.
The President elect will be in-
stalled next week. elective 1． 表示大学里的“选修课”，美国人常用 an elective course，英国人常用 an optional course。
2． elective 常用作名词:
He is taking Chinese as an elec-
tive next term.
electric，electrical，electronic
3 词都与“电”有关。
1． electric 主要形容两种事物。
1) 形容可发电的东西:
an electric generator
2) 形容直接靠电驱动或操作的东西:
an electric fan
2． electrical 偏重形容间接与电有关的人或事:
an electrical engineer
electrical engineering
3． 但在实际使用中，electrical 也可形容用电驱动的东西:
an electrical appliance
4． electronic 主要指“( 半导体元件等驱动的) 电子器件”:
an electronic calculator
an electronic keyboard electronics 后面可跟单数动词或复数动词，下面两种说法都可以:
Electronics is the technology using chips and transistors.
All the electronics are housed in a waterproof box. element 1． a rowdy element 不是“一个捣蛋分子”，而是“一伙捣蛋分子”; “一个捣蛋分子”可以说 a bad guy 或
a rowdy person。
2． 复数 elements 可以指“( 风雨等)
恶劣天气”:
Most refugees will be exposed to the elements. 多数难民将忍受风雨。 elephant 1． “一群象”可译作:
a herd of elephants
2． elephant 是美国共和党的标志
( the symbol of the Republic Par-
ty) 。
3． white elephant 喻指“大而无用的东西”:
That factory is an absolute white elephant.
4． pink elephant 喻是“( 醉酒后出现的) 幻觉”:
I'm drunk and see pink elephant flying. elevator 1． 作“电梯”解是美国用法，英国人常用 lift，这两个词都指“垂直移动的升降机”; 另外还有 escalator，
moving stairs 可作“电梯”解，但它们是指 “( 两个层面之间斜面移动的) 自动扶梯”。
2． “开电梯”可以说:
operate an elevator
run a lift eligible 1． 常用在以下句型中:
She will be eligible to vote this year. ( be eligible to do sth)
She could be eligible for a college scholarship. ( be eligible for sth)
Women are not always eligible as members of Parliament in that country. ( be eligible as sth)
2． an eligible man 指“合适、中意的婚姻对象”，男女都可以，但多数情况下指男士; 指女士时，多用 an eli-
gible woman:
all the eligible bachelors in the city
城里所有合适的单身男人
3． an eligible connection 指“合适的婚姻”:
She is planning a most eligible connection for her son. 她正在为儿子筹划一门最合适的婚姻。 elite 1． 作集合名词，后面所跟的动词可以是单数或复数，下面两个句子都对:
Only the educational elite go to
Harvard or Yale. ( 用复数动词)
Only the educational elite goes to
Harvard or Yale. ( 用单数动词)
2． 有时也可以作可数词:
the elites of wealth and power
3． 可指各种或各阶层的“精英”:
the ruling elite
the managerial elite
the intellectual elite
the business elite
the cultural elite
the scientific-technological
elite
the elite troops of the
president's bodyguard
the elite squad for the Olympic
Games
a small elite of officers
an elite regiment
an elite group of merchants
elite universities
the elite training establishments
a group of elite investment bank-
ers elope 表示“私奔”，常有以下表达法:
She eloped with her lover.
She and her lover eloped. else 1． 常跟在代词 something，nothing，
anyone， everyone， everything，
anything，someone 等后面:
You'll have to ask someone else.
You can't tell anyone else.
2． 常跟在副词 anywhere， every-
where，somewhere，everywhere，
nowhere 等后面:
I never wanted to live anywhere else.
You'll have to look for it some-
where else.
3． 常跟在 who，how，what，where
等疑问词的后面:
What else can I say?
Who else did you see?
Where else could it be?
4． 常跟在 much，little 等词的后面:
There's not much else I can say.
There was little else she had in this world now.
5． 在现代英语中，疑问词和某些代名词后面加 else 的所有格 else's 很普遍:
She's wearing someone else's coat. email 1． 可写成 email，e-mail，Email。
2． 作名词用时，有可数和不可数两种形式:
Send me an email with the de-
tails. ( 单数)
In a remarkable series of emails，
she explained why she was ris-
king her life. ( 复数)
Do you have email? ( 不可数)
3． 作动词时，常用在以下句型中:
You can email me the list. ( email
sb sth)
You can email the list to me.
( email sth to sb)
He emailed me to say he couldn't come. ( email sb to say sth) embargo 作名词用，后面常跟介词 on，against
等:
put an embargo on the supply of
food to that country
impose a trade embargo against
that country
Congress laid an embargo on trade with Japan.
There is an embargo upon the ex-
port of oil. embark 后面常跟介词 on，upon，at，for，in，
with 等:
They embarked on a battle cruis-
er.
I do not wish to embark upon a business career.
We embarked at New York.
He embarked for home in a steamer.
I embarked with them in the same boat. embassy 1． 表示 “…… 大使馆”时，embassy
常大写，前面要加定冠词:
the American Embassy in Beijing
2． 但也有不大写的情况:
The British embassy declined to comment.
She was attached to the Canadian embassy. embody 常用在下列句型中:
He embodied his idea in his speech. ( embody sth in sth)
The new model embodies many improvements. ( embody sth)
The spirit of hope is embodied in the draft resolution. ( be embod-
ied in sth)
emerald
the Emerald Isle 是爱尔兰的别称:
The image of the Emerald Isle of
Ireland has long captivated the i-
magination of the American travel-
er. embrace hug，embrace
两词都有 “拥抱”的含义。
1． embrace 比 hug 正式。
2． 可以说 hug yourself，一般不说
embrace yourself。
3． 有 a bear hug 之说，一般不说 a
bear embrace:
I said as I looked in my mum's eyes and gave her a bear hug. emerge 后面常跟 from，into，as，from be-
hind，out of，onto，through，onto，
upon，with 等:
emerge from recession
emerge into the street
emerge as a major political figure
emerge from behind the curtain
emerge out of obscurity
emerge through the clouds
emerge onto the highway
emerge upon the wild grassland
emerge with a new tax cut pro-
posal emergency 注意以下词组:
a state of emergency
an emergency meeting
an emergency room
emergency services
make an emergency appointment
emergency supplies
an emergency exit
undergo emergency surgery
an emergency session of Con-
gress
emergency lights
in case of life-and-death emergen-
cy emeritus 作“荣誉退休”解时，前置或后置都可以，注意其用法:
He is the emeritus professor of
Latin. ( 前置，前面有定冠词)
He is Emeritus Professor of An-
thropology. ( 前置，大写，不加冠词)
He is Professor Emeritus of Lat-
in. ( 后置，大写)
He will continue as chairman e-
meritus. ( 后置，小写)
Their emeritus chairman is John
Rapp. ( 前置，小写) emigrant immigrant，emigrant
“移居国外的人”叫 emigrant; “从国外移居来的人”叫 immigrant。 emission 1． 可作可数名词:
emissions from the power station
2． zero emission 是“零排放”:
in order to raise the awareness of
zero emission transportation
3． 可以说:
near-zero emission emotion 可作可数或不可数名词都有。
1． 为可数名词:
I learned to control my emotions.
Happiness is a comfortable emo-
tion.
2． 为不可数名词:
His voice trembled with emotion. emotion sentiment，emotion
两词都有“感情”的含义，但 emotion
比 sentiment 普通，可指各种情感;
而 sentiment 的语气强于 emotion，
强调“多愁善感、情绪偏激”:
Sorrow，hatred，love，and grief are emotions.
There is no place for sentiment in politics. emperor emperor，king
1． emperor 是“皇帝”，统治一些国家
( rule a number of countries ) ，因而其权力大于 king。
2． king 是“国王”，统治一个国家
( rule one country) 。
3． 表示“某某皇帝”时，emperor 前可以加定冠词:
under the Mongol emperor， Ku-
blai
the Emperor Nero
4． 表示“某某国王”，king 前面常不加冠词:
King Henry Ⅷ
King George Ⅵ employment 作“就业、雇用”解时，常作不可数名词，下面例子中的 employment 前没有冠词:
He found employment with a local company.
The number of workers in employ-
ment has fallen.
He is looking for employment.
He drove to the place of employ-
ment.
The company provided a great deal of employment.
My years of employment here have been pleasurable.
My term of employment is to end in the coming month. enable 1． 主要用以下句型:
enable the doctors to detect the
disease earlier ( enable sb to do
sth)
enable the watermelon to reach
ripeness earlier ( enable sth to
happen)
2． 作构词成分 -enabled，计算机学科中常与一些名词组合成形容词，表示“使用某种软件的”:
WAP-enabled phones enchant ，allure
这组词都有“吸引”的意思，但吸引的强弱程度有别，使用范围也不同。
1． attract 最普通。
1) 常用来指物质间的吸引:
A magnet attracts iron.
2) attract 也用于表示异性间的吸引:
He was attracted by her beauty.
3) attract 也可表示吸引投资、生意、客户等:
attract a lot of foreign investment
4) 注意 attract 的一些搭配:
Babies are attracted to bright col-
ours. ( be attracted to sth)
His honesty was what attracted me most. ( attract sb most)
The movie attracts viewers from every corner of the city. ( attract
sb from)
Opposites attract. ( 作不及物动词)
She was attracted by his talents.
( be attracted by)
It attracted him to the study of lit-
erature. ( attract sb to sth)
The new novel has attracted a lot of attention. ( attract a lot of at-
tention)
attract a good deal of private in-
vestment ( attract a good deal of)
attract new business ( attract sth)
2． fascinate 表示强烈地吸引，使人感到像被镇住一样，着了迷一样无法抗拒:
The kids were fascinated by all the toys in the shop window.
3． captivate 在这组词中语气最弱，只表示吸引人们于一时，不一定有持续影响:
The child captivated everyone with his sunny smile.
4． enchant 有“用魔法迷惑人”的含义:
The prince had been enchanted
by a magician to sleep for a hun-
dred years.
5． allure 侧重指 ( 用某种诱人的东西来) 吸引，可译成“诱惑”:
The job offers alluring opportuni-
ties. enchant 1． 常用于以下句型:
She was enchanted by the house.
( be enchanted by)
She enchanted me as she has so many others. ( enchanted sb as)
She was enchanted with his view.
( be enchanted with)
2． be ehchanted with 和 be enchan-
ted by 的意思相同，下面两句的意思一样:
John was enchanted with the idea.
John was enchanted by the idea. encounter 1． 作名词用时，后面常跟介词 with:
an encounter with a group of for-
eign tourists
2． 可以指“偶然或随意的性交、醉酒”等特殊经历:
Risk of exposure to AIDS increa-
ses with each casual encounter.
It was his first encounter with al-
cohol. encourage 常用于以下句型:
The system encourages laziness.
( encourage sth)
He encouraged me to buy a car.
( encourage sb to do sth)
Her father encouraged her in her at-
tempt to become a musician. ( en-
courage sb in sth) encyclopedia 1． 特指“某部百科全书”时，前面常用定冠词:
the Encyclopedia Americana
2． 泛指“一部百科全书”时，常用不定冠词:
an encyclopedia of science
3． a walking encyclopedia 是“知识渊博的人”:
He is a walking encyclopedia，a fountain of knowledge. end ，finish
1． end 比 finish 正式。
2． end 主要用在主动语态中:
The party ended at midnight. ( 常用)
3． end 作动词用时，后面常跟介词
by，as，at，in，with，on 等:
He ended by making himself mis-
erable.
She ended as an airhostess.
The road ended at the farm's en-
trance.
The game ended in a tie.
They ended the play with a song.
His letter ended with the words:
“I miss you.”
He ended on a dry laugh.
4． 在下面例句中，end 前面不用冠词:
She stood there for hours on end.
They put those desks end to end.
He saw the film from beginning to end.
The horror film made my hair stand on end.
5． finish 后面可以跟动名词，end 不这样用:
She has finished reading the novel.
6． 下面每组句子的意思相同:
He was so miserable that he seri-
ously thought about ending it all.
He was so miserable that he seri-
ously thought about ending his life.
He ended up as dean of the col-
lege.
He ended up dean of the college.
The year is at an end.
The year has come to an end.
The coup brought an end to his rule.
The coup brought to an end his rule.
He barely earns enough money to make ends meet.
He barely earns enough money to make both ends meet.
ending，end，ended
1． 表示 “( 故事等的 ) 结尾”时，用
ending 居多:
The story he writers has a happy ending. ( 常用)
The story he writes has a happy end. ( 少用)
2． 下面两个句子都对:
Children like stories with a happy ending.
Children like stories with happy endings.
3． 表示“过去时间的结束”用 end-
ing，ended 都可以:
in the year ending / ended last
May 15． endorse 意思是 write your name on the back of a check or official document to make it legal，所以在 The payee of the check must endorse the check on the back. 中，on the back 是多余的; 应该说:
The payee of the check must en-
dorse the check. endow 常用于下列句型，下面两个句子的意思相同:
Nature endowed her with both brains and beauty. ( endow sb
with sth)
She was endowed with both brains and beauty by nature. ( be
endowed with sth) endure 后面可跟动词不定式或动名词短语，下面两个句子的意思相同:
I can't endure to see people suffer like that.
I can't endure seeing people suf-
fer like that. enemy 1． “树敌( 过多)”可译成 make ene-
mies，enemies 是复数形式:
He made more and more ene-
mies.
His arrogance made him many enemies.
He has made a lot of enemies.
2． 就人数而言，an enemy 可以是指
“一个人”，也可以是指“很多人”:
She doesn't have an enemy in the department. 她在系里没有一个仇人。
They are confronting a formidable enemy. 他们正勇敢地面对可怕的敌人。( 这个“敌人”可以指很多人)
3． the enemy 作“敌军”解时指“很多人”，但它的后面可跟单数或复数动词，下面两种说法都可以:
The enemy was forced to retreat.
The enemy were forced to re-
treat. energy 1． 作“能源、活力”解时，常作不可数名词:
a cheap source of energy
He is full of energy.
2． 作“精力”解时，可作可数或不可数名词。
She threw all her energy into her work. ( 不可数)
She threw all her energies into her work. ( 可数) engage 1． 后面最常用的介词是 in:
He is busily engaged in reading the files.
2． 后面还可以跟介词 with，on，to，
for，by，as，upon 等:
She was engaged with lots of thoughts.
She was engaged on a new edi-
tion.
She engaged herself to a busi-
nessman.
That's more than I can engage for.
She was engaged by four founda-
tion courses.
She has engaged herself as an aide to the scientist.
She was engaged upon the new dictionary. engaged 1． 表示“已订婚的”，常可以这样说:
He is engaged.
He is engaged to a pretty woman.
He has engaged himself to a girl.
Jane and I are engaged.
Jane and I have got engaged.
They are engaged to be married.
2． “电话占线。”英国人说 The num-
ber is engaged. 美国人说 The line is busy.
3． “厕所有人。”英国人说 The toilet is engaged. 美国人说 The toilet is occupied. engineering 注意以下词组:
biomedical engineering
human factors engineering
mechanical and materials engi-
neering
genetic engineering
electric engineering
civil engineering
chemical engineering
computer and software engineer-
ing
telecommunication engineering
aerospace engineering
petroleum and natural gas engi-
neering English 1． 在英国，the King's English 或
Queen's English 都是指“标准英语”，前面一般要加定冠词。
2． 下面词组中，English 常大写，前面不加定冠词:
plain English 浅显的英语
Anglo-Saxon English 盎格鲁-撒克逊英语( 指古英语)
Old English ( 古代英语)
Middle English( 中世纪英语)
Modern English( 现代英语)
3． “英语口语”可以译成:
oral English
everyday English
conversational English
spoken English
colloquial English
4． British English 是“英国英语( 以区别于其他国家的英语)”; 有人曾用
Englishes 或 world Englishes 来表示“多种不同的英语”:
world Englishes and miscommuni-
cations
5． the English 作 English people 解，后面常用复数动词:
The English are often regarded as being cold and reserved.
6． 可以说:
an Englishman
two Englishmen
7． 要避免用 English 指来自 Ireland，
Scotland 和 Wales 的人，应该分别用 Irish，Scottish 和 Welsh 来描述; 泛指“英国人”时可用 British。
8． “英国文学”常用 English literature
来表示，不用 British literature，这时的 English 是泛指的。 engrave 常用于下列句型中:
His name was engraved on the plate. ( be engraved on sth)
The plate was engraved with his name. ( be engraved with sth)
His heroic image is engraved on /
upon my memory ( mind，heart) ． enhance 注意 enhance 与它后面名词的搭配:
enhance the residents' quality of
life
enhance their reputation abroad
enhance the super sets
enhance the chances of getting a
job
enhance the prospects of world
peace
enhance efficiency
enhance importance
enhance his power and influence
enhance her appearance
enhance the position of sb
enhance information flow
enhance the waste water treat-
ment processes
enhance toxicity
enhance mystery
enhance her personal safety
enhance the nutritional value of
rice
enhance a delicious meal enjoy 1． 后面接动名词，不接动词不定式:
I enjoyed playing the piano.
Do you enjoy cooking?
2． 后面常跟下列名词或代词:
enjoy yourself
enjoy a view of the harbor
enjoy good health
enjoy a high standard of living
enjoy great prosperity
enjoy equal rights
enjoy the movie
enjoy the company of pretty girls
enjoy life to the full
enjoy a reputation for honesty
enjoy a week's paid holiday
enjoy a long and varied career in
the States
enjoy its historic price advantage
3． 口语中，英国人说 Enjoy yourself!
美国人在说 Enjoy! 表示“玩痛快些!”
4． 一般都用于“享受好的东西”，但英美人有时也说 to enjoy poor
health，这种说法有讽刺意味:
The user of intoxicants or narcotic drugs will enjoy poor health and die young. enlarge 后面常跟下列名词或名词短语:
enlarge a building
enlarge my understanding of the
situation
enlarge a photo
enlarge its operations
enlarge the magazine
enlarge the peacekeeping force
enlarge snaps of their big day
enlarge images 10 times the origi-
nal size
enlarge the windows
enlarge the scope of her activities
enlarge their strength
enlarge the self-governing areas
enlarge his property
enlarge his mind enlist 表示“从军、入伍”时，常用下列表达法:
He decided to enlist.
He enlisted when he was twenty years old.
He enlisted in the Army at the age
of 18．
He enlisted as a private ( sol-
dier) ．
He enlisted for active service in the war.
They enlisted 100 new recruits.
One hundred men were enlisted. enough 1． 作限定词时，后面常跟复数名词或不可数名词。
1) 跟可数名词:
Have you made enough copies for
everybody?
2) 跟不可数名词:
He has enough experience as a tour guide.
He had enough cash for a week's holiday overseas.
2． 用在某些特殊名词后来加强语气，这时，这些名词前常没有不定冠词:
She had reason enough to be angry.
He was gentleman enough to par-
don her.
3． 作副词用时，常跟在它修饰的形容词、副词或动词的后面:
Things are difficult enough as they are. ( 一般不说 enough difficult)
He seemed sincere enough. ( 一般不说 enough sincere)
He didn't act quickly enough. ( 一般不说 enough quickly)
The day passed pleasantly enough. ( 一般不说 enough
pleasantly)
He hasn't practiced enough. ( 不说 enough practiced) enquire 参见 inquire。 enrich 后面常跟下列名词:
enrich the nation
enrich his whole life
enrich the soil
enrich himself
enrich uranium
enrich my vocabulary
enrich her experiences
enrich the food with milk
enrich the library
enrich their parliamentary system
enrich the realm
enrich him most
enrich the mind
enrich the entire learning environ-
ment
enrich the local stock
enrich the postal service
enrich the constitution
enrich the English language enrol ，enroll
1． 英国人用 enrol，美国人用 enroll。
2． 常用于以下句型:
He decided to enroll in the eve-
ning class. ( enroll in sth)
The club is going to enroll new members. ( enroll sth)
He was enrolled at the University
in 2002． ( be enrolled at)
3． 后面常跟介词 at，in，on，as，a-
mong，with 等:
He enrolled at the literature course at Beloit College.
He was enrolled in the royal guard as a gunner.
He enrolled on a management course.
He was enrolled among the VIPs.
He desired to be enrolled as a member of the exclusive club.
We'll enroll you with an art group at the school. ensure 主要用于以下句型:
The book ensures her success.
( ensure sth)
Ventilation must be ensured. ( be
ensured)
My duty is to ensure that all doors are closed at night. ( ensure that
)
I can ensure you a good position.
( ensure sb sth)
The safety measures are to en-
sure workers against accidents.
( ensure sb against sth)
It will ensure you from attack by the radicals. ( ensure sb from sth
by sb) entangle 常用于以下句型中:
entangle the nation into conflicts
in a grave economic crisis
entangle the bird in a net
entangle us both in great difficul-
ties
entangle us in the endless quar-
rels
be entangled with the dull meas-
ures
get entangled with the ropes
get entangled among the bran-
ches
become entangled with money
problems
find myself entangled with unan-
swerable problems
get himself entangled in some dis-
honest business dealings
let herself become entangled with
him
The bird was entangled in the wire netting.
Her long hair entangled itself in the bush. entanglement 有不可数和可数形式。
1． 不可数:
The birds died from entanglement in the net.
2． 可数:
He must avoid personal entangle-
ments if he wants to get elected. enter 1． 表示“进入 ( 一个地方，如屋子、学校等)”，一般只用 enter a room /
college; 如果说 enter into a room，
into 是多余的; “进入 ( 时间、市场、人体、思想、比赛、书本、计算机等)”一般也是 enter 后面直接跟宾语:
enter its third week
enter the computer market
enter his body at an angle
enter the firm as a trainee
enter his mind
enter the race
enter the passage in my notebook
enter the name into the computer
2． 表示“进入、加入或介入 ( 某种协议、谈判、关系、计划、纠纷、争议、讨论等)”常用 enter into:
They entered into a definite Com-
munion
enter into a family quarrel
enter into the venture
enter into the plan
enter into negotiations
enter into balances of power
enter into a genuine dialogue
enter into a financial agreement
enter into meaningful discussions
enter into a mutually beneficial
contract
3． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
Please enter your name here.
Please put your name down here.
4． 后面可以跟不少介词，如 into，in，
upon，on，for，as，at，by，with
等:
enter by the window
enter for a beauty contest
enter as a clerk
enter upon a partnership with
enter upon a new career
enter with a high salary
enterprise zone
含义有些像中国的“创业区”，进驻的企业享受各种优惠政策待遇。 entertain 1． 主要用于以下句型:
This TV program not only enter-
tains but also educates.
My job is to entertain the audi-
ence.
The guests were entertained by top comedians.
2． entertaining 作名词用时，常为不可数名词:
The couple don't do much enter-
taining.
They do a lot of entertaining.
It's a cozy area for entertaining. enthusiasm 1． 可作可数( 指具体兴趣爱好等时)
或不可数名词( 泛指时) 。
The movie was greeted with lack of enthusiasm in Paris. ( 不可数)
Painting is one of his many enthu-
siasms. ( 可数)
2． 注意与谓语动词的搭配:
I share your enthusiasm for the novel idea.
It will generate enthusiasm among the students.
The failure didn't dampen his en-
thusiasm.
He shows great enthusiasm for painting.
It aroused / awakened his lifelong enthusiasm.
It chilled / diminished / weakened her enthusiasm for gardening.
It inspired / kindled / revived /
stirred up my enthusiasm for re-
search. entice 常用于下列句型:
They enticed him with money.
( entice sb with sth)
They were enticed by the about-
normal profits. ( be enticed by
sth)
He was enticed to drive to work.
( be enticed to do sth)
He was enticed away from the company. ( be enticed away from
sth)
The ad enticed her into the store.
( entice sb into sth)
The ad enticed her into buying
the color TV． ( entice sb into do-
ing sth)
entice the shoppers through the
door ( entice sb through sth)
entice the victims away ( entice
sb away)
entice the victims to a remote ar-
ea ( entice sb to sth)
entice the workers back to work
( entice sb back to) entitle 主要用于下列句型:
It will entitle you to a refund. ( en-
title sb to sth)
You are entitled to know every-
thing about her. ( be entitled to do
sth)
You are entitled to the awards.
( be entitled to sth)
I've read a novel entitled “War
and Peace”． ( entitled)
I feel entitled to warn her about it.
( feel entitled to do sth) entrance 1． 表示“入口处”时，后面常跟介词
to 或 of，用 to 居多:
He stands at the entrance to the museum.
the entrance to a cave
the entrance to the English
Channel
the entrance of the gorge
2． 后面常跟 into，at，by，through，
in，onto 等:
make its initial entrance into the
Chinese market
since her entrance at college
his entrance by the window
my entrance through the door
make a most effective entrance in
a play
make an entrance onto the stage
3． entrance 和 entry 都可表示“进入”。
1) entrance 的含义广，几乎可以指任何“进入”:
the entrance of the President
his entrance to the game
entrance exams
my entrance into the hall
2) entry 尤指 “( 正式的、重要的、仪式性的) 进入”:
Japan's entry into war
gain entry to the White House
3) “不准进入、禁止入内”可用:
No Entry
No Entrance ( Except on Busi-
ness) entry 参见 entrance。 envious ，jealous
两词都可表示“妒忌的、羡慕的”。
1． envious 常强调对财富、财产、成就等的“羡慕”，后面常跟介词 of:
She was envious of her younger sister's beauty.
He is envious of his colleague's success.
2． envious 侧重强调“渴望、贪求”，
但“想伤害他人以达到目的”的含义较弱:
We are all envious of your good fortune.
3． jealous 的语气通常强于 envious，
更带有令人不快的情绪，如“不信任、怀疑、甚至其气愤”等:
a jealous husband
4． jealous 常形容“情人、配偶间的妒忌”:
If other men spoke to his wife，he got terribly jealous. envious jealous，envious
两词都有 “嫉妒、羡慕”的含义。
1． jealous 语气强于 envious，更带有令人不快的情绪，如 “不信任、怀疑、甚至气愤”等，尤其指对恋人或配偶之间的 “妒忌”:
If other men spoke to his wife，he got terribly jealous.
She was stabbed by a jealous lover.
2． envious 强调对财富、成就等的
“羡慕”:
She is envious of her sister's beauty. environment 1． 可数名词，但一般只用单数:
He grew up in a harsh environ-
ment. ( 一般不说 environments)
2． 在近年来，environmentally friend-
ly 出现的频率很高，它主要指“不危害自然环境的”:
environmentally friendly products
More consumers and corporations look for environmentally friendly papers.
environmentally friendly designs envy 1． 作动词常用于以下句型:
I envy you. ( envy sb)
I envy your ability. ( envy sb's
sth)
I envy you your ability. ( envy sb
sth)
I envy a person like you. ( envy
sb like sb)
I envy you for your good fortune.
( envy sb for sth)
I don't envy your having to live in such a terrible place. ( envy one's
doing sth)
2． be the envy of 一般用其褒义:
We are the envy of the world. 全世界都羡慕我们。 equal 1． 作名词用时，后面常跟介词 of，in，
for 等:
He is the equal of his elder broth-
er.
He has no equal in writing.
He has no equal for car-racing.
2． 作形容词用时，后面常用介词 in，
to，under:
They are equal in size.
This one is equal to that one.
We are equal under the law.
3． Some are equal than others. 常被用来指“看似平等，实则不然”。 equip 常用于以下句型:
equip a language lab ( equip sth)
equip a language lab with new re-
corders ( equip sth with sth)
equip himself with a shotgun ( e-
quip sb with sth)
equip him to deal with the harsh
weather ( equip sb to do sth)
He is better equipped. ( be better
/ best / well / fully / badly / poor-
ly equipped) equipment 1． 为不可数名词:
sports equipment
packaging equipment
electronic equipment
safety equipment
2． 表示“一件设备”时，可以用:
a piece of equipment equivalent 后面常跟介词 to，of，in 等:
It is equivalent to jogging about five miles.
It costs the equivalent of a year's salary.
its equivalent in oriental countries erotic erotic，sexy
1． erotic 语气强于 sexy。
2． erotic 指“色情的”，常与宣传作品相关联:
erotic pictures
erotic films
3． sexy 常指“性感的”，不一定有色情含义:
She looks sexy in jeans. errand 表示“办差使、跑腿”，可以说:
He is out on an errand.
He is running an errand.
He is running errands.
He is out running an errand.
He is out running errands.
He's got some errands to do at once.
He went off on an / some errand.
He has an urgent errand.
He did the errand quickly. error ，mistake
两词都可译成“错误”。
1． 在实际 wgkq 用时，不少情况下可以换用:
There is a spelling error / mistake in the fifth line.
He had made a terrible mistake /
error but he wasn't going to admit it.
2． 但是，error 尤其强调 “( 偏离道德标准、行为准则方面的) 错误”:
beyond the errors or deception of
any human ritual
the errors of youth
3． error 也强调“宗教信仰方面的错误”。
4． mistake 可指各种错误，尤其是
“日常生活中的错误”:
It's a mistake to tell her.
She put salt into coffee by mis-
take.
5． 在一些短语中，error 与 mistake 有各自的用法，不能换用:
The letter was sent to you in error.
The letter was sent to you by mis-
take. error mistake，error
两词均有“错误”的含义。
1． mistake 侧重指 “日常生活中所犯的错误”:
She put salt into the cake by mis-
take.
2． error 比较正式，侧重指 “偏离规范或标准的错误”，有时可指 “道德方面的过失”:
The scientist discovered a mathe-
matical error in his calculations.
I have made some typing errors. erty-stricken 1． 这组词都有“穷”的含义。
1) poor 最常用，可以指“很穷的”，
也可指“相对贫穷的”:
He was very poor and could not afford the daily necessities. ( 很贫穷)
Looking at his well-dressed friends，
he felt poor. ( 相对贫穷)
2) penniless 强调“身无分文”，但有时只是戏言或暂时无钱:
I'm penniless today.
3) destitute 的语气强于上述两词，有“缺乏生活必需品”和“赤贫”的含义:
destitute beggars
4 ) poverty-stricken 在本组词中语气最强，不仅指“极度贫困”，而且指
“在贫困下煎熬”:
Earthquake tragedy compounds
social misery in poverty-stricken
Colombia.
2． the poor 泛指“穷人”，后面用复数动词:
The poor also have their dignity.
3． -poor 可作构词成分:
an oil-poor country
a resource-poor region
a vitamin-poor diet erupt 后面常跟介词 from，into，in，with，
between 等:
A burst of gunfire erupted from the castle.
The conflicts may erupt into a full-
scale war.
The cities across the country may
erupt in protest against the gov-
ernment.
He erupted with fury.
Violence has erupted between the two gangs. escape 1． 作“( 从某地、某人手中、某种无形的约束中等 ) 逃脱、逃跑、逃离……”解时，需用介词 from:
He escaped from the prison.
escape from Germany
escape from her oppressive home
life
escape from her mother's domina-
tion
escape from the cage
escape from the influence of such
dominating ideas
escape from the burning fort
escape from the realities of their
lives
escape from a sinking ship
escape from his captors
2． 下面两组句子都可对，但意思不同:
He escaped from the prison. 他越狱了。
He escaped prison. 他逃避了被判入狱的惩罚。
He escaped from the enemies.
( 表示他被敌人抓住后又逃脱了)
He escaped the enemies. ( 表示他逃避了被敌人抓获)
3． “逃到……”可以:
escape to the other side of the
border
escape into a dream world of his
own
4． 表示“躲避、逃避”时，escape 常作及物动词，后面可直接跟宾语:
escape the search
escape history
escape his rival
escape the tinge of pedantry
escape detection
escape my memory
escape the anxiety of
cannot escape discussion
escape the crowds
escape capture
escape arrest
escape criticism
escape the snow
escape observation
escape my notice
escape poverty
escape his clutches
escape defeat
escape punishment
escape serious injuries
escape the carnage in their home-
land
escape her father
escape responsibility
escape death
escape the winter
escape being drowned
His name escaped me.
Nothing escaped that man's atten-
tion.
5． 后面可以跟动名词:
escape being criticized
I can't escape meeting him.
6． 后面一般不加 away，一般不说:
The prisoner escaped away.
escort
under escort 中 escort 前不用冠词:
He arrived in court under police escort. especial especial，special
1． especial 作形容词不太常用，因而显得较正式和强调:
It is a matter of especial impor-
tance.
2． special 使用的范围很广，可以指
“非同寻常的、非凡的、出众的、超群的”等:
special children
In an age of political conformity，
he is special.
3． special 还可以指“因增加某东西而显得特别”:
some special law ( 可能是额外特别制定的)
Special trains will be run to Beijing during the Spring Festival. essay 后面可以跟介词 about 表示是“关于
…… 的 ( 论文 )”，on 表示是 “论
……”，in 表示是 “…… 方面的 ( 论文或文章)”:
write an essay about American
poetry 写一篇关于美国诗歌的文章
write an essay on American poet-
ry 写一篇有关美国诗歌的论文
write an essay in Applied Linguis-
tics 写一篇应用语言学方面的文章 essential 1． 后面常用介词 to，for。有时，后面偶尔也用介词 in，as 等:
These skills are essential to your success.
This is essential for our benefits.
These qualities are essential in a university president.
2． 后面可跟从句，从句常用虚拟语态:
It is essential that he ( should) at-
tend all the meetings.
It is essential that reforms ( should)
be carried out.
It is essential that you ( should )
come home early.
3． 常用在 it is essential to do sth 的句型中:
It is essential to arrive early.
It is essential to get the young fac-
ulty members involved.
4． 作名词时，多用其复数形式:
pack a few essentials
the bare essentials
the barest essentials
the essentials of Web page design
the basic essentials for bachelor
life
the essentials of everyday life establish 1． 除可表示“建立组织、机构、企业等”以外，还可以“建立”很多抽象的东西:
establish a reputation
establish a link
establish a connection
establish a close relationship
establish a framework of rights
and responsibilities
establish his innocence
establish a new system
establish a precedent
establish criteria
establish contacts
establish limits
2． established 作形容词时，可修饰很多名词:
established technique
established facts
established writer
established form
established medium
established religion
established family firm
established connections
established procedures
established methods
established criteria
established stars
established institutions
established church
established scholar
established names of fashion estimate 1． 作动词主要用在以下句型中:
estimate the living cost ( estimate
sth)
Her personal riches were esti-
mated at one million US dollars.
( be estimated at)
It is estimated to contain 56% of
( It is estimated to)
The farmers estimate that 35 per-
cent of the harvest has been lost.
( estimate that)
It is impossible to estimate how
many people were killed in the ri-
ot. ( estimate how / when /
whether / where)
The police estimated the speed of
the car from the degree of dam-
age. ( estimate sth from sth)
2． 作名词后面常跟介词 of:
my estimate of his capabilities
a rough estimate of its damage
a conservative estimate of its
value
the best / original / earlier / latest
/ most estimate of its scholarly
values etch 后面用介词 in 或 on 意思相同:
The massacre remained etched in /
on his memory. eternal 后面常用介词 to:
Eternal glory to the people's heroes.
人民英雄永垂不朽。 ethics 1． 作“伦理学”解时，常用作单数:
Ethics is the study of questions about what is morally right and what is morally wrong.
2． 作“伦理标准，道德规范”解时常作复数用:
The ethics of one culture are not always shared by other cultures. EU 1． 为 European Union 的缩写，用在句子中时前面常加定冠词，写成
the EU:
The EU has over 100 delega-
tions.
The EU is a major player.
making the EU one of the top two
markets in the US;
2． 但在与其他词连用时，可以不用定冠词:
a meeting of EU commissioners
偶尔也可以用定冠词:
The EU-15 is the source euro 1． 首字母大小写都可以:
Euro
euro
2． 小写时，前面加定冠词。the euro
可以泛指“欧元”( 于 2002 年 1 月在欧洲的 11 个国家开始通用) :
the introduction of the euro。
3． 有复数形式:
Banks will start keeping accounts in euroes.
4． 可作为构词成分 Euro-，表示“欧洲、欧洲市场、欧盟”等:
Euronews
Eurodollar
Euro-MPs
Euro-elections
Eurocentric policies
Euro-American scientists
Eurostar
Europlug evacuate 常用于下列句型:
You must evacuate immediately.
( evacuate sth)
They were all evacuated because of the alarm. ( be evacuated)
They evacuated 10 people from the burning building. ( evacuate
sb from sth)
Ten people have been evacuated from the burning building. ( be e-
vacuated from) evade 1． “逃税”一般不说 escape taxes，可以说 evade taxes; “逃课”一般不说 escape a class，evade a class
或 skip a class。
2． 表示“逃避”时，还常用以下搭配:
evade the issue
evade her pursuers
evade the capture
evade an attack
evade an enemy
evade the press
evade her eye
evade the military service
evade the restrictions
evade all the difficult questions
evade the responsibilities for his
actions
evade the photographers
evade the prosecution
evade the authorities
evade this rule
evade the challenge
evade the barrier
3． 后面可以跟动名词，下面两个句子意思相同:
He evaded my eye. ( 用单数 eye)
He evaded looking into my eyes.
( 用复数 eyes) even 1． 常用在它所修饰的比较级的前面:
You know even less about the is-
sue than I do.
He drives even faster.
He is even more intelligent than his brother.
They were even worse under the previous regime.
2． 常用在 if， as， though， now，
then，so 等词的前面:
Even if he comes， he may not stay.
Even as he shouted the warning，
the truck skidded.
Even then she would not admit her defeat.
3． 强调动词时，一般放在动词前面:
She never even opened the gift box.
He didn't even hear what I said.
4． 有时用在它所修饰的词的后面:
The project might be tough，im-
possible even.
The conflicts might have ended in violence — murder，even. evening 1． 其复数可作副词用，多见于美国英语中:
She works evenings.
2． 注意在下列短语中冠词的用法。
1) 加冠词:
from 5． 00 to 6． 00 in the evening
She is often exhausted in the eve-
nings
on Friday evening
on Friday evenings
on the evening of March 1st
2) 不加冠词:
a rainbow at evening
by tomorrow evening
from evening to midnight
on Friday evening
on Friday evenings
3． 参见 dusk。 event 1． 注意 event 在下列短语中名词 e-
vent 的单复数和介词的用法以及它们的中文意思:
in any event 万一
in either event 不管哪种情况
in the normal course of events 在正常情况下
at all events 无论如何，不管怎样
2． in the event that 中的 that 经常省去:
In the event ( that ) any part of the deal may be blocked，the rest would go ahead. ever 1． 常用在否定句、疑问句、命令句、条件句中，以加强语气:
Neither of us had ever skied. ( 否定句)
Have you ever tried this? ( 疑问句)
I forbid you ever to use this equip-
ment. ( 命令句)
2． 常用在比较级前面，置于比较句中的 than 或最高级部分的后面:
The situation grew ever more complicated.
She is singing better than ever.
China's largest ever trade fair.
It's her best ever score.
3． 信函结尾用 Yours ever 或 Ever
yours 意思相同。
4． 下面 3 句意思相似，但第三句语气最强:
I will love you for ever.
I will love you forever.
I will love you for ever and ever.
5． 可作前缀 ever-:
an ever-changing world
the ever-increasing traffic on the
highways
ever-willing to experiment
the ever-popular painter
the ever-growing problem
an ever-present danger
ever-frost
the ever-insistent claims
the ever-mounting line
ever-blooming roses
ever-living trees
ever-ready gifts
ever-damp air
an ever-victorious steel-strong party
ever-blessed martyr Everest 1． 作“珠穆朗玛峰”解时，前面不加冠词，但该词有殖民主义色彩，中国人应少用:
in the first attempts to climb Ever-
est / the world's premier source
for Everest
news dispatches from Everest
2． 作“顶峰”解时，是可数的:
He reached an Everest of excel-
lence. every 1． every three days 是“每 3 天”，也就是“每隔两天”，其他类似表达以此类推:
He comes to see us every four days. 他每 4 天 ( 每隔 3 天 ) 来看我们一次。
2． 用在 hope， chance， reason，
measure， confidence， gratitude，
success， opportunity， conceiva-
ble combination of numbers，
sign，effort，intention，care，hap-
piness 等表示抽象的词或词组前，表示 all possible ( ones) :
There is every chance that you will succeed. 你完全有机会取得成功。
The economy shows every sign of making a strong recovery. 种种迹象显示出经济的强劲复苏。
3． every other day 是“每隔一天”;
every other girl 是“所有的女孩”。
4． every 所修饰的名词后面一般跟单数动词和相应的单数人称代词:
Every pupil has his own desk.
Every man and woman was there，chanting slogans.
5． 但是，如果 every 后面名词的性别不明，人称代词倾向于用复数:
Every member of the club carries their own supplies.
6． 注意在 every 句型中 his 的使用:
Every dog has his day. 凡人皆有得意时。
Every dog is allowed his first bite.
初犯者从宽
Every dog is valiant at his own door. 狗是百步王，只在门前狂。
7． 参见 each。 everybody ，everyone
两词八方呼应我相同
1． everybody 相当于 every person;
但是可以有 every person，不可以写 every body。
2． everybody 跟单数动词，但后面的人称代词可用复数形式:
Everybody loves him.
Everybody ought to do what they can.
3． 但在现代英语 ( 尤其在口语) 中，
everyone 被视作单数，后面常跟单数动词、复数人称代词:
Everyone has his own way of do-
ing things.
Has everyone brought their exer-
cise books?
Everyone in the department was shocked when they heard the news.
everyday，every day
1． everyday 是形容词:
everyday conversation
for everyday use
everyday problems
2． every day 作状语用:
He goes to work every day. everyday daily，everyday
两词都可译成“每日的”。
1． daily 主要表示“每 24 小时发生一次的”:
a daily newspaper
my daily journey to work
2． daily 也表示“每天不可避免要发生的”:
our daily bread
3． everyday 主要表示“普通日常的”，不一定 24 小时发生一次的:
the everyday life of the city
an everyday occurrence
4． everyday 有“简单乏味”的含义:
everyday clothes
everyday routine everywhere 主要有以下 3 种用法。
1． 作副词用:
They went everywhere together.
2． 作代词用:
Everywhere is extremely clean.
3． 作连接词用:
Everywhere he went he was hailed as a hero. evidence 1． 主要作不可数名词，下面的例句中，evidence 前都没有冠词:
There is evidence that the situa-
tion is going worse.
He was never called to give evi-
dence.
This recommendation is supported by recent evidence.
The film's long run is evidence of its great popularity.
His speech was used in evidence
against him
2． 作“迹象”等解时，为可数名词:
Her apartment produced evi-
dences of a murder. evil 1． 下面例子中，evil 是不可数名词，前面没有冠词:
Who said that good could not
come out of evil?
between good and evil
his precaution against evil
He has the potential for evil.
attacked by forces of evil
the root of all evil
2． 下面例子中的 evil 是可数名词:
the lesser of two evils
the evils of consanguine marria-
ges
the view of crime as a social evil
the evils of drunk driving
the twin evils of disease and pov-
erty
give a lecture on the evils of slav-
ery evoke 注意与一些名词的搭配:
evoke memories of
evoke a sense of pride
evoke admiration
evoke sympathy
evoke surprise
evoke sensations
evoke a number of responses
evoke antibodies
evoke the bitterest passions evolution 可作可数或不可数名词:
His long life comprises a series of evolutions. ( 可数)
It's about human evolution. ( 不可数) evolve 后面主要用介词 from，into 等:
The idea evolved from a casual remark.
It has evolved into community de-
velopment.
exam，examination，test，quiz
这组词都有“考试、测试”的含义。
1． exam 和 examination 的意思相同，但 exam 较口语化; 两词所指的
“考试”都比 test，quiz 重要。
2． test 是“小考、考查”。
3． quiz 作“测试”解，主要是美国用词，指“( 非正式的书面) 小测验”:
a quiz at end of the lesson;
4． 一般不说 an oral quiz; 可以说:
an oral test / exam
examine
“在…… 方面考 ( 学生等 )”examine
后面常跟 in，on 等:
examine the students in mathemat-
ics
examine them on their oral English
skills example 1． example 是可数名词，但 for ex-
ample 是固定词组，example 前不用冠词:
The train I take is always late. For example，this morning it was half an hour late.
2． set an example 后面用介词 to:
You should set an example to your sister. exasperated 后面常跟 at 或 with，其意思相同:
He was exasperated at / with her attitude. excavate 常用于下列句型:
excavate a large hole ( excavate
sth)
excavate soil from one area for
replacement with clay ( excavate
sth from)
excavate at many sites in  ( ex-
cavate at )
The ground was excavated for a foundation. ( be excavated) exceed 下面几个句子都正确:
Her achievements exceeded ex-
pectations.
Her achievements exceeded all expectations.
Her achievements exceeded all our expectations. excel 后面常用介词 in，at 等:
He excels in math.
He excels at water sports. excellence 1． 后面常用介词 in:
the top Chinese award for excel-
lence in the fine arts
2． 有复数形式:
Current American poetry has many excellences.
which enhances their other ex-
cellences. Excellency 1． 作“阁下”解时，一般要大写，并常与 Your，His，Her 以及高官的官衔连用:
Her Excellency the Irish President
His Excellency the American Am-
bassador is here to see you.
2． 有时也有小写的情况:
His excellency the President will be waiting for you in the hall. except 1． 可作介词:
The library is open except Sun-
day.
2． 可作连接词，后面跟 that，when，
where，why，If 等引导的从句:
The apartment stayed empty，ex-
cept when we came.
I understand everything except why he killed her.
3． 可作连接词，后面跟没有 that 的从句:
I'd go and see her myself，except
I am not feeling well.
4． 后面可以直接跟动词短语:
She has done nothing all evening
except sit around and watch tele-
vision.
5． except ( for ) 表示的“除 …… 以外”与 besides 所表示的“除 ……
以外”不同。
1 ) except ( for ) 的意思是“不包括……在内”:
All of us passed except for Mary.
我们都通过了，玛丽除外。 ( 玛丽没有通过)
2) besides 的意思是“除……之外还有”:
Five of us passed besides Mary.
除玛丽通过以外，我们还有 5 个人通过了。 exception 1． 下面的例子中 exception 为不可数名词，前面没有冠词:
All trainees without exception must take the exam.
She took great exception to what he said.
2． 下面例子中 exception 是可数名词:
In this case he was delighted to make an exception.
The law makes no exceptions.
3． 后面常跟介词 to:
I'd like to take exception to that.
There are some exceptions to ev-
ery grammatical rule.
4． 但是，make an exception 后面可跟 in，of:
We'll make an exception in your case.
 she made an exception of the
kitchen
5． take exception to 中的 to 是介词，后面可跟名词或动名词短语，ex-
ception 前面可有形容词修饰:
She took exception to having been spied on. ( 跟动名词短语)
He took vigorous exception to the
very concept of( 跟名词)
He took the greatest exception to his rude remarks. ( 跟名词) excerpt 后面主要用介词 from:
excerpts from his new novel excess access，excess
两词发音很近似，但意思完全不一样。
1． access 主要指“进入、入口”等，注意以下用法:
Access to a house is by way of the door.
Access to a great man requires money or influence.
2． excess 的意思是“过分、过量”，主要用法如下:
an excess of enthusiasm
an excess of anger
an excess of emotion
an excess of zeal
an excess of flour
an excess of fat
an excess of violence
He is drinking to excess. excess 1． 常用作单数或不可数名词。
1) 单数:
There is an excess of violence in the novel.
2) 不可数:
He is eating to excess.
She was driving at speeds in ex-
cess of 100 mph.
He led a life of excess.
2． 不少词典将复数 excesses 单列为一个词条，excesses 意为“过分的行为”，后面用复数动词:
Excesses are acts or actions
which are very extreme，irrespon-
sible，cruel，immoral，etc. ．
3． excess baggage 可以指“( 某人想摆脱的) 沉重包袱、累赘、负担”，为不可数名词。 exchange 1． 为动词作“交换”解时，常用 ex-
change sth for sth，exchange sth
into sth，exchange sth with sb 的句型:
You can exchange the certificates for goods in the shop.
You can exchange American dollars into Chinese yuan here.
He exchanged a quick smile with her.
2． exchange rate 和 rate of ex-
change 都可以说:
What is the exchange rate the
rate exchange between the dollar
and the pound? excite 1． 说“引起某人的……”，常用 excite
sth in sb 的句型; 说“引起许多人的……”可用 excite sth among:
excite admiration in him
excite strong feelings among the
local people
2． 表示“激起某人的某种情绪”，可用 excite  to  的句型表达，这里的 to 是介词:
The incident excited people to re-
bellion.
I excited her to anger. excitement 1． 抽象指“兴奋”时，excitement 是不可数名词; 具体指“令人兴奋的事”
excitement 是可数名词:
There was great excitement in the crowd. ( 作不可数名词)
It's always got its fun and its ex-
citements. ( 作可数名词)
2． 后面可跟介词 of，among 等:
He felt the excitement of danger.
There was great excitement among the kids at the beach. exclaim 后面常跟介词 in，at，against，with，
over 等:
She exclaimed in horror / delight
/ protest / despair.
I couldn't help exclaiming at how much his son had grown.
She exclaimed at the size of the bill.
He exclaimed loudly against the proposal.
She exclaimed with delight.
The girls rushed up to exclaim o-
ver the dress. exclude 常用 exclude sth from sth 或 exclude
sb from sth 的句型:
exclude chicken products from the
region
exclude him from the chores exclusive 注意以下词组的中文释义:
the most exclusive hotel 最高级奢华的饭店
the exclusive management of the
foreign affairs 对外交事务的全权处理
in the exclusive company of royal-
ty 仅在王室成员的陪同下
be under his exclusive jurisdiction
仅受他的管辖
an exclusive store / restaurant 昂贵的商店 / 餐馆
for the exclusive use of the faculty
members 教师专用
an exclusive interview with the
star 对该明星的独家采访
excursion，journey，trip，voy-
age，pilgrimage，expedition
这组词都有“旅行”的含义。
1． excursion 较正式，常指“几人结伴的短途旅行”，并常指“休闲旅行”:
a one-day excursion to Yellow-
stone
an excursion to the beach
2． journey 最普通常用，常指 “( 要花相当时间、走相当路程的) 旅行”:
a long journey across Siberia
3． trip 比较口语化。常指“较短的旅行”，还包含“将回到出发地”的意思:
I forgot to buy some stamps so I
had to make another trip to the post office.
4． voyage 常指 “( 长途水上 ) 旅行、航行”:
The voyage to India took two months.
5． pilgrimage 带有感情色彩，指“( 宗教等的) 朝圣旅行”等:
the annual pilgrimage to Mecca
make pilgrimages to Whitman's birth-
place
6． expedition 一词主要指 “( 到遥远的地方进行的) 探险、远征”等:
an expedition to photograph wild
animals in Africa excuse 1． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
He was excused from flute prac-
tice.
Andrew was excused flute prac-
tice.
2． “对迟到表示歉意”，可以说:
Please excuse my coming late.
Please excuse me for being late.
Please excuse my daughter's late arrival.
3． excuse me 表示“请别人重复刚说过的话”，多为美国用法:
—What time is it now?
—Excuse me?
—现在几点啦?
—对不起( 请再说一遍) ?
4． 不小心撞了人、推了别人、踩了别人、妨碍了别人时表示歉意，英国人常说 ( I'm ) sorry! 或 I beg your pardon. 美国人常说 Excuse me. excuse pretext，excuse
两词都可以译成“借口”。
1． pretext 一般指“不真实的托词”:
I'll have to find a pretext for not at-
tending the meeting.
2． excuse 常指“( 为错误行为或坏事寻找的) 借口”，这种“借口”可能是真的，也可能是凭空捏造的:
She's always making excuses for being late. execute 常用 execute sb for sth 的句型:
He was executed for his part in the murder. execution 作名词表示“处决”，有可数和不可数两种形式:
The drug dealer may face execu-
tion. ( 不可数)
There have been no executions in this island country. ( 可数) executive 1． the executive 或 the executive
branch 在美国常指三权鼎立的体制中的“政府行政部门”，如总统所在的白宫等; 与之对应的有:
the legislative branch 立法部门
the judicial branch 司法部门
2． the executive order 在美国可指
“总统令”等，the President's exec-
utive jet 可指“总统公务座机”。
3． 中文中的“常务……”可用 execu-
tive 来表示，如“常务副院长”可译成 executive vice dean。 exempt exempt，exemption
1． 表示“豁免……”，常可以说:
He was exempt from military serv-
ice. ( exempt 作形容词)
James was exempted from military service. ( exempt 作动词)
He was granted exemption from military service.
The government exempted him from military service.
2． 表示“免交税”，可以说 tax-ex-
empt:
a tax-exempt savings account exemption exempt，exemption
1． 表示“豁免……”，常可以说:
He was exempt from military serv-
ice. ( exempt 作形容词)
James was exempted from military service. ( exempt 作动词)
He was granted exemption from military service.
The government exempted him from military service.
2． 表示“免交税”，可以说 tax-ex-
empt:
a tax-exempt savings account exercise 1． 泛指“锻炼、运动”时，exercise 多作不可数名词:
Mary get plenty of exercise being a physical education teacher.
2． 指“( 具体某一项) 运动”时，exer-
cise 为可数名词:
dancing exercises
deep-breathing exercises
3． exercise 作名词表示 “( 学校课程的) 练习”，后面常跟介词 in，on:
working through the exercises in
this lesson
exercises on irregular verbs
do the exercises on page 125
4． 作名词表示“行使权力”时，后面常跟介词 of:
in the exercise of our duties exert 注意 exert 组成的一些词组:
exert influence
exert pressure
exert control
exert authority
exert equal forces
exert all the charm
exert a measure of influence
exert competitive influences
exert a variety of stresses
exert a greater attraction on exhaust 1． 注意 exhaust 与后面名词的搭配:
exhaust its food supply
exhaust all possibilities
exhaust the subject of politics
exhaust the stock
exhaust the moisture of the room
exhaust himself
exhaust his patience
exhaust the relief funds
exhaust a well
exhaust that particular topic
exhaust his supply of oxygen
exhaust all our material resources
exhaust the ammunition
exhaust the existing reserve fund
exhaust various matters of interest
exhaust your spirits
exhaust its effects on that nation
exhaust all her information
2． an exhausting schedule 是“使人精疲力竭的日程 ( 安排 )”; an ex-
hausting search 是“累垮人的搜查”，an exhaustive search 才是
“彻底的搜查”。 exhibit exhibit，exhibition
1． exhibit 是“展品”，exhibition 是“展览、展览会”。
2． “举行展览”可以译成:
hold / put on / stage / mount /
sponsor an exhibition
3． exhibition 表示“举行 …… 方面的展览”时，后面常跟介词 on，of 等:
stage an exhibition on the natural
history of the city
hold an exhibition of paintings by
van Gogh exhibition exhibit，exhibition
1． exhibit 是“展品”，exhibition 是“展览、展览会”。
2． “举行展览”可以译成:
hold / put on / stage / mount /
sponsor an exhibition
3． exhibition 表示“举行 …… 方面的展览”时，后面常跟介词 on，of 等:
stage an exhibition on the natural
history of the city
hold an exhibition of paintings by
van Gogh exile 1． 前面常用介词 in，during，into 等:
The ousted leader is living in exile in Iraq.
During his exile，he started writing his memoir.
The defeated general was forced
/ driven / sent into exile.
2． 作不可数名词或单数名词时，表示
“流放”; 作可数名词时，表示“流亡分子”:
He was sent into exile. 他被流放。
I saw a team of exiles in Paris. 我在巴黎看见一批流亡分子。 exist 1． 表示“靠 …… 维持生活”时，后面用介词 on:
exist on unemployment benefit
2． exist for 表示“生存 …… 时间”，
“为……而生存”:
One can't exist for long without water. 没有水，人很难长时间生存。
I existed for the purpose of earn-
ing a Ph. D． degree. 我活着就是为了获得一个博士学位。 existence 1． 表示“过着贫困的、悲惨的生活”，
可以说:
lead a miserable / hand-to-mouth /
meager / sad / horrible / desolate
existence
2． 下面几个短语中，existence 前常不用冠词:
come into existence
go out of existence
in existence
pass out of existence
vote itself out of existence
struggle for existence
give a wonderful zest to existence exit 1． 表示“出口”时，有不少搭配:
a cinema exit
a theater exit
a freeway exit
a expressway exit
a highway exit
a hospital exit
an emergency exit
a fire exit
a railway exit
a airport exit
a Greyhound depot exit
2． exit permit 是“出境许可 ( 证 )”，
exit visa 是“出境签证”。
3． 表示 “…… 的出口”，exit 后面用
from:
an exit from the railway station expand 1． 后面跟介词 in 或 into 时，常作“扩大”解:
expand its operations in China 扩大其在中国的经营范围
expand her short stories into a no-
vel 将她的短篇故事扩写成一部小说
2． 后面跟介词 on 或 upon 时，常作
“详细叙述”解:
Can you expand on it? 你能详细地加以说明吗?
He went on to expand upon this theme. 他继续详细叙述这一主题。 expect 1． 下面每组句子的意思相同。
We expected her to arrive last evening.
We expected her last evening.
The captain expects obedience from his men.
The captain expects that his men will obey him.
The captain expects his men to o-
bey him.
David and I expect to be back on
Monday.
David and I expect that we shall be back on Monday.
You would expect there to be
strong disagreement about this is-
sue.
You would expect that there would be strong disagreement about this issue.
2． 用 expect 表示“怀孕”时，可以说:
She is expecting a baby.
She is expecting a child.
She is expecting again.
She is expecting another in about two months.
She is expecting another baby in about two months.
She is expecting ( and is due to
give birth in May) ．
3． I expect 在英国口语中可作“我想……”解:
I expect you're hungry. 我想你是饿了。
4． 门卫问你 Are you expected? 意思是: “你跟主人约好了吗?”或“他知道你来吗?” expectation 1． 在不少短语中，expectation 用复数形式:
with sales exceeding expectations
contrary to her expectations
contrary to all expectations
contrary against his expectations
contrary against all expectations
in line with expectations
exceed all our expectations
surpass our expectations
beyond all expectations
have high expectations of their
children
have low expectations of their chil-
dren
come up to the expectations of
the company
live up to her expectations
meet my expectations
2． 下面的例子中，expectation 前不用冠词:
in expectation of a reduced penal-
ty
has little expectation of winning a
prize
more in hope than in expectation
3． 在实际使用中，有时单复数的使用界限并不明显，下面两组句子的说法都对:
She has succeeded beyond ex-
pectation.
She has succeeded beyond our expectations.
We thought he would pass the ex-
am，but contrary to expectation，
he didn't.
We thought he would pass the ex-
am，but contrary to all expecta-
tions，he didn't.
We thought he would pass the ex-
am，but contrary to our expecta-
tions，he didn't. expedition 参见 excursion。 expel 常用于以下句型:
expel him from the party ( expel
sb from sth)
He was expelled for cheating in the exam. ( expel sb for sth) expenditure 1． 可作可数或不可数名词:
Our desired expenditures depend on our national income. ( 复数)
the value of the total of planned
expenditures in an economy ( 复数)
Few of the men she saw seemed worth a ruinous expenditure. ( 单数)
a program to reduce expenditure
( 不可数)
2． 后面常用介词 on，for，in 等:
increase expenditure on education
a wasteful expenditure of time and
effort
is dependent on expenditure for
air power
planned expenditures in an econ-
omy expense 复数 expenses 常指 “( 公务所花的、由雇主支付或报销的) 经费、费用”:
Let me pay — I can put it on ex-
penses.
Her husband's firm pays all my expenses.
My fares and hotel expenses will
be paid by the WTO．
All reasonable expenses will be reimbursed.
Your salary will be $ 1，000 a month，plus expenses. expensive expensive，dear
两词都可以译成“贵的”。
1． expensive 常指“价格贵得超过物品的实际价值或购买者的支付力”，有“奢华、昂贵、浪费”等含义:
an expensive party
an expensive restaurant
drive in an expensive limousine
2． dear 主要用在英国口语中，与
cheap 相对而言:
Oil is cheap when it is plentiful，
and dear when it is scarce. experience 1． 泛指“经验”时，常作不可数名词:
We would like to have someone with more experience.
I have managerial experience on every level.
2． 指“具体的某次经历、某种经验”时，多作可数名词:
One night she had a frightening experience on her way back home.
her later experiences in the small
town
3． 下面短语中，experience 前不用冠词:
He has years of teaching experi-
ence in colleges.
You need to gain more experi-
ence.
We all learn by experience.
I can say from my personal expe-
rience that it's a tough job.
4． 后面常跟介词 of，in，as，for，
with 等:
his first experience of dealing with
foreigners
had so little experience of the art
have years of experience in the
computer industry
someone with experience as a
teacher
an interesting experience for me
his experience with drug dealers experiment 1． 可作可数或不可数名词。
1) 作不可数名词:
find an answer to the problem by
experiment ( 泛指试验)
2) 作可数名词:
conducting a series of experi-
ments( 指一次又一次的具体试验)
2． 表示“进行试验”，可以说:
carry out / do / engage in / em-
bark on / conduct / perform / try /
attempt / make / try out an exper-
iment
3． 表示“在……方面的试验”，exper-
iment 后面常跟介词 in，of，on，
with 等:
take part in a new experiment in
education
preventing the fearful experiment
of this evening
a series of experiments on ani-
mals
his experiment with various teach-
ing methods expert 1． 后面常跟介词 in，on，at 等:
He is an expert in radio communi-
cations.
He is an expert on Japan.
He is an expert at teaching chil-
dren.
2． 下面两个句子都对:
He is expert on trade in China.
( expert 作形容词)
He is an expert on trade in China.
( expert 作名词) expert specialist，expert
两词都有“专家”的含义。
1． 在很多场合下两词的含义相似，可以换用:
He is a specialist expert in American history.
2． expert 的语气强于 specialist，尤指某一领域内公认的权威:
As the most noted expert on planned economy，he has been a guest lecturer at Harvard.
3． specialist 侧重“潜心研究某一学科，因而在这一方面的知识比他人丰富”等:
He is a specialist in cultural history and consumed with the objects and habits. expertise 1． 常作不可数名词:
The designers have expertise and
experience with
It is an example of such expert-
ise.
2． 后面常跟介词 in，on，at 等:
her expertise in using on-line
methods
his expertise on the ski slopes
his expertise at civil service expire 表示“……时候到期”，expire 后面常用介词 on，at，in 等，下面几种说法都可以:
The contract is due to expire this week.
The contract is due to expire at the end of this week.
The contract expires this week.
The contract expires in a week.
The contract will expire on the coming Sunday. explain 常用于下列句型:
Don't worry，he will explain. ( ex-
plain 作不及物动词)
You have five minutes to explain yourself. ( explain oneself)
We explained our problem to the
Dean. ( explain sth to sb)
He tried to explain why he was late for the meeting. ( explain why /
how / where)
He explained that each person has different ideas. ( explain that)
He made up stories to explain a-
way the missing funds. ( explain
away sth) explicit 注意以下搭配及其中文释义:
the movie's explicit sex scenes 电影里露骨的色情镜头
an explicit statement 明确的声明
an explicit warning 明确警告
an explicit threat 明确威胁
explicit instructions 明确说明
explicit directions 明确指示
explicit references 明确的参照资料 explore 1． “探测一个地方”常用 explore an
area:
exploring its woods and rivers
2． “在一个地方探测 …… 东西”常用
explore an area for sth:
exploring the mountains for the
mysterious fountain of youth
3． explore Paris 是“探访巴黎”，带有旅游考察味道; explore for oil 是
“勘探石油”，不知道石油在哪里，要四处寻找。 explosion 注意以下搭配:
an explosion of laughter
an explosion of anger
an explosion of drug abuse
an explosion of course
an explosion of protest
an explosion of violence
an explosion of music
an explosion of interest in the
sport
an explosion of sound
an explosion of rage
an explosion of job opportunities
an explosion of births
an explosion of wrath
an explosion of the population
an explosion of crime
an explosion of wage
an explosion of culture
an explosion of software
an explosion of knowledge
an explosion of auto
an explosion of fitness
an explosion of email
an explosion of Web ad
an explosion of sales
an explosion of entertainment ex-
plosion
an explosion of an explosion in
the diet soft-drink market
an explosion in oil prices
an explosion in demand for tele-
phones export 1． 泛指“出口”时，常为不可数名词:
grow crops for export 种植出口作物
2． 名词 export 指具体“出口货物”常可数:
the increase in oil exports to the
West 对西方出口石油的增长 expose 常用于下列句型:
expose a plot
expose her white skin ( expose
sth)
expose himself to many of the
temptations ( expose oneself to
sth)
expose the firm to widespread
criticism
expose your skin to the sun ( ex-
pose sth to sth)
expose him as a fool ( expose sb as + n. )
expose the company as corrupt
( expose sth as + a. )
She was exposed to many dan-
gers ( be exposed to sth) exposure 可作可数名词或不可数名词。
1． 作可数名词:
repeated exposures of govern-
mental corruption ( 指多次揭露)
2． 作不可数名词:
in exposure of several enormous
scandals ( 泛指揭露) express 1． 下面的例子都正确:
the 10: 30 express to Paris ( 名词)
the 10: 30 express train to Paris
( 形容词)
Send the letter by express. ( 名词)
Send the letter by express delivery.
( 形容词)
Send the letter express. ( 副词)
2． 作形容词表示“快速的”，有不少搭配:
an express bus
an express train
an express delivery
an express mail
a special express service
an express letter
an express laundry service
an express lift
an express rifle
an express messenger
an express decision
an express route
an express warranty
an express lane
an express abandonment
an express rescue
an express production
an express boat
3． 后面跟介词 for 或 to，有时意思一样:
an express for / to Rome
4． American Express 是“美国运通信用卡”，不是“美国快车”，当然它也有“快捷”的含义; 类似的商业服务项目还有 Airborne Express，In-
ternational Express 等。 expressive 后面常跟介词 of:
Her letter is expressive of her sin-
cere wish for world peace.
Her poems are expressive of her love for nature. exquisite 注意以下搭配:
exquisite photography
exquisite beadwork
exquisite pleasure
exquisite hand-painted vase
exquisite taste
exquisite little painting
exquisite piece of lace
exquisite workmanship
exquisite pain
exquisite sense of timing
exquisite manners
exquisite grace
exquisite beauty
exquisite piece of jewelry
exquisite ear for music
exquisite face
exquisite harbor
exquisite craftsmanship
exquisite courtesy
exquisite condescension
exquisite irony
exquisite relief
exquisite flowers
exquisite temptations
exquisite suffering
exquisite joy extend 后面常跟介词 for，about，across，
from，over，to，along，beyond，to-
wards，through 等:
extend for 10 miles
extend about 10 to 20 feet round
them
extend a rope across the room
extend from Boston to New York
extend over half of China's land
mass
extend over a period of 10 months
extend to the church
extend along the Yellow River
extend beyond the Hudson River
extend assistance towards the vic-
tims
extend through the entire conti-
nent extend prolong，extend
两词都可译成“延长”:
1． prolong 比较正式，基本意思是
“延长时间”:
prolong the meeting
prolong a war
prolong our visit
2． extend 侧重指“延长东西的长度、宽度、耐用度”等:
extend the troop's supply lines
plan to extend its service from the
city to the countryside
3． 但在实际使用中，两词的区别并不十分明显，有时可以换用:
He prolonged / extended his stay in New York. extension 1． 表示“延长”，extension 后面常用介词 on:
ask for an extension on the as-
signment
give him an extension on the loan
2． 注意 extension 的一些译法:
Stanford Extension at Paris 斯坦福大学巴黎分校
I am at extension 22702． 我是
22702 分机。
Add a library extension to the building. 给大楼扩建一个图书馆。
She asked for an extension on her visa. 她申请延长签证。 external 1． 医学上说 for external use only 指
“只能外用，不可内服”。
2． the director for external affairs 指
“外事处长”。
3． “外债”可译成 external debts，一般不说 outside debts。 extinct 注意以下的搭配:
declare the panda animal extinct
Many jobs have become extinct.
It is now virtually extinct.
It is almost extinct.
It is practically extinct.
It is nearly extinct.
It will be made extinct.
The flower was believed extinct.
It has become an all but extinct skill.
extinct species
extinct custom
extinct volcano
extinct waste
extinct relatives and friends
extinct dukedom
extinct laws
extinct dinosaurs
extinct black farmers extra 1． 下面几个句子意思相近，注意 ex-
tra 的词性:
The drinks are extra. ( 形容词)
You must pay extra money for the drinks. ( 形容词)
You have to pay extra for the drinks. ( 副词)
The drinks are an extra. ( 名词)
2． 可以说
extra pay
extra resources
extra crispy
extra lesson
extra help
extra credit
extra large
extra holidays
extra rules
extra hands
extra access
extra home
extra hours
extra money
extra cash
extra research
extra learning opportunities
extra program extract 1． 注意 extract 的搭配，后面常跟介词 from:
extract a file
extract the juice
extract sulfur from copper ore
extract coal
extract a bottle of wine
extract a tracksuit
extract a tooth
extract a confession from a crimi-
nal
extract a promise of support
extract files of data from the re-
cords
extract the bullet from the wound
extract essential oil from flowers
extract pleasure from reading
extract the cork from a bottle
extract a note from her pocket
extract contributions from employ-
ees
extract the truth
extract the information
extract energy from the waves
extract passages from a novel
extract huge profits from arms
sales
extract the maximum political ad-
vantage from the cut in interest
rates
extract cash from the city center
extract a few figures
2． 名词 extract 作“摘录”解时，是可数的:
several extracts from her latest
book
extraction
( be) of extraction 的意思是“祖籍是……地方的”:
Her mother is of Chinese extrac-
tion. 她母亲的祖籍在中国。
He married a young lady of Chi-
nese extraction. 他娶了个年轻的华裔太太。 extraordinary 1． 注意其与名词的搭配:
extraordinary story
extraordinary idea
extraordinary courage
extraordinary determination
extraordinary beauty
extraordinary behavior
extraordinary meeting
extraordinary congress
extraordinary session
extraordinary measure
extraordinary weather
extraordinary achievement
extraordinary spectacle
extraordinary circumstances
extraordinary dress
extraordinary powers
extraordinary progress
extraordinary patience
extraordinary endurance
extraordinary scholar
extraordinary speed
extraordinary memories
extraordinary charm
extraordinary intrigues
extraordinary appearance
extraordinary alteration
extraordinary density
extraordinary profits
extraordinary sensation
extraordinary opinion
extraordinary conduct
extraordinary forest
extraordinary gathering
extraordinary stability
extraordinary merit
extraordinary growth
extraordinary importance
extraordinary number of people
extraordinary catch
extraordinary moment
extraordinary wickedness
extraordinary kindness
extraordinary talent
extraordinary advances in the field
of computer
extraordinary person of intelli-
gence
2． “特命 ( 全权 ) 大使”常译成 an
ambassador extraordinary，不说
an extraordinary ambassador; 类似的词汇还有 a minister extraordi-
nary 等。
3． extraordinary 常用在 it is / seems
extraordinary that 的句型中:
It seems quite extraordinary that the President agreed with him. extreme 下列短语中，extreme 常用复数形式:
his extremes of mood
The truth lies between these two extremes.
extremes of temperature
extremes of wealth and poverty
a middle way between the ex-
tremes of success and failure
go to the extremes of resigning
from his post
He took it to the extremes.
There is a sense of arrogance，
carried to extremes.
torn between the extremes of joy
and grief
the extremes of human behavior extremist radical，extremist
两词都有“激进”的含义。
1． radical 可以是贬义，也可以是褒义。比如西方人把“四人帮 ( the
Gang of Four )”称为 radicals，有贬义; 褒义的例子有:
The country needs some radical change. 这个国家需要某种激进的改革。
Jack London was a literary radical of his time. 杰克 · 伦敦是他那个时代的文学激进分子。
2． extremist 基本上是贬义词，指“极端分子”:
The extremists carried out Sunday's bomb attack.
extremist violence eye 1． “眼科医生”用 an eye specialist，
不说 an eyes specialist。
2． 抽象地说“眼光、眼力、目光、能力”等，eye 常用单数; 注意下列例子的中 eye 用法:
as far as the eye can see 远至天边
To her expert eye，the vase was a fake. 用她专家的目光来看，这只花瓶是赝品。
all in the eye 胡扯
an eye for an eye 以牙还牙
cast an eye at 对……随便看一眼
give an eye to 照看
have half an eye 稍加注意
keep an eye out for 照看
in the public eye 常公开露面
look sb in the eye 正视某人
turn a blind eye to 熟视无睹
catch one's eye 吸引某人的注意力
have an eye for 对……有鉴别力
keep an eye on sth 关注某物
in the eye of the storm 处于困难
( 或矛盾) 的中心
see eye to eye with sb 同意某人
under one's eye 在某人的面前( 或眼皮底下)
My eye fell upon an interesting ar-
ticle in the morning paper. 我注意到晨报上一篇有趣的文章。
3． 在实际使用中，有时 eye 用单复数都可以，意思相同:
His eyes fell upon an advertise-
ment in the magazine.
His eye fell upon an advertise-
ment in the magazine.
4． 表示“肉 ( 裸 ) 眼”用 the naked
eye，不要用 nude eyes。
5． 可与其他词构成新词或组成词组:
eyepopper 令人惊奇之物
eyeball to eyeball 面对面地
eye chart 视力表
eye candy 养眼的人( 或物)
eye opener 大开眼界的东西
eyesore 难看的东西
eye-in-the-sky 空中电子装置
eyelift 眼睑整容术
eyes only 绝密的 eyewitness 后面常跟介词 to，of 等:
eyewitnesses to the crime
an eyewitness account of the ac-
cident
fable，allegory，parable，tale， fabric 1． 表示中国的“布店”，可用 fabric
store，一般不说 cloth shop。
2． 有可数和不可数形式。
1) 不可数:
small pieces of yellow cotton fab-
ric
2) 可数:
These fabrics are imported from
China. face 1． 表示“保全面子”，说 save face 和
save one's face 都可以。
2． 表示“丢面子”，一般只说 lose
face，不说 lose one's face:
without either side losing face
3． “扮怪脸”说 make a face at 和
make faces at 都可以。
4． “拉长脸( 不高兴)”说 pull a face
和 pull faces 都可以。
5． “脸朝下 ( 直挺挺地) 倒地”说 fall
on one's face，而不是 fall to one's
face 或 fall in one's face。
6． 表示房子等的“朝向”，可用动词
face 来表达，可这样说:
The house faces onto a busy road.
The garden faces south.
The building faces towards the north.
How does your dining-room face?
7． 军事口令中“向左转、向右转、向后转”，美国人常说:
Left face.
Right face.
About face.
8． 英国人常说:
Left turn.
Right turn.
About turn.
9． face up to ( the fact that) 与
face ( the fact that)  都可以说;
美国人似乎用前者居多:
He had to face up to the harsh re-
alities.
I must face up to the truth. facility 1． 复数 facilities 常委婉指 bedroom，
toilet 等:
All rooms have private facilities. 所有的房间都有独立的盥洗室。
2． 下面句子都对，意思相同:
She has great facility for langua-
ges.
She has a great facility for langua-
ges.
She has great facility for learning languages.
She has a great facility for learn-
ing languages.
She has great facility in learning languages.
She has a great facility in learning languages. fact 1． 有人说，the fact remains that，in
actual fact that，the fact that，the
fact is，in point of fact 等短语在写作中是多余的，其实不然，它们在加强语气，使段落平稳过渡方面很有用处:
We should not blind us to the fact
that our relations are based on e-
quality.
2． 下面句子中，fact 前没有冠词:
The story is founded on fact.
It's essential to tell fact from fic-
tion.
What she says is fact.
I don't like him; in fact， I hate him.
factory，works，mill，plant
这组词都可译成“工厂”。
1． factory 最普通常用，可指各类“工厂”:
a car factory
a shoe factory
a chocolate factory
2． works 常与其他词构成复合词，它所指的“工厂”主要制造工业界所需的原料，尽管有 s，但可用作单数:
a dye works
an old ironworks
gasworks
3． mill 常指“( 轻工业) 工厂”:
a paper mill
a textile mill
a cotton mill
4． plant 常指 “( 技术含量较高的) 工厂”，如核电厂、汽车总装厂、化学厂等:
the hi-tech desalination plant
a nuclear-power plant
a car assembly plant
a machine-tools' plant
5． a factory outlet 可以指“厂方直销商店”。 faculty 1． 指“( 大学等的) 全体教师”主要是美国用词，作集合名词用，不可说
faculties，但它后面常跟复数动词:
a meeting for students， faculty，
and administrators
the long row of chairs where the
faculty sit ( 不是 sits)
2． 表示“一位教师”，可以说 a mem-
ber of the faculty; 表示“多位教师”可以说 faculty members。
3． 指“院、系、学科”时，为可数名词:
Along with theology and law，
medicine was usually one of the basic faculties. fad 作“时尚”解很常用:
The latest fad is for a dad. 最新潮流是老夫少妻。
a passing fad 一时的狂热 fail 1． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
Her courage failed.
Her courage failed her.
2． 下面两个句子都可以说:
He failed the exam.
He failed in the exam.
3． 下面两个句子的意思相似:
My mother has suffering from fail-
ing health.
My mother has been failing in health.
4． He will receive your message without fail. 其中的 fail 不可改成
failure。 failure 1． 注意 failure 的一些搭配:
power failure
engine failure
brake failure
heart failure
liver failure
kidney failure
business failure
humor failure
crop failure
mechanical failure
imagination failure
reproductive failure
intelligence failure
hepatic failure
renal failure
marriage failure
experimental failure
eyesight failure
2． 下面例子中，failure 前常不用冠词:
Their test ended in failure.
The two men's attempt resulted in failure.
3． 说“因……衰竭而死亡”，可用 die
of + ( 冠词) + 人体器官 + failure 来表示，如 liver failure，kidney failure
等; 这时的 failure 作可数或不可数都可以，下面两个句子都对:
He died of a heart failure. ( 可数)
He died of heart failure. ( 不可数) fair 老师说一个学生的作业“好坏”，可以用 excellent，very good，good，fair，
fair-to-middling，just-so-so，poor 等，
fair 只是 not bad but not very good，
是 reasonably good 的意思。
fairy，ghost，spirit，phantom
这组词都跟“神仙”沾边。
1． fairy 一般指“小仙子、小精灵”，有些是长着翅膀的。
2． ghost 是“幽灵”，其形状像活着的人:
Do you believe in ghosts?
3． spirit 是“鬼魂、灵魂”，强调“不死的”:
He is dead，but his spirit lives on.
4． phantom 强调“shadowy”，相当于汉语所谓的“魅”:
a phantom rider passing by at
midnight
5． 下面的表述都可以:
fairy tale
fairytale
fairy story
fairly，rather，quite
1． 3 词都有“相当”的意思，有时可以换用:
It's a fairly / rather informative book.
It's rather / quite an informative book.
2． 3 词中 rather 的语气最强，quite 居中，fairly 最弱:
a fairly good novel 一部不太坏的小说
a rather good novel 一部相当好的小说
3． quite 在美国英语中指“很、非常”:
a quite nice man 一个非常好的人
( 美国)
4． quite 在英国则是“相当、尚可”的意思:
a quite nice man 一个人品尚可的人( 英国)
5． rather warm 指“太热”。
6． fairly 常表示“既不好也不坏”:
It is fairly hot. ( hot，but not very
hot)
7． rather 的语气强于 fairly:
It's rather warm. 天气太热了。
( warmer than I would like)
8． 美国人常将 rather 用于不好、不适合的事:
You are driving rather fast. ( driv-
ing too fast)
9． 英国人可能把 rather 用于好的事情:
My mother and I are rather pleased to hear it. fairly rather，fairly
rather 的语气强于 fairly; fairly 是“不好也不坏”，rather 是“相当好或相当坏”:
The car is fairly old. ( = The car is old，but not very old. )
The car is rather old. ( = The car is quite old. ) faith 1． 抽象作“信心、信念、信任”解时，常为不可数名词:
have faith in her
with blind faith
in good faith
break faith with
keep faith with
2． 具体指 “( 宗教等) 信仰”时，为可数名词:
the Christian，Jewish and Muslin
faiths
people of many different faiths
3． 后面常跟介词 in:
put your faith in doctors and medi-
cine
have faith in the goodness of
mankind
fake，bogus，counterfeit，mock，
phony，pseudo，sham
这组词都可表示“假的”。
1． fake 侧重指用“复制”等方法造假骗人:
a fake passport
fake news
2． bogus 强调“毫无价值的”:
bogus scientific arguments
3． counterfeit 强调“以假乱真的”:
counterfeit gem
counterfeit money
4． mock 有时形容“模拟的、不真实的，尽管是假的，但可用来练习、准备的”等:
a mock battle
a mock test
5． phony 是贬义和非正式用词，强调
“使人迷惑、使人困惑不解的”等:
a phony message
a phony address
6． pseudo 常作构词成分，加在形容词和名词前构成新的形容词和名词:
pseudo-scientific
pseudo-religion
7． sham 强调“易被识破的”:
sham compassion
sham attacks fall 1． fall in love with 可用人或物作宾语:
fall in love with a pretty girl( 人)
fall in love with your fancy apart-
ment ( 物)
2． falls 作“瀑布”解:
The falls have always been an ob-
stacle for fish.
3． fall 作“秋天”解，是美国用词，英国人用 autumn。
4． 注意 fallen 的一些译法:
fallen soldiers 阵亡士兵
fallen leaves 落叶
a fallen dynasty 没落的王朝
fallen arch( 医) 足弓下陷
a fallen woman 荡妇
a fallen tree 倒伏的树
a fallen market 已泻跌的行市
a fallen fortress 被攻克的城堡
fallen enemies 被击败的敌人
fallen cheeks 憔悴的脸颊
a fallen angel 沦落的天使
false，wrong，mistaken
3 词都有“错”的含义。
1． false 最基本的含义是“欺骗性质的、假的”，因而它所指的“错”也带有这种色彩:
It was a false alarm.
I do not know whether what you've told me is true or false.
2． wrong 的本义为“弯曲不直的”，因而它通常也有这种色彩，包含“偏离真理、规范、标准”等含义，但不表示“欺骗的”，试比较:
a wrong answer 一个错误的答案
( 不是故意的)
a false answer 一个错误的答案
( 不仅是错的，而且还有想欺骗的含义)
3． mistaken 常用来形容“思想、观点、信仰、意见等方面错误的”:
a mistaken notion 一种错误的观念
He was under the mistaken im-
pression that she was English. 他有个错误的印象，认为她是英格兰人。 fall waterfall，fall
两词都表示“瀑布”。有时，可用复数
falls，但常用单数 a / the waterfall:
Akaka Falls is the largest waterfall in Hawaii.
At 63 feet Muddy Creek Falls is the largest waterfall in Maryland.
The Upper Falls is the second lar-
gest waterfall east of the Missis-
sippi River. fame 1． 多作不可数名词，前面不用冠词:
He is eager for fame.
He achieved fame when still young.
He rose to fame in 2003．
The movie earned her great fame.
The city's only claim to fame is its
West Lake.
2． 注意与前面形容词的搭配:
instant fame
overnight fame
international fame
great fame
enormous fame
ill fame
undying fame
former fame
present fame
fabulous fame
dying fame
imperishable fame
enduring fame
immortal fame
horrible fame
monumental fame
academic fame
genuine fame
3． 注意与动词的搭配:
achieve one's fame
acquire one's fame
rose to one's fame
come to one's fame
covet one's fame
destine to one's fame
establish one's fame
earn one's fame
win one's fame
snatch at one's fame
secure one's fame
inquire into one's fame
shoot to one's fame
seek one's fame
bring one's fame
add one's fame
attain one's fame
bear one's fame
enhance one's fame
gain one's fame
make one's fame
overshadow one's fame
protect one's fame
maintain one's fame
fame grows
fame spreads
fame rests on
fame waxes
fame glows
fame reaches
fame does sb no injustice
fame has little to do with
fame dies
4． “追名逐利”可以译成 seek fame
and fortune，fame and fortune 是固定词组:
It will surely bring fame and for-
tune to him.
5． fame and fortune 作主语时，后面的动词多用复数:
Fame and fortune have come easily to her. fame reputation，fame
两词都有“名声”的含义。
1． reputation 可以指“好名声”，也可以指“坏名声”:
He had a bad reputation in his hometown.
The school has an excellent repu-
tation.
2． fame 一般指“好名声”，是“声誉”的意思:
He won great fame as a novelist.
3． reputation 为可数名词，fame 一般为不可数名词:
The shop has a good reputation.
He rose to fame when he was 25． familiar 后面常用介词 to，with 等:
The name is familiar to me.
I am familiar with its surround-
ings. family 1． 注意以下搭配:
the single-parent family
two-parent family
large middle-class family
average Chinese family
Royal family
upper-income family
millionaire family
banking family
army dependent family
long-lived family
American-Chinese family
aristocratic family
noble family
ancient family
2． 西方人说 start a family 不是指“结婚”，而是指“开始生孩子”:
They want to get married and start a family. 他们打算结婚，然后生儿育女。
3． family 后面用单数或复数动词都可以，但含义不同:
His family is very large. 他家是个大家庭。
His family are all tall. 他一家个子都很高。
4． family 作“亲属”解时，多为不可数名词。下面例子中 family 前面一般不加冠词:
I spent my vacation visiting fami-
ly. 我利用假期去看望了亲戚。
After all，she is family. 她毕竟是家人。
5． 中国的“黄家、李家”等，英语可用
thefamily 表示，家姓要大写:
the Huang family 黄家
famous，famed，celebrated，well- fan 1． 可以指各种“迷”:
a football fan
a baseball fan
a movie fan
a radio fan
a jazz fan
a Whitman fan
a science fan
a science-fiction fan
a music fan
2． 后面常跟介词 of:
a great fan of country music fancy 1． 注意形容词 fancy 与名词的搭配:
fancy leather case
fancy computer graphics
fancy basket moves
fancy words
fancy hotel
fancy private school
fancy jewellery
fancy house
fancy cakes
fancy prices
fancy ideas
fancy man
fancy dress
fancy hairdo
fancy embroidery
fancy skating
fancy diving fresh fruits
fancy restaurant
fancy goldfish
fancy portrait
fancy footwork
fancy goods
fancy pants
fancy sandwiches
fancy falcon
fancy farm
fancy article
fancy fishes
fancy picture
2． 注意动词 fancy 所用的句型:
I fancy that she's out of work just now. ( fancy that)
I did not fancy the idea. ( fancy
sth)
Fancy meeting you here. ( fancy
doing sth)
What do you fancy for supper?
( fancy for sth)
I just fancied a drink. ( fancy sth)
I fancy myself as the boss of the company. ( fancy oneself as)
I fancy myself wearing a skirt.
( fancy oneself doing sth)
I fancy the host team to win the game. ( fancy sb to do sth) fantasy 1． 为不可数名词:
the difference between fantasy
and reality
2． 为单数名词:
A fantasy is a pleasant situation.
3． 为复数名词:
fantasies of love far 1． 下面每组句子意思相同:
I won't be far away.
I won't be far off.
I and the girl didn't go as far as the other.
Mary didn't go so far as the oth-
ers.
2． 常用在下面这些情况中。
1) 用在有关距离的疑问句和否定句中:
How far does this road go?
No，I didn't go far.
2) 用在 as，so，too 等之后:
So far，so good.
She's carrying it too far. fare 1． 英美售票员说“请买票!”常用:
Fares，please!
All fares，please!
( 一般不说“Please buy tickets!”)
2． 可以说:
tram fare
car fare
bus fare
train fare
taxi fare
plane fare
rail fare
air fare
railway fare
half fare
full fare
reduced fare
return fare
double fare
single fare
boat fare
excess fare
first-class fare
separate fare farm farm，ranch
两词都可译成“农场”，但含义有所不同。
1． farm 可以指 “( 种庄稼的) 农场”，
也可以指“( 饲养牲畜、水产的) 农场”:
Much of England is good agricul-
tural land and there are many farms.
A sheet of water for cultivating oysters is called an oyster farm.
2． ranch 尤指“( 北美或澳大利亚的)
大牧场”:
a cattle ranch in Texas
a sheep ranch in Australia farm ranch，farm
两词都有“农场”的含义:
1． ranch 主要在北美或澳洲使用，指
“( 加拿大、美国、澳大利亚的专业性) 大牧场”:
He lives on a cattle ranch in Aus-
tralia.
2． farm 比较常用， 可指各种“农场”:
a fruit farm
a dairy farm
a sheep farm farmer peasant，farmer
两词都可以译成“农民”:
1． peasant 尤指“落后农业国家的农民”或“现代化以前的农民”，有
“没有教养、社会地位低”的含义:
For land alone most peasants in
China would fight to the death.
2． farmer 常指“拥有农场或经营农场的农场主”:
a dairy farmer 奶牛场场主 farther farther，further
两词的区别主要如下。
1． 在英国英语中，用 further 的频率高于用 farther。
2． 讲真实的地点、距离时，两词都可以用:
I live farther / further down the road.
3． 在表示“进一步、另外、此外”等意思时，美国人和英国人都常用 fur-
ther:
Are there any further questions?
还有问题吗?
a College of Further Education 继续教育学院 fascinating fascinating，charming
两词都有“吸引人”的含义，但侧重点不同。
1． fascinating 的英语解释是 ex-
tremely charming，因此，其语气强于 charming。
2． charming 指“有魔力般吸引力的”:
She gave us a charming smile. fashion 1． 下面两个句子都可以说，意思相同:
She likes to keep up with the fashion.
She likes to keep up with the lat-
est fashions.
2． a fashion show 有时相当于 a
fashion show of clothes。
3． fashion 的搭配用法很多:
English fashion
entertaining fashion
exotic fashion
general fashion
Oriental fashion
beach fashion
fall fashion
men's fashion
women's fashion
Paris fashion
Italian fashion
fashions in pop music
the fashion for ocean bathing
fashions for gentlemen
fashions in clothes
the fashion of the day
fashions in art and literature
the fashion of a modern public li-
brary
fast，quick，rapid，swift，speedy
这组词都可表示“快的”。
1． fast 在本组词中使用频率最高，使用范围最广，可用于各个方面:
a fast race
a fast watch
a fast lens
a fast reader
fast music
2． 相比之下，quick 形容“突然、短暂、单个的快动作”等:
a quick leap
a quick drink
a quick reply
3． rapid 所形容的“快”常包含“有益、有利”的因素:
a rapid recovery from her illness
rapid progress in slum clearance
4． swift 强调快得“平稳、顺畅、不慌不忙、不受阻拦、轻松不费力”等:
a swift-flowing river
a swift horse
5． speedy 强调速度、效率，即“高速、快速”。
a speedy settlement of the dispute
/ car fasten 1． 注意，fasten 中 t 不发音。
2． 注意其的常用句型:
Please fasten the bolt. ( fasten
sth)
He fastened the door inside with a piece of string. ( fasten sth with
sth)
He fastened the balloon down.
( fasten sth down)
Fasten up your overcoat. ( fasten
up sth)
He fastened his boat with rope to a post. ( fasten sth with sth to
sth)
He fastened the scarf around her neck. ( fasten sth around sth)
He fastened the strap to the box.
( fasten sth to sth)
He used the rope to fasten things together. ( fasten sth together)
fast food
有可数和不可数两种形式。
1． 可数:
hamburgers，chips and other fast
foods
2． 不可数:
He just ate snacks and fast food.
fat，obese，plump，overweight
1． 这组词都有“胖”的含义。
1) 表示“胖”，fat 最直截了当，不少书提醒，“说别人 fat 是不礼貌的”，实际上不完全如此，请看:
a fat baby
He looks slightly fat.
2) 用 fat 形容动物更有褒义:
fat cattle 肥牛
3) 但对妇女尽量不要用 fat，那样不礼貌。
4) obese 是医学用语:
in incidence of heart failure in
obese persons
5) plump 在形容“胖”的词汇中语气最轻，一般是个褒义词。这种“胖”常常是“丰满成熟”的表现，用英语可解释为 soft ripeness，西方人认为，那种体形是可爱的:
the plump goddesses of the oil
paintings
a baby with plump little arms and
legs
6 ) overweight 顾名思义是“超重的”，因而强调由于身体过重而
“胖”，也包含“不健康”的意思:
Nearly half the people in this country are overweight.
2． 表示“胖”的词汇还有很多:
large
big
chubby
dumpy
stout
tubby
adipose
buxom
fleshy
corpulent
portly fate 1． 指“命运”时，用不可数或复数都可以，一般说来，抽象说“天命、天数”用不可数的居多; 具体指“某人、某事的结局”可用复数。
1) 不可数:
Fate has dealt him a heavy blow.
by a twist of fate
2) 可数:
He wondered whether the fates conspired against him.
2． 但在实际使用中，区别并不十分明显:
The court will decide their fate /
fates. The court will decide their fates.
father，dad，daddy
3 词都有“父亲”的含义。
1． father 最正式。
2． 在与陌生人谈起“父亲”时，father
前一般要用所有格人称代词，但在与家人谈起“父亲”时一般不用:
My father is a doctor. ( 对陌生人)
Has father eaten breakfast? ( 对家人)
3． 作称呼用时，西方家庭中指“父亲”时，用 dad 最多，father 居中;
daddy 大多由小孩使用; 但也有不少家庭认为，叫 father 和 dad 太正式，因而使用 daddy 作为称呼。 fatigue 1． 表示“疲劳”时，只作不可数名词用:
because of strain and fatigue
without fatigue
2． 作复数解，尤指美国的“军服、军中杂务”，后面用复数动词:
Their fatigues were old，faded to a pale green. 他们的军服很旧了，褪成淡绿色。 fatten 后面常跟介词 on，for，up 等:
They are fattened on vegetables and rice.
The wicked politicians are fat-
tened on the calamities of their country.
Quite a number of cattle are fat-
tened for the market.
They are fattening up the sector for private purposes. faucet 表示洗涤槽、浴盆上的“水龙头”，美国人多用 faucet，英国人多用 tap。 fault 1． 下面句子中，fault 前没有冠词:
The loss was caused by fault or neglect on her part.
She could never accept that she had been at fault.
They are finding fault with her.
2． 下面几句的句型近似，都可以，但意思不同:
She found ( many) faults with my work. 她找到我工作中的许多过错。
She found a fault in my work. 她找到我工作中的一个过错。
She found fault with my work. 她找我工作中的过错。
3． in fault 和 at fault 有时意思相同:
Who is in fault? 谁的过错?
He is at fault. 他有过错。
4． to a fault 是“太、过分”等意思，不是“过失”或“过错”:
He is modest to a fault. 他过分谦虚。 favor 1． 在下面短语中，favor 前一般没有冠词:
find favor with
gain favor with
win favor with
lose favor with
curry favor with
show favor to
be in favor of
be out of favor
2． 下面短语中，favor 前一般加冠词:
do sb a favor owe sb a favor ask a favor of sb.
accept a favor from acknowledge a favor beg a favor of sb confer a favor on sb extend a favor to sb.
obtain a favor from
request a favor
3． 下面短语中的 favor 常与“( 女子)
以身相许”有关:
the last favor
the ultimate favor
sell her sexual favors for money
be free with Elizabeth's sexual fa-
vors
4． 作“酷似”解，一般只说像父亲或母亲，不可说同时像父母两人; 另外，可以说像舅舅等 older relative，
不能说像比你小的人或外人:
He favors his mother. 他长得像母亲。
He favors his uncle. 他长得像舅舅。
He favors his younger brother.
( 只能表示“他偏爱弟弟”) favorable 后面常跟介词 to 或 for 等。
1． 表示“支持、同意、好感、客气”用
to:
Most people are favorable to the idea.
He was much more favorable to this girl than to anybody else.
2． 表示“合适、适合、有助于”用介词
for:
The conditions here are favorable for skiing.
3． 表示“有利于”时，用 to，for 都可以，to 前者更常用:
The location of the hotel has
proved to be favorable to busi-
ness. favorite 1． 作名词，用可指各种“受宠的人或物”:
Teddy bears are children's favor-
ites.
Tom was her favorite.
Whitman is his favorite.
Paris is my favorite.
He is a general favorite as a mov-
ie star.
a stage favorite
a household favorite
2． 作形容词用，常在前面加 most，
least 等:
my most favorite restaurant
his least favorite subject of con-
versation fax 1． 作动词时，常用于下列句型:
Please fax me the letter.
Please fax the letter to me.
The letter was faxed to me by our
Shanghai office.
Christian faxed our office in
Shanghai.
2． 作名词时，前面常用 send，re-
ceive，get，edit 等动词:
Send a fax to many locations.
3． by fax 中，fax 前面不用冠词:
They sent in their drawings by fax.
4． 可以修饰其他名词:
fax services
fax servers
a 500 word fax message
5． 有很多种 fax:
efax
web-based fax
6． 有单复数形式:
get a fax
edit faxes fear 1． with fear 和 by fear 有时意思相同:
He was overcome with / by fear.
2． for fear of 和 for fear that 引导的句子有时意思相同:
I dare not go there for fear of her seeing me. 我不愿意到那里去，怕她见到我。
I dare not go there for fear that she will see me. 我不愿意到那里去，怕她见到我。
3． fear 有单复数形式和不可数形式。
1) 复数:
There are fears about the safety of the Maglev.
2) 单数:
A sudden fear came over her.
3) 不可数:
He was shaking with fear.
4． 注意 fear 作动词时的一些用法:
She feared looking up at him. ( 跟动名词)
She feared to change her posi-
tion. ( 跟动词不定式)
She feared death. ( 跟名词)
She feared for his safety. ( 短语
fear for)
She feared that there might be a bird flu epidemic this winter. ( 跟从句)
She was beginning to fear the worst. ( 短语 fear the worst) feasible ，possible
两词都可表示“可能的、可行的”。
1． feasible 比 possible 正式。
2． possible 有时仅为了“排除某种疑虑”，它所指的“可能”有时不会发生或存在:
He had tried everything possible to find his missing daughter，but failed.
3． feasible 侧重“有可能成功”，强调
“最不可能失败”:
That seems to be the only feasible solution.
Washington's plan sounds quite feasible.
feast，banquet，dinner
这组词都有“宴会”的含义。
1． feast 所指的“宴会”常是为了庆祝某件事，尤其强调“有很多吃的东西”:
That is the time for feasts and marriage.
A feast was given in King
George's honour.
2． feast 有宗教含义:
Christmas is an important feast for
Christians.
the feast of Palm Sunday
3． banquet 在现代英语中几乎取代了 feast，因为 feast 有“大吃大喝、铺张浪费”的含义; 相比之下，ban-
quet 比较严肃、正式，一般用来招待贵宾或庆祝某个特殊的事件:
He appeared at the banquet in
honor of the visiting American
President.
After the wedding banquet，there will be a large dancing party.
4． dinner 最普通常用，可指一般的
“晚饭”，也可指“国宴”:
What time do you and your secre-
tary have dinner?
The firm held its annual dinner in
Paris. feather 1． 用单数:
That'll be quite a feather in your cap. 那是一件可以引起自豪的殊荣。
Birds of a feather flock together.
物以类聚，人以群分。
You might have knocked him down with a feather. 你可以轻而易举地击败他。
cut a feather 船( 头) 破浪前进
not a feather to fly with 一文不名
not care a feather 毫不介意
rise at a feather 一碰就火
as light as a feather 轻如鸿毛
2． 用复数:
make the feathers fly 引起争吵
ruffle one's feathers 发怒
sing one's feathers
smooth one's feathers 时平息怒气
3． 无冠词:
in full feather 盛装，精神抖擞
in good feather 身强力壮，兴高采烈
in high feather 身强力壮，兴高采烈
in fine feather 身强力壮，兴高采烈
4． 加定冠词:
show the white feather 示弱
wag the feather 炫耀自己的身份 featherweight 体育比赛 ( 如举重、拳击等) 中，表示运动员重量等级的词汇很多:
bantamweight 最轻量级
featherweight 次轻量级，羽量级
lightweight 轻量级
heavyweight 重量级 feature 1． 单数时指“特征、特点”，仅指整个面貌或事物中的一个:
Her big eyes are her most striking feature. 大眼睛是她容貌最显著的特点。
Mary's mouth is her best feature.
玛丽的嘴巴是她最诱人的地方。
Shooting was a feature in the movie. 枪战是这部电影的一个特色。
2． 复数则常指“整体”:
a woman of striking features
3． feature 表示报纸杂志等 “有关……的特写”时，后面常用介词
on:
a special feature on education
He did a feature on virtual class-
room。
4． “( 电影的) 正片、故事片”可译成:
the main feature
a feature film
a feature-length movie February 1． February 与其他月份名词一样要大写，泛指“二月”或“某年的二月”时，前面用介词 in，具体说“二月几日”时，前面用 on:
in February
in February 2003
on February 28th
2． 参见 April。 federal 1． 在美国，federal 常指“美国政府以及与联邦政府有关的法律、税务、机构”等，以区别于各州政府:
Americans pay both federal taxes and state taxes.
2． 在英国，federal 有时可指“欧盟的所有的国家”:
He does not believe in a federal
Europe with centralizing powers.
3． 英国人从来不会用 federal 指英国政府或英格兰、苏格兰、威尔士、北爱尔兰政府。
fed up
1． 常用在 be / get / become fed up
with 句型中:
I am fed up with you.
He had become fed up with rural life.
2． 下面两组句子的意思相同:
She's got fed up with waiting for him to phone.
She's got fed up waiting for him to phone.
She's fed up with city life.
She's fed up about city life.
3． 有些人说 be fed up of，但这种用法很不普通。 fee 1． “( 医生、律师等的 ) 专业服务费、私立学校的学费”常用复数 fees，
后面的动词多用复数形式:
Tuition fees at Harvard have now reached 12，000 a year.
2． 表示“( 俱乐部、考试等) 费 ( 用)”
时，常用单数:
a small entrance fee
an annual membership fee
a license fee
a postage fee
an admission fee feed 1． 下面几个句子都正确:
He fed the dogs on raw meat.
He fed raw meat to the dogs.
He fed the dogs with raw meat.
He fed the dogs raw meat.
The dogs feed on raw meat.
The dogs are fed on raw meat.
The dogs are fed with raw meat.
2． 除“喂( 养)”人、动物之外，feed 还可以表示“喂”很多其他东西:
feed the fire with logs
The streams feed the lake.
feed the plant with fertilizer
feed data into a computer
feed the documents into the
shredder
feed the public with news about
the scandal
feed the parking meter with small
change
feed paper to a printing press
gas fed through pipeline
use natural resources to feed the
factories
feed coins into the meter
feed a current through the coil
fee them spy information
Rumors may be feeding the un-
easiness. feedback 1． 作不可数名词，下面的例子中，
feedback 前没有冠词:
provide feedback to students
give feedback to residents
get feedback from voters
ask for feedback on my work
need feedback from the consumer
receive feedback from abroad
reduce the amount of feedback
2． 后面用单数动词:
Feedback from the consumer has
been negative / positive / encour-
aging. feel 作动词时，常用于下列句型:
I felt happy.
I felt happiness.
I felt a cold wind on my face.
I felt a complete fool.
I felt like a stranger.
I felt like going out tonight.
I felt as if / though I was dying.
I felt at ease with the dean.
I felt the need to cry.
I felt it an appropriate gesture in the circumstances.
I felt her hot breath on my face.
I felt a needle sticking into me.
I felt a sudden pain in my chest.
I felt something touch my back.
Please feel free to contact me. feeling 1． 指“情感”时，常用复数:
find it difficult to express her feel-
ings
strong feelings of jealousy
be unsure of his real feelings
put her feelings into words
hide her feelings
hurting my feelings
My feelings remain unchanged.
2． 指“一种感觉”时，常用单数:
I have a feeling I'm being fol-
lowed.
3． 后面常跟介词 for，about，in，of，
on，against，toward 等:
with a feeling for peace speak with feeling about the plight of the poor lost feeling in my left leg have a feeling of danger overestimate the strength of students' feeling on this issue.
stir up feeling against the govern-
ment
have a good feeling toward her fellow 常用来指“有同等地位、处于同样处境的人”，如大学中有相同的背景、学历、资历、职称的学人等:
a post-doctoral fellow
a fellow of Beloit College
a fellow at Harvard-Yenching Insti-
tute
fellow countrymen
my fellow-travellers on the train
a fellow student
fellow citizens
fellow inmates
fellow guests
fellow conservatives
fellow townspeople
fellow Christians
fellow workers
fellow pupils
fellow Chinese
fellow soldiers
fellow guests fellowship 1． 指“( 某个方面的) 奖学金”时，后面用介词 in:
a fellowship in law
2． 指“( 某个学校的) 奖学金”时，后面用介词 at:
She was offered a fellowship at
Beloit College. female 1． 可修饰各类生物:
a female singer
a female water buffalo
This rose is female.
a female child
a female salmon
2． 指“女人”时，可能有贬义，除在填写表格、宣读名单时为了区别性别用 female 以外，平时应慎用，用它会显得有些粗鲁无礼。
3． “男扮女装者”可表示为:
a female impersonator
4． 一些无生命的东西也可用 female
来表示:
a female plug 内孔电插头
female， feminine， womanly，
womanlike，womanish，ladylike
这组词都可表示“女( 性) 的”。
1． female 可形容人，也可形容动植物等:
female teachers
a female cat
a female fig-tree
2． feminine 表明只形容人:
a feminine voice
feminine hands
a feminine appearance
feminine beauty
3． womanly 主要形容女性的品质，如温柔、腼腆、有同情心、贤妻良母等，一般是褒义词:
womanly virtues
a womanly concern
womanly gentleness
4． womanlike 主要用来形容女性性格等方面的缺点、怪癖、弱点等:
womanlike foibles
womanlike revenge
5． womanish 是贬义词，可形容女人，也可形容男人，如脆弱、易动感情等:
womanish tears
womanish grief
his womanish habit
6． ladylike 主要是褒义词，但有些过时，形容“像贵妇人那样雍容华贵，有大家闺秀风度”:
She taught her daughter to be-
have in ladylike fashion.
fence，hedge，
两词都有“篱笆”的含义。
1． fence 指“( 用木头、板条、铁丝网、铁栅栏、柱子等筑起来的) 篱笆、围栏、栅栏”等:
a picket fence
barbed-wire fences
2． hedge 指 “( 用灌木或矮树围起的) 树篱”:
a privet hedge
a high hawthorn hedge ferry 作动词常用于以下句型:
ferry them across the river
ferry them over the river
ferry goods to and from the island
ferry the workers the 50 miles
from the island
ferry in more workers to help in
the project
ferry the guest lecturer about from
meeting to meeting fertile 除可用来表示生物“多产的”以外，还可以形容其他东西:
fertile mind
fertile situation
fertile ground for experimentation
/ violence / army recruitment /
news magazines
fertile imagination
fertile partnership
fertile trade
fertile association
fertile paper
fertile area for research
fertile brain
fertile warmth
fertile source of discontent festival 1． 表示“节日”时，用途很广，除传统的 Spring Festival，New Year's
Festival 外，还有各式各样的 festi-
val:
movie festival
film festival
music festival
dance festival
theater festival
flower festival
bear festival
religious festival
jazz festival
pop festival
strawberry festival
pear festival
apple festival
peach festival
annual Shakespeare festival
2． 可作构词成分，-fest 表示跟 festi-
val 有关的“某种特别的集会、活动”等:
Riverfest
a talkfest
songfest
filmfest
Rock-fest
Jazz-fest
B-Fest is a 24-hour marathon of b-movies. fetch 1． 意思是 go and get from another
place and bring back，因此，go
and fetch a coat for me 中的 go 是多余的; 但实际上还是有人这样用。
2． 表示“取来”时，常用于下列句型:
I went to fetch my coat. ( fetch
sth)
I asked her to fetch me my coat.
( fetch sb sth)
Please fetch a coat for me. ( fetch
sth for sb)
Please fetch a coat from my apartment. ( fetch sth from sth)
Please fetch my daughter from the kindergarten. ( fetch sb from sth)
Nobody can come and fetch me off the island until the storm clears. ( fetch sb off sth)
3． 表示“要得 …… ( 价格)”时，常有下列表达法:
The coat should fetch a high price.
The coat should fetch at least
$ 1，000 at auction.
The coat won't fetch much.
The coat won't fetch you much.
The coat is expected to fetch up
to $ 1，000．
The coat is expected to fetch be-
tween 800 and 1，000 dollars. fetter 1． 复数 fetters 作“镣铐、束缚”解时，后面跟复数动词:
Fetters were chains for a prisoner's feet.
2． 可指各种 “束缚”:
fetters of social convention
the Ten Fetters of Buddhism
fetters of winter
the fetters of copyrights
fetters of darkness
fetters of desires and attachments
to worldly things
fetters of traditional ethical codes
fetters of morals
fetters of planned economy
fetters of the oppressed
fetters of sensual passion
fetters of society
fetters of wickedness
fetters of habits
fetters of marriage
fetters of love feud 后面常跟介词 over， among， be-
tween，with 等:
a bitter feud over territory
a feud among sisters
a long and bitter feud between
two friends
a feud with his ex-wife fever 1． 可以说 have a fever of excite-
ment 或 in a fever of excitement，
但下面例子中的 fever 前没有冠词:
Symptoms of the disease include fever and weight loss.
What do you use to reduce fever
in patients?
She died of fever in Africa.
2． 表示 “患 ( 各种) fever 病”，fever
前常不用冠词:
hay fever
rheumatic fever
scarlet fever
yellow fever
typhoid fever
She is suffering from hay fever. few 1． 指“很少、几乎没有”:
Few people came to the meeting.
( 强调“几乎没有人来开会”)
She has few friends. 她几乎没有朋友。( 她没有几个朋友。)
2． a few 是“一些”，说明“有几个，但不多”:
I've got a few questions for you.
( 强调“提几个问题，但问题不多”)
She has a few friends. 她有几个朋友。( 她有一些朋友。)
3． the few 是“少数几个”，强调“与众不同”等:
She is among the privileged few.
她属于少数几个享有特权的人。
4． few 和 little 的区别是，few 修饰可数名词，little 修饰不可数名词:
There are ( a) few animals in the barn. || There is ( a ) little food on the table.
5． 注意 few 的一些短语:
give me a few more 再多给我一些 || the first few pages 开始几页 || the last few chapters 最后几章 || the past few weeks 过去几周 || the next few months 未来几周 || every few days 每隔几天 || precious few 很少一部分 || as few as 10 people 少至10 人 || no fewer than 10 people 多达 10 人 || a good few 不少，相当多 || quite a few 不少，相当多 || not a few 不少，相当多 || some few 不少，相当多 || few and far between 稀少 || few or no 几乎没有 || no fewer than 不下于，多达 || only a few 仅仅少数，一点点 || to name only a few 仅举几例 || have had a few too many ( 酒) 喝得太多 fiber 作“纤维”解时，有单复数和不可数形式:
a natural fiber || foods high in fiber || man-made fibers fiction 1． 泛指“小说”时，与 poetry 一样，是抽象名词，前面一般不加冠词:
He wrote poetry as well as fiction. || He is a writer of popular fiction.
2． 也可以用来指具体的 “一本小说”:
He's supposed to publish his next two fictions.
3． 指“虚构之事、人”时，为可数名词:
It's a sentimental fiction. ( 事) || The historical Jesus is a fiction. ( 人) fiction fiction，novel，non-fiction
3 词都可译成“小说”。
1． fiction 涵盖的面比 novel 宽，它可以指 short story，novella，novel，一般都是虚构的:
What this may mean is that poetry is not literally，but figuratively，lying; that a fiction is a trope of a lie.
2． novel 的含义比 fiction 具体，主要指“长篇小说”:
A novel is simply a big story. || A novel is supposed to be a portrait of life.
3． non-fiction 顾名思义，是指“非虚构小说”，写的是真人真事。 fiddle 作动词用时，后面常跟 with，around，
away，about 等:
fiddle with her handkerchief
fiddle around with his car
fiddle away her time
fiddle about with a torch
fiddle about doing nothing field 1． 注意下面短语的译法:
take the field 上场，开始作战
on the field 在赛场上
off the field 在赛场外
in the field 实地
keep the field 坚守阵地
be in the field 参赛
conquer the field 获胜
in one's own field 在自己的领域内
leave sb the field 输给某人
leave sb a clear field 给某人行动自由
leave the field open 不加干涉
lose the filed 败退
win the field 获胜
2． field work，field trip，field job 等用在学校的环境中常指“实习活动、野外考察、实地考察”，与“田地”无关; 主要是美国用语:
The students went on a geology field trip. 学生们进行了地质考察。 fight 1． 后面可跟介词 against， with，
over，for 等，但有时用不同的介词，句子的意思却相同:
The dogs are fighting for a bone.
The dogs are fighting over a bone.
2． 可作及物或不及物动词，含义有时不变，下面的句子都可以说:
These men fought the Japanese
in World War Ⅱ．
These men fought with the Japa-
nese in World War Ⅱ．
These men fought against the
Japanese in World War Ⅱ．
There men fought with the Chi-
nese against the Japanese in
World War Ⅱ． figure 1． 现代社会注重健康，因而出现不少跟“体形”有关的短语，它们较多指女性的“体形、身段”等:
keep your figure 保持你的体形
watch your figure 注意你的体形
What a fine figure! 多优美的身段!
have a fabulous figure 有极好的身材
achieve the perfect figure without
dieting 不节食也保持完美的身材
take pride in her figure 为她的身材而自豪
a natural blonde with a good fig-
ure 身材优美的金发美女
her very good and full figure 她优美丰满的体形
2． figure out 可作“琢磨、捉摸、盘算、想象”解，在口语中用得很多:
I can't figure her out — she is a
mystery! ( figure sb out)
Can you figure it out? ( figure sth
out) file 1． 作名词表示 “…… 方面的档案、文件”等，后面常用介词 on:
The police file on this case has been closed.
Here's the file on Iraq.
2． 注意一些动词短语的译法:
Pupils are filing into the class-
room. 学生们鱼贯进入教室。
A group of kids filed out of the house. 一群孩子从屋里鱼贯而出。
The sportsmen filed past the podi-
um. 运动员列队从主席台前经过。
file the letter away 把这封信存档
file against him 对他进行起诉
file for a divorce 申请离婚
file the letters under “top secret”
将信归入“绝密”档 fill 1． “填写( 表格)”等用 fill in，fill out
都可以; 也有人用 fill up，但不常见:
Please fill in / fill out / fill up the application form.
2． “加油站”英国人说 filling station
或 petrol station，美国人说 gas
station。 film 1． 作“胶卷”解时，常作不可数名词:
I ran out of film.
The whole accident was recorded on film.
2． 英国人常说 film，美国人常说 movie:
During the afternoon we saw a film in London. ( 英国用法)
Just a month or two earlier，I saw a movie in Boston. ( 美国用法)
3． “拍电影”可以说 shoot a film，
make a film 等:
We shot a film in Australia — Mis-
sion Impossible 2．
4． I don't film well 不是“我拍不好电影”，而是“我不上镜头”。
5． 泛指“电影、电影业、电影艺术”用
film，films 都可以:
Film is a business.
I'd love to work in film.
He wants to invest in films.
She will stay in films. filthy ，dirty
两词都可以译成“脏的”。
1． dirty 比较普通常用，可形容各种
“脏”的东西:
dirty clothes
dirty hands
dirty jokes
dirty stories
2． filthy 的英语解释是 extremely dirt-
y，其语气比 dirty 强得多:
a really filthy oven
a beggar dressed in filthy rags
3． filthy 在现代英语口语中常表示
very，extremely 等意思:
filthy rich( very)
filthy dirty( extremely)
4． filthy 形容“糟糕的天气”，如大风、大雨、大雪等，主要是英国用法:
It was a filthy wet night and total
lack of signposting to the theatre，
causing me 20 minutes of criss-
crossing Durham and nearly miss-
ing the start. final 1． 体育上常用 quarter-final，semi-fi-
nal，final 来分别表示“四分之一决赛、半决赛、决赛”。
2． 可表示学校中的“期末考试”。
3． “参加期末考试”用动词 take，sit，
have 都可以，下面 3 个句子意思相同:
She took her finals in the sum-
mer.
She had her finals in the summer.
She sat her finals in the summer. finance 1． 泛指“金融、财源”等时，finance 多用作不可数名词:
an expert in finance
a speech on national finance
2． 具体指 “( 支付某个大项目的 ) 经费”时，finance 常用复数形式:
I am not sure where the finances will come from for this project.
3． “财政年度”英国人称 financial
year，美国人说 fiscal year。 find 1． 下列句子都可以:
Please find me my socks.
Please find my socks for me.
He found time to talk to me.
He found the time to talk to me.
I found him good company.
I found him to be good company.
2． 表示“找工作”可以有以下几种表达法，注意冠词的用法:
I have found work. ( work 前无冠词)
I have found employment. ( em-
ployment 前无冠词)
I have found a job. ( job 前有冠词) fine 1． a fine-looking man 的语气比 a
good-looking man 强，因为 fine 的意思是 very good。
2． fine art 与 fine arts 都有“美术”的含义。
1) fine art 抽象指“艺术品”，是集合名词:
a lover of fine art
He deals in fine art.
2) fine arts 常作“审美艺术”解，说
“审美艺术学科”多用 fine arts，前面常加定冠词:
a student of the fine arts
3) fine arts 前不加冠词也可以:
Yale's faculty of fine arts
3． fine 作副词在现代英语中很常用:
We'll be cutting it very fine.
It suits me fine.
It works fine.
I liked her novels fine.
The skirt fits fine.
He could walk fine in real life. finger 1． 有关“手指”的名称以及与之相关表述如下:
thumb 拇指
forefinger 食指
middle finger 中指
ring finger 无名指
little finger 小指
fingerprint 指纹印
fingermark 指痕
fingertip 指尖
2． 注意一些短语的译法:
be all fingers and thumbs 笨手笨脚
have one's fingers in the till 在工作的地方偷钱
raise a finger 尽举手之劳
pull one's finger out 开始好好干
a finger on the wall 凶兆
burn one's fingers，get one's fin-
gers burned( 管闲事) 吃亏
count on the fingers 屈指可数
cross one's fingers， keep one's
fingers crossed 祈祷
dig one's fingers in 染指
give sb the finger 侮辱某人
have a finger in every pie 多管闲事
have at one's finger's ends 精通
in sb's finger 在某人掌握之中
lay a finger on sb 触犯
let sth slip through one's fingers
放过，漏掉
look through one's fingers at 假装没有看见
not lift a finger to help 一点不肯帮忙
put one's finger in 染指
rap sb's finger 申斥某人
snap one's finger 打榧子 ( 表示轻视)
turn sb round one's little finger 把某人玩弄于股掌之上
work one's fingers to the bone 不住手地工作
as easy as kiss your fingers 易如反掌
put the finger on 指认 ( 罪犯等)
wag a finger at 责怪 finish 1． 下面每组句子的意思相同:
I must finish this dress by noon.
I must finish off this dress by noon.
I have finished with it.
I am finished with it.
2． 表示“吃完、用完、喝光”等用 fin-
ish，finish off，finish up 都可以:
They finished / finished off / fin-
ished up a bottle of beer.
3． 表示“终点( 线)”时，美国人说 fin-
ish line，英国人说 finishing line。
4． 表示“战斗到底”时，用 fight to a
finish 或 fight to the finish 都可以:
On both sides of the Rhine，and
of the Iron Curtain，too，all men
knew that this time history re-
quired that the fight be fought to a finish.
The Honda powered teams fought to the finish for the last remaining points. fire 1． 注意表示“火”时与动词的搭配:
light the kitchen fire
set fire to the house
set the tent on fire
The pile of papers caught fire by itself.
have a real coal fire in winter
make a fire to boil up some water
A fire broke out in
play with fire
The barn was damaged by fire.
The school was destroyed by fire.
Lightning may have started fire.
fight a fire
tackle a fire
put out a fire
build a fire
Our ancestors discovered fire.
The fire spread to the warehouse.
Keep away from fire
sit round the fire
warm oneself at the fire
blow the fire
a fire caused by
escape the fire
feed the fire with fuel
let the fire break out in
poke up a fire
take measures to prevent fire
produce fire by the friction of
put out the fire
quell a fire
put the fire under control
quench a fire by water
rake the fire with a stick
stir a fire
strike fire with a match
subdue the fire
The house took fire last night.
2． 具体指“( 某一次) 火 ( 灾)”时，为可以数名词:
The dry weather has increased the risk of forest fires.
3． 下面两个句子意思相同:
The wet logs just wouldn't catch on fire.
The wet logs just wouldn't catch fire.
4． light a fire 和 set fire to 都是“有意点火”，catch fire 是“意外着火”。
5． 表示“消防队”，美国人说 fire de-
partment，英国人说 fire brigade。
6． fire sale 有时指“超低价销售”，也可以指 “在战争中意外获得商品的销售”:
The $ 500 billion fire sale: in a
shattered postwar Iraq，there are
rich pickings to be had — and for
US businesses at least，it promi-
ses to be a risk-free bonanza. firework 1． 是可数名词，常用复数形式，但有时单复数都用，意思相同:
a firework
fireworks display
2． firecracker 与 firework 含义相近，但 firecracker 是 firework 的一种，因而 firework 涵盖面广，可译成“烟火”，firecracker 可译成“爆竹、鞭炮”。
3． 注意表示 “放烟火”时复数 fire-
works 与动词的搭配:
set off a few fireworks
Fireworks were displayed at night.
let off fireworks
fire off fireworks
discharge fireworks
shoot off fireworks
A few loud fireworks went off.
watch the fireworks
explode the fireworks
launch the fireworks into the sky
wait for the fireworks to start firm firm，company
两词都可译成“公司”，但 firm 强调
“做生意”，而 company 强调“合伙”。 first 1． 在一些习惯用法中，first 前面有时不加冠词，有时要加冠词:
at first
put reputation first
at first glance
at first sight
He always comes first.
first and foremost
first come，first served
first of all
first off
first thing in the morning
first things first
win first prize
win first place in the competition
shift down to first gear
put sb first
put sth first
I was first in line.
put the car in first
the first time I met her
the first sb hears of sth
the first sb knows of sth
from the first
from the very first
in the first instance
make the first move
not know the first thing
not have the first idea about
the first few days of my vacation
get a first in sth
It was a first for her.
2． first 和 firstly 用于表示依次列举所述 “第一要点”时，用法和意思相同:
There are three reasons why I like
him: firstly / first he is handsome
3． first name 常指出生时，父母第一次给取的名字或父母给取的全部名字，类似的短语还有:
Christian name( s)
given name( s)
forename( s)
4． 在美国，可用来指总统家的所有人或物:
the first lady 第一夫人
the first patient 生病的总统
the first dog 总统家的狗
the first family 第一家庭
the first brother 总统的兄弟
the first daughter 总统的女儿
5． first night 在美国可指“新年前夜的公共庆祝活动”。 fish 1． 过去说“鱼”的数量时一般用 fish
的不可数形式，说“各种鱼”才用 fi-
shes; 但在现代英语中，讲“鱼”的数量多少时，fish 作可数和不可数名词的形式都有，下面的句子都可以说:
I caught several fish.
I caught a fish.
I caught four fishes.
2． 表示“鱼肉”，一般用不可数的形式:
I love fish.
I had fish for dinner.
White wine goes best with fish.
3． 用 fish 来表示人时，常可数:
He is a queer fish.
He is an odd fish.
I feel like a fish out of water.
He seems a cold fish.
He drinks like a fish. fit 1． 注意动词搭配:
The radio is small enough to fit in your bag.
The chart can fit onto the page.
fit into the car
fit like a glove
do not fit with idea
fit in with the facts
fit up a room for the visiting pro-
fessor
fit myself for a long journey
fit the hat to my head
fit under the table
fit at the waist
fit inside the hall
fit over the lens of digital cameras
fit them together
fit it into place
fit them to the wall
fit him for the top job
fit reasonably well
I can't fit this piece in.
2． fitness center 是“健美中心”，fit-
ness exercises， fitness activities
等常用来指“健美锻炼、健康运动”:
These women often engage in fit-
ness exercises. fix 1． 用途很广，可用在各个方面:
fix the radio
fix my car
fix their marriage
fix her a drink
fix dinner
fix the fees for a trip
fix a meeting
fix a date
I'll fix him!
fix a post in the ground
fix a time
fix the electricity
fix his brand of realism
fix him a plate of scraps from the
table
fix his liver condition
fix me up with a bed for the night
fix his attention on what the teach-
er is doing
2． 下面两个句子意思相同:
I'll fix a time for the meeting.
Diana will fix up a time for the meeting. flag 1． 有各种不同形式的 flag:
banner( 横幅)
pennant( 三角旗)
bunting ( 彩旗)
flying colours ( 迎风飘扬的军旗)
2． the flag 可以指“国家”:
He is loyal to the flag. 他忠于国家。 flame 有单复数形式。
1． 下面的短语中多用复数:
burst into flames
go up in flames
erupt in flames
douse the flames
smother the flames
extinguish the flames
The whole city was in flames.
2． 指“强烈的情感”时，常用单数:
hold a naked flame
a flame of passion
a flame of anger
a flame of desire
a flame of hope
3． 泛指“火焰”时，可作不可数名词:
a huge ball of flame flash 1． 后面常跟 across，by，on，past，
through， before， around， with，
into，from，in，upon 等:
A sudden idea flashed across his mind.
Cars flashed by every few mi-
nutes.
flash back the sunlight
flashed on the screen
flash up on the scoreboard
flash through the brain
flash before my mind
flash around the world
flash with rage
flash into my mind
He flashed his pride from his filmy eyes.
The day flashed in 10 hours.
flash upon his sight
2． 有复数形式:
She has great flashes of ideas.
watching the latest news flashes
felt flashes of hatred
have flashes of happy expression flask 这组词都有“容器”的含义。
1． pot 可指各种“圆形的烹调容器”，
金属的、玻璃的、陶瓷的，都可以:
a teapot
a coffeepot
a flowerpot
a pot of paint
a pot of jam
a cooking pot
2． 注意: 英国人说 a pot of paint，美国人说 a can of paint。
3． jar 一般指石头、玻璃或陶瓷的“短颈广口的瓶、罐、坛”等:
a big jar of pickles
pickles in great glass jars
a stone jar of water
4． jug 常指“带柄、有盖的水壶或狭嘴带柄的大罐”，常常也是玻璃或陶瓷的:
a jug of apple cider
a jug of water
注意: 英国人说的 jug 美国人有时称 pitcher。
5． urn 常指金属的“大号水壶、骨灰罐”:
an urn of hot tea
put her remains in the urn
6． 美国人说的 pitcher 常是英国人的
jug。
7． flask 常指“实验室的窄颈烧瓶”或
“扁形的酒( 或水) 瓶”:
the flasks in the lab
a flask of whisky
a flask of coffee
8． can 一般指金属、密封的“罐头”，
有时指很大的“桶”:
a can of meat
a can of beer
a petrol can flat 参见 apartment。 flavor flavor，taste
两词都可译成“味道”。
1． taste 普通常用，一般不包含“某种特别味道”的含义，要表示这种含义，常常要借助于其他词:
This dish has no taste.
Sugar has a sweet taste.
2． flavor 常表示 the quality of tasting
good or pleasantly strong，甚至有
smell，可译成“滋味”:
the flavor of fine fresh green tea
3． 有 3 种形式:
The drink has a strong flavor. ( 单数)
available in five new flavors ( 复数)
have plenty of flavor( 不可数) flaw flaw，mistake
两词都有“缺点”的含义。
1． flaw 主要指“由于这种缺点使某人或某物变得不那样完美”等，强调
“有缺点，但还是有用的”:
There is a tiny flaw in the dia-
mond. ( 钻石有瑕疵，但还是宝贵的)
2． mistake 比较普通，意义不确切，可指各种“缺点”:
a spelling mistake
a political mistake fleet 1． 后面跟单复数动词均可:
The fleet is / are under orders to set sail.
2． 可指各种“船队、车群”:
a fleet of fishing boats
a fleet of taxis
a fleet of buses
a fleet of vans
a fleet of coaches
a fleet of vehicles
a fleet of ambulances
a fleet of cabs
a fleet of trucks
3． Fleet Street 是英国伦敦报馆集中的“舰队街”:
She is an editor in Fleet Street. flesh flesh，meat
两词都可译成“肉”。
1． flesh 可以指人、动物或植物的
“肉”:
the soft flesh of her cheek ( 人)
the rabbit's flesh ( 动物)
the sweet flesh of a mango( 植物)
2． meat 一般指 “( 动物，尤其是哺乳类动物的) 肉”:
the meat from a pig
3． 表示“( 食用) 肉”，多用 meat:
cooked meat ( 不说 cooked flesh)
I prefer fresh meat and fruit.
4． horse meat 和 dog meat 的意思不同，horse meat 是“马肉 ( meat
from horses)”，dog meat 是“给狗吃的肉( meat for dogs)”。 flexibility 一般后面跟介词 of，in 等:
the flexibility of distance learning
great flexibility in the use of funds flight 1． 下面例子中的 flight 前没有冠词:
The bird has a unique shape in flight.
The wild animals took flight sud-
denly.
Nothing but flight can save him.
The police put the thief to flight.
2． 下面两个句子意思相同:
The herd of deer took flight.
The herd of deer took to flight. float 1． 注意与介词的搭配:
float in the air
float on the river
float across the sky
float through her mind
float down a stream
float over the field
float into the bay
float by the grassy river banks
float around him
float upon the ice
2． “流动人口”可以译成 a floating
population:
Nevertheless，booming coastal cit-
ies have attracted a “floating popu-
lation”of 80 to 130 million. flock 表示“群”时，指人和动物都可以:
a flock of sheep
a flock of geese
a flock of birds
a flock of tourists
a flock of writers
a flock of advisers
a flock of seagulls
a flock of fairies
a flock of poultry
a flock of sheep
a flock of penguins well-dressed
ladies
a flock of dancers flood 1． 泛指“洪水”时，常为不可数名词:
This is the type of flood dreaded by the people here.
2． floods 是 “( 多次 ) 洪水”，说“洪水”用复数居多:
The village has been badly hit by floods. floor 1． “( 楼房的) 底层”在英国叫 ground
floor，在美国叫 first floor。因而，英国人的 first floor 是美国人的 sec-
ond floor。
2． 表示“楼房有几层”，可以用 floor，
storey / story，level 等:
The building has six floors / sto-
reys / levels.
3． 但是，表示“住在几楼”，常用
floor:
He lives on the third floor.
4． 下面的短语都与“发言”有关，不能将 floor 译成“楼面”:
address the floor 发言
take the floor 发言
have the floor 发言
take questions from the floor 回答听众提出的问题 flow 1． 表示“随大流”，可译成 go with the
flow。
2． 可指各种“流动”:
the flow of easy words
the flow of ideas
the flow of energy
the flow of trade
the flow of supplies
the flow of spirit
the flow of blood
the flow of oil
the flow of thought
the flow of traffic
the flow of opinion
the flow of refugees
the flow of conversation
the flow of information flu 1． “禽流感”可译成 bird flu 或 avian
flu，前面不用冠词:
A young girl is the 12th victim of bird flu in Vietman this month.
Avian flu rarely jumps from birds to humans — but when it does it can be deadly.
2． 下面的句子都可以:
I got flu.
I got the flu.
He came down with flu.
He came down with the flu. fluid fluid，liquid
两词都可以指“液体”。
1． fluid 可指“液态的水、气体、体液”等各种“流体”，甚至“电流”:
some fluid from her injured knee
cleaning fluid
drink a lot of fluids
an electric fluid
2． liquid 使用范围较窄，主要指“水”或“水状物”，如牛奶、血、酒等:
liquids such as water， milk and
wines
a glass of liquid
a lot of fluid
a lot of fluids flunk 1． 主要用在美国口语中，可作动词或名词，常有下列用法:
He flunked.
He flunked math.
He flunked a math exam.
He flunked math three times in a row.
His professor flunked him.
His professor flunked him in math.
His professor flunked him in the math exam.
His professor flunked him as a Ph D
student.
He had a flunk in the math exam.
2． flunk 不只局限于指“通不过考试”，它还可指其他方面的“通不过”:
flunked the inspection
flunked her as a Dean fly 1． 表示“学习驾驶飞机”，下面两个句子都可以，意思相同:
She is learning to fly.
She is learning to fly a plane.
2． 表示“飞越 ……”，用 fly ，fly
across 或 fly over ，都可以，下面的句子都对:
Denial flew the English Channel.
He flew across the English Chan-
nel.
He flew over the English Channel.
3． 表示“搭乘某航空公司的飞机”，
可直接说 fly ( a particular airline) :
He often flies United Airlines. 他经常搭乘美国联合航空公司的飞机。 focus 1． 作动词时，后面常跟介词 on 或
upon:
focus on / upon assessment
focus on / upon development
focus on / upon the economy
focus on / upon the main topic
focus on / upon danger of the
project
focus ones attention on / upon sb
/ sth
focus ones mind on / upon sb /
sth
focus ones efforts on / upon sb /
sth
focus ones energy on / upon sb /
sth
focus ones message on / upon sb
/ sth
focus ones eyes on / upon sb /
sth
focus ones camera on / upon sb /
sth
focus ones telescope on / upon
sb / sth
focus ones binoculars on / upon
sb / sth
2． 常用作单数或不可数名词:
take on a meaningful focus
It needs special focus.
put a focus on practical skills
call for greater focus on academic
achievement
throw the issue into focus
It came into focus in the viewfinder.
It is out of focus.
3． 作名词时，可修饰其他名词:
focus listening
focus group
focus puller fog 1． fog 和 mist 都叫“雾”，但 fog 比
mist“浓”; 所以，fog 是“雾”，mist
是“薄雾”。
2． 作名词有 3 种形式:
A fog came over the mountains from the sea. ( 单数)
These ocean fogs can last for several days. ( 复数)
He hates driving in fog. ( 不可数) folk 1． 单数 folk 表示 people，英美人都用:
They are just simple country folk.
2． 复数 folks 表示 people，a group
of people，美国人用的较多，尤其在口语中:
What do you folks think?
It's a question of time，folks!
3． 后面常跟复数名词:
Country folk are usually friendly.
4． 下面两对例子都可以，意思相似:
some folk
some folks
a lot of older folks
many of the older folk
5． 复数 folks 可以指“父母”，也可以指“家人、亲戚”，到底指什么，要根据上下文来确定:
My folks won't let me stay out late at night. ( 指“父母”)
My wife's folks came for a visit last week. ( 指“亲戚”)
fold
folding chair 与 folded chair 都可以说，但意思不一样:
folding chair 折叠椅
folded chair 折叠好的椅子 follow 1． 下面每组句子的意思相同:
One misfortune followed another.
One misfortune followed upon an-
other.
You go first and I'll follow later.
You go first and I'll follow on later.
Disease often follows starvation.
Disease often follows on from
starvation
2． 表示“听懂、领悟”时，下面两种说法都对:
I couldn't follow her.
I couldn't follow what she said.
3． as follows 表示“如下”时，follows
中的 s 是不能少的:
The election results are as fol-
lows.
4． follow-up 作“后续行动 ( 或访问、报道)”解时，有可数和不可数名词形式:
Elizabeth was going to write a fol-
low-up.
Regular follow-up is needed. following subsequent，following
两词都可表示“随后的”，subsequent
比 following 正式，following 比较口语化; 两词的含义相近，有时可以换用:
in the subsequent / following e-
vents
in the subsequent / following vis-
its to Boston fond 1． 常与下列名词搭配:
fond delusion
fond memories
fond look
fond farewell
fond embrace
fond father
fond hopes of success
fond wish
fond dream
fond parents
fond belief
fond eyes
fond ambition
2． 后面常跟介词 of:
He is fond of collecting stamps.
3． fondness 前面可以加冠词，后面常跟 for:
Johnson has a fondness for mu-
sic. food 1． 泛指“食物”时，常作不可数名词，特指某一种“食品”时，可数名词:
The prices of food have risen in recent weeks.
Old people cannot digest certain foods.
2． 注意各种食品的说法:
frozen food
canned food
cat food
dog food
baby food
Italian food
Chinese food
breakfast food
pet food
cold food
sea food
common food
convenience food
fast food
health food
junk food
wholesome food
spiritual food
appetizing food
aquatic food
coarse food
fresh food
green food
light food
liquid food
rich food
soft food
rotten food
staple food
animal food
leftover food
3． 表示“健康食品”常用 health food
( s) 。
4． food bank 是美国用语，指 “( 从商店、个人处收集食品后，再免费分发给穷人的) 食品库”。 fool 1． 可作形容词，主要用在美国口语中:
What a damn fool thing to do!
What's that fool girl done now?
2． fool around 可表示“搞不正当性关系”，主要是美国用法:
He was fooling around with his neighbor's wife. foot 1． 表示“徒步”用 on foot，不说 on
feet，by foot，by feet 等。
2． 有时 feet 和 foot 可通用:
He's five feet / foot tall.
3． 可指“下端”，不是真正的“脚”，而且一般用单数 foot，不用 feet，尽管床和桌子等不止一只脚:
the foot of the bed 床脚处( 床的下端)
the foot of the table 桌子的下首座位
the foot of a page 一页的下端
the foot of a lamp 灯的底座
Did you ever sleep at the foot of a
bed?
Then you will be embarrassed and will have to take whatever seat is left at the foot of the table. football 在英国指“足球”，在美国指“橄榄球”，英国称“橄榄球”为 American
football，美国人称之为 soccer。
for，because，as，since
这组词都可以引导从句，表示因果关系，但有区别。
1． 表示直接因果关系，由强到弱可换用，但语气的顺序是 because，
since，as，for:
He ran away because / since / as
/ for he was shocked by her sud-
den death.
2． 表示必然推论，可换用:
He must have passed the exam，
because / since / as / for he is very cheerful.
3． 回答 why 问题时，要用 because:
—Why do you laugh?
— Because it's funny.
4． 在强调句中，because 可以用来引导状语从句，其他 3 词不能这样用:
It was because he was so courte-
ous that he couldn't have a psy-
chic struggle with a photographer.
5． for 是并列连词，常用于句子中间:
Praise God，for he is good.
6． as 引导的从句常置于句首:
As the weather gets warmer and the days longer，the ideal time for tree planting is approaching fast.
7． as 引导的从句置于主句后面时，其表达的内容应该是对方知道的:
I can't attend the meeting， as I
am sick. ( 对方应该知道 “我生病”)
8． since 可以用在省略句中，其他 3
词一般不这样用:
Since ( it was) impossible ( to see my former mail) I tied it in a new software folder. ( 不说 because
impossible，for impossible，as im-
possible)
9． since 引导的从句放在主句前或后都可以。 forbid 1． 常用于下列句型:
forbid him to smoke
forbid him from smoking
forbid him smoking
He was forbidden to smoke.
He was forbidden from smoking.
2． “紫禁城”可译成 the Forbidden
City。
3． the forbidden 常修饰以下名词:
the forbidden fruit
the forbidden transitions
the forbidden projects
the forbidden region
the forbidden area
the forbidden subject
the forbidden desires
the forbidden words
the forbidden place
the forbidden ground
the forbidden territory
the forbidden degrees
the forbidden line
the forbidden knowledge
the forbidden medicine
the forbidden technologies
the forbidden planet
the forbidden thoughts
the forbidden corner
the forbidden love
the forbidden books
the forbidden video
the forbidden movie
the forbidden code
the forbidden email
the forbidden marriage
the forbidden pleasure
the forbidden subject
the forbidden theme
the forbidden thoughts
the forbidden memories
the forbidden border zone
the forbidden truth of humanity
the forbidden information food
the forbidden sex stories force 1． 下面例子中，force 前常不用冠词:
took control of the city by force
reelected her by sheer force of
personality
The ban remains in force.
with force and individual expression.
in full professional force.
Force is wrong.
2． 下面例子中用复数:
the terrible forces of destruction
the forces of evil
the forces of nature
joining forces with some friends
the forces of darkness
the principle of market forces
3． air force 是“空军”，the forces 可以指“陆海空三军”:
The US Air Force is established
on September 16，1947．
The more senior you become in the forces，the more likely you are to end up in a desk job. forecast 1． 过去式和过去分词有两种形式，
forecast 和 forecasted。
2． 作名词时，表示各种“预报”:
weather forecast
sales forecast
the forecast of grain production
the Treasury's forecast
the government's economic fore-
casts
the newspaper's forecast
his election forecast
their profit forecast
military involvement forecasts foreign 1． 后面常跟介词 to:
The whole thing is foreign to
Anne.
That was totally foreign to his na-
ture.
2． 表示“崇洋媚外”时，用 worship
things foreign 和 worship foreign
things 都可以。
3． 注意一些国家政府的外交机构:
the Foreign Office ( 全称 the For-
eign and Commonwealth Office，
英国)
the State Department( 美国)
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs ( 中国)
Foreign Secretary( 英国外交大臣) forest 作“森林”解时，可作可数或不可数名词:
large areas of forest and lakes
a large area made up of thick for-
est ( forests) forest jungle，forest
两词都有 “森林”的含义。
1． jungle 常指 “热带的密林”，有“野兽出没、人烟稀少”等含义:
the Amazon jungle
2． forest 可以指一般的“树林”，人们可以在里面玩耍:
When we were children，we loved to hike through the forest.
3． “森林法则”要用 the law of the
jungle 或 the jungle law，一般不说
the law of the forest。 forever 有时可拼成 for ever:
It wouldn't go on forever / for ev-
er. forge 注意与名词的搭配:
forge alliances
forge trade links
forge a new career
forge his signature
forge passports
forge drugs
forge contacts
forge a business partnership
forge a good relationship
forge closer economic ties
forge shields
forge notes
forge a common foreign policy
forge a unique model of market e-
conomy
forge documents
forge a long-lasting unity in the
party
forge horseshoes
forge banknotes
forge a bayonet blade
forge a GOP legacy
forge coalition
forge a master key
forge a kind of school
forge a new path
forge a solid strategic alliance
forge a vacationers' paradise
forge united front
forge a bright future
forge a sense of class
forge a long-term settlement
forge a rewarding career
forge a PhD degree
forge a well-crated album
forge a deeper understanding
forge a cultural vision
forge an integration
forge a habitat
forge a reputation
forge a request
forge a certificate
forge a dream
forge a fingerprint
forge a tag
forge a forum
forge a legend
forge a balance
forge a posture
forge a will
forge a seal
forge a liaison
forge a bond
forge a friendship
forge a nation
forge a bridge
forge a bond
forge a connection forget 1． 后面跟动词不定式或动名词短语，含义完全不同:
I forgot to tell her about it. 我忘记告诉她这件事。
I forgot telling her about it. 我忘记已把这件事告诉过她了。
2． 过去分词有两种，forgot 和 forgot-
ten; 在美国英语中，forgotten 的使用频率高于 forgot:
We Americans have forgotten the
Olympic bombing in Atlanta. forgetful 后面常跟介词 of:
The restaurant is forgetful of the comfort of its guests. forgive 1． 常用于下列句型:
Please forgive me. ( forgive sb)
I forgave him for stealing the dic-
tionary. ( forgive sb for doing sth)
I forgave him for the theft of the dictionary. ( forgive sb for sth)
I forgave him his occasional er-
rors. ( forgive sb sth)
I was forgiven for doing things that way. ( be forgiven for doing sth)
2． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
Please forgive me for asking such a silly question.
Please forgive my asking such a silly question. form 1． 表示“状态”时，前面常不用冠词:
She was in good form.
She was in great form.
She was out of form.
She was on great form.
2． 下面短语中，form 前一般不用冠词:
A reform was slowly taking form.
True to form，he kept me waiting for more than an hour. former 1． former 与 ex- 的含义相同，都可表示“以前的”，区别是 ex-只能作前缀用，former 可单独使用:
the former governor of Florida
the ex-governor of Florida
2． former 作“前者”解时，前面常加定冠词; 它的对应词是 the latter:
He has put forward two sugges-
tions. The former is better than the latter.
fort，fortress，stronghold
3 词都有“堡垒”的含义。
1． fortress 比 fort 大。
2． stronghold 强调“坚固，难以被攻陷”，语气强于上述两词。 forth 1． forth 比 forward 正式:
“They did put forth six new differ-
ent system concepts but unfortu-
nately each one of them begins
and ends with a salary cap and
that doesn't provide any basis for
any progress，”he said from New
York.
2． and so forth，and so on 和 and
so on and so forth 的意思都是“等等”，区别是 and so on 最常用，
and so on and so forth 语气最强:
In the garden， there are birds，
the bees and so forth.
education，social welfare，taxa-
tion of the low-paid，and so on，
will be revised before the next parliament. fortnight 主要是英国用词，once a fortnight 即
every two weeks。 fortnightly biweekly，fortnightly
1． 两词都可译成“两周一次的”或
“一周两次的”。
2． biweekly 比较普通; fortnightly 比较正式，主要是英国用法:
They use a biweekly payment plan.
Erwin James will continue writing fortnightly. fortunate ，lucky
1． fortunate 常用在下列句型中:
She was very fortunate to escape from the deadly fire.
She was fortunate enough to es-
cape from the deadly fire.
She was fortunate in finding the evidence.
She was a fortunate woman to have a villa in the countryside.
It is fortunate that he had the first-
aid box with him.
It is fortunate for him that he had the first-aid box with him.
It is fortunate for him to do have a first-aid box with him.
2． 下面句子的意思相同:
I am fortunate to have a good job.
I am fortunate in having a good job.
3． fortunate 和 lucky 都可以译成“幸运的”。
1) fortunate 比较正式:
I was fortunate to have a good teacher.
She is fortunate to enjoy good health.
2) lucky 比较口语化，它比 fortunate
更强调偶然性，它所形容的“幸运”不是努力奋斗、辛勤劳动的结果; 而
fortunate 有时包含“努力追求而获得的”意思:
a lucky gambler
He is fortunate enough to get a good job. ( 靠努力才找到工作)
3) 但在实际使用中，两词的区别不大，经常可以换用:
a lucky / fortunate throw of dice
4) 在有些短语搭配中，两词不能随意换用，下面短语中只用 lucky:
a lucky charm 吉祥饰物
a lucky dip 运气袋
Lucky you! 你真幸运! fortune 1． 说“算命”常有以下表达法:
The old woman tells fortunes. ( 泛指“算命”，用复数)
The old woman offered to tell my fortune with cards. ( 特指“给某人算命”，用单数)
Mary had her fortune told yester-
day.
2． 下面例子中，fortune 前没有冠词:
a change of fortune
She is smiled on by fortune.
Take fortune when it comes.
3． 下面短语中，fortune 前常用冠词，注意它与动词的搭配:
make a fortune
amass a fortune
cost a fortune
inherit a fortune
spend a fortune
pay a fortune
is worth a small fortune
desire a fortune
leave a fortune
have a large fortune
marry a fortune
possess a fortune
build up a fortune
sell it for a fortune
step into a fortune
be born to a fortune
spend a fortune
request a fortune
build a fortune
sit on a fortune
save a fortune
win a fortune
seek a fortune
create a fortune
ring up a fortune
forge a fortune
deserve a fortune
get a fortune
rack up a fortune
loose a fortune
collect a fortune
waste a fortune
reverse a fortune
4． 复数常表示“时运”:
his changing fortunes
the fortunes of war
restore the school's fortunes
reduce the fortunes of the firm
repair her shattered fortunes
the electoral fortunes of the party
reverse its sliding fortunes
5． “财富 500 强”可译成 the Fortune
500，注意有定冠词。 forum 1． 具体指某一方面的“论坛”时，后面常跟介词 on:
a forum on drug abuse
an international forum on human
rights
2． 后面还可跟介词 for，of 等
a forum for political issues
provide a for debate and negotia-
tion
the forum of Pompeii forward forward，forwards
1． 两词的含义相同，但在美国口语中，人们常用 forward; 在英国口语中 forward 用作副词; 表示“方向、靠前、提前”等时，常用 forwards。
2． 表示 “( 搬家等以后 ) 转寄的新地址”可译成 forwarding address:
If you had an email address as a
Columbia student，your email for-
warding address will most likely be the same.
3． a forward market 主要是英国用语，相当于美国的 a futures mar-
ket。 forwards forward，forwards
1． 两词的含义相同，但在美国口语中，人们常用 forward; 在英国口语中 forward 用作副词; 表示“方向、靠前、提前”等时，常用 forwards。
2． 表示 “( 搬家等以后 ) 转寄的新地址”可译成 forwarding address:
If you had an email address as a
Columbia student，your email for-
warding address will most likely be the same.
3． a forward market 主要是英国用语，相当于美国的 a futures mar-
ket。 fossil 1． 常用作可数名词:
A fossil is the hard remains of a prehistoric animal or plant that are found inside a rock.
These are fossils of shellfish.
2． fossil fuel 可作可数和不可数名词:
Most of the energy sources used in our current technology are fossil fuels. ( 可数)
Fossil fuel is fuel such as coal or oil. ( 不可数)
foster，adoptive，adopted
3 词都可表示“收养的”。
1． foster 可有两种形式，前缀 foster-
和 foster，它们一般只用来修饰名词:
foster-parents
a foster-child
a foster-daughter
a foster child
her foster mother
foster families
a foster home
2． foster 所指的“收养”，只包含“收养一段时间，并不在法律上建立收养关系”:
Little Tom is placed with foster parents. ( 可以指“暂时寄居在养父母那里”)
Foster parents are not required to guarantee the safety of their foster children.
3． adoptive 是指经过法律程序“收养”，只能用在名词前:
her adoptive parents ( 不能说 The girl is adoptive. )
4． adopted 也是指“合法收养”，它可以用来修饰名词，也可以作表语用:
They are adopted children.
The dilemma involved a child who had just learned by accident that it was adopted.
5． adopter 是“收养人”，adoptee 是
“被收养人”。 foul 注意一些组合词:
foul-smelling 难闻的
foul-tasting 难吃的
foul-mouthed 恶语伤人的 foundation 1． 下面几个例子的意思相似:
shake the foundations of Western
civilization
rock the foundations of Western
civilizations
shake Western civilizations to its
foundations
rock Western civilizations to its
foundations
2． 下面两种说法都对:
the foundation of a block of flats
the foundations of a block of flats
3． “( 大学里的) 基础课”，英国人常用 foundation course，美国人常用
basic course:
Boys are regularly accepted for
foundation courses at Oxford
Brookes University.
The University offers basic cour-
ses for international graduate students. founder 表示“发起人、创办者”时，英国人用
founder member，美国人用 charter
member。 fountain 1． 注意以下词组:
a fountain of molten rock
a fountain of ideas
an ornamental fountain
a fountain of blood
the fountain of honor
a drinking fountain
a live fountain
a playing fountain
a soda-water fountain
the fountain of youth
a fountain of pleasure
the fountain of beauty
the fountain of truth
a fountain of scholarship
the fountain of all goodness
spectacular fountains
ornate fountains
a fountain of water
the fountain of sweets
a fountain of knowledge
a fountain of wisdom and philoso-
phy
2． 注意后面所跟的动词:
a fountain shot up
a fountain gushed from
a fountain spewed
a fountain bubbled
a fountain dances / floods / gur-
gles / sings / sparkles / spouts /
sprinkles / spurts fowl 复数形式有两种，fowl 和 fowls:
ducks and many other animals
and fowl
all the fowls of the air fragile 常修饰以下名词:
fragile exhibits
fragile ceasefire
fragile economies
fragile egos
fragile beauty
fragile health
fragile happiness
fragile china
fragile glass
fragile plant
fragile dish
fragile parcel
fragile government
fragile overall condition
fragile coalition
fragile unity
fragile chair
fragile bones
fragile vase
fragile excuse
fragile remains
fragile presidency
fragile land
fragile existence
fragile skin
fragile figure
fragile state of affairs
fragile desert
fragile emotion
fragile embroidery fragile frail，fragile
在表示“弱不禁风”时，两词可以相互取代，但 fragile 的语气强于 frail:
a frail / fragile little girl frail frail，fragile
在表示“弱不禁风”时，两词可以相互取代，但 fragile 的语气强于 frail:
a frail / fragile little girl frank frank，outspoken
1． 两词都有“坦率”的含义。
1) frank 较普通常用，较多用作褒义:
He's a very frank person.
2) outspoken 虽然不是贬义词，但常有“出语伤人”的含义:
She's so outspoken that she's hurt the feelings of all her friends.
2． 在口语中，表示“坦白相告”frank
较常用:
let me be frank
be frank with you
be frank
be perfectly frank
be perfectly frank with you fraternity ，sorority
两词主要指美国大学里的“兄弟会”和“女大学生联谊会”，因为它们常用希腊词作为联谊会的称号，因而也常称作 Greeks; “兄弟会”有时简称
frat; 他们的住处叫作 frat house，他们的居住区叫作 frat row:
He added that having the fraterni-
ty at Yale could help raise atten-
tion for the fraternity scene as a whole and remind people that they are about more than just throwing parties.
Delta Sigma Theta Sorority was
founded on January 13，1913 by
twenty-two women at Howard Uni-
versity.
The building，which can house 24
people，sits in the middle of Frat
Row so it may take some adjus-
ting for other Greeks in the area.
( 这里的 Frat Row 指“兄弟会居住区”，Greeks 指 “以希腊文命名的联谊会或联谊会成员”) free 1． free 和 freely 都可以作副词，但含义有所不同:
I can travel free with this Grey-
hound Bus ticket. 持这张“灰狗公共汽车”票我可以免费旅游。
I can travel freely with this Grey-
hound Bus ticket. 持这张“灰狗公共汽车”票我可以随意旅游。
2． 作构词成分-free 很常用:
traffic-free
sugar-free
duty-free
fat-free
tax-free
lead-free
trouble-free
salt-free
disease-free
worry-free
a bacteria-free toothbrush
a carefree life
a dust-free bedroom
a lead-free water cooler
a rent-free apartment
drug-free schools
smoke-free kids
the gluten-free diet
terror-free periods
3． 注意 free 的一些短语:
Food will be provided free of charge. 将免费提供食品。
He led a free and easy life. 他过着自由自在的生活。
He made free with my biscuits when I was away. 我离开时他随意吃我的饼干。
He mended my coat for free. 他免费补我的衣服
He donated money with a free hand. 他慷慨捐款。
He paid his debt free and clear. 他还清了他的债务。
He opened the cage and set the sparrow free. 他打开笼子放飞了麻雀。
4． 用在商务方面时，有特殊用法:
free on board 船上交货
free alongside ship 船边交货
free of all average 一切海损不保在内
free on rail 火车上交货 freedom 泛指“自由”时为不可数名词，指各种不同的“自由”时为可数名词:
The mass media now enjoys greater freedom. ( 不可数)
Two of the four freedoms are freedom of speech and freedom of the press. ( 可数)
freeway，expressway，highway， freeze 1． 在口语中，尤其是美国口语中，常作“站住、不许动”解; 曾有新闻报道，说一外国学生将 freeze 听成
free，因而继续走动，结果被误杀了:
Freeze，or I'll shoot! 不许动，否则我要开枪了!
2． 动词 freeze 后面常跟介词 to，in-
to，at，with 等:
He stood frozen to the spot.
Water freezes at 320 F．
It was frozen into ice.
His flesh froze with horror at the thought of it.
3． 作名词时，后面常用介词 on:
He supported a two-year freeze on the regulations. freight 1． 所指的“货运”可以是“空运、水运、车运”:
air freight
sea freight
rail freight
ocean freight
2． 常用来修饰名词:
freight yards
freight train
freight wagon
freight terminal
freight rate
freight absorption
3． freight car 主要是美国用语，相当于英国的 freight wagon。
4． 美国人所说的 freight train 就是英国人所说的 goods train。 French 1． French door 与 French window 的意思相同，都指“落地玻璃门”。
2． French fries 常用复数形式，有时简称 tries，英国人称为 chips。后面动词也用复数:
French fries are long，thin pieces of potato fried in oil. fresh 1． 表示“油漆未干”时，美国人常用
fresh paint，英国人用 wet paint。
2． 常作构词成分 fresh-，表示“新近的、刚刚的”:
fresh-ground coffee
fresh-baked bread
fresh-cut flowers
fresh-mown bay
fresh-faced youth
fresh-frozen orange juice
fresh-caught fish
a fresh-downloaded copy
fresh-painted furniture
the fresh-elected board
fresh-found data freshman 1． 在美国可指 “( 大学或高中的 ) 新生”，在英国一般指 “( 大学的 ) 新生”。
2． 在美国高中的 the freshman year
也叫 the ninth grade，学生因而也叫 ninth grader。
3． 在美国的有些大学中，freshmen
college 指“新生入学教育阶段”，在两周左右的时间内，学生可以选学外语，熟悉校园环境等，为正式学习打好基础。
4． 可以说 freshwoman ( 大学一年级女学生) 和 freshperson ( 大学一年级学生) :
This book will serve as a valuable
resource for the in-coming fresh-
women.
UCSC was the first choice college for 63% of new freshpersons. friend 表示“交朋友”，总用复数 friends:
We had a quarrel but we're friends again.
They made friends with some foreign students. friendly 1． 常用作构词成分-friendly，表示“有助的、有益的、对 …… 无害的”等意思:
for wildlife-friendly farming
take a more girl-friendly approach
ozone-friendly products
a user-friendly computer
a visitor-friendly museum
a business-friendly environment
kid-friendly cities
browser-friendly services
reader-friendly Web sites
family-friendly policies
a brain-friendly study guide
nurse-friendly hospitals
eco-friendly flooring
pet-friendly hotels
pocket-friendly cameras
nature-friendly products
2． 用 environment-friendly 和 envi-
ronmentally friendly 都可以，只是
environmentally friendly 中间没有连字符号。 friendship 可用作可数或不可数名词使用:
strike up a good friendship
renew old friendships
strong ties of friendship between
them from 下面由 from 引导的短语中，名词前常不用冠词:
from shop to shop
from door to door
from hour to hour
from place to place
from room to room front 1． 下面两个句子只有一个冠词的差别，但含义不同:
I sat in front of the bus. 我坐在公共汽车的前面。 ( 人在汽车的外面)
I sat in the front of the bus. 我坐在公共汽车的前面。 ( 人在汽车里，相当于 I sat in a front seat of the bus. )
2． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
I sat in the front of the bus.
I sat at the front of the bus.
3． 英国人的 front room 就是美国人的 living room。
A front room is usually located off the entrance-way and is used for entertaining or sitting in during the evening. frontier 1． the frontier 常指 “( 美国早期荒野的) 边远地区”:
The frontier was rough and law-
less.
2． 喻指“尚待开发的领域”时，fron-
tier 常用复数:
the frontiers of knowledge
the frontiers of science
the frontiers of technology
the frontiers of civilization
the frontiers of physics
the frontiers of freedom
the frontiers of finance
the frontiers of legal liability
the frontiers of medical research
the frontiers of life sciences
the frontiers of banks activities
the frontiers of e-learning
the frontiers of biomedical re-
search
the frontiers of civil rights
the frontiers of nationalism
3． 前常用介词 in，on，at，within 等:
in the frontier city
forts on the Russian frontier
at the frontiers of medical science
a peace within his frontiers frost 下面两个句子的意思相同:
There'll be frost tomorrow.
There'll be a frost tomorrow. fruit 1． 泛指“水果”时，常用作不可数名词:
Fruit provides vitamins.
2． 指各种不同的“水果”时，可用复数:
Peaches and pears are fruits.
3． 作引申意义的“结果、效果”解时，常用复数:
the fruits of hard work
the fruits of your labor
the fruits of long-time research
the fruits of their victories
the fruits of their collective efforts
the fruits of prompt action
4． fruit machine ( 赌博机) 是英国用语，美国人说 slot machine。 frustrated 后面常跟介词 at，with，in，as，on
等:
get frustrated at not being able to
do things for herself
feel frustrated with the test result
is frustrated in his attempt to go a-
broad
was frustrated as a teacher
was frustrated on a small margin fudge 表示“拼凑编造”用 fudge，fudge up
都可以:
intend to fudge facts
fudge up a lot of old ideas fuel 1． 通常作不可数名词，但指各种不同的“燃料”时为可数名词:
We are encouraged to save fuel.
They are different kinds of fuel.
Petrol is no longer a cheap fuel.
Kerosene and gas are fuels.
2． 在一些由 fuel 组成的短语中，fuel
一般作不可数名词:
add fuel to the flames
heal fuel on the fire of fleshly lust
Please add fresh fuel to a contro-
versy.
give fuel to both sides
3． 注意各种“燃料”的说法:
wood fuel 薪
patent fuel 特许燃料
atomic fuel 原子燃料
solid fuel 固体燃料
gaseous fuel 气体燃料
heavy fuel 柴油
jet fuel 喷气发动机燃料
liquid fuel 液体燃料
wet fuel 液体燃料
4． 表示“省油的”时，可以说 fuel-effi-
cient，fuel-saving，fuel-economical
等，fuel-efficient 的使用频率最高:
If you're in the market for a new vehicle， choose a fuel-efficient one that will save you money and help protect the environment.
China displays fuel-saving cars.
We need a car that is comforta-
ble， roomy and fuel-economical that will fit into our budgets.
5． 作动词时，常与以下词连用:
fuel the economic boom
fuel speculation about
fuel the argument further
fuel the plane
fuel people's fear of inflation
fuel the tanker
fuel its global adventurism
fuel its economic expansion
fuel the criticism
fuel rumors
fuel the debate
fuel expectations
fuel the students' worries
fuel the current inflation
fuel future
fuel homes
fuel vehicles
fuel machines
fuel your weight loss efforts
fuel explosion of Web services
fuel IT investment
fuel air travel growth
fuel the demand
fuel the slowdown
fuel hatred
fuel criticism abroad
fuel the digital revolution
fuel the expansion
fuel the enthusiasm for
fuel the desire for
fuel the craze for speed
fuel the quest for Olympic medals
fuel the research for new energy
resources
6． 下面几个句子都可以说:
The plane was fuelled before its takeoff.
The place must be fuelled before its takeoff.
The plane must fuel before its takeoff.
The plane must have been fuelled before its takeoff.
The plane must fuel up before its takeoff.
The plane is being fuelled before its takeoff. -ful 1． -ful 作为后缀，加在名词后面依旧可作名词，有“满”的含义:
a roomful of students
a handful of coins
I enjoyed every mouthful.
a spoonful of honey
an armful of clothes
a boxful of candy
bagfuls of rice full 1． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
I'm full.
I'm full up.
2． full 后面常跟介词 of，to 等:
The lecture-hall is full of audi-
ence.
It is full to the brim.
3． a full name 包括 first name，mid-
dle name 和 last name。
4． a full professor 在美国可指“终身教授”。 fumes 1． 常指下面各种“难闻的气味”:
paint fumes
tobacco fumes
petrol fumes
diesel fumes
car exhaust fumes
poisonous fumes
sulphurous fumes
traffic fumes
toxic fumes
bad-smelling fumes
deadly fumes
cigar fumes
cooking fumes
incense fumes
hay fumes
rubbish fumes
chemical fumes
2． 后面用复数动词:
Fumes are unpleasant and un-
healthy. fun 1． 为不可数名词，说 “( 有多少 ) 乐趣”时，可以用以下短语:
get a lot of fun
have great / good / some / a little
/ no / fun
be full of fun
lots of fun
a bit of fun
take all the fun out of life
It would have been much more fun without him.
have so much fun
2． 一般说 make fun of，但是也有说
make fun with 的，它们的含义不同:
He was making fun of her. 他在嘲笑她。
He was making fun with a cat. 他在逗猫玩。 fun funny，fun
使“开怀大笑”，用 funny; 使“感到有趣、高兴( 不一定笑)”用 fun:
He is a funny person. 他是个滑稽的人。( 会逗人笑)
He is a fun person. 他是个有趣的人。( 跟他在一起很愉快)
It's a funny joke. 这是个有趣的笑话。( 人们听了会笑)
It's a fun city. 这是个有趣的城市。
( 人们在城里会过得很愉快) function 可表示“( 重要的) 集会、典礼、社交活动”等:
attend official functions
social functions
an annual function
a charity function
evening functions
diplomatic functions fund 1． 作“基金”解时，用单数和复数都可以; 前面可以用定冠词，也可不用，约定俗成。
1) 单数:
International Monetary Fund
the Commonwealth Fund
Family Violence Prevention Fund
the Community Fund
2) 复数:
Mutual Funds
Montgomery Funds
The Royce Funds
Green Century Funds
Citizens Funds
2． funds( 基金) 后面跟单复数动词都可以。一般来说指“基金公司的名称”时用单数，指“多个基金”时用复数:
Founded in 1981， Sevin Rosen
Funds is a top-tier venture capital
firm with( 单数动词)
The Ariel Mutual Funds are a no load family of mutual funds. ( 复数动词)
3． 表示 “…… 基金”，fund 后面用介词 for:
International Fund for Animal Wel-
fare
the International Fund for Agricul-
tural Development
the Fund for Animals
4． 表示“钱”常用复数形式:
I'm short of funds.
I'm low on funds.
I'm raising funds for the local hos-
pital. funding 一般指 “( 政府、组织等提供的 ) 经费”:
The government has failed to pro-
vide enough funding for educa-
tion. funeral 1． 表示“国葬”可以译成 a state fu-
neral，其他“葬礼”还有很多表述法:
military funeral
decent funeral
naval funeral
showy funeral
the president's funeral
2． 注意 funeral 与前面动词的搭配:
go to a funeral
attend a funeral
hold a funeral
conduct a funeral
give a funeral
plan a funeral
arrange for a funeral
announce a funeral
have a funeral
officiate at a funeral
preside over a funeral
observe a funeral
eulogize a funeral
3． “殡仪馆”美国人常说 funeral
home，英国人常说 funeral parlor。 funny funny，fun
使“开怀大笑”，用 funny; 使“感到有趣、高兴( 不一定笑)”用 fun:
He is a funny person. 他是个滑稽的人。( 会逗人笑)
He is a fun person. 他是个有趣的人。( 跟他在一起很愉快)
It's a funny joke. 这是个有趣的笑话。( 人们听了会笑)
It's a fun city. 这是个有趣的城市。
( 人们在城里会过得很愉快) fur 1． 泛指“( 动物的) 毛 ( 皮)”时，常为不可数名词:
the sheep's thick fur
The dog hasn't much fur.
2． 指“毛皮衣服”时为可数名词:
She is wearing an expensive-loo-
king fur.
They traded furs.
girls in furs furniture 指“( 椅子、桌子、床等大型可移动的)
家具”时，是不可数名词，要表示“几件家具”可以说:
a piece of furniture
several articles of furniture
all this furniture
a set of furniture further farther，further
两词的区别主要如下。
1． 在英国英语中，用 further 的频率高于用 farther。
2． 讲真实的地点、距离时，两词都可以用:
I live farther / further down the road.
3． 在表示“进一步、另外、此外”等意思时，美国人和英国人都常用 fur-
ther:
Are there any further questions?
还有问题吗?
a College of Further Education 继续教育学院 fuss 后面可以用介词 over，of，about 意思相同:
They made a fuss over / of / a-
bout the issue. future 1． 注意下面关于“未来”的一些说法:
near future
not-too-distant future
immediate future
remote future
some more or less remote future
foreseeable future
far-off future
more distant future
uncertain future
painful future
bleak future
bright future
splendid future
dim future
better future
brilliant future
dark future
glorious future
great future
good future
rosy future
ever-better future
promising future
happy future
hopeless future
2． in future，in the future 有时意思相同，尤其在美国英语中，下面句子的意思相同:
In future，ask before you do it.
In the future，ask before you do it. ( 尤在美国使用) gain 1． 作动词时，后面常跟下列名词:
gain attention
gain knowledge
gain access to
gain 30% of the vote
gain independence from Britain
gain an A grade
gain favor
gain approval
gain a fortune
gain valuable experience by work-
ing abroad
gain thousands of supporters
gain entry into an organization
gain a reputation
gain a lot of weight
gain six minutes a week
gain ground in the country
gain admittance to Harvard
gain acceptance
gain speed
gain momentum
gain nothing
gain the summit
gain confidence
gain ideas
gain information
gain insight
gain popularity
gain recognition
gain understanding
gain 20 pounds in weight
gain a place at Yale
gain his freedom
gain time by keeping talking
gain possession of land
gain extra electrons
gain the shore
gain world fame
gain his living
gain her ends
gain strength
gain the wind
gain control
gain the right to vote
gain the upper hand
gain the pleasure
gain an ovation
gain the battle
gain the trust and respect of many
people
gain his destination
gain height
2． 说 gain sb's attention 和 gain sb's
attentions 都可以，前者的使用频率较高:
He waved his hand excitedly to gain her attention.
He does everything imaginable to
gain her attentions，including coz-
ying up to her parents.
3． 注意作名词时的搭配:
He did it for personal gain material gain financial gain.
4． 在下面短语中，gain 多用复数形式:
make big gains in the election
have seen impressive gains in
productivity
bring significant gains
with his ill-gotten gains
despite the gains of the movement
5． 谚语“不劳则无获”可译成:
No gains without pains.
No pains，no gains. gala 注意与其他名词的搭配:
a gala night
a gala occasion
a gala dinner
a gala performance of White-hair-
ed Girl
a gala affair
in gala dress
Charity Gala Night
a swimming gala
a fund-raising gala galaxy 1． 当指“银河系”时，要用 the Galaxy;
也可用 the Milky Way。
2． a galaxy of 常用来指“一群 ( 名人)”:
a galaxy of opera stars
a galaxy of film stars
a galaxy of beauties
a galaxy of talented scientists gale 说 a gale of laughter 和 gales of
laughter 都可以，前者居多:
He was greeted by a gale of /
gales of laughter from the student audience. gallop 1． 表示“飞驰”可以用:
go off at a gallop
break into a gallop
move at a gallop
2． 说 at full gallop 和 at a full gallop
都可以:
They came up the hill at full gallop
/ at a full gallop.
3． 有时可幽默地表示“慢”:
They made progress at a snail's gallop. gallows 1． 前面常用定冠词:
send him to the gallows
2． 为可数名词，但后面的动词一般用单数:
A gallows was built outside the city. Gallup 表示“( 美国) 盖洛普民意测验”( Gal-
lup Poll) 时，前面有定冠词:
It also publishes America's leading
barometer of public opinion，the
Gallup Poll. gamble 1． 作动词表示“( 对……进行) 赌博、投机”时，后面常跟介词 at，on，in
等:
gamble at poker
gamble on the stock exchange
gamble on a young player
gamble in oil shares
2． 作名词时，经常用在下列短语中:
They took a gamble in hiring him.
They took a gamble on a young teacher by paying him so much. game 1． 表示一种普通的“运动、活动”常用 a game:
have a game of cards
2． 但是，表示“( 有组织的、有许多国家或地区派代表参加的) 运动会”常用复数 games:
the Olympic Games
the Commonwealth Games
3． 指“( 鱼、鸟、动物等) 猎物、野味”时 game 常不可数，前面没有冠词:
hunt wild game 狩猎
shoot game for food 打猎作食品
hunters of birds and small game
捕捉鸟类和小动物的猎人
4． 作“猎物”解时，后面跟单数动词:
He came to a forest where game was more plentiful. gang 1． 时常被用来指贬义的“帮、群”等:
the Gang of Four 四人帮
street gangs 街头团伙
a gang of skinheads 光头帮
a political gang 政治帮派
2． 后面用单复数动词都可以:
The gang is / are planning a bank robbery.
3． gang 的“成员”可以说:
gangsters
gang members
members of a gang
4． “帮派 ( 团伙 ) ……”等可以表示为:
gang rape
gang center
gang behavior
street gang crimes
gang-ridden districts
the growth of youth gang prob-
lems in the States
gang membership
gang-affiliated young people
non-gang-affiliated youngsters gap 1． 后面常用介词 in，between，of
等:
through gaps in the window
frames
through the gaps between the
trees
the gap between the rich and the
poor
a gap of five years
2． a gap in the wall 和 a gap on the
wall 都可以说，但含义不同; a gap
in the wall 中的 gap 一般指“穿透的裂缝或缺口”，a gap on the wall
中的 gap 可能是“裂而不透”。
3． generation gap ( 代沟 ) 前一般要用定冠词:
How can we bridge the generation
gap?
garage sale
是美国用语，主要指“( 在住宅附近的车库、院子、私用车道等地方进行的)
旧物出售，( 出售家具、衣物、玩具、书籍等家用物品)”，也称 yard sale。 garb attire，dress，apparel，clothes，clothing，costume， garb， garment 这组词都有“衣服”的含义。
1． attire 是正式用词。
1) 指特定式样的“衣服”，如礼服等:
in formal attire 穿着礼服
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 强调“服装给人的总体印象”:
the strange attire of the eccentric old woman
2． dress 指男女的外衣。
1) 尤指在正式场合穿的“服装”:
evening dress || court dress
2) 也特指妇女穿的“紧身胸衣”或“裙子、连衣裙”等。
3． apparel 较古雅，也较古旧。
1) 尤指“盛装”:
the Queen's ceremonial apparel
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 在美语中可用作复合词，泛指“衣服、衣物”:
ladies' ready-to-wear apparel
4． clothes 与 clothing 较普通常用; clothing 比 clothes 正式。
1 ) clothing 是衣服的总称，包括上衣、裤子、衬衣等，是不可数名词:
warm winter clothing || protective clothing
2) clothes 主要指供人穿的衣服，强调用各种布匹、衣料做成的各种衣服，还强调一个人所穿的所有东西，甚至帽子、鞋子等。
3) clothes 还特指用于各种活动的特制衣服:
football clothes || school clothes
4) clothes 后面常用动词的复数形式:
Clothes are things that people wear.
5) clothing 后面常用动词的单数形式:
Clothing consists of the things people wear.
5． costume 指( 某个地区、时代、民族等穿的) 服装:
in traditional costume || in 18th-century costume || in cowboy costume
1) 在这层意思上，与 dress 近义。
2) 常指戏装:
a clown's costume || The costumes，sets，and acting are all superb.
3) 是可数名词:
Hollywood studios costumes
6． garb 是文学用词，主要指供专业人士穿着的“制服、服装”:
in a judge's solemn garb || the garb of a priest
7． garment 尤指生产、销售中的衣服:
the garment workers || the fashion garment industry
1) 也多指外衣:
waterproof outer garment
2) 是可数名词:
She wore a long garment in yellow linen. garbage 1． garbage 是美国用词，英国人常用
rubbish。
2． 美国人常说 garbage can，英国人常说 dustbin。
3． 美国人用 garbage disposal，英国人用 waste disposal。
4． garbage 不可数，后面跟单数动词:
In this village，garbage was fed to animals. garden 1． 作复数时，常作“( 有花草树木、小径、座椅等的) 公园”解，后面跟单复数动词动词都可以:
The botanical gardens is a very interesting place.
The gardens are open from 6 am until 9 pm.
The botanical gardens are beauti-
ful at this time of the year.
2． 美国人家屋前屋后的“花园”常称作 yard; garden 则指 “( 种菜、种花的) 园圃、菜园、果园”等; 在英国
garden 指“( 宅旁一块有花草、有蔬菜的) 土地”。 garment attire，dress，apparel，clothes，clothing，costume， garb， garment 这组词都有“衣服”的含义。
1． attire 是正式用词。
1) 指特定式样的“衣服”，如礼服等:
in formal attire 穿着礼服
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 强调“服装给人的总体印象”:
the strange attire of the eccentric old woman
2． dress 指男女的外衣。
1) 尤指在正式场合穿的“服装”:
evening dress || court dress
2) 也特指妇女穿的“紧身胸衣”或“裙子、连衣裙”等。
3． apparel 较古雅，也较古旧。
1) 尤指“盛装”:
the Queen's ceremonial apparel
2) 是不可数名词。
3) 在美语中可用作复合词，泛指“衣服、衣物”:
ladies' ready-to-wear apparel
4． clothes 与 clothing 较普通常用; clothing 比 clothes 正式。
1 ) clothing 是衣服的总称，包括上衣、裤子、衬衣等，是不可数名词:
warm winter clothing || protective clothing
2) clothes 主要指供人穿的衣服，强调用各种布匹、衣料做成的各种衣服，还强调一个人所穿的所有东西，甚至帽子、鞋子等。
3) clothes 还特指用于各种活动的特制衣服:
football clothes || school clothes
4) clothes 后面常用动词的复数形式:
Clothes are things that people wear.
5) clothing 后面常用动词的单数形式:
Clothing consists of the things people wear.
5． costume 指( 某个地区、时代、民族等穿的) 服装:
in traditional costume || in 18th-century costume || in cowboy costume
1) 在这层意思上，与 dress 近义。
2) 常指戏装:
a clown's costume || The costumes，sets，and acting are all superb.
3) 是可数名词:
Hollywood studios costumes
6． garb 是文学用词，主要指供专业人士穿着的“制服、服装”:
in a judge's solemn garb || the garb of a priest
7． garment 尤指生产、销售中的衣服:
the garment workers || the fashion garment industry
1) 也多指外衣:
waterproof outer garment
2) 是可数名词:
She wore a long garment in yellow linen. gas 1． 作“汽油”解时是美国用词，“加油站”是 gas station; 英国人则分别用 petrol 和 petrol station。
2． 英美人都习惯用 gas 作“煤气”解:
a gas stove
3． 作“气体”解时为可数名词:
Gases and vapors are complex.
4． 作“屁”解是美国用词，英国人常用 wind:
He woke up every morning and passed gas.
Though she succeeded in stand-
ing breaking wind for a few days，
she at last broke wind loudly in
front of her new family while eat-
ing dinner on the fifth day，and she felt ashamed of it.
5． 下面例子中的 gas 前不用冠词:
We'll get gas on the way to the cinema.
Police used gas to disperse the protesters.
The house is heated with gas. gasoline 1． 作“汽油”解时与 gas 同义。
2． 参见 gas。 gate 1． 自从“水门事件”后，gate 常被用作后缀，表示其他“与丑闻有关的事件”:
Irangate
Dallasgate
the administration's Iraq-gate scan-
dal
Republican ‘File-gate ’ Scandal
Klamath Salmen-Gate Scandal
‘Memo-gate ’ Scandal Frankie's
Torture-Gate Scandal
bringing a halt to the ‘review-
gate’scandal
at the center of the so-called
‘skate-gate’scandal of the Win-
ter Olympics
the impact of the corn-gate scan-
dal on Helen Clark's Labour gov-
ernment
the full of story of the ‘Peel-
Gate’scandal
the on-going‘Spy-gate’scandal
2． gate 常指 “( 篱笆、围墙、宫殿、公共场所、机场、体育馆等的) 门”，家里的“房门”常用 door:
the palace gate
the gate to the driveway
park gates
Flight 823 is boarding now from
Gate 2．
bedroom door
kitchen door
cupboard door gather 注意后面所跟的名词:
gather gather facts
gather information
gather qualities
gather speed
gather dust
gather flowers
gather crops
gather several objects
gather children
gather evidence against her
gather shellfish and snails
gather pollens from the wild flowers
gather robe around her
gather her hair into a knot
gather his strength
gather your courage
gather my wits
gather her energies
gather myself
gather enough firewood
gather leaves
gather the leaves up off the
ground
gather momentum in recent years
gather force
gather berries，nuts，and fruit for
food
gather my thoughts alone
gather vegetables from the garden
gather his opinions
gather honey
gather my arm in her fingers
gather a crowd
gather materials for a book
gather the toys from the ground
gather experience
gather velocity
gather my brows into a frown
gather a crying kid in her arms
gather a blanket about his legs
gather taxes
gather weight
gather news
gather fans
gather herbs
gather knowledge
gather data
gather facts
gather signatures
gather， collect， accumulate， gation ，gathering
这组词都可译成“会议”，但含义完全不一样。
1． assembly，gathering，meeting 和
conference 较普通，如按“会议”的正式和专业程度排列，由浅到深，应这样排序:
gathering
meeting
conference
assembly
1) meeting 最为常用，几乎可以指任何聚会: 两人的聚会、几百人的聚会、偶然的聚会、专业的会议等等:
a weekly meeting
a summit meeting
Our meeting in Shanghai was by chance.
2) gathering 较多指多人的聚会，尤其是社交型聚会:
a family gathering
a small social gathering
3) conference 尤指经常定期举行讨论或交换意见式的会议，如政治、商务、学术会议等:
He attended a conference on plastics.
the Labour Party's annual confer-
ence
4) assembly 常指有许多人参加的、有计划召开的会议，有时特指议会、国会、立法机构等召开的会议:
The Assembly has passed a bill on clean air.
the Florida State Assembly
5) 在美语中，“议员”也可译成 as-
semblyman 或 assemblywoman。
2． congress 和 convention 主要指政府、政治团体的会议，其规模一般要大于 assembly。
1) congress 常指政府举行的会议，尤其是经过合法选举产生的立法机构等举行的代表会议:
the National People's Congress
2) Congress 大写，不加冠词，常指由参议院和众议院组成的“美国国会”:
He has been reelected to Con-
gress.
3) convention 常用在政治方面，指
“( 通过决议、选举代表的) 大会”:
the National Democratic Conven-
tion in Chicago
4) convention 也可用来指( 非官方组织举行的业务性) 会议:
at the company's annual dealers
convention
3． congregation 主要指 “( 宗教 ) 聚会、集会”，尤指在教堂里祷告的
“会众”:
The congregation knelt to pray.
4． 参见 ( on ference， assembly，
congress，convention，meeting) 。 gauze 美国人说 gauze，英国人说 bandage，
两词都可作不可数名词:
In the US， gauze is a first aid supply.
Britain's leading online Health Serv-
iceThe latest way of bandaging is to use 4 different types of bandage all at the same time. gay 作“同性恋者”解时，既可指“男同性恋者”，又可指“女同性恋者”，但“女同性恋者”常用 lesbian 表示:
But thousands of these men and women are gay. gaze 后面常跟介词 out of，at，up，in，a-
round，into，after，upon 等:
gaze out of the window
gaze at the beautiful flowers
gaze up at the ceiling
gaze in wonder
gaze around the classroom
gaze into the distance
gaze after her
gaze upon the sky gaze stare，gaze
两词都有“注视”的含义。
1． stare 常指“因害怕、惊恐、忧虑、钦佩等而注视”，有时有“无礼”的含义:
She gave him a long and cold stare.
He was staring moodily into the distance.
2． 相对而言，gaze 有褒义，侧重指
“因好奇、钦佩等而注视”:
She was the most beautiful girl he had ever gazed upon. gear 1． 表示 “( 汽车等 ) 换挡”用 gear 的单复数都可以，似乎英国人用单数居多，美国人用复数居多:
He changed gear / gears to make the track go up the hill faster.
shift gear / gears
switch gear / gears
change gear / gears
2． 表示汽车的“第几挡位”常有以下用法，注意前面常没有冠词:
slow down to first gear
leave the car in gear
shift back into normal gear
The car in fourth gear.
My husband put the car into fifth
gear when he got onto the expre-
ssway.
Always use low gear driving up-
hill.
put the van into bottom gear
The car is not in gear.
The car is out of gear.
shift to high gear
change to reverse gear
engage second gear
3． 表示“最低挡”，英国人用 bottom
gear，美国人用 low gear。 gene 1． 常与下列介词连用:
a gene for liver cancer
Her shyness is in the genes.
2． 近几年，出现了不少有关“基因”的新词:
gene bank
gene conversion
gene deletion
gene expression
gene flow
gene library
gene mapping
gene pool general 1． 在下面短语中 general 前不用冠词:
in general
in general terms
in very general terms
2． general 有时有复数形式:
from generals to particulars generous 后面常跟介词 to，with，of，towards
等:
She is generous to poor people.
He is generous with his time and money.
It's very generous of you to help me.
He is generous towards his friends.
He is generous in giving help. genius 1． 泛指“天才、天赋”时，genius 为不可数名词:
a scientist of genius
2． 表示“才子”时 genius 为可数名词:
a scientific genius
3． 表示某方面的“天才”时，genius
后面跟介词 for，of，in，at 都可以:
a genius for languages
a genius of painting
a genius in literature
a genius at mathematics
4． genius，talent 都可以译成“才”，
但 genius 指“有罕见禀赋的”，而
talent 则指“有特殊才能的”; 因此，
genius 比 talent 的语气强多了:
Edison is a genius.
My sister is a talent.
5． 注意与其他名词的搭配:
works of genius
a work of genius
a stroke of genius
have a genius for making friends
the mark of his real genius as de-
signer
the nursery of geniuses genre 注意与其他名词的搭配:
a whole genre of movies
the genre of nature poetry
her love of films and novels in the
horror genre
different literary genres
a novel in the spy genre
a genre of art
a whole new genre of sentimental
fiction
gentleman，lady，gentlewoman
1． 对“聚会的人们”致辞时，习惯上用 ladies and gentlemen。
2． gentleman 和 lady 常用来当着本人面有礼貌地称呼他们:
Mr. President，this gentleman is here to see you.
3． 在一般情况下，说“某某男……、某某女……”用 man 和 woman，不用
gentleman，lady:
a man driver
a man teacher
the first woman president
a woman speaker
4． 表示“君子协定”可用:
gentlemen's agreement
gentleman's agreement
It's a gentlemen's agreement be-
tween superpowers.
There are no rules — it's a
gentleman's agreement and al-
ways has been.
5． gentleman 常被美国立法机构成员( 参众两院的议员) 用来相互称呼:
Does the gentleman from Florida
agree?
6． gentlewoman 常指 “淑女”，在美国常用在立法机构中称呼女议员:
We define gentlewoman as a woman of refinement， and a chauffeur will open the door of a limousine for her. geographical 可以修饰不少名词:
the Geographical Channel
the geographical location
a broad geographical distribution
of resources
geographical features
geographical researches
a vast geographical area
geographical latitude
geographical longitude
geographical medicine
geographical position
geographical oceanography
geographical knowledge
geographical studies German 1． German ( 德国人) 的复数是 Ger-
mans，不是 Germen; German 前面用不用冠词都可以。
2． 泛指“德国人”时常不用定冠词:
The Times of London reports that
lots of Germans are fed up with
hearing about this Holocaust busi-
ness.
3． 强调“德国人”时，常用定冠词:
It would be one thing if the Ger-
mans said，“Look，we've built a democratic society that rejects everything the Nazis stood for.” gesture 注意与其他词的搭配:
in a gesture of impatience
as a gesture of friendship
a conciliatory gesture
an angry gesture
make a rude gesture
with a gesture of despair
a gesture of defiance
a gesture of sympathy
a friendly gesture
a helpless gesture
a dramatic gesture
an obscene gesture
a generous gesture
a symbolic gesture
a gesture of support
a gesture of solidarity
a gesture of goodwill
a menacing gesture
a gesture of goodwill
a gesture of love
a gesture of security
a thoughtful gesture
a gesture of pain
enthusiastic gestures
with an imperative gesture
an insulting gesture
a manual gesture
a political gesture
a diplomatic gesture
an appealing gesture
a significant gesture
a spontaneous gesture
a gesture of distaste
a gesture of contempt
a threatening gesture
an innocent gesture
a reckless gesture
a gesture of infinite understanding
a gesture of noble indifference ghost 注意 ghost 的一些特殊含义:
a ghost town 被废弃的城镇
a ghost writer 代笔人
a ghost rider 幽灵乘客
a ghost station 被废弃的火车站
a ghost train( 娱乐场) 惊魂小火车 giant 1． 常指各方面的“伟人”:
literary giants
giants in the business world
the giant of opera
2． “女伟人”可以说 giantess:
She is a giantess of great strength and awesome appearance. gift ，present
两词都可以译成“礼物”。
1． 两词都可以指大大小小的各种“礼物”，在很多情况可以换用:
a Christmas gift / present
2． gift 比 present 正式，可以指 “( 价值很高的) 礼物”:
He made a gift of a million dollars to the university.
3． present 可以指 “( 象征性的、价值不高的) 礼品”:
The pupil brought a present to the teacher.
I don't want these old books. I'll make you a present of them.
4． “礼品商店”一般用 gift shop，不用
present shop;
5． “礼品包装”一般用 gift-wrap:
If it is a pair of airline tickets，put them in an envelope and gift-wrap it.
6． gift certificate 是美国用语，指“( 凭这种) 礼品证书 ( 可以到该礼品出售的商店去换取你所想要的物品)”:
You can use the gift certificate an-
ywhere throughout the store. giggle giggle，laugh
1． giggle 是“咯咯傻笑”，laugh 可泛指各种“笑”。
2． 名词 giggle 在不少短语中用复数形式:
He had a fit of giggles.
She was nervous， she got the giggles.
He gave her the giggles.
She yielded up a few giggles. ginger 1． 一般为不可数名词，表示数量可以用其他方法:
a little ginger
a bit of ginger
a spoonful of ginger
a piece of ginger
an ounce of ginger
coin-sized pieces of ginger
one gram of ginger
25 micrograms of ginger
ultra-thin slices of ginger
large amounts of ginger
a jar of ginger
a large clump of ginger
1 / 4 cup of ginger
a pound of ginger
bags of ginger
large dozes of ginger in pill form
in inch knob of ginger
2． 后面跟单数动词:
Ginger is widely used in Chinese cookery.
3． “姜汁硬饼干”英国人叫 ginger
nut，美国人叫 gingersnap。
4． ginger group 是英国用语，指“( 政党中的) 强硬派”:
the radical ginger group in the
party giraffe 复数形式有 giraffes 和 giraffe 两种:
Giraffe / Givaffes are still common in East and South Africa.
The giraffe is the tallest animal in the world. girl 1． 一般指 “ 小女孩 ( a female
child)”，用 girl 指“年轻的成年妇女”有时有贬义，应避免使用。
2． 有时可以用 girl 来指“雌性”动物:
a girl dog glad 1． 除老式用法 glad news，glad ti-
dings 等外，glad 一般不作前置修饰名词，而常作表语用:
I'm glad to hear that.
She was glad to be home.
2． 后面常跟介词 at，for，about，of
等:
I am glad at seeing her play.
I am so glad for her.
I am glad about it.
I'd be glad of some help with the work.
3． glad 后面还可以跟从句或不定式:
I am glad to show you everything.
I am glad ( that ) you've got the job. glance 1． 作动词时，后面常跟介词 at，over，
around，round，into，through，to-
ward，towards，down，on 等:
She glanced at him shyly.
She glanced over her shoulder nervously.
She glanced over the landscape.
She glanced around the class-
room.
She glanced into the room.
She glanced through the report.
She glanced toward( s) the sky.
She glanced down the list of names.
fix her searching glance on him
2． 下面两个句子意思相同:
She glanced over a letter.
She glanced through a letter.
3． 作名词时，可构成不少词组:
cast sidelong glances at
shoot a pitying glance at
throw a furtive glance at
throw a side glance at
take a fleeting glance at
give a quick glance
have a brief glance at
cast a causal glance at
cast a dubious glance at
cast a hostile glance at
give an admiring glance at
steal a quick glance
steal a covert glance
give her loving glances
give me a chilly glance
fix his sidewise glance on her
exchange nervous glances
with a backward glance
with suspicious glances
with a wistful glance
at a single glance
at first glance
4． 注意，at first glance 中大多情况下不用定冠词:
He fell in love with her at first glance.
5． 说 exchange glances 和 ex-
change a glance 都可以:
Mary and I exchanged a quick glance.
The girls exchanged understand-
ing glances.
6． 参见 glimpse。 glance glimpse，glance
两词都可以译成“一瞥”。
1． glimpse 强调“瞬间、不完整”:
I only caught a glimpse of it as we drove by. ( 开车看东西往往不完整)
2． glance 强调“快”，但不一定“不完整”:
One glance at her face told me she was sick.
3． glimpse 常用在以下短语中:
get a fleeting glimpse of
catch a quick glimpse of the gun-
man
have a brief glimpse of
allow him a glimpse into the world
take a glimpse at myself glass 1． 泛指“玻璃”时，为不可数名词:
things made of glass
the sound of breaking glass
a museum of glass
pieces of glass
the accidental discovery of glass
different types of glass
2． 具体指“玻璃杯”等时，为可数名词:
a broken glass
several glasses of wine
3． 复数常指“眼镜”:
a new pair of glasses
wear glasses glide 后面常跟介词 across，over，in，be-
tween， behind， into， toward， to，
up，on，through 等:
glide across the stage like a swan
glide easily over the water
glide in the air
glide between the tables
glide behind the boat
glide into the room
glide toward the runway
glide back to the inner chamber
glide up the pool
glide on the ice
glide through the valley glimpse glimpse，glance
两词都可以译成“一瞥”。
1． glimpse 强调“瞬间、不完整”:
I only caught a glimpse of it as we drove by. ( 开车看东西往往不完整)
2． glance 强调“快”，但不一定“不完整”:
One glance at her face told me she was sick.
3． glimpse 常用在以下短语中:
get a fleeting glimpse of
catch a quick glimpse of the gun-
man
have a brief glimpse of
allow him a glimpse into the world
take a glimpse at myself globalization 该词近几年的出现频率很高，有不少词组:
the globalization of education
the globalization of western cul-
ture
the globalization of industry globe globe，earth
两词都可以译成“地球”。
1． globe 强调“地球是个圆球”:
They circled the globe.
2． earth 与天空相对而言，强调“人类生活的土地”:
The astronauts returned from the moon to the earth. glory 常作不可数名词，但在下面的例子中用复数，表示“奇观、奇迹”等:
the hidden glories of the place
the glories of nature
one of the glories of ancient China
Besides these glories，he shone
in glue 不可数，表示其数量可以说:
a pot of glue
a bottle of glue
a tube of glue
a dab of glue
equal volumes of glue and water
add fixed amounts of glue to the
solutions
small drops of glue
a drop or two of glue
a broad range of glue
a layer of glue
a bit of glue
different kinds of glue
a ball of glue
a large tube of blue
a lot of glue
two plastic bags of glue
a bead of glue
a length of glue
100 grams of glue
a dot of glue
lots of glue
a little blob of glue
a thin coat of glue
a quart of glue
an irregular shaped puddle of glue
a smear of glue
an even coating of glue
8 bounds of glue
a jar of glue
a handful of glue
fifty per cent of glue
gallons of glue GM 可以指 genetically modified ( 转基因) ，在现代英语中可以修饰名词:
GM foods
GM crops
GM ingredients
GM research go 1． 下面两个句子意思不同:
He has gone to Beijing. 他去北京了。( 现在他在北京)
He has been to Beijing. 他去过北京。( 现在已经回来)
2． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
I must go.
I must be going. goal 1． 注意与动词的搭配:
set a goal
establish a goal
achieve a goal
reach a goal
attain a goal
score a goal
win a goal
lose a goal
carry out a goal
get a goal
kick a goal
take a goal
make a goal
pass a goal
pursue a goal
race towards a goal
propel toward a goal
move toward a goal
strive for a goal
push forward a goal
realize a goal
bar a goal
cherish a goal
gain a goal
touch a goal
2． set a goal 和 set goals 都可以说:
You should set a goal / set goals for yourself. goat 1． “母山羊”可以说 nanny goat 或
she-goat; “公山羊”可以说 billy
goat 或 he-goat。
2． 其他表示“羊”的词还有不少:
sheep 绵羊
ram 公羊
ewe 母羊
lamb 羔羊
kid 小山羊 go-between 1． 复数形式是 go-betweens。
2． 可以指各种 “中间人”，后面常跟介词 for，between，in 等:
He acted as a go-between for the two companies.
He acted as a go-between be-
tween two federal prisoners.
He found himself acting as the go-
between in this passionate love affair. God ，god
1． 作“上帝”解时，前面常不用定冠词，但首字母大写:
pray to God
thank God
Do you believe in God?
2． God 的代名词常用 He 或 Him，注意首字母大写:
She prayed to God，and He an-
swered her prayers.
3． 尽管 God 的代名词是 He 或 Him，
后面的动词有时可以不遵循第三人称单数的规则:
God grant me serenity，courage and wisdom.
God forbid that India should ever take to industrialism after the manner of the West.
4． 可以作前缀 god- :
godfather
godson
goddaughter
godparent
godmother gold 1． 作“金子”解时，作不可数名词:
It's made of gold.
They all got paid in gold.
2． 作“金色”解时，可以是可数或不可数名词:
the reds and golds of the autumn
leaves
The dome was painted in gold. gold ，golden
两词都可以译成“金( 黄) 色的”。
1． 在不少情况下可以换用，意义无区别:
a gold / golden car
gold / golden paint
2． 两词也可以译成“金制的”:
a gold / golden crown
gold / golden earrings
3． gold 较多用来形容“金制的”;
golden 较多用于文学修辞之中:
a gold watch
golden youth
4． 注意两词不同的搭配:
gold medals
gold bricks
gold diggers
gold dust
gold jewelry
gold coins
a golden opportunity
a golden chance
the golden rule
golden wedding
golden years
the golden age golf 常为不可数名词，下面的例子中，golf
前没有冠词:
play a round of golf
He used to be a player at golf. good nice，good
两词都有 “好”的含义。
1． 在很多情况下，两词可以换用，含义无多大区别:
He is a nice / good boy.
2． nice 常可表示 “吸引人的、漂亮的”，语气强于 good:
The silk ties are nice.
There's a nice view at the top of the hill.
3． 可以说 it's nice of you to do sth
或 it's good of you to do sth，后者为英国用法:
“It's good of you to say that，”the
prime minister repeated in his very
British way. goodbye 1． 有复数形式:
They are saying goodbyes at the airport.
He said his goodbyes knowing that he would be away for a long time.
They made their goodbyes.
2． 下面短语中，goodbye 前没有冠词:
He waved goodbye to her.
He kissed her goodbye.
He said goodbye to her.
He nodded goodbye to her.
He bid goodbye to her.
3． 有形容词修饰时，前面常加冠词:
He said an awkward goodbye to her.
He said a cheerful goodbye to her. goods 1． 作“商品、货物”解时，表示其数量可以说:
a large variety of goods
all the goods
very little of the goods
a lot of goods
many goods
these goods
a wide range of goods
2． 英国人说 goods train，美国人说
freight train。
3． 后面常用复数动词:
Goods are things that are made to be sold. goodwill 为不可数名词，注意它的表达法:
a gesture of goodwill
sufficient goodwill
with such goodwill
with real goodwill
a spirit of goodwill
a policy of goodwill
full of goodwill
have no goodwill
make most of goodwill
in a spirit of goodwill
a sign of goodwill
spread the message of goodwill
a harvest of goodwill
reap rewards of goodwill
the ambassador of goodwill gossip 表示“闲聊”，作可数或不可数名词都可以，但用后者居多:
an interesting piece of gossip
It's just idle gossip.
much gossip about his resignation
He had a good gossip last night.
She had a good gossip with a neighbor at the door. got got，gotten
1． 在美国英语中，用 gotten 居多; 在现代英国英语中，也有人用 gotten。
2． 在口语中，人们常把 have got a，
have got to 读成 gotta:
Gotta phone? ( 与 Have you got a
phone? 同义)
He's gotta decide now. ( 与 He has got to decide now. 同义) gotten got，gotten
1． 在美国英语中，用 gotten 居多; 在现代英国英语中，也有人用 gotten。
2． 在口语中，人们常把 have got a，
have got to 读成 gotta:
Gotta phone? ( 与 Have you got a
phone? 同义)
He's gotta decide now. ( 与 He has got to decide now. 同义) government administration，government
1． 在美国英语中，administration 可以用来表述以下几种含义。
1) “国家政府”，是可数名词，与总统的名字连用，特指某个政府时，第一个字母常大写，前有定冠词:
the Bush Administration
2) “政府的某个部门”:
the Federal Highway Administra-
tion
2． 在英国英语中，人们常用 govern-
ment 表示“政府”，与首相的名字连用时，第一个字母也要大写，前有定冠词:
the Major Government
3． 与国家、政党等名词相连时，两词的第一个字母不一定大写，前有定冠词:
the US administration
the Mexican government
the last Labour government government 1． 后面跟单复数动词都可以:
The government is / are planning to raise the minimum wage.
2． 表示 “…… 政府”时，前面常用定冠词:
the Labor Government
the Mexican Government
the federal government
the Nationalist Government
3． 指“治理的形式、方法”时，常为不可数名词。 在下面例子中，gov-
ernment 前一般没有冠词:
The era of big government is over.
the art of government
our system of government government regime，government
两词都有“政府”的含义。
1． regime 有贬义，常指“法西斯、军事独裁、集权等政权”:
He was imprisoned and tortured under the fascist regime.
a military regime
2． government 是中性词，比较普通常用，可指各种“政权”:
a communist government
a coalition government
a federal government
a central government governor 表示 “( 监狱、银行、医院、学校等的)
主管”是英国用法:
a prison governor
the governor of the Bank of Eng-
land
the board of governors of a col-
lege
the board of governors of a hospi-
tal gown 常指“( 在正式场合穿的或特殊的) 礼服、长袍”，短语 town and gown 指
“( 剑桥、牛津的) 城镇居民和大学师生”，因为大学师生常穿校服
( gown) :
These town and gown stories are
set in college towns or on cam-
pus.
Town and gown are successfully co-existing in the East Midlands.
In three decades，the relationship between “town and gown” has gone from strength to strength. grab 1． 后面常跟下列名词:
grab a knife
grab a person
grab his attention
grab an opportunity
grab a chance
grab the headlines
grab something to eat
grab the bag from her
grab a sandwich
grab the money
grab the seat
grab her hair
grab his hand
grab him by the neck
grab a beer
grab land
grab the lease
grab time in the break
grab a bus
grab a shower
grab a bite
grab some breakfast
grab a little sleep
grab an audience
2． “运气袋”美国人说 grab bag，英国人说 lucky dip。 grace 表示“( 体态) 优美”时，常作不可数名词; 但作“( 社交) 风度、魅力”解时，为可数名词。
I like this girl because she is full of grace. ( 不可数)
She had few social graces. ( 可数)
I tried to do that very difficult thing，imagining old people young again， and invested with the graces of youth. ( 可数) ． grade 1． 表示“年级”时用 grade 是美国用法，首字母可以大写:
in the seventh grade
a fifth-grade education
the second grade students
2． 名词 grade 作“成绩、分数”解时，常与下列动词连用:
improve your grades
get good grades
gain a grade
obtain a grade
award a grade
give grades
receive a grade of 90 on the exam
attain a grade
have a good grade
make grades in college
3． grade-point average 作“平均绩点”是美国用法:
The grades in all courses taken at
Washington University count in
your cumulative grade-point aver-
age except: 
4． a graded reader 是“( 避免使用难词的 ) 分级读物”，后面常跟介词
for，of 等:
a graded reader for beginners in
English language learning
a graded reader of Classic Polish
Literature grade mark，grade
两词都有 “分数”的意思。
1． mark 主要是英国用词:
He did well to get such a good mark.
2． grade 主要是美国用词:
I wrote on grade inflation for The
Washington Post. graduate 1． 在英国指“大学毕业生”，在美国可指“( 各种学校、训练班的) 毕业生”:
graduates in civil engineering ( 英美用法)
high school graduates( 美国用法)
2． 指某一学科的“毕业生”时，后面常用介词 in:
a graduate in science
graduates in history
3． 指某个学校的毕业生时，后面常用介词 of，from:
a graduate of Yale University
graduates from the summer school
4． “本科生”可以说 undergraduate
或 undergrad; “研究生”可以说
postgraduate 或 postgrad。
5． 美国人常说 graduate student; 英国人常说 postgraduate，postgrad
是口语用法。
6． graduate school( 研究生院) 是美国用法:
He is attending graduate school at
Harvard.
grain
grain 抽象地表示“一点儿、些微”有不少词组:
a grain of hope
a grain of love
a grain of truth
a grain of humor
a grain of consolation
a grain of common sense
a grain of salt
a grain of manhood
a grain of allowance grammar 1． 作“语法”解时，常为不可数名词:
the basic rules of grammar
common mistakes in grammar
2． English grammar，German gram-
mar 等前面常不用定冠词:
an online course in English gram-
mar
teach English grammar
3． 作“语法书”解时，为可数名词，如
“一本汉语语法书”可以说:
a Chinese grammar
a grammar of Chinese grant 1． 后面多跟复合宾语:
grant him a leave of absence
grant him political asylum
grant the country independence
grant him a licence to mine in the
region
grant her a divorce
grant him the same freedom
grant women the right to vote
2． 作名词时，常作“补助费、助学金”解。注意它的搭配:
a grant from Ford Foundation
a cash grant
a special grant to encourage AIDS
research
make him a grant of $ 1，000 a
month
obtain an annual grant of
$ 32，000 from Harvard
have an ample grant
make a cash grant
live on her meager monthly gov-
ernment grant
give death grants to the relatives
of the victims
receive government grants
get a retirement grant
award her a research grant
distribute student grants
provide grant aid for the wounded
a direct public expenditure grant
deducted from the welfare grant grapevine 表示“传闻”时，grapevine 前面用介词 on，through 都可以，并有定冠词:
She heard rumors on / through the grapevine. grasp 1． 说 grasp her hand 和 grasp her
by the hand 都可以。
2． 说 grasp his coat 和 grasp at his
coat 都可以。
3． 除可指实物 ( 如 grasp her shoul-
der 或 grasp the rope with both
hands) 外，grasp 还常指“掌握 ( 抽象的东西)”:
grasp the main points of the
speech
grasp the full significance of the e-
vents
grasp the meaning of the whole
passage
grasp the seriousness of the crisis
grasp the rare opportunity
grasp the unique chance
grasp the shift in the emphasis
grasp the concept of the reform
grasp the love thrown in her way
grasp the plan of the campaign
grasp the idea of the invention
grasp his theories
grasp the principles grass 1． 一般为不可数名词，但指“某种草”时为可数名词:
There is no grass beside the road. ( 不可数)
The lawn contained a mixture of grasses. ( 可数)
2． 用 grass 表示“这山比那山高”，可以说:
The grass is greener elsewhere.
The grass is always greener on the other side.
The grass is greener on the other side of the fence.
grassland，lawn，meadow，prai-
rie，pasture，savanna
这组词都有“草地”的意思。
1． grassland 既可以指“放牧的草原”，也可以指一般的“草地”或“沼泽草地”。 中国工农红军走过的
“草地”就译成 grassland。
2． lawn 指 “( 修剪得很整齐的 ) 草坪”:
the lawns of the campus
3． meadow 也可指“牧场的草原”，但比较具有诗意:
Cows were roaming the meadow.
4． prairie 尤指“北美稀树大草原”，
“内蒙古大草原”也可叫 prairie。
“星星之火，可以燎原”曾译成 A
single spark can start a prairie fire.
5． pasture 主要指“放牧的草地”:
The cows are grazing on the pas-
ture.
6． savanna 主要指“热带、亚热带草原”:
Find a good map to help your
team locate the savannas in Afri-
ca. grateful ，thankful
两词都有“感谢”的含义。
1． grateful 常指“( 对另一个人的) 感谢”:
I am grateful to him for his kind-
ness.
2． thankful 常指 “( 对意外的、天然的、上帝赐予之物的) 感谢”:
I am thankful to be out in the fresh air after the long meeting.
We are thankful for the fair weath-
er.
She is thankful for her good health.
grave，tomb，mausoleum
3 词都可译成“坟墓”。
1． grave 最普通常用，可指各种“坟墓”:
the graves of Ming Emperors
the mass grave
nameless graves
2． tomb 一般指“有墓碑的、带有纪念性的、尤指有装饰的坟墓”:
the Tomb of the Unknown Sol-
diers 无名烈士墓
3． mausoleum 一般指“( 造在坟墓之上的豪华) 陵墓、纪念堂”:
Dr. Sun Yat-sen's Mausoleum
4． 表示“从生到死”，说 from cradle
to grave 居多，说 from cradle to
tomb 也有，但较少; 说 from cra-
dle to mausoleum 的没有。
5． 说 from cradle to grave 和 from
the cradle to the grave 都可以，前者的使用频率较高。 grave tomb，grave
两词都有“坟墓”的含义。
1． tomb 常指“有石头墓碑、雕塑、装饰或结构的坟墓( 墓的一部分露出地面)”:
a tomb with stone relieves of
Eastern Han Dynasty
Arafat's body will be preserved in a stone tomb in Ramallah.
2． grave 常指“挖洞后深埋地下的墓”:
His body was buried deep in a grave. gravity 作“引力”解时，一般为不可数名词。
注意它的搭配:
lack of gravity
the force of gravity
pulled by gravity
It runs with gravity. gray gray，grey
1． 美国人多用 gray，英国人用多
grey。
2． gray 构成不少新词组:
gray-collar( 维修技术工人等) 灰领阶层( 的)
gray eminence 后台人物
graymail 讹诈( 材料)
gray market ( 高价交易短缺商品的) 灰色市场
Gray Panther ( 激进老人的 ) 灰豹党人
gray power 老人权力
gray area( 法律等规则模糊的) 灰色地区
gray matter 脑子
Greyhound Bus( 美国) “灰狗”长途汽车 great 1． grandfather 是 “祖父”，great-
grandfather 是“曾祖父”，再往前追溯，每加一代就增加一个 great，其他相关亲属关系以此类推。如著名小说《根》的第一句话写道:
My great-great-great-great-grand-
father was in Africa.
2． 口语中，尤其在美国口语中，great
常用作副词，表示 very well:
I'm doing great.
He played great.
Things are going great.
3． 口语中，尤其在美国口语中，可以说 great big，强调“特别大”:
a great big piece of cake 一块特别大的蛋糕
4． the Great White Way 可指“纽约影剧聚集区”:
The Great White Way is a phrase
known worldwide to describe
Broadway's profusion of theatres. greed 1． 后面常跟介词 for:
with unbounded greed for fame
and power
2． 常为不可数名词，但可以说 a
greed:
an insatiable greed for personal
profit greedy 后面常跟介词 for，after，of 等:
She is greedy for secret informa-
tion.
She is greedy after honor.
She is greedy of personal gains. Greek 注意一些特殊用法:
Greek systems / Greeks，兄弟会、联谊会( 主要在美国使用)
That's Greek to me. 我完全不懂。
When Greek meets Greek，then comes the tug of war. 两雄相遇，其斗必烈。
I'd rather study Greek grammar
than 我宁可学习希腊语法也不…… ( 意思是 “…… 事非常难做”) green 1． 注意名词 green 的一些特殊说法:
greens( 尤指煮熟的绿色) 蔬菜
green( 口语中指) 美元
Green 绿色和平组织成员
They also prepared a landscape scheme for the campus green.
( 这里的 green 指 “草坪”)
2． 注意 green 的一些词或词组:
greenback 美元
green card( 允许在美国永久居住和工作的) 绿卡
the green man( 英国交通绿灯上移动的) 绿人
Green Paper( 英国政府供讨论的)
绿皮书
Greenpeace 绿色和平组织
green food( 符合环保要求的) 绿色食品
greenskeeper ( 高尔夫球场) 绿草地看护人
green lung ( 城市中心的 ) 绿化地带、绿肺
greenmail 绿票讹诈
Green Party( 环保) 绿党
green power 金钱的力量
green shoots( 经济) 复苏迹象
green time( 交通的) 绿灯时间
greenway 林阴道路
green channel ( 机场等的) 绿色通道 greet 常用 greet sb with sth，be greeted
with sth，be greeted by sth 的句型:
He greeted her with a kiss.
His speech was greeted with cheers.
She was greeted by a shocking sight. greeting 1． 表示“祝贺”时，常用复数:
I sent her a card with holiday greetings.
2． 表示“招呼”时，单复数都用:
I raised a hand in greeting.
They exchanged greetings on the stairs. grey gray，grey
1． 美国人多用 gray，英国人用多
grey。
2． gray 构成不少新词组:
gray-collar( 维修技术工人等) 灰领阶层( 的)
gray eminence 后台人物
graymail 讹诈( 材料)
gray market ( 高价交易短缺商品的) 灰色市场
Gray Panther ( 激进老人的 ) 灰豹党人
gray power 老人权力
gray area( 法律等规则模糊的) 灰色地区
gray matter 脑子
Greyhound Bus( 美国) “灰狗”长途汽车 grief 1． 常为不可数名词:
She was helpless with grief.
an outpouring of grief
Good grief!
2． 但也可以作可数名词:
She poured out her griefs in a long letter to her mother.
Her marriage was a grief to her parents. grin 注意一些搭配:
with a sudden grin
a slight grin on his face
wear a grin from ear to ear
a grin of derision
said with a broad grin
a flickering grin
a silly grin
give a cheeky grin
with an embarrassed grin
Take that nasty grin off your face.
Wipe that grin off your face.
with a sheepish grin
a cheerful grin
with a grin of triumph
a wooden grin
a noble grin
a mocking grin
an understanding grin
a sly grin
a doubtful grin
a whimsical grin
an infectious grin grind 注意一些短语:
have an ax to grind 别有所图
grind the faces of the poor 压榨贫民
with one's nose to the grindstone
拼命工作 grip 注意与动词的一些搭配:
tighten his grip on her arm
release his grip on her arm
get a vice-like grip on the steering
wheel
loosen his grip on her
have a good grip on the audience
take a firm grip on her hand
lose his grip on her
regain his grip on her
keep an unusual grip on his men
come to the grips with the subject
get to the grips with the subject
maintain an iron grip on the coun-
try
let go my grip
relax his grip
clasp his grip
clutch his grip
insure his grip groan 注意一些搭配:
groans of pain
groans of despair
groans of disappointment
groans of dismay
groans of disapproval
groans of reason
groans of death
groans of the wounded
groans of the oppressed people
groans of pleasure
groans of agony
groans of the dying man
groans of complaints
groans of innocence
groans of birth
groans of disgust
groans of annoyance
groans of anguish
groans of a sick man grocery 1． 作“小杂货店”解，主要是美国用词; 在现实中人们使用 grocery
store 的频率更高:
For years，he operated a grocery on this corner.
I slipped and fell in a grocery store.
2． 可以说:
a grocery list
a grocery item
a grocery retail option
a grocery bag
a grocery bag fee
a grocery retailer
a grocery manager
a grocery clerk
a grocery basket
a grocery cart
a grocery business
a grocery coupon grope 后面常跟介词 for， around， to，
through，with，toward，across，in-
to，along，after 等:
grope for words
grope around the room
grope through the dark forest
grope with her hands
grope with education reform
grope toward a settlement
grope across the hallway
grope into the kitchen
grope along the corridor
grope after something interesting gross 后面常跟下列名词:
gross income
gross weight
gross national product
gross negligence
gross insolence inequalities
gross behavior
gross revenues
gross weekly earnings
gross misconduct
gross mismanagement
gross distortion of the truth
gross language
gross manners
gross pleasures
gross indecency
gross error
gross injustices
gross terms
gross holiday outfits
gross inequalities in wealth and
power
gross fools
gross changes
gross flow instabilities
gross characteristics of the devel-
opment
gross classification
gross features
gross breach of protocol
gross distortions
gross selfness
gross overorganizing
gross examination
gross deceit
gross aspects of Western society
gross tonnage
gross annual profit
gross miscalculation
gross words
gross judgments
gross habit ground 1． 作“地( 球的表) 面、土壤”解时，常为不可数名词:
He fell to the ground.
poor ground for grow crops
表示“土地”的面积大小，可以说:
an acre of ground
a piece of ground
a lot of ground
two thirds of ground
a plot of ground
2． 表示“( 特殊用途的) 土地、场地”时，为可数名词，前面常有形容词:
a parade ground
a football ground
a sports ground
3． 美国人常用复数 grounds 来表示某种意思:
polo grounds
burial grounds
hunting grounds
fishing grounds
picnic grounds
sailing up the East River to a pic-
nic grounds on Long Island
Plans were made to construct a polo grounds on the Central Park property.
This cemetery was started some-
time in the 1850s by Francis
Downing as a burial grounds for his family.
4． 多数人还是将 grounds 用作复数形式:
Most people are shocked that our burial grounds are still being dug up.
5． 表示“( 咖啡等) 渣子”时用复数形式 grounds，后面动词也用复数:
Grounds are small pieces of crushed coffee beans.
6． on the ground that ，on the
grounds that，on the ground of，
on the grounds of 都可以说:
The government has rejected the request on the ground that there are no scientific grounds to prove it.
A female employee is refused ac-
cess to a relevant training course on the grounds that she may leave the organization should she become pregnant.
It should be noted that dismissal on
the ground of family responsibilities'
is unlawful.
The following items will not be
permitted on the grounds of disa-
bility.
7． 9·11 事件后，美国人把原来 Twin
Towers ( 双子楼 ) 的遗址称作
Ground Zero ( Ground Zero 原指
“爆炸投影点”) ，其首字母常大写，前面不用定冠词:
Ground Zero is the site of the worst terrorist attack in the history of this century.
8． 英国人把“一楼”叫 ground floor，
美国人叫 first floor。
9． 参见 earth。 group 1． 可以用 group 表示“血型”:
—Which blood group do you be-
long to?
—Group A．
2． 前面常用介词 into，of，to 等:
split the students into groups
divide the tourists into three
groups
the leader of a study group
He belongs to a labor group.
3． 常作“集团”解，前面常加定冠词:
the Group of Seven “七国集团”
4． the Group of Ten“十国集团”
The Ministers of Finance and
Central Bank Governors of the
Group of Ten usually meet once a
year in connection with the au-
tumn. grow 1． 作半连系动词时，后面可以跟许多词:
grow several inches
grow a lot
grow very tall
grow longer
grow bald
grow dimmer
grow smaller
grow aged
grow better
grow chicken-hearted
grow weaker
grow richer
grow older
grow grey
grow dark
grow eloquent
grow excited
grow faint
grow familiar
grow fat
grow thin
grow fashionable
grow green
grow hot
grow intoxicated
grow late
grow pale
grow peevish
grow ripe
grow timid
grow worse
grow wild
grow helpless
grow stern
grow too long
2． 下面两个句子都对:
Will you grow some flowers for
me?
Will you grow me some flowers?
3． growing pains 可译成“成长的烦恼”，有一语双关之妙，但也可指
“( 一切事物在其) 初级阶段所遇到的麻烦和问题”:
the growing pains of the new
country growth 1． 具体指“生长物”时，为可数名词:
the young growths of the plants
remove a growth from his neck
2． growth industry 指“快速发展的工业”。类似的短语还有:
growth company 迅速发展的公司
growth stock 增长股
growth fund 发展基金 guarantee 1． 后面常跟介词 of，against，for 等:
give a guarantee of continued
support
want guarantees against future in-
vasions
a guarantee for good weather
2． 在下面短语中，guarantee 前没有冠词:
The radio is still under guarantee. guard 1． 英国人说 a guard of honour，美国人说 an honor guard。
2． 后面常跟介词 against:
They have built a dam to guard a-
gainst floods. guess 1． guess 作“想、以为”解，主要是美国用语:
—Will you be coming tonight?
—I guess so.
2． I guess so. 相当于 Yes，但语气不如后者强。
3． I guess not. 相当于 No，但语气不如后者强。 guest 常作定语，修饰名词:
guest house 宾馆
guest service 客人服务部
guest Website 客人网站
guest quarters 客人居住区
guest speaker 客座演讲人
guest lecturer 客座讲师
guest professor 客座教授
guest beer( 临时销售的) 特色啤酒
guest book 贵宾登记簿
guest room 客房
guest worker( 临时) 外来民工
guest list 客人名单 guidance 常用在 under the guidance of sb 或
under sb's guidance 短语中:
under the guidance of the chair-
man
The company is growing fast un-
der his guidance. guide 1． 注意一些搭配:
TV guide
tour guide
mountain guide
travel guide
step-by-step guide
pocket guide
quick reference guide
sewing-machine guide
town guide
consumer guide
2． 后面常跟介词 to，in，for 等:
a guide to Shanghai Museum
a guide in life
a guide for timing control meas-
ures
3． “引路狗”或“导盲犬”英国人叫 a
guide dog，美国人叫 a seeing-eye
dog。 guilty 后面经常跟介词 of，about，to 等:
He is guilty of negligence.
He felt guilty about what he had done.
He pleaded guilty to all charges. guitar 1． 说 play guitar 和 play the guitar 都可以。
2． 下面的句子都可以说:
He plays guitar.
He plays the guitar. ( 常用)
He plays a tune on the guitar. ( 常用)
Steinbeck plays a tune on his gui-
tar. gully 1． 都有 “山谷”的含义。
1) valley 比较普通常用，常指“有河流流过的山谷”:
In 1996，the Hudson River Valley
was designated as a National
Heritage Area.
2) 美国高科技的“硅谷”叫 Silicon
Valley。
3 ) ravine，gorge 常指“陡峭、深窄的山谷”，gorge 一般有河流川流而过，ravine 不一定:
The Three Gorges Dam on the
Yangtze River will be the largest hydroelectric dam in the world.
( “长江三峡”用 the Three Gor-
ges，强调它的 “险峻”)
They are skiing at the Tuckerman
Ravine in New Hampshire. ( 在
Tuckerman Ravine 滑雪，山谷中不会像 “长江三峡”那样水流湍急)
4) canyon 是美国 Grand Canyon 那样的 “大峡谷”。
5) gully 常指 “雨水在山边冲成的小而窄的冲沟”:
The gully is unique because of its great depth and steep slopes.
2． valley girl 是美国用语，指 “( 加州富人家庭只追求时髦的) 山谷女”:
Valley girls in California are very much like Essex girls in England.
They are stupid and fashionable.
valuable，priceless，invaluable
1． 三词都可表示 “珍贵的”; valuable
可以形容各种东西 “珍贵的”;
priceless 的语气强于 valuable，形容某东西是“无价的”; invaluable
不可以形容“金钱、价钱等宝贵的”，但可以指“帮助、忠告、建议、援助、经验等宝贵的”:
a few valuable tips
valuable service
valuable photos
gain valuable experience
a priceless ancient jade sculpture
Good health is priceless.
invaluable information
your invaluable help
invaluable resources
2． valuable 后面常跟介词 for，to，
as:
Native plants are valuable to wild-
life.
These reports are valuable for ex-
ploratory research needs.
It is valuable as a resource to guide people responsible for the promotion of such co-operation. gum 表示“牙龈”时，常用复数:
massage your gums
damaging the gums
If the gums are not treated，the
bone around the teeth can be de-
stroyed. gun 1． 可以泛指各种“枪、炮”等。
2． 表示“枪、炮”的词或词组有:
pistol 手枪、信号枪、发令枪
rifle 来福枪
revolver 左轮手枪
automatic gun
cannon 大炮
machine gun 枪枪、机关枪
mortar 迫击炮
shotgun 猎枪、滑膛枪 gust 注意一些搭配:
a gust of wind
a gust of pleasure
a gust of rage
a gust of joy
a gust of breeze
a gust of rain
a gust of sound
a gust of anger
a gust of laughter
a gust of irritation
a gust of fresh air
a gust of feeling
a gust of anger
a gust of rage
a gust of shootings
a gust of hotel expansion
a gust of reform across the region
a gust of life
a gust of snow
a gust of frost
a gust of euphony
a gust of fog guts 注意一些固定用法:
have the guts to do sth 有勇气做某事
it takes guts to do sth 做某事要有勇气
work one's guts out 拼命工作
cry one's guts out 悲痛欲绝
run one's guts out 竭尽全力
with plenty of guts 鼓足勇气
tear the guts out 耗尽精力
sweat one's guts out 拼命工作
slog one's guts out 拼命工作 guy 1． 在口语中用得很多，男女都可以指:
Hi，guys! Where are you going?
Come on，you guys!
2． “二号人物”可以译成 the Number
Two Guy 或 the number two guy:
He was going to make a push to be the number two guy in the company.
He is regarded as the Number
Two Guy at IBM Software，as its
CEO． gym 1． 在口语常指“健身房、体育馆”:
I work out in the gym everyday.
2． 注意 gym 的一些搭配:
gym shoes
gym lesson
gym classes
gym bag
gym clothes
gym teacher
gym membership
gym fitness equipment
gym club
gym exercises
gym toys
gym bookings
gym contract
gym Website
gym instructor
gym program
gym discounts
gym-goers
gym-quality exercise
gym radio
gym mania
gym rat habit 1． 在下面句子中，habit 前不用冠词，两句的意思相同:
I did it from sheer force of habit.
I did it out of habit.
2． 表示“习惯做什么”可以说:
have a / the habit of doing sth
be in the habit of doing sth
have a / the habit to do sth
She has the habit of jogging in the morning.
She has a habit of jogging in the morning.
She is in the habit of jogging in the morning.
She has the habit to go jogging in the morning.
She has a habit to go jogging in the morning.
3． 前面常用下列动词:
have a habit
kick a habit
break a habit
make a habit
give up a habit
get into a habit
abandon a habit
acquire a habit
discard a habit
form a habit
foster a habit
keep a habit
alter a habit
build up a habit
change a habit
correct a habit
cultivate a habit
drop a habit
pick up a habit
root up a habit
start a habit
spread a habit
stimulate a habit
take up a habit
relinquish a habit
cast aside a habit
uproot a habit
become a habit
inherit a habit
fall back on a habit
slip into a habit
habit，custom，practice
这组词都有“习惯”的含义。
1． habit 一般指“( 个人的) 习惯”:
his eating habit
her cocaine habit
2． custom 一般指“( 整个社会长期形成的) 风俗习惯”:
holidays established by ancient cus-
tom
3． practice 作“习惯”解可能有贬义:
a practice that is illegal in Britain
4． practice 也常指 “( 商业、法律上的) 习惯做法”:
bank practices
the practice of closing shops on
Sundays hack 1． 作“用计算机非法获取数据，擅自闯入他人的计算机系统”解:
He hacked the computers of large companies.
He hacked the website.
He hacked into banks and trans-
fered large amount of money.
2． hack 的施动者叫 hacker。
3． hacker 可以作定语修饰其他名词:
a hacker emblem
a hacker community
a hacker diet
a hacker sticker
a hacker crackdown
a hacker slang dictionary
a hacker quarterly
a hacker manifesto
a hacker magazine
a hacker attack
a hacker hitman
a hacker tool
a hacker storm
a hacker feature
4． 此外，hack 与 hacker 还有其他用法:
dealing with hacking
hacker's wisdom
hacker's choice hacker's paradise
hacker's guide
hacker's playground
hacker's friend
hacker's Odyssey
hacker's hacker
hacker's dreamland
hacker's heaven hail 1． 注意作名词时的一些搭配:
a hail of questions
a hail missiles
a hail rubber bullets
a hail stones
a hail abuse
a hail gunfire
a hail criticism
a hail arrows
a hail ice
a hail flowers
a hail pebbles
a hail fireworks
a hail sparks
a hail protest
a hail beer cans and bottles
a hail explosive fragments
a hail blows
a hail paint
a hail thick gunsmoke
a hail crisp butterlies
a hail glass and plaster
a hail shells and shrapnel
a hail ridicule
a hail hatred
a hail eggs
a hail punches
a hail spears
a hail grenades
a hail debris
a hail little insects
2． 作动词时，常用于下列句型:
The old people hailed him as the
Buddha.
They hailed his arrive with enthu-
siasm.
They hailed me from across the street.
They hailed me at the door.
They hailed a taxi.
The film seems to hail from Lon-
don. hair 1． 统称“头发、毛发”时，无论是指一人还是多人，一般多用 hair:
a girl with golden hair
You need to brush you hair.
The majority of men have hair on their chest.
2． a hair 指“一根毛发”，hairs 指“多根毛发”:
He has a few grey hairs.
She found a woman's hair on her husband's coat.
3． 在成语中，有时用 hair，有时用 a
hair，有时用 hairs:
a hair to make tether of 小题大做
be not worth a hair 一钱不值
by turn of a hair 险些儿
hang by a single hair 千钧一发
to a hair 完全一样
without turning a hair 毫不惊慌
( 用 a hair)
bring sb's grey hairs to the grave
使老人忧心至死
get sb by the short hairs 抓住某人的辫子
split hairs 无故挑剔 ( 用 hairs)
have grey hair 满头白发
do up one's hair 梳理头发
let your hair dry 别那么神气
have one's hair cut 理发
keep your hair on 保持镇静
make sb's hair stand on end 使某人毛骨悚然 ( 用 hair)
4． 表示“理发师、美容师”有很多说法:
hairdresser
hair dresser
haircutter
barber
hairdoer
hair stylist
hairstylist
hair-stylist half 1． 下面两个句子都可以说:
Half of the residents voted for him.
Half the residents voted for him.
2． 后面跟单数还是复数动词常依据它所修饰的名词而定:
Half of the fruit is rotten.
Half of the apples are rotten.
3． 下面两种说法都对:
Cut it in half.
Cut it in halves.
4． 下面两种说法意思相同:
One half of the students are Eng-
lish majors， the other half are non-English majors.
Half of the students are English
majors，half are non-English ma-
jors.
5． 在口语中说 go half and half ( with
sb) 和 go halves ( with sb ) 都可以:
It's an apple — let's go half and half / go halves.
6． one and a half 一般作复数用:
One and a half years have passed since I left Boston.
7． aand a half 一般作单数用:
A year and a half has passed since I left Boston.
8． 表示“一分为二”，可以说:
divide sth in half
cut sth in half
split sth in half
9． 下面的短语中，half 前不加介词 of
的居多:
half a mile
half an hour
half a minute
half a second
half a cup
10． 可以作构词成分 half-:
half-cooked
half-life
half-measure
half-crazed
half-price
half-truth
a half-baked software
a half-binding service
a half-blooded sheep
a half-bound leather book
half-bred mare
half-brother
a half-caste heir
a half-cut tangerine
a half-faced respirator
a half-headed bed
a half-length portrait
half-life
at half-mast
a half-naked woman
half-starved child
confuse a half-smile with approval
in a half-hearted campaign
a half-hour walk hall 1． 注意与 hall 搭配的词:
entrance hall
concert hall
dining hall
church hall
residential hall
assembly hall
exhibition hall
lecture hall
music hall
recreation hall
city hall
town hall
dancing hall
halls of ivy
2． entrance hall 是美国用法，英国人用 hallway。 halt 常用在下列句型中:
bring the traffic to a halt.
The truck came to a halt.
The car skidded to a halt
The taxi screeched to a halt.
The bus shuddered to a halt.
The referee called a halt to the football match.
The elevator creaked to a halt.
They negotiated a halt to the bor-
der war. ham 1． 作“火腿 ( 肉)”解时，常为不可数名词，要表示其数量时，可以说:
three slices of ham
plenty of ham
several cuts of ham
many types of ham
different varieties of ham
a slab of ham
a 5kg leg of ham
a pound of ham
2． a ham 是“一整只火腿”:
three whole hams3 整只火腿 hand 1． 下面短语中，hand 前面没有冠词，注意它们的译法:
The Greyhound bus station is close at hand.“灰狗”公共汽车站就在附近。
Many people in that country are living from hand to mouth. 该国很多人吃了上顿没下顿。
The situation is getting out of hand. 局势正在失控。
I heard about the incident at first hand from my roommate. 我先从我室友处得知事故消息。
It's written by hand. 这是手写的。
The company is making money hand over fist. 该公司正在快速地赚钱。
They had the matter in hand. 他们控制了局势。
Success and promotion often go hand in hand. 成功与晋升常常接踵而来。
He worked hand in glove with her. 他与她狼狈为奸
He made the speech off hand. 他作了即兴发言
There is no money on hand to pay for the computer. 手边没有钱购买计算机。
He has the certificate to hand. 他把证书放在手边。
2． hand luggage 也作 carry-on lug-
gage。 handbook manual，handbook
1． 两词都可译成 “手册”。
1) manual 尤指 “操作机器等的手册”:
an operating manual
2) handbook 的使用域较广，可指各种 “手册”:
a tourist handbook
a handbook of road signs
2． 后面常接介词 of，for，on 等:
a manual of acupuncture
a manual for first time users
a manual on film production handful 注意 a handful of 与其后面名词的搭配，它们可以是可数名词，也可以是不可数名词，可以是抽象名词，也可以是实义名词:
a handful of coins
a handful of players
a handful of rice
a handful of grain
a handful of sand
a handful of customers
a handful of demonstrators
a handful of peas
a handful of guineas
a handful of city folks
a handful of her many composi-
tions
a handful of great museums
a handful of days
a handful of money handkerchief 复数形式有两种，handkerchiefs 和
handkerchieves，用前者居多:
These handkerchiefs are often un-
dervalued because the lace is subtle.
Her handkerchieves are embroi-
dered with her name. handwriting 一般作不可数名词，注意其搭配:
The note is in his handwriting.
I have bad handwriting.
I can't read her handwriting.
It's very clear handwriting.
I think the fine art of handwriting is about done for. handy 1． 常用在下列句型中:
It's handy to have an English dic-
tionary with you.
The post office is handy to the lo-
cal schools.
The apartment is handy for the shops.
She is very handy with a needle.
Always keep a dictionary handy.
Her extra earning came in handy.
2． 注意与名词的一些搭配:
a handy little gadget
a handy hints
a handy tips
a handy torch
a handy credit cards
a handy supplies
a handy reference work
a handy man
a handy fellow
a handy self-service parking lot
a handy restaurant
a handy tollway
a handy manual
a handy guide
a handy target
a handy cleaning tool
a handy backup
a handy network utility
a handy solution
a handy source
a handy holder
a handy gateway
a handy lab
a handy chart
a handy booklet hang 1． 作“绞死、吊死”解时，过去时是
hanged:
He was hanged for murder in
1891．
We must hang together， or we will be hanged separately. ( hang
together 是 “团结在一起”， be
hanged 是 “被绞死”)
2． 下面每组句子意思相同:
Hang your clothes up on the hook.
Hang your clothes on the hook.
There is a painting hanging on the wall.
There is a painting hung on the wall.
3． “千钧一发、命悬一丝”可以译成
hang by a hair，hang by a single
thread:
Without Western help，their free-
dom and prosperity hang by a hair.
Life for you might be all sweet and lovely， but for other people life may hang by a singe thread. happen 1． 下面 3 个句子意思相同:
I happened to be out when he called.
It happened that I was out when he called.
It so happened that I was out when he called.
2． happen，occur，take place 都可以译成“发生”。
1) happen 一般指“( 偶然) 发生”:
No one knew who did it — it hap-
pened so quickly.
2) occur 主要用在正式场合:
The government claimed that the accident occurred at midnight.
3) take place 常指 “( 有计划地 ) 发生”:
When will the ceremony take
place? happiness 1． 是不可数名词，但可以在其前面加
a，every 等:
Happiness is relative， for all of us. ( 不可数)
It's a short-lived happiness. ( 前面加冠词)
I wish you every happiness and prosperity. ( 前面加 every)
2． 表示“( 某方面的) 幸福”时，后面可以加介词 in，of 等:
I find the happiness in knowing that you are safe and sound.
the rare happiness of comprehen-
ding every single word that is said harbor harbor，port
1． harbor 强调“为船只提供安全，躲避风暴”等含义，其四周常常有陆地或堤坝环绕:
Two promontories come near to-
gether，enclosing the harbor.
2． port 既强调“安全”又侧重可以供人们“登陆或装卸货物”:
getting food from the port
3． 表示“……港”，port 常放在地名的前面，harbor 常放在地名的后面:
Boston Harbor
Norfolk Harbor
the Pearl Harbor
San Diego Harbor
Cardiff Harbor
Port Said
Port Saint Nicolas
Port Orchard hard 1． 下面两个句子都可以说，含义相同:
That girl is hard to please.
She is a hard girl to please.
2． hard 后面常跟介词 at，for，of，
on，to，upon，with 等:
She is hard at work on a new novel.
It's hard for me to change my way of studying.
How hard of hearing she is!
Don't be too hard on him — he is only five.
The weak light is hard on the eyes.
His presence is very hard to her.
Don't be hard upon me.
She was hard with her children.
3． hard luck 又作 tough luck，bad
luck 等。
4． hardware 作“( 计算机) 硬件”解，与 software( 软件) 相对而言; 大部分词典都说 hardware 是不可数名词:
the nature of hardware and soft-
ware
5． 但在实际使用中，hardware 作可数名词的现象比比皆是:
Please tell me whether these hardwares are compatible.
computer and internet hardwares
hardwares for telephone voice
servers
hare，rabbit，buck，doe，bunny
hare 是“野兔”，rabbit 是“家兔”，
buck 是“雄兔”，doe 是“雌兔”，bun-
ny 是“小兔”。 hardcore 这组词都有 “淫秽的、黄色的”含义。
1． obscene 侧重指 “思想、出版物的淫秽”:
These photos are obscene.
The police seized a large quantity of obscene publications.
2． blue 在口语中也有 “淫秽”的意思，常用来表示电影、故事、笑话等的“下流”:
His jokes are always a bit blue.
3． pornographic ( 口语中常缩略成
porn) 侧重指 “刺激性感的、专门形容色情和性交的”等，语气强于上述两词:
pornographic pictures
pornographic videos
pornographic magazines
4． hardcore 在本组词中语气最强，常指“露骨的性描写”:
Hardcare pornography shows sex in
a very detailed，violent or unpleas-
ant way. harm 1． 下面两句意思相同:
It will do you no harm.
It will do no harm to you.
2． 一般作不可数名词; 但在实际使用中，harm 可用作可数名词:
the harms of contraception
the harms of pornography
the harms of male circumcision
The social harms from the War on
Drugs have greatly exceeded the social harm from illegal drug use itself. harmful harmful，harmless
两词后面均常跟介词 to 等:
It is harmful to / harmless to the interests of people. harmless harmful，harmless
两词后面均常跟介词 to 等:
It is harmful to / harmless to the interests of people. harmony 1． 常用在下列短语中:
in harmony
in harmony with
out of harmony with
The tribes are living in harmony.
She dressed in harmony with this note of simplicity.
She was out of harmony with the actual world.
2． 有复数形式:
color harmonies
economic harmonies
celestial harmonies harvest 除可表示具体“( 庄稼的) 收获”外，还常表示抽象的“收获”:
a rich harvest of knowledge
the grim harvest of the cuts
the harvest of its past mistakes
a richer harvest of votes
a harvest of souls
a harvest of bad debts
the harvest of their ten years of
research
the harvest of his hard work
the harvest of hate hassle 有可数和不可数形式:
a huge hassle
so much hassle
with all the usual hassles haste 一般不可数，下面的句子中 haste 前没有冠词:
He did it in haste.
Haste makes waste.
More haste，less speed.
I made haste to say I was sorry.
A messenger came in hot haste.
It cannot be explained by haste. hate 1． 下面两句都可以说，意思相同:
He hates to be late for work.
He hates being late for work.
2． 作“攻击性的、仇视性的”等解时，可以组成一些词组:
hate sheet
hate mail
hate campaign
hate crime
hate speech
hate literature
hate message
3． 作名词时，有以下可数和不可数形式:
a look of hate
have a hate of extravagance
a woman of fierce hate
in the same hates and friendships hatred 后面常跟介词 for，of，at，against，
toward 等:
They shared a common hatred for enemy.
He has a hatred of new things.
His hatred against the government is known to all.
We all knew her hatred toward the writer. haul 后面常跟 to，up，into，from，onto，
off，out of 等:
haul us to safety
haul up the fishing nets
haul the machine into the yard
haul the crops from the fields
haul himself onto the stage
haul him off the highway
haul her out of the pond haunt 1． 注意作动词时的一些搭配:
He was haunted by a fear of
SARS
be haunted by the headless ghost
be haunted by her last words
be haunted by the images of the
bloody war
be haunted by the terrible scene
be haunted by the shadowy doubt
be haunted by strange beings
be haunted by the most grotesque
fantastic conceits
be haunted by the vision
be haunted by the newspaper
headlines
be haunted by a feeling of loss
be haunted by memories of love
2． 作名词表示 “常去的地方”时，有单复数形式:
a haunt of criminals 罪犯出没的地方
a favorite summer haunt 受人欢迎的避暑胜地
a favorite haunt of painters 画家常去的地方
the haunts of my youth 我年轻时常去的那些地方
3． 作动词时，常用于被动语态，后面跟抽象的东西:
The house is haunted by the ghosts.
She was haunted by his last words.
He was haunted by the fear of be-
ing fired.
I was haunted by a feeling of loss.
4． be haunted 后面可以跟介词 with
或 by:
I am haunted with / by a horrible fear. have 1． 在口语中，have 常缩写成 've，
has 缩写成 's:
I've got a car
She's got a boat.
2． 美国英语中用 have 的地方，英国英语中可能用 have got:
He has a big nose.
He's got a big nose.
3． 由 walk，cry，think，look 等许多动词转化的名词 a walk，a cry，a
think，a look 常与 have 连用，其含义多数由名词表达:
to have a walk around the campus
to have a good cry
to have a think about his future
to have a good look at the car hay 1． 一般作不可数名词:
gathering hay from the fields
rake the hay
make hay
2． 表述数量时，可以用:
bales of hay
a pile of hay
a mow of hay
a bundle of hay
tons of hay
10 pounds of hay
a huge amount of hay
a load of hay
5 acres of hay
rolls of hay
wedges of hay
3． 可组成一些成语:
Make hay while the sun shines.
抓紧时机
hit the hay 上床睡觉
look for a needle in a bundle of
hay 大海捞针
roll in the hay 调情，交欢
between grass and hay( 介于成人与儿童之间的) 青少年
raise hay 捣乱
make hay out of 利用
make hay of 破坏
4． 在实际使用中，用复数形式 hays
屡见不鲜:
horse quality hays
mow down the hays near the end
of
He turned his head and saw her sitting on a pile of hays. hazard 1． 有单复数形式:
a fire hazard
a major health hazard
pose a hazard to the drinking
water
many serious health hazards
widespread natural hazards
2． 后面常跟介词 to，of 等:
Broken glass is a hazard to bare feet.
I know the hazards of modern warfare.
3． 注意短语 at hazard 和 in hazard，
表示 “在危险中、处于生死攸关之际”时，hazard 前面没有冠词。
4． at all hazards 是“不惜一切”的意思:
At all hazards should we finish it.
我们要不惜一切完成它。
5． by hazard 有 “碰巧”的意思:
I got it by hazard. 我碰巧得到了它．
6． hazard pay 是美国用语，指 “从事危险工作所获得的报酬”，英国人常用 danger money。 he 1． 在美国英语中，人们打电话时，当别人对你说 May I speak with
Smith? 如果你是 Smith，你可能会说 This is he. 不说 This is I． 或
This is me.
2． 为了避免女权主义者反对用 he 来泛指 “人”，在书面语中有些人用
he or she，she or he，he / she，
s / he，him / her，himself / her-
self 来表示; 在口语中用 they，
them，their，themselves 来表示:
Everyone should mind his or her own business.
3． 在书面语中，大写 He 可指 “上帝”:
Jesus was not denying that He was God.
4． 在口语中，he 常用来指雄性动物:
Is your pet dog a he or she? head 1． 下面短语中，head 前一般不用冠词:
They fell head over heels in love.
She looked him up and down，
from head to toe.
You can't go head to head with them.
He is head and shoulders above the rest of us.
2． 下面短语中常用 heads:
I'll toss a coin，and you call heads or tails.
put your heads together
knock your heads together headache 1． 下面几句都可以说:
She is suffering from a headache.
She often suffers from head-
aches.
She often suffers from headache.
2． 可以说:
have a constant headache
have a splitting headache
have an terrible headache
have a awful headache
have a bad headache
have a slight headache
have a fearful headache
have a heavy headache
have a racking headache
have a raging headache
3． 后面常跟介词 to，for 等:
He is a constant headache to his parents.
It's a real headache for him. headquarters 1． 后面用单数或复数动词都可以，下面两个句子都对:
Their headquarters are in New
York City.
Their headquarters is in New York
City.
2． 可以说 a headquarters:
He is at a battalion headquarters.
3． 下面句子中，headquarters 前没有冠词:
A military car drove me to head-
quarters.
He rushed to headquarters.
They have established strike headquarters. heal 1． 表示 “( 伤口) 愈合”，下面几种说法都可以:
The wound took a long time to heal.
The wound took a long time to heal up.
The wound took a long time to heal over.
2． 表示 “治好某人的病”，可用下面表达法，注意 heal 后面常跟介词
of 或 with:
She was healed of her sickness.
The treatment healed her of sick-
ness.
The doctor healed her with medi-
cine. health 1． 泛指 “健康”时，前面常没有冠词:
Health is more important to us than wealth.
I am in poor health.
He's always enjoyed good health.
The doctor nursed me back to health.
She was seeking health in the mountains.
She is going to spend more on health.
A good diet may help to maintain good health.
2． 祝酒辞 “祝……健康”，可以说:
Your health!
Your good health!
To your health!
To your good health!
Let's drink the health of our direc-
tor.
Let's drink to the health of our di-
rector.
Let's drink a health to our direc-
tor.
Let's drink a toast to the health of our director.
Let's toast to the health of our di-
rector.
3． 表示“健康食品”时，health food，
healthy food 都可以，但前者更常见。
4． health farm 指 “( 可供人们锻炼身体、吃健康食品、作健美治疗的) 健康庄”，这是英国用语，美国人常用
spa:
Our health farm is the ideal loca-
tion for a weekend.
Her husband sent her to the posh
Utopia Spa in the mountains of
Colorado. healthy 可修饰很多名词:
healthy child
healthy economy
healthy air
healthy reading
healthy skin
healthy appetite
healthy profits
healthy exercise
healthy diet
healthy lifestyle
healthy teeth
healthy bank balance
healthy dislike
healthy disrespect
healthy laughter
healthy solidity of his chest
healthy democracy
healthy voyage
healthy outdoor pursuit
healthy state
healthy bank account
healthy tree
healthy climate
healthy complexion
healthy recreations
healthy business heap 1． heaps of 表示 “许多、大量”时，后面可跟可数或不可数名词:
heaps of time
heaps of things
heaps of trouble
heaps of street news
heaps of praise
heaps of dead bodies
heaps of garbage
heaps of free samples
heaps of rubbish
heaps of weapons
heaps of ammunition
heaps of hope
heaps of memory
heaps of furniture
heaps of history
heaps of files
heaps of money
heaps of fun
heaps of jobs
heaps of problems
heaps of jokes
heaps of leaves
heaps of music
heaps of video clips
heaps of snow
heaps of sympathy
heaps of porn
heaps of unknown cash
heaps of errors
heaps of chocolate
heaps of herbs
2． heaps of 前面用什么动词要视介词 of 后面的名词而定:
There is heaps of fun. ( fun 是不可数名词，用单数动词 is)
There are heaps of opportunities.
( opportunities 是复数名词，用复数动词 are) hear hear，listen
两词都可以译成 “听”。
1． hear 表示 “听见”，不管愿意不愿意都听见了; 可作及物或不及物动词:
She heard someone knocking.
She can't hear very well.
2． listen 常表示 “听”，但不一定 “听见”; 它多作不及物动词，后面常跟介词 to:
He didn't listen to what I said.
3． hear 和 listen to 后面都可以接现在分词或不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语:
Can you hear the clock tick / tick-
ing?
He listened to the student ask /
asking the guest professor some questions. hearing 指 “听觉”或 “听觉范围”时，一般为不可数名词:
He didn't realize she was within hearing.
His hearing has deteriorated. heart 1． 可作构词成分-heart:
a kind-hearted man
hard-hearted law reform
broken-hearted students
faint-hearted
cold-hearted
stout-hearted men
light-hearted mysteries
a free-hearted gentleman
full-hearted enthusiasm
half-hearted campaign
heavy-hearted opposition
a soft-hearted son
a big-hearted big brother
a true-hearted girl
thick-hearted
good-hearted people
noble-hearted men
evil-hearted terrorists
warm-hearted women
chicken-hearted patriotism
a whole-hearted treat
an icy-hearted beauty
a stone-hearted man
tender-hearted ladies
cruel-hearted enemy
strong-hearted soldiers
2． 在下面短语中 heart 前一般没有冠词:
He is a country person at heart.
He seems to have had a change of heart.
He has learned the instruction by heart.
He lost heart when he got the sad news.
He is determined to serve the people heart and soul.
He took her criticism very much to heart.
He seemed in good heart when he saw her.
He took heart and turned diplo-
matic.
3． “心脏病”有不少表示法:
have a weak heart
died of a heart attack
died of heart failure
suffering from heart disease
suffering from heart trouble
My heart ached.
have a bad heart heat 1． 一般作不可数名词:
Heat is a form of energy.
2． 表示 “( 动物) 发情”时，英国人用
on heat，美国人用 in heat:
Mating usually occurs when the cat is on heat.
The owner does not realize that the cat is in heat. heaven 1． 下面短语中，动词后面常加 s:
heaven knows how
heaven knows why
heaven knows what
2． 但是，有些动词后面常不用 s:
heaven help us
heaven forbid us．
heaven preserve us from
Heaven knows how much junk is up there.
Heaven help us，Lord，hear our
call when we call Oh，yeah!
3． 口语中表示“天哪!”或“老天在上!”时，一般用复数:
“Good heavens!”he exclaimed.
“ Heavens above， is that the
time?” heel 1． 由 heel 组成的短语中多数用复数:
at your heels
click his heels
sit back on your heels
cooling your heels
dig your heels
hot on his heels
kick your heels
take to your heels
show a clean pair of heels
drag his heels
clap him by the heels
follow upon the heels of
heels over head
tread on his heels
cool his heels
lay him by the heels
2． 但也有用单数的:
bring sb to heel
call sb to heel
spin on his heel
turn on your heel
under the heel of;
3． Achilles' heel ( 致命的缺陷 ) 中
heel 用单数:
I guess he figured it was like
Achilles' heel，and didn't want her left vulnerable. height 在下面短语中，height 前没有冠词:
The building rises to 200 feet in height.
The plane began to gain height.
The aircraft began to lose height. heir 1． h 不发音。
2． 前面用不定冠词 an:
an heir to the title
3． 后面常跟介词 to:
the heir to a large fortune
the heir to the throne
4． 后面也可跟介词 of:
an heir of everlasting life
an heir of the dogma
an heir of mystery
5． 下面几个句子都对:
He is heir to the millionaire's for-
tune。
He is an heir to the millionaire's fortune.
He is the sole heir to the millionaire's fortune.
He is the heir to the millionaire's fortune.
They are heirs to the legacy of the
Mayflower.
6． heir to 后面可跟名词:
heir to the Crown heir to the empire heir to Ghengis Khan heir to Esquire Co. Ltd.
heir to the estate
heir to a spiritual legacy
heir to this tradition
heir to a great literary tradition
heir to these profits
heir to the title
heir to fortune
heir to throne
heir to the glimmering world
heir to a dynasty
7． 前面常用下列形容词:
legal heir
right heir
direct heir
apparent heir
great heir
legitimate heir
male heir
female heir
natural heir
presumptive heir helicopter 在口语中多作 chopper:
13 dead，20 injured as US chop-
per is shot down in Iraq. hell 主要作不可数名词，但下面的短语中
hell 前面有冠词:
The past few weeks have been a living hell for me.
It must be a hell of a job trying to finish the assignment.
He earned a hell of a lot of mon-
ey. hello 1． 有复数形式:
apologies and hellos
a list of hellos and goodbyes
friendly hellos
I hate goodbyes，and love hellos.
2． 下面几个句子都对:
I want to say hello to all of you.
I want to say hellos to each of you.
I want to say a hello to all of you. help 1． 下面的句子都对:
Will you help me translate this ar-
ticle?
Will you help me to translate this
article?
Will you help me with the transla-
tion of this article?
2． 一般不说 I can't help to laugh. 但可以说:
I can't help laughing.
3． 名词 help 作 “佣人、帮工”解是美国用法，英国人用 helper; 单复数均可:
She hired a new help.
They hired new help at the shop.
( 可以指 a group of shop assis-
tants)
All her help are college gradu-
ates.
Need a helper at home?
So Sally you need a helper at home who is prepared to deal with your housework and health tests. hence 后面接短语或名词:
Crime is on the rise，hence the need for more police.
I slipped in the bathroom，hence the bruises. herb 有各种形式:
She was seeking the most nox-
ious herbs. ( 复数名词)
It is a medicinal herb. ( 单数名词)
It is a herb garden. ( 作定语) herd 后面跟单复数动词均可:
A herd is a group of horses live together. ( 用作单数)
The herd of cows are grazing in the fields. ( 用作复数) here 1． 后面用单数动词还是复数动词取决于动词后面名词的单复数:
Here comes the guest lecturer.
( the guest lecturer 是单数，用单数动词 comes)
Here is the key to the office. ( the
key 是单数，用单数动词 is)
Here are your air tickets. ( air tick-
ets 是复数，用复数动词 are)
Here come the girls. ( the girls 是复数，用复数动词 come)
2． 在口语中，表示“给你”可以说:
Here you are.
Here you go.
Here it is. heritage 1． 用作可数或不可数名词都可以:
It has a rich historical and cultural heritage.
museums highlighting different
heritages
blends of traditional heritages
There is too much heritage and not enough money.
2． 下面几个句子都对:
It was a part of our heritage.
It was part of our heritage.
These buildings are part of our heritage. hero 1． 表示“无名英雄”时，可以说:
unsung heroes
nameless heroes
unknown heroes
2． 表示“特级英雄”时，可以说:
Special-Class Heroes hesitate 口语中表示客气，“请尽管做 …… 不要有顾虑”，常说:
don't hesitate to ask
don't hesitate to call
don't hesitate to contact
don't hesitate to tell
If there's anything I can do for you，don't hesitate to call me. hesitation 注意下列句型:
I have no hesitation in
after a brief hesitation
There would be no more hesita-
tions in
do it without hesitation hi 在口语中，用 hi 代替 hello 很常见:
Hi，how are you today?
Hi，may I speak to Mary? hidden 可修饰不少名词:
hidden talents
hidden costs
hidden tape recorder
hidden camera
hidden valleys
hidden dangers
hidden waterfall
hidden agenda
hidden meaning
hidden strength
hidden illness
hidden hostility
hidden treasures
hidden cave
hidden spy
hidden hand
hidden secrets
hidden Eastern Eggs
hidden truths
hidden features
hidden history
hidden knowledge
hidden files
hidden message
hidden passage
hidden hazards
hidden asset
hidden costs
hidden wisdom
hidden power
hidden market
hidden place
hidden river
hidden information hide conceal，hide
1． conceal 比 hide 正式，常含有“故意隐藏”的意思:
She concealed her feelings from her husband.
2． hide 比 conceal 普通常用、使用域广，可以指“有意或无意隐藏”:
The boy hid the broken glass in the corner. ( 有意地隐藏)
Where's that magazine hiding?
( 无意地隐藏)
3． 在实际使用中，两词有时可以换用:
Trees concealed / hid the en-
trance of the villa. high ，tall
两词都可译成 “高”。
1． high 经常用来形容某物 “高出地面”:
a high mountain
a high tower
2． high 可形容人的精神、士气、品味等抽象方面的“高”，或对人“极高”的赞誉:
in high spirits
high esteem
high praise
higher education
high school
3． 形容似乎悬在空中的“高”时，常用 high:
a high arch
a high ceiling
4． 表示鞋子的后跟“高”时，用 high:
The girl likes to wear high heels.
5． “高科技”中的“高”，用 high:
high tech
6． high 还可表示“高等法院”:
a high court
7． 指人的个头“高”，一般用 tall:
a tall man
The boy is the tallest in his class.
8． 表示船只的“高大”，用 tall:
a tall ocean-going ship
9． 表示“具有阳刚之气的高大”时，用 tall:
He looks tall in the saddle.
10． 注意，说出具体的高度时，用 tall
或 high 都可以:
The soldier is seven feet tall /
high.
11． 修饰“高而窄的”东西时，high 和
tall 都可以用:
a tall / high chimney
a tall / high tree high tall，high
两词都可表示“高的”。
1． tall 强调“高于一般的同类事物”:
He is taller than I have expected.
( 强调比一般人高)
2． high 强调“从地面到高处的空间高度”:
The wall is too high to climb over.
( 墙太高无法翻越; 强调空间的高度)
3． 下面词组中用 high:
high tech 高科技
high water 高水位
high profile 高姿态
high tide 高潮
high blood pressure 高血压
high fidelity 高保真
4． “高脚橱柜”英国人说 tallboy，美国人说 highboy。 highlight 1． 注意作名词时的搭配:
festival highlights
the highlight of his trip
the main highlight of the day
highlights of American literature
the highlights of the tournament
the highlight of her career
the highlight of the carnival
the highlights of the program
the highlight of the show
the highlight of the visit
the highlight of the Internet revolu-
tion
the highlight of American heritage
the highlight of Russia's weakness
the highlight of the celebration
the highlight of the Oscars
the highlight of the expedition
the highlight of the festival
the highlight of the inauguration
the highlight of the commence-
ment
the highlight of the national park
the highlight of his research
the highlight of the reform
the highlight of my career
the highlight of my life
the highlight of the neighborhood
the highlight of the annual confer-
ence
the highlight of the upcoming e-
vents
the highlight of the novel
the highlight of my experience
2． 注意作动词时，后面所跟的名词:
highlight the difficulties
important passages of the text-
book
the problems
a major point
a danger
the need for help
the plight of the poor
the specific features
major shaping methods
the tensions
the facts highway 主要是美国用语。 hill ，mountain
两词都可以译成 “山”。
1． hill 是“小山 ( a raised area of
land， not so high as a moun-
tain)”。
2． mountain 是“高山 ( a very high
hill)”。
3． “( 美国的 ) 国会山”可以说 the
Capitol Hill，也可以说 the Hill，注意
H 是大写的:
Being the seat of the US Con-
gress，the superior center of glob-
al power，the Capitol Hill is a re-
markable place.
4． 表示“……山”时，hill，mountain 前面多数要加定冠词:
the Black Hills
the Rocky Mountains hinge 后面常加介词 on，at 或 upon:
The office door is hinged on the left.
The rear door of the van is hinged at the top.
His acceptance hinges upon the stated terms. hint 注意与动词或形容词的一些搭配。
1． 与动词搭配:
give a hint
take a hint
drop a hint
add a few hints
blush at the hint
follow up a hint
breathe a hint
get a hint
have a hint
heed a hint
receive a hint
submit a hint
throw out hints
catch a hint
understand a hint
comprehend a hint
contemplate a hint
ignore a hint
perceive a hint
suggest a hint
seek a hint
need a hint
send a hint
see a hint
2． 与形容词搭配:
a clear hint
delicate hint
general hint
broad hint
mild hint
slightest hint
heavy hint
strong hint
subtle hint
vague hint
veiled hint
helpful hint
plain hint
polite hint
useful hint
warning hint
welcome hint
significant hint
practical hint
friendly hint hire ，rent
两词都有“租”或“雇”的含义。
1． 在英国英语中，表示 “( 短期 ) 租用”时用 hire，表示 “( 长期) 租用”时用 rent:
We'll hire a car for the weekend.
She rents a house with her sister.
2． 在美国英语中，rent 可表示 “( 长期和短期的) 租用”:
I'll rent a car for the weekend.
( 短期)
All rooms are rented out to
students。( 长期)
3． 表示“雇用 ( 人)”，不管长期或短期，美国人都可以用 hire; 英国人只在非长期雇用或为某特殊目的而雇用时才用 hire，否则用 employ 或
appoint:
They have been hired on short-
term contractors. ( 美国或英国)
They hired a temporary reception-
ist. ( 美国或英国)
They hired a new administrator.
( 美国)
4． 表示“租来的车”，美国人用 a
rental car，英国人用 a hire car。
5． 表示“出租”，英国人用 for hire; 美国人用 for rent:
Boats for hire.
Houses for rent. historic historic，historical
这两个词都与“历史”有关。
1． historic 形容“历史上著名的、重要的、有影响的”:
The signing of the Declaration of
Independence was a historic oc-
casion.
These are historic buildings.
2． historical 指“与历史有关的、基于史实的、与历史研究有关的”等:
a historical society
an actual historical event
a historical novel historical historic，historical
这两个词都与“历史”有关。
1． historic 形容“历史上著名的、重要的、有影响的”:
The signing of the Declaration of
Independence was a historic oc-
casion.
These are historic buildings.
2． historical 指“与历史有关的、基于史实的、与历史研究有关的”等:
a historical society
an actual historical event
a historical novel history 下面短语中，history 前一般没有冠词:
in recorded history
throughout history
in recent history
he who makes history
go down in history
the rest is history hit 注意一些词组:
hit list 打击名单
hit man 职业杀手
hit woman 女杀手
hit squad 杀手队、恐怖分子小组
hit team 杀手队、恐怖分子小组
hit parade 流行音乐畅销唱片名单
hit-mark ( 注射毒品后留下的 ) 疤痕 hitchhike 1． 注意后面常用的介词:
He hitchhiked around the country.
He hitchhiked through Austria to
Germany.
He hitchhiked across the USA．
He hitchhiked to Boston.
He hitchhiked in Australia.
2． 可作及物动词用:
He hitchhiked a car in less than one minute. HIV 1． 有复数形式:
HIVs are human immuno deficien-
cy viruses.
Once this happens， the human cell starts producing new HIVs.
2． HIV 可以指“艾滋病患者”:
Everyone knew that we were
HIVs.
all HIVs in San Francisco
men HIVs hobby 后面常跟介词 of 或 for 等:
It is a hobby of mine to go jogging every morning.
He pursued his hobby of collecting stamps for years.
He has a hobby for research in
English literature. hockey 表示“冰球” 英国人叫 ice hockey，
美国人叫 hockey; “曲棍球”英国人叫 hockey，美国人叫 field hockey。 hog 常指“被阉过的肉猪”，在美国也可泛指“猪”; 泛指“猪”更常用 pig。 “公猪”用 boar，统指“猪”还用 swine。
“母猪”是 sow，“小猪”是 piglet。 hoist 1． 后面可跟名词:
hoist the baby
hoist the bridge
hoist the ticket sales
hoist the flag
hoist the cargo
hoist the sack
hoist the goods
hoist the suitcase
hoist the pyramid
hoist the concrete
hoist the patched sails
hoist the crates
hoist the earnings
hoist the prices
hoist the beer
2． 注意后面的介词:
hoist the mainsail on a boat
hoist his son to his shoulder
hoist herself up onto the wall
hoist the bridge into place
hoist his body out of the chair
hoist the sack over his shoulder hold 1． 下面两句话都可以:
Hold that bowl in two hands.
Hold that bowl with both hands.
2． 下面几句话的意思相同:
He holds her innocent.
He holds her to be innocent.
He holds that she is innocent.
3． 下面几句话的意思相同:
We held hands.
We held each other's hands.
We held hands together. hole 后面常用介词 in:
a 10-feet hole in the ground
a hole in his clothes
a hole in my shoe
an obvious hole in the law
get through a hole in the fence
pick holes in his arguments
make a hole in my savings
a hole in the wall
a hole in the side of the ship
a hole in the center of the system
burn a hole in his pocket
holiday，vacation，leave
1． a holiday 在美国指 “法定的一天假日”:
Next Tuesday is a holiday.
2． 美国人和英国人也把这种假日叫作“public holiday”; 但英国人常称之为“bank holiday”。
3． 复数 the holidays 或 the holiday
season 在美国常指圣诞节、元旦这一段时间。
4． holiday 或 someone's holiday，
someone's holidays 常指 “( 不工作、不学习，离开家里去外地放松的) 休假”; 美国人把这种休假叫作
vacation:
According to his contract，he can
get 30 paid holiday a year。 ( 注意: holiday 用单数，这是英国用法)
Where are we going for our holi-
day / holidays? ( 英国用法，holi-
day 用单复数都可以)
Where are you going for your va-
cation? ( 美国用法)
5． 单数、前面没有冠词的 holiday 在英国英语中一般不指“一天假期”或“周末假期( weekend)”。
6． 复数可以指任何时间较长的假期，但不能指一天或周末假期。
7． 在英国，vacation 一般指“大学停止上课的时期”，如寒假、暑假等。
8． 表示“军队、政府雇员的休假”常用 leave:
The soldier came home on leave from the front. hollow 注意与名词的搭配:
hollow pillar
hollow chocolate egg
hollow cheeks
hollow promises
hollow victory
hollow display of friendship
hollow tree trunk
hollow cylinder
hollow threat
hollow man
hollow sound of a gunshot
hollow base
hollow ring
hollow eyes
hollow voice
hollow shaft
hollow pipe
hollow tennis ball
hollow dish
hollow spot
hollow friend
hollow groan
hollow knocking sound
hollow laugh
hollow words
hollow war
hollow debate
hollow sphere
hollow tradition
hollow tribute
hollow triumph
hollow form
hollow future holy holy，sacred
两词都可以译成 “神圣的、宗教的”。
1． 表示 “( 宗教方面) 神圣的”，holy
的语气强于 sacred。
2． 表示 “神圣不可侵犯”，尤其形容
“受人珍爱”时，多用 sacred:
Marriage is sacred to her.
Cows are sacred to Hindus.
an hour sacred to study
3． 在日常使用中，两词可换用:
a holy / sacred place
holy / sacred music home 1． 表示 “在家”， 英国人常用 at
home，美国人用不带介词的
home:
I'll stay at home tonight.
I'll stay home tonight.
2． 下面短语中，home 前不用冠词:
I'll be away from home for a week.
She is still living at home.
He left home at the age of ten.
Florida is home to many birds.
3． 下面短语中的 home 是副词，前面不能加 to 或 at:
walk home
drive home
fly home
get home
come home
go home
return home
hit home
strike home homesick 1． 可以说:
a little homesick
terribly homesick
slightly homesick
miserably homesick
irremediably homesick
truly homesick
seriously homesick
desperately homesick
bitterly homesick
2． 后面常跟介词 for:
She is homesick for Spain. homework 1． 一般为不可数名词:
You haven't been doing too much homework.
2． 前面常用介词 for:
Make time to take your child to the
library to check out materials nee-
ded for homework.
3． do one's homework 的句型很常用，但不一定指 “做学校的功课”，
可以指各种 “做准备工作”:
I did my homework for the meet-
ing on the bus ride with my lap-
top. homosexual 泛指“同性恋、男同性恋的”是 gay，
“女同性恋的”是 lesbian 或 gay:
Gay and lesbian people realize they are homosexual well before the age of sexual arousal. honest 后面常用介词 about，with，beyond，
to 等:
She is not honest about her in-
come.
Let's be honest with each other.
He is honest beyond belief.
She is honest to him. honesty 1． 一般为不可数名词:
Honesty is the best policy.
a teaching guide for the virtue of
honesty
Honesty is the first chapter in the book of wisdom.
2． 下面的短语是正确的:
a bit of honesty
the highest standards of honesty
30 years of honesty
many aspects of honesty
an example of honesty
the lowest level of honesty
different suits of honesty
a brief moment of honesty
the highest degree of honesty
a single act of honesty
an ounce of honesty
a flash of honesty honey 1． 说某一种 “蜜”时，为可数名词;
泛指 “蜜”时，为不可数名词:
Bees that have honey in their mouths have stings in their tails.
George's bees make a good hon-
ey.
2． 表示 honey 的量可以说:
a little honey
some honey
a lot of honey
a jar of honey
a pot of honey
a small quantity of honey
a mixture of honey
one pound of honey
a slight teaspoon of honey
drops of honey
30 varieties of honey
lots of honey
a shipment of honey
several tablespoons of honey
0． 2 g of honey
a crop of honey
one liter of honey
3． 表示 “心上人”时，honey 是可数名词:
Your sister is an absolute honey. honeymoon 1． 为可数名词:
We'll have a three-day honey-
moon.
2． 前面用介词 on:
Where are they going on their ho-
neymoon?
The newlyweds have gone off on a honeymoon. honor 1． 表示 “成绩优秀、名列光荣榜”时，英美人说法不一:
He is on the honor roll. ( 美国用法)
He is on the Dean's list. ( 美国用法)
He is on the roll of honour. ( 英国用法)
2． 表示“优秀学生”可以说:
She is an honor roll student.
She is an honors student.
3． 类似的短语还有:
an honors graduate
an honors degree
She is taking honors English next semester.
4． 表示“她以优异成绩毕业于我校。”可以译成:
She graduated from our college with honors.
5． 在下面短语中，honor 前不用冠词:
I give you my word of honor.
The president was welcomed by a guard of honor.
The dean held a party in honor of the visiting professor.
He is our guest of honor.
6． 作动词表示“兑现、执行”等意思时，后面常跟下列名词:
honor his check
honor your agreement
honor the contract
honor the men and women
honor its promise
honor the pledge
honor his commitment
honor the credit card
honor the principles of peaceful
coexistence
honor the martyrs
honor the memory of the great
women
honor our obligation
honor the tickets
honor the exhibition
honor the banquet
honor the book
honor the draft
honor my request
honor my understanding
honor a new ceasefire honorable respectable，honorable
两词都有“尊敬”的含义。
1． respectable 比较普通，可形容各种人，比如: our respectable chair-
man; 有时 respectable 仅表示“体面的，尚可的”，并无“尊敬的”之意:
How dare you talk to a respecta-
ble woman like that?
a respectable painter
2． honorable 在英联邦国家中尤用来尊称高官、议员、法官、贵族子弟等，前面常加定冠词:
the Honorable Mr. Speaker
the Honorable Mr Justice Henry
Smith honourable 1． 常用来表示对西方某些法官、贵族、议员等的尊称，首字母要大写，前面常加定冠词:
the Honourable Mr. Justice Henry
Smith the Honourable Mr. Speaker Henry
Smith
2． 比赛中的 “荣誉奖”可译成 an
honourable mention:
She received an honourable men-
tion at the art festival.
3． honourable 与 honorary 都可表示
“荣誉的、光荣的”。
1) honorable 常形容事情的“光荣、崇高”:
honorable deeds
honorable calling
2) honorary 常修饰“荣誉”学位、职位等:
an honorary degree
an honorary title
He is the honorary chairman. hood 作构词成分-hood，常表示 “人生中的一段时间”或 “某种特殊的状态”:
childhood
fatherhood
girlhood
manhood
likelihood
widowhood
falsehood
neighbourhood
sainthood
priesthood
kinghood
brotherhood
sisterhood
boyhood
parenthood
qualify him for son-in-law-hood hook 1． 下列短语中，hook 前常不用冠词:
by hook or by crook 千方百计
hook，line and sinker 全部地
2． 说 by hook or by crook 或 by
hook or crook 都可以:
We'll prevent it by hook or by crook.
We won it fair and square， so they stole it by hook or crook. hop 后面常跟 over，from，onto，along，
on，out of，across，around，to，into
等:
hop over the puddle
hop from job to job
hop onto the bed
hop along the street
hop on one leg
hop out of the pit
hop across the trail
hop around the court
hop to Paris
hop into the sofa hope 1． 常用于下列句型:
They are hoping for a big change.
He hopes to retire next year.
I hope that you will come to see me often.
I hope so.
I hope not.
2． 用下面几种形式都可以:
I hope to visit your campus again.
I am hoping to visit your campus again.
I am hoping for a revisit to your campus.
It is my hope that I can visit your campus again.
My only hope is to revisit your campus.
To visit your campus again is my greatest hope.
3． hope 和 wish 都有 “希望”的意思。
1) 表示 “( 有可能实现的) 希望”，常用 hope:
She's late，but we are still hoping she will come to the meeting.
2) 表示 “( 不太可能实现的) 希望”常用 wish:
I wish I were 10 years younger.
3) 注意下面两个句子的意思:
I have no hope of going. 我没有去的希望。
I have no wish to go. 我不想去。 hopeful 1． 后面常跟介词 of 和 about 或 that
引导的从句:
He is hopeful of an instant suc-
cess.
He is hopeful about an instant success.
He is hopeful that he will suc-
ceed.
2． 注意 hopeful 一词后面所跟的名词:
hopeful signs
hopeful negotiations
hopeful investment
hopeful development
hopeful forecasts
hopeful anticipation
hopeful man
hopeful result
hopeful way
hopeful sorties
hopeful students
hopeful future
hopeful prospect
hopeful look
hopeful first step
hopeful defense
hopeful outlook
hopeful person
hopeful child
hopeful evolution in US policy
hopeful sign
hopeful profession
hopeful place
hopeful society
hopeful trend
hopeful solution
hopeful finding
hopeful change
hopeful new year
hopeful situation
hopeful weapon
hopeful thought
hopeful vision
hopeful period
hopeful mission
hopeful prediction
hopeful start
hopeful signal
hopeful ending
hopeful sound
hopeful theory
hopeful spirit
hopeful climax
hopeful moment
hopeful progress
hopeful patient horizon 1． 前面常用介词 on，below，above，
towards， beyond， at， from，
against等:
The sun is setting on the horizon.
The sun had already sunk below the horizon.
The sun rose above the horizon.
The sun sank towards the hori-
zon.
The ship disappeared beyond the horizon.
The sun is at the horizon.
The mist dissolved from the north-
ern horizon.
The mountain stands against the horizon.
2． 表示“眼界、见识”等时，常用复数，即便是“一个人的眼界或见识”也用复数:
Her horizons expanded when she lived abroad for a few years.
The lectures are intended to broaden our horizons.
3． 表示多人“的眼界或见识”时，也可以用单数 horizon:
Science gives us a new horizon. horror 1． 泛指 “惊恐”时，常为不可数名词，注意前面的介词:
It filled us with horror.
He cried out in horror.
With a shudder of horror， she screamed.
2． 指 “恐怖的人或事”时，为可数名词:
The boy is a little horror.
The movie is a horror. horse 1． 注意以下有关“马”的称呼:
stallion( 未阉割的) 公马
mare 母马
colt 小公马
filly 小母马
foal 驹
pony 小马
gelding 阉割的马
mustang 野马
zebra 斑马
2． “马啸”用 neighing。 hospital 1． 注意英美两国的不同用法:
The patient was rushed to the hospital. ( 美国)
The patient was rushed to hospi-
tal. ( 英国)
He was admitted to a hospital.
( 美国)
He was admitted to hospital. ( 英国)
He went into the hospital last week. ( 美国)
He went into hospital last week.
( 英国)
2． 在英国，hospital 前用冠词常指某家具体的医院。
3． 而美国人在 hospital 前加定冠词不一定指具体某家医院。 host 1． 注意与其他名词的搭配:
game show host
talk show host
radio live program host
dinner party host host
host nation
host country
host club
host city
2． play host to 和 be host to 中 host
前一般不用冠词:
It played host to the 6th Pacific-Rim
University Presidents' Meeting. hostage 可数名词，但在短语 hold sb hostage
和 take sb hostage 中，hostage 常作不可数名词用，主语是复数时也不例外:
He was taken hostage by the gang.
The terrorists are holding children hostage.
Ten tourists were taken hostage by terrorists. hostile 后面常跟介词 to 或 toward 等:
The local people are hostile to tourists.
She grew more and more hostile toward her mother-in-law. hostility 1． 后面常跟介词 to 或 toward 或 be-
tween 等:
a serious increase in the levels of
hostility to Black groups
local people's hostility toward
travellers
hostility between the students and
the government
2． 复数常指 “敌对行为”:
the renewed hostilities between
the two neighboring countries 两个邻国之间再度发生的敌对行为
since the end of hostilities 自从敌对行为结束以来 hot 1． 表示 “热”，除 hot 以外还有很多词:
burning 像火烧那样热的
feverish 像发烧那样热的
scorching 像烧焦或烫焦那样热的
searing 像用烙铁烫那样热的
sizzling 像被油炸那样热的
sultry 闷热的
sweltering 能使人大量出汗那样热的
torrid 干燥炎热的
simmering 像用文火慢慢煮那样热的
steaming 像用蒸汽蒸那样热而潮湿的
boiling 像水被煮沸那样热的
blistering 能将皮肤烫起水泡那样热的
baking 像烘烤面包那样热的
roasting 像在烤炉里烤肉那样热的
smoldering 像用不发出火焰的文火慢慢烧那样热的
melting 像用高温熔化那样热的
2． hot 所表示的 “热”比较宽泛，因而常用其他词修饰，以区别“热的”程度:
boiling hot
scalding hot
devilishly hot
horribly hot
oppressively hot
stiflingly hot
bakingly hot
suffocating hot hotel 表示 “…… 饭店”时，hotel 前多加定冠词:
the Ritz-Carlton Hotel
the Venetian Resort Hotel
The Hilton Hotel is located in the city center. hour 1． 复数可指 “工作或学习时间”:
after hours 下班后
office hours ( 学校教师为学生安排的) 答疑时间
working hours 工作时间
outside school hours 课外时间
out of hours 在业余时间
2． 下面短语中，hour 前面不用冠词:
I waited for her at the bus station hour after hour.
I spend hour upon hour reading
American novels.
The situation in the city grew worse from hour to hour. house 1． the House( 首字母大写) 在美国可指 “众议院 ( the House of Repre-
sentatives)”，在英国可指 “上议院或下议院 ( the House of Com-
mons，the House of Lords)”。
2． “软禁”可译成 to put sb under
house arrest:
The president was put under house arrest.
3． 表示“搬家”时，英国人说 move
house，美国人只说 move:
We are going to move house next week.
We are going to move next week.
4． housesit，housesitting 和 house-
sitter 主要是美国用法，指 “帮别人照看房子或照看房子的人”:
I do a lot of housesitting for peo-
ple going out of town that need ei-
ther their pets or their homes looked after in their absence.
5． keep house 是 “料理家务”:
With How to Keep House， you can impress the lady in your life by learning to defrost the fridge.
有了《如何料理家务》，你学会如何给冰箱去霜，就能使你生活中的伴侣佩服你。
6． 表示“深居简出”有以下几种说法:
keep to the house
keep one's house
keep to one's house
The film very vividly portrayed what life was like for the women that stayed home and kept the house. 这部电影非常生动地描述了那些呆在家中、深居简出的女人们的生活状况。
7． 表示 “庆祝乔迁的聚会”，可以说:
house-warming
housewarming party
8． house 和 home 都有 “房子”或
“家”的意思，但在英美人眼中，它们的含义不同。 一般说来，home
是“家”，house 是“形式不同的房子”; 英国人一般认为 home 不一定是“房子”，而是他们归属的地方; 在美国人眼中 home 也可以指实际的“房子”:
My daughter's house is beginning to look like a real home. ( 这里的
house 是实际的房子，home 是抽象温馨的家，是英国用法)
There is a shortage of homes for rent. ( 这里的 homes 指实际的房子，是美国用法) household 1． 表示“家喻户晓”:
“Sohu” is not a household /
household word in the US，but it is well known in China.
2． 注意一些搭配:
household expenses
household chores
a household matter
a household angel
household appliances
household goods
their household income
household accounts
a household legend
household science
household troops
household bread
household franchise
a household book
household management housework 不可数:
She is doing housework.
Elizabeth did all the routine housework. housing 1． 作 “住房”解时，为不可数名词:
This form of agreement is very common in purchase of housing.
There is shortage of affordable housing.
2． 注意一些搭配:
a national housing policy
an upturn in the housing market
off-campus housing
live in bad housing
housing development
a housing project
poor housing
graduate courses in housing
the housing department
students housing
military housing
a housing scheme
a housing estate
a housing list
a housing association
housing discrimination
a housing slump
a housing bubble
a housing boom
a housing co-op
a housing inspector
a housing trust fund
a housing bust
a housing crisis
a housing shortage
a housing complaint
a housing unit
a housing grant
a housing provider
a housing subsidy
housing research
a housing hunter
a housing permit
a housing loan
a housing allowance
a housing offer
a housing contract
a housing problem
housing priority
a housing agenda
a housing symposium
a housing packet
a housing cancellation form
a housing choice voucher
a housing accommodation hover 后面可跟 around，between，by，o-
ver，above，in，on，about，behind，
out of 等:
hover around the barracks
hover between life and death
hover by the table
hover over the fields
hover above the crowd
hover in the valleys
hover in the air
hover on the brink of death
hover about the square
hover behind him
hover out of sight how ，what
1． 口语中用 how 问候别人时，可以有以下几种表达方法:
How are things?
How are things with you?
How's it going?
How are you doing?
How are you?
2． how 和 what 都可以用于感叹句中，但 how 一般用在形容词或副词前，what 用在名词或名词短语前:
How beautiful the flower is!
What a beautiful flower it is!
3． 下面每组句子意思相同:
How so?
How's that?
How come?
How about you?
What about you?
How about that?
How do you like that? howl 单复数形式都有:
a howl of pain
howls from the audience hub 注意一些搭配:
a telecommunications hub
the financial hub of China
the hub of the universe
the city's social hub
the cultural hub of the area
the hub of a bicycle wheel
at the hub of things
the hub of commence
the manufacturing hub
a hub of learning
a hub of excellence in life
a hub of society
a hub of building
a hub of online
a hub of cultures and faiths
a hub of research activities
a hub for air transportation
a hub of innovation
a hub of entrepreneurial spirit
a hub of knowledge industry
a hub of traffic
a hub of the Pacific region
a hub of life
a hub of global development in the
21st century hue 有单复数形式:
a pinkish hue
in natural hues hug hug，embrace
两词都有 “拥抱”的含义。
1． embrace 比 hug 正式。
2． 可以说 hug yourself，一般不说
embrace yourself。
3． 有 a bear hug 之说，一般不说 a
bear embrace:
I said as I looked in my mum's eyes and gave her a bear hug. huge ，big
两词都可译成 “大”。
1． big 最普通，含义最含糊，可以指各种 “大的”:
big man
big money
big hero
big decision
2． huge 是 extremely large，含义强于 big:
huge profits 巨额利润 human ，humane
两词都可解作 “人道的、有人情味的”。
1． human 主要指“普通人所特有的，只要是人就会有的”，强调“有别于动物或无生命物体的”:
I do make mistakes — I'm only human.
They found several human skele-
tons.
2． humane 强调“仁慈、有同情心、不愿看别人受苦受难，甚至不愿让动物受罪”:
a humane prison system
The refugees received fair and humane treatment.
the humane killing of animals
3． “人类”可用 humans 或 human
beings，不用 humane; “人类”也可译成 the human race，一般用单数，前面加定冠词:
Can the human race deal with the
problem of global warming?
4． human being 有单复数形式:
A human being is a man，woman or child.
They interest me because they are very like human beings.
5． 表示“人权”用 human rights:
The Columbia Human Rights
Network's mission is to promote the defense of human rights through joint efforts. humanity 1． arts of the humanities 和 liberal
arts 都可指 “人文学科”，包括哲学、历史、文学、语言等人类文化和思想的研究，常与大学教育、课程、学位等相关。humanities 前面常加定冠词。有学者说，liberal arts 主要是美国用法，但在实际使用中，两词在英美都很常用:
elective liberal arts courses
with a liberal arts degree
the following liberal arts degree
program
the humanities degree plan
The humanities program is offered
cooperatively by three separate de-
partments.
college students majoring in the
humanities
introduction to the humanities
courses
graduate courses in the institute
for the humanities
2． “人文学院”可译成:
the College of Humanities
3． 注意，国外多数“人文学院”的英文名称中 Humanities 前不用冠词:
Welcome to the College of Hu-
manities and social Sciences at
Carnegie Mellon University. humor 1． 作“幽默”解时，常作不可数名词:
a sense of humor
a story full of humor
2． 注意 humor 表示 “心境”时的用法:
in a good humor
in good humor
with good humor
a man of cheerful humor hundred 1． 表示具体的 “…… 百”，hundred
后不加 s:
three hundred ( 不说 three
hundreds) 。
2． 含糊地说 “数百”时，hundred 后面可加 s:
hundreds of students 数百名学生
hundreds of years 数百年
3． 修饰其他名词时，不管前面是具体数字还是 several 或 a few，一般都不加 s:
two hundred books
a few hundred workers
4． hundreds of 有时仅表示 “许多、经常”等，并不一定指 “数百”:
He has been there hundreds of times. 他常去那里。( 他到那里去过许多次)
5． one hundred per cent 和 a hun-
dred per cent 的意思相同。
hunger，starvation，famine
3 词都有“饥饿”的含义。
1． hunger 表示 “饥饿”时，一般为不可数名词:
His childhood is not one of hunger and cold.
2． hunger 表示 “渴望”时，为可数名词，但一般用作单数:
He has a hunger for knowledge.
3． hunger 所指的“饥饿”强调“需要吃东西”:
To satisfy his hunger， he ate some sweets.
4． starvation 所指的 “饥饿”情况比
hunger 严重，指 “长期饥饿”:
Children there are dying of starva-
tion.
5． famine 指 “饥荒”，强调 “年景不好( 如旱灾、连年战争等 ) ，粮食歉收，大批人饥饿致死”:
Millions of people died that way in
famine。
6． hunger 和 starvation 常为不可数名词，famine 为可数名词:
during famines every year hunt 1． 后面常跟介词 for 或 after:
hunt for a job
hunt for information
hunt after fame and wealth
2． 可作构词成分-hunting，可以说:
job-hunting
book-hunting
house-hunting
treasure-hunting
fox-hunting
seal-hunting
bargain-hunting
wife-hunting
3． go hunting 在英国常指“骑马纵犬打猎”; “射杀野兽”常用 shooting。
美国人说 go hunting 则包含上述两层意思。
hurricane，typhoon，storm，tor- hurry 1． 可以说:
in a hurry
in no hurry
in great hurry
in my / his / her hurry
in a tearing hurry
not in any particular hurry
注意 in a hurry 中 hurry 前有冠词;
但 without hurry 中不用冠词。
2． 动词 hurry 后面常跟介词 along，
across， to， through， into， on，
with 等:
hurry along the street
hurry across the road
hurry to the scene of the accident
hurry through the forest
hurried into a decision
hurry on the business
hurry with my assignment
hut，shack，hutch
3 词都可译成 “小屋”。
1． hut 指 “用木头、泥、草、石头等筑成的小屋或棚屋”:
a mud hut
a wooden hut
2． shack 指“木板、金属板拼搭成的小屋或棚屋”:
a tin-plate shack
3． hutch 指“小动物住的舍、棚”:
a rabbit hutch hygiene 为不可数名词，注意搭配:
personal hygiene
in the interests of hygiene
feminine hygiene
public hygiene
standards of hygiene
the importance of hygiene hysterics 1． 注意一些搭配:
She is always having hysterics about something.
get engulfed in the hysterics
He went into hysterics.
She fell into hysterics.
2． 后面用单复数动词都可以:
Hysterics is / are hard to get un-
der control by yourself.
456
hurry

 I 1． 汉语的“我和某某人”在英语中习惯说and I:
John and I are getting married. 我和约翰将要结婚。
My younger sister and I once studied in the same college. 我和妹妹曾在同一个学院读书。
2． 承认错误时，I 一般居前:
I and Jim shot and wounded the mare.
3． 可以泛指 “个人”，为可数名词:
She is just a big I． 她是个十足的利己主义者。
4． 前面可以加定冠词:
The we should always precede
the I． 集体总应该先于个人。
the“I”of the story 故事中的“我” ice 1． 一般为不可数名词，表示数量时可以说:
a block of ice
a lump of ice
plenty of ice
a thick blanket of ice
a vast amount of ice
a tub of ice
a ridge of ice
thick sheets of ice
blocks of ice
10 tons of ice
the vast expanse of ice
a sea of ice
a small amount of ice
a thin layer of ice
chunks of ice
19 tanker trailer shipments of ice
2． 表示“冷冻食品”时，为可数名词:
Three ices，please. 来三客冰淇淋。
icon，logo，sign，emblem
这组词都有 “标识、标记”的含义。
1． icon 常指 “计算机屏幕上显示的图示”:
Click on the printer icon.
2． logo 常指 “某个组织 ( 如公司) 的标识”:
the logo of the Commercial Press
3． sign 最普通常用，可指各种 “标记”，如“交通标志、乐谱符号、军衔符号”等:
road signs
signs of military rank
4． emblem 常指国家、组织等的“标志”或思想、原则等的“象征”:
The national emblem of England is a rose.
The eagle is an emblem of strength and courage. ID 1． 可以指 identity card( 身份证) 。
2． 可以作可数名词或不可数名词:
have an ID or a birth certificate
create a new ID ( 单数)
Please show your IDs at the door.
( 复数)
Do you have any form of ID on
you? ( 不可数)
3． 表示“身上携带身份证”时，ID 后面常跟介词 on:
I had no ID on me. idea 1． 下面两个句子都对，意思也相同:
You can have no idea of how anx-
ious we have been.
You can have no idea how anx-
ious we have been.
2． That's an idea. 相当于 That's a good idea.
3． 后面常跟介词 for，of，behind，
from，about，on，into 等:
an idea for a new project
the idea of revolution
the idea behind the suggestion
an idea from overseas
ideas about democracy
ideas on commercial expansion
put some fancy ideas into his
head ideal ideal，perfect
两词都可译成 “理想的、完美的”。
1． ideal 的语气强于 perfect，可用英语解释为 perfect in every way，即
“尽善尽美”:
ideal weather for swimming
an ideal opportunity for the lovers
to meet
2． perfect 是中性词，故亦可修饰贬义词:
a perfect fool
a perfect crime ideal perfect，ideal
两词都作“完美的、理想的”解。
1． perfect 可以修饰正面或反面的事物:
her perfect English
her perfect crime
2． ideal 的语气强于 perfect，可以说是“尽善尽美”，一般形容正面的事物:
an ideal system
an ideal partner identification identification，identity
1． 表示“身份证”时，说 identification
card 或 identity card 都可以，但用
identity card 居多; 另外，identifica-
tion 是“身份的证明”，identity 是
“身份”。
2． 可以指对东西的 “证明”，下面的例子中不能用 identity:
baggage identification tags
vehicle identification numbers identity identification，identity
1． 表示“身份证”时，说 identification
card 或 identity card 都可以，但用
identity card 居多; 另外，identifica-
tion 是“身份的证明”，identity 是
“身份”。
2． 可以指对东西的 “证明”，下面的例子中不能用 identity:
baggage identification tags
vehicle identification numbers ideology 可作可数或不可数名词:
There is no fundamental diversity between the two ideologies. ( 可数)
We are determined to fight a-
gainst feudalistic ideology. ( 不可数) idiom 1． 具体指某个“习语”时为可数名词:
an English idiom
peculiar idioms
overused proverbs and idioms
2． 泛指 “习惯用法”时常为不可数名词:
This expression is against idiom.
3． 泛指 “某个个人或团体特有的用语”时，常为不可数名词:
the idiom of the teens
the Chinese idiom
She used archaic idiom. idiot ，fool
两词都有 “笨蛋、蠢货”的含义。
1． idiot 可译成“白痴”，可用来骂人:
Get out，you idiot!
There are a lot of idiots on the road at night.
2． fool 比较普通，语气弱于 idiot，可指各种程度的“愚蠢”，有时仅用来开玩笑，并不真指“愚蠢”:
He made me feel like a fool.
3． 可以说 April Fool，不可说 April
Idiot。
4． 口语中说“电视机”，英国人用 idiot
box，美国人用 boob tube。
i. e. ，e. g.
1． i. e. 是拉丁语 id est 缩写，表示
“that is”，即对所说的话作进一步确切的解释:
Senior citizens — i. e. ，people o-
ver 60 — can have a free train ride.
2． e. g. 是拉丁语 exempli gratia的缩写，表示 for example，用来举例说明:
My doctor has asked me to avoid sweet foods，e.g. ，chocolate and candy. if ，whether
1． 在 reporting question 中表示 “是否”时，if 和 whether 可以换用:
I asked her if / whether she was coming to the evening party.
2． 在动词不定式前用 whether，不用
if:
He is deciding whether to accept the job offer.
3． 在介词后只能用 whether:
There is some doubt as to wheth-
er he will resign from his post.
It all depends on whether it snows or not.
4． 在名词后一般只用 whether:
It's her choice whether she likes to continue or quit.
5． 与 or not 连用时，尤其当 or not
直接跟在后面时，用 whether:
We don't know whether or not the dean's planning to make a speech.
Whether or not it rains，we'll drive to Boston.
6． 与 or 连用，尤其当与 or 分开出现时，if 或 whether 都可以用，但一般常用 whether:
I don't know whether / if my brother is dead or alive. if ding，if
1． 下面几种说法都可以:
I will buy the computer provided I
have enough money.
I will buy the computer provided that I have enough money.
I will buy the computer providing I
have enough money.
I will buy the computer if I have enough money.
2． provided 常可以与 if 替换:
Provided / If you pay me back by
Monday，I'll go with you. ignorance 后面常跟介词 of，about，on 等:
his ignorance of Chinese history
public ignorance about SARS
by ignorance on this all-important
subject ignore 1． 注意与名词的搭配:
ignore ( the) fact
ignore ( the) complexity
ignore ( the) his advice
ignore ( the) world
ignore ( the) existence
ignore ( the) insult
ignore ( the ) growing dissatisfac-
tion
ignore ( the) her views
ignore ( the) his talents
ignore ( the) plea
ignore ( the) possibility
ignore ( the) protest
ignore ( the) criticism
ignore ( the) feelings
ignore ( the) regulations
ignore ( the) evidence
ignore ( the) me
ignore ( the) question
ignore ( the) reality
ignore ( the) anti-social remark
ignore ( the) request
ignore ( the) threat
ignore ( the) warning
ignore ( the) interaction
ignore ( the) public opinion
ignore ( the) silly words
ignore ( the) poems
ignore ( the) such an event
ignore ( the) glance
ignore ( the) measures
ignore ( the) problem
ignore ( the) bad press
ignore ( the) her panic
ignore ( the) letter
ignore ( the) resident
2． 下面两句的意思不同:
He was ignorant of the traffic reg-
ulations. 他不了解交通规则。
He ignored the traffic regulations.
他无视交通规则。 ill ，sick
两词都有“病”的含义。
1． ill 表示“有病”时，通常不作定语:
She is ill.
She is an ill woman. ( 可能有人这样说，但应尽量避免使用)
2． sick 作表语、定语都可以:
She is sick.
She is a sick woman.
3． 下面词组中用 ill:
their ill-discipline
ill effects
ill temper
ill wind
ill will
ill humor
ill luck
a lot of ill feeling
ill-advised Internet policies
an ill-bred bride
an ill-fated mission
ill-natured
an ill-timed meeting
ill-treatment
ill at ease
an ill-conceived plan
some ill-considered remarks
ill-defined concepts
an ill-fitting suit
ill-founded suspicion
ill-gotten gains
bouts of ill health
an ill-mannered boy
an ill-prepared regime
many ill doers
ill-judged rescue attempts
an ill-starred trip
ill-fortune
ill-spent wage-packet
ill-affected gentlemen
an ill-disguised attempt
4． 下面词组中用 sick:
trainsick
boatsick
homesick
carsick
watersick
spacesick
airsick
bussick
lovesick
He is sick of violence.
a possible victim of sick building
syndrome illness ，disease
两词都可以指 “病”。
1． illness 泛指 “病”，尤其指 “一段时间身体不好”:
If your children show signs of ill-
ness，you should take them to the doctor.
2． illness 单复数形式，注意下面的例子:
There seems to be a lot of illness in that family.
There seems to be a lot of illnes-
ses in that family.
suffer from severe mental illness
brave his illness
feign illness
pretend illness
sham illness
get over her illness
have a serious illness
plead illness
survive his illness
show signs of illness
live through a dreadful illness
exaggerate his illness
pull me out of the illness
a few illnesses
a dreadful illness
serious illness
after a long illness
depressive illnesses
infectious illness
lingering illness
a prolonged illness
a slight illness
a sudden illness
3． disease 是某种“特定的、有名称的病”:
SARS is a deadly disease.
4． disease 常与人体器官的名称相连:
heart disease
liver disease
lung disease illusion delusion，illusion
delusion 比 illusion 语气强，“幻觉”的时间更长久，造成的影响或危害也更大:
She was under the delusion that he intended to marry her. ( 这种错觉往往对女方影响极大)
She cherished the illusion that he loved her. ( 即便是错觉，她喜欢这种感觉) illusion illusion，delusion
1． illusion 指“人们有理由对某事信以为真，但实际是假的”:
A lot of local people still have the illusion that full employment is possible.
2． illusion 也常指由视觉产生的 “幻觉”:
Mirror give an illusion of more space in a room.
3． delusion 指 “( 因胡思乱想或精神错乱而产生的 ) 妄想、错觉”，常常明显是假的:
Delusions are commonplace in the final stages of alcoholism.
The mental patient is suffering from delusions. illustrate 注意后面的搭配:
illustate our approach
illustrate the importance of
illustrate a point
illustrate the process
illustrate a few children's books
illustrate a talk
illustrate the entire produre
illustrate the probabilities
illustrate many laws of physics
illustrate the rule
illustrate what you would do
illustrate their difficulties
illustrate significant examples
illustrate a typical method
illustrate his lecture with slides
illustrate the need for better security
illustrate the demand
illustrate his selfishness illustration 有单复数形式，也可作不可数名词:
work out a peculiar illustration ( 单数)
give one or two imaginary illustra-
tions ( 复数)
by way of illustration ( 不可数) image 注意一些搭配:
have an image of
make an image out of
shake off an image
shed an image
obtain an image
produce an image
throw an image on
present an image
project an image
promote an image
carve an image into
cultivate an image
form an image
improve his public image
conjure up an image
create an image
conform to our image of them
take my eyes off my image in the
mirror
distort the image
evoke an image
confront an image
positive image
outdated image
media image
flickering image
manipulating image
sudden mental image
colossal image
dim image
dream-like image
haunting image
sharp image
clear-cut image
visual image
personal image
photographic image
natural image
extraordinary-looking image
complete image
clear image
fixed image
dull image
sacred image
faint image
familiar image
blurred image
radiant image
rude image
lovely image
graceful image
vivid image
poetic image imagination 可作可数或不可数名词:
I am grateful to my parents for giving me an imagination. ( 单数)
sharpening an imagination with
the hard flint of a fairy tale ( 单数)
Let children's imaginations soar.
( 复数)
creative imaginations
contrasting imaginations ( 复数)
He showed a remarkable lack of imagination. ( 不可数) imagine 1． 注意一些句子结构:
imagine myself sitting by the lake-
side
imagine himself as a talent
imagine it as a tiger
Imagine a garden with beautiful flowers.
imagine the island to be a para-
dise
Imagine that you are swimming in the cool and clear water.
I can't imagine what he had in mind.
Imagine how difficult it is to do this.
Imagine going out in a rainy day like this.
We imagine his complaint a minor issue.
2． 下面每组句子都可以，意思相同:
Imagine yourself to be on a white-
sand beach.
Imagine yourself on a white-sand beach.
I imagine myself to be rich and fa-
mous.
I imagine myself rich and famous.
I can't imagine my marrying a woman of that sort.
I can't imagine marrying a woman of that sort. imitation 1． 后面常跟介词 of，from，with 等:
do an imitation of the prince
an imitation from the original ver-
sion
the much greater frequency of imi-
tation with insects than with other
animals
2． 注意 imitation 前的形容词:
pale imitation
poor imitation
great imitation
crude imitation
awkward imitation
blind imitation
clever imitation
fraudulent imitation
nasty imitation
parrot-like imitation
inferior imitation
slavish imitation
cheap imitation
hilarious imitation
pretty good imitation
brilliant imitation
showy imitation
exaggerated imitation
clumsy imitation
elaborate imitation
flattering imitation immediate 注意与名词的搭配:
immediate action
immediate impact
immediate release
immediate response
immediate danger
immediate prewar period
immediate aftermath
immediate future
immediate family
immediate reply
immediate plan
immediate concern
immediate neighbourhood
immediate cause
immediate effect
immediate delivery
immediate observation
immediate benefit
immediate application
immediate crisis
immediate diplomatic purposes
immediate access
immediate publication
immediate problem
immediate movement
immediate desire
immediate suburbs
immediate view
immediate destination
immediate reaction
immediate experience
immediate environment
immediate superior
immediate entourage
immediate predecessor
immediate successor
immediate aim
immediate vicinity immersion 1． 注意与介词的搭配:
The seeds were dried after im-
mersion.
total immersion in the study of
English
It became swollen from immer-
sion.
immersion into the sea
baptize the baby by immersion
rely upon an immersion
2． 可作可数名词:
hot water immersions
Language immersions with our
“talk” families will lay a good foundation for the international students. immigrant immigrant，emigrant
“移居国外的人”叫 emigrant; “从国外移居来的人”叫 immigrant。 immigrate migrate，immigrate
两词都有 “移居”的含义。
1． migrate 主要指 “为了工作或短期居住而移居到另一个地方”:
They migrated to cities like New
York in search of work.
Peasants had to migrate if they wanted to survive.
2． immigrate 侧重指 “离开自己的国家，到另一个国家去居住”:
The Indian doctor has immigrated to the United States. immune 后面常跟介词 to，of，against，from，
in 等:
immune to her seduction
immune against the attack of the
bird flu
immune from continental influ-
ences
immune in a perfect love impact 注意后面常跟的介词:
the impact of computer technology
on the world
make a real impact in the world
competition
the impact of the EU upon the
world impaired retarded，impaired
这组词都有“残疾的”含义。
1． crippled 主要指“四肢，尤其是腿部有残疾的”。
2． disabled 可以指“身体某个部位有残疾的 ( 包括头脑 )”，其含义比
crippled 广泛。
3． handicapped 可指“身体或精神方面残疾的，尤指因事故或出生时所造成的残疾”，这词有贬义。
4． retarded 尤指“弱智的，尤其是儿童智力迟钝的”。
5． impaired 常被用来委婉地指“听觉、视觉等方面残疾的”，用来代替
blind，deaf 等:
impaired vision
visually impaired ( 相当于 blind)
hearing-impaired ( 相当于 deaf) impatient 后面常跟介词 about，to，with，of，
for，at 等:
I am a bit impatient about the local people's skepticism.
He is impatient to his sister.
He grew impatient with the theories.
I became impatient of the slow pro-
gress.
I am impatient for news of the speech contest.
I grew impatient at her long com-
plaint.
imperial，royal，regal
3 词都有 “王室”的含义。
1． imperial 指 “统治一个帝国的”。
2． royal 一般与 king，queen 有关，所以一般指 “统治一个国家”。
3． regal 侧重指 “雍容华贵，有帝王风度的”，因而常常不一定真正形容 “王室”:
regal manners
a regal old lady implication 表示“行动、决定等可能产生的影响”时，常用复数形式:
We have to take into account the
strategic implications of these e-
vents.
We are very much concerned a-
bout the implications of population explosion. importance 注意前面常用的起修饰作用的词:
little importance
utmost importance
national importance
international importance
much importance
real importance
special importance
no importance
great importance
crucial importance
paramount importance
considerable importance
relative importance
commercial importance
financial importance
military importance
basic importance
capital importance
cardinal importance
enormous importance
extreme importance
far-reaching importance
first-rate importance
fundamental importance
growing importance
historic importance
least importance
minor importance
primary importance
prime importance
secondary importance
vital importance
worldwide importance
the slightest importance
enough importance
no practical importance
pressing importance
direct importance
overwhelming importance
overshadowing importance
strategic importance
commanding importance
exceptional importance
constitutional importance
cultural importance
startling importance important vital，important
1． vital 和 important 都可以译成 “重要的”。important 比较普通常用，可修饰各种 “重要的”事物; vital
主要强调“某个组成部分对整体正常运作起关键作用的”:
He played a vital part in setting up the company.
The heart is a vital part of the body.
an important person
an important machine
an important meeting
an important reading
an important school
an important trend
an important country
an important trip impose 常用于下列句型:
impose restrictions on foreign
trade ( impose sth on sth)
impose his political views on his
colleagues ( impose sth on sb)
impose fake products on custom-
ers ( impose sth on sb)
impose control over those aspects
of reproduction ( impose sth on
sth)
A limit is imposed by ( be imposed
by)
He believed he had been imposed upon. ( be imposed upon)
Don't impose your wishes upon
others! ( impose sth upon sb)
They would think I am imposing myself. ( impose oneself)
imposter，cheat，swindler
3 词都有 “骗子”的含义。
1． imposter 常指 “冒名顶替的骗子”:
One of them is an impostor.
2． cheat 常指“行为不诚实的人”，语气较弱，有时仅指 “滑头”:
I saw you drop that card; you
cheat!
3． swindler 尤指 “欺骗钱财的人”:
Swindlers have cheated investors out of $ 1million. impression 1． “给……留下印象”可以说:
give a good impression to the cus-
tomers
create / leave / have / make a
good impression on the customers
2． 下面的词组都是正确的:
my impression of him
my impression on him
my impression about him improvement 1． 表示 “一件事比原先变得更好”时，后面常用介词 in:
a great improvement in public
transportation
2． 比较两件事时，若要表示一件比另一件有改进，后面常用介词 on:
My translation is an improvement on hers. impulse 1． 用 on an impulse 和 on impulse
都可以:
I bought the color TV on ( an) im-
pulse.
2． 注意以下搭配:
I felt an impulse to travel.
I couldn't resist the impulse to laugh.
A strong impulse moved him to battle with his fate.
He is a man of impulse.
He acted on impulse.
The rebels were more urged by impulse than by reason.
the first impulse
immediate impulse
eccentric impulse
new impulse
hospitable impulse
irresistible impulse
tortuous impulse
sexual impulse
creative impulse
sudden impulse
charitable impulse
fresh impulse
generous impulse
morbid impulse
suicidal impulse
peculiar impulse
abrupt impulse
perverse impulse
writing impulse
natural impulse
blind impulse
patriotic impulse
romantic impulse
instinctive impulse
drunken impulse
indescribable impulse
uncontrollable impulse
3． “因一时冲动而购买”，可以译成
impusle buying 或 impulse pur-
chase; “冲动型购物者”可译成 an
impulse buyer。 in 1． 主要可以用作介词、副词、形容词等。
1) 介词:
We keep it in a box.
2) 副词:
Open the case and put the neck-
lace in.
3) 形容词:
She found the postcard in her in box.
2． 注意下面两个词组的译法:
in the corner of the room 在房间的角落里
at the corner of Handan Road and
Siping Road 在邯郸路和四平路的拐角处
3． 一般表示 “在 …… 时候 ( 如在早上、晚上、下午)”用介词 in，但具体表示“某一天的早上、晚上、下午”用介词 on:
in the afternoon
in the early afternoon
on Sunday afternoon
on the morning of May 5，2005
on the evening of his wedding cer-
emony
in May
on 5 May，2004
4． 注意下列短语:
pandas in pairs
arrive in twos and threes
nine feet in length / height / width /
area / depth
with temperatures in the high 80s
a daughter in her teens
a woman in her mid-thirties
college students in the twenties
senior citizens in their seventies
losses estimated in the thousands
of dollars
coming out in their hundreds
in tears
in oils and watercolors
write in ink
write in pencil
write in chalk
write in capital letters
trees planted in straight rows
names listed in alphabetical order
girls dressed in pink
speak in horror / public / secret /
anger / fun / all seriousness
in dire poverty
in danger
in poor health
in ruins
in a hurry
in doubt
in a positive mood
in love
in tens
in groups
in large numbers
give him in return
say nothing in reply
a message in code
5． “日复一日，年复一年”可以说 day
in day out，year in year out 等。 inadequate 后面常接介词 for，to 或动词不定式:
to be inadequate for the needs of
reform and opening-up
to be inadequate to the important
occasion
feel inadequate to cope with the
jog inappropriate 后面一般跟介词 for，to 或动词不定式:
a dress inappropriate for a ban-
quet
clothes inappropriate to the occa-
sion
inappropriate for a teacher to join
that club inaugurate 1． 表示 “某人就职”，常有以下表达方法:
They inaugurated the new presi-
dent.
The new president was inaugura-
ted.
He was inaugurated as new presi-
dent of the country.
The new president will be inaugu-
rated on May 5．
2． “( 就职、落成) 典礼”可以说:
the inaugural ceremony
the inauguration ceremony
the inauguration of the new presi-
dent
the new president's inauguration
3． 表示 “开创、始创”时，inaugurate
后面可跟名词:
inaugurate a new theory
inaugurate an educational move-
ment
inaugurate an effort to modernize
China
inaugurate the programs
inaugurate a new period
inaugurate a more democratic era
inaugurate a new embassy
inaugurate a new hospital
inaugurate a new research center
inaugurate the first international
flight
inaugurate a conference incentive 1． 下面几个句子都正确:
We don't have much incentive to work hard. ( 作不可数名词)
We don't have many incentives to work hard. ( 作可数名词)
We don't have much incentiive to hard work. ( 后面跟介词 to)
We don't have many incentives to hard work. ( 后面跟介词 to)
2． 注意下面一些词组的译法:
material incentive 物质刺激
incentive payments 奖金
incentive system 奖励机制
incentive scheme 奖励方案 incident incident，accident
两词都有 “事件”的含义。
1． incident 尤指 “不平常的事件”，
但不一定是坏事:
a very humorous incident
one of the strangest incidents in
her life
2． accident 指 “令人不愉快的、不幸的、具有破坏性的意外事件”:
a serious car accident
the most calamitous accident
3． 人们常说 by accident:
The plane crash happened by ac-
cident. 坠机事件是意外发生的。
4． without incident 的意思是“顺利地”:
We completed the task without in-
cident. 我们顺利地完成了这项任务。 incite 注意一些用法:
incite the citizens to revolt ( incite
sb to do sth)
incite the protesters to violence
( incite sb to sth)
incite the fellow prisoners against
the wardens ( incite sb against
sb) inclination 可以用作可数或不可数名词:
The girl found it hard to conquer an inclination to cry. ( 单数)
in pursuit of his own inclinations
( 复数)
students with artistic inclinations
( 复数)
show little inclination to reform ( 不可数) inclined 注意下面的搭配:
feel inclined to help the poor
I was inclined to self-pity.
He is too much inclined toward lit-
erature. income 1． 注意修饰 income 的形容词:
daily income
weekly income
monthly income
annual income
high income
low income
middle income
comfortable income
fixed income
fluctuating income
handsome income
gross income
large income
limited income
meager income
small income
independent income
family income
cash income
extra income
retirement income
net income
yearly income
modest income
ample income
taxable income
steady income
inadequate income
private income
2． 可以用作可数或不可数名词:
a family with three incomes( 可数)
rely on begging for income ( 不可数) incorporate 注意下面的搭配:
incorporate his ideas into the plan
incorporate questioned data in the
integrated model
incorporate several laws within a
single pattern
It was incorporated under the state laws.
It is incorporated on the basis of equality. increased 可以用来修饰很多名词:
increased speculation
increased profits
increased speed
increased taxation
increased reliance
increased risk
increased awareness
increased competition
increased demand
increased concentration
increased efficiency
increased incidence
increased expenditure
increased output
increased exposure
increased atmospheric carbon di-
oxide
increased efficiency
increased funding
increased focus
increased accessibility
increased aid
increased usability
increased scrutiny
increased comfort
increased tax rate
increased trade
increased fitness
increased fertility
increased productivity
increased demand
increased spending
increased pressure
increased security
increased intelligence capabilities
increased traffic
increased cash flow
increased abstinence
increased popularity
increased commitment
increased terrorism alert
increased fees
increased brightness
increased export tariffs
increased indecency
increased integration
increased exploration
increased costs
increased activities
increased suicide rate
increased flexibility
increased interest
increased capacity
increased involvement
increased use
increased dependence
increased mobility
increased cooperation
increased pain
increased readership
increased probing incubator 可指 “( 鼓励新企业等迅速发展的 )
孵化基地”:
An incubator is a place that en-
courages something new to de-
velop. inculcate 注意下面的搭配:
inculcate a sense of humor in him
inculcate the will to succeed into
the students
He was inculcated with Western i-
deas. incur 一般指 “招致( 不好的事)”:
incur one's displeasure
incur heavy losses
incur one's wrath
incur an additional risk
incur a penalty
incur costs
incur great expenses
incur huge debts
incur terrible damage
incur one's anger
incur one's envy
incur the contempt
incur economic deficits
incur last-minute changes
incur liabilities independence 1． 后面常跟介词 from，of 等:
declare independence from Britain
obtain independence from all par-
ties
the movement for independence
of the island
2． Independence Day 作 “美国独立纪念日”解时，前面不用定冠词:
He died on Independence Day. independent 后面一般用介词 of:
He tried to be financially inde-
pendent of his family. Index 1． 这两个名词短语前都要加定冠词:
The Dow Jones Average either goes up or down.
The Dow Jones Index falls 554
points.
2． 它们可简称为 the Dow Jones 或
the Dow:
As the Dow Jones goes up，the earth's health goes down.
The Dow fluctuates in a trading
range between 9，500 and
10，000，signaling uncertainty. index 注意与介词的搭配。
1． 跟介词 of:
an index of research
an index of film titles
a reliable index of their daughter's
progress
a useful index of political mood
the official index of industrial pro-
duction
an index of change to come
one index of public opinion
2． 跟介词 to:
an index to a book
an index to the current issues of
publications
a fair index to his disposition indication 注意下面这些句子中 indication 的用法:
There is every indication of a
change
There is every indication that
There is a strong indication that
There is not much indication that
There are many indications that
There are some indications that 
There are indications of
The indications are that
All the indications are that
He has given no indication that
This is a clear indication that
indigenous，native，aboriginal
3 词都与 “出生地”有关。
1． indigenous 不含从其他地方引进或移入的可能性，它可修饰包括人在内的各种事物:
Cotton is indigenous to the south-
ern United States.
Jazz is indigenous to New Orle-
ans.
2． native 与 foreign，alien 对应:
a native Bostonian
a foreigner in Boston
3． native 也可以形容 “移植、移养到某地相当一段时间的植物”:
The coffee plant is native to Brazil even though it was introduced into that country from Africa several hundred years ago.
4． aboriginal 强调某种生物最早生存于某一地方或国家，或被殖民者最早发现，常含文化等意义:
The Indians were the aboriginal people of America.
The aboriginal people in New Zea-
land still hunt with spears. individual individual，personal
两词都有 “个人”的含义。
1． individual 侧重指“适合个人的、单独存在的、独特的、与众不同的”等:
individual rights
individual needs
She wears very individual clothes.
她穿的衣服非常具有个人风格。
2． personal 强调“属于个人的、为个人所用的、由个人亲自处理的、针对个人的”:
personal bodyguards
a car for your personal use
personal belongings
sacrifice our personal lives induce 注意下面的搭配:
induce social change
induce drowsiness
induce her to marry him ( induce
sb to do sth)
induce her to be disloyal to him
( induce sb to be)
be induced to take early retire-
ment ( be induced to do sth) indulge 注意下面的搭配:
indulge a taste
indulge an interest
indulge her feelings
indulge beauty
indulge the inclination
indulge his curiosity
indulge his whims
indulge idle conjectures
indulge his daughter
indulge a love of expensive wines
They indulged in the new free-
dom.
He indulged himself in delights of leisure.
He indulged his passion for foot-
ball.
He indulged himself with stamp collecting.
He indulged his company with a song.
He has not indulged all week. industry 注意下面的搭配:
the telecommunications industry
software industry
information industry
electronic industry
semiconductor industry
building industry
IT industry
sheep industry
wireless industry
forest industry
storage security industry
recording industry
outdoor industry
localization industry
water industry
satellite industry
music industry
hobby industry
construction industry
beverage industry
ceramic industry
fertilizer industry
tree care industry
entertainment industry
gaming industry
mineral industry
heavy industry
light industry
nuclear industry
chemical industry
pharmaceutical industry
burgeoning fitness industry
manufacturing industry
steel industry
food industry
aerospace industry
clothing industry
car industry
privatized industry
nationalized industry
advertising industry
hotel industry
tourist industry
domestic industry
service industry
air industry
amusement industry
auto industry
aviation industry
beauty industry
coal industry
book industry
brewing industry
defense industry
export industry
farming industry
furniture industry
household industry
infant industry
knit fabric industry
livestock industry
meat industry
movie industry
packing industry
plastics industry
poultry shipping industry
textile industry
toy-making industry
trucking industry
wine industry
dairy industry
motion-picture industry
abortion industry
oil industry
computer industry
Shakespeare industry inequality 后面可以跟介词 in，between， of，
among，at，about，on，toward，to-
wards 等:
racial inequalities in health care
the inequality between rulers and
citizens
inequality of job opportunity
inequality among world citizens
inequality at the starting gate
intrinsic inequality about sexual
differentiation
the impact of inequality on produc-
tivity growth
inequality toward women
display a profound inequality to-
wards femininity in general infant 可修饰名词:
infant care
infant behavior
infant son
infant daughter
infant party
infant school
infant teacher
infant mortality rate
infant carrier
infant company
infant industry
infant health service
infant nation
infant science
infant food
infant dress infectious 1． 后面常跟介词 for，among，under
等:
a new virus infectious for humans
It is infectious among the livestock and some wild animals.
remain infectious under adverse
conditions
2． 参见 contagious。 infer deduce，infer
两词都有“推断”的含义; 但 deduce
比较正式，对“推断”的结果更加负责，因而也更加可靠; infer 的“推断”有时不那么可靠:
From her conversation，I deduced that she had a large family. 从她的交谈中，我推断她有许多子女。
( 这里，推断比较可靠)
What can we infer from his refusal
to see us? 他拒绝见我们，从中我们能推断出什么呢? ( 这里，推断不太可靠) inferior 后面常跟介词 to，in，among，within
等:
feel inferior to others
It is inferior in quality.
inferior among recipients
inferior within the community inflation 1． 表示“通货膨胀率”，有两种方法:
the inflation rate
the rate of inflation
2． 表示“通货膨胀”的比率如何，可以说:
with persistently high inflation rate
an inflation rate of only 1%
a low rate of inflation
3． 表示“控制通货膨胀”，可以说:
control inflation
curb inflation
check inflation
fight against inflation influence 1． 后面跟介词 on，over，with 等都可以，但含义有所不同。
1) an influence on / over sb 指 “对某人有控制力或影响力”:
His so-called friends have a bad influence on / over him.
The teacher has a considerable influence on / over the child.
2) influence with sb 指 “有能力从某人处获得好处”:
He used his father's influence with the manager to get a good job.
2． 后面还可以跟介词 of，in，upon，
among，for，from 等:
exert influence of some sort
a great influence in the education-
al world
exercise a little influence upon her
weaken conservative influences a-
mong its members
a good influence for the child
is subjected to a bad influence
from his workmates inform 1． 注意常用句型:
I informed him of my intention.
( inform sb of sth)
I informed him about my intention.
( inform sb about sth)
I informed him that I intended to retire. ( inform sb that)
He was informed of my intention to retire. ( be informed of sth)
2． inform on 或 inform against 是
“( 秘密) 告发”:
Somebody must have informed on me. 一定有人告发了我。
Don't inform against your friend.
不要打你朋友的小报告。 information 1． 不可数名词，表示“情报、消息、见识”的多少时，可以说:
some information
an interesting piece of information
all sorts of information
much information
further information
a lot of information
detailed information
enough information
more information
not much information
little information
a bit of information
a mine of information
his wealth of information
a great amount of information
a large amount of information
all the information
full information
incomplete information
an array of information
200 pages of information
the sheer abundance of informa-
tion
large amounts of information
2． 在“信息爆炸”时代，出现了不少含 information 的词组:
information science
information superhighway
information technology
information theory
information retrieval
information technology industry
information age
information art
information economy
information pollution
information processing
information appliance infringe 1． 作及物或不及物动词都很常用，作不及物动词时，后面主要跟介词
on 或 upon:
infringe human liberty
infringe the copyrights
infringe a patent
infringe on / upon his privacy
2． 下面两个句子都正确，意思也相同:
The government has infringed his human rights.
The government has infringed up-
on his human rights. inhabitant dent，inhabitant
这组词都跟“平民”有关。
1． citizen 尤指“有选举权的市民、公民”。
2． subject 尤指封建社会的“臣民”，
君主国家的“国民”:
all the Queen's subjects
3． civilian 是与军队、警察、消防队的成员相对而言的“平民”:
Ten civilians and one soldier were killed in the bombing.
4． resident 是“居民、住客”，住在宾馆里的人也可称 resident。
5． inhabitant 指“长时间住在一个地方的人或动物”:
the oldest inhabitants
The inhabitants of a place are the people or animals that live there.
6． 参见 civic。 inhabitant inhabitant，resident
两词都有 “居民”的含义。
1． inhabitant 指 “在某个地方长期居住的生物”，所以一般不说 an in-
habitant of the hotel; 下面这些词组是正确的:
an indigenous inhabitant
the inhabitants of large cities
an inhabitant of the intestine
2． resident 指“居民、常住者或逗留者”都行:
the residents of this hotel
low-cost homes for local residents inherent 1． 注意修饰的名词:
inherent weakness
inherent problems
inherent contradictions
inherent difficulties
inherent ambiguity
inherent defect
inherent rashness
inherent dangers
inherent laziness
inherent nature
inherent qualities
2． 后面常用介词 in:
problems inherent in the social
system
a love of literature inherent in his
nature inherit 注意下面的搭配:
inherit a fine tradition
inherit a large fortune from his
parents
She inherited from her parents many of her characteristics.
He inherits his father. inheritance 常用作单数或不可数名词。
1． 用作单数名词:
all his inheritance
share a common religious inherit-
ance
Parents do not owe their children an inheritance.
2． 用作不可数名词:
laws of inheritance
patterns of inheritance inhibit 常用于下列句型:
inhibit imports and encourage ex-
ports
inhibit him from smoking
He was inhibited from working. initial 注意修饰的名词:
the initial position
the initial stage
the initial values
the initial discount
the initial experiment
the initial results
the initial work
the initial action
the initial round of negotiation
the initial consultation
the initial condition
the initial phase
the initial reaction
the initial response
the initial impression
the initial charge
the initial meeting
the initial agreement
the initial talks
the initial shyness
the initial investment
the initial outlay
the initial shock
the initial step initiate 常有下列用法:
initiate social reforms
initiate plans
initiate discussions
initiate proceedings
initiate him into photography
He was initiated into a world of wonder.
The picnic was initiated by the u-
nion. inject ，injection
表示“打针、注射”时可以说:
have an injection
receive an injection
give him a measles injection
get an injection in the arm
have an injection under the skin
need an injection every four hours
It has to be given by injection twice a day.
The drug was administered by in-
jection.
Injections can be given under the skin.
inject myself with penicillin
inject insulin into his leg
He was injected with strong drugs.
She needs to inject herself once a week. injury 1． 可以有下列形式:
a slight injury ( 单数)
suffer serious injuries in the explo-
sion ( 复数)
insurance against injury at work
( 不可数)
2． 表示“( 在 …… 部位) 受伤”，后面常用介词 to:
receive a severe injury to his head
sustain grave injuries to the arms ink 表示一种 “墨水”时，ink 常为不可数; 但表示多种 “墨水”时，就是可数名词:
My pen has run out of ink.
a selection of different-colored
inks in-law 1． in-law 作 “姻亲、亲家”解，常用复数:
I stayed with the in-laws last weekend. 上周末我呆在亲家家里。
2． in-law 作为构词成分-in-law，其复数形式 s 要加在词的第一部分:
sisters-in-law
brothers-in-law
innocence
in all innocence 中不加定冠词;
with all the innocence of a small-
town girl 中 innocence 前有定冠词，是后面有 of a small-town girl
限定的缘故。 innocent 1． 在法庭上决定 “有罪还是无罪”可以用 guilty or innocent。
2． 表示“…… 方面无罪”，后面常用介词 of:
to be innocent of a crime
to be innocent of a charge
to be innocent of manslaughter innovation 有可数和不可数形式:
the use of several untried innova-
tions ( 可数)
more interested in innovation than
in conservation ( 不可数) inquiry 1． 常用来指 “长时间的、认真的、官方的调查”:
1，000 inquiries from people inter-
ested
the most difficult and shocking
murder inquiry
2． 注意下面的搭配:
make inquiries about
make some inquiries about
make too many inquiries into
make the inquiries
make inquiries on the subject
make no further inquiries into the
matter
make an inquiry into the accident insect pest，insect
两词都可以作“害虫”解。
1． pest 可作“害虫”和“有害的动物”解。
2． insect 只作“害虫”解。
3． pest 可以指“人”，insect 一般不这样用:
The kid is a real pest.
4． pest 和 insect 都可以与 -icide 组成新词，表示“杀虫剂”:
pesticide
insecticide insert 后面常跟介词 into， in， between，
under 等:
insert the plug into the socket
insert a key in the lock
insert a book under the pillow
insert a letter between the door
and its frame insight 1． 作 “洞察力”解时，常为不可数名词:
He has shown remarkable insight.
2． 表示 “领悟”时，作可数名词:
I got more insights about him.
give scientists new insights into
what is happening to the patient insist 常用于下列句型:
I insist that you leave.
I insisted on that point.
I insist on your going there.
I'll do it if you insist.
“You must go with me，”she in-
sisted. inspection 可作可数或不可数名词:
make a thorough inspection of the
house ( 单数)
expect inspections of the test re-
sults ( 复数)
allow international inspection of
the site ( 不可数) inspiration 1． 可作可数或不可数名词:
It will be an inspiration to all. ( 单数)
These articles aim at bringing a-
bout inspirations. ( 复数)
He has drawn inspiration from Af-
rican music. ( 不可数)
2． 注意与动词的搭配:
derive inspiration from nature
find inspiration from outside
searching for inspiration
become an inspiration for
draw inspiration from native
sources
have an inspiration
get inspiration from
provide the inspiration for his no-
vel
receive an inspiration in her
dream
seek inspiration from his teacher
His inspiration comes from
She is waiting for an inspiration.
He took inspiration from the dance.
He has exhausted his inspira-
tions.
fumble for an inspiration
foster an inspiration
gain an inspiration
kill his inspiration
pray for an inspiration
Inspiration wells from
suppress her inspiration
bring about inspirations
give an inspiration
teach inspiration
Inspiration may lead to inspire 常用于下列句型:
His wisdom inspired his fellow workers. ( inspire sb)
He inspired them with a speech.
( inspire sb with sth)
He inspired confidence in his fol-
lowers. ( inspire sth in sb)
They were inspired by her exam-
ple. ( be inspired by sth)
He did his best to inspire them to greater efforts. ( inspire sb to
sth)
He inspired his children to read more literary works. ( inspire sb
to do sth) installation 表示 “设备、设施”时，用单复数均可:
a chemical-weapons installation
key nuclear installations in Russia installment 1． installment plan 是美国用语，英国人常用 hire purchase。
2． 注意表示“分期付款”的一些说法:
I'll pay for the furniture in ten monthly installments.
When is the next installment due?
I'll have to pay the last installment of a loan this week.
A consumer could even order a
purchase and pay for it by install-
ment.
It can be paid through installment agreement.
It offers installment financing to its consumers.
I bought the color TV on install-
ments.
Claim is filed for payment on in-
stallment purchase.
The first installment is payable on application.
I'll pay for the first month's interest installment on the loan.
Please make sure to keep up the installments.
Only one installment has been made.
I have an installment sales con-
tract.
3． 注意下面这些词组:
installment billing
installment contract
installment loan
installment installment agreement
installment account
installment sale
installment plan
installment payment
installment personal loan
installment debt instance 为可数名词，但是短语 for instance
中不用冠词:
For instance，allow her to choose what clothes she will wear at the party. instant 1． 表示 “即食的”，可组成不少词组:
instant coffee
instant noodle
instant mashed potato
instant soup
instant pudding
instant food
instant Chinese restaurant
instant drinks
instant curries
instant breakfast
2． 其他表示 “快速的”的词组还有:
instant camera
instant book
instant solutions
instant liking
instant relief from pain
instant success
instant hit
instant access
instant regret
instant media attention
instant thought
instant dismissal
instant obedience
instant math
instant idea
instant history
instant violence
instant composition
instant answer
instant knowledge
instant expert
instant government
instant world
instant need
instant replay
instant messenger
instant lesson
instant voting
instant delivery
instant translation
instant service
instant effects
instant helper
instant millionaire instinct 1． 可作可数或不可数名词，但注意其习惯用法。
1) 在下列短语中 instinct 常用复数:
trust your instincts
follow your instincts
2) 在下列短语中 instinct 前常不用冠词:
He appeared to know it by in-
stinct.
3) 下面这些句子都正确:
Instinct tells me that it would be very dangerous to do it.
My instinct tells me that it would be very dangerous to do it.
My first instinct tells me that it would be very dangerous to do it.
My instincts tell me that it would be very dangerous to do it.
2． 表示 “对……有本能的反应”，后面常用介词 for 或动词不定式:
an instinct for survival
have an instinct to make money institute institute，college
institute 主要指 “研究所、研究机构”。在作 “大学”解时，含义与 col-
lege 接近，但何时用 institute，何时用 college，没有定论。指“专科型的学院”不少地方用 institute，“( 学院式的) 大学或小型的、以本科为主的学院”，似乎用 college 居多。另外，在
university 里的 “学院”多用 school
或 college。到底如何用，一般是约定俗成的:
Massachusetts Institute of Tech-
nology
Courtauld Institute of Art
The Liverpool Institute for Per-
forming Arts
Beloit College ( 美国一所以本科为主的小型学院)
Clifton College( 英国一所只有 600
多名学生的学院) instruct 注意下面的句子:
He instructed his son in fixing ra-
dio sets ( in the use of libraries，in
history，in French) ． ( 后面跟介词
in 表示“指导”)
He instructed his son to fix radio
sets ( use libraries，study history，
study French) ． ( 后面跟动词不定式表示“命令”) instruction 1． 表示“命令、指示”时，单复数都可以用，用复数居多:
I have to obey his instruction.
give students strict instructions not
to leave school
I have instructions not to let you in.
I had to follow his instructions.
2． 表示 “…… 方面的命令”，后面用介词 for:
issue instructions for the release
of POWs
3． 表示 “在……方面指导”，后面用介词 on:
give them little instruction on the
use of the library insult 1． 是可数名词，但短语 add insult to 和 with insult 中前没有冠词:
Do not repay evil with evil or insult with insult.
2． 后面常用介词 at，upon，to 等:
throw insults at
hurl insults at
shout insults at
heap insults upon him
an insult to the audience insurance 1． 表示 “为某物、某人作保”，后面用
for，on，upon 等:
have insurance for my house
carry $ 10，000 insurance on her
life
pay the insurance upon his life
2． 后面用 against，主要表示“针对防止不愉快的事情的发生而作保”:
insurance against car accident
insurance against the unexpected
insurance against fire
insurance against burglary
insurance against being swindled
insurance against financial losses
insurance against further bombing
raids
insurance against damage injury
insurance against losses at sea
insurance against all risks
insurance against future diseases
insurance against poverty
insurance against bad weather
insurance against terrorism
insurance against traffic fines
insurance against third party liabil-
ity
insurance against accidental death
insurance against breast cancer
3． insurance 的种类很多:
dental insurance
long-term care insurance
renter's insurance
fixed annuities insurance
instant travel insurance
farmers insurance
earthquake insurance
flood insurance
business insurance
property insurance
term life insurance
whole life insurance
universal life insurance
disability insurance
critical illness insurance
travel medical insurance
health insurance
house insurance
car insurance
home-owners insurance
accident insurance
burglary insurance
casualty insurance
crop insurance
endowment insurance
fidelity insurance
fire insurance
marine insurance
theft insurance
transport insurance
unemployment insurance
third-party insurance
auto insurance
vandalism insurance
burst pipes insurance
belongings insurance
decorations insurance
injury insurance
insure
“为……作保险”，常有下列用法:
He has insured his car.
He has his car insured.
He insured his car against theft.
This policy insured your car a-
gainst third-party damage.
His car has been insured against theft.
He insured his car for $ 20，000．
His car is insured for two-thirds of its value.
His car is insured with a local company.
He insured against death.
He is heavily insured against death.
He insured himself against a criti-
cal illness.
insure，ensure，assure
1． insure 侧重指 “为防不测付钱投保”:
insure his furniture against fire
2． ensure 侧重指 “确保某事发生”:
My new research method ensures
that I get the best possible re-
sults.
3． assure 多用于复合宾语中，侧重指 “向某人保证某事将发生”:
He assured me that everything would be all right. intact 注意一些特殊用法:
The building remained intact.
The building survived the war in-
tact.
The building will be preserved in-
tact.
The package arrived intact.
It was left intact.
The vase is still intact.
They fought to keep the building intact.
have their sensory abilities intact
with its contents intact integrate 常用于下列句型:
She integrated some new ideas into her writing. ( integrate sth in-
to sth)
They integrated it with welfare.
( integrate sth with sth) intelligence 1． 主要作不可数名词，但许多例子证明它有单复数形式，尤其指一种特殊的 “智商”或 “多种不同的智商”:
Some one who looks smart or
scholarly should have a high intel-
ligence.
We all have intelligences: that's what makes us human.
2． 注意，泛指 “智商”时，常为不可数名词:
Do dogs have intelligence?
3． 表示“智商的高低”时，可以说:
have a keen intelligence
be full of intelligence
a person of average / high / low /
much / mediocre / ordinary / sur-
prising / far-seeing / exceptional
intelligence
show little intelligence
with very little intelligence intend 1． 下面每组句子都可以说，意思相同:
Do you still intend going?
Do you still intend to go?
The party didn't turn out as I in-
tended.
The party didn't turn out as I in-
tended that it should.
It's not what he intended.
It's not what he intended it to be.
We intend them to do it.
We intend that they shall do it.
2． 注意下面的用法:
I intended her no harm. ( 跟复合宾语)
I intended it as a joke. intention 有单复数和不可数形式。在一般情况下，泛指 “意图”时，用作复数或不可数，特指某种 “意图”时用单数。
注意下列用法。
1． 作单数:
have no intention of doing it
have the least intention of doing it
have every intention of doing it
with the intention of doing it
It is my intention to do it.
2． 作复数:
be full of good ( bad) intentions
the best of intentions
3． 为不可数名词:
It was quite without intention. intentional deliberate，intentional
两词都可译成“故意的”，但含义有些不同。
1． deliberate 尤其强调“事先准备和计划，明知是件坏事，还要深思熟虑、盘算周到地去准备”，语气较强:
a deliberate lie
It was a deliberate attempt to kill him.
2． intentional 的语气没有 deliberate
强，常常没有想伤害人的意思:
I'm sorry I left you off the list — it wasn't intentional.
3． 在实际使用中，两词有时差别不大，可以换用:
an intentional / a deliberate insult interest 1． 表示“兴趣”时，有多种用法:
great interest in
much interest in
not much interest in
no interest in
a bit more interest in
lively interest in
additional interest in
real interest in
special interest in
intense interest in
new interest in
keen interest in
little interest in
chief interest in
private interest in
compelling interest in
considerable interest in
continuous interest in
deep interest in
earnest interest in
enhanced interest in
exceptional interest in
extraordinary interest in
genuine interest in
intrinsic interest in
particular interest in
passing interest in
personal interest in
pitiful interest in
renewed interest in
theoretical interest in
strong interest in
uncommon interest in
unique interest in
widening interest in
irresistible interest in
well-meant interest in
attentive interest in
evident interest in
sudden interest in
feverish interest in
lasting interest in
enduring interest in
real interest in
long-nursed interest in
potential interest in
2． 表示 “利益、利害关系”时，下面词组都正确:
in the interest of sth
in the interests of sth
in sb's interest
in sb's interests
In the interest / interests of na-
tional security，we must be unit-
ed.
It would be in my interest / inter-
ests to do it. interfere 后面常跟介词 in，between，with 等，含义有所不同。
interfere in 和 interest between 指
“干涉、干预、介入”，interfere with
常指“妨碍、干扰、影响、乱动、乱摸”:
They interfered in the internal af-
fairs of that country. 他们干涉了该国的内政。
You have no right to interfere be-
tween us. 你无权介入我们之间
( 的事) 。
The matter interfered with her work. 那事影响了她的工作。
Don't interfere with my work! 别干扰我的工作! interference 注意一些起修饰作用的词:
outside interference
beggarly interference
more official interference
electronic interference
electrical interference
personal interference
intolerable interference
too much interference
constant interference
a lot of interference
constructive interference
destructive interference
untimely interference
needless interference
feeble interference
arrogant interference
timely interference
unwise interference
judicial interference
State interference
unauthorized interference
Government interference
internal interference
powerful interference
uncalled-for interference
ill-judged interference
hostile interference
friendly interference
foreign interference
ideological interference
interior
the Interior ( 首字母要大写，前面加定冠词) 常指某些国家的 “内务”:
the Department of the Interior
the Interior Ministry
the Ministry of the Interior Internet 1． 表示“因特网”时，用 the Internet。
2． 注意，在多数情况下首字母要大写，前面加定冠词:
find information on the Internet
an annotated guide to Shakespeare
resources on the Internet
3． 注意出现的新词组:
the Internet cafe
the Internet explorer
the Internet library
the Internet detective
the Internet music
the Internet archive
the Internet society
the Internet address finder
the Internet encyclopedia
the Internet information
the Internet tutorials
the Internet crossword
the Internet journal
the Internet magazine
the Internet news
the Internet yellow pages
the Internet restaurants
the Internet hotels
the Internet car rental
the Internet gourmet food
the Internet top-rated theater
the Internet bookstore
the Internet moviehouse
the Internet porn
the Internet university
3． the Internet 前面常可用介词 on，
但有时也可见到不少其他介词，如
to，for，over，of，through，across
等:
tour on the Internet
bring to the Internet
fraud committed over the Internet
a brief discussion of the Internet
connectto the Internet
look through the Internet
surf across the Internet interpret ，translate
两词都可以译成 “翻译”，但含义不同。
1． interpret 主要指 “口译”:
Will you interpret what he says for
me?
2． translate 尽管也可指 “口译”，但多指 “笔译”:
translate the novel from Chinese
into English
3． “翻译学校”有多种译法:
School of Translation and Inter-
pretation
School of Translation
College of Translation
School of Interpretation
College of Translation and Inter-
preting
4． “翻译学”可译成:
Translation Studies
Translation and Interpretation Stud-
ies
Interpretation Studies interpret translate，interpret
两词都有“翻译”的含义。
1． translate 可以指“口译”或“笔译”:
I can't speak Japanese，so some-
one will have to translate. ( 口译)
Please translate this article into
Chinese. ( 笔译)
2． interpret 常指“口译”:
I speak Chinese. Would you like
me to interpret for you? intersection ，crossroads
两词都可译成 “交叉路口”。
1． intersection 常指 “( 两条或两条以上道路的较复杂的) 交叉路口”:
a busy highway intersection
at the intersection of five streets
2． crossroads 总以复数形式出现，侧重指 “( 两条道路交叉的) 十字路口”:
A crossroads is a place where two roads meet and cross each other.
3． crossroads 的单复数形式相同:
a crossroads
three crossroads
4． a crossroads 后面常跟单数动词:
A crossroads is more than just an intersection.
interval，intermission，recess
1． 3 词都有 “休息”的含义。
1) interval 与 intermission 的含义很接近，都可指 “( 文艺表演的) 幕间休息”，如电影、音乐会、话剧等，但
interval 是英国用法，intermission
是美国用法。
2) recess 侧重指“( 法庭、议会、学校等的) 休庭，休会、休学”:
before next week's Senate recess
The court is in recess until next week.
2． 注意 interval 前面的一些修饰词:
at regular intervals
long intervals
monthly intervals
15-minute intervals
frequent intervals
infrequent intervals
quarterly intervals
short intervals
rhythmic intervals
irregular intervals
considerable intervals
painful intervals
reasonable intervals
dreadful intervals
brief intervals
spasmodic intervals
harmonic intervals
3． 常与介词 at， with， after， be-
tween，in 等连用:
at mystical intervals
with a few sunny intervals
after a brief interval
a half-year interval between her
arrest and trial
in the intervals of rest interview 注意一些搭配用法:
have an interview with a pop star
give an exclusive interview to the
press
get an interview for a job as a
cashier
Can you grant me an interview?
I have been called for a job inter-
view.
She conducted a long interview with the witness.
refuse an interview on a sensitive
topic
seek an interview with the Presi-
dent
publish an unauthorized interview
request a brief interview into ，in
1． in 有 into 的含义，习惯与前面的动词相关联:
Come in and sit down.
The door was open，so I walked in.
2． into 强调 “变换、变化”:
The prince turned into a frog. ( 人形的变化)
He got into the room from the out-
side. ( 地点的变化)
3． 注意下面的句子:
The policeman got into the car.
The policeman got in and out of the car.
The policeman took the suspect in to be questioned. ( in 与前面的
take 组成短语 takein，in to 不能改成 into)
The policeman came in to the in-
formation desk. ( in 与前面的
come 组成短语 come in，in to 不能改成 into) introduce introduce，recommend
两词都可译成 “介绍”。
1． 表示“( 初次) 介绍、相互认识”，用
introduce:
He introduced me to the dean.
2． 表示 “( 推荐性的 ) 介绍”，用 rec-
ommend:
I recommended him as a good teacher.
3． recommend 后面常用复合宾语，
introduce 则很少用此类句型:
Can you recommend me a good
restaurant? ( recommend sb sth) introduction 1． 后面常跟介词 to 或 of:
an introduction to American Litera-
ture
the introduction of coke into China
2． “初次介绍，相互认识”，可用
make the introductions，注意 in-
troductions 用复数，因为介绍时总有两人以上，introductions 前面常用定冠词:
Shall I make the introductions?
John，this is Mary. invade ，intrude
两词都有 “侵入、侵犯”的含义。
1． invade 尤指 “故意武装入侵别国领土，故意侵犯他人利益”等:
They entered the war the minute
Germany invaded Poland.
You are wrong because you have invaded his rights.
2． intrude 有 “擅自入侵、侵扰”的含义，但侧重指 “非意故的突然行为”，有“失礼，冒犯”的含义:
I didn't mean to intrude. 我并不是故意打扰。
invent，discover，create
3 词都有“发现”的含义。
1． invent 指 “发明”，有“经过多次试验后首创”的含义:
Bell invented the telephone.
Karl Mark invented the term of capitalism.
2． discover 指 “发现原先存在但不为人知晓的地方、事实、事物”等:
She discovered she was preg-
nant.
He was the first European to dis-
cover America.
3． create 也常指 “创造原先没有的新东西”，但侧重强调想象力，所创之物与原始材料完全不同，较多用在艺术创作、机构创立、麻烦制造等方面:
Soft music creates a relaxing at-
mosphere.
He set up the business to create new jobs. investigation 有单复数和不可数形式:
The President ordered an investi-
gation into the affair. ( 单数)
These are serious investigations，
each spanning several months.
( 复数)
He is under investigation by the police. ( 不可数) investigation survey，investigation
两词都可译成“调查”。
1． survey 主要指“通过提问进行调查”:
The Money Magazine did its sur-
vey by asking its readers a num-
ber of questions.
2． investigation 尤指 “( 官方、警方等) 对某一事件或情况的调查”:
The police made a thorough in-
vestigation into the cause of the explosion. investment 有单复数和不可数形式，后面一般跟介词 in，of 等:
lack of investment in new technol-
ogy
He made an investment of one million US dollars. ( 单数)
His investments are mostly in real estate. ( 复数)
attract foreign investment
introduce tax incentives to encour-
age investment ( 不可数) invitation 1． 表示“邀请某人”，可以说:
extend a cordial invitation to him
( extend an invitation to sb)
issue a warm invitation to him ( is-
sue an invitation to sb)
give a cheerful invitation to him
( give an invitation to sb)
send a friendly invitation to him
( send an invitation to sb)
mail him a standing invitation to
visit him ( mail sb an invitation to
do sth)
2． by ( written ) invitation ( only ) 中没有冠词，意思是 “凭柬入场”。 invite 1． 注意下面的搭配:
invite all our friends to the party
( invite sb to sth)
invite my girl friend for a drink ( in-
vite sb for sth)
invite his in-laws to stay for the
night ( invite sb to do sth)
invite her schoolmates over for a
chat ( invite sb over for sth)
2． 一般总是指 “请人做愉快的事”:
invite him to sing a song
3． 注意一般不说:
invite him to work on the coming
Sunday involve 注意以下用法:
It involves a great deal of courage and wisdom. ( involve sth)
It involves spending quite a lot of time with the local people. ( in-
volve doing sth)
He has involved himself in the scandal. ( involve oneself in sth)
He involves her in everything.
( involve sb in)
He became involved with a mar-
ried woman. ( become involved
with sb)
He got involved in the organized crime. ( get involved in sth)
He was involved in many pro-
jects. ( be involved in sth) IQ 1． 表示 “智商 ( intelligence quo-
tient)”; 类似的还有 EQ ( 情商，即 emotional quotient) 等:
A jury will have to consider wheth-
er his IQ is less than 70．
If one were to measure his EQ
and compare it to his IQ there
would be a huge discrepancy be-
tween the scores.
2． 一般作可数名词:
He has an IQ of only 77．
The older children missed more school，and their IQs plummeted as a result. Irish 可组成下面这类词组:
Irish coffee( 加奶油和威士忌酒的)
爱尔兰咖啡
Irish stew 马铃薯洋葱炖肉
Irish promotion 减薪
Irishman's promotion 减薪
Irish rise 减薪
Irish Sweep ( 私营) 爱尔兰斯威普服务公司( 其部分收益用于医院)
Irish whiskey 爱尔兰威士忌酒
Irish wolfhound 爱尔兰狼犬
Irish diamond 水晶
Irish bridge ( 横过路面的) 石砌排水沟 iron 1． 作金属 “铁”解时，一般不可数:
pieces of iron
plenty of iron
2． 复数可指“铁制品”，如“熨斗、火钳、马蹬、镣铐”等:
put irons on him 给他上镣铐 island 1． 表示“在岛上”，前面一般用介词
on:
on the island of Taiwan
但英国人说 in this island 是指 “在英国”。
2． island 与 isle，islet 的区别。
1) isle 主要用在文学、诗歌等中，或用作地名，复数尤指 “群岛”:
the paradise isle of Bali
the British Isles
2) islet 是“小岛”:
There are 7，000 islets in the Phil-
ippines.
3) island 较常用，一般指 “( 大的) 岛屿”:
England，this inimitable island isolation 一般为不可数名词。注意一些用法:
experience a sense of isolation
living in complete isolation
work in isolation
look at it in isolation
prefer to be in splendid isolation -ist 作为后缀，常用来表示 “某种人”:
pacifist
terrorist
novelist
fascist
Markist
antagonist
chemist
dramatist
economist
geologist
dentist
pianist
idealist
Buddhist
Maoist
Leninist
tobacconist
racist
positivist
biologist IT 注意由 IT 组成的词组:
IT skills
IT training
IT department
IT systems
ivory tower
1． 有复数形式:
college students in their ivory tow-
ers
2． 可以修饰其他名词:
ivory tower universities
Ivy League
1． 指 “( 美国 8 所) 常青藤大学联盟”时，前面用定冠词:
The Ivy League is a group of eight universities in the north-eastern part of the United States，which have high academic and social status.
2． 可作定语，但两词的首字母仍旧要大写:
the Ivy League championship se-
ries
the Ivy League style
an Ivy League MBA
Ivy League scholarships
Ivy League grade inflation
an Ivy League education
an Ivy League college
the Ivy League ties
3． 可作可数名词:
the top Ivy Leagues
Can I teach at the Ivy Leagues?
How can you get your kids into
one of the Ivy Leagues?
4． Can an Ivy League work here?
的意思是 “常青藤 ( 大学 ) 的做法在这里行得通吗?”
493
Ivy League

 jacket 注意以下搭配:
a full metal jacket
morning jacket
non-contact jacket
leather jacket
leather bomber jacket
canvas jacket
solar-powered jacket
book jacket
sport jacket
golf jacket
life jacket
motorcycle jacket
embroidery jacket
women's jacket
sheepskin jacket
dust jacket jade 1． 一般为不可数名词，但表示多种
“玉器”时可数:
Jade is a name that was applied
to original stones that( 不可数)
A great many mortuary jades were
unearthed from burials of this peri-
od. ( 可数)
2． 表示“玉石”时为不可数名词，表示其数量时可以有以下一些用法:
10 articles of jade on display
several bits of jade
three items of jade
countless carved pieces of jade
jail，gaol，prison，lockup
这组词都可以译成 “监狱”。
1． jail 在美国使用较多。
2． gaol 在英国使用较多。
3． prison 最常用，可指各类“监狱”。
4． lockup 常指 “拘留所”。 jam 1． 作 “果酱”解是英国用法; 美国人常用 jelly。
2． 作 “果酱”解有可数和不可数形式，指 “多种果酱”时为可数名词:
some strawberry jam ( 不可数)
recipes for jams and preserves
( 可数) jaw 1． 表示 “( 凶猛动物的 ) 嘴、( 机器的) 夹口”时，用 jaws:
the crocodile's jaws
the jaws of a vice
2． 表示“不愉快的事情 ( 如遇到的险境、死亡、地狱等 ) 或 ( 山谷、水道的) 窄小入口处”时，用 jaws:
from the jaws of death
caught in the jaws of an economic
recession
the jaws of a gorge jazz 1． 一般为不可数名词:
Jazz is a style of music invented by African American musicians.
2． 指各种不同的 “爵士乐”时，jazz
偶尔也可数:
 enjoy their museums， blues
and jazzes clubs， some of the
Kansas City famous BQ places
3． 可组成下面的一些词组:
jazz kids
jazz lounge
jazz instrument
jazz cards
jazz history
jazz dates
jazz calendar
jazz show
jazz festival
jazz club
jazz plaza
jazz enthusiasts
jazz weekends
jazz sites
jazz radio station
jazz legend
jazz cafe
jazz jubilee
jazz improvisation
jazz concert series
jazz resource center
jazz CDs jealous 后面常跟介词 of，可组成 be jealous
of sb / sth 的句型:
She was jealous of her roommate's good looks.
She was jealous of her classmates. jealous jealous，envious
两词都有 “嫉妒、羡慕”的含义。
1． jealous 语气强于 envious，更带有令人不快的情绪，如 “不信任、怀疑、甚至气愤”等，尤其指对恋人或配偶之间的 “妒忌”:
If other men spoke to his wife，he got terribly jealous.
She was stabbed by a jealous lover.
2． envious 强调对财富、成就等的
“羡慕”:
She is envious of her sister's beauty. jeans 可作可数或不可数名词:
This pair of jeans is perfect.
Her jeans is so low
Blue jeans is recommended for casual use. ( 不可数)
These cotton jeans are 98% cot-
ton with 2% Lycra added. ( 可数) jeer 下面两种说法都正确:
The crowd jeered at the guest professor.
The crowd jeered the guest pro-
fessor jewel jewel，jewelry
两词都可以指 “珠宝、首饰”，jewel
为可数名词，jewelry 为不可数名词:
a precious jewel
cheap jewels
a box containing glittering jewels
valuable pieces of jewelry
She doesn't wear much jewelry. jewelry jewel，jewelry
两词都可以指 “珠宝、首饰”，jewel
为可数名词，jewelry 为不可数名词:
a precious jewel
cheap jewels
a box containing glittering jewels
valuable pieces of jewelry
She doesn't wear much jewelry. job ，work
两词都可以译成 “工作”。
1． 口语 ( 尤其是美国英语 ) 中说 a
bank job 不是指 “一份银行的工作”，而是指 “与 ( 从银行) 偷钱或抢钱有关的罪行”:
Hackers try a bank job. 黑客试图用非法手段捣乱银行。
2． 口语中的 an inside job 可指 “一件有单位内部参与的犯罪案件”。
3． 口语中表扬别人 “工作干得好”时可以说 good job，job 前面一般不用冠词。
4． “( 一人) 失业”用 be out of a job，
“( 多人 ) 失业”用复数 be out of
jobs:
He's been out of a job.
More than 200 workers in Cincin-
nati got a nasty surprise: they are out of jobs.
5． job 是可数名词，work 是不可数名词，如 “失业”的说法就不一样我们说 be out of a job，但 be out of
work。
6． “上班”可以说 go to work，一般不说 go to a job。
7． “得到一份工作”可以说 get a
job，但是不说 get work。
8． 表示“在干活”，可以说 on the
job，但是同样的意思用 work 表示时，应说 at work:
They are not allowed to joke on the job.
They are not allowed to joke at work. jog jog，jogging
表示 “( 锻炼身体性质的 ) 慢跑”用
jog，jogging 都可以，但用法不一样:
He went for a jog around the Cen-
tral Park.
He went jogging in the Central
Park. jogging jog，jogging
表示 “( 锻炼身体性质的 ) 慢跑”用
jog，jogging 都可以，但用法不一样:
He went for a jog around the Cen-
tral Park.
He went jogging in the Central
Park. join 表示 “参加”用 join，要注意以下几点。
1． “参军”可以说:
He joined the army right after high school.
He joined up right after high school. ( 不说 join up in the army)
2． “参加某个组织 ( 如工会、党、团、合唱团等)”一般用其物动词形式:
join the choir
join the Republic Party
join the Labour Union
3． “参加某个活动 ( 如唱歌等 )”用
join，joinin 或 joinfor 都可以:
They started singing and I joined in.
I joined in the singing.
I joined them in singing the nation-
al anthem.
I'll join them for a drink. joint 注意与名词构成的词组:
joint statement
joint venture
joint communiqué
joint favorites
joint effort
joint resolution
joint custody
joint account
joint decision
joint ownership
joint responsibility
joint consultation
joint authors
joint owners
joint winners
joint action joke 1． 表示“开玩笑”，可以说:
make a joke about sb / sth
make a joke of sb / sth
make jokes
crack a joke with sb
crack jokes with sb
play a joke on sb
have a joke with sb
joke with sb
joke about sth
exchange jokes with each other
2． 口语中表示“你一定是在开玩笑吧”，可以有下面几种说法:
You are joking.
You must be joking.
You've got to be joking.
journey，magazine，periodical
3 词都有 “期刊”的含义。
1． journal 常用来指 “专业学术期刊”:
a scientific journal
an educational journal
the New England Journal of Medi-
cine
2． magazine 其实是一本“薄书”，内容可包括照片、插画、报道、故事、评论等，更趋向于大众化或供消遣用:
a fashion magazine
a gardening magazine
a sports magazine
3． periodical 更强调“定期出版”，如周刊、双月刊、季刊等:
a bimonthly periodical
4． journal 有时可指“日报”，其他两词不可以:
the Wall Street Journal 《华尔街日报》 journalism ，news
1． 两词都有 “新闻”的含义，但 “新闻系”用 Department of Journal-
ism， 一般不说 Department of
News。
2． journalism 为不可数名词，下面例子中 journalism 前没有冠词:
an example of good journalism
study journalism at college
begin a career in journalism
journey，trip，voyage
3 词都有 “旅行”的含义。
1． journey 侧重指 “陆路的长途旅行”:
There is a long train journey ahead of us.
2． trip 侧重指 “短途的、娱乐性的或公务的旅行”:
He went out on a day trip.
He went out on a business trip.
3． voyage 侧重指 “长途的水上或空间旅行”:
The ship sank on its maiden voy-
age.
the first space shuttle voyage joy 1． 在下列句子中，joy 前一般没有冠词:
He jumped for joy.
He shouted for joy.
He was filled with joy.
He did it with joy.
with a chuckle of joy
He is wild with joy.
He is beside himself with joy.
He was overcome with joy.
He danced with joy.
2． 表示 “多种欢乐、愉悦”时，为可数名词:
all the joys and sorrows of life
a real joy to see kids happily pla-
ying judge 1． 下面几个句子都正确:
We judge the novel obscene.
We judge the novel to be ob-
scene.
We judge that the novel is ob-
scene.
2． “人不能光看其表面”，可以译成:
Don't judge a book by its cover.
judo
judo( 柔道) 为不可数名词，注意它的用法:
He does judo.
He is a black belt at judo.
Judo is a Japanese martial art. jump jump，leap
1． jump 主要表示 “上下跳”或 “跳越障碍”。
rope-jumping 跳绳
Kids are all jumping up and down.
2． leap 强调 “突然、快速”，还有
“在空中飞跃的距离”:
Residents were forced to leap to safety from the burning building. jungle jungle，forest
两词都有 “森林”的含义。
1． jungle 常指 “热带的密林”，有“野兽出没、人烟稀少”等含义:
the Amazon jungle
2． forest 可以指一般的“树林”，人们可以在里面玩耍:
When we were children，we loved to hike through the forest.
3． “森林法则”要用 the law of the
jungle 或 the jungle law，一般不说
the law of the forest。 junior 注意几个词组的意思:
a junior 高中两年级 ( 或大学三年级) 学生
a junior college ( 美国 ) 两年级专科学校
junior school ( 英国) 小学
junior high school ( junior high )
( 美国) 初级中学 junk 1． 作 “劣等的”解时有不少搭配形式:
junk messages
junk faxes
junk email
junk paintings
junk yard
junk room
junk DNA
junk bond
junk food
junk mail
junk call
junk sculpture
junk shop
junk science
junk box
junk drawer
junk English
junk news
radio junk
Internet junk
space junk
2． 表示 “废旧杂物”时，一般为不可数名词:
bits of junk
full of junk
a piece of junk justice 下面两个句子都正确，注意 justice 前没有冠词:
I feel as if I had never done you justice.
I feel as if I had never done jus-
tice to you.
juvenile，adolescent，teenage
3 词都可表示 “少男少女的”。
1． juvenile 没有明确的岁数界定，常用于法律方面，多与犯罪有关:
juvenile criminals
juvenile offenders
juvenile court
juvenile delinquency
2． adolescent 常指“13 至 16 周岁之间的少男或少女”。
3． teenage 一般指 “13 至 19 周岁之间的少男或少女”。
499
juvenile，adolescent，teenage

 kangaroo 1． 复数形式有两种: kangaroo 和
kangaroos:
The gray and red kangaroo are both 5 feet tall.
Kangaroos are Australia's best-
known animals.
2． “雄袋鼠”叫 boomer，“雌袋鼠”叫
flyer，“小袋鼠”叫 joey。 keen 注意 keen 常用的结构:
He is keen on her. ( keen on sb)
He is very keen on cycling. ( keen
on sth)
He is keen for her to have a good education. ( keen for sb to do
sth)
He is keen after fame and power.
( keen after sth)
He is so keen about stamp collec-
ting. ( keen about sth)
He is keen to meet the president.
( keen to do sth) keep 下面两个句子的意思相同:
I wish you wouldn't keep interrup-
ting.
I wish you wouldn't keep on inter-
rupting. key 1． 名词 key 后面常跟介词 to，指“解答、题解、线索”时尤其如此:
key to the exercises
key to a riddle
key to happiness
key to the whole problem
key to an examination
key to a test
key to the front door
key to success
key to the mystery
key to failure
key to good health
key to power
key to ideas
2． keying the car 指 “( 某人恶作剧，有意偷偷地) 在汽车上划印痕”:
He was caught keying the car of
keying the car because he was in a bad mood.
keynote
“主题发言、基调演说”，可以译成
keynote speech 或 keynote address:
Chinese President Jiang Zemin
delivered a keynote speech at the
dinner for the opening of the For-
tune Global Forum 2001．
The Chairman delivered a key-
note address entitled “Role of Fi-
nancial Planners in the 21 st Cen-
tury”． kid 1． 口语中常用 No kidding，Just kid-
ding，You've got to be kidding，
Are you kidding， Stop kidding，
Are you kidding me 等来表示 “戏弄、开玩笑”:
Are you kidding me? — I couldn't believe my ears.
2． kid，child 都指“小孩”，含义和用法都有所不同。
1) kid 比较口语化、非正式。
2) child 比较正式。
3) kid 可以指 “年轻人”，child 不这样用:
college kids 大学生 ( 但不说 col-
lege children) kill 1． 除可以 “杀死”有生命的人、动物、植物等以外，还可以“杀”其他无生命的东西:
kill speculation
kill the pain
kill the conversation
kill the lights
kill the time
kill the cinema
kill the story
kill the text
kill the noise
kill the music
kill the affection
kill the appetite
kill the interest
kill the proposal
kill the car engine
kill the space station project
kill the peace process
kill the scheme
2． 表示 “杀死”这一含义除 kill 一词外，还有其他词，含义各有不同:
slay 残杀 ( 常用于文学作品中)
murder 谋杀
assassinate 刺杀
slaughter 屠杀 ( 一批人或动物)
massacre 残酷杀害 ( 大批人)
wipe out ( 一个不剩地) 消灭
exterminate ( 在一个地方或地区)
杀死所有的人或有害的动物
execute ( 作为惩罚的) 处决
commit suicide 自杀 kind 1． kind of 与 a kind of，of a kind 的含义和用法不同:
She is a kind of teacher. 她是
( 某) 一类教师。
She is kind of a teacher. 她有点儿像教师。
They are teachers of a kind. 他们是同一类教师。
2． 注意下面 kind of 后面名词的用法:
She is not the kind of person to go abroad for further studies. ( the
kind of 后面的名词前不加冠词)
He is a kind of professor. ( a kind
of 后面的名词前不加冠词)
They went abroad for all kinds of reasons. ( all kinds of 后面的名词可以用复数) kindergarten ，nursery
两词都有“幼儿园”的含义。
1． kindergarten 在美国指 “( 过去教育体制中的) 一年级，学生的岁数在 5 至 6 周岁之间”，在英国指
nursery school。 nursery 可以指
“( 医院中) 新生婴孩看护区、托儿所”等。
2． 与 in school 一样，泛指 “在托儿所”可以用 in kindergarten，kin-
dergarten 前没有冠词; 而 in the
kindergarten 则指“在某一所特定的托儿所”:
A major challenge for schools
concerned with the best use of
children's time in kindergarten is
the provision of meaningful teach-
ing and learning activities.
The boy's body was later found stuffed in a washing machine in the kindergarten.
3． 可以说 at kindergarten:
enroll their child at kindergarten
my first day at kindergarten king emperor，king
1． emperor 是“皇帝”，统治一些国家
( rule a number of countries ) ，因而其权力大于 king。
2． king 是“国王”，统治一个国家
( rule one country) 。
3． 表示“某某皇帝”时，emperor 前可以加定冠词:
under the Mongol emperor， Ku-
blai
the Emperor Nero
4． 表示“某某国王”，king 前面常不加冠词:
King Henry Ⅷ
King George Ⅵ king 参见 emperor。 kingdom realm，kingdom
1． 两词都有“王国”的含义。
1) realm 主要用在文学和法律方面;
2) kingdom 常指实际的“王国”:
the United Kingdom of Great Brit-
ain and Northern Ireland
2． 两词指“领域”时含义相同，但
realm 的使用频率高一些:
the kingdom
realm of science
rear
rear-view mirror 是 “( 装在车内挡风玻璃上方的) 后视镜”; 汽车外面两侧的镜子叫 wing mirror，side mirror，
中文叫“侧镜”，俗称“倒车镜”。 kiss 1． 表示“吻某人”可以说:
I kissed her.
I kissed her on the mouth.
I gave her a kiss.
2． 注意一些用法:
I kissed her goodbye / good night
/ good morning. ( kiss sb good-
bye)
I might kiss my scholarship good-
bye. ( kiss sth goodbye)
I might kiss goodbye to my chance. ( kiss goodbye to sth) ．
3． “飞吻”可以说 fly a kiss，throw a
kiss 等，后者的使用频率较高:
He was very happy and flied kis-
ses to everyone.
I opened the window and threw a kiss to my girlfriend.
4． 注意下面的搭配:
send a kiss
pick up a kiss
earn a kiss
deserve a kiss
begin with a kiss
start with a kiss
share a kiss
write about a kiss
look for a kiss
wait for a kiss
need a kiss
mail a kiss
have a kiss
die upon a kiss
want a kiss
blow a kiss
signal a kiss
hint a kiss
buy a kiss
offer a kiss
force a kiss
email a kiss
kitchen
“( 随身带 ) 过多的东西”，可以说
( carry ) everything but the kitchen
sink，也可以说 ( carry ) everything
but the sink:
He went to the countryside with everything but the kitchen sink. kiwi 1． 为可数名词:
A kiwi is a fruit with a brown hairy skin and green flesh.
2． Kiwis 有时可指 “新西兰人”，注意首字母要大写:
We have some Kiwis very active in this group. 在这个小组里我们有几个新西兰人很活跃。 kkk 表示“三 K 党”( the Ku Klux Klan，
the KKK) 时，前面有定冠词:
He was once a member of the
KKK． knock 表示“敲门”可以说:
I knocked loudly.
I knocked the door loudly.
I knocked at the door loudly.
I knocked on the door loudly.
I heard a loud knock on the door.
I heard a loud knock at the door. knot 生活中“难以解决的事”可以用 knot
表示:
a lesson about the mathematical
knots
untying the financial knots
a world full of knots
truth and blame tied up in political
knots
legal knots know 1． 下面几个句子的含义不同:
I know him. 我认识( 并了解) 他。
I know of him. 我听说过他。
I know something about him. 我对他有些了解。
I know a lot about him. 我对他很了解。
2． God knows，Lord knows，Good-
ness knows，Heaven knows 在口语中的含义大致相同，起强调作用:
God knows what he did! 天晓得他干了啥事! knowledge 1． 多作不可数名词，但可以说 a
knowledge:
He has acquired a reading knowl-
edge of French.
2． 表示“知识的多少”可以说:
much knowledge
broad knowledge
accurate knowledge
certain knowledge
deep knowledge
efficient knowledge
elementary knowledge
extensive knowledge
full knowledge
half knowledge
little knowledge
no knowledge
profound knowledge
sufficient knowledge
thorough knowledge
wide knowledge
considerable knowledge
detailed knowledge
a lot of knowledge
lesser knowledge
greater knowledge
known
“以 …… 著称”用 be / become
known for 或 be / become known as
都可以，但用法稍有不同:
London is known for its fogs.
London is known as a foggy city.
He became known for his novels.
He became known as a novelist. known ，eminent
这组词都可译成“著名的”。
1． famous 在这组词中最常用，由于使用频率高，其含义有所削弱，可以指“一般有名的”，也可指“非常出名的”:
a famous movie star
He is famous in the class.
2． famed 与 famous 含义很接近，区别是 famed 比较书面化:
a city，famed for its food
3． celebrated 的语气强于上述两词，包含对“对某人成就的肯定和赞扬”，它所表达的“著名”常比较客观、公正:
a celebrated Noble Prize winner
4． well-known 强调 “( 因为人熟知而) 著名的”，不一定“非常出色”，
只是人们知道而已:
These criminal facts are well-
known. 这些犯罪事实是家喻户晓的。
5． eminent 常用来形容人的“卓越、杰出”等，尤其常用来形容在科研等领域内贡献突出的人们:
the most eminent doctors label 常用于下列句型:
label the room post-doctoral mo-
bile station ( label sth sth)
label him model worker ( label sb
sth)
label the boxes with initials and
dates ( label with)
label him as a future film star ( la-
bel sb as)
label it as a testing ground ( label
sth as sth)
label it with an all-purpose adhe-
sive ( label sth as sth) labor 1． 表示“劳动节”用 the Labor Day，
前面用定冠词:
The Labor Day commemorates the historic struggle of working people throughout the world，and is recognized in most countries.
2． 名词 labor 可组成表示不同性质
“工作”的词组:
manual labor
skilled labor
unskilled labor
casual labor
organized labor
cheap labor
compulsory labor
forced labor
hired labor
physical labor
child labor
contract labor
farm labor
slave labor
office labor
hand labor
prison labor
3． 为不可数名词，但有时也可用作复数:
no matter who does the techni-
cal labors
As part of his sentence，Hercules had to perform twelve Labors.
labor，toil，work
3 词都有 “劳动”的含义。
1． labor 强调 “劳动的艰难、缓慢、费力、紧张”等:
labor over a big dictionary
2． toil 常指“做长时间的苦工”:
toil like a slave
3． work 普通常用，可指各种 “工作”，轻的、重的都可以:
work at a poem
work on a book
4． labor 后面常跟介词 over; work 后面常跟介词 at 或 on，toil 后面常跟介词 in，for，up，over，after 等:
labor over the book for many
years
work at the criminal case
work on the international agenda
toil in the cotton fields
toil for years to save the species
toil up the hill at sunset
toil over elementary grounds
toil after hours without adding a
dime to their bank accounts laborer worker，laborer
两词都可译成 “工人”。
1． worker 可指各种 “工人”:
a brain worker
an unskilled worker
an agricultural worker
a good worker
a slow worker
2． laborer 常指“从事艰苦劳动的工人”:
a farm laborer
manual laborers labyrinth 除“迷宫”外，还可以表示许多 “迷宫般的事物”
a labyrinth of twisting alleyways
a labyrinth of rules and regulations
a labyrinth of corridors
a labyrinth of laws
a labyrinth of possible questions
and answers
a labyrinth of conflicting political
interpretations
a labyrinth of city life
a labyrinth of perplexities
a labyrinth of winding streets in
the old town lack 可作名词或动词，所以表示 “缺乏”有不少说法:
He failed because he lacked cour-
age.
He failed because he was lacking in courage.
He failed because of his lack of
courage
He failed due to his lack of cour-
age.
There is a lack of courage in his failure.
A lack of courage led to his fail-
ure. lady 1． “女厕所”在英国可以说 Ladies'，
在美国可以说 Ladies' room;
Ladies' 用作单数:
Is there a Ladies' nearby?
Where is the Ladies'?
2． 过去称 “女……”常用:
lady scientist
lady doctor
lady driver
现在常用:
woman scientist
woman doctor
woman driver
3． 在口语中称第一次见到的妇女为
lady; 在美国这样说会被认为粗俗，较为客气的说法是 ma'am; 但在英国，lady 是褒义( 含有尊敬、客气等口气) ，即便称在商店、街上第一次见到的妇女为 lady 也很常见:
What seems to be the trouble，
lady? lake 作 “湖”的名称时，注意以下几点。
1． 湖名前面大多不用定冠词:
in the battle of Lake Erie
spectacular view of Lake Michigan
Salt Lake is also the gateway to
15 national parks within a day's drive.
Lake Victoria
2． 有学者说中国的湖名前往往用定冠词， 比如他们列举 the West
Lake / the Dongting Lake; 其实那是误用，查阅国外书刊发现多数英美人在提到 “西湖、洞庭湖”等时，大多不在它们前面用定冠词; 另外，国外也有很多 “西湖”，也大多前面不用定冠词:
West Lake is one of the most beautiful sights in China.
 the Dragon King in Dongting
Lake
Taihu Lake is the third largest freshwater lake in China.
I discovered West Lake and its smaller sibling.
West Lake is always alluring.
3． 还有一些湖名可以将 lake 前置或后置:
Taihu Lake
Lake Tai
4． 一些由几个湖组成的 “湖区”前常用定冠词:
the Great Lakes ( 美加之间的) 五大湖区 lament 后面常用介词 over，for 等:
The girls are lamenting over their lost hopes.
He is lamenting for the death of his wife. land 作 “陆地、农田”等解时，常不可数，但在以下情况中可数。
1． 表示 “国家、地区”:
Worker of all lands，unite!
2． 表示 “地产”:
Their ancestor's lands have been taken away.
3． 表示带有文学色彩的引申意义时:
a land of opportunities
a land of liberty landscape 1． 表示 “风景、风景画”时都为可数名词:
These pictures have both land-
scapes and figure-pieces. 这些画既有风景又有人物。
He held an exhibition of his recent landscapes. 他展出了他近期的风景画。
2． 表示“煞风景的东西”可以译成 a
blot on the landscape:
This quarry has been a blot on the landscape for years as far as local people have been concerned. 在当地人看来，这个采石场一直是个煞风景的东西。
3． 表示 “用何种画料画成”时，land-
scape 后面常跟介词 in:
a landscape in ink and water
a landscape in oil
4． 表示“什么主题”的画，landscape
后面可以用介词 of 或 with:
a new landscape of villages and
fields
a landscape with rocks，pines，ti-
gers and figures
5． a landscape shot 可指“表现远处风景的摄影照片”，与 a close-up
( 特写镜头) 相对应。 lane 1． 在现代交通中，lane 可作 “车道”解:
inside lane
outside lane
slow lane
middle lane
truck lane
bus lane
bicycle lane
traveling at 80 mph in the fast
lane
pull into the westbound lane of In-
terstate 90
a five-lane highway
2． 用作路名的一部分时，前面常不加定冠词:
Bootleg Lane
Forest Lane last 1． 可以用在句型“last + 名词 + 定语从句”中，表示否定意义:
She is the last girl ( that) I want to marry in the world. ( = I don't want marry her. )
This is the last cup of coffee
( that) I will have. ( = I will drink no more coffee. )
2． last，final 都可以表示 “最后的”。
1) last 强调 “在同一系列中排序最后的”:
the last page of the book
2 ) final 强调 “结论性的、决定性的、结束的”:
the final answer
the final judgment
the final test late 1． 表示“迟到、做……事晚了”时，后面常用介词 for:
I am late for school.
I am late for work.
Don't be late for the plane.
2． 表示 “晚多少时间”，late 常放在时间的后面:
I am five minutes late for school.
He is two days late for the ap-
pointment
3． 表示 “时间上接近某一时段的终了”时，late 后面常跟介词 in，at，
into 等:
I got to the village late in the after-
noon.
We got there late at night.
He worked late into the night
4． late 一词在下面两句中的含义不同:
a late spring 迟到的春天 ( 强调春天的晚到)
late in the spring 暮春 ( 强调在春季的晚些时候) lately lately，recently
两词都有 “最近”的含义。
1． lately 没有 recently 常用，常用在完成时态的问句和否定句中:
Lately I haven't been feeling well.
( 完成时态、否定句)
Have you talked to your sister
lately? ( 完成时态、问句)
2． recently 可用在过去时态、完成时态中:
I recently returned home. ( 过去时态)
The doctors have recently found a
way to diagnose the deadly dis-
ease. ( 完成时态) latest latest，newest
latest 比 newest 常用:
the latest invention
the latest fashion
his latest publications
laugh，smile，grin，beam，gig-
gle，chuckle，cackle，snicker， laugh giggle，laugh
1． giggle 是“咯咯傻笑”，laugh 可泛指各种“笑”。
2． 名词 giggle 在不少短语中用复数形式:
He had a fit of giggles.
She was nervous， she got the giggles.
He gave her the giggles.
She yielded up a few giggles. launch 1． “开幕式”可以说 “launching cer-
emony”:
Marking the day，a launching cer-
emony was organized at a city ho-
tel.
2． 后面常跟介词 into，on，from，
along等:
launch the region into an endless
war
launch her on a career in the field
of teaching
launch the ship from the shipyard
launch the country along the
course of modernization
3． 可以接宾语:
launch a spaceship
launch a service company
launch a concept
launch a novel
launch a political campaign
launch an inquiry
launch a scheme
launch a one-family program
launch an organization
launch an investigation
launch a scholarship
launch a chemical attack
launch a new business
launch a debut
launch a network
launch a free service
launch a biotech success
launch a magazine
launch a concert
launch a charity foundation
launch a satellite
launch a new generation of mobile
launch a communication system
launch a small-to-medium product
launch a nationwide drug menace
launch a new career
launch a course
launch a yearlong celebration
launch a nonprofit group laundry 1． 作 “要洗的衣服”解时，常为不可数名词，后面的动词用单数形式:
If laundry is constantly over-
whelming
The laundry has come back.
When it rains，the laundry is al-
ways wet.
2． 表示“要洗的衣服”有多少，可以说:
a lot of laundry
300 loads of laundry a year
piles of laundry
48 pounds of laundry
bags of laundry
a big heap of laundry
large pieces of laundry
3． 与动词的搭配:
do the laundry
hang out the laundry
air the laundry
dry the laundry
sort out the laundry
pick up the laundry
fold up the laundry
4． 作 “洗衣房、洗衣店、洗衣业”解时，作可数名词:
self-service laundries
coin laundries
Chinese hand laundries
5． 作“洗衣房、洗衣店、洗衣业”解，前面常用介词 in，at 等:
work in the laundry
have the washing done at the
laundry
6． 注意一些搭配:
the family laundry
the dirty laundry
the daily laundry
the weekly laundry
laundry bags
laundry tips
laundry alternatives
laundry industry
laundry products
laundry powder
laundry detergent
laundry tabs
laundry day
laundry room
laundry list
laundry basket
laundry service
laundry waste law 1． 可作可数或不可数名词。
1) 作可数名词:
Pakistan has recently passed laws greatly limiting child labor.
There ought to be a law against child labor.
2) 作不可数名词:
the new regulations will become
law
advise her on matters of law
He has been studying law for three years.
He has been practicing law for 10
years.
go to law
prohibited by law
2． 表示“违法”用 break a law，break
the law，break several laws 都可以，但含义不同:
break a law 违反一项法律
break the law 违反此项法律
break several laws 违反多项法律
3． 表示“违法”时，介词无论出现在
law 的前后，都用 against:
Marketeering is against the law.
a new law against fake products
lawn，grassland，prairie，mead- lay 注意与名词的搭配:
lay the table
lay the gloves in her lap
lay his plans by the end of the
month
lay the street with asphalt
lay a bridge across the river
lay pipelines fromto
lay the dust
lay my life
lay the matter before him
lay a blanket over the her
lay the crops flat
lay mines
lay burning tyres across the road
lay a sheet of newspaper on the
ground
lay his coffin there
lay straw everywhere
lay a child in the crib
lay a rifle against the wall
lay him to the ground
lay a ghost
lay a rumor
lay seeds
lay the keel of a ship
lay an expressway
lay mats on the floor
lay an ambush
lay a fire in the fireplace
lay bricks
lay a coat of paint
lay a whip on his back
lay a blow on his jaw
lay the baby on his back
lay flowers on a tomb
lay her head on my shoulder
lay railway tracks
lay the groundwork for future re-
search
lay foundations
lay a trap for the murderer
lay blame for this on her
lay claim to the territory
lay emphasis on the need to clean
up the city
lay stress on
lay siege to the city
lay a finger on the child
lay fallow the land
lay the village in ruins
lay many eggs
lay a charge against him lazybones 单复数形式相同，可以说:
a lazybones
two lazybones leading 注意以下的一些搭配用法:
a leading role
a leading part
a leading figure
a leading cause of death
a leading actor
a leading speaker
a leading political group
a leading runner
a leading writer
a leading article
a leading thread in the domestic
policy
a leading killer among elders
a leading singer
a leading car in the procession
a leading member of the commu-
nity
a leading politician
a leading lady
a leading idea
a leading fruit state
a leading hotel
a leading city
a leading doctor
a leading businessman
a leading question leak 1． 后面常用介词 in:
a leak in a radiator
2． 可以说:
news leak
gas leak
major security leak
internal leak
nuclear waste leak
oil leak lean 作形容词，常可修饰以下名词:
lean look
lean meat
lean year
lean cut of beef
lean body
lean times
lean supplies
lean profits
lean diet
lean concrete
lean style
lean sentence
lean staff
lean approach of study
lean company
lean face
lean arm
lean season
lean friend
lean mixture
lean time
lean life leap jump，leap
1． jump 主要表示 “上下跳”或 “跳越障碍”。
rope-jumping 跳绳
Kids are all jumping up and down.
2． leap 强调 “突然、快速”，还有
“在空中飞跃的距离”:
Residents were forced to leap to safety from the burning building. learn ，study
两词都可以译成 “学习”。
1． study 侧重指 “长期深入学习或研究某一专门学科”，含 “努力学习”的含义，强调 “学习的艰苦过程”:
study for a Ph. D． degree in liter-
ature
study regional variation in pine
seed yields
2． learn 侧重指“学习”他人传授的知识或技能，不一定含努力学习的意思，只强调学习的收获，可译成
“学会、学到”:
What did you learn in school this
week?
The teacher told the pupils to learn the poem by heart.
3． “学习方面有智力障碍或无能”可以说:
learning disability 一般不说 ( stud-
ying disability) lease lease， contract，treaty，agreement 这组词都有“合约”的含义。
1． lease 侧重指 “租用房屋、土地、设备等的租约”:
obtain a lease on large piece of land || take a lease on an apartment
2． contract 除可指两人之间的 “契约”外，还可以指团体、商务、生意、买卖、交易等方面的“合同”:
a contract of employment || a contract for construction of a bridge
3． treaty 主要指 “( 国家之间签订的) 条约”:
a trade treaty with Australia || A number of countries have entered into the treaty.
4． agreement 在这组词中最普通，可用于各种 “协约”，个人、团体、国家、口头、书面的“协议”都可以:
The three countries signed an agreement in 2000． || The two men had not reached an agreement yet. leather 有单复数和不可数形式:
imperious to use， a strong leather that becomes darker through use. ( 单数)
in a choice of fabrics and leath-
ers ( 复数)
We welcome anyone with an in-
terest in leather and leathercraft.
( 不可数)
leave，depart，go
1． 3 词都有 “离开”的意思。
1) leave 常指“离开某地或某人”:
He was allowed to leave his coun-
try.
She had to leave her daughter.
2) depart 比较正式，可指 “( 飞机、火车、轮船等交通工具的) 离开”:
The coach departs from Cape
Cod in the morning.
The express train will depart from
Platform 5．
Their tour departs from Kennedy
Airport on 5 May.
3) go 最为普通，常用在口语中，强调 “去某一目的地、离开某地”或
“脱离某种处境”等:
Hurry up，let's go!
I'll have to go to school.
2． It's time for us to leave. 与 It's time we left. 的意思相同．
3． 名词 leave 作“假期”解时有不少词组:
sick leave
maternity leave
paternity leave
parental leave
on shore leave
paid leave
unpaid leave
family leave
medical leave
on-the-job leave
annual leave
official leave
travel leave
wedding leave
marriage leave
conferring leave
military leave
sporting competition leave
leave for visiting relations abroad
leave for court attendance
leave for election duties
leave for jury duty
4． leave 作“假期”解时，可作可数或不可数名词:
The employees here are entitled to four weeks annual leave. ( 不可数)
How much leave have you accu-
mulated? ( 不可数)
I have only two leaves in a year.
( 可数)
added special leaves ( 可数)
5． 在下面的短语中，leave 前不用冠词:
ask for leave of absence
go without leave of absence
take leave of
on leave
take French leave
lecture，talk，speech
3 词都有 “演讲”的含义。
1． lecture 尤指 “大学里就某一专题所发表的演说”:
a series of lectures by Prof. John
Rosenwald on American Literature
2． talk 常指 “非正式的演讲”:
He gave a series of talks on his travels in China.
3． speech 可以指“即席或有准备的演讲”:
The chairman's speech is informal and full of slang words.
He is scheduled to deliver a
speech on the world economy to-
morrow evening.
4． 复数 talks 常指 “会谈”，复数
speeches 可表示 “台词”:
the outcome of talks between the
government troops and the rebels
政府军与叛军之间会谈的结果
The actor forgot one of his spee-
ches. 男演员忘了一段台词。
5． 一般常用 give sb a lecture 或
read sb a lecture，不说 give sb a
speech 或 give sb a talk。
6． 注意由 talk 组成一些词组:
baby talk 婴儿咿呀学语之声
slick sales talk 花言巧语的推销口吻
small talk 闲聊
sweet talk 甜言蜜语
big talk 大话
tall talk 大话
idle talk 无聊话
up-to-the-minute talk 时髦的说法
Money talks. 金钱万能。
Talk of the devil，and he will ap-
pear. 说曹操，曹操就到。 lecturer 表示哪一学科的“讲师”，后面常用介词 on，in，of 等:
She is a lecturer on American lit-
erature.
They are applicants for the posi-
tion of lecturer in software devel-
opment for digital game develop-
ment.
adjunct lecturer of biostatistics left 1． 注意下列的 “左右”之分。
1) “河岸”的区分如朝下游看，“右岸”是 right bank，“左岸”是 left
bank。
2) “照片、图画”中人物的左右要以
“画中人”的左右为准，因而与看画人的左右正好相反。
2． 表示“汽车向左转”可以说:
the car turned left
the car turned to the left
3． 表示“站在某人的左边”可以是:
stand at his left
stand at his left side
stand on his left
stand on his left side
stand to his left
George W． Bush stood at his left.
She stood at his left side， and took his left wrist in her left hand.
A doctor came in and stood on his left.
I joined him and stood on his left side.
Silently， he clutched his wife，
who stood to his left.
4． left luggage 不是 “丢失的行李”或 “左边的行李”，是 “寄存的行李”，这是英国用语:
left luggage office 行李寄存处
left luggage locker 行李寄存箱
5． 美国人常用 baggage 表示“行李”:
baggage room 行李寄存处 leftovers 作 “剩菜剩饭”解时，常作复数，后面跟复数动词:
Leftovers are the food that re-
mains uneaten after a meal.
legal，lawful，legitimate
这组词都有 “合法的”含义。
1． legal 强调 “成文的法律所允许的”:
What he did was perfectly legal.
Drink no more than the legal limit of alcohol for driving.
2． lawful 的含义与 legal 相近，但含义较广泛，除国家成文的法律外，还可指伦理道德的规范、宗教教规、行为准则等:
Marriage is lawful only after it is
subject to various legal require-
ments.
3． legitimate 的含义最广，可指任何意义上的 “合法”，习俗、信仰等认为适宜的都可以用 legitimate:
a legitimate child
a legitimate act
a legitimate reason
a legitimate owner
a legitimate conclusion
a legitimate theatre
It is perfectly legitimate to ask questions about his private life.
legend
Legend has it that  意思是“据说…”，legend 前一般不用冠词:
Legend has it that he started his
business with only $ 100． leisure 1． 注意下面句子中 leisure 短语的意思:
He sat down and read the novel at leisure. 他坐了下来，悠闲地阅读那本小说。
He sat down and started to read the novel at his leisure. 他坐了下来，开始悠闲地阅读那本小说。
He could read the novel at his leisure. 他可以在 ( 他的) 空余时间阅读那本小说。
2． 注意 leisure 所修饰的名词:
leisure industry
leisure pursuits
leisure activities
leisure time
leisure center
leisure shoes
leisure suit
leisure clothes
3． “有闲阶级”可以说 a / the leisure
class 或 a / the leisured class，用前者居多:
theories of the leisure class
the emergence of a leisure class
Winter sports were a natural an-
swer for a leisured class looking for amusement during the coldest season.
the new plaything of the leisured
class lemon 作 “柠檬”解时，可作可数或不可数名词:
fish served with slices of lemon
( 不可数)
add the juice of half a lemon ( 可数) lend 表示“借出”可以说:
He lent some money to me. ( lend
sth to sb)
He lent me some money. ( lend
sb sth)
Can you lend me some money at
low interest? ( lend sb sth at low /
high / competitive rates interest)
Can you lend me some money for
a couple of weeks? ( lend sb sth
for some time) length 1． 下面两个句子意思相同:
He is lying full length on the lawn.
He is lying at full length on the lawn.
2． go to  lengths 和 go to  length
两种用法都可以，前者用得更多:
go to any length / lengths
go to some length / lengths
go to great length / lengths
go to absurd length / lengths
go to extraordinary length / lengths
go to extreme length / lengths
go to considerable length / lengths
go to unprecedented length /
lengths
3． 注意由-length 组成的新词:
shoulder-length hair styles
knee-length boots
feature-length CD review archives
floor-length curtains
full-length commercials
leg-length discrepancy
content-length format
run-length encoding
book-length works
chin-length wig collection
zero-length launch
the new finger-length study on
lesbians
lens
a lens 是 “一块镜片”，two lenses
是“两块镜片”; 它们后面的动词也要作相应变化:
The camera lens is dirty.
The lenses of her sunglasses are black. less 1． 可以修饰各种不可数名词:
less oil
less gas
less emphasis
less control
less education
less money
less noise
less work
less fat
less attention
2． 注意修饰 less 的一些词:
a little less
a little bit less
much less
a lot less
far less
still less
even less
3． 下面几个句子意思相同:
I am not interested in literature，
still less in writing a novel.
I am not interested in literature，
much less in writing a novel.
I am not interested in literature，
even less in writing a novel.
4． 注意，在下面的句子中，less 后面要主谓倒装:
I am not interested in her，still /
much / even less am I going to marry her.
5． 作为构词成分-less，可以组成许多词:
homeless
heartless
hopeless
motherless
fatherless
childless
friendless
meaningless
landless
powerless
careless
shameless
tireless
countless
treeless
fearless
doubtless
hatless
powerless
countless
fadeless
bloodless
meatless lesson 1． 表示 “…… 方面的课”时，后面可以用介词 in，on，of，about，upon
等:
He gave a lesson in drawing.
He gave a lesson on American lit-
erature.
He gave me a lesson of music.
There is a lesson about life to be learned here somewhere. She be-
gan to give him a lesson upon the raised alphabet.
2． 表示 “求学于某人”，lesson 后面可跟介词 from，with，of 等，跟 from
情况最多，with 其次，of 最不常用:
They are taking lessons from
Prof. Smith.
Teens take lessons from nature.
( 跟 from 时，也常表示从某事物中学到东西)
They also take lessons with other teacher.
Trust me，you really don't want to take lessons of him. He hasn't got a clue. let 1． 口语中常将 let us 缩写成 let's。
2． let's 的否定式常用 let's not:
Let's not deny their rights to vote.
3． 后面所跟的动词不定式一般不用
to:
Let's help them. ( 不说 Let's to help them. )
4． 有人说，let 很少用被动语态，其实这种用法很常见，但后面不能接带
to 的不定式:
The house can be let out on leave.
the right to be let alone
to be let loose on the Internet
Should he be let back into the La-
bour Party.
Farmers won't be let down on farm aid package.
to be let off the leash
contracts to be let in July
Investors should be let in.
Programmers shouldn't be let out of the office.
lethal，fatal，deadly，mortal
这组词都可以译成 “致命的”。
1． lethal 常形容事物:
lethal weapons
a lethal partnership
2． fatal 侧重强调 “致命事情发生的不可避免性”:
In the old days， childbirth often proved fatal.
3． deadly 与 fatal 的含义十分接近，但有一点不同: deadly 可形容 “企图谋杀他人的”; fatal 不这样用:
He has a few deadly enemies. 他有一些死敌。
4． mortal 偏重形容较细节性的“致命”，实际造成死亡的那个 “致命的”东西:
his mortal heart attack
The scandal can deal a mortal blow to this credibility.
5． 但在实际使用中，它们的区别不大，有时可换用:
a lethal / fatal / deadly / mortal
dose of pills
lethal / fatal / deadly / mortal
wounds letter 1． 注意表示“书信”时，后面常跟的介词。
1) 表示 “什么性质的信”，后面常用
of:
a letter of thanks
a letter of resignation
a letter of recommendation
2) 表示 “给某人的信”时，后面常用
to:
a letter to my friend
letters to the editor
3) 表示“来自某人或某地的信”时，后面用 from:
a letter from the tax inspector /
letters from prison
4) 表示 “给谁捎的信”时，后面常用
for:
Here is a letter for the President.
2． 作 “文学、文化修养、学问”等解时，常用作复数:
a man of letters 文人
art and letters 文学艺术
3． 表示“以书信形式( 通知某人等)”
时常用 by letter，letter 前不用冠词:
He informed her by letter.
4． 英国人说 letterbox， 美国人说
mailbox。 lettuce 可作可数名词或不可数名词:
Lettuce is served with the salad.
A lettuce is a plant with large green leaves. level 在下面例子中，level 前不用冠词:
an accident on level five of the
mine
It is 1，000 feet above sea level.
study literature at university level
Discussions should be taken at local / ministerial / national level.
at eye level liability 作 “责任、义务”等解时，有可数和不可数形式:
We have to find out where the problem is and what the liabilities are.
exempt him from all liability in
these matters liable liable，apt
两词都有 “倾向于……”的含义。
1． liable 侧重 “告诫倾向发生危险、意外的事”:
Be careful，this vase is liable to break.
2． apt 强调“倾向”的原有性、固有性、习惯性等:
Iron is apt to rust. liaison 作 “联络、联系”解时，常作不可数名词或用作单数:
There had been liaison between the two groups. ( 不可数)
They have established a good li-
aison with the local government.
( 单数) liberal 1． 注意后面所用的介词，其中 with，
in，about，of 较常用:
to be liberal about marriage
to be liberal about education
to be liberal about sex
to be liberal about religion
to be liberal about many issues
to be liberal about keeping chil-
dren in dreadful schools
to be liberal with tipping ideas
to be liberal with the truth
to be liberal with no apologies
to be liberal with expenses
to be liberal with lending
to be liberal with gay rights
to be liberal with news coverage
to be liberal with moderate points
to be liberal with smiles
to be liberal in opinion
to be liberal in words and deeds
to be liberal in liberal arts
to be liberal in conservative cloth-
ing
to be liberal in what you accept
from others
to be liberal of praise or censure
to be liberal of his money
2． 注意下列短语的中文意思:
liberal arts ( 美国) 大学文科
liberal studies( 英国) 大学文科
liberal education 通才教育
liberal translation 意译 liberty 1． 下列短语中 liberty 前不用冠词:
call for liberty
quest for liberty
battling for liberty
a ride for liberty
speak at liberty
I am not at liberty to tell you the test result.
2． 在短语 take the liberty of doing
sth 中，liberty 前用冠词。
3． 下列短语中 liberty 用复数:
take liberties with liberties
Is it acceptable for directors to take liberties with original works of fiction when translating them into films.
You cannot take liberties with us.
Don't take liberties with women.
license， certificate， permit， lick 下面 3 种说法都可以:
The cat licked its paw.
The cat licked at its paw.
The cat licked its paw clean. lie 1． 表示“说谎”时，后面可跟介词
about，to 等:
He lied about his age to get mar-
ried. ( lie about sth)
He lied to the police. ( lie to sb)
2． 下面两个句子意思相同:
It was all lies.
It was all a lie.
3． 下面两个句子都可以说:
He was accused of telling lies.
He was accused of telling a lie.
4． 表示“胡说八道”可以说:
It's an outright lie.
a pack of lies
a tissue of lies
a barefaced lie
a blatant lie
a complete lie
a downright lie life 1． 表示 “( 人的) 生命”，可作可数或不可数名词:
The protest was brought under control without loss of life.
Hundreds of lives were lost in the war.
2． 可以表示 “从生到死的一段时间”，也可表示“从生到目前的这一段时间”:
He devoted his whole life to help-
ing the poor. ( 这里的 life 指 “the
period between birth and death”)
He has lived all his life in Boston，
but he's going to spend the rest of his life in the countryside. ( 这里的 life 指 “the period between
birth and the present”)
3． 下面短语中的 life 一般用作不可数名词:
It's a matter of life and death.
That's life.
There's no sign of life in the ghost town.
The story is true to life.
He came back to life.
He is brought to life in this story.
He was brought back to life.
The sleeping cat suddenly burst into life.
You really see life in my job.
He got life for a serious crime.
He was jailed for life in 2000 for the murder.
This never happened in real life.
4． in later life 和 late in life 的含义不同:
It was in later life that she wrote her best novel. 她的最佳小说是在晚年写成的。
He became famous late in life. 他大器晚成。
5． 作 “生活”解时，常作单数或不可数名词:
We led a happy life. ( 单数)
Life is sometimes difficult. ( 不可数)
6． “生命科学”用 life sciences 和 life
science 表示都可以，但用前者居多:
There is an explosion of data fa-
cing researchers throughout life sciences.
Please read articles about life sci-
ence.
7． 其他学科的说法可以参考上述用法，可以说:
environmental health sciences
computer sciences
information sciences
8． “救生衣”可译成 life jacket 或 life
vest，前者较常用。 lift 1． 作 “电梯”解主要是英国用词，美国人常用 elevator; escalator 是
“自动扶梯”。
2． 表示“免费搭车”，可以说 give sb
a lift，也可说 give sb a ride; 美国人说后者居多。
3． we have lift-off 在美国英语中可指
have succeeded in starting some-
thing。 light 1． 作 “光亮、光、光线”解时，常为不可数名词:
get a lot of light
have enough light
cracks of light
at first light
a broad mass of light
in gray morning light
a flash of light
2． 作 “灯、灯光”解时，是可数名词:
turn on the lights
traffic lights
small electric lights
lightening，lightning，lighting
1． lightening 可作 “开始变亮”解:
The sky is lightening in the east.
2． lightning 可作 “闪电”解:
He hid in the cave，listening to the thunder and lightning.
3． lighting 可作 “照明设备”解:
He changed the lighting in the room.
4． “萤火虫”美国人说 lightning bug，
英国人说 firefly。 like 1． 作动词时，后面跟动名词和不定式短语都可以，但要注意下面的区别。
1) 表示“经常性的爱好”，两者都可用:
I don't like to have coffee in the morning.
I don't like having coffee in the morning.
2) 表示“一时性的爱好”，多用不定式:
I'd like to have a cup of tea now.
2． 作名词时，可以有复数形式:
his likes and dislikes
3． 作构词成分-like 可组成新词:
flu-like symptoms
a snake-like creature
life-like products
a child-like face
shell-like structure
lady-like air
gentleman-like manner
camera-like phone
bull-like strength
show his hero-like coolness like like，as
作介词用时，两词都可以表示
“像……”，但是 like 所表示的 “像
……”并非 “真的是 ……”，as 可以表示 “真的是……”:
She has been playing golf like a professional. ( she is not a pro-
fessional but she plays as well as
a professional)
She has been playing golf as a professional for five years. ( =
she is a professional) like like，love
两词都有 “喜欢”的意思，like 一般指对某人或某事 “有兴趣、好感”，并不指怀有强烈的感情; love 表示 “非常喜欢”，有强烈的感情:
—Do you like Chinese food? 你喜欢中国菜吗?
—Yes，I love it! 是的，非常喜欢! limit 1． 下列句子中 limit 应用复数:
The building is off limits to tour-
ists. 本楼禁止游客入内。
You should keep your spending within reasonable limits. 你应该把开支控制在合理限度之内。
You should know your limits. 你应该有自知之明。
It's within the city limits. 它在市内。
2． 作动词时 limit 后面常跟介词 to:
limit the class to 24students
limit unemployment to 20，000
The air aids were limited only to military targets.
3． “有限公司”可以译成:
Co. Ltd.
Co. ，Ltd. limitation 1． 泛指“限制”，可作不可数:
the limitation of arms exports
2． 指“各种限制”，常作复数:
the first of these limitations
3． 指“缺陷”，常作复数:
These medical techniques have serious limitations.
He has his limitations as an actor. line 1． 在下列句子中，line 不用冠词:
He stood in line for two hours to get the concert ticket.
He has been waiting in line for three hours.
He is said to be in line for the po-
sition of dean.
He is next in line for promotion.
His plan is in line with my sugges-
tions.
He stepped out of line.
It made him fall into line with the country's policy.
2． 表示“排队”，美国人常用 line up，
stand in line，wait in line; 英国人用 queue， queue up，wait in a
queue，join the queue 等:
They are lining up for tickets.
They are waiting in line for tickets
They are queuing for tickets.
They are queuing up for tickets.
3． join the queue 是 “排队”，jump
the queue 是“插队”，cut in a line
也是 “插队”。 linguistics 常作不可数名词:
Linguistics is defined as the sci-
ence of language. link 后面常跟介词 to，with 等:
The road will link the village to the capital city.
Fast trains will link Boston with
New York. lion 1． lion 是 “狮子”，lioness 是 “母狮”，( lion) cub 是“幼狮”，mane
是 “( 雄狮的) 鬃毛”。
2． lion 是英国( 或英格兰) 的象征:
The lion is the symbol of England.
( 注意，lion 前用定冠词) lip 尽管每人有两片 “嘴唇”，但下列短语与句子中 lip 用单数:
I'll have none of your lip. 不许你吵嘴。
keep ( carry，have ) a stiff upper
lip 坚持下去
button your lip 保守秘密
zip your lip 保守秘密
curl the lip 撇嘴
hang your lip 悲伤 liquid fluid，liquid
两词都可以指“液体”。
1． fluid 可指“液态的水、气体、体液”等各种“流体”，甚至“电流”:
some fluid from her injured knee
cleaning fluid
drink a lot of fluids
an electric fluid
2． liquid 使用范围较窄，主要指“水”或“水状物”，如牛奶、血、酒等:
liquids such as water， milk and
wines
a glass of liquid
a lot of fluid
a lot of fluids liquid 可作可数或不可数名词。a liquid 是
“一种液体”，liquids 是“多种液体”:
Water is a liquid.
Drink plenty of liquids.
Add more liquid into it.
a cup of liquid
list
on the list 和 in the list 两种说法都可以:
I didn't see my name on the list.
What's new in the list? listen hear，listen
两词都可以译成 “听”。
1． hear 表示 “听见”，不管愿意不愿意都听见了; 可作及物或不及物动词:
She heard someone knocking.
She can't hear very well.
2． listen 常表示 “听”，但不一定 “听见”; 它多作不及物动词，后面常跟介词 to:
He didn't listen to what I said.
3． hear 和 listen to 后面都可以接现在分词或不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语:
Can you hear the clock tick / tick-
ing?
He listened to the student ask /
asking the guest professor some questions. listen 1． listen to 是 “听”，listen for 是
“倾听”:
I did my homework while listening to light music. 我边听音乐变做功课。( 漫不经心)
I was listening for the moment when the music changes. 我正注意音乐改变的那一瞬间。( 全神贯注)
2． 可以说 listen to sb do sth，listen
to sb doing sth，前者使用的较多:
Mommy，you never listen to me
talk!
People there will listen to me talk-
ing about her. literature 表示“文学”，可作复数和不可数名词; 用复数时，主要强调“多种语言、多个时期或民族的文学”; 用单数主要强调笼统意义上的 “文学”:
Department of Foreign Languages
＆ Literatures
Department of Foreign Languages
and Literature litter 1． 作 “废弃物”解时，常是不可数名词:
The stadium is full of litter.
If you see litter，pick it up.
get active in the fight against litter
2． “别乱扔废弃物”若作标语，可以译成 Don't litter，No littering; 用 No
litter 也可以，且 no litter 常可以修饰其他词:
No Litter Zone
no litter awareness
no litter promise
3． 西方常见的 litter 有:
cigarette butts
small pieces of paper
confectionery wrappers
fast-food packaging
bottle caps
glass pieces
plastic straws
soft drink bottles
take-away food waste
unsolicited advertising materials
automatic teller machine slips
syringes
condoms
animal droppings
chip packets
fast food rubbish
dried chewing gum
4． “乱扔废弃物者”可以译成 litterer:
Litterers are lazy and disgusting.
5． 注意跟 “乱扔废弃物”有关的一些词组:
litter bag
litter bin
litter box
litter control
litter prevention little ，small
1． little 是 “几乎没有”，a little 是
“一些”，一般修饰不可数名词，
few 和 a few 修饰可数名词:
I have little time for writing. 我几乎没有时间写作。
I have a little time for writing. 我有一点时间写作。
He speaks little Spanish. 他几乎不会说西班牙语。
He speaks a little Spanish. 他会说一些西班牙语
2． little，small，no wonder 的含义相同:
It's little / small / no wonder you've got sick when you drank so much last night.
3． 两词都有 “小”的含义。
1) little 有 “小得讨人爱怜”等含义，
small 没有:
The couple got the nicest little house in the country.
The poor little girl has cut her fin-
ger.
2 ) little 的语气强于 small， 因为
small 只表示 “比正常稍小一些”，
而 little 或许会 “小许多”:
The small room will do perfectly for five of us.
The little room is only enough for dolls.
3) 表示称呼、地名中的“小”用 little，
不用 small。little 的首字母要大写:
Good morning，Little Fang!
Little Italy is an area of New York where many Italians live.
4) 表示规模小，常用 small:
on a small scale
in a small way
5) 表示距离短，常用 little:
There is a little way from here.
6) 表示“小指、小趾”常用 little:
a little finger
a little toe
7) 下面词组中用一般 small:
small eaters
small mercies
small changes
small thefts
small minded
live， dwell， reside， stay， put liver 作 “( 供食用的) 肝”解，常为不可数名词:
I ate some grilled pigs' liver.
slices of fried calf's liver
stir fried liver with pepper
eating too much liver livestock 1． 是总称，表示其数量时可以说:
scores of livestock
many heads of livestock
Forcing one million heads of live-
stock to be relocated to warmer regions.
Now many livestock are grazing in
LNF in 1990．
A few livestock are utilizing the upland pastures.
raise a little livestock and live a
good life
Iowa and the Upper Midwest have
a lot of livestock and a lot of ma-
nure.
possible decrease due to less live-
stock
2． 表示“多种牲畜”，livestock 也有用复数的:
choose the right hay for horses
and livestocks
In the non-polluted area， with
fresh air and clean water， live-
stocks are raised.
living，live，alive
3 词都可以译成 “活的”。
1． living 一般置于它所修饰的名词前:
his living relatives
the greatest living Chinese novel-
ist
living creatures
2． alive 一般紧跟在它所修饰的名词后面，作补语或表语:
She is lucky to be alive after the car accident.
He is the only professor alive who can deliver the lecture.
3． live 一般用作前置定语，修饰“活的”:
She looked at the live fish in her hands.
These are live trees.
4． 注意下列词组的搭配，live 与 liv-
ing 不能换用:
a live volcano
a live book
a live load
a live box
a live center
a live snake
a living language
a living death
a living faith
a living corpse
living water
5． 下面两个句子的意思相同:
The famous writer is still alive.
The famous writer is still living.
6． 形容词 live 一般不作表语，如不说 The famous writer is still live. load 作构词成分-load，可组成表示 “( 工作) 量、负荷”等方面的词:
workload
caseload
a lorry-load of cattle
teaching-load
loaf
a loaf of bread 是“一条面包”，表示面包的量或大小还有其他表达方式:
slices of bread
rolls of bread
a hunk of bread
a chunk of bread
a mighty big chunk of bread
the whole lump of bread
a little lump of bread
crusts of bread
rings of bread
pieces of bread
pre-cut loaves of bread
a mouthful of bread
a bag of bread loan 1． 注意与动词的搭配:
obtain a loan
pay off a loan
arrange a loan
take out a loan
repay a loan
have a loan
give sb a loan
apply for a loan
get a loan
offer a loan
contract a loan
conclude a loan
float a loan
issue a loan
make a loan
negotiate a loan
place a loan
renew a loan
raise a loan
solicit a loan
want a loan
ask sb for a loan
acknowledge a loan
advance a loan
extend a loan
contribute a loan
grant a loan
pledge a loan
facilitate a loan
procure a loan
2． 为可数名词，但短语 on load 中的
loan 前不用冠词:
The novel is already out on loan. lobby 1． 作“游说团体”解时，是集合名词，后面可以跟单数或复数动词，下面两个句子都可以说:
The farming lobby is powerful.
The farming lobby are powerful.
2． 单个的 “游说者”用 lobbyist。
3． 注意 lobby 前的形容词:
a powerful lobby
a busy lobby
a quiet lobby
an impressive lobby
a cheerful lobby
a transportation lobby
a strong lobby
a union lobby
a clean-air lobby
an anti-smoking lobby
a housing lobby
lodge，lodging，lodging house
1． lodge 是 “( 供猎人、钓鱼人、滑雪者等歇脚的) 小屋”。在澳大利亚英语中，the Lodge 可以指 “总理在堪培拉的寓所”。
2． lodging 是“临时居所”。a night's
lodging，一般要付费，可作单数或不可数名词:
try to find lodging
do all the chores in exchange for
board and lodging
3． lodging house 是英国用语，指
“( 按日或星期出租房间的) 公寓”，
美国人说 rooming house。
4． lodgings 是英国用词，指 “带家具和设备的公寓”，可以指 “一套公寓房”或“一间公寓房”:
If you live in lodgings，you live in a room or rooms in someone's house and you pay them for this.
loft，attic，garret，penthouse
这组词都有 “阁楼、顶楼”的含义。
1． loft 常指 “( 贮藏物品的) 阁楼”，
可以指 “工场、商场的阁楼、顶楼，厩楼，( 教堂的) 风琴楼”等。
2． attic 尤指“( 一栋房屋的) 阁楼”。
3． garret 常指“顶楼的小屋、阁楼”，
常用于文学作品中。
4． penthouse 常指“( 大厦的) 顶楼公寓”，有“高级豪华住宅”的含义:
a movie star's luxury penthouse
电影明星的豪华阁楼公寓 log 1． 作“原木、圆材”解时，可修饰名词:
a log cabin
a log fire
a log home
a log chair
a log bed
2． 作动词时常用在计算机方面，log
in，log on，log into 表示 “登录、进入系统”，log off，log out 表示
“注销”:
You can also log in with the email address you used to register.
You were not currently logged on and therefore could not be logged off.
You are now logged out. logic 后面常跟介词 in 或 of:
There's no logic in doing that.
I can see the logic of it. logistics 后面可跟单数或复数动词，跟单数动词居多:
Logistics is sometimes more im-
portant than technology.
Air cargo logistics are available from AirFoyle HeavyLift. logo 参见 emblem。
lonely，lone，alone，lonesome， lonesome 这组词都有“孤独的”含义。
1． alone 与 solitary 都形容“与其他人或事物分开”，并无好与坏之分:
He likes being alone in the room.
He goes for a solitary walk.
2． solitary 可以用在名词前，alone 一般不这样用:
a solitary reaper ( 不说 an alone
reaper)
3． solitary 和 lone 在修饰物体时，指
“只有一个”:
a solitary / lone cabin in the forest
森林里孤零零的一间小屋
4． 在修饰人时，solitary， lonely，
lonesome 都有“孤寂”的含义:
I felt solitary / lonely / lonesome without friends.
5． lonely 是英国用语，lonesome 是美国用语:
She was lonely when she first moved to New York. ( 她是英国人)
6． lonely 和 solitary 可修饰“偏僻、很少有人寻访的地方”:
a lonely / solitary old castle in
deep mountains 深山里一座孤零零的古堡 long 1． 表示 “距离或时间有 …… 长”时，
long 置于名词之后:
The courtyard is 10 meters long and 5 meters wide.
The speech is 45 minutes long.
I've had a long day; I need some rest. 我已经干了很长时间了; 我需要休息一会儿。
2． before long 是 “很快、不久”的意思，long before 是 “早在 …… 之前”的意思:
We will meet again before long. 我们会很快再相聚的。
We had known each other long before this conference. 早在这次会议之前我们就已经相识了。
3． 注意下面这些短语和句子中 long
的意思:
long jump 跳远 ( 也作 broad
jump)
He is long on fresh ideas. 他有满脑子的新思想。
He has a long memory. 他记性很好。
He has a long chance of success.
他成功的希望渺茫。
John took a long drink. 约翰喝了一大口。
4． long vacation 在英国可指 “( 大学的) 暑假”;
5． 作动词表示“渴望”时，是不及物动词，后面常跟介词 for，after 或不定式:
She is longing for the colorful campus life.
the frog who longed for the moon
to smile
He longed to meet his wife.
I am longing after the Lord，desi-
ring to draw ever closer to Him. look 1． 注意其作半连系动词的用法:
look black 生气
look blue 显得忧伤( 或不满)
look small 显得渺小
look sharp 留神，赶快
look alive 动作利索一点
look lively 动作利索一点
look tired 看上去很累
look well 看上去很健康
look happy 看上去很愉快
look smart 赶快
look ahead 向前看
look sick 好像有病
does not look her age( 她) 看上去不像是有这个年纪
look every inch a musician 没有一处不像音乐家
look big 盛气凌人
look death 杀气腾腾
look good 前景看好
look bad 前景不妙
look a fool 看上去傻乎乎的
look an idiot 看上去像白痴一样
look certain 看上去肯定要
look unlikely 看上去不太可能
2． 注意表示 “朝向”的方式，下面的说法都可以:
Two windows look to the south，
and one looks north.
The villa looks on the sea.
The villa looks out on the river.
The villa looks out over the lake.
The house looks onto a park.
The apartment looks west across the downtown area.
3． look at today's newspapers 和
read today's newspapers 都表示
“看今天的报纸”，但前者指 “迅速浏览今天的报纸”或 “有选择地部分阅读今天的报纸”，后者指 “阅读今天的报纸”。
4． look like 和 look as if 的含义相似:
It looks like it's going to snow. 看来要下雪了。
It looks as if it's going to snow. 看来要下雪了。
5． 说 look at sb do sth 和 look at sb
doing sth 都可以，美国人常用前者:
Look at her dancing! 看她跳舞!
Look at her dance! 看她跳舞!
6． 尽管一个人只有一张脸，但说他的 “容貌”时，常用 looks:
The girl's got everything — looks，
intelligence，and wealth.
Even as she grew older，she nev-
er lost her looks. looker-on ，onlooker
两者都可以译成 “旁观者”。注意，它们的复数形式分别是 lookers-on 和
onlookers，用后者居多:
Student onlookers need to under-
stand that they are responsible for what they have witnessed.
prompting a peal of laughter a-
mong the lookers-on
loose，relaxed，slack，lax
这组词都有 “放松”的含义。
1． loose 在这组词中使用范围最广，修饰人、物，可以表示一般“放松”或彻底 “放荡”:
loose hair
loose garments
a loose tongue
a loose woman
2． relaxed 是 “有限度的放松”，常指比原先紧张的状态 “稍微松弛一些”:
a relaxed atmosphere during the
break of the conference
relaxed discipline
3． slack 与 relaxed 的含义接近，但强调 “松软、松弛、不紧、不稳定”:
a slack rope
a slack hold
a slack face
4． lax 常形容纪律、保安、条件、习俗等方面的“放松”:
lax security
safety standards lord 常指 “英国上等社会里的男士”，它的对应词是 lady。 lose 1． 下列短语中，lose 后面的名词不用冠词:
lose face
lose count
lose ground
lose heart
lose sight of
lose touch
lose contact with
lose track of
2． 后面可以跟复合宾语:
The accident lost us two weeks'
sales.
3． be sorry to lose sb 在口语中常指
“( 对) 某人辞去工作感到遗憾”:
We'll be sorry to lose you. 对于你的辞职，我们感到很遗憾。
4． lost income 常指 “( 因生病、受伤、死亡等而) 失去的收入”，一般为不可数名词:
However，the degree of work loss and lost income is largely known.
5． lost and found 是美国用法，英国人说 lost property。lost and found
作名词时单数和复数形式，复数时
s 加在 found 上:
Lost and Found is open the fol-
lowing hours.
Airport lost-and-founds are one place to look.
Separate lost and founds are
maintained at the Harriet Irving Li-
brary.
6． lost and found 可以作定语:
the daily paper's lost and found
column
lost and found cats lot 1． lots of 与 a lot of 的用法和含义相同，但前者更口语化，a lot of 比
lots of 常用:
I have a lot of / lots of questions for you about your experience.
2． 注意 lots of，a lot of 与动词的搭配。一般说来，后面跟不可数名词时用单数动词，跟复数名词时，用复数动词:
There is a lot of interest / opposi-
tion / drama / evidence / confu-
sion / tension / feedback. ( 用单数动词)
There are a lot of great programs
/ things to be considered / web design companies / reasons. ( 用复数动词)
3． 名词 lot 作 “( 特殊用途的 ) 一块地”是美国用法:
a house lot
a building lot
4． 表示“停车场”时，美国人说 park-
ing lot，英国人说 car park。 lottery 注意与动词的搭配:
draw a lottery
hold a lottery
run a lottery
take a draw in a lottery
win a lottery
conduct a lottery
create a lottery
approve a lottery
have a lottery
trace a lottery
develop a lottery
oppose a lottery
be against a lottery
be for a lottery
need a lottery
make use of a lottery
use a lottery
cash in a lottery
guarantee a lottery
prepare a lottery
consider a lottery
support a lottery
purchase a lottery
foster a lottery
institute a lottery
bet on a lottery
download a lottery
set up a lottery
play a lottery
look for a lottery
observe a lottery
start a lottery
discuss a lottery
connect with a lottery
promote a lottery
sell a lottery
open a lottery
advertise a lottery
broadcast a lottery lounge 1． 表示 “( 公共) 休息室”时，英美都用:
the student lounge
airport lounge
hotel lounge
club lounge
TV lounge
coffee lounge
departure lounge
2． 表示 “( 私家 ) 起居室”是英国用法，美国人说 sitting room 或 living
room。 love like，love
两词都有 “喜欢”的意思，like 一般指对某人或某事 “有兴趣、好感”，并不指怀有强烈的感情; love 表示 “非常喜欢”，有强烈的感情:
—Do you like Chinese food? 你喜欢中国菜吗?
—Yes，I love it! 是的，非常喜欢! -loving 可作构词成分:
a peace-loving country
a wine-loving man
a fun-loving girl
art-loving students
sports-loving fans
women-loving playboys
salt-loving micro-organism
people-loving people
cyber-loving personals
volcano-loving bugs
heat-loving microbes
shade-loving spring bulbs low 1． 注意 low 在一些短语或句子中译法:
keep a low profile 保持低姿态
low-brow novels 低俗的小说
a man of low birth 出身低微的人
My funds are running low. 我的钱不多了。
She is feeling a bit low. 她感到有点萎靡不振。
use a low gear 用低速挡
low intelligence 低智商
keep low 趴在地上别动
2． a low house 是 “低矮的房子”，a
lowly house 是 “价格低廉的房子”。 Ltd Co，Ltd
Co. ，LTD．
Co Ltd
Company Limited
limited company
limited-liability company
4． 注意下面的具体表达方法:
Fuji Co. ，Ltd
MITSUI ＆ Co. ，LTD
YAMAHA MOTOR Co. ，LTD
William R Storie ＆ Co Ltd
Bangkok Bank Public Company
Limited
Boldfield Limited Company
KASB Bank Limited
Tritech International Limited luck 1． “不要得寸进尺”可以译成:
don't push your luck ( 使用频率最高)
don't crowd your luck
don't press your luck
don't stretch your luck
2． 一般为不可数名词，下列短语中，
luck 前不用冠词:
bring good luck
it's bad luck
by good luck
you're in luck
out of luck
a stroke of luck
come to luck
for luck
as luck would have it
worse luck
wish you the best of luck
tough luck
trust to luck
3． 表示“一次运气”可以说 a piece of
( good) luck 或 a stroke of ( bad)
luck; “一连串运气”可以说 a run
of luck:
Then he suffered a stroke of bad luck， a defective battery forcing him to spend a long time in the desert.
If you hit a run of luck，you can double your money in an hour. luggage 1． luggage 是英国用词，美国人说
baggage。
2． 为不可数名词，“一件或几件行李”可以说:
a piece of luggage
several pieces of luggage
40-kg pieces of luggage
3． 注意各种不同 “行李”的说法:
hand luggage 手提行李
carry-on luggage 随身行李
excess luggage 超重行李
personal luggage 随身行李
registered luggage 托运行李
lump
“不规则的一块东西”，不管是硬的还是软的、用的还是吃的，具体的还是抽象的，都可以用 lump 来描述:
a lump of bread
a lump of cheese
a lump of meat
a lump of butter
a lump of sugar
a lump of wood
a lump of metal
a lump of coal
a lump of concrete
a lump of mud
a lump of lead
a lump of silver
a lump of land
a lump of lard
a lump of bronze
a lump of love
a lump of snow
a lump of clay lunch 1． 泛指 “午餐”时，前面不用冠词:
Let's have lunch.
Let's go to lunch.
Let's stop for lunch.
I'm at lunch with a girl's friend.
2． 前面有形容词修饰时，常可加冠词:
We stopped for lunch.
We stopped for a light lunch.
Can I get them after lunch?
After an early lunch，we start trek to Mt. Teyi.
3． “早午餐”叫 brunch 是 breakfast
和 lunch 的合成:
In the West，many people like to have brunch. luxury 1． 泛指 “奢华”时，常作不可数名词:
a life of absolute luxury
2． 具体指 “奢华品”时为可数名词:
a few luxuries
The house has two fireplaces and many luxuries.
lyric，poetry，poem，verse
这组词都可以译成 “诗”，但含义不同。
1． lyric 主要指 “( 适于歌唱的) 抒情短诗”，是可数名词:
Many of his adult poems are short lyrics.
2． poetry 是 “诗歌”的总称，是不可数名词:
teach poetry in fun and interesting
ways
3． poem 最普通常用，可泛指各种
“诗歌”，是可数名词:
I am looking for love poems.
4． 当 verse 泛指“诗歌”时，其含义与
poetry 接近，这时，verse 与 poet-
ry 一样作不可数名词:
write a few lines of verse / poetry
5． verse 可以指 “( 一首诗歌中的一个) 诗节”:
I learned two verses of the poem.
536
lunch

 ly-wise 三词都可表示“老练的”。
1． sophisticated 有贬义，指“老谋深算的、虚伪的、不真诚的”等:
sophisticated customers 精打细算的顾客
sophisticated city dwellers 精明的城里人
2． experienced 一般是褒义的，指
“有经验的”:
an experienced lawyer 老练的律师
an experienced sailor 有经验的海员
3． worldly-wise 比较口语化，强调
“阅历广”，但也可贬义地指“老于世故的”:
a worldly-wise bus driver 经验丰富的公共汽车驾驶员
a worldly-wise policeman 阅历丰富的警察 MA 1． “文学硕士”的缩写是 MA 或
M． A． ; M． A． 是美国拼写法。
2． 前面可用不定冠词:
an MA in linguistics
3． 有复数形式:
He has got two MAs.
Mac
Big Mac 在口语中可以指 “巨无霸汉堡”，可作可数或不可数名词。作不可数名词时，一般泛指“巨无霸汉堡”或 “巨无霸汉堡”这一品牌:
“Big Mac”gets an upgrade.
The Big Mac is not strictly tradable between countries.
Do you know the real price of a
Big Mac? macaroni 1． 为不可数名词，要表示其量，可以说:
a lot of macaroni
lots of macaroni
a little macaroni
a good dish of macaroni
a bowl of macaroni
I ate a lot of macaroni， cheese and hard-boiled eggs.
2． 有各种各样的 “通心粉”:
baked macaroni
creamy macaroni
instant macaroni machine machine，machinery
1． a machine 是 “一台机器”，为可数名词; machinery 是“机器”的总称，一般为不可数名词:
apply a command to several ma-
chines
The operating room has a lot of machines to help the doctor.
It is devoted to the advancement of US-based textile machinery.
He knows how to operate a piece of machinery.
2． 如果要表示 machinery 的数量，可以说:
several pieces of machinery
an item of machinery
a set of machinery
rows of machinery machinery machine，machinery
1． a machine 是 “一台机器”，为可数名词; machinery 是“机器”的总称，一般为不可数名词:
apply a command to several ma-
chines
The operating room has a lot of machines to help the doctor.
It is devoted to the advancement of US-based textile machinery.
He knows how to operate a piece of machinery.
2． 如果要表示 machinery 的数量，可以说:
several pieces of machinery
an item of machinery
a set of machinery
rows of machinery mad 1． 后面常跟介词 at， with， after，
for，about 等:
He has got mad at his lawyer.
He is mad with jealousy.
He ran mad after music.
He is mad for honor.
Girls of all ages are mad about him.
2． 强调 “疯狂”时，可以说 as mad
as a hatter，as mad as a March
hare 等，前者较常用:
He's a very good fellow，but as mad as a hatter.
He is as mad as a March hare. madam 1． 在现代英语中，常用在以下几个方面。
1) 服务性行业称呼客人，如在商店、餐馆、旅馆等:
Madam，can I help you?
2) 商务或正式信函开头作称呼语:
Dear Sir / Madam
3) 口语中与官衔连用:
Madam Ambassador，may I ask a
question?
2． 为可数名词:
When one talks of maids and
madams in South Africa one im-
mediately imagines a black maid and a white madam.
3． 不要将 madam 与 Madame 混淆起来，Madame 的 M 一定要大写，它常在法语国家使用，类似英语国家的 Mrs:
Madame Figaro 费加罗夫人
Mrs Smith 史密斯夫人
mad cow disease
1． 常用作不可数名词:
There are hundreds of articles on
mad cow disease。
2． 但指“各种类型疯牛病”时 mad
cow disease 也可数 :
Mad cow diseases still baffle sci-
entists. made from made of，made from，made in
1． 当在制成品中还能认出原材料时，应该用 made of:
The hammer is made of iron. || The cup is made of glass.
2． 当在制成品中已认不出原材料时，常用 made from:
The cake is made from flour，eggs，sugar and water.
3． made in 一般指 “在某地制造”:
The car is made in the States. made in made of，made from，made in
1． 当在制成品中还能认出原材料时，应该用 made of:
The hammer is made of iron. || The cup is made of glass.
2． 当在制成品中已认不出原材料时，常用 made from:
The cake is made from flour，eggs，sugar and water.
3． made in 一般指 “在某地制造”:
The car is made in the States. made of made of，made from，made in
1． 当在制成品中还能认出原材料时，应该用 made of:
The hammer is made of iron. || The cup is made of glass.
2． 当在制成品中已认不出原材料时，常用 made from:
The cake is made from flour，eggs，sugar and water.
3． made in 一般指 “在某地制造”:
The car is made in the States. made-to-order “定制的”可以译成 made-to-order 或
made-to-measure，它们的反义词是
ready-to-wear， off-the-rack， ready-
made 等:
There are far less shops for made-to-order shoes than there are for made-to-order clothes.
We offer made-to-measure suits.
ready-to-wear blouses
buy some off-the-rack panties magnet 作 “有吸引力的人或物”时，后面常跟介词 for，to 等:
The scenic spot remains a magnet for all kinds of tourists.
“The Oaks Fair” has been a magnet to visitors from far and wide for over 70 years. mail ，post
两词都有 “邮政”的含义。
1． mail 主要是美国用词，post 主要是英国用词。
2． 表示 “邮政”时，两词一般都为不可数名词:
Some mail was sent，while some remained queued.
There is some post for you.
3． 由 mail 形成的一些组合词在英美都使用:
email
airmail
5． 两词都可以作报纸的名称:
The Daily Mail
The Washington Post
6． 美国人说 mailbag，英国人说 post-
bag; 美国人说 mailbox，英国人说
letterbox; 美国人说 mailman，英国人说 postman。
7． “邮递”说 by mail，by post 都可以，前者是美国用语，后者是英国用语:
Christmas gifts sent by mail to
Boston
academic transcripts sent by post
to London maintenance 作 “维护、保养”解时，常是不可数名词:
articles on topics of home mainte-
nance and repairs
do some maintenance to keep it
together
This might entail lots of mainte-
nance work.
Main Street
正如美国著名作家 Sinclair Lewis 的名作 Main Street 所表现的那样，
Main Street 体现了美国小城镇人们的生活观念、价值等，有“保守、狭隘、实利”等含义，它可以指“大街”，亦可以指“小镇居民”; 它可以小写，但大写居多; 前面一般不加冠词; 后面一般用单数动词:
Main Street is dead. 典型的小镇生活观念已经死亡。
Main Street is gaining a great
style; it has everything from coffee
drinkers at Starbucks to pizza-eat-
ers at Mellow Mushroom. major 表示“主修 ……”，后面一般用介词
in:
I'm majoring in music. majority 1． 要表达 “多到何种程度”，可用不同的形容词:
vast majority
overall majority
absolute majority
clear majority
large majority
narrow majority
outright majority
overwhelming majority
slim majority
substantial majority
assailable majority
bare majority
comfortable majority
crushing majority
decisive majority
enormous majority
fortuitous majority
good majority
great majority
small majority
immense majority
inferior majority
sweeping majority
landslide majority
two-thirds majority
four-to-one majority
sixty-five-seat majority
handsome majority
2． majority leader 作 “( 国会参众两院) 多数党领袖”解，是美国用语，它的对应词是 minority leader:
Tom DeLay serves as majority
leader，the second ranking leader
in the United States House of
Representatives.
3． 下面两句意思相同:
The Republican Party won by a majority of three thousand votes.
The Republican Party won with a majority of three thousand votes.
4． 后面用单复数动词都可以，下面两种说法都对:
The majority is supporting the bill.
The majority are supporting the bill.
5． the majority of 后跟什么动词要视其后面的名词而定; 若 of 后面是复数名词则用复数动词，是单数名词或不可数名词则用单数动词:
The majority of our students are women. ( 用复数动词)
The majority of the community is decent and orderly. ( 用单数动词) make 1． 后面复合宾语中的动词不定式前一般不用 to，但变成被动语态后则要加 to:
The foreman made the coolies work hard.
The coolies were made to work hard.
2． 后面常见的复合宾语还有:
He made himself understood.
( + 宾语 + 过去分词)
He made things difficult. ( + 宾语
+ 形容词)
It makes him feel bad. ( + 宾语 +
系动词 + 表语)
They made him chairman. ( + 宾语 + 名词)
The film made her cry. ( + 宾语 +
动词原形)
3． 下列句子都正确:
We made him a section chief.
We made him section chief.
He was made a section chief.
He was made section chief.
4． 下面两种说法含义相同:
The army made him a man.
The army made a man of him. makeup 1． 作 “化妆”解时，一般为不可数名词，但也有复数形式:
She has plenty of makeup on.
The facial makeups are various
designs of lines and colored pat-
ches painted on the faces of cer-
tain operatic characters. ( make-
ups 强调 “多种化妆品”)
2． 表示“给 …… 化妆”可以说 apply
makeup to ，“( 脸上已经 ) 化了妆”可以说 wear makeup:
Could you apply makeup to a
dead person? 你能为死者化妆吗?
She says all her friends wear makeup. 她说她的所有朋友都化妆。
male，masculine，manly
3 词都与 “男性”有关。
1． male 主要从性别方面考虑，与 fe-
male 相对:
ideas about male and female sex-
uality
2． masculine 强调男子特有的特征、气概等:
masculine characteristics like a
husky voice and facial hair
3． manly 比 masculine 更强调男人理想的特征，如勇敢、独立、坦率等:
He has a manly determination to fight to the end. mall 1． 美国用词，主要指“封闭式的购物中心”，里面甚至有影院、餐馆等:
You can find the best deals avail-
able through the Internet versus shopping at an actual mall.
2． 有各种各样的 mall:
a shopping mall
an online shopping mall
a plant mall
a computers and hardware mall
a sued car mall
a fabric mall
a gourmet food mall
an adult toy mall
a genealogy book mall
a cosmetics mall malt 1． 作 “麦芽”解时，一般为不可数名词:
Malt is made from barley.
2． 可以说:
very little malt
a little malt
a lot of malt
lots malt
much malt
a mixture of malt
brands of malt
a range of malt
grains of malt
a scent of malt
single grains of malt
three fills of malt
fragments of malt
a series of malt
all stock of malt
each ton of malt
the majority of malt
kegs of malt
one sort of malt
all kinds of malt
distinctive types of malt
bottles of malt
40 ounces of malt mammal 泛指各种 “哺乳动物”时，若要区分它们，前面可加形容词:
female mammals
male mammals
non-human mammals
infra-human mammals
sea mammals
land mammals
fresh water mammals
dog mammals
man， mankind， human， hu-
man being，humanity
1． 都可泛指“人类”。
1) 有人认为，man 和 mankind 表示
“人类”有 “鄙视妇女”的含义，应避免使用; 作 “人类”解时，man
和 mankind 常用单数形式，其前面不用冠词:
the rights of man 人权
the evolution of mankind 人类的进化
2) 多数人认为 mankind 比 man 正式，比较中性，没有过多的主观色彩;
3) humanity 比较强调“人类”的“共有美德”，有 “善解人意、宽厚仁爱”的含义:
a man of sympathy and humanity
4) human 与 human being 的含义相同，主要强调“人类”与动物、植物、机器、神仙等的区别:
The disease can be fatal in hu-
mans. ( 可以包含 “此病对人类是致命的，但对神仙就不一定”的意思)
5) 注意，human 的复数是 humans，
不是 humen; human being 的复数是 human beings。表示 “人类”时，它们一般用复数形式 humans
和 human beings。
2． 尽管 man 泛指“所有的人”，但它的对应代词是 he，him，his，不是
they:
Man is valued by his noble aspira-
tion，not by his age.
3． 注意 man 在组合词中的复数形式。
1) 复数 + 复数:
a man doctor — men doctors
a man worker — men workers
2) 单数 + 复数:
a man-eater — man-eaters
3) 复数 + 抽象名词:
a man of war — men of war management 1． 一般作单数或不可数名词用:
They have a new approach to management.
The company is now under new
management
He took over the management of the business.
2． 后面跟单数动词居多，对应的代词是 it，its 等; 但作“全体管理人员”解时，后面也可跟复数动词，试比较:
Rental management has never been so busy.
Disease management: has it a fu-
ture?
The management have empha-
sized to us that there has never been an automatic right to early retirement.
manager，managing director
manager 是 “经理”，managing di-
rector 是 “总经理”:
He is a manager of software de-
velopment office at Cisco system.
( 一般指某公司的部门的经理)
He is the managing director of the
Fortes Group. ( 一般指 “集团、公司、合资企业等的总裁”) mandarin 1． 西方人常用 Mandarin 指中国的
“官方国语、普通话、国语”:
Mandarin is the official form of the
Chinese language，the language
of Beijing and northern China and
of educated Chinese people gen-
erally.
2． 作 “官方国语、普通话、国语”解时，前面不用冠词，首字母要大写:
learn to speak Mandarin saluta-
tions
study Mandarin using VOA
Mandarin has more speakers than any other languages. mankind 参见 man。 man-made 有些女权主义者认为，man-made 有鄙视妇女的含义，但实际上多数人还是这样用:
man-made river
man-made diamonds
man-made disasters
man-made phenomenon
man-made genocide
man-made virus
man-made hazards
man-made islands
man-made satellite
man-made fiber
man-made wonder
man-made miracle manners 1． 表示 “( 社会可接受的) 礼貌、规矩”等时常用复数，但它可以被用作可数或不可数名词，可以被 a
few， some， many 和 a little，
much 等修饰，作可数名词使用频率更高:
by observing a few good man-
ners that will keep everyone hap-
py.
This occasion requires some good manners.
Children exhibit many good man-
ners most of the time.
Lina，can't you have a little table
manners?
How much good manners does it
take to outweigh a negative atti-
tude?
2． 后面可以跟复数或单数动词，跟复数动词居多:
Bad manners are bad for busi-
ness.
Bad manners is definitely bad business.
Good table manners are an asset whenever you eat.
Good manners is yet another way we can teach and promote good habits. manual manual，handbook
1． 两词都可译成 “手册”。
1) manual 尤指 “操作机器等的手册”:
an operating manual
2) handbook 的使用域较广，可指各种 “手册”:
a tourist handbook
a handbook of road signs
2． 后面常接介词 of，for，on 等:
a manual of acupuncture
a manual for first time users
a manual on film production manure 主要指 “( 动物的) 粪便”，还有其他可表示 “粪便”的词:
horse dung 马粪 ( dung 尤指牛马等的 “粪便”)
muck 湿粪( 也可指其他污物)
rat ( or bird) droppings 老鼠 ( 或鸟类的) 屎
night soil ( 人的) 粪便
excrement ( 人或动物的) 粪便 ( 是正式用词)
faeces( 任何动物的) 粪便 ( 也是正式用词)
guano 鸟粪
excrement and urine 粪便 many 1． many a 修饰单数名词，后面动词也用单数形式:
Many a student has passed the exam.
2． a good many 等于 a fairly large
number，a great many 等于 a very
large number。所以，a great many
大于 a good many。
3． a great many 与 many many 的意思相同，下面两个句子意思相同:
The students have asked a great many questions.
The students have asked many many questions.
4． 可以说 many a / an 或 many an-
other:
It has occurred on many an occa-
sion.
Many another day will come. map 表示“看地图”，可以说 read a map
或 study a map，不说 see a map;
study a map 的语气强于 read a
map，因为 study a map 是 “仔细看地图”，read a map 是 “看懂地图”:
He can't even read a map.
He was studying the map to de-
cide which way to take. mark mark，grade
两词都有 “分数”的意思。
1． mark 主要是英国用词:
He did well to get such a good mark.
2． grade 主要是美国用词:
I wrote on grade inflation for The
Washington Post. market 1． market 的种类相当多:
black market
job market
labor market
open market
overseas market
international market
buyer's market
seller's market
stock market
bearish market
bullish market
domestic market
home market
flat market
glutted market
lucrative market
sluggish market
ready market
free market
whole foods market
fragmented media market
bond market
produce market
2． Haymarket ( 也可拼成 Hay Mar-
ket，) 是 “( 美国的露天 ) 自由市场”，主要销售农副产品:
That's how good it is to shop at
Boston's Haymarket / Hay Market，
one of the only truly all-year out-
door produce markets in the sometimes chilly Northwest.
3． flea market 是 “( 销售古董、旧家具、旧衣物等的) 跳蚤市场”:
The flea market has grown into a small city with a life of its own.
4． 可以说:
market economy 市场经济
market share 市场份额
market leader 市场主导产品
market test 市场测试
market amount 市场金额
market basket 市场篮
market borrowing 市场借债
market capitalization 市场资本总额
market claim 市场索赔
market development 市场开发
market forces 市场力
market forecast 市场预测
market audit 行销稽核
market channel 行销途径
market orientation 市场导向
market planning 市场计划
market segmentation 市场细分
market order 市场订单
market overt 公开市场
market penetration 行销渗透
market potential 市场潜力
market price 市场价格
market profile 市场扫描
market research 市场调研
market signal 市场信号
market size 市场规模
market strong 市场坚挺
market value 市场价值 marriage 1． 表示“结婚”用 marriage，可以有下例说法( 注意介词的用法) :
the marriage of John to Mary
the marriage between John and
Mary
the marriage of John and Mary
John's marriage with Mary
the marriage of John with Mary
John is taking Mary in marriage.
2． 表示 “亲缘关系”时，前面常用介词 by:
He is related to her by marriage.
She is my niece by marriage.
3． 表示“为 …… 而结婚”，marriage
后面用介词 for:
a marriage for love
a marriage for wealth
4． 注意与 marriage 有关的一些词语:
bride 新娘
bridegroom 新郎
best man 男傧相
bridesmaid 女傧相
maid of honor 伴娘
matron of honor 陪伴新娘的已婚妇女
page( 婚礼上的) 侍童
flower girl ( 婚礼上走在新娘前面的) 持花姑娘
wedding 婚礼
reception( 结婚) 招待会
bridal shower ( 结婚) 送礼会
stag party( 结婚前的) 男士聚会
honeymoon 蜜月
get engaged 订婚
divorced 离婚
separated 分居
monogamy 一夫一妻
bigamy 重婚
polygamy 一夫多妻
elope 私奔
arranged marriage 包办婚姻
bride-to-be 准新娘
husband-to-be 准新郎
newlyweds 新婚夫妇
marriage certificate ( license) 结婚证书
partner( 性) 伴侣
wedding ring 结婚戒指 marry 1． 表示 “结婚”时，常有以下说法:
John married Mary.
John got married with Mary.
John got married to Mary.
John and Mary got married.
John and Mary are married.
Mary was married to John.
John was married to Mary.
They married a month after they met.
They are getting married.
The local vicar has agreed to mar-
ry them in the chapel.
Her mother is trying to marry her off to an old man.
She married into a wealthy family.
Her mother wants to marry her to a warlord.
2． 有专家认为，习惯上不可说 Have
you married? 或 Have you been
married? 应该说 Are you married?
事实上，很多人用完成时态来表示婚姻状态，只是说后者的频率高于说前两种说法:
To whom are you married?
How long have you been married?
How many times have you been
married?
martial
“武术”可以译成单数的 martial art，
常指 “( 不用武器的) 武术”; martial
arts 的使用频率高于 martial art:
a master of martial arts
martial arts show
learn martial arts
martial arts team
practice martial arts marsh 参见 moor。 marsh moor， marsh， swamp， wetland ，bog
这组词都有 “( 沼) 泽”的含义。
1． moor 主要是英国用法，指“长满杂草、低矮灌木丛的沼泽”，侧重强调“土地贫瘠，但不一定低洼”; 常用作复数:
the Yorkshire moors
It is higher， right up on the moors.
2． marsh 与 swamp 含义接近，常可换用; 但 swamp 比 marsh 大一些，而且杂草多得几乎无法通行;
marsh 则更强调积水和泥泞; 我国古代名著《水浒》的一种译法就是
Outlaws in the Marsh: || There was a deep and thorny swamp nearby. || There was a watery marsh close by.
3． wetland 常指 “遭附近湖泊、河流或海水覆盖的低洼湿地”，含义比较宽泛，常用复数:
protect the wildness of the wetlands
4． bog 是爱尔兰语，强调“松软”，走在上面可能会 “陷入其中，难以自拔”:
He knocked me down face first in a knee deep muddy bog. masculine 参见 manly。 mass 1． 表示“群众”，用 the mass of peo-
ple，the masses，the masses of
people 都可以，后面一般跟复数动词:
The mass of people begin to slam into each other.
The masses of people have been deceived in their understanding of the government.
The masses are terrified.
2． the mass of people 后面用单数动词的也不少:
The mass of people is united.
massacre，slaughter，genocide
3 词都有 “屠杀”的意思。
1． massacre 主要指 “同时残酷杀害大批人”:
the massacre of hundreds of
POWs
2． slaughter 指 “残酷或不必要地杀动物或人”，不一定含 “大批杀”的意思， “杀一个人”也可以说
slaughter:
 depicting the slaughter of him
and his wife by a stranger
the slaughter of an innocent man
the slaughter of many animals
3． genocide 的语气最强，指 “屠杀整个社区、部落或种族”:
participating in the genocide of
hundreds of thousands of non-
Muslim blacks master 注意其修饰名词时的一些译法:
master key 万能钥匙
master bedroom 主卧室
master chef 熟练厨师
master card 王牌
master craftsman 大匠
master tape 原版磁带
master plan 总计划
master class 名师课程 mate 1． 作构词成分-mate 时，可组成很多词:
schoolmates
deskmates
roommates
workmates
cellmates
flatmates
playmates
running-mates
shipmates
soulmates
2． 作称呼语，表示 “老兄、伙计、老弟”等，是英国、澳大利亚用语，相当于美国的 buddy 或旧时的 pal:
What time is it，mate? ( 英澳用法)
Hey buddy，what are you doing?
( 美国用法)
Hey look，pal，I'm only doing my job here. ( 旧时用法) material 1． 表示 “用于 …… 方面的材料”，后面常用介词 for:
good material for making furniture
2． 表示 “原料”，可作可数或不可数名词:
a building material
Building materials are expensive.
Stone was used as the main ma-
terial for local schools.
All waste material is collected here for recycling.
3． 表示“素材”，常为不可数名词:
The novelist is collecting material for a new book. mathematics arithmetic，mathematics
arithmetic( 算术) 是 mathematics ( 数学) 的一部分; 主要指“加、减、乘、除”等:
Arithmetic is part of mathematics.
Without it， much of mathematics and its application to the real world would grind to a halt. mathematics 后面用单数动词:
Mathematics is the study of num-
bers，quantities，or shapes. maths 1． maths 是英国用法，美国人常用
math。
2． 后面一般用单数动词:
Maths is the same as mathemat-
ics.
mature，ripe，mellow
3 个词都可表示 “成熟的”的含义。
1． mature 侧重指“完全发育成熟的、生命力旺盛的、处于生命顶峰的”:
She is more mature than the other girls in the class.
It is a mature apple tree.
2． mature 描述人时，可能含“已到中年或年老”的意思，使用时应注意区别。
3． ripe 较多指 “水果、农作物等成熟的”:
Are the tomatoes ripe?
The rice is ripe for harvest.
4． mellow 尤指 “经长期保存的酒味道甘醇的”或 “水果稍许熟过头的”:
mellow wine
mellow grapes
5． mature student 是英国用语，指
“25 岁以后上大学的学生”，美国人叫 adult student。 may 1． may as well 与 might as well 的意思相同，但后者的语气更委婉。
2． 表示 “也许、可能”，may 多用于书面语，might 多用于口语。
3． 口语中表示 “客气的请求、建议”时，用 may 和 might 含义相似:
May / Might I make a suggestion?
mayor
“女市长”用 mayoress，是英国用词，
“市长夫人”也可以叫 mayoress。 may might，may
1． 在实际使用中，两词的含义基本相同。
2． 仔细区别，might 有时所含的可能性比 may 小，如对所发生事的判断，试比较:
She might have got the email. 她有可能收到电子邮件。( 有可能没有收到)
She may have got the email. 她也许已经收到了电子邮件。( 收到的可能性大些) maybe perhaps，maybe
两词都有“也许”的含义。
1． 在实际使用中，两词无多大差别。
2． perhaps 比 maybe 正式。
3． 美国人多用 maybe。
4． 有时两词有差别。 perhaps 可作委婉的命令; maybe 可作礼貌的请求或建议:
You don' look well- perhaps you should go to the doctor. ( 带有命令的口气)
Maybe we should call a doctor.
( 带有商量的口气) MBA 1． “工商管理硕士”可以说 MBA，在美国还可以说 M． B． A． 。
2． “一位工商管理硕士”是 an MBA，
注意冠词用 an。 me 1． 在口语中，me 常代替 I，用在 as，
than，be 后面:
She is not as clever as me. ( 正式的句子中应该写 She is not as clever as I am. )
He is a great deal older than me.
( 正式的句子中应该写 He is a great deal older than I am. )
It was me. ( 正式的句子中应该写
She didn't do it. It was I． )
2． 常在口语中作强调用:
“Who，me?”
“Why me?” meal 1． 可指 breakfast，lunch 或 dinner。
所以，have a meal 可以指早、中、晚任何一餐:
It's rare that he has an evening meal with his wife.
2． a main meal 指 “吃得最多的一餐”，可能是 “午餐”，也可能是
“晚餐”:
The evening meal is my main meal.
3． “做饭”可以说:
cook a meal
prepare a meal
make a meal
4． have a square meal 是 “吃了一顿丰富的饭菜”。 mean 1． 注意作动词时的主要句型:
I didn't mean to hurt you. ( mean
to do sth)
I meant it as a joke. ( mean sth
as )
What do you mean by saying
that? ( mean sth by doing sth)
I took her silence to mean accept-
ance. ( take sth to mean sth)
The new contract means in-
creasing our salaries. ( sth means
doing sth)
This gift is not meant for you. ( be
meant for sth / sb)
I think he means that he does not want this award. ( mean that)
I don＇t mean him.
I mean the other way. ( mean sb
/ sth)
Your explanation means nothing.
( mean nothing / anything /
something / everything / well)
She could see I meant what I
said. ( I mean what I say)
He meant her no harm. ( mean sb
harm / no harm / real harm)
2． I mean 在口语中常指 “要把刚说过的话说得更清楚些”或纠正刚说过的话:
It was law and literature — I mean
English literature.
3． What do you mean ( by )  在口语中常表示不同意或讨厌某事:
What do you mean you can't help
it?
4． 作形容词时，在美国指某人“残酷无情的、不仁不义的”，相当于
cruel，unkind，violent:
Don't be so mean to your brother!
5． 在英国，mean 指 “不慷慨大方”，
相当于 stingy:
She is very mean with her money. means 单复数形式相同，可以说 a means， 也可以说 many means:
an effective means to solve the problem
the difference between several means
They come from all directions， and by many different means. meantime meantime，meanwhile
两词含义相同，差别是，meantime 更加语化一些; meanwhile 较常用，使用频率较高。 meanwhile meantime，meanwhile
两词含义相同，差别是，meantime 更加语化一些; meanwhile 较常用，使用频率较高。 measure 作 “措施、办法”解时，常用复数:
take measures to help the poor
use stronger measures
introducing new measures to fight against urban crime measurement 表示“给你量尺寸”可以说:
I'll take your measurements. meat flesh，meat
两词都可译成“肉”。
1． flesh 可以指人、动物或植物的
“肉”:
the soft flesh of her cheek ( 人)
the rabbit's flesh ( 动物)
the sweet flesh of a mango( 植物)
2． meat 一般指 “( 动物，尤其是哺乳类动物的) 肉”:
the meat from a pig
3． 表示“( 食用) 肉”，多用 meat:
cooked meat ( 不说 cooked flesh)
I prefer fresh meat and fruit.
4． horse meat 和 dog meat 的意思不同，horse meat 是“马肉 ( meat
from horses)”，dog meat 是“给狗吃的肉( meat for dogs)”。 meat 1． 一般作不可数名词，“肉”的量可以说:
a good cut of meat
a piece of meat
not much meat
a lot of meat
a little meat
select lean cuts of meat
a box of meat
lots of meat
three kinds of meat
tons of meat
a great deal of meat
a pot of meat
a can of meat
large amounts of meat
a good joint of meat
a leg of lamb meat
different portions of meat
2． 表示各种 “肉”时，可以用复数:
a combination of several meats
a buffet of cold meats and salads
3． 下面两种说法都对:
The butcher sells different kinds of meat.
The butcher sells different kinds of meats.
4． 各种不同动物的肉有不同的说法:
1) cow — beef
pig — pork
calf — veal
sheep — mutton
lamb — lamb
hen — chicken
deer — venison
2) poultry 可指“家禽的肉”:
They eat a lot of poultry.
3) game 为“野味”:
They had a lot of very good game soup.
4) 鸟类肉的名称常与该种鸟的名称相同:
turkey — turkey
duck — duck media 1． the media 指 “( 报纸、电视、电台、网络、杂志全部在内的) 大众传播媒介”，常用单数形式( 前面要加定冠词) ，但后面跟单复数动词均可，跟单数动词的频率高于复数动词，下面的句子都对:
The media has helped the Bush
Government lie about every issue from 911 to Iraq.
One difficulty is that the media have little or no money.
2． the media 有时也作 mass media
或 the mass media。 medicine medicine，drug
两词都有 “药”的含义。
1． medicine 可表示 “药水、药剂、药粉、药丸”等:
cough medicine 咳嗽药水
herbal medicine 草药
2． drug 是个通俗词，除可指“药”以外，还可以指“毒品”，medicine 一般不指“毒品”; drug 可作动词用，
medicine 不可以:
He was drugged and robbed. ( 这里的 drug 不能改成 medicine) meditate 后面常跟介词 on，upon，over 等:
He was meditating on how to solve the problem.
He was meditating upon the ex-
tent of his wickedness.
He was meditating over the won-
derful things in his life. medium 1． 复数有 media 和 mediums 两种形式，前者的使用频率比较高;
2． 表示 “…… 媒介”或 “…… 艺术形式”时，后面常跟介词 for，of 等:
a medium for giving information
a medium for advertisement
a medium of information exchange
a medium of advertising
meet，meet with
两者都可以指 “遇见”。
1． meet 可以指 “有计划相见”或
“偶然遇见”:
Let's meet for lunch. ( 有计划)
You'll never guess who I met to-
day — my ex-wife! ( 偶然)
You'll never guess who I met on the phone.
2． meet with 在美国英语中主要指人们 “正式会见”:
They are meeting with American leaders to discuss the issues of common concern.
3． 表示 “遇见某事”时，meet with
常指 “意外遇见”:
Their research has met with great success.
Her well-prepared speech was met with angry shouts.
4． 名词 meet 可作“体育赛事”解，主要是美国用词:
swim meet
track meet
There are normally 13 individual events and three relays for men and women in a swim meet.
Maybe you have been to a cross-
country meet or a tract meet. meeting 1． 表示 “…… 会议”，后面常跟介词
on 或 about:
a meeting on crucial environmen-
tal issues
a meeting about the border dis-
putes
2． 表示“参加会议”，可用词组 to be
at the meeting 或 attend the meet-
ing:
I was at the meeting yesterday.
I attended the meeting yesterday. melt 1． 下面每组句子含义相同:
It just seems to melt.
It just seems to melt away.
She seemed to melt into the mist.
She seemed to melt away into the mist.
2． melted 与 molten 都有 “融化”的含义。
1) melted 较普通，常指一般的、较容易的 “融化”:
melted sugar
melted chocolate
melted butter
2) molten 侧重修饰岩石、金属等需要高温“融化”的物质:
molten rock
molten metal member 1． 可以说 a member of the family 或
a family member:
the transmission of disease be-
tween family members
2． 可以说 a member state，a mem-
ber university，a member country
等:
member state flags
NATO member countries
AVCC member universities
It serves its member professors e-
meritus
the competence of its member or-
ganizations memory 1． 注意以下搭配:
a vivid memory
a good memory
a bad memory
a short-term memory
a long-term memory
a cherished memory
an interesting memory
a hallowed memory
a pleasant memory
a prodigious memory
a poor memory
a sound memory
a splendid memory
a weak memory
a fresh memory
a happy memory
a tragic memory
a hurting memory
a grateful memory
a feeble memory
a confused memory
a deadly memory
an everlasting memory
a blurred memory
a bitter memory
an accurate memory
haunting memory
an amazing fond memory
a painful memory
an abiding memory
a treasured memory
2． 在下面短语中，memory 前不用冠词:
She sang the song from memory.
It is the worst accident in living memory.
The song is composed in memory of the president.
3． 现代科学用 memory 创造了一些新词:
memory chip 内存芯片
memory bank 数据总库
memory board 内存板
memory drum 记忆磁鼓
memory recovery 记忆恢复
memory trace 记忆痕
memory switch 记忆开关 mend ，repair
两词都有 “修补”的含义。
1． mend 常指 “修补破旧的衣服、打碎或撕破的小物件”，是“小修小补”，不需特殊技术:
mend the socks
mend the shoes
mend the a toy
mend a hole in the coat
mend torn pages in a book
2． repair 在一般情况下常可与 mend
换用，但它强调“修补”需要一定的技术:
repair the roof to ensure that the
house is wind-proof
spend hours repairing the digital
color TV
3． 下面短语中要用 mend:
mend fences to avert a crisis 消释前嫌，避免危机
least said soonest mended 少说为妙
mend your ways 改进你的 …… 方法
mend or end 不改则废
mention
“荣誉奖、鼓励奖”可以译成 honora-
ble mention:
music honorable mention and
merit writer
Many of his stories have re-
ceived honorable mentions. menu 1． 前面常用介词 on:
the most elaborate dishes on the
menu
What's on the menu tonight?
2． 计算机 “( 供选择的 ) 菜单”常用
menu:
a pull-down menu
a drop-down menu
a menu-driven program
the menu bar merchant merchant，businessman
两词都可译成 “商人”。
1． merchant 比较正式，尤指 “( 与其他国家作大宗进出口交易的 ) 商人”:
an import-export merchant
2． businessman / businesswoman /
businessperson 尤指 “经营管理方面的商人”:
I could get a better prize for the
car，but I am not a shrew busi-
nessman. mercy 1． 常作不可数名词:
show him mercy
plead for mercy
beg for mercy
pray for mercy
please have mercy on me
show mercy to him
2． 但有时也用复数形式:
He was thankful for small mer-
cies.
3． 下面两种说法都对:
We left her to the tender mercies of the swimming instructor.
We left her to the tender mercy of the swimming instructor.
4． 说 at the mercy of 和 at the mer-
cies of 都可以，前者居多:
at the mercy of the jungle
at the mercy of terrorists
at the mercy of the law
at the mercy of loan sharks
at the mercies of nature
at the mercy of childish whims
at the mercy of pirates merge 后面常跟介词 with 或 into:
merge with larger companies
merge into darkness merger 可以说:
religious merger horizontal merger www. merger
AOL-Time Warner merger merit 1． 注意一些特殊用法:
promote sb by merit rather than
by relation 任人唯贤不唯亲
cut their merit pay 减少绩效工资
choose people on merit 任人唯贤
judge workers on their own merits
按工作实绩评价工人
according to one's merits 按资质
take merit to oneself 将功劳归自己
2． by merit 与 on merit 的含义接近，前者较常用:
We recruit and promote people by
merit aiming to eliminate discrimi-
nation in all employment prac-
tices.
We promote， develop and pro-
mote people on merit and seek to reward outstanding performance regardless of background. mess 美国人较多用 mess around，英国人较多用 mess about:
Don't mess around. Get to work.
If you're really good at travelling，
you don't mess about when you meet people. metal 泛指 “金属”时为不可数名词，指某种 “金属”时为可数名词:
The sculpture is made of metal.
On display are precious metals such as gold. meter 1． “抄表”可以用 read the meter:
read the gas
electricity meter
2． 可作构词成分-meter:
altimeter 高度计
micrometer 测微计
anemometer 风速计
ammeter 安培表
3． a parking meter 常指 “停车收费器”:
How much money can a parking
meter hold? 一个停车计费表能装多少钱? method 表示 “用…… 方式”，后面用介词 of
或 for 都可以，含义相同; 下面 3 种说法都对:
a method of teaching English
a method for teaching English
an English teaching method metro 在法国等城市常作“地铁”解; 美国常用 the subway，英国常用 the under-
ground 或 the tube; 上海的 “地铁”也用 metro:
He was the seventh person to at-
tempt suicide by jumping in front of an metro train in Shanghai this year. micro- 作前缀，表示 “微小”:
microfilm
microwave
microchip。
microwave
“微波炉”可以说:
a microwave oven mid- 作前缀，表示 “中间的”，可组成很多词:
at his mid-career
in the Mid-west
an mid-air collision
in midstream
midterm examinations midday 1． “中午前 / 后”可以说 before / af-
ter midday。
2． “在正午 ( 时分)”可以说 at mid-
day，on midday，during midday，
around midday:
Share prices were lower at mid-
day.
She has been with us several times on midday.
The sun appears yellow during midday.
Around midday we'll have lunch in a prepared place. middle 1． 注意 in the middle of 的一些短语:
in the middle of nowhere 前不着村后不着店
in the middle of a movie 正在看电影
in the middle of lunch 正在吃饭
in the middle of an academic con-
ference 正在开学术会议
in the middle of cooking a meal 正在烧饭
in the middle of the road 在路中央
2． middle，center 都指 “中间”。
1) middle 所指的“中间”，其位置不太确切，center 常指准确的位置:
the middle of the desert
the middle of a lake
The gate is in the center.
the center of a circle
2) 指长度而不是面积时，用 middle:
walking along the middle of the
avenue
3) 指时间的“中间”用 middle:
in the middle of the night
4) 说人生的 “中间”用 middle:
in the middle of one's life
5) 强调“中间”的重要性用 center:
the center of attention
3． middle kid / child / daughter /
son / brother / sister 都指 “中间出生的孩子”，其位置不确定，不一定只有 3 个孩子中间的那一个( 即第二个) 才是 middle child，如果家中有 5 个孩子，第二、三、四个孩子都可以叫 middle child。
4． the middle class 指 “( 统治阶级、劳工阶级之间) 受过良好教育的专业人士”，如医生、律师、教师、经营管理人员等:
The middle class includes most of
the white-collar work force and
others who earn ‘respectable ’
livings. midnight 前可用介词 at，during，around 等，前面常不用定冠词:
The horn blows at midnight.
We will give you information about doctors who are available during midnight or holidays.
I fell asleep around midnight last night. midtown 美国用词，指 “( 靠近市中心或闹市区的) 中间市区”:
So this is the famous tower in the
midtown of New York next to the
Empire State Building. might might，may
1． 在实际使用中，两词的含义基本相同。
2． 仔细区别，might 有时所含的可能性比 may 小，如对所发生事的判断，试比较:
She might have got the email. 她有可能收到电子邮件。( 有可能没有收到)
She may have got the email. 她也许已经收到了电子邮件。( 收到的可能性大些) migrate migrate，immigrate
两词都有 “移居”的含义。
1． migrate 主要指 “为了工作或短期居住而移居到另一个地方”:
They migrated to cities like New
York in search of work.
Peasants had to migrate if they wanted to survive.
2． immigrate 侧重指 “离开自己的国家，到另一个国家去居住”:
The Indian doctor has immigrated to the United States. milk 1． 可以指各种奶，包括“动物的奶、母乳”以及各种 “奶状物”:
fresh goat's milk 新鲜的羊奶
milk from the mother's breast 母乳
coconut milk 椰奶
2． 注意: “母乳”也可以说 breast
milk。
3． 一般为不可数名词，后面的动词用单数形式:
How do I breastfeed once my milk has dried up.
Milk is good for bones.
4． 表示“各种奶”时为可数名词:
We have good ways to make
great “milks”that taste much bet-
ter than regular milk.
The instructor provided different kinds of milks to be sampled by the class. mill 参见 factory。 million 1． 表示“多得不计其数”时，a million
和 millions of 的含义相同:
a million love songs
millions of love songs
to meet a million singles seeking
love relationship
to meet millions of singles seeking
love relationship mind 1． 下面每组句子含义一样:
You are a bit stupid，if you don't mind me saying so.
You are a bit stupid，if you don't mind my saying so.
Did she mind not getting the job?
Did she mind about not getting the
job?
2． 后面可跟动名词，一般不接不定式:
Would you mind closing the door?
3． 后面常跟从句:
Mind you don't drop it!
Mind where you put your dirty
clothes! -minded 常作构词成分，表示 “有某种精神状态的”:
career-minded
tough-minded
strong-minded
evil-minded
absent-minded
bloody-minded
broad-minded
high-minded
like-minded
open-minded
narrow-minded
simple-minded
single-minded
business-minded
food-minded
feeble-minded
tender-minded
shallow-minded
reform-minded
inquiry-minded minority 表示 “少数”，但“少”到何种程度并不确切，可用形容词来限定:
a small minority
a tiny minority
a significant minority
a sizable minority
a substantial minority
a large minority
a considerable minority minus 注意 minus 在数字中的读法:
10 － 5 = 5 Ten minus five equals five.
－ 6% minus six per cent minute 1． wait a minute 和 just a minute 的含义相同:
Wait a minute — I am nearly ready.
Just a minute — I am nearly read-
y.
2． do not believe sb for a minute 和
do not believe sb for one minute
的含义相同。 miracle 1． 表示“创造奇迹”，可以说 work
miracles， perform miracles， do
miracles; miracles 用复数，后面常跟介词 for，with:
This medicine will work miracles for your illness.
My wife can do miracles with lefto-
vers by turning them into a good meal.
2． 在实际使用中，还可以用其他短语来表示 “创造奇迹”:
accomplish miracles
work a miracle
A miracle is wrought.
mirror
“她照镜子”应该说:
She looked at herself in the mir-
ror. ( 不说 She looked at saw the mirror. ) mischievous naughty，mischievous
两词都有 “顽皮”的含义。
1． naughty 常强调 “孩子不听话的、没规矩的”:
You naughty girl， you gave me such a fright.
2． mischievous 除形容孩子外，还可形容成人、动物等，强调“逗人、淘气、耍一些无害的小把戏”等:
She was rocking in her chair like a mischievous child.
Along the path to the temple，we saw many mischievous monkeys. misery 1． 泛指“苦难、苦痛”时，常作不可数名词:
Misery loves company.
People there were living in misery.
2． 具体指“痛苦的事情”时，misery
为可数名词:
The loud noise upstairs made my life a misery.
a tale of two miseries
splendors and miseries of the sci-
ence wars
some of the symptoms and miser-
ies of pregnancy misfortune 1． 泛指 “厄运”，常作不可数名词:
Misfortune is a good teacher.
Misfortune never comes single.
He was plagued by misfortune.
2． 具体指各种不同的 “厄运”时，
misfortune 作可数名词:
He has met a series of misfor-
tunes. misleading 1． deceiving 与 deceptive 的语气都比 misleading 强。
2． deceptive 不一定有“故意误导”的意思:
Her simple style is deceptive; ac-
tually she is very profound.
3． deceitful 在这组词中语气最强，表示“欺骗成性的”:
Her saying one thing and doing another shows how deceitful she is. Miss Miss，Ms
1． 一般指 “未婚女子或少女”; Mrs
一般指 “( 已结婚的) 太太、夫人”;
Ms 用来称呼不愿意被称“太太、小姐”的女子，可译成“女士”。在现代社会中，多数女子喜欢别人称她们 Ms。Ms 在英美都用，但在美国使用的频率高于英国。
2． “世界小姐”可译成 Miss Uni-
verse，Miss World 等。 miss 1． 作动词时后面可跟动名词短语或不跟不定式:
I missed watching her dance last night. ( 不说 miss to watch)
2． 注意与名词的搭配:
miss the point
miss a chance
miss an opportunity
miss the boat
miss the train
miss the target
miss a shot
miss a penalty
miss the joke
miss the mark
miss the joy
miss the deadline
miss the good old days
miss the show
miss the memo
miss the chance
miss the comfort
miss the Super Bowl mist 1． 作单数或不可数名词居多:
The town was shrouded in mist.
A whitish mist hung in the air.
2． 用其比喻义指“湮没在 …… 中”时，可用复数形式:
in the mists of the past
lost in the mists of time
in the mists of history mistake flaw，mistake
两词都有“缺点”的含义。
1． flaw 主要指“由于这种缺点使某人或某物变得不那样完美”等，强调
“有缺点，但还是有用的”:
There is a tiny flaw in the dia-
mond. ( 钻石有瑕疵，但还是宝贵的)
2． mistake 比较普通，意义不确切，可指各种“缺点”:
a spelling mistake
a political mistake mistake mistake，error
两词均有“错误”的含义。
1． mistake 侧重指 “日常生活中所犯的错误”:
She put salt into the cake by mis-
take.
2． error 比较正式，侧重指 “偏离规范或标准的错误”，有时可指 “道德方面的过失”:
The scientist discovered a mathe-
matical error in his calculations.
I have made some typing errors. mistaken 1． 可以说:
I'm mistaken.
I'm not mistaken.
I'm much mistaken.
I'm very much mistaken.
I'm badly mistaken.
2． 注意下列短语的译法:
the mistaken impression 错误的印象
a case of mistaken identity 认错人的事 mobile 1． 表示 “移动的、活动的”时，可组成不少词组:
a mobile home 活动房
a mobile phone 移动电话
a mobile missile 移动导弹
a mobile clinic 移动诊所
a mobile executive 易变动的主管
a mobile face 表情丰富的脸
a mobile first aid room 移动急救车
a mobile professional 频繁变动的专业人士
2． mobile phone 是英国用法，美国人常说:
cellular phone
cellphone
cell phone mock 说 mock sb，mock at sb 都可以，前者的使用频率更高:
He is trying to mock me.
The boys began to mock at him. model 表示 “模范的”，可修饰名词:
a model worker
a model teacher
a model prisoner
a model citizen
a model student
a model unit
a model factory
a model husband
a model farm
a model school
a model prison
moderate，medium，mediocre
3 词都可表示 “中等的”。
1． moderate 强调 “节制性、局限性、克制性、不走极端的”，也许有“中等偏下”的含义:
Cook the vegetable over a moder-
ate heat。用文火烧菜。
He is a moderate smoker。他是个吸烟有节制的人。
2． medium 主要指“尺寸、大小、数量、价值、高度、等级、富裕程度等中等的”:
He is of medium height for his age.
a medium-sized pear
a medium grade of oil
3． mediocre 虽然指 “不是最好的，也不是最差的”，但它常强调 not
good enough( 不够好的) ，有 “平庸”的含义，略带贬义:
a mediocre performance 平庸的表演
He has only mediocre ability. 他只有平庸的能力。
modern， contemporary， pres-
ent-day
3 词都有 “现代、当代”的含义。
1． modern 含义较广，它可以指 “当代的”，也可以指 “不太远的过去”:
The modern history of Italy dates
from 1860．
2． modern 强调 “新潮、新式、时髦”以及与“过时、老式、古板”之间的差别:
In many ways，it was a modern school for its time. 在当时来说，它在许多方面都算一所现代化的学校。( 尽管拿现在的标准来看并不算现代化)
3． contemporary 所指的时间跨度比
modern 狭窄:
Certain contemporary attitudes re-
flected the trends in modern times.
4． contemporary 说明“存在当代”这一事实，并不强调 “新潮、新式、时髦”:
He is a contemporary but hardly
modern thinker。
5． present-day 的范围比 contempo-
rary 更小，更靠近 “当前”和 “现在”:
The amount of money is small by present-day exchange rates.
The novel is set in present-day
China. modest 1． 除可表示 “谦虚”外，还有其他译法:
some modest success 不起眼的成功
a modest villa 普通的别墅
a modest increase 适度的增长
a modest rise in prices 价格的适度上扬
modest ambitions 小小的抱负
modest dress 庄重的连衣裙
modest reforms 温和的改革
a modest living 普通的生活
modest means 简单的方法
telescopes of modest sizes 中型望远镜
modest progress 一般的进步
2． 后面常用介词 about，in，over 等:
He is modest about his achieve-
ments.
He is modest in his speech.
He is very modest over them. module 作 “单元”解是英国用法:
There are 12 modules in the MBA
program. moist moist，wet
两词都有“潮湿”的含义。
1． moist 是 slightly wet 的意思，语气弱于 wet:
moist apple cake
2． wet 指 covered in water， rain，
sweat， tears， or another liquid，
它所指的 “湿”常常能见到 “水”:
My face was wet with tears.
I got my feet wet at the water's edge.
mom， mum， mommy， mum- momentum 1． 不可数名词。 下列短语中，mo-
mentum 前不用冠词:
the worldwide loss of momentum
in improving living conditions
ensure momentum
The spinning top was losing mo-
mentum
It gathered momentum.
It has gained momentum.
2． 下列短语中，momentum 前用定冠词:
China must maintain the momen-
tum of reform and opening-up.
We are eager to keep the mo-
mentum of the search for a politi-
cal solution. monarchy 有单复数形式:
a constitutional monarchy
European monarchies expanded
their power at the expense of feu-
dal lords. Monday 与 “情绪低落、忙碌纷乱、还想休息、不想上班”等有关，因而，Monday
mood，Monday morning feeling 都有类似含义:
Monday mood at the company was a typical one. Some were
upset
money， cash， change， buck， monitor 1． 不少词典将其译成 “( 学校的) 班长”，我国不少英语教师也这样教学生。 其实，在英美国家，将“班长”叫成 monitor 的还不多，取而代之的有:
section leader
class president
class leader
2． 另外，monitor 可译成 “监视者”，
似有贬义。
3． 著名的美国《基督教科学箴言报》
译成 the Christian Science Moni-
tor:
The Christian Science Monitor is
an independent daily newspaper
providing context and clarity on
national and international news，
peoples and cultures，and social trends. monk 常指 “( 与世隔绝、一无所有、不结婚的) 修道士”，与其相关的宗教称谓还有很多:
nun 修女
friar( 尤指从前浪迹天涯的天主教)
托钵僧
hermit 隐士
ascetic( 禁欲主义的) 苦行者
priest ( 罗马天主教的) 神父
minister( 新教的) 牧师
preacher 传教士
clergyman( 英国国教中的) 牧师
chaplain( 在大医院、大学、随军、负责小教堂的) 特遣牧师
padre 随军牧师
pastor( 基督教) 牧师
vicar( 英国国教的) 教区牧师
patriarch( 东正教的) 大主教
cardinal( 罗马天主教的) 枢机主教
bishop 主教
archbishop 大主教
abbot 修道院院长
abbess 女修道院院长 monopoly 1． 后面常跟介词 on，of，in，over
等，它们使用频率由高至低排列如下:
Does the Federal Government
have a monopoly on science?
Even institutions such as Oxford
and Cambridge do not have a mo-
nopoly of the most highly regar-
ded course.
The government does not have a
monopoly in the agricultural pro-
duction.
The CIA has a monopoly over es-
pionage.
2． 可以说:
set up a monopoly
hold a monopoly
enjoy a monopoly
establish a monopoly
exercise a monopoly
secure a monopoly
make a monopoly
break down a monopoly
denounce a monopoly
foster a monopoly
infringe on a monopoly
possess a monopoly
resent a monopoly
protest against a monopoly
promote a monopoly monument 作 “纪念碑”解时，后面常跟介词 to:
the National Monument to the
Forefathers
monument to democracy
the Monument to the Unknown
Soldiers mood 注意以下搭配:
a good mood
a bad mood
a Monday mood
a relaxed mood
a confident mood
a foul mood
a terrible mood
an aggressive mood
a distrustful mood
an angry mood
an argumentative mood
an awe-inspiring mood
a buying mood
a communicative mood
a critical mood
a gloomy mood
a joyful mood
a laughing mood
a jittery mood
a meditative mood
a merry mood
a melancholy mood
a poetic mood
a reprimanding mood
a sullen mood
a holiday mood
a thoughtful mood
a cheerful mood
a furtive mood
a discontented mood
a rebellious mood
a reminiscent mood
a working mood
a mournful mood
a submissive mood
a hysterical mood
a jealous mood moon 1． 指“月球”时，前面加定冠词:
explore the surface of the moon
the first man on the moon
2． 指“月光”时常为不可数名词:
There is little moon tonight.
3． 泛指为其他 “卫星”等时，moon
为可数名词:
the moons of Saturn 土星的卫星 moonlighting 可指 “( 逃税的) 兼职、兼差”，一般为不可数名词，后面用单数动词:
I still do some moonlighting in
Web development from time to time.
Moonlighting has taken on new meaning as people adapt to the new realities in the world of work. moor moor， marsh， swamp， wetland ，bog
这组词都有 “( 沼) 泽”的含义。
1． moor 主要是英国用法，指“长满杂草、低矮灌木丛的沼泽”，侧重强调“土地贫瘠，但不一定低洼”; 常用作复数:
the Yorkshire moors
It is higher， right up on the moors.
2． marsh 与 swamp 含义接近，常可换用; 但 swamp 比 marsh 大一些，而且杂草多得几乎无法通行;
marsh 则更强调积水和泥泞; 我国古代名著《水浒》的一种译法就是
Outlaws in the Marsh: || There was a deep and thorny swamp nearby. || There was a watery marsh close by.
3． wetland 常指 “遭附近湖泊、河流或海水覆盖的低洼湿地”，含义比较宽泛，常用复数:
protect the wildness of the wetlands
4． bog 是爱尔兰语，强调“松软”，走在上面可能会 “陷入其中，难以自拔”:
He knocked me down face first in a knee deep muddy bog. moral 1． 作 “道德、品行”解时，常用复数:
Eastern men with Western morals
social morals
a woman of loose morals
public morals
2． 复数可作抽象名词:
a man of little morals
He once remarked，“I have too much morals.” more 1． 是 many 和 much 的比较级，所以，可以修饰可数或不可数名词:
more people
more countries
more money
more time
2． 下面两种说法都对，前者更常用:
There is more than one way to do this.
There are more than one way to do this.
3． 注意下列句子的译法:
We need more than 100 students.
我们需要一百多个学生。
We need 100 more students. 我们再需要一百多个学生。 morning 1． 可以指 “从后半夜到中午”:
He called me at 2 o'clock in the morning.
2． 注意下列句子中 morning 的译法:
I'll meet you on Friday morning.
我( 下个) 星期五早上见你。
I'll meet you on Friday mornings.
我将每个星期五早上见你。
( mornings 有“每个早上”的意思)
3． 用  morning 和 on  morning 都可以，前者使用频率高:
He died Friday morning. ( 较常用)
He died on Friday morning.
4． 说 “早上好”用 good morning 和
morning 都可以:
Good morning.
Morning，Mike. mosque 指 “清真寺”，其他宗教场所还有很多:
temple( 非基督教的) 寺庙
shrine 圣祠
sanctuary( 尤指非经特许，不得入内) 内殿
monastery 修院
convent 女修道院
nunnery 尼庵 most 1． 是 many 和 much 的最高级形式，所以可修饰可数或不可数名词:
most houses / undergraduates
( 可数)
drink the most beer / get the most
money ( 不可数)
2． 放在表示个人感情和意见的形容词和副词前时，可作 very 解:
a most charming girl 非常迷人的姑娘
a most enjoyable Sunday 非常愉快的星期天
3． 下面两种说法意思相同:
The translation will take half an hour at most.
The translation will take half an hour at the most.
4． 可作构词成分-most，构成很多词:
topmost
endmost
the southernmost point of the
town
their innermost thoughts
the northernmost part of the island
We found ourselves abreast of their headmost ship.
the sternmost ship
backmost
hindermost
rearmost
seamost
inmost
foremost
uttermost
furthermost motel 美国用词，由 mo ( tor) + ( ho ) tel 组成; 类似的词还有 boatel 等。
motion
motion sickness 是美国用语，英国人说 travel sickness。 motivate 主要用于下列句型:
How can I motivate him to seek a
new job? ( motivate sb to do sth)
She was motivated by love. ( be
motivated by sth) motivation 1． 前面常有限定词 his，my，the 等:
You can do anything if you have the motivation.
He has lost his motivation to make more money.
2． 有可数和不可数形式:
the motivations for the search of
new knowledge ( 可数)
The result is that most workers still feel little motivation to excel.
( 不可数) motive 1． 后面常跟介词 for，behind，of:
the motive for the killing
Is money the motive behind the
accusations?
The motive of duty is morally su-
perior to other motives.
2． 前面常用介词 from，by，with，out
of:
an action done from the motive of
duty
prompted only by the motive to
help
with the motive to serve her own
interests
a work done out of the motive of
self-love or out of the motive fea-
ring punishment
motto，maxim，axiom，saying， motorway 这组词都可译成“高速公路”。
1． 美国人常用 freeway，express-
way，英国人用 motorway。
2． freeway 是“不用付费的高速公路”:
A freeway is a large divided high-
way that does not cost anything to use. ( freeway 的反义词是 toll
road)
3． expressway 与 freeway 近义，主要强调“可以在上面高速、长距离行驶”。
4． highway 主要是美国用法，但它可以只指“公路”，不一定是“高速公路”，行人甚至可以在上面行走:
I crossed the highway， dodging the traffic. mountain 1． 表示 “在山上”，mountain 前常用介词 in，也许 mountain 又高又深，
“人上山”也就是 “进了山”:
They went climbing in the mountains.
2． mountain 作山名用时，常作复数，前面加定冠词:
in the Rocky Mountains
in the Hakone Mountains
in the Himalaya Mountains
3． 注意介词的使用:
There was still snow on the moun-
tain.
4． 参见 hill。 mouse ，rat
两词都有 “鼠”的含义。
1． mouse 一般比 rat 小，常译成 “小鼠”:
We've got some mice in the house.
2． rat 是 “大鼠”:
a rat-infested derelict house
3． mouse 似乎有褒义，rat 似乎有贬义:
My husband bought me a lovely
Mickey Mouse watch. ( 动画片中
Mickey Mouse 的可爱形象促进了许多相关商品的销售)
The children are as quiet as mice.
( 孩子们很安静)
Click on the right mouse button.
( 用 mouse 作“鼠标”)
look like a drowned rat 看上去像一只落水老鼠
smell a rat 觉得可疑
a rat race for promotion 你死我活的晋级竞争 mouth 在下列短语中，mouth 前不用冠词:
He is all mouth. 他只会嘴上说说。
The story got abroad by word of mouth. 消息通过口传流传到国外。
The news spread from mouth to mouth. 消息以口头形式传开了。
They are living from hand to mouth. 他们过一天算一天。 move 1． 表示 “搬家”，说 move 或 move
house 都可以，move house 主要是英国用语，美国人用 move 居多:
We're moving to Florida next month. 下个月我们搬家到佛罗利达去。
Moving house can be very tire-
some. 搬家会很累人的。
2． move in on sb / sth 常指“靠近某人 / 某事，准备对其采取行动”等:
The armed forces are moving in on the opium den.
3． on the move 指“迁移不定”:
Americans are constantly on the move.
movie， film， moving picture，
the pictures
这组词或词组都有 “电影”的含义。
1． movie 主要是美国用词:
There is a good movie on the TV
tonight.
2． film 主要是英国用词:
Have you seen any good films
lately?
3． moving picture 是美国旧式用语。
4． the pictures 是英国的过时用语，可指 “电影( 院)”:
We are going to the pictures to-
night.
Mr.
1． Mr. 加在名词或形容词前，常表示 “该男子是一类人的典范 / 典型”:
Mr. Sensitivity 敏感先生
Mr. Big 大人物
Mr. Fixit 修理大王
Mr. Right 如意郎君
Mr. Universe 宇宙先生
Mr. Average 平均先生
Mr. Baseball 棒球先生
Mr. Clean 清廉先生
2． 英国人常用 Mr :
Mr Grant
美国人常用 Mr. :
Mr. Grant
3． 如果表示“该女子是……的典范 /
典型”，则用:
Ms. Right 如意女伴侣参见 miss。 Ms Miss，Ms
1． 一般指 “未婚女子或少女”; Mrs
一般指 “( 已结婚的) 太太、夫人”;
Ms 用来称呼不愿意被称“太太、小姐”的女子，可译成“女士”。在现代社会中，多数女子喜欢别人称她们 Ms。Ms 在英美都用，但在美国使用的频率高于英国。
2． “世界小姐”可译成 Miss Uni-
verse，Miss World 等。 much ，very
1． much 一般修饰不可数名词:
I don't have much time / money.
2． much 一般修饰由被动式构成的形容词:
He is much amazed / annoyed /
embarrassed.
He is a much loved member of the club.
3． very 一般修饰普通形容词:
She is very smart.
He is very strong.
4． 一般不把 much 置于动词和宾语之间，如不说 I hate much him.
5． very much 可以置于句尾或动词
like，enjoy，want，hope 的前面或动词和宾语之间:
We like our school very much.
( 置于句尾)
We very much enjoyed the trip.
( 置于动词 enjoy 之前)
I enjoyed very much the film shown at the Central Cinema last night. ( 置于动宾之间)
6． much 和 a lot 都可表示 “多”，但应注意两者的差别。
1) 在口语中，much 较多用在疑问句和否定句中，尤其用在 so 或 too
后面:
So much for all those election promises.
He ate too much.
I don't think much of that idea.
2) a lot 一般用在肯定句中:
The project needs a lot of money and time. muckraking 为不可数名词，前面可用 little，a lit-
tle，much 等修饰:
Muckraking has been replaced by smut-raking. ．
There was so much muckraking about his family life.
I've been doing a little muckrak-
ing，and I've got plenty to dish. mud 为不可数名词:
There was little mud and puddles in the park.
Down by the river， there was much mud and much water to drink.
My coat was splashed with mud. mudroom 不是 “泥房子”，而是 “供人们脱去脏( 或湿) 衣服、鞋子的房间”:
Making a mudroom，even if it's small， a well-organized entry gives you a place to wipe your feet and store your outdoor gear. muffler 作 “消音器”解是美国用法，英国人说 silencer:
Economy mufflers are typically
made from less durable materi-
als.
Silencers are used to reduce the noise at the exhaust. mug mug，cup
两词都可译成 “杯子”:
1． mug 是 “( 喝咖啡、茶等热饮的 )
圆筒形有柄大杯”，一般底下不用托盘。
2． cup 一般是 “( 有柄、有托盘的) 小圆杯子”。 multi- 作为构词成分表示“多的”，可构成很多词:
multibillion 数亿万的
multicenter 涉及多个中心的
multichannel 多频道的
multicompany 控制多个公司的
multiculturalism 多元文化主义
multifunction 多动能的
multioccupation 多户公用的
multiparty 多党的
multiuser 多用户的
multiversity 多科大学
multiskilling 多技能化 multimedia 一般作不可数名词用:
Multimedia has capabilities to mo-
tivate students and create new
avenues for earning and teach-
ing.
We tried to insert as much multi-
media as possible into this site. mumps 1． 下面两种说法都对，have mumps
的使用频率稍高于 have the
mumps:
The kid has mumps.
The kid has the mumps.
2． 看似复数，用时作单数:
Mumps is the most frequent acute infection of the parotid glands.
3． 可以说:
cases of mumps
incidences of mumps
outbreaks of mumps
the treatment of mumps
symptoms of mumps
case definitions of mumps
municipal，city，metropolitan
3 词都有 “市”的含义。
1． municipal 比 city 正式，常与行政名称相关联:
the municipal authorities
municipal affairs
municipal elections
2． city 比较普通，可修饰各种事物:
city center
city hall
city life
city attire
3． metropolitan 指 “大都市的、首都的”，所修饰的事物比 city 或 mu-
nicipal 大:
metropolitan areas 都市地区
the metropolitan police 都市警察 murder assassinate，murder
两词都可译成“谋杀”，但含义不同。
1． assassinate 是 murder 的一种特殊形式，主要指“刺杀 ( 政治人物、政府官员、著名人物等)”:
The President was assassinated by the extremists.
2． “刺客”可译成 assassin 或 assas-
sinator，前者较普通。
3． murder 的含义较广，可指各种“谋杀”，谋杀的动机可以是出于私仇，也可以是出于其他原因:
He murdered his wife.
The troops murdered as they went through the village. murder 抽象指 “谋杀”，可作不可数名词:
He committed murder.
He is guilty of murder.
He was charge with attempted murder. muscle 指不同种类的 “肌肉”时，为可数名词; 泛指 “肌肉”时，为不可数名词:
Three different kinds ofmuscles are found in vertebrate animals.
( 可数)
Some people with a low body
weight have little muscle and rel-
atively high percentage of fat.
( 不可数) music 1． 多数情况下作不可数名词用:
When we listen to music，we hear a wide range of sound frequencies or notes.
She taught students to read mu-
sic.
2． 但在强调 “各种不同的音乐”时，为可数名词，尽管不少人对此持异议:
Christmas musics
digital musics
Halloween musics
cool musics must 1． 用在第三人称单数中，形式不变:
He must be tired.
2． 没有过去式，在表示 “必须”的过去式时，常用 had to 代替:
He had to go to bed early last night.
3． 在过去时态的间接引语中常用
must:
Last weekend she told her mother
that she must go abroad for fur-
ther studies.
4． must not 在口语中常缩略成
mustn't:
You mustn't leave right away.
5． 表示“应该如何做”，must 可以用在将来时态中，形式不变:
You must arrive there by midnight the day after tomorrow.
6． 将来时态中表示 “必须做 ……”，
可以用 will have to 取代 must:
She will have to get up earlier to-
morrow morning.
7． 表示 “不必做 ……”，常用 not
have to，not need to，needn't 来取代 must:
You needn't be here.
You don't need to help him.
8． must have 加过去分词常表达说话者对过去发生的事情的推断，表示“相信过去发生了某事”:
He must have read the morning paper.
9． 作名词，表示 “必不可少的事物”，
在现代口语中很常见:
Neatness and consideration is a must.
Spanish is a must.
Getting enough sleep is a must. mute mute，silent
两词都有 “无声”的含义。
1． mute 一般指人“不出声音的”:
They were mute when I asked them who was the thief.
2． silent 可指人、地方或东西 “不出声的”:
They both fell silent. ( 人)
the silent hours of the night ( 抽象事物)
The reading-room was silent. ( 具体事物)
3． mute 可以指 “不能说话的、哑巴的”，silent 不这样用:
She was mute from birth. 她天生是哑巴。 mutual mutual，reciprocal
两词都有 “相互”的含义。
1． 都有 “以恩报恩，以怨报怨”的含义，有时可以换用:
our mutual / reciprocal likes and
dislikes
2． 如不涉及或几乎不涉及感情、思想，强调“同一种行动、结果、观点”等时，用 mutual 较好:
by mutual agreement
for our mutual interest my ，mammy
这组词都有“妈”的含义。
1． mom 在美国口语中用作称呼语
“妈”。
2． mum 在英国口语中用作称呼语
“妈”。
3． mommy 在美国口语中尤作儿童称呼语 “妈咪”。
4． mummy 在英国口语中尤作儿童称呼语 “妈咪”。
5． mammy 尤在美国南方、爱尔兰等地作儿童称呼语 “妈咪”。
moment，
for a moment 是 for a very short pe-
riod of time ( 片刻 ) 的意思; for the
moment 是 for now ( 暂时、目前) 的意思; at the moment 是 now ( 现在)
的意思; in a moment 是 very soon
( 马上、很快) 的意思:
For a moment，he was speech-
less. 一时间，他语塞了。
For the moment we are satisfied with what we have got. 我们暂时满足于已拥有的东西。
He is busy at the moment. 他此刻正忙着呢。
This can't be achieved in a mo-
ment. 这不可能很快达到的。 myriad 表示 “许多”，有多种表达法，它们的使用频率由高到低的如下:
myriad stars
myriads of stars
a myriad of stars
a myriad stars
myself
be myself 和 feel myself 可以表示
“我精神或身体状况的好坏”:
I'm just not myself today. 今天我感觉不大舒服。 mystery 1． “神秘小说 / 或故事 / 电影 / 戏剧”可以说 a mystery 或者 a mystery
novel / story / movie / play:
I enjoy reading a good mystery novel.
2． 表示“秘密或奥秘”时，常用复数:
the mysteries of the universe myth myth，mythology
两词都可译成 “神话”。
1． myth 常指 “古代神话”， 尤指
“( 关于神鬼、迷信的) 传说”:
Greek，Roman，Chinese，African，
and Indian myths
2． mythology 是 “神话”的总称，也可以指 “神话学”:
Chinese mythology 中国神话
573 myth myth，mythology

 mythology myth，mythology
两词都可译成 “神话”。
1． myth 常指 “古代神话”， 尤指
“( 关于神鬼、迷信的) 传说”:
Greek，Roman，Chinese，African，
and Indian myths
2． mythology 是 “神话”的总称，也可以指 “神话学”:
Chinese mythology 中国神话
573 mythology myth，mythology

 nado nado，waterspout
这组词都有“风暴”的含义。
1． hurricane 尤指西大西洋、西印度群岛的“飓风”，速度快，破坏力大。
2． typhoon 尤指西太平洋上的“台风”，是一种“强力热带气旋”。
3． storm 是表示恶劣天气的一般用词，亦指“伴有狂暴大风的天气”。
4． tornado 尤指“陆龙卷”。
5． waterspout 是“水龙卷”。 naked ，nude
两词都有 “裸体”的含义。
1． naked含义较广，可以指 “裸体的美”，也可以指“裸体的可怜、怪癖”或“因贫穷而赤裸的”:
a naked beauty
a naked beggar
2． naked 可以指“身体的部分裸露”:
naked breasts
naked shoulders
naked feet
3． nude 指“不穿任何衣服”，所以是
“全裸的”， 一般不说 nude
breasts，要说:
She is completely nude.
a nude model
nude bathing
4． 注意下面词组中 naked 的使用:
naked aggression
naked hatred
with the naked eye
a naked bulb
a naked gas flame
naked misery
the naked pursuit of power
naked greed name 1． 注意下列说法:
full name 全名
personal name 名
given name 名
Christian name 教名
last name 姓
family name 姓
first name 名
surname 姓
middle name 中名 ( 英国人也叫
second name)
maiden name 娘家姓、婚前姓
nickname 别名
stage name 艺名
pen name 笔名 ( 也作 nom de
plum pseudonym)
assumed name 假名
2． “用 …… 命名”说 name after 或
name for 都可以，后者是美国用语:
They named him after his father.
They named him for his father. namely 1． 前后的标点用法如下。
1) 前后都有逗号:
a new item of legislation，namely，
the housing bill
2) 后面的逗号省略:
Only one person got an A，name-
ly you.
3) 与所解释的句子成分连接后，再加逗号:
Some groups—namely homeown-
ers and landlords， will benefit from the new tax.
4) 两头用破折号，中间用逗号:
Some groups—namely， the reli-
gious and political liberals—are known to be more approving than others.
2． 注意 namely 与 i. e. 的区别。
1) namely 常对词语作进一步解释，因此，后面常跟具体的词语:
Further more， the digital divide
prevents some groups， namely
low-income children and children
of color，from accessing the Inter-
net. ( namely 后面跟的是具体解释 some groups 的词语 low-in-
come children and children of col-
or)
2) i. e. 后面常跟完整的解释性句子:
We are currently trying to accomplish the Project 211，i. e.
we are trying to build 100 first-rate universities in the 21st century.
( 这里用 namely 取代 i. e. 不妥)
NASA
NASA( 美国国家宇航局) 前面一般不加定冠词:
NASA has allotted USA 93 million for the Hubble telescope.
new questions for NASA about
shuttle safety
nation，country，state
这几个词都可译成 “国家”。1． na-
tion 侧重民族、人民:
The news touched the nation's heart.
2． country 侧重地域、语言、文化:
It is a Third World country.
3． state 侧重政治:
They criticized the state-run news media for their biased reporting. nationalism nationalism，patriotism
两词都有 “爱国”的含义。
1． nationalism 在现代英语中似有贬义，可以指 “有本国优越感的、有民族偏见的”等:
This kind of nationalism is power-
ful，and harmful as well.
2． patriotism 总是褒义词，指 “对国家的热爱、忠诚”等:
He was a farm boy who joined the army out of a sense of patriotism. native 1． native 与 foreign，alien 相对而言，强调 “土生土长”的，也就是着重
“出生地”，所以 native place 一般指 birth place。类似的词组还有:
native son
native country
native town
native city
native land
native language
native speaker
native plant
native stone
Bill Clinton is a native son of a town called Hope.
2． 作形容词时后面常跟介词 to; 作名词时后面常跟介词 of:
a flower native to the region 当地生长的一种花
The panda is a native of China.
熊猫是生长在中国的一种动物。
NATO
NATO( 北大西洋公约组织) 前面一般不加定冠词:
NATO says it will keep a reduced number of troops there.
their allies in NATO natural 注意一些词组的译法:
natural disasters 自然灾害
died from natural causes 自然死亡
natural food 天然食品
natural instinct 本性
the natural year 太阳年
natural gas 天然气
natural resources 天然资源
natural disposition 本性
natural wages 实物工资
natural justice 天理
natural parents 生身父母
a natural son 私生子 nature 1． 在大部分情况下前面都不用冠词:
enjoy the beauties of nature
against the forces of nature
It is curious by nature.
in the state of nature
by nature
contrary to nature
a return to nature
back to nature
the balance of nature
answer to a call of nature
2． Mother Nature ( 大自然 ) 常大写，前面常不用定冠词:
So why didn't meteorologists fore-
see the “winter bomb” Mother
Nature was preparing to drop on
most of the eastern United
States? naughty naughty，mischievous
两词都有 “顽皮”的含义。
1． naughty 常强调 “孩子不听话的、没规矩的”:
You naughty girl， you gave me such a fright.
2． mischievous 除形容孩子外，还可形容成人、动物等，强调“逗人、淘气、耍一些无害的小把戏”等:
She was rocking in her chair like a mischievous child.
Along the path to the temple，we saw many mischievous monkeys. navy 后面跟单复数形式的动词都可以，下面两个句子都对:
The navy need money to buy more warships.
The navy needs money to buy more warships. nay 英美等国会的立法机构中表决时常用 nay 代替 no，用 yea，aye 代替
yes:
Floating voters say nay.
print the yeas and nays in Con-
gress in the great election near ，close
两词都可表示 “接近的、靠近的”。
1． 两词的意义很接近，在不少情况下可以换用:
The shopping center is very near /
close.
I went into the nearest / closest post office.
He drew me nearer / closer and hugged me.
I came near / close to tears.
2． near 可以作介词，close 不可，下面的句子中用 near:
We found a hotel near the bus stop.
3． 下面词组中用 close:
a close reading 仔细审阅
follow close behind him 紧随其后
close stitches 紧密的针脚
a close shave 光洁的修面
close questioning 彻底的盘问
close inspection 仔细检查
a close finish 不分上下的结果
a close match 不分上下的比赛
4． 下面的例子中用 near:
in the near future 在不久的将来
in the near distance 在近处
5． 下面例子中两词都可以用，含义相同:
a near / close friend 密友
a near / close relation 近亲
a near / close translation 紧扣原文的翻译
a near / close guess 几乎猜中 neat 1． 在美国口语中可以有“整洁”以外的含义，如在形容人时，可作“讨人喜欢的”解:
She is a neat lady-you'll like her instantly.
2． pretty neat 和 neat 在美国口语中也可以指 “好的”:
The history professor gave us
three more days for the assign-
ment. We all thought it was pretty neat.
The drive was really neat.
3． neat 表示 “( 酒) 不加冰的水”，是英国用法，美国人用 straight:
He drank up a glass of neat whis-
ky. neath 1． 表示“水平低于或劣于 ……”时用
below:
The woman's work is well below average.
People here are living below the poverty line.
2． 表示“上下关系”时，below 指“职位的高低”，under 指“隶属关系”:
A major is below a marshal. 少校军衔低于元帅。
I am under him in the army. 在军队里我归他领导。
3． under 一般指“垂直在下”，below
不一定:
The suitcase is under the bed.
( 箱子在床的垂直底下)
It is under the blanket. ( 东西在毯子的垂直底下)
The explosion occurs below the cloud. ( “在云彩下面爆炸”其方位是大概的，不一定垂直)
The lake is below the village. ( 湖不可能在村庄底下，可能村庄在山上，湖在山下)
4． 下面的短语中用 under:
under such circumstances
under his leadership
under the guidance of the new
dean
under his supervision
5． underneath 与 under 含义相近，但
underneath 强调“遮蔽、藏匿”:
The letter was hid underneath the rug.
Did you find much growing under-
neath the snow?
6． beneath 有时含两物体相距不很近的意思:
The submarine waited， far be-
neath the ship. necessary 后面常跟介词 for，to 等，有时含义相同:
Sleep is necessary for / to life. necessary necessary，necessity
两词都可以作 “必需品”解。
1． necessity 的语气强于 necessary;
necessity 指 “维持生命的必需品”; necessary 指 “生活必需品”，没有它，至少还可以活命。
a few necessaries for the trip
Water is a necessity of life.
2． 在这层意思上，necessity 的使用频率远高于 necessary; 而且 ne-
cessity 也可以表示 “( 一般的生活) 必需品”:
A good map is a necessity to travelers. necessity necessary，necessity
两词都可以作 “必需品”解。
1． necessity 的语气强于 necessary;
necessity 指 “维持生命的必需品”; necessary 指 “生活必需品”，没有它，至少还可以活命。
a few necessaries for the trip
Water is a necessity of life.
2． 在这层意思上，necessity 的使用频率远高于 necessary; 而且 ne-
cessity 也可以表示 “( 一般的生活) 必需品”:
A good map is a necessity to travelers. neck 1． 注意作 “衣领”解的一些词组:
crew neck 圆领
polo neck 小高领
V-neck 鸡心领
a lace neck 花边领
2． neck 与 kiss 都有 “接吻”的意思，但 neck 除 “接吻”外，还可以有
“抚摸”的动作:
The young couple are necking in the corner. need 常用于下列句型:
He needs some help. ( need sth)
He'll need to take the test again.
( need to do sth)
The living-room needs repainting.
( need doing sth)
Need I go now? ( 作情态动词)
She need not worry about it. ( 与
not 一起作否定用)
I feel a need to improve myself.
( 作名词用) needless needless，unnecessary
1． 两词都可表示“不必要的、不需要的”，但 needless 的语气强于 un-
necessary:
needless deaths
needless suffering
needless risks
2． needless to say 是短语，单独使用居多，也可以说:
it is needless to say
it is needless to add
3． 一般不说 I am needless to say 或
I am unnecessary to say。 needy 1． 与 poor 的意思相似，但 needy 较正规，一般用在书面语中。
2． the needy 可泛指 “穷人”，后面跟复数动词:
The truth is that the needy are not going to go away. neglect 后面跟动词不定式或动名词短语都可以，跟动词不定式的频率远高于跟动名词。下面两种说法意思相同:
Don't neglect to turn off the air-
conditioner when you leave.
Don't neglect turning off the air-
conditioner when you leave. negotiate 常用 negotiate with， negotiate sth
with sb 的句型:
how to negotiate with Microsoft
You can negotiate better software licensing deals with Microsoft. negotiation 1． 可作可数或不可数名词，若强调具体的“谈判”，一般用可数形式:
the up-to-the-minute record of on-
going multilateral negotiations
The U． S． and China will launch
negotiations on a free trade a-
greement.
2． 下面的例句中，negotiation 为不可数名词; 注意其前后的介词:
They remained open to negotia-
tion over the “future status” of the province.
The level of discount is subject to negotiation between MainPower and the customer.
a new agreement under negotia-
tion
Peace will come through negotia-
tion.
research into the role of govern-
ment by negotiation
an online MBA program in negoti-
ation
negro，black，nigger
3 词都有 “黑人”的含义。
1． negro，也作 Negro，尤指 “( 非洲) 黑人”，曾与“黑奴”含义联系，
20 世纪以前很常用，现在被认为是不礼貌用语; 但在实际使用中，
Negro 不一定完全含贬义:
The United Negro College Fund
has made America stronger by
helping to educate 300， 000
students at more than 950 colle-
ges.
2． 随着 “人权运动”的兴起，有一种说法叫 black is beautiful，因此，现在的黑人宁可别人叫他们 black。
3． 叫 nigger 是对黑人的侮辱，nigger
的侮辱语气强于 negro，应该避免使用:
When nigger is used， it usually means “I hate you.”
4． 在美国，对黑人的最新称呼是 Afri-
can-American 或 Afro-American。 neighbor 有不少“邻居”的说法:
the next-door neighbor
good neighbor
bad neighbor
European neighbor
immediate neighbor
little neighbor
female neighbor
near neighbor
left-hand neighbor
island neighbor
Pacific-rim neighbor
nearest neighbor neighborhood 1． 注意前面的形容词:
a poor neighborhood
a good neighborhood
a wealthy neighborhood
a black neighborhood
a Chinese neighborhood
a squalid neighborhood
a quiet neighborhood
a rough neighborhood
a low-class neighborhood
a fashionable neighborhood
a local neighborhood
a shrinking neighborhood
an entire neighborhood
a whole neighborhood
a semi-suburban neighborhood
a small neighborhood
an industrial neighborhood
an upscale neighborhood
2． in the neighborhood of 可以作
“大约”解:
The price is in the neighborhood
of $ 100． 价格约 100 美元。 neither 1． 后面的语序一般要倒装:
I can't speak Spanish，but neither can you.
2． 在书面语中，neither 作主语时，后面常跟单数动词:
Neither of you is subservient to the other.
Neither of the novels was easy to read.
3． 在口语中，neither 作主语时后面有时也跟复数动词:
Neither of them are big money makers.
Neither of us are happy with the election result.
4． 修饰名词时，后面一般跟单数名词、单数动词:
Neither book was good.
Neither student is ever given the option of evaluating the work of their peer. nepotism 常作不可数名词:
Nepotism occurs when relatives
are in the same chain-of-com-
mand.
Nepotism is the act of favoring
one's family members in a situa-
tion where doing so is considered inappropriate. nerve 1． 具体作 “神经”解时，常为可数名词，抽象作“勇气、决心、意志力”解时，为不可数名词:
a pitched nerve
spinal nerves
It takes a lot of nerve to do this.
2． 复数常可作 “紧张不安、焦虑不安”解:
I just played badly. It wasn't nerves. 我是发挥得不好，不是紧张。 nest 1． 注意一些短语的译法:
a nest of boxes( 可依大小套放的)
一套盒子
a nest of gangsters 匪巢
a machinegun nest 机枪掩体
ants' nest 蚁穴
a nest of intrigue 阴谋诡计的策划地
feather one's own nest 自肥
foul one's own nest 外扬家丑
make a cozy nest 营造安乐窝
a nest of rebellion 叛乱的温床
2． build a nest egg 相当于 save for
a rainy day，意思是“以防万一、未雨绸缪”:
It will allow workers of all income
levels to build a nest egg for re-
tirement. net 1． the safety net 可以指 “最低工资”:
The safety net has got strength-
ened. 最低工资调高了。
2． the net，the Net 可以指 the Inter-
net:
For some，the Net is a lifeline. 对有些人来说，网络是生命线。 newest latest，newest
latest 比 newest 常用:
the latest invention
the latest fashion
his latest publications
laugh，smile，grin，beam，gig-
gle，chuckle，cackle，snicker， news 1． 一般为不可数名词，说 “一条新闻、几条新闻”等，可以是:
a piece of news
several pieces of news
the first item of news
bits of news
varieties of news
issues of news
a small list of news
a digest of news
the increasing volume of news
lots of news
stunning pieces of news
a set of news
heaps of news
the past 30 days of all kinds of
news
2． in the news 和 on the news 意思不同:
She is in the news this week. 她是本周的新闻人物。( 她被新闻媒体报道)
She was on the news last night.
昨晚她在新闻里出现了。( 她被别人在媒体中看见了)
3． 注意后面介词的用法:
I've got good news for you. ( “给谁带来……消息”，news 后面常用
for)
That's good news to me! ( “对某人是 …… 消息”，news 后面常用
to)
The paper is full of up-to-date news on education. ( “详细报道……方面的消息”，news 后面常用 on)
We were shocked at the news of his death. ( “某人的消息”，news
后面常用 of)
What's the latest news about elec-
tion? ( “关于 …… 方面的消息”，
news 后面常用 about) nice nice，good
两词都有 “好”的含义。
1． 在很多情况下，两词可以换用，含义无多大区别:
He is a nice / good boy.
2． nice 常可表示 “吸引人的、漂亮的”，语气强于 good:
The silk ties are nice.
There's a nice view at the top of the hill.
3． 可以说 it's nice of you to do sth
或 it's good of you to do sth，后者为英国用法:
“It's good of you to say that，”the
prime minister repeated in his very
British way. night 下面每组句子的意思相同:
Did you stay up last night?
Did you stay up yesterday night?
The street lamps here give light by night.
The street lamps here give light at night.
They sat up all night talking.
They sat up all night long talking.
The fire kept burning night and day.
The fire kept burning day and night.
In the night he worked as a door keeper.
During the night he worked as a door keeper. no 1． 接复数名词时，后面跟复数动词，接单数名词时，后面跟单数动词，使用单数动词的频率高于复数动词:
No student is allowed under any condition to have a University key duplicated.
No students are allowed in the gym unless supervised.
2． 表示 “不准、没有、并不”等时，用
no，不用 not:
no parking
no smoking
no littering
no talking
no butter
no money
no problem
no kidding
no good
no fool nobleman nobleman，aristocrat
1． 两词都有 “贵族”的含义，aristo-
crat 的语气强于 nobleman。
2． 英国的贵族可分以下几等:
duke ( duchess) 公爵 / 女公爵
marques / marquess ( marchion-
ess) 侯爵 ( 女侯爵)
earl ( countess) 伯爵 ( 女伯爵)
viscount ( viscountess ) 子爵 ( 女子爵)
baron ( baroness) 男爵 ( 女男爵)
baronet ( lady) 从男爵 ( 小姐、夫人)
knight ( lady) 爵士 ( 小姐、夫人)
3． 注意下面的意思:
nobleman 贵族 noble man 君子 nod ，nodding
1． “与某人有一面之交、与某人是点头朋友”可以译成 have a nodding
acquaintance with sb 或 be on
nodding terms with sb:
You'll soon have a nodding ac-
quaintance with nearly every visi-
tor.
You'll soon be on nodding terms with every van driver.
2． 上述两短语也可用于 “事物”，表示 “初步熟悉”:
have a nodding acquaintance with
the subject / books / methods
be on nodding terms with all the
features of a tool / domestic appli-
ances / a sense of decency
3． 下面 3 种说法都对:
He nodded his understanding.
He nodded in understanding.
He gave a nod of understanding. noise 可作可数或不可数名词:
Stop making so much noise! ( 不可数)
There are various noises that may indicate a failure hard drive. ( 可数) nominate 后面常跟介词 for，as，下面两个句子意思相同:
I wish to nominate him for dean of the college.
I wish to nominate him as dean of the college. none 1． 后面可以跟单数或复数动词，跟单数动词的频率稍高:
When comes to kitchen tools none is more important than your knives.
None are supposed to be there.
2． none of 接复数名词时，后面跟单数或复数动词都可以，用复数动词的频率更高，动词用单数形式的多出现在书面语中:
None of them are terrorists.
None of them have gained any-
thing for themselves. ( 跟复数动词)
None of them has clean hands.
None of them is sick. ( 跟单数动词) non-fiction fiction，novel，non-fiction
3 词都可译成“小说”。
1． fiction 涵盖的面比 novel 宽，它可以指 short story，novella，novel，一般都是虚构的:
What this may mean is that poetry is not literally，but figuratively，lying; that a fiction is a trope of a lie.
2． novel 的含义比 fiction 具体，主要指“长篇小说”:
A novel is simply a big story. || A novel is supposed to be a portrait of life.
3． non-fiction 顾名思义，是指“非虚构小说”，写的是真人真事。 nonsense 1． 一般为不可数名词:
It is nonsense to say that.
That's a lot of nonsense.
It would make nonsense out of their plan.
You're talking nonsense!
2． 但有时指具体的“胡言乱语”，也可作可数名词:
It is an economic nonsense to de-
plete the world of natural re-
sources.
medical nonsenses
absurdities and nonsenses
Come and hear about the chan-
ging world of food，its many fads，
fashions，nonsenses and horrors. noon 1． 注意前面所用的介词:
I slept until noon.
I will be there by noon.
The journey started at noon.
Rain fell before noon.
from high noon to late afternoon
a little ahead of noon
from early morning till noon
It is toward noon.
It is past noon.
during the noon
2． “在……中午”可以说:
at 12 / twelve noon
at high noon
by today's noon
in the noon of a hot summer day
during the noon hour
3． 可修饰其他名词:
noon hours
noon time
noon meal
noon recess
noon rest period
noon break
noon show
noon turnaround
noon lunch period
noon liturgy
noon peak
noon ceremony
noon information fair nor 1． 后面的句子成分一般要倒装:
— I don't like it.
— Nor do I．
2． 可以连续使用:
The translation cannot be done by you nor by me nor by him nor by anyone else.
3． 注意前面的标点符号:
The weather here is neither too hot nor too cold. ( 若与 neither 连用，nor 前面可以不用逗号)
He did not attend the meeting，
nor did I． ( 前面用逗号)
4． 前面可以加 and:
I am not going to the cinema to-
night and nor is my wife. normal 1． normal school，normal college，
normal university 可分别作“师范学校”、“师范学院”、“师范大学”解，主要用于欧洲大陆和北美，中国不少学校也使用:
East China Normal University
Royal Normal College and Acade-
my of Music for the Blind
Addison Normal School
2． 注意: 实际上，用 teachers' school，
teachers' college，teachers' universi-
ty 的频率高于 normal school，nor-
mal college，normal university。 nose 注意一些短语的意思:
pick one's nose 挖鼻子
blow one's nose 鼻涕
have a running nose 流鼻涕
The child has a running nose. 这孩子流鼻涕
a runny-nosed child 拖鼻涕的孩子
hold his nose 捏着他的鼻子
note
take note 是 “注意、留意”， take
notes 是“记录”:
When people speak with such passion， leaders should take note. 人们如此激动地说话，领导应当留意。
Students are taking notes in the class. 学生们正在课堂上记笔记。 notebook 可以是 “笔记本”，也可以是 “笔记本电脑”:
A notebook is a computer system designed for portability. nothing 1． 前后一般用单数动词:
There is nothing wrong with the computer. ( 前面用单数动词)
Nothing is impossible. ( 后面用单数动词)
2． 有时有复数形式，如表示 “客套话、恭维话、空话”等:
He whispered sweet nothings into her ear.
We exchanged little nothings.
3． 与 something，anything 等一样，修饰 nothing 的形容词常后置:
nothing special
nothing interesting
nothing new
nothing wrong
nothing strange
nothing exciting notice 1． at short notice 与 on short notice
的意思相同，notice 前不用冠词:
There is no one available at such
short notice / on such short no-
tice.
2． 类似的短语还有:
at a moment's notice
on a moment's notice
at a few hours' notice
on a few hours' notice
at 24 hours' notice
on 24 hours' notice
3． 作动词时后面可以跟不带 to 的动词不定式或动名词短语，含义稍有不同:
I noticed her come out of the store. ( 动词不定式强调 come out
的过程)
I noticed her coming out of the store. ( 动名词短语强调 coming
out 的动作) notify 常用于下列两种句型中，下面两句的意思相同:
I notified him of the decision. ( noti-
fy sb of sth)
I notified the decision to him. ( noti-
fy sth to sb) novel fiction，novel，non-fiction
3 词都可译成“小说”。
1． fiction 涵盖的面比 novel 宽，它可以指 short story，novella，novel，一般都是虚构的:
What this may mean is that poetry is not literally，but figuratively，lying; that a fiction is a trope of a lie.
2． novel 的含义比 fiction 具体，主要指“长篇小说”:
A novel is simply a big story. || A novel is supposed to be a portrait of life.
3． non-fiction 顾名思义，是指“非虚构小说”，写的是真人真事。 now 下面每组句子中 now 短语的意思相同:
He met his girl friend for a chat every now and then / now and then / now and again.
Now is the time / Now is the mo-
ment to settle down.
The car has been running well up till now / until now.
Now / Now that you've found a job，why don't you get married. nude 参见 naked。 nuisance 常用单数形式:
What a nuisance!
The noise is a bit of a nuisance.
Stop making a nuisance of your-
self. number 1． “……号”，比如 “5 号”的缩写:
no 5
No 5
no. 5
No. 5
NO 5
NO． 5
2． “…… 号”中 number 不用缩写也可以，此时，number 不大写者居多:
He was born at number 5，Church
Street.
The train will arrive on track num-
ber 5．
The number 5 bus will leave in ten minutes.
3． “…… 街 …… 号”，英语中常把
“…… 号”前置:
No 10 Downing Street 唐宁街 10
号
4． 注意下面例子的中文释义:
even number 偶数
odd number 奇数
round number 整数
wrong number 错拨的电话号码
back number 过期杂志
cardinal number 基数
ordinal number 序数
cushy number 容易的差事 nun 参见 monk。 nurse 1． 注意作动词时的搭配:
nurse a cough
nurse his cold
nurse a strained muscle
nurse an idea
nurse the hope
nurse a dream
nurse an illusion
nurse the hatred
nurse a grudge
nurse an ambition
nurse delicate plants
2． 注意与其他词的搭配:
a dry nurse 不喂奶的护士
a wet nurse 喂奶护士
a graduate nurse 见习护士
a trained nurse 实习护士
an intern nurse 见习护士
a nurse practitioner 见习护士
a head nurse 护士长
a chief nurse 护士长 nutrition 常作不可数名词:
foods without much nutrition
Sugar provides empty calories and little nutrition. ny 这组词都表示一个人“瘦”的含义不同。
1． thin 比较普通，同时有贬义或褒义:
He is thin and tall. ( 中性)
He is thin in a pleasant way. ( 褒义)
He is thin and fragile. ( 贬义)
2． slim，slender 一般用作褒义:
a slim / slender girl
a slender / slim tiger
3． lean 强调“瘦而健美”:
He has a straight nose，silky hair and a tall and lean build.
4． skinny 是贬义词，强调“太瘦、皮包骨的”等:
My partner is skinny and can't gain weight.
5． 可以说:
thin air
thin ice
thin clothes
a thin wire
a thin string
thin lips
thin sauce
a thin excuse
a thin content
thin time
a thin layer of dust
thin slices of cucumbers
a thin gravy
a thin mustache
a thin soup
a thin smile
a thin argument
a thin face
a thin body
thin lines
a thin voice
a thin song
a thin soil nylon 泛指尼龙时，为不可数名词，但指具体的 “尼龙物品”时为可数名词:
The outer cover of the ball is made of nylon. ( 不可数)
She loves seamed stockings and nylons. ( 可数)
586
number

 oak 作 “橡树”解时，为可数名词，作 “橡树木”解时，一般为不可数名词:
an ancient oak
many huge oaks ( 可数)
a piece of furniture made of oak
( 不可数) oath 表示“发誓”，常说:
take an oath
swear an oath
swear to an oath
make an oath
have an oath
read an oath
file an oath
intervene with an oath
mediate with an oath
violate an oath
recite an oath
administer an oath
comment on an oath
fulfill an oath
contain an oath
mean an oath
await an oath
require an oath
accept an oath
deem an oath
consider an oath
subscribe an oath
sign an oath
provide an oath
execute an oath
break an oath object 1． 作动词表示“反对”时，常用于下列句型中:
I objected to the decision.
I objected to being treated like this.
I objected that I was too exhaus-
ted.
2． 下面两个句子都可以说，意思相同:
He objected to being treated like a foreigner.
He objected to his being treated like a foreigner. objection 后面常跟介词 to，against 等:
raise an objection to the peace
plan
voice an objection against the de-
cision oblige 常用 be obliged to do sth，feel
obliged to do sth 的句型:
He was obliged to leave the plat-
form.
He felt obliged to step down.
obscene， blue， pornographic， observation 1． “对……进行观察”，可以说 make
/ carry out / have / take an ob-
servation 等，各短语使用的频率由高到低排列如下:
I shall make an observation of the
tower lights at least once each 24
hours.
He carried out an observation of the human rights situation.
The doctors have had an observa-
tion of the sick child.
She would take an observation of the visitors.
2． “对 …… 进行观察”，observation
后面常用介词 of，on，about等:
make an observation of / on / about
the political movements in that
country obstacle 可以说:
overcome an obstacle
remove an obstacle
hit an obstacle
circumvent an obstacle
clear away an obstacle
encounter an obstacle
have an obstacle
meet an obstacle
prevent an obstacle
surmount an obstacle
sweep away an obstacle
fall over an obstacle
place an obstacle
an unseen obstacle
a major obstacle
a many obstacle
a great obstacle
a big obstacle
a chief obstacle
a formidable obstacle
an insuperable obstacle
an insurmountable obstacle
a main obstacle
a serious obstacle
a tremendous obstacle
a fatal obstacle
an immense obstacle
an unexpected obstacle
an unforeseen obstacle
a large obstacle
a hideous obstacle
an apparent obstacle
an appalling obstacle
a usual obstacle
a technical obstacle
an imaginary obstacle
a stubborn obstacle
a frightful obstacle
an artificial obstacle
an impending obstacle
an impassable obstacle obstinate stubborn，obstinate
两词都可表示“固执的”，但 stubborn
的语气强于 obstinate，强调“天性固执的”; stubborn 的人在多数情况下都会固执，而 obstinate 的人只在某个特殊场合表露这种性格:
He has always been a very stub-
born man，but is particularly obsti-
nate in his dislike of Western cul-
ture. obtain 常用于下列句型:
He tried to obtain his teacher's
permission to leave the class-
room. ( obtain sth)
He obtained his wealth by steal-
ing. ( obtain sth by sth)
He obtained his money from his uncle. ( obtain sth from sb)
He obtained his property through
the influence of his powerful fa-
ther. ( obtain sth through sth) obvious 常修饰下列名词:
an obvious explanation
an obvious mistake
an obvious reason
an obvious comment
an obvious choice
an obvious solution
an obvious conclusion
an obvious implication
an obvious interpretation
an obvious injustice
an obvious phrase
an obvious answer
an obvious communication
an obvious lie occasion 注意前面的介词:
at the occasion of the celebration
on the occasion of the 50th anni-
versary
for the occasion of their wedding
upon the occasion of the retire-
ment
of the occasion
occupation，job，work，profes- occur 1． 是不及物动词，表示“发生在……
地方、时间”等时，需借助介词，如
at，to，in，on:
It occurred at night.
It never occurred to me.
Complications occurred in 10% of patients.
It never occurred on our planet. occurrence 注意前面的形容词:
a rare occurrence
a common occurrence
a regular occurrence
an everyday occurrence
a widespread occurrence
a daily occurrence
a frequent occurrence
an isolated occurrence
an uncommon occurrence
an unusual occurrence
an unexpected occurrence
an annual occurrence
a constant occurrence
a fortunate occurrence
a recent occurrence
an unforeseen occurrence
a unique occurrence
an unprecedented occurrence
a historical occurrence
a contemporaneous occurrence
a similar occurrence
an incredible occurrence
a miraculous occurrence
a shocking occurrence
an unnoticed occurrence
o'clock
一般用来表示 “正点”:
10 o'clock 10 点钟 octopus squid，octopus
两词都指“海里多触须的鱼”，有时人们将 octopus 叫作 squid，但 octopus
是章鱼，squid 是乌贼。 odd 注意一些短语的意思:
odd behavior 古怪的行为
odd people 古怪的人
an odd glove 单只手套
an odd number 奇数
odd jobs 临时工作
10-odd years 十多年
an odd player in the game 比赛中多出的一名运动员
some odd change in the pocket 口袋里的一些零钱
odds and ends 零星杂物
odd times 零碎时间
odd hours 休闲时间
an odd hand 临时工
odd volumes 散册
of，'s
二者都是用来表示所属关系的。
1． of 常用来表示 ( 无生命事物的) 所属关系:
the color of the sky
the four legs of the table
2． 生物关系的所属关系常用 's 来表示:
the dean's desk
the tiger's paws
3． 为了节约书写篇幅，'s 也常表示
“无生命事物的所属关系”:
China's reform
Boston's subway
4． 时间的所属常可用 's 来表示:
a year's saving
two hours' waiting
5． a friend of mine 的语气弱于 my
friend:
He is a friend of mine. 他是我的一个朋友。 ( 我有很多朋友，他是其中之一。)
He is my friend. 他是我的朋友。
( 有可能他是我唯一的朋友)
6． 指 “某人的作品”用 of，而“由某人写的一部作品”常用 by:
the poems of Whitman 惠特曼的诗集
a poem by Whitman 惠特曼写的一首诗 offense 1． 可以指 wrongdoing，也可以指
breaking the law，表示 “过错”的程度可以说:
a serious offense
a minor offense
a first offense
a second offense
a criminal offense
a grave offense
a flagrant offense
a heinous offense
a lesser offense
an indictable offense
a petty offense
a punishable offense
a little offense
a repeated offense
a weighty offense
a capital offense offer 1． “向…… 提供……”可以说:
They offered him the job. ( offer sb
sth)
They offered the job to him. ( offer
sth to sb)
He was offered a job. ( be offered
sth)
2． 表示“开价”，offer 常用于下列句型:
He offered me $ 1，000 for his computer. ( offer sb sth for sth)
The police offered a $ 10，000 re-
ward to anyone with clue to sol-
ving the case. ( offer sth to sb)
3． 可以与许多词组成词组:
offer a job
offer sympathy
offer regrets
offer thanks
offer congratulations
offer greater comfort
offer assistance
offer off a course
offer a lift
offer a suggestion
offer some drinks
offer some food
offer much hope
offer seats
offer work
offer aid
offer advice
offer emotional support
offer discount
offer fair price
offer compensation
offer sacrifices
offer high quality
offer low bid
offer sudden opportunity
offer ideas
offer resistance
offer one's hand
offer prospects of promotion to
4． 作名词时常与下列动词连用:
have an offer
accept an offer
consider an offer
decline an offer
make an offer
receive an offer
reject an offer
take up an offer
turn town an offer
withdraw an offer
obtain an offer
advance an offer
jump at an offer
propose an offer
prepare an offer
evaluate an offer
negotiate an offer
write an offer
respond to an offer
calculate an offer
mail an offer
email an offer
fax an offer
report an offer
wait for an offer
refuse an offer
recommend an offer
discuss an offer
secure an offer
focus on an offer
screw up an offer
5． a job offer 指 “工作意向”，尤指
“雇主主动提出给一份工作”:
I've had many interviews，but no job offers yet. off-hand 也作 offhand，可作 “即席的”解，类似的词还有 off-the-cuff。 office 1． 可以指普通的 “办公室”，也可指国家的 “部、处、局”:
the Congressional Budget Office
the Foreign Affairs Office
a local office
my small office
2． “( 政府的高级) 公职”常用 office
表示，下面的短语都与 “公职”有关，前面不用冠词:
hold public office 担任公职
take office 就职
run for office 竞选公职
have been in office for two years
已执政两年
have been out of office for five
years 已在野 5 年
3． office boys / girls 一般指 “( 没有专门技术的年轻) 办公室男 / 女勤杂员”。
4． office hours 在大学里可以指
“( 教师给学生另外空出的) 答疑时间”:
The learning that can occur during
office hours should not be under-
estimated. officer officer，official
1． officer 一般指 “( 军队或警察部队中的) 军官、警官”:
a police officer
2． official 一般指 “( 政府部门中的文职) 官员”:
a government official official officer，official
1． officer 一般指 “( 军队或警察部队中的) 军官、警官”:
a police officer
2． official 一般指 “( 政府部门中的文职) 官员”:
a government official offline 指“( 计算机) 脱机的、脱机地”:
The computer is offline so I
couldn't send an email.
This program allows you to send emails offline. offspring 1． 单复数形式相同，后面可跟单数或复数动词:
They have several offspring.
Their offspring is identical to the parents.
Their offspring are often impossi-
ble to distinguish from others.
2． 可以指 “后代”:
The birds will see you as a threat to their offspring. often 1． 表示“经常”的程度，可以说:
fairly often
quite often
very often
too often
most often
more often
all too often
every so often
2． 比较级和最高级有两种: often regularly，often
两词都可表示“经常地”。 regularly
比 often 更强调“经常”，因为 regular
指 happening almost every time，而
often 是 many times; regularly 强调
“循规蹈矩”，often 没有这种含义:
He went to the meeting regularly.
( 强调几乎每次都去参加会议，像例行公事那样)
He often went to the meeting. ( 没有说明如何“经常地”出席会议) oftener oftener，oftenest
more often，most often oftenest oftener，oftenest
more often，most often oil 1． 在大部分情况下为不可数名词:
It had spilled a lot of oil.
How much oil do we use?
Leased federal lands produced lit-
tle oil.
The price of oil is going up.
Heat can be provided by oil.
2． 指多种 “油”时为可数名词:
Fish oils help prevent heart dis-
ease，depression and cancer.
an exhibit of oils OK 1． 说 OK，ok，O． K．，okay 都可以，但用 OK 和 okay 居多。
2． 可以作名词、形容词、动词、副词、感叹词等:
He gave me the OK． ( 名词)
Are you OK? ( 形容词)
The local people have OK'd the
government's plan to build a cine-
ma. ( 动词)
Let me have a look at your
tongue，OK? ( 感叹词)
3． 可作可数名词:
We are the eggheads who give
OKs.
old，aged，senile，elderly
1． 都有 “老的”含义。
1) old 最常用，可指各种 “老”:
an old man
an old car
an old house
2) aged 指 very old，extremely old，
可译为“风烛残年”:
Her aged aunt is dying.
3) senile 与 aged 的含义接近，但比较正式，并强调 “脑力退化”等:
His uncle is suffering from senile dementia.
4) elderly 有时仅指 “过了中年的、刚刚上了年纪的”， 因此， 若指
“老”，是个委婉词:
The elderly man has passed mid-
dle age but is still in vigor.
2． “敬老院”可译成 old people's
home 或 home for the aged。 omen 1． 可以表示各种“预兆”:
bad omen
good omen
black omen
cheering omen
encouraging omen
favorable omen
felicitous omen
happy omen
propitious omen
unfavorable omen
lucky omen
bleak omen
2． 表示“认为 …… 是 …… 兆头”，可以说:
take it as a good omen
accept it as a bad omen
regard it as a happy omen on 1． 注意下列句子中 on 与 in 的区别:
He arrived in the afternoon. ( 泛泛地说“在早上、下午或晚上”，常用
in)
He arrived on the afternoon of
May 5，2004． ( 说“在某一天的早上、下午或晚上”，用 on)
2． 注意下列句子中 on 与 about 的区别:
He wrote a book on the American
History. ( 用 on 比较正式和有学术性，可以是一本论著)
He wrote a book about the Ameri-
can History. ( 用 about 比较一般，可以是一本故事书)
3． on 常表示 “在 ( 水的边缘)”，下列句子中的 on 不一定译成
“在……上”:
a small fishing village on the sea
海边的一个小渔村
a booming town on the Nile 尼罗河上一个繁华的小镇 ( 可能该河流穿镇而过)
4． 表示“( 住) 在 …… 街上”，英美人都用 on:
She lives on Bootleg Drive.
He lives on Fleet Street where there is no traffic control device.
5． 表示旅行方式的介词一般是约定俗成的，注意下列短语中介词的用法:
on foot
on horseback
on a 10 o'clock train
on a Mediterranean cruise
by train
by bus
by shuttle bus
by plane
by air
by water
by ship
by ferry
in a car
6． 下面两组句子的意思相同:
I often go into the town by bus.
I often go on the bus into the town.
He came to the city every day by train.
He came to the city every day on the train. on upon，on
upon 作介词用与 on 的含义相同，在不少情况下可以换用，但是 upon 比较正式:
I sat upon ( on) the lawn.
They are traveling upon ( on )
foot.
He kissed gently upon ( on ) her cheek.
The dew fell upon ( on) the camp in the night. once 下面两个句子的中文释义不同:
He told the truth once. 有一次他说了真话。( 这次可能再说真话)
He told the truth for once. 他说过一回真话。( 其他时间都说假话) one 1． 注意下列句子中英美人的不同用法:
One should often wash his hands. ( 美国用法)
One should often wash himself.
( 美国用法)
One should often wash oneself.
( 英国用法)
One should often wash one's hands. ( 英国用法)
2． 下面两个句子的中文释义相同:
He is father and mother in one.
He is father and mother all in one.
( 语气稍强)
3． one another 和 each other 的意思相同:
How well do you know one anoth-
er?
They are made for each other.
4． 注意在正式情况下代词 one 和
ones 的用法。
1 ) 在所有格( 如 his，my，your，her，
our，their，John's 等) 后面不使用
one 或 ones:
This is my desk and that's my daughter's. ( 不说 …… that's my
daughter's one)
2) 但如果所有格后面有形容词，就可以用代词 one 或 ones:
John and I are the only ones left who are not married. ( ones 前面有 only 修饰，不说 John and I are
the ones left who are not mar-
ried. )
Her old violin is better than his new one. ( one 前面有 new 修饰，避免说 Her old violin is better than his one. )
3) 对比两个形容词时，避免使用
one 或 ones:
There are many differences be-
tween the Chinese and the West-
ern towns.
There are many differences be-
tween the Chinese towns and the
Western towns. ( 避免说 There
are many differences between the
Chinese towns and Western ones. )
4) 在 these，those 后面不使用 one，
ones:
Do you like these apples or
those? ( 避免说 Do you like these
apples or those ones?) onion 1． onion 是 “洋葱”; garlic 是 “蒜”;
shallot 是 “青葱”。
2． 泛指“洋葱”，onion 为不可数名词; 指 “各种洋葱”，onion 为可数名词:
I can't tolerate much onion. ( 不可数)
Onions have shallow roots and don't like to be buried. ( 可数) online 作 “网上的”解时，可构成很多词组:
an online bookshop
an online ordering service
an online catalogue
an online shopping center
an online printer
an online transaction processing
an online banking
an online dictionary
an online thesaurus
an online contest
an online news
an online information
an online registration
an online conversion
an online college only 1． 放在句首时，后面的句子有时要倒装:
Only then did I realize that I was mistaken about it.
Only here were the police visible.
2． 在书面语中，应该尽量靠近它所修饰的词; 在口语中，因为可以用重音强调，所以位置比较随便; 下面两句中 only 的位置不同，所以含义也不同:
Only Smith witnessed the scan-
dal. 只有史密斯见证了这次丑闻。
( 其他人没有看见)
Smith only witnessed the scandal.
史密斯只见证了这次丑闻。( 他没有卷入其中) open 1． 下面的句子都可以说:
The door is open.
The door burst open.
The door opened.
The door has opened.
The door has been opened
The door has been forced open.
2． 可以接各种各样的宾语:
open the door
open the window
open the box
open the drawer
open the eyes
open the mouth
open the newspaper
open the new road
open the land
open the meeting
open the negotiation
open the shop
open the school
open the bank account
open the mind
open the festival
open the parcel
open the mine
open the well
open the tunnel
open the business
open the lid
3． 但是“开”不一定都用 open:
turn / switch on the radio 开收音机
gas 开煤气
water 开水龙头
lights 开灯
4． “将书翻到 …… 页”，说 open to，
open at 都可以，前者的频率远高于后者:
Open to page 135．
Open at page 135．
Open your books to page 22．
Open your books at page 22． opener 注意下列词组的含义:
a letter opener 拆信工具
an eye opener 开眼界的事
a season opener ( 体育赛事的) 第一场比赛
the opener of a speech 开场白
a bottle opener 开瓶器
a tin opener 开罐器 opera 1． 中文说“看歌剧”，英语说“听歌剧”或“到歌剧院去”:
hear opera
hear operas
hear the opera
go to the opera
2． 下面几句的意思有所不同:
I like to hear opera. ( 泛指 “我喜欢看歌剧”)
I like to hear operas. ( 指“我喜欢看不少歌剧”)
I like to hear the opera. ( 强调
“我喜欢看那个歌剧”)
3． hear opera 与 listen to opera 的含义有所区别，hear opera 一般要去剧院，listen to opera可以在家里:
Do most people here have a
chance to hear opera? ( 去剧院)
I don't like to listen to opera at home. ( 在家里)
4． 泛指 “歌剧”时，为不可数名词:
with a love of opera
She is fond of opera.
operate
“给……动手术”，可以说:
Surgeons had to operate to re-
move the bullet in his arm.
Surgeons had to operate on his arm.
Surgeons had to operate on him for a bullet in his arm.
Surgeons operated him on a kitchen table.
His arm had to be operated on im-
mediately.
He will have to have his arm oper-
ated on. operator 有各种各样的 operator:
a fork-lift truck operator
a telephone operator
a tour operator
a computer operator
a motor vehicle operator
a mine operator
a farm operator
a small-time operator
a crane operator
a bus operator
a ferry operator
a coach operator
a cable TV operator opinion 1． 表示“对 …… 的看法”时，要注意介词的用法:
according to my opinion 根据我的看法
in my opinion 以我看
in the opinion of the Westerners
按西方人的观点
have a bad opinion of him 对他的评介很差
ask for my opinion 征求我的意见
ask my opinion of the movie 征求我对这部电影的看法
2． 可以说:
a good opinion
a bad opinion
a high opinion
a low opinion
an expert opinion
a legal opinion
a second opinion
a medical opinion
an accidental opinion
an adverse opinion
a candid opinion
an authoritative opinion
a crude opinion
an ill-informed opinion
a discordant opinion
a divergent opinion
a dominant opinion
an enlightened opinion
an extreme opinion
a favorable opinion
a formal opinion
a general opinion
a humble opinion
an individual opinion
an influential opinion
a personal opinion
a moderate opinion
a pessimistic opinion
a prevailing opinion
a sound opinion
an unfavorable opinion
a well-grounded opinion opium 常作不可数名词:
He is smoking opium. opportunity 1． 有单复数形式和不可数形式:
He had a good opportunity to study abroad. ( 单数)
I saw more opportunities for col-
lege students. ( 复数)
There is much opportunity for the
cure of AIDS． ( 不可数)
2． opportunity shop 在澳大利亚指
“慈善旧货店”，相当于 charity
shop。 oppose 下面几句话都可以:
I opposed the building of a new shopping-mall.
I was opposed to the building of a new shopping-mall.
I was opposed to building a new shopping-mall. opposite 下面几句话都可以:
The candy store is opposite my house. ( 作介词)
The candy store is on the oppo-
site side of my house. ( 作形容词)
The candy store standing opposite is my favorite one. ( 作副词) optimistic 后面常跟介词 about 或从句:
I am very optimistic about the suc-
cess of the test.
I am very optimistic that the test will be successful.
optional
“( 大学的 ) 选修课”可以说 optional
course 或 elective course 等，后者比前者常用:
choose a two-hour elective course.
Optional courses are updated an-
nually. oral oral，spoken
两词都有 “口头”的含义:
1． 表示“说话”，oral 与 spoken 的含义相同，只是 oral 比较正式，spo-
ken 常用在日常生活中:
oral / spoken English ( 两词可以换用)
oral testimony
oral instruction ( 一般用 oral)
2． spoken 可作构词成分，oral 不这么用:
a soft-spoken lady
a fair-spoken minister
a well-spoken course
a plain-spoken guide oral spoken，oral
两词都可表示“口头的”。
1． 作“口语的”解时，两词的含义十分接近，可以换用:
He is very good at oral / spoken
English.
2． 但是，oral 比 spoken 正式，如“正式的口试”一般用 oral exams，不说 spoken exams; “口头指示”用
oral instructions，不用 spoken in-
structions。
3． spoken 可作构词成分，oral 不这么用:
a soft-spoken man
a well-spoken scholar oral verbal，oral
verbal 与 oral 都可表示“口头的”。
1． verbal 既可以指 “口头交流的”，
也可以指 “使用文字的 ( 与使用武力相对而言)”:
verbal nouns 动词性名词
The test has scores for verbal skills. 这次测试有言语能力得分。
( 这里的 verbal skills 指阅读和书写能力)
2． oral 主要指说话、发言等“用嘴交流的”:
oral exams 口试
oral testimony 口头证词
oral instruction 口头指示
3． 医学上说“口腔的”，用 oral，一般不用 verbal:
oral hygiene 口腔卫生
oral sex 口淫
oral contraceptive 口服避孕药 orange 1． 作 “橘子”解时为可数名词:
sweet oranges
sour oranges
I like apples and oranges.
2． 作 “橘子汁”解时，常为不可数名词:
Too much orange may adversely affects the nerves.
orbit
in orbit ( 进入轨道、在轨道上 ) 中的
orbit 前不用冠词:
keep a satellite in orbit
weightlessness in orbit order 1． 语气很强，一般是领导对下属、将军对士兵、导师对学生、医生对患者、警察对罪犯等可以用 order; 其他情况下，如父亲对儿子、丈夫对妻子、服务员对顾客，不可以这样用，可以改成 tell，ask，direct 等。
2． 下面句子中的 order 前没有冠词:
The computer is in good order.
The copying machine is out of or-
der.
The chairman called them to order at the conference.
He got up earlier in order to catch the plane.
The name list is in alphabetical or-
der.
The problems are listed in order of importance.
The car parts are still on order.
The furniture was made to order.
The police were here to maintain order.
Troops have been sent there to restore order.
The files were destroyed by order of the president.
3． 下面句子中常用复数形式:
I don't take orders from you.
He often disobeys orders.
The police have orders to shoot into the rebels.
The troops were under orders to shoot.
4． 注意作动词时的常用句型:
She ordered the steamed fish.
( order sth)
He ordered her to leave. ( order
sb to do sth)
I ordered him another burger.
( order sb sth)
I ordered another burger for him.
( order sth for sb)
The policeman ordered him out of into the car. ( order sb out of / in-
to / off / back)
5． 后面所跟的 that 从句常用虚拟语气:
The court ordered that all his property ( should) be confiscated. organ 有各种各样的 organ:
digestive organs 消化器官
sexual organs 生殖器官
sense organs 感觉器官
electronic organs 电子琴
cabinet organs 室内乐器
government organs 政府机构
House organs 众议院机构
law-making organs 立法机构
an official organ of the party 党的正式机关
male organs 男性生殖器官
female organs 女性生殖器官
pipe organs 管乐
church organs 教会机构 organized 注意下面一些词组:
an organized protest
an organized religion
an organized trade
an organized crime
an organized desk
an organized kitchen
an organized event
an organized person
an organized labor
an organized corruption
an organized change
an organized registry
an organized resistance
an organized living
an organized classroom
an organized world
an organized terrorism
an organized critical system
an organized negotiation
an organized cybercrime
oriental，east，eastern
3 词都可表示“东方的”。
1． oriental 比较正式，除指“东方的”外，还常指中国、日本等“东亚国家的”:
the Oriental TV Tower
oriental carpets
oriental food
2． east 使用域非常广泛，可指任何
“东方的”:
East China 华东
East Shanghai 浦东
east window 东窗
east wind 东风
east side of the river 河东岸
East Africa 东非
3． eastern 的使用域没有 east 广，主要指 “( 世界、国家、地方等的 ) 东方”的:
the eastern part of China
eastern border
4． 一般不说 eastern window 或 east-
ern side of the river。 origin 1． 用 oforigin 表示“……的起源”，
origin 前不用冠词:
a word of Latin origin
playing cards of Eastern origin
musical terms of Western origin
a fire of unknown origin
a school of humble origin
2． 用 oforigin 表示“……的出身”，
origin 用单复数都可以:
a Southern gentlemen of humble
origin
an officer of humble origins from
Illinois originate 1． 表示“起因、起源、开始( 于事物)”
时，后面常跟介词 from，in; 下面两个句子意思相同，from 的使用频率较高:
This feature film originated from a long novel.
This feature film originated in a long novel.
2． 表示 “起源 ( 于人或动物 )”时，后面常跟介词 with:
This new concept didn't originate
with the president，but with a uni-
versity professor.
HIV originated with monkeys.
foods originated with Quakers
critical theories originated with a
group of thinkers Oscar 1． “奥斯卡奖”可以说 an Oscar
award，an Oscar，Oscars，字母 O
一般要大写。
2． 可作可数名词:
How well do you know the Os-
cars?
2004 Oscars
Saturday night's Oscars were worse as usual. other 1． 下面两个句子含义相同:
They are so alike that we find it
difficult to know one from the oth-
er.
They are so alike that we find it difficult to know the one from the other.
2． 前面不用冠词 an，否则变成 an-
other 了，所以可以这样说:
I want another copy.
I want one more copy.
I want some other copies.
3． 定冠词一般表示 “特定的”，但下面例子中的定冠词却并不指 “特定时间”:
the other day
the other morning
the other afternoon
the other evening
the other night
I called you the other day. 前几天我给你打电话了。 ( 哪一天不清楚)
The other evening we had a fare-
well party。前几天晚上，我们举行了告别晚会。( 哪天晚上不清楚)
4． others 泛指“别人”，前面常不用冠词，特指“那些人”常加定冠词。
We should have a respect for oth-
ers. ( others 泛指所有其他人)
She went shopping while the oth-
ers went to the cinema. ( the oth-
ers 特指跟 she 在一起的那些人) ought 1． 含义与 should 接近，但语气强于
should:
The woman ought to take better care of her baby. ( 强调 “那女人在道义上有责任把孩子照顾的更好”，有批评的含义。)
The woman should take better care of her baby. ( 强调 “那女人应该把孩子照顾得更好”，有建议的口吻。)
2． 没有第三人称单数的形式:
He ought to step down. ( 不可说
He oughts)
3． 过去形式可以用 ought to have
done 来表示:
You ought to have thrown the old bike years ago. out 1． 参见 outside。 outcome 1． 常用单数形式:
Most people hope that there would be a diplomatic rather than a military outcome.
It is the outcome of a historic process.
2． 可以说:
direct outcome
final outcome
inevitable outcome
ultimate outcome
logical outcome
natural outcome
fatal outcome
only possible outcome
3． 在实际使用中，用复数形式的不在少数:
measuring the outcomes of health
and human service programs
The learning outcomes are
an opportunity to enhance aca-
demic outcomes outlet 1． 可指 “( 厂方的) 直销店、零售店”:
a factory outlet
traditional retail outlets
designer and discount fashion out-
lets
fur outlets
laptop outlets
2． 可指 “( 一些大公司的) 分号”:
US fast-food outlets
Oriental Travel outlets
3． 后面常跟介词 for:
an outlet for their ambition
an outlet for free expression outlook 1． 表示 “观点、看法”时，后面常跟介词 on，upon，over:
her optimistic outlook on / upon /
over life
2． 表示 “前景”时，后面常跟介词
for:
a bright outlook for oil industry
a bleak outlook for the economy
3． 表示 “风景”时，后面常跟介词
from:
a beautiful outlook from the study
a breathtaking outlook from the
vantage point of view outrage 1． 后面常跟介词 over，at，against;
at 最常用，over 次之:
an outrage over Idaho's topless
car wash
an outrage at the American torture
of Iraqi prisoners
an outrage against rampant cor-
ruption
an outrage against drugs outside 下面两个句子含义不同:
Let's go outside to have a chat.
我们到外面去谈谈吧。 ( go out-
side 强调就在住所的附近)
Let's go out for some sightseeing.
( go out 常指到住所较远的地方去，如 go out for a drive，go out
for a drink 等) outskirts 1． 作“郊区”解时，前面常用介词
on，at 等:
on the outskirts of Boston
at the outskirts of Paris
2． 后面常用复数动词:
The outskirts are a mysterious and tragic place.
The outskirts are populated with
the beautiful small country hou-
ses. outskirts suburb，outskirts
两词都有“郊区”的含义。
1． suburb 常指“大城市附近有许多高级住宅、中产阶级聚居的地区”:
The fire destroyed many houses in the suburb of Boston.
2． outskirts 可指“远离城市或城镇中心的地区”:
in the outskirts away from crowd-
ed city
3． suburb 用单复数形式都可以，out-
skirts 一般用复数形式:
a suburb of New York
in the suburbs of Chicago
on the outskirts of London
Northern Outskirts near Dublin
Airport outspoken frank，outspoken
1． 两词都有“坦率”的含义。
1) frank 较普通常用，较多用作褒义:
He's a very frank person.
2) outspoken 虽然不是贬义词，但常有“出语伤人”的含义:
She's so outspoken that she's hurt the feelings of all her friends.
2． 在口语中，表示“坦白相告”frank
较常用:
let me be frank
be frank with you
be frank
be perfectly frank
be perfectly frank with you over over，above
两词都有 “在……上方”的含义。
1． over 有 “在上方( 遮盖)”的含义:
She put a scarf over her head.
2． over 有 “在上面( 移动)”的含义:
The plane is flying over the air-
port.
3． 在实际使用中，两词常可换用:
There is an electric fan above /
over the bed. overall 单复数都可作 “工作服”解，注意它们的单复数形式:
An overall is a loose-fitting gar-
ment worn over other clothes to protect them.
Why overalls are useful?
He was in a typical conductor's outfit of an overalls and cap. overflow 下面几个句子都可以说:
The river is overflowing.
The river is overflowing with flood-
water.
The river is overflowing its banks. overhear 后面可跟复合宾语或不带 to 的动词不定式，下面两句话的含义相同:
I overheard the doctors discuss my case. 我无意中听到医生们讨论我的病例。
I overheard the doctors discus-
sing my case. 我无意中听到医生们讨论我的病例。 overlap 下面的句子都对，含义相同; overlap
的使用频率高于 overlap with each
other:
The lines overlapped.
The lines overlapped with each other. overnight 注意下列短语的含义:
an overnight victory 突如其来的胜利
an overnight train 夜车
an overnight flight 夜航
an overnight ferry 夜间航行的渡轮
an overnight bag ( 短途使用的 )
小旅行包
an overnight guest 过一夜的客人
an overnight stay 一夜的逗留
an overnight stop 一夜的停留
an overnight change 突如其来的变化
an overnight success 突如其来的成功
an overnight development 突然的发展
an overnight clothes 只穿一夜的衣服
an overnight pass 有效期为一夜的通信证
an overnight decision 突然的决定
an overnight billionaire 暴发户
an overnight affair 一夜情 override 注意一些词组的译法:
override his authority 无视他的权威
override the earlier decision 推翻早先的决定
Passenger safety overrides all of our other concerns. 旅客的安全高于我们所有其他的事务。
override the wishes of the parents
无视父母的愿望
override his veto 推翻他的否决
override the local opinion 不顾当地人的意见
override their objections 不顾他们的反对 ow ，veld
这组词都表示 “草地”，但它们的含义各有不同。
1． lawn 常指 “( 屋前 ) 修剪得很整齐、草很短、绿毡似的草地”:
The couple are sitting on the lawn
in front of their house。
2． grassland 常指 “荒野的草地，可供放牧”，但有时也可指 “湿地”，
在上面行走可能会陷入其中，“中国工农红军走过的草地”就译成
grassland。
3． prairie 尤指 “北美无树的大草原”:
It is the largest remaining tract of
unplowed tall-grass prairie in
North America.
4． meadow 常用在文学诗歌中，读到它会使人联想到野花、浪漫、爱情等; meadow 上的草常用作牲畜饲料的干草; meadow 也常指 “( 河旁、溪边的) 草地”:
I ate my lunch in a grassy mead-
ow by the creek.
5． veld 常指“南非野草长得很高的稀树草原”:
They say that human beings evolved on the veldt in Africa. owe 表示 “欠”，常用于下列句型:
You owe me 10 dollars. ( owe sb
sth)
You owe me 10 dollars for the book. ( owe sb sth for sth)
You owe 10 dollars to me. ( owe sth
to sb) own 一般用在所有格 ( his， her， my，
Smith's 等) 后面，前面加上 very 语气更强。下面 3 句话的语气逐次递增:
She has her own business.
She has a business of her own.
She has a business of her very own. ox 1． 尤指 “( 去势后驮物用的) 公牛”;
还有很多其他的牛:
bison ( 北美) 野牛
water buffalo ( 亚洲) 水牛
longhorn 长角牛
bullock 小公牛
cattle( 集合名词的) 牛
African cow 非洲母牛
Spanish bull 西班牙公牛
cow 奶牛
bull 公牛
heifer 小母牛
calf 小牛
Guernsey 荷兰奶牛
2． 复数是 oxen:
Oxen are used for plowing. oxygen 一般为不可数名词:
the behavior of oxygen and nitro-
gen
How much oxygen does a person
need for a day?
There is so little oxygen. ozone 作“臭氧”解，近些年来使用频率趋高，出现不少词组:
the ozone hole
the ozone layer
the ozone depletion
the ozone depletion myths
the ozone loss
the ozone pollution
the ozone data
the ozone societies
the ozone home page
the ozone mapping center
the ozone action
the ozone solution
the ozone symposium
the ozone issue
the ozone shield
the ozone links
2． 前面加不加冠词的形式都有:
We want the ozone layer，but we don't want ozone pollution.
Ozone is best known for its role in
screening the earth from ultravio-
let rays from the Sun. pace 1． 表示 “以 …… 速度行进”时，前面常用介词 at :
at a snail's pace
at a slow pace
at a slower pace
at a your own pace
at a leisurely pace
at a brisk pace
at an accelerated pace
at a breakneck pace
at an easy pace
at a lively pace
at a quick pace
at a rapid pace
at a same pace
at a slackened pace
at a sluggish pace
at a jog-trot pace
at a tranquil pace
at an unperturbed pace
at a swift pace
at a stealthy pace
at a measured pace
at a restless pace
at an incredible pace
at a stately pace
at a headless pace
at a moderate pace
at a jaunty pace
at a hopping pace
at a sauntering pace
at a furious pace
at a dashing pace
at a round pace
at a faster pace
at a feverish pace
at a good pace
at a great pace
2． 在有些短语中，pace 前没有冠词，有些短语中 pace 用复数形式:
He runs so fast I can't keep pace with him.
The team went through its paces in preparation for tomorrow's game.
Pacific Rim
1． 前常加定冠词，指 “环太平洋地区”:
USF Center for the Pacific Rim
2． 修饰其它词时，前面有时有定冠词，有时没有:
the Pacific Rim University
Presidents' Meeting 环太平洋大学校长会议
Pacific Rim studies 环太平洋地区研究 pack 1． 注意 a pack of 表示 “数量”时，后面所跟的名词:
a pack of cards
a pack of cigarettes
a pack of beer
a pack of beefburgers
a pack of busybodies
a pack of lies
a pack of hounds
a pack of wolves
a pack of thieves
a pack of matches
a pack of canned goods
a pack of fools
a pack of hoodlums
a pack of journalists
a pack of spectators
a pack of gum
a pack of facts to help you stop
smoking
a pack of liars
a pack of vicious lies
a pack of praise-singers
a pack of softies
a pack of procurement products
a pack of gifts
a pack of pills
a pack of disposable nappies
a pack of silver coins
a pack of dogs
a pack of pearl necklaces
2． a pack of 后面常跟贬义的“人物”:
a pack of imposters
3． pack animal 可指 “驮重的动物”:
pack mules
pack horses
pack donkeys package 作“一揽子、一套”解时，可组成不少词组:
a package of benefits
package tour
package deal
package holiday
a package of new measures
veto a package of bills
a package of news briefs from
a package of transform programs
a package of elite school plans
a package of information
a package of proposals
a package of documents
a package of promises
a package of Web resources
a package of restrictions
a package of initiatives
a package of strategies
a package of taxes
a package of services
a package of ongoing assistance
pact，treaty，agreement
3 词都有“条约、协议”的含义。
1． pact 的约束力弱于 treaty，可以指
“友好集团、国家之间为相互帮助而签订的协议”:
sing a multilateral pact
2． pact 也可指“个人或企业之间为采取某个行动而签订的协定”:
a pact between owners of rival
fast food restaurants
3． treaty 常指“国家之间为结束敌对状态而签订的条约”，它常与条约签订地的地名连用:
the Treaty of Rome
the Treaty of Versailles
4． agreement 最常用，可指各种“协议、条约”:
The two countries signed an
agreement to jointly launch a sat-
ellite. pad 有各种各样的“垫”:
a seat pad
a shoulder pad
an animal pad
a knee pad
an elbow pad
a shin pad
a cushion pad
a metal pad
a launching pad
a paper pad
a helicopter pad
a landing pad
a cotton pad
a writing pad
a blotting pad
a desk pad
a drawing pad
a mouse pad
an NP-101 notebook pad pageant 表示 “( 选美 ) 比赛”，注意下面的句子:
Miss Connecticut Teen America
Pageant
Miss Universe Pageant
the Miss America Beauty Pageant
Miss Hong Kong Pageant
Miss North Florida Scholarship
Pageant
Mrs. United States Pageant pagoda tower，pagoda
两词都可译成“塔”:
1． tower 常指“独立的高层建筑”:
Twin Towers( 纽约以前的) 双子楼
the Leaning Tower 比萨斜塔
2． tower 也可以指 “教堂、古堡的塔楼”或“钟楼”，还可以指“广播、信号塔”:
the Oriental TV Tower 东方明珠电视塔
3． pagoda 尤指“佛教、印度教等宗教有装饰的多层宝塔”:
With its emerald greenery and its
religious pagoda and shrines，
Red Hill is a landmark of the city. paid 1． 表示“带薪的”，可组成不少词组:
paid sick leave
paid vacation
paid holiday
paid leave of absence
2． 常作构词成分-paid:
well-paid
badly-paid
poorly-paid
pre-paid pain 1． 下面句子中 pain 前没有冠词:
The wound caused me intense pain.
She was in great pain.
I told him under pain of death not to reveal the secret.
I felt a lot of pain in my injured leg.
He was forbidden to leave， on pain of death.
Pain is forgotten where gain fol-
lows.
Pain is gain.
Pain past is pleasure.
2． 下面句子中 pain 常用复数:
They took great pains to assure the safety of the flight.
I was at pains to explain my view-
points to the audience.
He went to great pains to improve the situation.
The girl is complaining of aches and pains.
He spared no pains to make it a success.
He did it with great pains.
No pains，no gains
These are only growing pains. paint 1． 作“油漆、涂料”解时，为不可数名词:
a tin of white paint
a tube of red paint
a can of paint
a pot of paint
road signs in blue paint
2． 作“颜料”解时，常作复数:
a box of paints
water-based artist's paints
a set of oil paints
The artist brought his paints with him. painting 1． 泛指“绘画”时，常为不可数名词:
I like painting.
She enjoyed painting and garden-
ing.
2． 表示具体的“油画、水彩画”等，为可数名词:
an oil painting by Picasso
a selection of traditional Chinese
paintings pair couple，pair
两词都有“两件”的含义。
1． couple 可以指“两件可以分开的东西”:
a couple of drinks
a couple of friends
2． pair 一般指“两件一套 ( 通常不可分开使用)”:
I found a couple of socks， but they don't make a pair. 我找到两只袜子，但它们不是一双。 pair 1． 英语中有不少名词形式上是复数，但实际上很难区分其是单数还是复数。当用汉语说“一条裤子”时，英语中不能说 a trousers，要说 a
pair of trousers; 但是 his trousers
到底是一条还是几条，无法得知。
这一问题可以用 pair 来解决，如 a
pair of trousers，several pairs of
trousers。类似前面可用 a pair of
名词的短语还有很多:
a pair of pajamas
a pair of panties
a pair of scissors
a pair of two pairs of glasses
a pair of pants
a pair of stockings
a pair of shocks
a pair of spectacles
a pair of compasses
a pair of slacks
a pair of underpants
a pair of pantyhose
a pair of tights
a pair of pliers
a pair of pincers
2． a hand 和 a pair of hands 都可以作“帮工”解，注意下面两句的异同:
I need a helping hand. 我需要一名帮工。
I need an extra pair of hands. 我再需要一个帮工。( 这里的 hands
是复数，但也只指“一名帮工”) pajamas 1． “一件睡衣”常说 a pair of paja-
mas; 还可以说 my pajamas 或
several pajamas。
2． 后面常用复数动词，即便是“一件睡衣”:
When your pajamas are on，we'll read a book.
3． 表示“穿着睡衣”时，可以说:
He is still in pajamas.
He is wearing a pair of pajamas.
4． 参见 pair。 panel 作“专家小组”解，近年来使用率提高:
a panel discussion
a panel of judges
a panel of experts
a panel of advisers
an interview panel
the advisory panel
a panel of scholars
a panel of educators panties 参见 pair。 pants 1． 作“裤子”解时，常用复数形式，后面动词也用复数:
My pants are worn-out.
2． 参见 pair。 paper 这组词都有“文章”的意思，但含义不尽相同。
1． article 尤指“在报纸杂志上发表的文章”:
She has written an article for The
Guardian.
They ran three articles about the uprising in a local magazine.
2． composition 常用来指“( 学校老师布置的 ) 作文”，重点在文章的语法、文风等，而不在研究或事实的阐述:
The teacher asked the pupils to describe their winter holidays in the class composition.
3． essay 也指 “( 学校里的 ) 文章”，
但所包含的范围较广，可以指普通的短文，也可指有一定学术水平的长篇论文:
He wrote an essay about Roman-
tic poetry.
These are chatty essays.
4． paper 主要有两层意思。
1) 指学校里练习的“作文”:
Her paper was praised by her teacher.
2) 指“学术论文”:
He wrote a paper on the war with
Napoleon. paper 1． 作“纸”解时，一般不可数，表示量时可以说:
a piece of paper
a sheet of paper
bits of paper
a wide range of paper
a lot of paper
2． 作可数名词用时，常指“报纸、试卷、论文”等:
Is this today's paper?
the common errors in the student
papers
The scholar published a paper in the academic journal.
3． 复数常指“文件”:
missing papers from the file
forged papers
4． 可组成不少词组:
paper relations 纸上关系 ( 指签了协议，但没有实质的交流关系等)
paper chase ( 为取得学位等而花大量时间阅读写作的) 纸上追逐
paper cup 纸杯
paper girl 送报女童
paper curtain( 政府机构设置的阻碍信息畅通的) 公文幕
paper-thin 极薄的
paper profit 纸上盈利
paper doll 用纸折叠成的玩具
paper paper napkin 餐巾纸
paper paper plate ( 一次性) 纸盘子
paper paper towel ( 一次性) 纸巾
paper paper town 计划中的城镇
paper shop 报刊经营店 paperback 1． 对应词是 hardback，两者前均不加冠词:
a novel in paperback
a novel in hardback
a paperback novel
a hardback novel
2． 也可作 softback，是美国用词:
I went and bought a softback. paperwork 常作不可数名词，表示“多少文书工作”可以说:
a lot of paperwork
much paperwork
a large amount of paperwork
little a galling amount of paper-
work
piles of paperwork
tons of paperwork
mounds of paperwork
a list of paperwork
60 million pages of paperwork
a mountain paperwork
a vast amount of paperwork
piles of paperwork
every piece of paperwork
lots of paperwork
two sets of paperwork paperwork parade 1． “节日游行、( 军队) 阅兵”等都可以用 parade:
Rose parade
Military parade
New Year's Day parade
2． on parade 中的 parade 前常不用冠词:
The trainees are on parade to-
day. paradise 1． 表示“天堂”时，常用作不可数名词:
When we die，we go to Paradise.
( p 常大写)
2． 表示“天堂般的乐园”时，作单复数或不可数都可以:
Cambridge is a book lover's para-
dise. ( 单数)
Yellowstone is one of world's par-
adises. ( 复数)
This place is paradise. ( 不可数) parallel 后面常跟介词 to 或 with，下面两句话意思相同:
The expressway is parallel to the river.
The expressway is parallel with the river. paraphrase 英语教师常让学生 paraphrase，
paraphrase一般指把原句改得更简单易懂; 在使用中，我们常用下面词组来提示，随其后的话是对前面的“释义”:
that is that is to say in other words i. e.
to put it another way
to be more exact
to be more precise
in fact
in actual fact
more accurately
strictly speaking parent 1． 可指“父亲”或“母亲”，“父母亲”要用复数 parents。
2． “单亲家庭”可译为:
a single-parent
one-parent family
3． “养父母”可译成:
foster parents
adoptive parents
4． parent 常引申指“创始的”:
parent business 原创企业
parent company 母公司
parent organization 始创团体 park 1． 表示 “…… 公园”时，前面常不用冠词:
We had gone to one of those meetings over in Highland Park.
Regent's Park
Hyde Park
It is located in College Park.
everything you want to know about
Yellowstone National Park
habitats in Everglade National
Park
2． 在现代英语中，park 常用来指“公园”以外的其他开阔地方:
science park 科技园
car park 停车场
3． 可作及物或不及物动词，下面两个句子含义相同:
There's nowhere to park.
There's nowhere to park the car.
4． 美国人说 parking-lot; 英国人说
car park。
5． park ranger 是美国用语，指“国家公园管理员”:
Do you want to know what it takes
to become a park ranger? parliament 1． 泛指“议会”，不可数，下面例子中 parliament 前没有冠词:
an Act of Parliament
The party has a large majority in
Parliament.
She entered Parliament in 2002．
The president dissolved parlia-
ment and called for new elec-
tions.
I dare say he will be in parliament soon.
2． 下面两组句子的说法都可以:
The president adjourned dissolved parliament.
The president adjourned dissolved the parliament.
3． 特指某个“议会”时，parliament
前常加冠词:
the present parliament
the Spanish parliament
in the first session of the next par-
liament parlor 常用来指各种“( 专营) 小店”:
an ice cream parlor
a massage parlor
a beauty parlor
a milking parlor
a tattoo parlor
a funeral parlor
a hair-dresser's parlor
a shoe shine parlor
a dental parlor parlor part 1． 下面两组句子意思相同:
This is only a part of it.
This is only part of it.
I spent a part of my vacation in
Florida.
I spent part of my vacation in Flor-
ida.
2． 注意 part of 后面所跟名词的单复数形式。 若是复数，则动词用复数; 后面若跟单数，则动词用单数:
My favorite part of the books are the drawings and pictures.
A part of the book is borrowed from an earlier version.
3． take part in 中 part 前没有冠词，但是 part 前有形容词修饰时，前面可以加冠词:
take an active part in
take a noble part in
China is going to take an active
part in international space ex-
change programs
4． 即便是表示一个人的“阴部”，也用 parts:
her private parts
5． 注意在数字方面的表达法:
The novel's three parts finished.
这本小说的四分之三已完成。
( “五分之四”是 four parts; “六分之五”是 five parts，以此类推)
The mixture is two parts of vine-
gar to one of water. 这是二份醋和一份水的混合物。 ( 也可以说
The mixture is two parts vinegar to one part water. 或 It's a mix-
ture of vinegar and water， two parts to one. ) part portion，part
这组词都可译成“部分”。
1． part 最常用，可指各种东西的一部分，而且一般不特指某一部分:
a part of the film
a part of the book
2． portion 常特指食品、抽象东西中的“一部分”，而且较强调“量”:
a small portion of the cake
a larger portion of his income
a fairly considerable portion of my
life partially partially，partly
两词都可表示“部分地”。
1． 都可以表示 not complete:
The highway was partially / partly blocked by the road accident.
2． partially 可表示“有限地”，它所指的“部分”可以小于 partly:
She was only partially to blame for the accident. 她对那起事故只负有限的责任。
She was partly to blame for the accident. 她对那起事故负有一部分责任。 participate 1． 不及物动词，后面常跟介词 in:
He had the chance to participate in the decision-making process.
2． 有时后面可以跟介词 with:
I participated with her in her sor-
rows. partly partially，partly
两词都可表示“部分地”。
1． 都可以表示 not complete:
The highway was partially / partly blocked by the road accident.
2． partially 可表示“有限地”，它所指的“部分”可以小于 partly:
She was only partially to blame for the accident. 她对那起事故只负有限的责任。
She was partly to blame for the accident. 她对那起事故负有一部分责任。 partner 除可表示“配偶、搭档、舞伴、合伙人”等外，还常用来指“性伴侣、同居者”等; 但要注意，英国人说 partner 可以指“丈夫、妻子或同居人”，美国人一般指婚外的“性伙伴”或“同性恋者”:
Please state the name and occu-
pation of your spouse or partner.
请说明你配偶或伴侣的姓名和职业。
party
party school 在美国不是“党校”，而是“( 人们认为学生不认真学习、整天玩乐的) 派对大学或学院”:
The school was named the Top
Party School in the annual Prince-
ton Review's survey of 100，000
students at US colleges. 《普林斯顿评论》对 10 万名美国在读大学生的年度调查报告中将该校列为
“头号派对大学”。 pass 1． pass 与 pass through 的含义不同。
1) pass 可以指“穿越”或“从边上经过”:
We passed the small town before daylight. 天亮前，我们穿过了那个小镇。
2) pass through 一般都指 “( 从中间) 穿过”:
We passed through the small town before daylight. 天亮前，我们经过了该小镇。( 指从中间穿越而过)
2． pass 仅指“考试及格”，表达“考试成绩优秀”，要添加其他短语:
She passed the English exam. 她英语考试及格了。
She passed the English exam with flying colors. 她英语考试成绩优秀。
3． pass away 和 pass on 可表示“去世”，前者更常用:
His father passed away last week.
4． pass out 是“昏过去”:
She would pass out at the sight of blood. 她见血就晕。
5． 下面两种说法都可以:
He passed the ball back to the goalkeeper.
He passed back to the goalkeep-
er.
6． passkey 和 pass key 可以指“万能钥匙”。
passage，corridor，hallway
两词都有“走廊”的含义。
1． passage 可以是“建筑物内的走廊”，也可以是“室外的走廊”:
My room is just along the pas-
sage. ( 室内)
A narrow passage led directly through the house into the garden behind. ( 室内外)
2． corridor 一般指“室内两边都有房间的走廊”:
Go along the corridor，and you'll see his office on your right.
3． hallway 作“走廊”解时，是美国用法:
A bodyguard was standing in the hallway just outside the chairman's office. past 1． 英语中表达时间，30 分钟以内( 包括 30 分钟) 用 past; 说 31 分钟以上不用 past，而用 to:
twenty-nine past eight 8 点 29 分
half past eight 8 点 30 分
twenty-nine to nine 8 点 31 分
eight thirty-one 8 点 31 分
2． 下面两种说法都可以:
In the years past，I never would have done that.
In the past years，I never would have done that.
3． 注意下面例子中 past 的位置:
for the past few weeks 几周以来
for some time past 前些时候
the momentous events of the past
few days 过去几天发生的重大事件
in times long past 很久以前
the memory of the days long past
对很久以前岁月的记忆
It is long past mid-autumn. 早就过了中秋节。 paste 1． 在大部分情况下为不可数名词:
lots of fish paste
a little tomato paste
much meat paste
2． 指某种“糊状物”，为可数名词:
Add water，mix it into a paste and fill the hole with it.
past master
表示为某一方面的“老手”时，后面常跟 at，of，in 等:
She is a past master at persua-
ding people to help her.
He is a past master of the assault course.
He is a past master in the art of conversation. pat 下面几种说法都可以:
He patted her shoulder.
He patted her on the shoulder.
He gave her a pat on the shoul-
der. patch 1． 注意一些词组的意思:
a coat with black patches 有黑补丁的外衣
patches of mist 一团团迷雾
a tomato patch 一小块西红柿地
going through a bad patch 经历一个不景气时期
hit a difficult patch 遇到困难
eye patches 眼罩
a beauty patch 美人斑
Don't put a patch upon it. 别再表白了。
a white patch of cloud in the blue
sky 蓝天上的一朵白云
a patch of hope 一线残存的希望
2． 下面几个句子含义相同:
They've patched up with their next-door neighbor.
They've patched things up with their next-door neighbor.
They've patched up differences with their next-door neighbor.
They've patched up their quarrel with their next-door neighbor.
They've patched up their relations with their next-door neighbor.
They've patched it up with their next-door neighbor. paternal 表达亲戚关系很麻烦，比如“祖父”和
“外祖父”都用同样的 grandfather 表示。要清楚表达这种关系，可以借助
paternal 或 maternal:
my paternal grandfather 我的祖父
my maternal grandfather 我的外公 paternity 在我国，“产假”一般只给妇女，叫
maternity leave，但在美国等西方国家还有给“父亲的产假”，叫 paternity
leave。 path path，trail
这组词都有“小路”的含义; path 是
“走出来或修出来的小路”，trail 常指
“踏出来的小路”; 相比之下，path 要比 trail 宽大些、永久些:
a short path through the forest
a garden path
a mountain path
The hunters followed the deer's trail. patience 常作不可数名词:
It requires a lot of patience.
You need patience if you want to succeed.
The president began to run out of patience.
I was losing patience with her.
Patience is a virtue. patient 表示“对 …… ( 人) 有耐心的”，后面常跟介词 with，to，toward 等; 表示
“对…… ( 事情) 有耐心的”，后面常跟介词 in，under 等:
You have to be patient with kids.
He is patient to / toward others.
He was patient in his loneliness.
He is the man who is patient un-
der trial. patriotism nationalism，patriotism
两词都有 “爱国”的含义。
1． nationalism 在现代英语中似有贬义，可以指 “有本国优越感的、有民族偏见的”等:
This kind of nationalism is power-
ful，and harmful as well.
2． patriotism 总是褒义词，指 “对国家的热爱、忠诚”等:
He was a farm boy who joined the army out of a sense of patriotism. patrol 1． 表示“巡逻”时常可以说:
The policeman is patrolling the street.
The street is patrolled by the po-
liceman.
The policeman is on patrol in the street.
The policeman is making a regular patrol of the street.
2． 可以说 on patrol ( patrol 前不用冠词，也不用复数形式 ) ，但也可以说 on a routine patrol 或 on regular
patrols:
The F-117 would not be on a rou-
tine patrol.
They sent patrol boats and heli-
copters on regular patrols.
3． 可以说:
a patrol boat
a vehicle boat
a helicopter boat
an army boat
a guard boat
a policeman boat
a prison officer boat
a car boat pattern 1． 有各种各样的“图案、方式、样式”:
the herringbone pattern
the checked pattern
the zigzag pattern
the set pattern
the fixed pattern
the behavior pattern
the sleep pattern
the flight pattern
the commercial pattern
the usual pattern
the strange pattern
the weather pattern
the sentence pattern
the dress pattern
the paisley pattern
the crystalline pattern
the bowlike pattern
the same pattern
the ancient pattern
the archaic pattern
the beautiful pattern
the flowery pattern
the irregular pattern
the living pattern
the newest pattern
the raised pattern
the square pattern
the stereotyped pattern
the striped pattern
the family pattern
the hairdo pattern
the honeycomb pattern
the double pattern
the different pattern
the unusual complex pattern
the familiar pattern
the existing pattern
the original pattern
the tasteful pattern
the whimsical pattern
the perfect pattern
the ideal pattern
the everlasting pattern
the neat pattern
2． “模仿、仿造”可以说:
pattern after
pattern on
pattern oneself after
follow a pattern
It is patterned after Western de-
mocracy.
It should be pattered on the model of Western democracy.
She patterned herself after her advisor.
She followed a different pattern of behavior. pavement ，sidewalk
两词都可作“人行道”解。
1． pavement 在美国常指“硬的路面”:
A city department is responsible
for cleaning the streets and keep-
ing the pavement in good repair.
有一个城市部门负责清洁街道，保持路面状态良好。
2． pavement 在英国常作“人行道”解:
She was hurrying along the pave-
ment.
3． sidewalk 在美国常作“人行道”解:
The city streets are wide with two sidewalks.
paw，claw，talon
这组词都有“爪子”的含义:
1． paw 常指“猫、狗、熊等的爪子”:
The animals are learning to press the switches with their paws.
2． claw 除可以指一些“动物的爪子”外，还常可指“螃蟹、龙虾等水里动物的爪子”，也可以指“蝎子等昆虫的爪子、鸟类的爪子”:
the lobster's claws
the scorpion's claws
3． talon 一般指“猛禽的爪子”:
The eagle held the lamb in its tal-
ons. pay 1． 注意下面一些词组:
merit pay 绩效工资
back pay 补发工资
fixed pay 固定工资
basic pay 基本工资
take-home pay 税后工资
a pay increase 工资增长
a pay rise 工资增长
a pay freeze 工资冻结
vacation pay 假日工资
holiday pay 假日工资
maternity pay 产假工资
sick pay 病假工资
incentive pay 奖金
overtime pay 超时工资
starting pay 起薪
pay TV( channel) 收费电视
pay phone 付费公用电话
pay slip 工资单
pay station 电话亭
pay toilet 付费公共厕所
He is on full pay. 他领取全额工资。
2． 表示“工资袋”时，美国人说 pay
envelope，英国人说 pay packet。
pay，wage，salary，income
这组词都有“工资”的意思。
1． pay 比较常用，指“劳动所获的工资”:
She gets her pay each Friday.
2． wage 常指“每小时、每天、每周的工资”，尤其指“做体力工作所获得的工资”:
hourly wage
daily wage
weekly wage
The construction workers are pro-
testing about low wages.
3． salary 一般指“月薪、年薪”，尤指
“专业人员的工资”:
The lawyer was paid a huge sala-
ry.
4． income 可以指“各种收入”，如工资、不劳而获的收入:
his retirement income
rent income
property income PC 1． 常指“个人电脑”。
2． 在英国 PC 可指“( 最低职衔的) 警员”。
3． 现在在西方国家也常用来指 politi-
cally correct。 pea pea，bean
两词都可译成“豆( 角)”:
1． pea 较多指“短的豆角”:
new peas 新鲜豌豆
2． bean 较多指“长的豆角”:
string beans 刀豆
runner beans 红花菜豆 peace 1． 要么作单数用，要么作不可数用:
a lasting peace ( 单数)
have a wonderful peace of mind
( 单数)
a period of relative peace ( 不可数)
urge the two sides to make peace
( 不可数)
leave him in peace ( 不可数)
2． “( 美国的 ) 维和部队”叫 the
Peace Corp，注意要用定冠词; 英国类似的组织叫 VSO ( Voluntary
Service Overseas) 。
peak，summit，pinnacle
这组词都可以译成“顶峰、顶点”。
1． peak 和 summit 的含义比较接近，但 peak 可以指“山顶”，也可以指
“整个山”; 而 summit 只能指“山顶”:
They are climbing the peak to reach the summit.
2． “( 活动等的) 高峰时段”用 peak:
the peak of the morning rush hour
3． “( 最高级会谈等的 ) 峰会”用
summit:
a summit of EU leaders
4． pinnacle 比较正式，强调其“山顶的尖，侧影轮廓的瘦窄”; 有时仅指“一块岩石的尖顶”:
He fell from a rocky pinnacle and broke his legs. pearl 1． 注意下面的一些短语:
cast pearls before swine 对牛弹琴
the pearl of the Orient 东方明珠
the pearl of the country 国家精华
2． “( 美国) 珍珠港 ( Pearl Harbor)”
前面常不用定冠词:
a sudden attack on Pearl Harbor
is the most effective way to 
Pearl Harbor is more than a mere port or naval station. peasant peasant，farmer
两词都可以译成“农民”:
1． peasant 尤指“落后农业国家的农民”或“现代化以前的农民”，有
“没有教养、社会地位低”的含义:
For land alone most peasants in
China would fight to the death.
2． farmer 常指“拥有农场或经营农场的农场主”:
a dairy farmer 奶牛场场主 pedestrian 1． “步行( 商业) 街( 区)”可以译成:
a pedestrian street
a pedestrian mall
pedestrian precinct ( 英国人多用)
traffic-free street
2． “人行横道”美国人说 crosswalks，
英国人说 pedestrian crossing。 pee 口语中“小便”有以下表达法，注意有些词比较粗俗，如 piss:
I need to pee.
I'm having a pee.
I must go for a pee.
I have to take a leak.
I'm just going to have a leak.
He wanted to wee.
He sat on the pot and did some wee.
The baby has done a wee in his potty.
He wanted to piss.
He had a piss.
peel
“剥去……”可以说:
She peeled the banana.
She peeled the skin off the banana.
She peeled off the skin of the ba-
nana.
She peeled away the skin of the banana. pen 1． 汉语概念中的“笔”有时不能译成
pen:
writing-brush 毛笔
painting-brush 画笔
pencil 铅笔
chalk 粉笔
2． 表示“笔友”，美国人常说 pen pal，
英国人说 pen friend。 penalty 1． 表示“死刑”时，前面常用定冠词:
The state has restored the death penalty.
2． 注意下列关于“惩处、处罚”的表达法:
He has paid the penalty for his crime.
He has suffered the penalty for his crime. penny ，pence
两词都可译成“便士”。
1． penny 指“( 1971 年以来英国使用的) 便士”，一英镑等于 100 便士。
2． 复数 pennies 指硬币本身，相当于
coins。
3． pence 也是 penny 的复数形式，但常用在书面语中。
4． 在英国，表示价格的 p 一般指
pence:
50p a package of 12 fat nuts。
5． “一便士”可以说:
a penny
one penny
one pence
6) 表示“一笔钱”用 pence 或其缩写
p:
10 pence
10p people 1． 一般泛指“人”，因此，“一个人”不说 a people，可以说 a person。
2． a people 常指“一个民族”:
The Chinese are an industrious people.
3． the people 泛指“普通人”，与“政府、上层阶级”相对而言:
the differences between the peo-
ple and the government
4． 在口语中 his， her， my， your
people 等泛指“……的家人”:
my people from the countryside 我来自乡下的家人
5． 在口语中，a people person 指
“( 喜欢交朋友的) 随和的人”。
6． “有色人种”可译成 people of col-
or，前面一般不用冠词:
The scholars are debating over the issues concerning people of color. pepper 1． 泛指“胡椒粉”，常为不可数名词:
add some salt and pepper
2． 指“各种辣椒”，为可数名词:
green and red peppers
3． pepper spray 是美国警察使用的
“辣椒喷雾液”，常为不可数名词:
Police used pepper spray and tear gas to disperse the crowds. perfect ideal，perfect
两词都可译成 “理想的、完美的”。
1． ideal 的语气强于 perfect，可用英语解释为 perfect in every way，即
“尽善尽美”:
ideal weather for swimming
an ideal opportunity for the lovers
to meet
2． perfect 是中性词，故亦可修饰贬义词:
a perfect fool
a perfect crime perfect perfect，ideal
两词都作“完美的、理想的”解。
1． perfect 可以修饰正面或反面的事物:
her perfect English
her perfect crime
2． ideal 的语气强于 perfect，可以说是“尽善尽美”，一般形容正面的事物:
an ideal system
an ideal partner perform 1． 可以接各种各样的宾语:
perform a task
perform a duty
perform a service
perform an experiment
perform a check
perform a test
perform a ceremony
perform a rite
perform a ritual
perform a function
perform a role
perform an act of bravery
perform a music
perform an operation
perform a trick
perform one's job
perform a calculation
perform one's promise
perform a command
perform a play
perform a dance
perform a feat
2． 表示“创造奇迹”时，perform a
miracle，perform miracles 都可以:
He is a man who can perform a miracle.
He is a man who can perform mir-
acles.
perfume，scent，odor，aroma
这组词都有“味道”的含义。
1． perfume 常指“好闻的味道”，如
( 玫瑰等) 鲜花、( 柠檬等) 植物的香味，( 香水的) 香味:
the perfume of jasmine flowers
the lemon trees' perfume
The whole room smelled of her perfume.
2． scent 可以指“人造的香味”，也可以指“人体等天然的味道”，还可以指“动物留下的味道”:
The police picked up the killer's scent.
Some insects find their mates by scent.
3． odor 可指“难闻的味道”:
an aged odor in the old city
the odor of decay
the odor of garbage
4． aroma 指“诱人的香味”:
the aroma of bread baking
the aroma of fresh coffee perhaps perhaps，maybe
两词都有“也许”的含义。
1． 在实际使用中，两词无多大差别。
2． perhaps 比 maybe 正式。
3． 美国人多用 maybe。
4． 有时两词有差别。 perhaps 可作委婉的命令; maybe 可作礼貌的请求或建议:
You don' look well- perhaps you should go to the doctor. ( 带有命令的口气)
Maybe we should call a doctor.
( 带有商量的口气) period 1． 表示“句号”时，美国人说 period，
英国人说 full stop。
2． period 和 lesson 都可以表示“课时”。 lesson 一般指“教学的课时”; period 可以指“教学的课时”，也可以指“课外活动或自学的时段”:
a dancing lesson
He is taking his French lessons.
another period of math
periods of private study
learn the lessons in free periods permanent 注意下面这些词组:
permanent press 耐久定形织物
permanent wave 烫出的波浪发型
permanent member 常任理事
permanent way 轨道
permanent address 永久地址
permanent neutrality 永久中立
permanent commission 常务委员会
permanent income 长期收入
permanent entry 永久入境
permanent saving 长期储蓄
permanent value 永久价值
permanent assignment to New
York 常驻纽约
permanent objection 坚持反对
permanent grass 多年生牧草
permanent job 固定工作
permanent fixture 常客
permanent damage 永久的伤害
permanent traces on the mind 永久的记忆
permanent reminder 永远的纪念物
permanent office 常设办事处
permanent home 永远的家
permanent resident 永久居民 permeate 下面的句子意思相同:
The water has permeated the soil.
The water has permeated through the soil.
The water has permeated into the soil. permission 常作不可数名词，下面例句中 per-
mission 前没有冠词:
The student asked permission to leave the classroom.
The teacher gave permission for
the student to leave the class-
room earlier.
The student left the classroom without permission.
The student is seeking permission to leave the classroom earlier.
The student has applied to the
school for permission to study a-
broad.
May I have permission to use the
computer? permit 1． 有不同形式的“许可证”:
work permit
travel permit
import permit
export permit
special permit
building permit
construction permit
exit permit
residence permit
driving permit
2． 作动词时常用于下列句型中:
The doctor permitted him to leave hospital earlier. ( permit sb to
sth)
The doctor permitted him two meals a day. ( permit sb sth) persist 1． 常用于下列句型:
You'll have to see your doctor if the cough persists for more than one week. ( persist for some
time)
We have persisted with our prac-
tice morning and night. ( persist
with sth)
He persisted in his refusal to join us. ( persist in sth)
He persisted in carrying out the test. ( persist in doing sth)
persistent
2． 可以说
a persistent cough
a persistent rain
a persistent fear
a persistent refusal
a persistent vegetative state
a persistent effort
a persistent questioning
a persistent drizzle
a persistent ringing of the phone
a persistent smell
a persistent attempt
a persistent offer
a persistent rumors
a persistent critic
a persistent demand
a persistent stability person 1． 有些女权主义者不喜欢下面这些词:
salesman
craftsman
chairman
spokesman
2． 取而代之的是由 person 组成的词:
salesperson
craftsperson
chairperson
spokesperson
3． person 比 people 正式，常用于公文、告示等中:
Tickets cost $ 5 per person.
Persons who wish to adopt a child may contact their local services department.
personal
personal 和 private 都可表示“私人的、个人的”含义。
1． personal 强调“属于个人的、不与他人分享的、有关个人的、由个人处理的、应引起个人注意的、个人特有的”等，下面例子中用 personal:
my personal view 我个人的观点
his personal belongings 他个人的财产
personal hygiene 个人卫生
personal friend 私人朋友
personal telephone 私人电话
personal appearance 个人面貌
2． private 强调“隐私的、秘密的、不属于国家或公家的”等，下面例子中用 private:
private industry 私有企业
private letters 私人信件
private conversations 私人谈话
private parts 阴部
3． private 尽管是“私人的”，但有时却可以面向大众或有很多人参与，下面的例子中用 private:
a private school
a private gathering
a private hospital personal individual，personal
两词都有 “个人”的含义。
1． individual 侧重指“适合个人的、单独存在的、独特的、与众不同的”等:
individual rights
individual needs
She wears very individual clothes.
她穿的衣服非常具有个人风格。
2． personal 强调“属于个人的、为个人所用的、由个人亲自处理的、针对个人的”:
personal bodyguards
a car for your personal use
personal belongings
sacrifice our personal lives personality ，character
1． 两词都有“性格”的含义。
1) personality 强调“个性的特点”，
如: 是冷漠还是热情，是自信还是害羞等:
She has such a kind，friendly per-
sonality.
He has an outgoing personality.
2) character 强调人的品性:
The two sisters look alike but have very different characters.
the negative side of his character
3) character 可以指“一个民族的性格”，personality 不可:
It is supposed to be part of the
Chinese national character.
4) personality 可指“名流”，charac-
ter 不可:
the radio and TV personalities
2． 表示“个性冲突”时，一般用 per-
sonality:
a clash of personalities
a personality clash personnel 1． 作“员工”解时，后面跟单复数动词都可以，用复数居多:
The personnel of a department are the people who work for it.
The personnel of the factory has been increased.
2． 作“( 大公司或组织的) 人事部门”解，后面跟单复数动词都可以，下面两句的含义相同:
Personnel has lost my files.
Personnel have lost my files.
3． 表示“人事部门”时，可以说:
personnel
the personnel department
the personnel division
the department of human re-
sources
My first job was in personnel. ( 注意: personnel 前没有冠词) perspective 1． 表示“思维的方式、看问题的视角”时，后面常跟介词 from 或 on:
a perspective from critical psychi-
atry
The article dealt with poor
people's perspective on the re-
form.
2． 前面常用介词 from 或 in:
look at the issue from a financial
perspective
look at the reform results in their
proper perspective persuade convince，persuade
两词都有“说服”的含义。
1． convince 一词侧重强调“在思想上说服某人，并使其付诸行动”:
What convinced you to vote for
him? ( 包含“你”已经说服了“他”，
而且“他”投了票)
2． persuade 则侧重指“试图在思想上说服，但并使其付诸行动”:
Despite all my efforts to persuade him，he wouldn't agree.
3． persuade 常与 into 或 out of 连用:
I persuaded her into / out of going to the States. persuade 1． 常用于下列句型:
My teacher persuaded me to come. ( persuade sb to do sth)
I've persuaded Mr. Smith that he
should go abroad for further stud-
ies. ( persuade sb that)
I persuaded him of my serious in-
tention. ( persuade sb of sth)
2． 英语中表示“劝说”的说法不少:
I think you should
Would you please
It might be a good idea if
It might be better if
I'd prefer it if you didn't
Why don't you think about
Have you ever thought about pertinent 后面常跟介词 to:
methods pertinent to scientific re-
search pessimistic 后面常跟介词 about:
She is pessimistic about her chance of getting a scholarship. pest pest，insect
两词都可以作“害虫”解。
1． pest 可作“害虫”和“有害的动物”解。
2． insect 只作“害虫”解。
3． pest 可以指“人”，insect 一般不这样用:
The kid is a real pest.
4． pest 和 insect 都可以与 -icide 组成新词，表示“杀虫剂”:
pesticide
insecticide pet 1． 表示“喜爱之物”时，可组成很多词组:
pet talk
pet shop
pet project
pet theory
pet subject
pet food
pet names
pet words
pet sayings
pet animals
2． 即便修饰贬义词，pet 有时也可含褒义在成分:
It was her pet weakness and she cherished it. 这是她最得意的弱点，她看重这个弱点。 petition 1． 表示“反对 …… 的请愿”，后面常跟介词 against:
They signed a petition against the building of another shopping mall.
2． 表示“要求 …… 的情愿”，后面常跟介词 for:
The students signed a petition for
the immediate release of the politi-
cal prisoners.
petrol，gas，gasoline，oil
4 个词都有“石油、汽油”的含义。
1． 英国人常用 petrol。
2． 美国人常用 gas，gasoline。
3． 英国人常说 petrol station 或 pet-
rol tank，美国人常说 gas station
或 gas tank。
4． 表示“石油”的组合词中，偏重用
petrol:
petrolchemical
petroldollar
petrolpower
5． oil 最常用，各国都用:
oil ministers
oil industry petticoat 可用来指“裙带关系”:
He owes his official position to petticoat influence. petty petty，small
两词都有“小”的含义。
1． petty 所指的“小”有时有贬义，表示“因为小而不重要、小心眼、小气”等:
We are not interested in his petty problems. 我们对他的小问题不感兴趣。
petty bureaucrats 小官僚
She is petty-minded. 她小心眼。
2． small 普通常用， 可形容各种
“小”:
a small house
a small country
small letter
small money
small mercies
on a small scale
a small eater pharmacist pharmacist，chemist
两词都有“药剂师”的含义。
1． pharmacist 主要是美国用词，美国人有时也用druggist。
2． chemist 主要是英国用词; 除可作
“药剂师”解外，还有“化学家”的含义。 phase 作“阶段”解有不少词组:
the final phase of the project
a new and extraordinary phase of
the reform
a more dramatic phase
the negative pressure phase
a depressing phase
in the research phase
a crucial and critical phase
the changing phases of the Chi-
nese society
manifold phases of the affair
a passing phase in the develop-
ment of the city
PhD
1．“哲学博士”有如下缩写:
PhD
Ph. D．
D Phil
2． 表示“……博士”可以写成:
Dr. Smith
Mary Smith，PhD
Mary Smith PhD ( 不要写成 PhD
Mary Smith) philanthropic charitable，philanthropic
两词都可表示“慈善的、仁慈的”。
1． charitable 常指用“慷慨大方的”实际行动来表达爱心:
They are charitable people who always help others.
2． philanthropic 所指的“慈善的、仁慈的”常包含“向特别的事业、机构、团体、组织、人类进步事业等捐赠大笔钱款或大规模捐赠”等意思:
philanthropic organizations
philanthropic foundations
The orphanage is just one of her philanthropic causes. phone 1． 注意下列短语的含义:
answer the phone 接电话
be on the phone 用电话
be by phone 用电话
be over the phone 用电话
put down the phone 挂电话
hang up the phone 挂电话
make a phone call 打电话
have / get / receive a phone call
from 接到……的电话
2． hold the phone 在美国口语中可表示“叫别人立即停止正在做的事情”。
3． 英国人说 be on the phone 可以指
“安装了电话”:
I'm afraid I'm not on the phone.
对不起，我没有安装电话。
4． 与 telephone 相比，phone 多用于口语中。
5． “移动电话”可以说:
mobile phone
cellular phone
6． 表示“电话亭”时，美国人说 phone
box，英国人说 phone booth。 photograph 下面句子的含义不同:
He took a photograph of us. 他给我们拍了张照片。
He photographs well. 他很上相。
He took a photograph. 他拍了一张照片。( 拍的是其他东西)
He had a photograph taken. 他让别人给他拍了张照片。 physics 后面用单数动词:
Physics is my favorite subject.
piano
“弹钢琴”应该说 play the piano，一般不说 play a piano，play pianos，
play the pianos 等:
Does she play the piano?
The students here play the piano well. ( 主语是复数时也用单数
play the piano) pick 注意一些短语的意思:
pick a lock 撬锁
pick my brains 讨教; 剽窃别人脑力劳动的成果
pick a quarrel with him 寻衅吵架
pick one's nose 挖鼻子
pick one's pocket 偷某人的东西
pick holes in his argument 挑他论点中的漏洞
pick up the threads 重修旧好
pick up the tab 负责付款( 赔偿)
pick one's words 小心措辞
pick up one's spirits 提起精神
pick one's teeth 剔牙
pick up flesh 长肉发胖 picnic 下面两个句子含义相同:
We went out for a picnic in the woods.
We went out on a picnic in the woods.
picture， painting， drawing，
sketch，illustration，portrait
这组词都有“图画”的含义。
1． picture 可以指各种“画”，铅笔画、粉笔画、油画、印制画等:
draw a picture of that apple
draw a picture with colored chalk
paint a picture of his house
2． painting 常指“油画、水墨画”等用颜料画的画:
oil paintings
Chinese paintings
3． drawing 常用来指“铅笔画、钢笔画、炭笔画”等:
He did a drawing of her with a pen.
4． sketch 是“素描、速写”等，强调画图的简单和快速，主要为以后画
drawing 或 painting 等做准备:
On the back of the novel there is
a brief sketch of the author。
5． illustration 指“插图”:
The illustrations are better than
the text。
6． portrait 指“( 人物的) 肖像”:
a portrait of the King pict 这组词都可译成“描述”，但含义不同。
1． describe 主要指 “( 用文字 ) 描述”:
A novelist can vividly describe a landscape.
2． narrate 主要指 “( 按时间顺序，用书面、口头、甚至电影形式等 ) 描述”:
Some of the story was narrated in the film.
3． portray 主要指“( 用绘画、雕塑、表演等艺术手段) 描述”:
The painting portrayed the actor in his most famous role.
4． depict 含义接近 portray，但它可以表示“不真实地描述”，有贬义:
He depicted me，without a shred of evidence，as a swindler. pidgin 1． 可用来修饰各种“不纯正的语言、洋泾浜话”等:
pidgin English
pidgin Italian
pidgin Spanish
2． 可以单独使用，前面一般不加冠词:
She's speaking pidgin with the lo-
cal residents.
He spoke in pidgin. pie 1． 可作不可数或可数名词。
1) 下面例子中，前面没有冠词:
a piece of pie
have apple pie for dessert
Have some more pie.
It's as easy as pie.
2) 下面例子中，前面有冠词:
a cherry pie
a pork pie
2． 表示“不能实现的想法”用 a pie in
the sky，pie in the sky 都可以:
My promise is a pie in the sky.
His plan is just pie in the sky. piece 1． a piece of 和 pieces of 后面跟不可数名词:
a piece of writing
a piece of news
a piece of cake
pieces of dough
pieces of wood
2． 表示“粉碎”可以说:
smash sth to pieces
break sth to pieces
tear sth to pieces
pull sth to pieces pigeon-chested 在医学上叫“鸡胸”，不是“鸽胸”。 pill 1． 是“药丸、药片”，其他表示“药”的词还有很多:
Chinese medicine 中药
western medicine 西药
herbal medicine 草药
anti-cancer drugs 抗癌药
sedative 镇静剂
pain killer 止痛药
tonics 补药
cough syrup 止咳药水
cough drop 止咳片
cough mixture 止咳药水
2． the pill 可指“避孕药”:
No doubt，for preventing pregnan-
cy the pill is great.
pincer( s)
参见 pair。 pine 指“松树”时为可数名词，指“松木”时为不可数名词:
Those trees are all pines. ( 指“松树”，可数)
This is a desk made of pine. ( 指
“松木”，不可数) pink 注意一些词组的含义:
a pink slip 解雇通知书
the pink dollar ( 美国) 同性恋群体花费的钱
the pink pound ( 英国) 同性恋群体花费的钱
a pink button 证券经纪人的办事员
a pink elephant ( 吸毒或醉酒之后产生的) 红象( 幻觉)
a pink lady 红粉知己 ( 一种鸡尾酒) pioneer 美国早期的“拓荒者”常被称作 the
pioneers; 有时也可叫 the settlers，
the frontiers 等:
The Pioneers is a rich chronicle of
early frontier life filled with action，
adventure，romance and history. pirate 有各种各样表示“强盗、歹徒”的名词:
pirate 海盗
robber 强盗
burglar 夜盗
housebreaker 入室抢劫者
mugger 拦路抢劫者
hijacker 劫机者
bandit 盗匪
kidnapper 诱拐( 或绑架) 者
abductor 诱拐者
baby snatcher 拐抢婴孩的歹徒
rapist 强奸犯
murderer 凶杀犯
smuggler 走私犯 piss 参见 pee。 pitch-black pitch-black，pitch-dark
按“黑”的程度排列应该是 pitch-
black，pitch-dark，black，dark，dim。 pitch-dark pitch-black，pitch-dark
按“黑”的程度排列应该是 pitch-
black，pitch-dark，black，dark，dim。 pizza 1． 可作可数或不可数名词:
a slice of pizza( 不可数)
We went for a pizza. ( 可数)
2． “比萨饼屋( 或餐馆)”可以说:
pizza hut
pizza parlor
pizzeria place 1． 有时可指“住所、房子、家”等，下面每组句子的含义相似:
We've bought a little place in the suburbs.
We've bought a little house in the suburbs.
Come over to my place.
Come over to my home.
2． place 和 room 都可表示“地方”，
但 place 指“特定的地方或空间”，
room 泛指“地方、空间”。place 为可数名词，room 为不可数名词:
Is there any room for me in the
car? ( 汽车里有多大地方? 不清楚。只是泛泛而问)
Is there a place for me in the
committee? ( 特指该委员会里的席位)
3． 在固定词组中，place 有时用复数，有时前面用定冠词，有时前面没有冠词，应注意:
1) 前面没有冠词:
slide the bolt into place
fall into place
fit into place
put quality in place
feel out of place
Changes are taking place here.
click into place
2) 前面有定冠词:
travel all over the place
as if you own the place
take the place of steam ships
3) 用复数形式:
change places with her
swap places with me
going places
have friends in high places
plain，apparent，obvious
这组词都有“显而易见”的含义。
1． plain 最常用，强调“明白无误、清楚简单、一目了然”:
His guilt is plain — the stolen wal-
let is in his hand.
2． apparent 所指的“显而易见”含推测的成分较多，不一定是事实:
He won the prize with apparent ease. ( 获奖看似容易，其实不然)
3． obvious 侧重指“因隐藏得不好而轻易让人发现的”，有“明白摆着的”含义:
The meaning of the word is obvi-
ous from its component parts. ( 词的意思不是那么容易被理解的，需分析后才能得知)
4． 下面的短语一般用 plain:
plain speaking
plain talking
plain English
plain language
plain wording
plain fact
plain truth
as plain as day
as plain as pikestaff
as plain as the nose on your face
in plain terms
in plain words
5． 表示“黑巧克力”英国人用 plain
chocolate，美国人用 dark choco-
late。 plan 1． 表示“…… 计划”，后面常用介词
for，of 等:
one's plan for revenge
one's plan of revenge
a detailed plan for my overseas
a detailed plan of my overseas
study
2． 注意前面冠词的用法。
1) 无冠词:
The project was finished ahead of plan.
There's been a change of plan.
The conference went according to plan.
2) 用复数:
make plans for my holiday
have plans for his daughter's fu-
ture plan scheme，plan
两词都有“计划”的含义。
1． scheme 尤指非法的、不诚实的或秘密的计划，常译成“计谋、阴谋”等:
a scheme to import illegal drugs
a scheme to overthrow the gov-
ernment
2． scheme 可以指正常的计划，但这是英国用法，尤指政府、商贸方面的计划:
the government's health insurance
scheme
the company's training scheme
3． plan 比较普通常用，前面加上形容词后可指各种计划:
a secret plan
a peace plan
my plan for the summer vacation
a seating plan plane 1． 表示“乘飞机”时，可以说 travel
by plane，注意 plane 前没有冠词;
但是要说 travel in a plane，plane
前有冠词。
2． plane 比 aircraft，aeroplane，air-
plane 常用; aeroplane 是英国用词，airplane 是美国用词。
3． 注意与“乘飞机”有关的一些词组。
catch a plane 赶飞机
get on / onto / board a plane 登机
fly a plane 开飞机
pilot a plane 驾驶飞机
get off a plane 下飞机
go by plane 乘飞机旅行 plant 参见 factory。 plaster 1． 作“灰泥”解，常为不可数名词:
a sculpture in plaster
2． 作各种“灰泥”解时，为可数名词:
ceiling plasters
mortars and plasters
3． 作“药膏”解，常在英国使用，美国人用 Band-Aid。
4． “打了石膏的”，用 in plaster，
plaster 前面没有冠词:
He has been seen at government sessions with his arm in plaster. plastic 1． 泛指“塑料”，一般为不可数名词:
sheets of plastic
plates made of plastic
2． 指各种“塑料”，多为可数名词:
These plastics are organic com-
pounds.
plate，dish，plaque
3 个词都可译成“盘子”。
1． plate 常指“用餐的圆盘”:
a dinner plate
a plate of rice
2． dish 也可指“用餐的圆盘”，它还可以指“一盘菜”，plate 不这样用:
a dish of meat 一盘肉
3． plaque 指 “( 金属、石头等材料制成的) 纪念盘”，不作餐具用:
a commemorative plaque
platform
“高跟鞋、厚底鞋”可以说 platform
shoes 或 platforms:
It was once against the social style for men to wear platform shoes.
To add some height I wear plat-
forms. play act，play
1． act 是“( 戏剧中的) 一幕”:
the first act of the play
2． play 是“一部戏剧”:
The drama society is going to put on a play. play 1． 注意 play 的各种译法。
1) 体育运动中的“玩”。注意，有些
play 后没有冠词:
play football
play basketball
play chess
play tennis
play bridge
play cards
2) 音乐中“演奏 ( 乐器 )”。 这时，
play 后常有冠词:
play the piano
play the violin
play the flute
3) “玩火”应该是 play with fire，不是 play fire。
4) “伪装、游戏 ( 人生)”的各种说法很有意思，有时后面跟定冠词，有时跟不定冠词，有时没有冠词，有时跟复数名词:
play the innocent 假装清白
play deaf 装聋作哑
play it cool 处变不惊
play the fool 装聋作哑
play ball( with) ( 与) 合作
play it by ear 随机应变
play safe 谨慎行事
play the field 广交异性朋友
play the game 办事公道
play it straight 诚实直率
play fast and loose 办事草率
play fair 办事公正
play hookey 逃学
play politics 玩弄阴谋诡计
play a double game 口蜜腹剑
play on words 玩弄词藻
play a joke / trick on sb 跟某人开玩笑
5 ) play football 是比较正式的“打球”; play with a ball 是 “( 像孩子那样) 摆弄球”。
6) He'll play all the big cities. 的意思是“他将到各大城市去演出。”
2． “( 体育上) 某队与某队比赛”可以说:
Team A is playing Team B next
Friday.
Team A is playing Team B at foot-
ball next Friday.
Team A is playing against Team B
at football next Friday. playground 前面用介词 on 或 in，用 on 居多:
Is your child safe on the play-
ground?
Grandmothers supervise children in the playground. plaza plaza，square
两词都可译成“广场”。
1． plaza 尤指“西班牙语国家的广场”，在美国指“小型购物中心”。
2． square 比较常用，可指各种“广场”。 plead 1． 表示“( 为某事而) 央求”，后面常跟介词 for:
plead for mercy
plead for more time
plead for help
2． 表示“( 向某人) 央求”，后面常跟介词 with:
She pleaded with him to stay.
The mother pleaded with her daughter to come back.
3． 法律上常用 plead 表示“认 ( 罪)”
与否，后面的名词前常不用冠词:
plead guilty
plead not guilty
plead insanity
4． 下面短语中，plead 后面的名词前多数也没有冠词:
plead poverty
plead ignorance
plead tiredness
plead illness
plead fatigue
plead pressure of work
She apologized for not coming to the meeting，pleading pressure of work.
但是 plead a headache 中有 a:
She apologized for not coming to
the meeting， pleading a head-
ache. please 1． 用于有礼貌地请求，在句子中的位置可有多种变化:
A cup of coffee，please.
Please，a cup of coffee.
Please，sir，a cup of coffee.
Sir，please，a cup of coffee.
Would you like a cup of coffee?
— Please，I'd love one.
Would you like more coffee?
— Yes，please.
Would you like more coffee?
— Please.
Would you please give me a cup
of coffee?
Please give me a cup of coffee.
Can I have a cup of coffee
please?
2． “请你给我一杯咖啡”不能按中文习惯说成 Please you give me a
cup of coffee，应该将 you 去掉。
3． 作“高兴”解时，pleased 的语气强于 happy，其含义为 happy and
satisfied:
I am pleased with the exam re-
sults. pleasure 表示“乐意做某事”有很多说法:
He took pleasure in doing this.
He took pleasure in this.
He took great pleasure in doing this.
He took great pleasure in this.
He had the pleasure of doing this.
He had the pleasure of this.
He took a pleasure in doing this.
He did this with pleasure.
He got a lot of pleasure from do-
ing this.
He found pleasure in doing this.
He found great pleasure in this.
Doing this brought pleasure to him.
It gave him the pleasure to do this.
It gave him pleasure to do this.
It gave him great pleasure to do this.
It is a pleasure for him to do this.
It is a great pleasure for him to do this.
It is a pleasure to him to do this.
It is his pleasure to do this.
It is his great pleasure to do this. pledge 1． 在美国，pledge 常用来表示“发誓效忠国家、组织等的组织”。 如在加入美国国籍时要 recite the
Pledge of Allegiance; 在成为兄弟会( fraternity) 、姐妹会( sorority) 等组织的成员时也要 pledge; 已被接受但还未正式成为这类俱乐部成员的人可以称为 a pledge。
2． 下面几个句子都可以说，含义相同:
I have pledged support to his mo-
tion.
I have pledged to support his mo-
tion.
I have pledged myself to support his motion.
I have pledged that I will support his motion.
3． 注意名词 pledge 的一些搭配:
make a pledge to support me
keep a pledge to help him
break a pledge to back him up
test his election pledge to improve
the road conditions
under a pledge of secrecy
fulfill his pledge
commit himself to a pledge
take it as a pledge of friendship
drink a pledge to their success
exact a pledge of allegiance
sign a pledge
carry out his pledge to cut taxes
give a pledge
take pledge
violate a pledge
be aware of his solemn pledge
fail to honor the campaign pledge plenty 1． plenty of 后面可以跟可数或不可数名词，相关动词也随之改变; 注意下面两个句的动词及句子:
There is plenty of room in the building. 大楼里有足够的空间。
There are plenty of rooms in the building. 大楼里有足够的房间。
2． 下面两个句子含义相同:
Make sure there is plenty of food for all the guests.
Make sure there is plenty for all the guests.
3． 下面词组主要用在美国口语中:
plenty busy
plenty big
plenty large
plenty tired
plenty strong
4． 可以说 plenty of 或 a plenty of，
前者使用频率较高; 与它们相匹配的动词用单数还是复数要视 of 后面的名词而定，是单数则用单数动词，若名词是复数则用复数动词:
There is a plenty of appeal.
There are a plenty of bugs in the room.
There is plenty of blame to go a-
round.
There are plenty of good reasons for doing this. pliers 参见 pair。 plot 1． 注意与动词的搭配:
uncover a plot
defeat a plot
expose a plot
frame a plot
lay a plot
sketch a plot
weave a plot
hatch a plot
cook up a plot
disclose a plot
crush a plot
2． a family plot 可以指“家庭的 / 家族的墓地”:
It is quite often the case as many
as a dozen are buried in a family
plot，maybe with one or two hav-
ing monuments. plot 参见 pair。 plume 注意以下搭配:
a plume of feathers 一簇羽毛
medals and other plumes of rank
勋章等荣誉的等级标志
Factories in the city puffed out ug-
ly plumes of smoke. 这个城市的工厂吐出团团浓烟。
borrowed plumes 借来的漂亮衣服，不属于本人的荣誉
shear off one's plumes 挫败某人的骄气，杀某人的威风 plunge 1． plunge into 可以接不少名词:
plunge into the sea
plunge into darkness
plunge into a river
plunge into the lake
plunge into a bowl of cold water
plunge into chaos
plunge into a world of misery
plunge into war
plunge into work
plunge into your career
plunge into the field of diplomacy
plunge into recession
plunge into discussion
plunge into woods
plunge into difficulties
plunge into writing his first novel
plunge into debt
plunge into the red
plunge into the debate
plunge into a vivid narrative
plunge his hands into the pockets
plunge himself into great grief
2． 后面常跟介词 into，off，below，
toward，under，through，to，up，
down 等:
plunge into the water
plunge off the cliff
plunge below zero
plunge toward the door
plunge under the fire
plunge through a hedge
plunge down to the cell
plunge to his death
plunge up a stairs
plunge down a slope
3． “猛跌、骤降”可以说:
It began to plunge.
It began to plunge to a new low.
It began to plunge from $ 150 to
$ 100．
It began to plunge by 55% ．
Its profits plunged 35% ．
It plunged 1，000 feet into the
Great Lake.
It plunged below zero.
The dollar has plunged 8 cents in value. plus 1． 后面常跟名词或从句。
1) 名词:
He received a bike plus a T-shirt as Christmas gifts.
2) 从句:
The economy is strong，plus we have low interest rates.
2． 有单复数形式:
Experience in research is a big plus.
The leaders will weigh the pluses
and minuses before the final deci-
sion.
p. m.
表示“afternoon”可以用 p. m.，pm，
PM，似乎用 pm 最多:
the 6 pm train to Paris from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m.
He went to school at 8 PM． pocket 1． 注意一些短语的含义:
suit every pocket 适合各种收入的人
live in each other's pockets( 两人)
经常在一起
have sb in one's pocket 完全支配某人
out of pocket 白花钱的
empty one's pocket 掏尽口袋
from one's own pocket 自己付费
with deep pockets 很有钱，实力雄厚
line sb's pocket 中饱私囊
pick sb's pocket 扒窃某人的东西
keep one's hands in one's pocket
偷懒
put one's pride in one's pocket 忍辱
2． pocketbook 在美国可指 “( 放钱、钥匙的) 女用小包、手提包、钱包”，
英国人叫 handbag 或 bag。
3． pocket money 是英国用语，美国人常用 allowance。
4． 注意一些的词组:
pockets of poverty 零星的贫困地区
pocket park( 市中心的) 小公园
pocket calculator 袖珍计算器
pocket phone 袖珍电话
poem，poetry，verse
1． 这组词都有“诗”的含义。
1) poetry 是“诗”的总称，一般不可数:
Are you interested in poetry?
He wrote a great deal of poetry.
2) poem 是“一首具体的诗歌”:
She wrote poems.
3) verse 可以泛指“诗歌”，这时它的意思接近 poetry; 但它也可以指
“诗文”中的“一个诗节”:
She wrote a few lines of verse. 她写了几行诗。( 泛指“诗歌”)
She learned the two verses of the poem. 她记住了那首诗的两节。
( 指具体的“诗节”) point 1． 注意各种“观点”的说法:
a literary point of view
a political point of view
a scientific point of view
a religious point of view
from the point of view of safety
from the point of view of results
cancer disease
from my point of view
from the government's point of
view
from their point of view
from different points of view
with a fresh point of view
take the point of view that quality
is more important than quantity
2． 注意有些特殊“点”的说法:
a breaking point 极点
a melting point 熔点
a freezing point 冰点
strong points 优点
weak points 弱点
a sore point 令人伤心的事
a focal point 焦点
a power point 插座
a sticking point 症结
a vantage point 有利位置 poison 1． 泛指“毒药、毒物”，常为不可数名词:
He committed suicide by taking poison.
2． 指“( 一种或多种) 毒药、毒物”，为可数名词:
Mercury is a known poison.
keeping poisons out of kids' hands poisonous toxic，poisonous
两词都可表示“有毒的”。
1． poisonous 比较普通常用，可以形容各种“有毒的东西”或“中毒的”或动物等”:
poisonous snakes
poisonous spider ( 但不说 toxic
spider)
2． toxic 主要指“物质对人或动物有毒的”:
toxic symptoms
toy
“老顽童”用 toy boy，toyboy 都可以，toyboy 是英国写法; toy boy 的使用频率远高于 toyboy:
She has confessed that she wants a toyboy lover.
The kind of woman who goes for a toy boy is usually financially and emotionally independent. police 1． the police 泛指“警察”，用作复数; 一个“警察”一般不说 a po-
lice，要说:
a policeman
a policewoman
a police officer
a police constable
The police have arrested the rap-
ist.
2． 可以说 a few police 或 many po-
lice，但具体说“多少警察”还是用
policeman / policewoman:
A squad of policemen are search-
ing for the missing girl.
3． 女权主义者喜欢用 policeperson:
Only you can persuade your
classmates that being a policeper-
son is a very important job. policeman cop，policeman
1． cop 比较口语化，过去有贬义，但现在已被大众和媒体所接受:
He is a cop in New York.
a traffic cop
a local cop
2． policeman 比较正式。 policeman sheriff，policeman
两词都有“警察”的含义，但在美国
sheriff 是“( 一个县里的) 高级警官”，
policeman 可指普通警察:
In the U． S． ，a sheriff is the most senior police in a county.
He is an ordinary policeman in the county. policy 注意下列句子中冠词的用法。
1． 前面没有冠词:
It's bad policy to take drugs.
changes in foreign policy
in a reversal of policy
in a shift of policy
Policy prevailed passion.
He hesitated between policy and resentment.
for reasons of policy
2． 前面需要加定冠词:
Honesty is the best policy. polish 可以说:
polish the furniture
polish the shoes
polish the wood
polish the gentleman
polish the floor
polish his flying skills
polish the article
polish the writing
polish the manners
polish the brass utensils
polish his image
polish the old copper coins
polish the silver
polish the leather
polish her Chinese
polish his performance
polish his technique
polish the boots
polish the surface polite 1． 常用 be polite of sb to do sth 的句型:
It's very polite of you to keep the appointment.
2． polite society 和 polite company
讽刺地指“( 自认为高人一等、道貌岸然的) 风雅群体”:
In reality，a polite society is one where people are polite to others even when others are armed.
3． 口语中 just being polite 和 only
being polite 的意思相同，都表示
“只是出于礼貌”:
She said she liked me，but she was only being polite. politician politician，statesman
两词都有“政治家”的含义。
1． politician 主要指 “( 国会、政府中的) 政治人物”，有“善于玩弄权术、有政治手腕”等含义，可译成“政客”:
You need to be a bit of a politician to succeed in this company.
2． statesman 强调的“政治人物”:
He is a great statesman and politi-
cal thinker. politics 1． 一般为不可数名词:
He was active in politics at col-
lege.
2． 后面可跟单数或复数动词，下面两组句子都对，第一组句子意思相同:
Politics has never interested him.
Politics have never interested him.
Politics is not the only arena in which she can excel.
Politics are actions concerned with achieving and using power in a country or society. poll 1． 表示“作民意测验”，可以说:
conduct a poll
carry out a poll
take an opinion poll
carry out a poll
take a poll
2． the poll 可指“投票的总数”，the
polls 可指“投票站”:
45% of the poll 投票总数的 45%
The polls closed at 5pm. 投票点下午 5 点关闭。
3． “投票站”还可以有以下说法，主要是美国用语:
a polling station
polling place
polling booth
polling place
4． “选举日”，英国人说 polling day，
美国人说 election day。 pollute 表示“污染”，后面可跟介词 with，by
等:
pollute the lake with toxic chemi-
cals
the river polluted by factory sew-
age pollution 1． 有很多种 pollution:
air pollution
water pollution
environmental pollution
spiritual pollution
cultural pollution
industrial pollution
2． 泛指“污染”，常为不可数名词:
a lot of pollution
much pollution
little pollution
serious pollution
severe pollution
3． 表示“各种污染”，为可数名词:
the health affects of pollutions on
children polygamy 关于婚姻有不少相关的词:
polygamy 一夫多妻制
bigamy 重婚
monogamy 一夫一妻制
adultery 通奸
incest 乱伦
homosexual 同性恋者
heterosexual 异性恋者
bisexual 双性恋者
lesbian 女同性恋者
gay 男同性恋者
bugger 鸡奸者 pond 1． pool 是“小水塘、水坑”，pond 是
“池塘”，lake 是“湖”，规模从小到大，不要混淆:
a swimming pool 游泳池
the golden pond 金色的池塘
Lake Ontario 安大略湖
swim in the pond
skate on the pond ( 注意介词的用法)
2． the pond 在美国口语中可指“大西洋”:
The pond is the Atlantic，no mat-
ter which side of it you're on.
poor，penniless，destitute，pov- popular 1． 表示“受大众喜爱的”，可用 be
popular with 的句型:
He is very popular with his students.
2． the popular press 可指“通俗小报”，常报道私人生活等方面耸人听闻的消息:
The popular press is also called yellow or tabloid press. porcelain china，porcelain
1． china 作“瓷器”解，与 porcelain 同义，china 比 porcelain 通俗。
2． 两词都是不可数名词:
China is very delicate.
a valuable collection of antique
porcelain
3． 两词都可修饰名词:
a fine porcelain vase
fine china cups porcelain porcelain，china
1． 两词都可译成“瓷器”，china 比
porcelain 普通常用。
2． china 为不可数名词:
He collects blue and white china.
3． porcelain 为可以数名词:
19th century porcelains
4． 短语中多用 china:
a bull in a china shop
china wedding porch 1． 美国人的 porch 是英国人的 ve-
randa。
2． 前常用介词 on，in，at 等:
on the front porch
a swing in the porch
meet at the porch of the gate pork 常为不可数名词:
I have too much pork.
We want to buy a lot of pork. port harbor，port
1． harbor 强调“为船只提供安全，躲避风暴”等含义，其四周常常有陆地或堤坝环绕:
Two promontories come near to-
gether，enclosing the harbor.
2． port 既强调“安全”又侧重可以供人们“登陆或装卸货物”:
getting food from the port
3． 表示“……港”，port 常放在地名的前面，harbor 常放在地名的后面:
Boston Harbor
Norfolk Harbor
the Pearl Harbor
San Diego Harbor
Cardiff Harbor
Port Said
Port Saint Nicolas
Port Orchard port 1． port 和 harbor 都可译成“港口”，
harbor 比 port 小，让较小的船停靠; port 可指“空港 ( airport )”，
harbor 不这样用。
2． 注意下面例子中 port 前不用冠词:
They'll have to spend a week in port for repairs.
They reached port at last.
3． 但是，可以说:
the Port of Houston
the Port of Virginia
4． 参见 harbor。 portable 有很多 portable 的东西:
a portable toilet
a portable building
a portable office
a portable heater
a portable DVD player
a portable washers and dryers
a portable TV
a portable computer
a portable typewriter
a portable skills
a portable pension
a portable software
a portable heater
a portable insurance policy
a portable document format
a portable stage
a portable radio
a portable phone
a portable short-wave set
a portable battery-operated units
portfolio，file，document
3 词都有“文件”的含义。
1． portfolio 较强调“图片、照片等方面的文件”以及“找工作、转学、任职等需要的文件”，如履历、成绩单、推荐信:
Bush's ‘architect ’ builds up his portfolio.
his portfolio at Yale
a portfolio of her own political car-
toons
2． file 偏重“书写的文件”，较强调
“保密”:
confidential files
3． document 尤指“官方的文件”:
legal documents
military documents portion portion，part
这组词都可译成“部分”。
1． part 最常用，可指各种东西的一部分，而且一般不特指某一部分:
a part of the film
a part of the book
2． portion 常特指食品、抽象东西中的“一部分”，而且较强调“量”:
a small portion of the cake
a larger portion of his income
a fairly considerable portion of my
life portrait 参见 picture。 pose 1． 表示“对 …… 造成 ……”，常与下列名词搭配:
pose a danger
pose a serious problem
pose a difficulty
pose a risk
pose a threat
pose a dilemma
pose a question
2． “摆姿势( 拍照)”，可以说:
pose for a picture
pose for a photographer
pose for a photograph
pose for a photo
adopt a relaxed pose for the cam-
era
stand in various poses for the
cameraman
sitting in a formal pose for the
camera position ，situatim
1． position 用来表示“工作、职位”，
其语气强于 job，可指比较重要的
“职位”:
a position of responsibility
because of his position as Com-
missioner
a position of authority
2． “滥用职权”，可以说:
abuse one's position
3． 用 situation 表示“处于 …… 状况”有很多说法:
a difficult situation
a more advantageous situation
an ambitious situation
a hostile situation
an antagonistic situation
an attractive situation
an authoritative situation
an awkward situation
a better situation
a commanding situation
a delicate situation
a dominant situation
an enviable situation
an embarrassing situation
a favorable situation
a forlorn situation
a honorable situation
an isolated situation
an inferior situation
a leading situation
a prominent situation
a subordinate situation
a position situation
4． be in a position to do sth 表示“能够、有力量做某事”，be in no posi-
tion to do sth 表示“没有能力做某事”:
I am in a position to know the in-
tention of the leaders.
I am in no position to reveal the secret. positive affirmative，positive
两词都有“肯定的、赞成的”含义。
1． affirmative 比较正式，positive 比较口语化。
2． affirmative action 在美国常指
“( 女权、少数民族等) 反对歧视的积极行动”:
take affirmative action to hire
more black employees
3． affirmative 可作名词，组成 in the
affirmative 的形式，表示“同意”:
He can't answer the question in the affirmative.
4． affirmative 的反义词是 negative。 positive 1． 表示“肯定”，其语气强于 certain
或 sure， 因为它的英语含义是
completely certain， completely
sure:
— Are you sure?
— Positive.
2． 表示“对 …… 有把握的”，后面常用介语 about，of 等:
I am positive about my future.
I am positive of this. possession ，property
两词都有“财产”的含义。
1． possession 常指“某人拥有的任何东西”; property 尤指“值钱的财产”:
all your worldly possessions ( 所有的财产，包括不值钱的东西)
stolen property ( 被偷的东西较值钱)
2． 作“财产”解时，possession 为可数名词，但常用复数; property 常为不可数名词:
My possessions were destroyed in the bombing.
These ancient coins are my per-
sonal property.
3． “知识产权”用 intellectual proper-
ty，一般不说 intellectual posses-
sions; “有产者”用 a man of prop-
erty，一般不说 a man of posses-
sions; “侵占财产罪”a property
crime，一般不说用 a possession
crime。 possible prospective，possible
prospective，possible 都有“可能”的含义。
1． prospective 比较正式，只能修饰名词，不能作表语等。可以说:
He is a prospective buyer.
( 一般不说 It is prospective that he will buy things. )
2． possible 比较普通常用，可形容各种“可能”:
It is a possible solution.
It is possible to solve the problem.
a possible successor
a possible site
the highest score possible on the
test
the great possible assistance post ，mail
1． 表示“邮政”，英国人常用 post，美国人用 mail:
You'll receive the notice through the post.
You'll receive the notice through the mail.
2． 两词都可以统称“一批邮件”:
There was nothing in the mail this morning.
There was nothing in the post this morning.
3． mail 可具体指“一件邮件”，post
不可以:
I haven't had time to open my mail yet. ( 不要说 open my post)
4． post 可以指“邮局、邮箱、邮筒”，
mail 不可以:
I'll take the letters to the post. ( 不要用 to the mail)
5． mail 可以指 email，post 不可以;
这时，mail 作不可数名词:
If you have any problems then send me some mail.
You've got mail.
6． “邮箱、邮筒”，可以说: mailbox
post box
letter box
pillar box
postgraduate
“研究生”，可以说: postgraduate，
postgrad，graduate student，gradu-
ate; graduate 和 graduate student
是美国用语; postgrad 主要用在口语中。 postpone 1． 后面常接动名词，不接动词不定式:
They've decided to postpone mak-
ing the final decision. ( 不说 post-
pone to make the final decision)
2． 后常跟介词 to，until，till，for 等:
postpone the meeting until / till
next Monday / to next Monday /
for a week
postpone the meeting to next
Monday
postpone the meeting for a week
pot， jar， jug， urn， pitcher， potato 1． 表示一个人或某样东西“不重要、微不足道”，用 a small potato 和复数 small potatoes 都可以:
I am a small potato.
I am small potatoes.
The company is a small potato.
The company is small potatoes.
2． 表示“棘手的问题”，可说 a hot
potato，可以用形容词修饰它:
a financial hot potato
a political hot potato
3． “炸土豆片”，美国人和澳大利亚人说 potato chips， 英国人说
crisps; “炸土豆条”，英国人说 po-
tato chips，美国人说 French fries。 pour 1． 下面两句都对:
Please pour a cup of coffee for me. ( pour sth for sb)
Please pour me a cup of coffee.
( pour sb sth)
2． 表示“雨下得很大”，可以说:
It is pouring.
It is pouring down.
It is pouring with rain.
The rain is pouring down.
A drenching rain is pouring down.
It is a pouring rain. poverty 1． 表示“生活贫困”，常为不可数名词，下面句子中 poverty 前没有冠词:
He lived in poverty.
There are many problems of pov-
erty.
They all knew what poverty was.
He had never forgotten the taste of poverty.
They were born to poverty.
2． 表示抽象意义上的“贫困”，常用
a poverty of 或 poverty of，但用前者居多，下面两种说法都可以:
His article showed a poverty of ideas.
His article showed poverty of ide-
as poverty-stricken 参见 poor。 power 1． 表示“政权”时，常为不可数名词，下面例子中 power 前没有冠词:
The Democratic Party is in power now.
The Labor Party has returned to power.
The radicals have seized power.
2． “权力、影响力”，可以说:
a power
the power
a lot of power
little power
The religion has a strange power over the local people.
The power of the president has in-
creased over the past months.
The retired general still has a lot of power.
3． “停电”，可以说:
power cut
power failure
There is another power cut / pow-
er failure. practically practically，almost
两词都有“几乎、差不多”的含义。
1． almost 比 practically 常用。
2． practically 常用在口语中。
3． 在实际使用中，两词常可以替换使用:
The summer is practically / almost over.
The lake has practically / almost dried up. practice 1． 美国人动词和名词都用 practice，
英国人名词用 practice， 动词用
practise。
2． 下面这些短语中 practice 前不用冠词:
put theory into practice
Doing so may be difficult in prac-
tice.
Exchanging gifts at Christmas is common practice.
It's normal practice.
It's standard practice.
It's already out of practice.
Practice makes perfect. prairie 参见 grassland。 praise 1． 下面几个句子都可以说:
We praised her hard work.
( praise sth)
We praised her for her hard work.
( praise sb for sth)
We praised her for working hard.
( praise sb for doing sth)
We praised her for all her hard work. ( praise sb for sth)
2． 除个别短语外，在大部分情况下，名词 praise 常用作不可数名词:
It's important to give praise where it is due.
Her colleagues are full of praise for her work.
The dean spoke in praise of her excellent work in research.
with faint praise pray 常用于下列句型:
Let's pray.
Let's pray for peace.
Let's pray that the world will be peaceful. prayer 常用于下列句型中:
He said a prayer. ( 用 say a pray-
er)
He said a prayer for peace. ( 用
say a prayer for)
He said his prayers. ( 用 prayers)
He said his prayers for peace.
( 用 say prayers for)
He said his daily / morning / eve-
ning prayers for peace. ( 用 say
 prayers for)
He was in prayer. ( be in prayer，
prayer 前没有冠词) preach 后面常用介词 to，about，against，
on 等:
He preached to a large crowd.
He preached about peace.
He preached against war.
He preached on the subject of peace and war. precaution 下面几种说法都可以:
They took every precaution to en-
sure her safety.
They took precautions to ensure her safety.
They took it as a precaution a-
gainst fire.
They took it as precautions a-
gainst fire.
They took it as fire precautions.
They took the precaution of guar-
ding against fire. precedence 常作不可数名词，前面没有冠词:
These patients should be given precedence.
The president left the hall， fol-
lowed by the rest of the company in order of precedence.
Social security takes precedence over other matters. precinct ，district
两词都有“区”的含义。
1． precinct 在英国常指“城镇中作特殊用途的区域”，在美国常指“选举区、警察管辖区”等:
a pedestrian precinct
a shopping precinct ( 英国用法)
the fifth electoral precinct ( 美国用法)
2． district 比较普通常用，可指各种
“区”:
the new financial district
a rich district
a postal district
the Lake District
the most exclusive district of New
York
précis，summary，digest
3 词都有“摘要”的含义。
1． précis 常指文章、演讲、报告等的
“摘要”，一般按原文顺序概述，主要用来指非文学作品的“概要”:
a précis of European science his-
tory
a 12-page précis of the manu-
script to the famous magazine
2． summary 最常用，可指任何“概要”:
The last paragraph is a succinct summary.
a fair summary of his research
a brief summary of the process
3． digest 指一部著作或报告的“摘要”，常保留原文的韵味和风格，有加以浓缩、保留精华的含义:
a digest of the bestseller
a digest Greek laws
Reader's Digest 美国的《读者文摘》译成
precise，exact，accurate
3 词都有“精确”的含义。
1． precise 的语气强于其他两词，其英语释义是“exact and accurate”，
因而强调“细节方面精确”:
the precise date and place of her
birth ( 出生日期和地点需要十分精确)
2． exact 强调数据、数量、质量等方面的“精确”:
the exact number of pretest calls
sequence of the events
3． accurate 有“尽可能精确”的含义，但有时不一定绝对“精确”:
I need to get some more accurate information. ( 言下之意是“前面得到的情报并不那么精确”)
in order to get a relatively accu-
rate account of the event ( 只是
“相对精确”)
predict，foretell，prophesy
这组词都有“预言、预测”等含义:
1． predict 最常用，即可指“精确的预言”，也可指“猜测”:
He accurately predicted the result of the election.
The weather Bureau predicted a heavy snow this afternoon.
It's hard to predict who will win.
2． foretell 和 prophesy 过去都包含
“具有预测未来的超自然能力”，因此，两词所指的“预测”都比较“虚无缥缈”，不那么确切; 相比之下，
foretell强调“灵感”，prophesy 侧重强调“灵性”:
The fortune-teller foretold that she would die.
He prophesied that he would be-
come an army officer by the age
of 23． prefer 常用于下列句型:
I prefer fresh air. ( prefer sth)
I prefer tea to coffee. ( prefer sth
to sth)
I prefer him to her. ( prefer sb to
sb)
I prefer to go alone. ( prefer to do
sth)
I prefer doing the research on my own. ( prefer doing sth)
I prefer that we pay a courtesy call first. ( prefer that)
I prefer him to be with us. ( prefer
 to be )
I prefer it red. ( 跟复合宾语)
I would prefer it if you could leave me alone. ( sb would prefer it
if ) preference 在短语中有时前面不用冠词，有时用复数，有时用单数。
1． 前面无冠词:
in order of preference
give preference to pupils with poor
family background
show preference to developing
countries
read novels in preference to sci-
ence fictions
It's a matter of personal prefer-
ence.
2． 用复数形式:
I don't know your preferences.
grant him special trade prefer-
ences
3． 用单数形式:
He has expressed a strong prefer-
ence for an Ivy League university.
Do you have a preference? pregnant 某人“怀孕”，可以说:
She is pregnant.
She has become pregnant.
She got pregnant.
She is expecting.
She is with child. ( 注意不是 with
a child) prejudice bias，prejudice
1． bias 强调“偏见的倾向”，prejudice
主要指“偏见在感情方面的不合情理”:
bias in the way the newspaper re-
ported the event ( 强调报纸在报道事件时有偏向)
A judge must be free from preju-
dice. ( 强调法官不能感情用事)
2． bias 有时有褒义:
His scientific bias showed itself in the early childhood. 他偏爱科学，这在童年时代就显露出来了。 prejudice prejudice，bias
两词都可译成“偏见”。
1． prejudice 尤指“对某一类人或事物的偏见”，有时也强调其“长久的历史根源”:
overcome prejudice against women
a deep-rooted racial prejudice
2． bias 强调“由于缺乏足够的信息或受到外界的影响”而造成的“偏见”:
a strong bias toward neuroscience
alleged political bias against FOX
news premier 1． “总理、首相”可以是 premier，也可以是 prime minister。各国的用法都遵循习惯，如法国、爱尔兰、澳大利亚、中国等常用 premier; 英国、日本、巴基斯坦等国常用 prime
minister; 美国没有 premier 或
prime minister。
2． 加拿大各省的“总理”也叫 premi-
er。 preoccupied 常用 be preoccupied with 句型:
She was preoccupied with domes-
tic cares.
The government was preoccupied with the war on terrorists. preparation 1． 泛指“准备”，常作不可数名词，下面例子中 preparation 前不用冠词:
Behind any successful event lay months of preparation.
Despite a lot of preparation，they failed the test.
He had a good sleep in prepara-
tion for the battle ahead.
2． 具体指 “( 对某件事作周到的 ) 安排、筹备”，常用复数:
They are making preparations for
the US president's visit to Lon-
don.
They are busy with preparations for the annual conference.
preparatory school
preparatory school 也可作 prep
school 或 prep，在英国指为 13 岁以下儿童开设的“私立预备小学”，在美国指“私立高中”:
a small prep in the quiet area of
the country
prescribe
“开药方”有不少说法:
The doctor prescribed some pain pills.
He took the blue little pills pre-
scribed by the doctor.
What can you prescribe for the
sore spot in my neck?
Ask the doctor to prescribe some-
thing for the cough.
The doctor prescribed something to help me to sleep.
I took twice the prescribed dose of
medicine
Doctors are allowed to prescribe contraception to the under 18s.
The doctor prescribed me some cough medicine.
The doctor prescribed some cough medicine to me.
The doctor prescribed some cough medicine for me. prerequisite 这组词都有“必备条件”的含义。
1． requirement 比较常用，常指“参军、入学、入会、产品等的必备条件”:
Its products met all legal require-
ments.
He who fails to satisfy the require-
ments will not be admitted into the college.
2． requisite 比较正式，常指“生命所必需的东西”:
toilet requisites
hunting requisites
3． prerequisite 强调“前提、先决条件”，即“没有 prerequisite，后面的事无法进行”:
English 101 is a prerequisite for this advanced English course.
It is wrong to say that money is a prerequisite for a happy life. presence 有各种各样“存在”方式:
a military presence
a massive police presence
the presence of submarines
the presence of poison
detect the presence of explosives
a constant presence
authoritative presence of those
great scholars
the movie star's stage presence
his listening presence
have a tremendous physical pres-
ence
have a strong air presence in the
Middle East
a presence behind the scenes
a highly visible presence in the
academic circle present 1． 表示“此时此刻、现在” 可用 at
present，present 前面不用定冠词:
the Sino-Japanese relation at
present 当前的中日关系
2． for the present 是“暂时”，pres-
ent 前面的定冠词不能省去:
I take the liberty，for the present
at least，of postponing a discus-
sion of our relations. 我冒昧地至少暂时推迟讨论我们之间的关系。 presentation 只要面对一群人讲述自己准备的东西，都可以叫 presentation，学校里老师让学生们轮流上讲台陈述自己的观点、欢迎会上的介绍等都可以称
presentation:
I'm asking each of you to give a
presentation on the subject tomor-
row.
preserve
“蜜饯、果酱”等，可以说 preserved
fruit 或 preserves:
apricot preserves 杏子蜜饯 ( 或果酱)
president， principal， chancel-
lor，vice-chancellor， headmas- press 1． 泛指“新闻界”时，较多用作单数，前面用定冠词:
The American Press is full of arti-
cles on Iraq.
2． 指“记者们”时，较多用作复数，前面用定冠词:
The press are in the outer office.
记者们在外面的办公室里。
3． 在实际使用中，后面跟单复数动词都很常见:
The press is / are always interest-
ed in the private lives of famous people.
4． 表示“开印”，go to press，go to
the press 都有，press 前不用定冠词的居多:
When does the paper go to
press?
5． “刚印好的、刚出炉的”可以说 hot
off the press 或 hot off the pres-
ses 都可以:
This is our latest product which is hot off the press and ready to launch.
You'll notice a new book featured in the “Hot off the Press”section of the home page.
This is hot off the presses，and was only posted 30 minutes ago.
6． “剪报”，美国人说 press clipping，
英国人说 press cutting。 pressed 这组词都可表示“不高兴的”。
1． sad 尤指因发生了不幸的事而不高兴的，如丧事等:
She is sad because her pet has died.
2． unhappy 比较普通，可指因各种人或事而不高兴:
Investors are unhappy about the risk.
The rainy days made me very un-
happy.
3． down 常用在口语中，表示有点儿郁闷( slightly sad) :
He's been feeling very down since his wife went abroad.
4． low 强调因对生活消极、无精打采而不高兴:
It's the kind of illness that leaves you feeling low.
5． depressed 指 “非常不高兴的”，
甚至是一种病:
If you are feeling so depressed，
you should go to see the doctor. prestige 可以说:
build up prestige
gain prestige
regain prestige
restore prestige
enhance prestige
seek prestige
preserve prestige
lower prestige
revive prestige
lessen prestige
augment prestige
threaten prestige
damage prestige
add prestige
dim prestige
hurt prestige
earn prestige
injure prestige
diminish prestige
win prestige
maintain prestige
safeguard prestige
recover prestige
secure prestige
shake prestige
shatter prestige
uphold prestige
suffer a loss of prestige
carry prestige
have a lot of prestige
decline in prestige
enjoy prestige
command prestige
acquire prestige
aspire to prestige
capitalize prestige presume presume，assume
两词都有“假设”的含义。
1． presume 常指某种基于经验或理由的“假设”，因而其推断较含肯定的因素:
I presume you're here on busi-
ness?
I presume you've already had din-
ner?
2． assume 含较多的主观推测成分:
I have always assumed her to be
American. ( 其实她不是美国人) pretend 注意一些主要用法:
He is only pretending.
He pretended illness so that he wouldn't go to school. ( pretend
sth)
He pretended to be reading.
( pretend to do sth)
He pretended that he didn't know the answer. ( pretend that) pretext pretext，excuse
两词都可以译成“借口”。
1． pretext 一般指“不真实的托词”:
I'll have to find a pretext for not at-
tending the meeting.
2． excuse 常指“( 为错误行为或坏事寻找的) 借口”，这种“借口”可能是真的，也可能是凭空捏造的:
She's always making excuses for being late. pretty pretty，beautiful
两词都有“漂亮”的含义。
1． pretty 较多形容小孩、女人、小事物等，侧重“小巧玲珑的漂亮”:
a pretty little garden
her pretty face
that pretty little girl
a pretty little cottage
2． beautiful 较普通常用，可形容各种
“美”，但在形容人时，常用来描述女人:
a beautiful Sunday
a beautiful country
a beautiful shot
the most beautiful child
a very beautiful woman prevail 后常跟介词 over，on，upon，against，
with 等:
The host team prevailed over the guest team.
Can you prevail on him to go?
They prevailed upon their con-
gressman to act.
Virtue will prevail against evil.
He prevailed with the captain to
leave them some food and gun-
powder. prevent 下面几种说法都可以:
He prevented me from going.
He prevented my going.
He prevented me going. ( 在口语中，但有些人认为这种用法不正确)
I was prevented from going. previous previous，prior
1． 两词有时可以换用:
in the previous / prior cases
2． prior 比 previous 更强调“重要性”:
a previous engagement 前一次约会( 仅说明时间)
a prior engagement 优先的约会
( 必须参加)
3． 两词后面都常跟介词 to:
previous to his present employ-
ment
prior to his arrival prey 1． 后面用单复数动词都可以:
The prey are assumed to have an unlimited food supply.
 if the prey is within range and able to be attacked.
2． 下面的说法都可以:
She fell prey to strange fears.
She fell a prey to the keenest anx-
iety. price 下面几句话含义相同:
Honesty is beyond price.
Honesty is without price.
Honesty is above price. pride 1． 一般作不可数名词，下面例子中
pride 前常不用冠词:
pride comes before a fall
yield pride of place to him
feel pride in her son
express pride in his speech
have a sense of pride
a glow of pride
look back at his achievement with
pride
restore national pride
2． 下面几个句子都可以说:
He took pride in the success of their test.
He took a pride in the success of their test.
He took great pride in the success of their test.
He took no pride in the success of their test.
He took little pride in the success of their test. primary 表示 “小学”，英国人说 primary
school， 美国人说 elementary
school。 prime 常指“首要的、最好的”等，美国有一个电视节目叫 Prime Time Live ( 黄金时档现场直播) ; 类似的短语还有:
our prime concern
the prime architect of reform
a prime location for the shopping
mall
a prime reason for the speedy re-
covery
a matter of prime importance
prime beef
in prime condition
a prime example of honesty
the prime suspect
prime targets for criticism principal 参见 president。 principle 下面短语中，principle 为不可数名词，前面不用冠词:
We agree in principle.
It's a matter of principle.
These are issues of principle.
He is a man of principle. print 1． 在填写表格时，常要求 print your
name and address，就是“用印刷体书写”，不要将字母连起来。
2． the printed word 可泛指“书报杂志”等，有时也说 the written word:
The implications of the printed word are vast.
Freedom of speech and freedom
of the printed word are two of the
cornerstones of our right as indi-
viduals. prior previous，prior
1． 两词有时可以换用:
in the previous / prior cases
2． prior 比 previous 更强调“重要性”:
a previous engagement 前一次约会( 仅说明时间)
a prior engagement 优先的约会
( 必须参加)
3． 两词后面都常跟介词 to:
previous to his present employ-
ment
prior to his arrival prior 参见 previous。 priority 常见的短语有:
1． have priority over
give priority to
place a high priority on
put a high priority on
take priority over
according to priority
receive priority for
in order of priority
attach high priority to:
We disagree with the idea that e-
conomic development has priority over the environment.
2． first priority top priority high priori-
ty main priority immediate priority prison 1． 下面短语中 prison 前没有冠词:
send him to prison
He went to prison for the acci-
dent.
He is in prison now.
He was put into prison.
take him to prison
cast him into prison
released from prison
escape from prison
come out of prison
throw him into prison
confined to prison
2． “战俘”可以说 prisoner of war，其复数是 prisoners of war，缩写形式是 POW，缩写的复数是 POWs。 privacy privacy，private
1． privacy 主要用作名词，private 主要用作形容词。
2． 但下面两句都可以说，意思相同:
I'd like to talk with you in privacy.
I'd like to talk with you in private. private privacy，private
1． privacy 主要用作名词，private 主要用作形容词。
2． 但下面两句都可以说，意思相同:
I'd like to talk with you in privacy.
I'd like to talk with you in private. prize trophy，prize
两词都可译成“奖品”，trophy 尤指
“银质大奖杯一类的奖品”; prize 比较常用，可指各种“奖品”:
He won a silver trophy at a recent
international sculpture competi-
tion.
Singapore won the 1st runner-up prize at a recent international fashion Awards. problem problem，question
两词都可译成“问题”。
1． problem 常指“需要讨论、考虑或解决的问题”，强调“问题”的复杂和困难:
That still doesn't solve our prob-
lem.
We don't have a simple solution to the problem.
2． question 常与“求知、寻求信息”等有关，强调对“问题”解答的期待:
Why don't you answer my ques-
tion?
They asked a lot of questions about China.
3． “问题儿童”是 a problem child，
不说 a question child; a problem
shooter 指“解决 ( 棘手 ) 问题的人”，不说 a question shooter。 procedure ，process
两词都有“程序”的含义。
1． procedure 指“办事的方法、顺序”，如先干什么、后干什么等:
follow the procedure in applying
for a visa
2． process 强调“办事的过程”以及
“通过这一过程要达到的结果”:
the electoral process 选举程序( 强调“规范的选举过程达到民主公正的结果”)
the process of aging 衰老的过程
3． procedure 后面常跟介词 for，
process 后面跟 of:
the procedure for renewing the
books
the procedure for doing the re-
search
the process of learning to drive
the process of solving the prob-
lems pro-choice 在美国，pro-choice 成为一种政治主张，支持人工流产合法化，妇女有权自己决定是否流产; 它的对应词是 pro-
life，主张不应该允许怀孕妇女堕胎:
The Pro-Choice / Pro-Life debate
is among the most vigorous and
enduring in contemporary Ameri-
can society. proclaim 常用于下列句型，下面几句的意思相同:
They proclaimed him a winner.
( proclaim sth)
They proclaimed him to be a win-
ner. ( proclaim sb to be sth)
They proclaimed that he was a winner. ( proclaim that) proclamation proclamation，declaration
两词都可译成“宣言、宣布”。
1． proclamation 所指的“宣言”一般对整个国家和民族都有影响:
the Emancipation Proclamation
( 美国的) 废奴宣言
the proclamation of national emer-
gency 宣布国家处于紧急状态
2． declaration 所指的“宣言”可以对国家有影响，也可以只对个人有影响:
the declaration of war 战争宣言
his declaration of love 他的爱情宣言 procure 常用于下列句型:
He procured himself respect.
( procure sb sth)
He procured respect for himself.
( procure sth for sb)
He procured a ticket for the semi-
final. ( procure sth for sth)
A ticket was procured for the semi-final. ( be procured for sth) produce ，product
两词都有“产品”的含义:
1． 名词 produce 常指弄农民出产的
“农产品”，如水果、蔬菜等; 或农场出产的 “( 副) 产品”，如葡萄酒、奶制品、羊毛制品等:
farm produce
dairy produce
agricultural produce
The wine bottle was marked“Pro-
duce of Britain”．
2． product 使用域广，可以指各种
“产品”，工业产品、农业产品、思想产品等，甚至可以指“人”:
software products
the product of the writer's imagi-
nation
The main products of the country are sugar and silver.
They are the products of the pri-
vate education system.
3． produce 一般为不可数名词，
product 为可数名词:
the price of raw materials and pro-
duce
manufactured products production 泛指“生产”时，production 一般作不可数名词，但具体指一件“产品”( 如艺术作品) 时，常为可数名词:
to encourage domestic production of cars improvements in oil production go into full productionIt is known for its artistic productions.
the students' dramatic productions
the first-rate literary productions professor 1． 在美国主要在大学里使用，一般分
assistant professor， associate
professor，full professor 几个等次，有的学校还有 distinguished
professor，但这通常不是一种教席等级，而是一种荣誉称号; 平时，人们都可把全职的大学教师称为
professor。
2． 在英国，professor 常常是大学里某一学科的负责人，资历最深; 一个学科通常只有一个 professor; 大学的教师等级一般是 lecturer，senior lec-
turer，reader，professor。
3． 表示 “…… 方面的教授”，profes-
sor 后面常用介词 of:
a professor of history
a professor of physics
4． 当然，用 a history professor 或 a
physics professor 也很常见。
5． 说“某某学校的教授”，学校前常用介词 at，in:
She is a professor of English at
Harvard / in the University of Lon-
don. profile 1． “保持……姿态、形象”可以说:
keep a high profile
keep a low profile
keep a flawless profile
keep a noble profile
keep a maintain a high profile
keep a low profile
keep a energetic profile
keep a fine profile
2． 类似的短语还有:
have a high profile
raise his profile
give him a much higher profile profit 1． 作“益处”解，常为不可数名词:
I have read the novel with profit.
reading for profit and pleasure;
2． 作“利润、盈利”解，可作可数或不可数名词:
Bigger cars do mean bigger prof-
its.
There's little profit in selling old cars.
3． 表示“……方面的利润”，profit 后面常用介词 on，from，in，upon
等:
a huge profit on the deal
a profit from the transaction
a handsome profit in business
profits upon his investments in
shares
4． 后面常跟介词 from，by:
Who will profit from it?
A wise man can profit from his mistakes.
He is profiting by his mistakes.
She has profited by selling her shares to others. programme ，program
1． programme 为英国写法，指 “( 公司、大学等组织的) 活动 ( 或行动)
计划、方案”:
a major investment programme
follow a fitness programme
2． 如果指“( 政府组织的) 活动( 或行动) 计划、方案”，常用 scheme:
For 10 years the government has
supported schemes to encourage
farmers to replant orange trees。
3． program 为美国写法，可指“( 政府或民间组织的 ) 服务项目 ( 或计划)”:
the welfare reform program of the
government
an environmental protection pro-
gram
4． 还可以指 “( 教育机构组织的学习、科研等) 项目、计划”:
a student exchange program
( me)
a graduate program( me) in man-
agement
an overseas study program( me) progress 1． 常为不可数名词:
make progress every day
2． 可以说:
little progress
great progress
much progress
a lot of progress
slow progress
fast progress
no progress
notable progress
amazing progress
astonishing progress
continued progress
considerable progress
social progress
economic progress
encouraging progress
enormous progress
excellent progress
expeditious progress
good progress
marked progress
rapid progress
remarkable progress
steady progress
some progress
real progress
solid progress
startling progress
tremendous progress
undeniable progress
marvelous progress
moral progress
actual progress
material progress
obvious progress
phenomenal progress
prohibit，forbid，ban
这组词都可以译成“禁止”。
1． prohibit 是正式用词，语气强于
forbid 和 ban，常指 “( 法律或政府) 强行禁止”:
a law that prohibits smoking in
public places
2． forbid 侧重指“禁止个人做某事”:
The parents forbade her to marry him.
He was forbidden to read that book.
3． ban 较普通、口语化，常可指各种
“禁止”:
ban smoking
ban the sale of guns
ban the showing of the movie
ban the showing of the book
5． “紫禁城”用 the Forbidden City，
不说 the Prohibited City 或 the
Banned City。 project 1． “……项目”可以有多种说法:
a project to establish a new school
a project for establishing a new
school
a project on the study of the Kore-
an War( a project on常用在教学科研方面，如 a project on a topic
of students' own choice)
the New Hope Project
Project 985
2． 中国教育界的“211 工程”常译成
Project 211，前面常不加定冠词:
Project 211 is the Chinese
government's new endeavor aimed
at strengthening about 100 institu-
tions of higher education and key
disciplinary areas as a national pri-
ority for the 21st century. pro-life 参见 pro-choice。 prolong prolong，extend
两词都可译成“延长”:
1． prolong 比较正式，基本意思是
“延长时间”:
prolong the meeting
prolong a war
prolong our visit
2． extend 侧重指“延长东西的长度、宽度、耐用度”等:
extend the troop's supply lines
plan to extend its service from the
city to the countryside
3． 但在实际使用中，两词的区别并不十分明显，有时可以换用:
He prolonged / extended his stay in New York. promise 1． 注意关于“许诺”的一些搭配:
make a promise
give a promise
keep a promise
deliver a promise
break a promise
show a promise
hold a promise
violate a promise
carry out a promise
fulfill a promise
obtain a promise
perform a promise
receive a promise
clutch a promise
elicit a promise
gain a promise
enforce a promise
ignore a promise
avail oneself of a promise
redeem a promise
secure a promise
respect a promise
go back on a promise
withdraw a promise
2． 作动词时常用在以下句型中:
He promised to help her. ( prom-
ise to do sth)
He promised her that he would help her. ( promise sb that)
He promised that he would help her. ( promise that)
He promised her his help. ( prom-
ise sb sth)
He promised to be quick to help.
( promise to be)
He promised some help to her.
( promise sth to sb)
3． 口语中表示“我答应你”时，用 I
promise，I promise you 都可以:
I won't be late，I promise you.
I won't be late，I promise.
4． promise，agree 都可以译成“答应”，但差异很大。
1) promise 只是一种“承诺”或“意愿”，不一定真正履行:
The government has failed to keep its promise.
2) agree 一般指“答应”:
I agree with them that we would try again. promote 1． 下面几句话都可以说:
Recently he was promoted to sen-
ior group manager.
Recently he was promoted to the post of senior group manager.
Recently he was promoted to the position of senior group manager.
Recently he was promoted to the rank of senior group manager.
2． 有人说，promote 后面一般都跟
“好事”:
promote the use of public trans-
portation
promote recycling of waste paper
promote peace
promote the cause of homeless
people
promote economic growth
promote health
3． 实际上，promote 有时也可以接
“坏事”:
In many ways，our society active-
ly promotes alcoholism. pronounce 除可以表示“发 ( 音)”以外，还常用在以下几种情况中:
The doctor pronounced him dead.
The priest pronounced them man and wife.
He pronounced himself satisfied with the election results.
The specialist pronounced him fully fit. -proof 作为构词成分可以组成很多词，表示
“不能穿透的”，“耐 …… 的、防 ……
的、抗 …… 的、不受 …… 影响的、同……一样坚固的”:
waterproof
soundproof
airproof
rustproof
bulletproof
recession-proof
bomb-proof
microwave-proof
tamper-proof
draught-proof
fireproof
heatproof
earthquake-proof buildings
inflation-proof
armorproof
woman-proof
rainproof
windproof
dishwasher-proof
childproof
shockproof
dustproof
acidproof
slander-proof
radar-proof
ovenproof
rabbit-proof fence
burn-proof
virus-proof computer
bomb-proof shelters
bully-proof schools
explosion-proof switches
poison-proof food propaganda 1． 作“宣传”解有贬义，因为它的英语释义是 information，especially
false information，that a govern-
ment or organization spread in or-
der to influence people's opinions
and beliefs; 我国有些“宣传部门”被译成 propaganda department，
其实这种译法很可笑，应译成 pub-
licity department 等。
2． 常作不可数名词:
a piece of propaganda
a view of propaganda
methods of propaganda
various elements of propaganda
the impact of propaganda property 1． 泛指“财产”时，常作不可数名词:
a form of intellectual property 知识产权的一种形式
some stolen property 一些被盗的财产
2． 具体指“房子、物业、建筑物”等时，为可数名词:
She owns several properties in
Boston. proposal proposal，suggestion
两词都有“建议”的含义。
1． proposal 尤指“向一群人提出正式的建议”:
the government's proposals to es-
tablish a free health care system;
2． “( 向某人) 求婚”用 proposal:
She accepted his proposal at once.
3． suggestion 侧重指“向某人提出的建议”:
a few suggestions to improve her
article
follow his suggestion of a walk
along the creek propose 1． 常用于下列句型:
He proposed a new method in
2004． ( propose sth)
He proposed Mr. Smith for dean.
( propose sb for sth)
He proposed creating a new com-
mittee to deal with the issue.
( propose doing sth)
He proposed that I see a doctor.
( propose that)
2． 下面两个句子意思相同:
He proposed delaying their deci-
sion until next week.
He proposed that they delay their decision until next week. prosecute 表示“因 …… 而 ( 被 ) 告发”，常用
prosecute sb for sth 或 be prosecu-
ted for sth:
The police prosecuted him for vio-
lating the traffic laws.
He was prosecuted for violating the traffic laws. prospect 复数尤指“( 工作等的) 机遇、前途”:
He has got a job with excellent prospects. 他得到一份很有前途的工作。
He chose to work in a big city to improve his career prospects. 他选择在大城市工作以改善他的职业前途。 prospective prospective，possible
prospective，possible 都有“可能”的含义。
1． prospective 比较正式，只能修饰名词，不能作表语等。可以说:
He is a prospective buyer.
( 一般不说 It is prospective that he will buy things. )
2． possible 比较普通常用，可形容各种“可能”:
It is a possible solution.
It is possible to solve the problem.
a possible successor
a possible site
the highest score possible on the
test
the great possible assistance protect 常用于下列句型:
They are determined to protect the country's natural resources.
( protect sth)
He can't protect himself from the disease. ( protect sb from sth)
It will help to protect the trees a-
gainst a fire. ( protect sth a-
gainst)
The novel is protected by copy-
right. ( be protected by)
He protected himself with a gun.
( protect sb with sth) protection 1． 后面常跟介词 of，against，from
等:
the protection of human rights
the protection against flood
the protection from the heat
2． 我们常说:
afford protection
furnish protection
give protection
need protection
provide protection
receive protection
insure protection
require protection
seek protection
deny protection
gain protection
grant protection
legalize protection
maintain protection
sustain protection protective 1． 表示“保护 …… 东西”用 be pro-
tective of sth:
She is very protective of her priva-
cy.
2． 表示 “保护 …… ( 人 )”用 be
protective toward sb 句型:
She is very protective towards her younger sister.
3． 下面两个句子意思相同:
He is too protective toward his brother.
He is over protective toward his brother. protest 1． 后面常跟介词 about，against，at:
Spaniards protested about the lat-
est killing.
They protested against the war.
Native American Indians protested at Scottish Power.
a human chain to protest at Gaza
Plan
2． 下面例子中，名词 protest 前不用冠词:
The chairman resigned in protest.
He left the conference room with-
out protest.
They had to play under protest.
The parliament's decision pro-
voked a storm of protest.
protocol，ritual，etiquette
这组词都有“礼仪”的含义:
1． protocol 尤指“政府官员在正式场合的礼仪”，如外交礼仪等，常作不可数名词:
royal protocol
Protocol demands that the presi-
dent meet the visiting king at the train station.
2． ritual 侧重指“宗教礼仪、仪式”:
the most ancient Buddhist rituals
3． ritual 可以作可数或不可数名词:
Christian ritual( s)
4． etiquette 主要指“人们在社交场合应该遵守的礼仪”，常作不可数名词:
Today，the rules of etiquette are not so strict.
professional etiquette
business etiquette
diplomatic etiquette
a breach of etiquette proud 下面几个句子都可以说:
He is proud of his success.
He felt proud to be successful.
He is proud of being successful.
He is proud that he is successful.
It is the proudest moment for him. prove 下面几种说法都可以:
It proved him guilty.
It proved his guilt.
He was proved guilty.
It proved that he was guilty. proverb ，epigram
这组词都有 “格言”或 “谚语”的含义。
1． motto 常指 “( 个人、学校、机构或国家的) 指导原则、信仰、目标”，它不是戒律，而是一种理想:
“Preparedness， that's my mot-
to，”he declared.
The state motto is “Excelsior，”
meaning “ever upward.”
2． maxim 常指 “行为准则”，劝导人们按习俗规矩办事:
Her maxim is “Seize the day.”
3． axiom 主要指 “被广泛接受的公理、规律、原则、原理”等，尽管是被普遍接受的，但不一定是对的:
The old axiom is that the richest candidate always wins.
4． saying 可以指 “名人名言”，也可指不知来源的“民间谚语”，极具流行性和普遍性:
As the saying goes，“There's no smoke without fire.”
The teacher taught us many say-
ings of Mencius.
5． proverb 常指 “简洁明了、充满智慧的谚语”，指点生活，比较实用、家常化:
“Don't put all your eggs in one basket”is a proverb.
6． epigram 指幽默、诙谐的“妙句、警句”等，常有讽刺意义:
My favorite epigram is “Every-
thing I like is either illegal，immo-
ral，or fattening.” proverb proverb，saying
两词都有“谚语”的含义。
1． proverb 常指“简洁明了、为生活提供指南的谚语”，它们比较规范并为人们熟知:
An old proverb says， “ Merry meet，merry part.”
2． saying 比 proverb 更加普及和流行，有时不知其出处，甚至可指自己编造的话:
His favorite saying is: “There are a lot of people far worse off than me.”
provided，provided that，provi- province 1． 注意在表达中国的“省”时冠词的用法。
1) 省名前置，province 前不用冠词:
in the Yong'an Community of Wu-
han City，Hubei Province
Shenzhen in Guangdong Province
the capital of Shandong Province
2) 省名后置时，province 前用定冠词:
the Province of Shaanxi
the Province of Henan
2． 美国的行政体制一般是 federal
government，state，county，city;
它的 state 有些类似我国的 prov-
ince，加拿大的“省”也用 province:
the Canadian Provinces
3． 英国的“郡”用 county 表示，coun-
ty 是英国最大的地方行政单位:
Sutherland is the largest county in
Britain， covering 2，000 square miles.
4． 复数 the provinces 常指“( 首都或大城市以外的) 地方、外地、外省”。 provoke 常用于下列句型:
provoke the reaction
provoke the response
provoke the outrage
provoke the hostility
provoke the anger in the Muslin
world
provoke the laughter
provoke the smiles
provoke the violence
provoke the feuds between the
two countries
provoke the press interest
provoke the general rage
provoke the his tears
provoke the fierce and prolonged
debate
provoke the quarrel
provoke the speculation
provoke the same original remark
provoke the incident
provoke sb into sth
doing sth
provoke sb to do sth provost 1． 在英国可以指 “( 某些大学中某个学院的) 院长”:
a provost in the University of Lon-
don
2． 注意，伦敦大学中各学院的“院长”叫法不一样，有的称为 princi-
pal:
the principal of Royal Holloway，
University of London
3． 在美国可以指“教务长”或“副校长”等，美国的“校长”常用 presi-
dent:
Political science professor Condo-
leezza Rice has been named
provost of Stanford University by
President Gerhard Casper. pry 常用于下列句型:
pry into her family affairs
pry some secrets from the files
pry the secret out of the agent
pry the lid open / off / away
P． S．
“附言”，可以用 P． S． 或 PS，在日常生活中用 PS 居多:
P． S． Send me an email next time you're coming to Boston and I'll meet you at the airport.
PS． I put the key into the mailbox.
PS: Please write soon.
PS Please sign my guest-book.
PS please bring your family and friends.
( 注意 PS 后面的标点符号和大小写的用法，例句中前两种属于比较规范的写法)
pseudo，fake，phony
3 词都有“假”的含义。
1． pseudo 尤指“假充有知识的，假充内行的”等:
pseudo-intellectual images
2． pseudo-常作构词成分:
pseudo-democracy
pseudo-science
pseudo-random numbers
3． fake 常指“用复制等方式骗人的”:
a fake visa
a fake document
a fake passport
4． phony 强调“迷惑人的、困惑人的”等:
use phony credentials to cheat
people
a phony moustache
5． phony 有“虚伪的、一本正经的、炫耀的”等含义:
a phony scholar
a phony show-off public 1． the public 作“公众”解，后面跟单复数动词均可，下面两个句子都可以:
The public has the right to know the truth.
The public have the right to know the truth.
2． 下面这些搭配都可以:
the reading public
the book-buying public
theatre-going public
general public
viewing public
traveling public
3． 注意下面的短语:
They have decided to go public with the story.
It will not do for him to drink a lot and reel about in public.
He made his plan public.
4． 表示“公众”时，可以说:
the public
the general public
the public at large
the voice of the public at large
5． 指“公共关系”时，一般用复数
public relations:
She is a good public relations of-
ficer. publication 1． 泛指“出版”，常为不可数名词:
The novel is being translated into several languages for publication.
2． 指具体的“出版物”，常为可以数名词:
a financial publication
He had 20 publications to his credit.
public school
1． 在美国是“( 由财税支持的免费地方性) 公立中小学校 ( 学生一般在 5 岁至 18 岁之间)”; 英国人称这种学校为 state school。
2． 在英国，public school 是“私立学校”，学生一般在 13 至 18 岁; 美国人称这种学校为 private school。
publishing house，press
两者都可以译成“出版社”。
1． publishing house 比较普通，常指
“出版公司”:
It is a publishing house.
The General Store Publishing
House is located in the historic Ot-
tawa Valley.
2． press 指“出版企业”，常与出版社的名称连用:
the Oxford University Press
puddle，pool，
两词都有“水坑、水洼”的含义，一般来说，puddle 比 pool 小，尤指“雨后积水”:
A puddle is a small pool of water，
especially on a road after rain. publish edit，publish
两词都与“出版”有关。
1． edit 是“为出版作准备，如决定文章的取舍、校正错误等”:
His original text has been heavily edited. ( 包含“作了很大修改”的意思)
2． publish 主要从商业的角度考虑问题，目的是为了“向公众出售”:
The company mainly publishes
English textbooks and has made a lot of profits out of them.
3． edit out 应译成“删除( 不合适的部分)”，除文字外还可删除图像、声音等:
Her voice will be edited out of the final film. pull 美国人在口语中常将 pull 短语用于机动车( 尤其是汽车) 方面:
The train just pulled in. 火车刚刚进站。
The police told to pull over. 警察叫我将车靠路边停下。
He pulled out in front of me with-
out using her turn signal.
他没打拐弯指示灯就将车开到我车的前面。
The taxi pulled up outside the bank. 出租车在银行外停了下来。
He pulled his car into the parking lot. 他将车停进了停车场。
I started to walk toward the club when the car pulled along me.
我刚迈步朝俱乐部走去，汽车就在我身边停了下来。 pulse 1． 尽管“脉搏”无数次地跳动，但在使用中它常作单数:
The doctor felt her wrist，checking for a pulse.
Her pulse quickened.
She has a pulse of 72．
2． 表示“诊脉”时，可以说 feel / take
one's pulse:
A photographer reached the wreckage of Princess Diana's car to feel / take her pulse. punish 表示“因某事惩罚某人”，可以用 pun-
ish sb for sth / doing sth:
The police punished him for reck-
less driving.
He was punished for speeding.
pupil，student，learner
这组词都可以译成“学生”。
1． pupil 在美国可指中学生或小学生，在英国常指小学生。
2． pupil 还可以指画家、音乐家以及其他专家的“门生”( 也可以是成年人) :
a pupil of painter Qi Baishi
3． student 尤指“大学生”:
They are college students.
4． 只要在“学习”或“实习”，就可以叫 student:
a student driver
a student teacher
an art student
a medical student
5． learner 不一定在学校里，只要在学东西，就是 learner:
a learner driver
a student driver purchase purchase，buy
两词都可以译成“买”。
1． purchase 比较正式，侧重指“购买”大件、贵重物品:
purchase a number of shares in
the company
purchase a house
2． 表示“购买力”，用 purchasing
power。
3． buy 比较通俗，常用在口语中:
buy some film tickets
buy a toy
buy the best education
buy time
4． buy 可指“收买”:
Efforts to buy off him have failed. purge 表示“清除”，主要有两种说法:
They plan to purge the party of dissidents. ( purge sth of sb)
They plan to purge dissidents from the party. ( purge sb from
sth)
purple
“词藻华丽的段落”，可以说 a purple
passage， purple patch， purple
prose:
Occasionally， there is a purple passage tendency that is grating to the puritanical British reader.
purse，wallet，handbag，hand- pursue 下面是 pursue 可以接的一部分宾语:
pursue a career
pursue a policy
pursue a common goal
pursue peace
pursue the matter
pursue the issue
pursue the enemy
pursue knowledge
pursue a calling
pursue a subject
pursue a plan
pursue the proper legal law
pursue an escaped criminal
pursue his studies
pursue their own interests
pursue economic reform
pursue democracy
pursue new business
pursue a goal
pursue an aim
pursue an ideal
pursue this research
pursue a legal practice
pursue his commitment
pursue mobile warfare
pursue his trade
pursue this example
pursue what we consider to be the
right course
pursue delusions pursuit 下面几种说法都可以:
He is relentless in pursuit of hap-
piness.
He is relentless in the pursuit of happiness.
He is relentless in his pursuit of happiness. push 表示“不要得寸进尺”，可以译成:
Don't push your luck.
Don't press your luck.
Don't crowd your luck.
Don't stretch your luck.
put
put on 和 wear 都有“穿戴”的含义，但用法不同。
1． put on 指“穿上、戴上”的动作或过程:
He put on his overcoat and went out.
2． wear 指“穿衣”的状态，表示“衣服已经穿在身上”:
She is wearing a red coat. puzzle 1． 作动词时表示“为 …… 所困惑、伤脑筋”，后面常跟介词 over，about，
upon，at 等:
He's been puzzling over a confu-
sing problem.
He's been puzzling about a confu-
sing problem.
He's been puzzling upon a confu-
sing problem.
He's been puzzling at a confusing problem.
2． 作名词时后面常跟介词 to:
You are always a puzzle to me.
pyramid
the Pyramids 常指“埃及的金字塔”，
字母 P 常大写:
The tourists went off to see the
Pyramids.
quagmire，marsh，swamp
这组词都有“沼泽”的含义。
1． quagmire 较具文学韵味:
The horses were stuck in the quagmire.
2． swamp 要比 marsh 大一些，但两词的含义十分接近，常可换用:
The hunters built a hut in the swamp / marsh.
3． marsh 里的水比较永久，名著《水浒》译成英语为 Outlaws in the
Marsh，不用 swamp，因为水泊梁山四面环水。 quaint quaint，strange
1． quaint 常指“因为古老而显得奇怪”:
a small quaint old town with nar-
row streets
2． strange 比较普通常用，可指各种
“奇怪的”人或事物:
a strange man
a strange habit
a strange country qualification 1． 在英国可指“学业结束以后获得的学位、毕业证书”等:
He has got a medical qualifica-
tion. 他获得了行医执照。
2． 表示“资格、资历、学历”，常用复数:
What qualifications do you have
for this post?
He has no qualifications for that kind of medical judgment. qualified 表示“合格的( 程度)”，可以说:
poorly qualified
entirely qualified
unusually qualified
capably qualified
competently qualified
exceptionally qualified
highly qualified
fully qualified
well qualified
suitably qualified
always qualified
not qualified
wonderfully qualified
acceptably qualified
especially qualified
particularly qualified
technically qualified
obviously qualified
evidently qualified
marvelously qualified
proficiently qualified
newly qualified
properly qualified qualify 表示“合格”，可以说:
He is qualified to practice medi-
cine.
He is qualified as a doctor.
He is qualified for the medical pro-
fession.
Years of professional training have qualified him for a medical career.
Years of professional training have qualified him to become a doctor. quality 1． 注意下面的一些搭配:
high quality
good quality
top quality
low quality
poor quality
bad quality
average quality
best quality
better quality
common quality
superfine quality
fine quality
great quality
shining quality
medium quality
inferior quality
lasting quality
ordinary quality
prime quality
rare quality
same quality
first-rate quality
second-class brilliant quality
desirable quality
outstanding quality
superior quality
2． 表示“优质产品、精品”可以说:
quality goods
a quality product
3． 表示“……方面的优秀人才”可以说:
a quality teacher
a teacher of quality
a quality actor
an actor of quality
quality players
players of quality
4． quality time 指“人们与亲人在一起忘却烦恼、无拘无束、享受生活的时间”:
So，should we just give up on
having“quality time”with our fam-
ily?
5． quality of life 意思是“生活质量”，
指“享受生活最基本的东西”，而不是“拥有许多金钱”。 quantity 1． 表示“量”，常有:
a large quantity of water
a generous quantity of
an unknown quantity of
a fixed quantity of
huge quantities of
a vast quantity of food
large quantities of water
vast quantities of water
water in large quantities
in sufficient quantities
in considerable quantity
a small quantity of water
water in small quantity
in workable quantities
in wholesale quantities
in great quantities
in limited quantities
in moderate quantity of
in prodigious quantity of
2． 下面两个句子意思相同:
She bought things in large quanti-
ty.
She bought things in large quanti-
ties. quarrel quarrel，argue
两词都有“争辩”的含义，但 quarrel
强调的是“争吵”，其语气强于 ar-
gue; argue 有时仅指“争论而不动怒”:
In a violent quarrel，she hurled a glass of water at her husband.
The couple argued about the edu-
cation of their only child. quarter 1． 在美国，不少大城市的外国人“聚居区” 叫 quarter， 如底特律的
Greek quarter， 新奥尔良的
French quarter; 但中国人在美国的“聚居区”叫 Chinatown。
2． 复数常指 “( 士兵、水手、佣人等的) 住处”:
He went back to the officers' quar-
ters.
3． by the quarter 可作“3 个月( 付一次)”解:
I pay my bills by the quarter. 我 3
个月付一次账单。
4． 在美国常指“25 分的硬币”，美国常见的硬币有:
a cent 一分硬币
nickel 五分硬币
dime 一角硬币
quarter 两角五分硬币
half dollar 五毛硬币
dollar 一元硬币 quay 这组词都可译成“码头”。
1． dock 主要指“装卸码头”:
Ships load and unload beside a dock.
2． pier 主要指“凸式码头”，供人们行走或上船用:
A pier is a platform sticking out in-
to the water.
3． wharf 常指“沿河边或沿海边用石头砌成石壁、用于系船或装卸的码头”:
He was sitting on the edge of the wharf.
4． harbor 常指“有许多小码头组成的港口”，指整个“港区”:
Shanghai Harbor
5． quay 与 wharf 的含义接近，但经常指小地方、停靠小船的“码头”:
They got into the small boat，went
into the quay / wharf and got a-
shore. queen 1． the Queen's English 指“标准英语”，注意要加定冠词，字母 Q 要大写; “标准英语”也可叫 the
King's English。
2． a queen-size bed 要比普通的“双人床( a double bed)”大，但没有
a king-size bed 大。 query query，question
两词都有“问题”的含义。
1． query 常指“向专家、报纸杂志、组织机构提出的问题”:
One of our experts will be there to answer you queries.
If you have any queries，please contact our chief editor.
2． question 比较常用，可以指各种
“问题”:
a personal question
a probing question question problem，question
两词都可译成“问题”。
1． problem 常指“需要讨论、考虑或解决的问题”，强调“问题”的复杂和困难:
That still doesn't solve our prob-
lem.
We don't have a simple solution to the problem.
2． question 常与“求知、寻求信息”等有关，强调对“问题”解答的期待:
Why don't you answer my ques-
tion?
They asked a lot of questions about China.
3． “问题儿童”是 a problem child，
不说 a question child; a problem
shooter 指“解决 ( 棘手 ) 问题的人”，不说 a question shooter。 question query，question
两词都有“问题”的含义。
1． query 常指“向专家、报纸杂志、组织机构提出的问题”:
One of our experts will be there to answer you queries.
If you have any queries，please contact our chief editor.
2． question 比较常用，可以指各种
“问题”:
a personal question
a probing question question 1． out of question 是“毫无疑问、确定无疑”，也可作 beyond ques-
tion，beyond all question; out of
the question 是“不可能”:
His loyalty is out of question.
Solving the problem at once is out of the question.
2． 参见 query。 queue 1． 表示“排队”可以说:
We are in a queue. ( be in a
queue)
We stood in a queue. ( stand in a
queue)
I joined the queue behind him.
( join the queue)
I am queuing to get into the lec-
ture-hall. ( queue to do sth)
We're queuing up to see the mov-
ie. ( queue up to do sth)
I am queuing for some bread.
( queue for sth)
2． 现在分词拼写成 queueing 或
queuing 都可以。
3． 关于表示“插队”，参见 line。 quiet 注意下面这些搭配用法，可以说:
a quiet car
a quiet music
a quiet residential area
a quiet house
a quiet place
a quiet drink
a quiet life
a quiet holiday season
a quiet word
a quiet murmur
a quiet rural backwater
a quiet confidence
a quiet color
a quiet person
a quiet voice
a quiet business
a quiet wedding
a quiet satisfaction
a quiet lake
a quiet footsteps
a quiet temperament
a quiet manners
a quiet diplomacy
a quiet resentment
a quiet despair quit 后面常跟动名词短语，不跟动词不定式; 下面几个句子都可以:
I've decided to quit.
I've decided to quit my job.
I've decided to quit teaching. quite 1． 美国人说 quite，其意思是 very:
I'm feeling quite tired. ( = I'm feeling very tired. )
2． 英国人说 quite，在多数情况下都指“fairly”:
This novel is quite good. 这本小说比较好。 quotation 1． 表示“…… 的语录”，quotation 后面常跟介词 from:
quotations from Shakespeare
a quotation from the Bible
2． 在口语中，“语录”有时用 quote:
He read a quote from Shake-
speare. quote 表示“引用……的话”，可以说:
He quoted Shakespeare. ( quote
sb)
He quoted from Shakespeare.
( quote from sb)
He quoted a well-known saying from Shakespeare. ( quote sth
from sb)
He quoted Shakespeare as saying
( quote sb as saying sth)
674
quiet

 rabbit 是“兔子”的总称，还有不少“兔子”的表述方法:
buck 雄兔
doe 雌兔
bunny 小兔
hare 野兔 race 1． 作动词常用于下列句型:
I'll race you to the top of the hill.
I raced him down the street.
I raced in Europe.
I raced across the town.
I raced toward the goal.
I raced up the stairs.
An idea raced through my mind.
I raced sports cars / horses as of-
ten as I could.
2． 名词 race 与 tribe 都有“种族”的含义。
1) race 涵盖面广，可以跨国界存在:
the human race
the black race
2) tribe 一般指比较小的“部落”，常按古老的方式生活:
The tribe was divided into several hunting bands led by one or more chiefs.
3． “赛马场”英国人说 racecourse，
美国人说 racetrack。
4． a racing car 和 race car 两种表达方法都可以。 radical radical，extremist
两词都有“激进”的含义。
1． radical 可以是贬义，也可以是褒义。比如西方人把“四人帮 ( the
Gang of Four )”称为 radicals，有贬义; 褒义的例子有:
The country needs some radical change. 这个国家需要某种激进的改革。
Jack London was a literary radical of his time. 杰克 · 伦敦是他那个时代的文学激进分子。
2． extremist 基本上是贬义词，指“极端分子”:
The extremists carried out Sunday's bomb attack.
extremist violence radio 短语 byradio ( 通过无线电方式传送)
中，radio 前不加冠词:
He sent the message by radio.
I contacted him by radio. rag 1． 复数常指“衣衫褴褛、贫困”等含义，注意下列短语:
He was in rags.
He rose from rags to riches.
It's a rags-to-riches story.
2． the rag trade 在口语中可以指“服装行业”:
Competition in the rag trade is harsh. raid 1． 可以说:
a police raid
a guerrilla raid
an air raid
a bombing raid
a cross-border raid
a surprise raid
a B-51 raid
a daylight raid
a suicide raid
2． 表示“对 …… 进行袭击”时，后面常跟介词 on，against:
carry out bombing raid on enemy
targets
make an air raid against the reb-
els railroad 1． 表示“铁路”，是美国用词，英国人说 railway。
2． 表示“铁路工人”，英国人说 rail-
wayman，美国人说 rail worker 或
railroad worker。 rain 1． 泛指“雨”，常为不可数名词:
a lot of rain
heavy rain
pouring rain
torrential rain
drenching rain
driving rain
little rain
slight rain
intermittent rain
light rain
2． 特指“一场雨”，为可数名词:
A gentle rain is falling on the prai-
rie.
He was drenched in a pelting rain.
a summer rain
a spring rain
3． 复数可指“雨季”:
The 2003 rains began in the heat of June.
4． 表示“雨下得很大”，可以说:
It's pouring with rain.
It rained cats and dogs.
It rained heavily.
It rained hard all day.
It is raining very hard.
The rain is pouring down.
It's a driving / blinding / drenching
/ pelting / torrential rain.
A heavy rain visited the town.
5． 自然界有各种各样的“雨”:
a drizzle 毛毛细雨
shower 阵雨
downpour 倾盆大雨
storm 暴风雨
monsoon 季节雨
cloudburst 大暴雨
deluge 大暴雨
6． “( 保持以后索取权的) 暂时拒绝”用 take a rain check on，美国用法:
I'd like to take a rain check on your invitation. 我想以后再接受你的邀请吧。
rainbow
a rainbow nation 是“一个多民族的国家”:
A multiracial country can over-
come a very troubled past and become a rainbow nation. raise 可以有如下的表达方法:
raise children
raise horse
raise wheat
raise hands
raise the cup to his lips
raise the wall
raise the vessel
raise income taxes
raise safety standards
raise prices
raise money for a charity
raise the issue
raise a number of questions
raise doubts
raise fears
raise hopes
raise expectations
raise a smile
raise his glass
raise voice
raise the blinds
raise flag
raise himself into a sitting position
raise interest rates
raise the level of concern
raise funds for a children's hospi-
tal
raise objections
raise eyebrows
raise the alarm
raise a finger
raise a laugh
raise hell
raise the roof
raise the devil
raise his status rake 1． 可以有如下的表达方法:
rake the garden paths
rake up the dead leaves
rake over the soil
rake her hair with her fingers
rake about among the papers
rake the hillside with binoculars
rake the beach with machine gun
fire
rake in huge profits
rake out grievances
rake in old records
rake into his life
2． “收集并揭发名人的丑闻”，可以用 muckraking:
These reporters really enjoy muckraking. 这些记者乐于收集并揭发名人的丑闻。 ramp 表示“坡道”主要是美国用词，英国人常用 slip road。 ranch farm，ranch
两词都可译成“农场”，但含义有所不同。
1． farm 可以指 “( 种庄稼的) 农场”，
也可以指“( 饲养牲畜、水产的) 农场”:
Much of England is good agricul-
tural land and there are many farms.
A sheet of water for cultivating oysters is called an oyster farm.
2． ranch 尤指“( 北美或澳大利亚的)
大牧场”:
a cattle ranch in Texas
a sheep ranch in Australia ranch ranch，farm
两词都有“农场”的含义:
1． ranch 主要在北美或澳洲使用，指
“( 加拿大、美国、澳大利亚的专业性) 大牧场”:
He lives on a cattle ranch in Aus-
tralia.
2． farm 比较常用， 可指各种“农场”:
a fruit farm
a dairy farm
a sheep farm range 1． “短程、远程、中程”或“短期、中期、长期”等可以说:
short-range missiles
medium-range missiles
a long-range plan
a short-range weather forecast
2． 下面短语中 range 前没有冠词:
turn his camera on a person in
range
stay out of range
within range of their artillery
fire at close range
out of range of their rockets
well out of range rare rare，scarce
两词都有“稀少的”含义。
1． rare 常指“同类东西中稀有的”，
因而是珍贵的:
a rare book room
a rare friend
a rare plant
a rare talent
2． scarce 主要指“因需求大于供给而变得稀有的”:
Food became scarce in winter.
Qualified workers were scarce during the strike.
3． rare 可以形容时间，scarce 不这样用:
on rare occasions rarely seldom，rarely
1． 两词的含义十分相近，经常可以互换使用:
He rarely / seldom eats liver.
I rarely / seldom wear woolen coat.
2． 两词在句首时，句中的词序都要倒装:
Rarely / Seldom have I read an article with such poor writing.
3． 但 rarely 比 seldom 使用频率稍高。 rate 1． 下面两个句子含义相同:
What is the rate of exchangep?
What is the exchange rate?
2． 可以说 at a the rate of 50 miles an hour.
3． 复数 the rates 在英国可以指
“( 水、清洁垃圾等) 公共事业费”:
I see the rates have gone up a-
gain this year. rather rather，fairly
rather 的语气强于 fairly; fairly 是“不好也不坏”，rather 是“相当好或相当坏”:
The car is fairly old. ( = The car is old，but not very old. )
The car is rather old. ( = The car is quite old. ) rating 1． 有各种的“评分”:
a favorable rating
a credit rating
a popularity rating
an approval rating
a value-for-money rating
a credibility rating
a high- priority rating
a( n) honesty rating
a dependability rating
an ability rating
an IQ rating
an academic rating
2． 表示“收视 ( 或收听) 率高低”，常用复数:
The new program has high ratings from the start. 这个新的节目从一开始就收视率很高。 ratio 表示“比率、比例”有不少说法:
The ratio of 4 to 2 is 2 to 1．
They are hoping for a more equal sex ratio on the staff.
The teacher-student ratio here is 1
∶ 16．
Mix the flour and water in the ratio of ten to one.
The adult to child ratio is 2 to 10． rave 后面常跟介词 about，over，at，a-
gainst，through，in 等:
rave about his performance
rave over the beauty of the lake
rave at all people
rave against the city government
rave through the woods
rave in delirium raw 1． 可以修饰很多名词，译成中文意思各异:
raw meat 生肉
raw sewage 未经处理的污水
raw cotton 原棉
raw music 自然的音乐
raw raw emotion 真实的情感
raw talent 天才
raw anger 袒露的愤怒
raw bitterness 坦陈的苦楚
raw excitement 表露的兴奋情绪
raw data 原始数据
raw recruits 新兵
raw March wind 阴冷的三月寒风
raw humor 粗俗的幽默
raw deal 不公正的待遇
raw nerve ( 某人的) 痛处
raw rubber 生橡胶
raw statistics 原始数据
raw draft 原始初稿
raw whisky 纯威士忌酒
raw plaster 刚涂抹的灰浆
raw lad 毛头小伙
raw youth 幼稚的年轻时代
raw knees 擦破皮的双膝
raw throat 酸痛的喉咙
raw hillside 光秃秃的山坡
raw use of military power 悍然使用武力
raw morning 阴冷的早晨
raw treatment of him 对他的不公正处理
raw punishment 严惩
raw joke 下流的笑话
raw materials 原料
raw vegetable 生菜
raw vitality 原始的活力
2． in the raw 有许多含义:
life in the raw 原始的生活
swim in the raw 裸泳
nature in the raw 原始的自然界
capitalism in the raw 野蛮的资本主义
3． 表示“原料”一般用复数 raw ma-
terials:
They import raw materials and ex-
port finished products. ray 1． 泛指“光线”，常用复数:
the last rays of the sun
2． 具体表示“一束光线”可以说:
a ray of light
3． 比喻说法中，ray 常用单数:
a ray of hope
a ray of comfort
a ray of sunshine into her life
the one ray of sunlight in his per-
sonal history reach 1． 表示“可到达的距离”，一些短语中的 reach 前面不用冠词:
live within easy reach of the super
market
keep the medicine out of reach of
the children
It's beyond reach.
2． 但如果 reach 被其他词所限定，其前面可加定冠词。下面几种说法都可以:
The price is beyond reach.
The price is beyond the reach of ordinary people.
The price is beyond our reach. reaction 1． “某某人的反应”，可以说:
my teacher's reaction
the reaction of my teacher
the reaction from my teacher
2． “对某事所产生的反应”，reaction
后面跟不同的介词，其含义也不同:
his reaction to your remark 他对你的话的反应 ( 可以是好的或坏的反应)
a reaction toward the Christian
faith 对基督教信仰的一种反应( 可以是好的或坏的反应)
a reaction against the society 敌视社会的一种反应 ( 一般是不好的反应)
reactions between a number of
chemicals 一些化学物质之间的反应 ( 两者之间的反应)
a bad reaction after the injection
注射后的不良反应 ( 可以是好的或坏的反应) read 1． 表示“大声朗读”，可以说:
He is reading the poem aloud.
He is reading the poem out loud.
He is reading the poem loudly.
2． 除可以指“读书”外，还可以指很多东西:
read the situation accurately 准确估量形势
read their decision 解读他们的决定
read his mind 识透他的心思
read between the lines 了解言外之意
read my lips 事情已决定，不容更改
read his thoughts 识透他的心思
read his shorthand 识别他的速写
read his face 观察他的脸色
read his moods 识察他的情绪
read his palm 看他的手相
3． 表示 “( 在大学里 ) 攻读 ( 某个科目)”，主要是英国用法:
He read Spanish at Oxford Uni-
versity.
She is reading for a degree at
Leeds. reader 1． 在英国，指 “( 大学里仅次于教授的) 高级讲师”，也有人将之译成
“副教授”; 在美国，reader 可指
“( 大学中帮助教授批阅试卷等的)
阅卷助教”。
2． 可指 “( 帮助阅读或学习外语的 )
读本”，其内容包括课文、练习等，
reader 前常有冠词:
The Norton Reader
An American Reader
3． 《读者文摘 》译成 Reader's Di-
gest，前面一般不用冠词;
4． 参见 professor。 reading 表示“选集”，常用复数，后面常用介词 in，from:
Selected Readings in English
readings from Bacon ready 1． 下面几个句子含义相同，都表示
“马上就好”:
I'm nearly ready.
I'm almost ready.
I'm just about ready.
2． ready-可作构词成分:
ready-made clothes
a ready-to-eat dinner
a ready-to-wear store
ready-to-run software
real estate
1． 作“房地产、不动产”解，常为不可数名词，前面一般没有冠词:
a spectacular piece of real estate
He invested in real estate.
2． 在美国英语中，可作“房屋”解，为不可数名词:
She sells real estate.
3． 有时也作 real property，主要用在法律方面。 realistic 表示“对……抱现实主义态度”，后面常跟介词about:
We've got to be realistic about the current situation. reality 可与不少动词搭配:
deal with reality
become reality
accept reality
confront reality
deny reality
face up to reality
face reality
ignore reality
recognize reality
wake up to reality
escape from reality
believe in reality
adapt to reality
bring sb back to reality
search for reality
cope with reality realm realm，kingdom
1． 两词都有“王国”的含义。
1) realm 主要用在文学和法律方面;
2) kingdom 常指实际的“王国”:
the United Kingdom of Great Brit-
ain and Northern Ireland
2． 两词指“领域”时含义相同，但
realm 的使用频率高一些:
the kingdom
realm of science
rear
rear-view mirror 是 “( 装在车内挡风玻璃上方的) 后视镜”; 汽车外面两侧的镜子叫 wing mirror，side mirror，
中文叫“侧镜”，俗称“倒车镜”。 reason 1． 下面两组句子都可以说:
The reason why I am going is that
I want to.
The reason I am going is that I
want to.
She resigned for reasons of health.
She resigned for health reasons.
2． 下面例子中 reason 前不用冠词:
I got him to listen to reason.
I have reason to believe that he is lying.
She refused to cooperate， not without reason.
I'll pay if the cost is within reason.
He doesn't like her，and with rea-
son.
She pleaded innocent，by reason of insanity.
She finally saw reason and gave in.
She came to reason.
She was restored to reason.
3． 表示“某种特别理由”时，常用复数:
for business reasons
for health reasons
for reasons of economy
for reasons of safety
for reasons of security
for reasons best known to himself
rebel，traitor，insurgent，rioter， recall 1． 可指“召回 ( 不合格商品)”:
The company is recalling its fake medicine.
recall the faulty bolts
2． 还可以有如下的表达方法:
recall the details of the meeting
recall its ambassador
recall an event
recall what has happened
recall the method they have been
using
recall the parliament
3． 后面可跟动名词短语，不跟动词不定式:
He didn't recall seeing her at the conference. recede 1． 后面常跟介词 into，from:
recede into recede into obscurity
recede into the fog
recede into the night
recede into the background
Friends are receding from me.
The sounds of the cars are rece-
ding from us.
His frank voice receded from the lobby.
He receded from his position.
She receded from the contract.
2． 可以说:
receding hairline
receding chin
receding gum
receding forehead
receding pain
receding memory
receding prospects
receding lights of the car
receding coast receipt 在正式 ( 尤其是商业) 信函中，不少
receipt 短语前不用冠词:
acknowledge receipt of the check
On receipt of your notice， we'll send the goods.
in receipt of your letter
qualified for receipt of the state
pension
Bills are due upon receipt.
I'm in receipt of a pension. receive accept，receive
1． 两词都有“接收、接受”等含义，但意思不完全相同。
1) accept 尤指情愿( willingly receive sth. ) 接受，强调主动接受:
I am here to accept the award. 我到这里来接受奖励。 ( 很乐意接受)
The joint venture offered him a job，and he accepted it without hesitation. 该合资企业给他提供一份工作，他欣然接受。
2) receive 侧重强调被动接受:
The new director received a lot of complaints about the project. 新主任收到许多有关这一项目的投诉。
( 这是他所不想看到的，但却不得不接受。)
The college president has re-
ceived several calls from angry parents. 学院校长已收到愤怒家长们的好几个电话。( 不情愿地接电话) receive 注意以下含义:
received pronunciation 标准发音
received wisdom 普遍看法
received opinions 普遍意见
received ideas 普遍想法 recent recent，current
两词都有“最近”的含义，但 current
比 recent 更加靠近现在，而且强调
“现在还起作用”:
Of these ten copies of recent re-
ports，only one is still current. 在这最近的 10 份报告中，只有一份还有用。 recently lately，recently
两词都有 “最近”的含义。
1． lately 没有 recently 常用，常用在完成时态的问句和否定句中:
Lately I haven't been feeling well.
( 完成时态、否定句)
Have you talked to your sister
lately? ( 完成时态、问句)
2． recently 可用在过去时态、完成时态中:
I recently returned home. ( 过去时态)
The doctors have recently found a
way to diagnose the deadly dis-
ease. ( 完成时态) recipe 表示 “…… 的食谱”，后面常跟介词
for，下面两个例子意思相同:
a recipe for roast duck
a recipe for making roast duck reciprocal mutual，reciprocal
两词都有 “相互”的含义。
1． 都有 “以恩报恩，以怨报怨”的含义，有时可以换用:
our mutual / reciprocal likes and
dislikes
2． 如不涉及或几乎不涉及感情、思想，强调“同一种行动、结果、观点”等时，用 mutual 较好:
by mutual agreement
for our mutual interest reciprocal ，mutual
这组词都有“相互”的含义。
1． 两词的含义很接近，都指两者之间的关系，也都可以指“互惠的”，
以及“互相仇恨的”:
a reciprocal exchange agreement
互惠交流条约
a reciprocal loathing for each oth-
er 相互仇恨
their mutual dislike 他们之间相互的仇恨
I like her and I hope the feeling is mutual. 我喜欢她，希望她也喜欢我。
2． reciprocal 较多用于正式文件和技术文本中; mutual 较常用，可以指
“兴趣、观点、情感”等方面的“相互关系”:
the reciprocal recriminations of
sporadic ambassadorial meetings
零零星星的大使级会议上的相互指责
a reciprocal cone ( 数学上的) 配极锥面
a mutual interest in traveling friend recognition 下面短语中 recognition 前不用冠词:
with a growing sense of recogni-
tion
stared at him with recognition
an award in recognition of his aca-
demic achievement
The city has changed beyond rec-
ognition.
My hometown has changed out of all recognition. recognize 1． 可以表示 “( 未见面而 ) 认出 ( 声音)”或“凭嗅觉 ( 或经验等 ) 认出……”:
I recognized her voice over the
phone!
The dog recognized the criminal by his smell.
I recognized the killer in the pho-
to.
2． 注意下面几句话的意思:
He could hardly recognize her with a pair of glasses. 她戴了一副眼镜，他几乎认不出她来了。
He recognized the museum from her description. 根据她的描述，他认出了那个博物馆。
I refused to recognize him be-
cause he is a wicked person. 我不愿跟他打招呼，因为他很坏。
3． 可以说:
a recognized authority
a recognized achievements
a recognized services
a recognized method of teaching
a recognized act of bravery recommend introduce，recommend
两词都可译成 “介绍”。
1． 表示“( 初次) 介绍、相互认识”，用
introduce:
He introduced me to the dean.
2． 表示 “( 推荐性的 ) 介绍”，用 rec-
ommend:
I recommended him as a good teacher.
3． recommend 后面常用复合宾语，
introduce 则很少用此类句型:
Can you recommend me a good
restaurant? ( recommend sb sth) recommend 1． 后面跟动名词短语，不跟动词不定式:
I recommend wearing smart dres-
ses to the dinner party.
2． 后面常跟复合宾语:
Can you recommend me a good
novel? recommendation 1． 表示“推荐信”可以说:
a letter of recommendation
a letter of reference
a recommendation
a personal recommendation
2． 表示“向……推荐”，可以说 make
a recommendation to ; “ 根据……的推荐”，可以说 do sth on
sb's recommendation / at one's
recommendation
3． 下面两个句子意思相同:
I bought the car on his recom-
mendation.
I bought the car at his recommen-
dation. reconcile 常用于下列句型:
I tried to reconcile him with her.
( reconcile sb with sb)
They tried to reconcile their pro-
duction with the growing demand.
( reconcile sth with sth)
He tried to reconcile himself to the loss of his daughter. ( reconcile
sb to sth)
He was reconciled with his wife in his last few days. ( be reconciled
with sb) reconstruction 首字母大写时，可指“美国南北战争后的重建时期”。 record 1． 可以说:
keep a record
maintain a record
compile a record
break a record
smash a record
set a record
hold a record
check up a record
collect a record
digest a record
deserve a record
find a record
get a record
have a record
make a record
posses a record
preserve a record
rescue a record
retain a record
go on a record
improve a record
establish a record
beat a record
achieve a record
afford a record
dig into a record
delve into a record
prove into a record
obliterate a record
produce a record
set forth a record
crack a record
cut a record
change a record
write for a record
2． 作“创纪录的”解，有不少词组:
a record crop of cotton
in record time
reach record levels
a record high
increase to a record 15%
a record attendance
a record year of sales
a record fiscal deficit
with record speed recover 1． 下面句子的含义相同:
He soon recovered himself and went on talking.
He soon recovered his control and went on talking.
2． 根据“恢复健康”的程度，可以说:
He is recovering.
He has fully recovered.
He has partially recovered.
He is slowly recovering.
He is recovering from an illness.
He's fully recovered from his ill-
ness.
He is quite recovered from his ill-
ness.
He is much recovered from his ill-
ness.
He has recovered his health. recover recuperate，recover
两词都有“恢复( 健康)”的含义。
1． recover 比较常用，表示“( 从大病或小病中) 恢复健康”都可以:
I have recovered from the flu.
Martin is recovering from a knee injury.
2． recuperate 比较正式，侧重表示
“( 用较长时间从大病中 ) 恢复过来，( 有时不一定能恢复到原来的样子)”:
He is still recuperating from major heart surgery. ( 心脏手术是大手术，一般很难恢复到原样) recreation 可以作可数或不可数名词:
I play table-tennis for recreation.
Hiking is one of my recreations.
Traveling is my main recreation.
I consider gardening a recreation. recruit 注意下面两句话的中文释义:
He recruited for the Army. 他为军队招募新兵。
He was recruited to the Army. 他应征入伍。
He enrolled new recruits for the
Army. 他为军队招募新兵。 rectangular 注意各种“形状”的说法:
rectangular 矩形的
round 圆形的
rounded ( 多少带点) 圆形的
circular 环形的
square 方形的
oblong 长方形的
cubic 立方形的
triangular 三角形的
isosceles 等边形
curved 弧形的
convex 凸出形的
concave 凹形的
conical 圆锥形的 rector 欧洲有些学校的校长叫rector。 recuperate recuperate，recover
两词都有“恢复( 健康)”的含义。
1． recover 比较常用，表示“( 从大病或小病中) 恢复健康”都可以:
I have recovered from the flu.
Martin is recovering from a knee injury.
2． recuperate 比较正式，侧重表示
“( 用较长时间从大病中 ) 恢复过来，( 有时不一定能恢复到原来的样子)”:
He is still recuperating from major heart surgery. ( 心脏手术是大手术，一般很难恢复到原样) recycle 1． “废物回收利用”，可以说 recycle
the waste materials。
2． recycled 可作“可回收利用的”解，修饰名词:
a bag made of recycled paper /
recycled bottles
3． “废物回收利用计划”，可以说:
recycling plans
recycling schemes
recycling initiatives
recycling programs
recycling projects red 1． in red 是“穿红色衣服”，in the
red 是“有赤字”:
The girl was dressed in red.
Our account is in the red.
2． 美国关于“恐怖分子袭击的警报
( terror alert)”分成五个等级，red
( 红色 ) 是最危险的一级 ( severe
risk) ，以下分别为:
orange( high risk)
yellow( significant risk)
blue( general risk)
green( low risk)
3． 作“( 一杯) 红酒”解，为可数或不可数名词:
I'd like to have a red，please.
I'd like to have a glass of red，
please.
4． red-hot 可以指“非常刺激的”:
red-hot love scene
5． Red Power 可以指“印第安人权力”，类似 Black Power ( 黑人权力) 。 reduce 1． 注意 reduce 在表达“减少或降低
( 价格等数据方面)”的说法:
The coat was reduced from $ 10
to $ 5．
It reduced its size from about 500
to 200．
reduce the population to half its previous level.
reduce it to half size.
reduce it to around 25% ．
The crop was reduced in yield by
65% ．
The store reduced its prices by
15% ．
2． 下面两句话含义相同:
The doctor told him to reduce his weight.
The doctor told him to reduce weight.
3． 可以说:
reduceto tears
reduceto ashes
reduceto rubble
reduceto ruins
reduceto begging in the streets
reduceto a physical wreck
reduceto submission
reduceto silence
reduceto order
reduceto powder
reduceto extreme poverty
reduceto the ranks
reduceto the absolute minimum
reduceto dust
reduceto a nervous wreck
reduceto splinters
reduceto despair
reduceto reason
reduceto a charred waste
reduceto zero
reduceto starvation reed 表示“用芦苇制成的”，常用 reeds:
a roof made of dried reeds
a pond fringed with reeds refer 后面常用介词 to:
refer to my notes
refer to a man by name
refer his case to the Supreme
Court referee ，umpire
两词均指“裁判”。
1． referee 一般指下列运动的“裁判”:
wrestling
basketball
rugby
boxing
snooker
football
squash
lacrosse
hockey
2． umpire 常用来指下列运动的“裁判”:
volleyball
badminton
tennis
baseball
swimming
cricket
3． 另外，judge，adjudicator，lines-
man 等也可指各种不同“裁判”。
referendum
“公民投票”可以说:
hold a referendum on the tax is-
sue
settle the tax issue by referendum
( 短语 referendum 前不用冠词) reflect 常跟介词 in，on，off，upon 等:
an image reflected in the mirror
a figure reflected on the surface of
the river
the light reflected off the snow
reflect upon the fact reform 1． 表示“改革”时用 reform 和 re-
forms 都可以。如抽象地泛指“改革”，则多用 reform，强调进行“多项改革”，则多用 reforms:
The candidate has promised to in-
troduce a program of democratic reform.
The candidate has promised to in-
troduce a program of democratic reforms.
2． 中国的“改革开放 ( 政策 )”可译成:
the policy of reform and opening
to the outside world
3． “改革的力度”有多种表达方式:
tardy reform
small reform
belated reform
mild reform
large reform
great reform
rational reform
rigid reform
genuine reform
drastic reform
radical reform
fairly radical reform
wholesale reform
sweeping reform
fundamental reform
far-reaching reform
4． reform school 是美国用语，指“青少年劳教所”，但现在已不太使用。 refresh 1． 可以说:
refresh you
refresh yourself with a cup of tea
refresh your face
refresh the skin
refresh your memory
refresh your mind
refresh the body
refresh my experience
refresh the grass
refresh a fire
refresh a plane with fuel
refresh her glass
2． 还可以说:
a refreshing taste
a refreshing breeze
a refreshing change
a refreshing shower
a refreshing sleep
a refreshing drink
a refreshing film
a refreshing dip in the pool refrigerator 表示“冰箱”可以说 refrigerator，
fridge，frig，icebox 等。 refusal 1． 下面两个句子都可以说，意思相同:
I was met with a blunt refusal.
I was met by a blunt refusal.
2． 表示“拒绝 ……”，refusal 后面常跟 of 加动名词或动词不定式短语，下面两句的意思相同:
in response to his refusal to ac-
cept the change.
In response to his refusal of ac-
cepting the change.
refuse，reject，decline
这组词都有“拒绝”的含义。
1． refuse 表示 “( 直截了当地 ) 拒绝”，语气有时很不客气:
I asked him to apologize，but he refused.
2． reject 表示“完全拒绝 ( 某种无用的、无价值或不适合的东西)”，它常指“拒绝建议、请求、计划、报价等”:
My offer was rejected.
The committee rejected the plan to build another shopping center.
3． decline 的语气比 refuse 缓和，相对礼貌一些，用英语解释就是 po-
litely refuse:
I offered her a cup of coffee，but she declined.
4． decline 一般要用言词来“拒绝”;
refuse，reject 除可以用言语表示
“拒绝”外，还可用其他方式“拒绝”:
His body was rejecting the trans-
planted kidney. ( 人的肌体)
The goat rejected the dry grass.
( 动物)
The engine refused to start. ( 机器)
refuse，garbage，trash
这组词都有“垃圾”的含义。
1． refuse 主要指“( 从家庭主妇、商店业主、管理员、建筑商、制造商等角度看) 没用的东西”，如工厂的“废弃物、建筑垃圾”等，其实有些东西还是有用的:
The town council made a monthly collection of refuse.
She saw piles of refuse left by the former house owner.
2． garbage 侧重指 “( 厨房等丢弃的人类食用的 ) 生物垃圾”，如菜叶子、吃剩的饭菜等，主要在美国使用:
rotting garbage from that restau-
rant
3． trash 是美国用词，英国人用 rub-
bish; 两词常指过期的报纸、塑料袋、空瓶子、空罐头等:
The yard was littered with used
paper，empty bottle and contain-
ers，and other trash / rubbish.
4． trash 和 rubbish 还常引申它们的含义，指“书籍、绘画、电影，以及其他抽象的没用的东西”，或称“垃圾”:
I don't want to watch that trash.
Don't read that awful trash.
5． 相对而言，refuse 的使用频率没有其他两词高。 regard 1． 用作“问候”解，常用复数形式:
with warn regards
with kind regards
please give my best regards to
give him my best regards
please send my regards to
my best regards to
2． 下面单词和短语都可以表示“关于，在这方面”等:
as regards
in regard to
with regard to
regarding
concerning
about
3． 英美人更多情况下用 regarding /
concerning:
Regarding / Concerning the a-
greement， the last paragraph must be changed.
4． 人们经常使用词组 have little /
high / low / no / scant / regard
for sb 或 old sb in high / low re-
gard:
He had no regard for my feeling.
He held me in high regard. regime regime，government
两词都有“政府”的含义。
1． regime 有贬义，常指“法西斯、军事独裁、集权等政权”:
He was imprisoned and tortured under the fascist regime.
a military regime
2． government 是中性词，比较普通常用，可指各种“政权”:
a communist government
a coalition government
a federal government
a central government regiment 用在军队的陆军中可作“团”解，类似名称有:
squad 班
platoon 排
company 连
battalion 营
regiment 团
brigade 旅
division 师
corps 军团
commando 突击队
assault force 突击队
expeditionary force 远征军
column 纵队
detachment 分遣队
left frank 左翼部队 region region，district
两词都有“地区”的含义。
1． region 主要从地理的角度去考虑地区，强调区域间风俗习惯和特征的差异:
a remote mountain region
the Buddhist region of the country
the jungle region
2． district 主要是“因行政管理、司法选举、通讯等需要而划分的区域”:
the District of Columbia
a district court
a postal district region zone，region
从行政上说， zone 比 region 小;
zone 只是 “城镇的某一个区”，所以，注意下面的译法:
深圳特别经济区 the Shenzhen
Special Economy Zone
浦东开发区 Pudong Development register 1． 作动词时后面常跟介词 for，with，
at 等:
I have registered for English 101．
He has come to register at the college.
He has registered with the local office.
2． 表示“注册护士”，在英国用 Reg-
istered General Nurse，在美国用
Registered Nurse。
3． 表示“挂号邮寄”，在英国用 regis-
tered post; 在美国用 registered
mail。
4． 用 register office，registered of-
fice，registry，registry office 都可以，但意思有所不同。
1) register office，registry office 尤指“( 英国出生、婚姻、死亡 ) 登记处”。
2) registry 可指“档案馆、档案室”。
3) registered office 在英国指“( 公司在邮政局) 注册登记的办公大楼”，
该公司的信件可邮往那里。 regret 1． 下面几个句子含义相同:
I regret my missing the show.
I regret missing the show.
I regret that I missed the show.
2． 下面两个句子含义相同:
I feel no regret about what I said.
I have no regrets about what I
said.
3． 下面 3 个句子含义相似:
I regret to say that you are the on-
ly one who failed the exam.
I regret to inform you that you are the only one who failed the exam.
I regret to tell you that you are the only one who failed the exam.
4． 下面两个句子含义相同:
I refused the invitation with many regrets.
I refused the invitation with much regret. regularly regularly，often
两词都可表示“经常地”。 regularly
比 often 更强调“经常”，因为 regular
指 happening almost every time，而
often 是 many times; regularly 强调
“循规蹈矩”，often 没有这种含义:
He went to the meeting regularly.
( 强调几乎每次都去参加会议，像例行公事那样)
He often went to the meeting. ( 没有说明如何“经常地”出席会议) reign ，rule
两词都可作“统治”解。
1． reign 含有封建色彩，常指 “( 君主) 统治”:
Henry II reigned for 35 years.
2． rule 比较普通，可指各种“统治”，
但偏重强调 “( 独裁、军事管制式的) 统治”:
The military despot ruled the country for 15 years.
3． reign 较偏重名义上的“统治”，
rule 强调实际上的“管辖”:
The Emperor reigned but not ruled. 该皇帝统而不治。
reimbursement，back pay，kick-
back，rebate，refund
这组词和词组都有“付还的钱款”的含义。
1． reimbursement 常指 “( 因公出差归来) 报销后所获得的钱款”。
2． back pay 是“补发工资”。
3． kickback 是“回扣”。
4． rebate 是“退回的部分钱款”，如买了一架 150 美元的照相机，工厂返还给你 30 美元的“回扣”，就可以叫 rebate; “退回的税款”也可以叫 rebate。
5． refund 是“退款”，如买了有问题的商品，将该商品退还给商店后获得的“退款”。 reinforce 1． 可以说:
reinforce the idea
reinforce belief
reinforce feeling
reinforce view
reinforce message
reinforce inequality
reinforce damaged bridge
reinforce argument
reinforce attitude
reinforce notion
reinforce tendency
reinforce trend
reinforce wall
reinforce law
reinforce supply
reinforce soles
reinforce socks
reinforce situation
reinforce process
reinforce power of the party
reinforce privileges
reinforce glass
reinforce position
reinforce police
reinforce troops
reinforce fort
reinforce rescue efforts
reinforce bases
reinforce stock
reinforce dam
reinforce impression
reinforce prejudice
reinforce opinion
reinforce conviction
reinforce racial stereotypes
reinforce country's economic de-
cline
reinforce building
reinforce garrison reject 参见 refuse。 rejoice 下面 3 句话含义相同:
I rejoiced at his success.
I rejoiced in his success.
I rejoiced over his success. relate 1． 下面两个句子含义相同:
It is impossible to relate these re-
sults with any known cause.
It is impossible to relate these re-
sults to any known cause.
2． 常作构词成分- related:
smoking-related diseases
drug-related offences
stress- related anxiety
3． 可以说 closely / directly / partially
/ intimately / distantly / briefly /
loosely / mutually / lightly / geo-
graphically related 等。
4． 表示“与 …… 有亲戚关系的”，可以说:
They are related by blood.
I am related to her by marriage.
They are related on their mother's side. relation relation，relative
两词都有“亲属”的含义。
1． relative 比 relation 常用。
2． 下面的句子中要用 relation:
Are you any relation to President
Wang?
She is no relation to me.
What relation is she to you?
3． relative 偏重指 “( 不同位的 ) 亲戚”:
He is trying to make contact with his distant relatives overseas. relationship ，relation
这两个词都可译成“关系”。
1． relationship 用来指“人际关系”时，尤指“风流关系”:
His affair with Mary could develop into a lasting relationship.
2． relation 可以指“亲属、家人”; re-
lationship 一般不这么用:
I've invited all my relations to the dinner party. ( 不说 I've invited all
my relationship to the dinner par-
ty. )
3． 指“( 国家等) 关系”时，relation 常用复数形式，relationship 较多用单数形式:
They tried to improve the relations between Japan and Korea.
China will maintain its friendly re-
lationship with Korea. relative relation，relative
两词都有“亲属”的含义。
1． relative 比 relation 常用。
2． 下面的句子中要用 relation:
Are you any relation to President
Wang?
She is no relation to me.
What relation is she to you?
3． relative 偏重指 “( 不同位的 ) 亲戚”:
He is trying to make contact with his distant relatives overseas. relative 参见 relation。 relax 1． 可以说:
relax the muscles
relax the grip
relax the hold
relax the restrictions
relax the efforts
relax the immigration controls
relax the rules
relax the guard
relax the vigilance
relax the discipline
relax the state of emergence
relax the embargo
relax the strain
relax the punishment
relax the attention
relax the mind
2． 下面两个句子含义相同:
The government relaxed its grip on radio broadcasting.
The government relaxed its grip over radio broadcasting.
3． 作及物动词时，后面的宾语常用跟介词 on:
relax their restrictions on unpaid
leave
relax his hold on the wheel
relax an embargo on the import of
steel
4． 作不及物动词时，后面常跟介词
in，for，into 等:
relax for a while
Don't relax in your exertions.
relax into a contented smile relaxation 1． 泛指“消遣、娱乐”，常为不可数名词:
She requires a little relaxation.
2． 指“各种消遣”，常用复数:
It's one of my favorite relaxations. relay 1． 表示“接力赛跑”，可以说 a relay
或 a relay race。
2． 表示“转播”，可以说:
The show was broadcast by re-
lay. ( 作不可数名词)
I watched a relay of the show.
( 作可数名词)
The satellite was used to relay the concert. ( 作及物动词)
The concert will be relayed to a village 100 miles away. ( 用于被动语态) relic 1． 表示“遗物、遗迹、遗俗”，用单数或复数形式都可以。
2． 一般来说，泛指“遗物、遗迹、遗俗”，用 relics 较多，具体指“某种遗物、遗迹或遗俗”用 a relic:
relics of an ancient civilization
a cultural relic relief 可以说:
give sb some relief
give a sigh of relief
bring no relief
bring much- needed relief
bring a little light relief
come as a great relief to me
relieve
relieve sb of 后面常跟下列名词或短语:
relieve him of his responsibility
relieve him of fortune
relieve him of headache
relieve him of heavy parcel
relieve him of housework
relieve him of duties
relieve him of employment
relieve him of post
relieve him of burden of taking
care of the sick child
relieve him of office as a com-
mander
relieve him of anxiety
relieve him of troubles
relieve him of boredom
relieve him of monotony
relieve him of coat
relieve him of jewels
relieve him of paperwork religion 1． 泛指“宗教”，常为不可数名词:
They often argue about religion.
2． 具体指某一“宗教”，如“佛教、伊斯兰教”等，若不与 religion 连用，其前面不用冠词; 与 religion 连用时，要加定冠词:
Buddhism is a great religion.
( Buddhism 前没有冠词)
The Hindu religion is mainly prac-
ticed in India. ( Hindu religion 前有冠词 the) reluctant reluctant，unwilling
两词都有“不愿意”的含义。
1． 两词有时可换用:
a reluctant helper
an unwilling helper
2． reluctant 的语气弱于 unwilling，它侧重指“因为不愿意，所以尽管做了事情，但行动迟缓”:
The police were reluctant to take action against the students.
3． unwilling 有时有“不同意做某事”或“拒绝做某事”:
He was unwilling to admit he was wrong. rely 常用于下列句型:
We can always rely on his assis-
tance. ( rely on sth)
I can always rely on my sister.
( rely on sb)
Do not rely upon others for suc-
cess. ( rely upon sb for sth)
Don't rely on the bank to give you a loan. ( rely on sth to do sth)
We can always rely on him to support the project. ( rely on sb to
do sth) remain 常可作半连系动词:
remain fragile
remain firm
remain in power
remain the envy of the world
remain a serious issue
remain confident
remain in bed
remain at home
remain in my memory
remain backward
remain concealed
remain composed
remain lonely
remain open
remain satisfied
remain stationary
remain still
remain the same
remain uncovered
remain single
remain unmarried
remain silent
remain tense
remain in control
remain a formidable opponent
remain possible
remain unchanged
remain calm
remain standing
remain seated
remain lean
remain fat
remain my goal
remain faithful
remain in force
remain in business
remain an unrealistic utopian
dream
remain zero
remain mysterious
remain effective
remain constant
remain autonomous
remain ambivalent
remain unimpressed
remain hopeful
remain courageous
remain flexible
remain peaceful
remain loyal to his friends
remain a bachelor remark remark，word
两词都有“话语”的含义。
1． remark 强调“简洁、简短”，有评论性质:
nice remarks from the customers
make some remarks about his be-
havior
2． words 比较普通，使用域广:
say it in your own words
a man of few words
I want have a few words with you.
3． 可以说 May I have a word with you. 一般不说 May I have a re-
mark with you. remedy 作名词后面常跟介词 for:
a good remedy for AIDS
many different kinds of remedies
for fever remember 1． 下面几句话都可以:
I remember seeing her a week ago.
I remember having seen her be-
fore.
I remember that I saw her a week ago.
I remember to have seen her a week ago.
2． 下面两句话含义不同:
I remembered to lock the room.
我没有忘记锁门。( I didn't forget to lock the room. )
I remember locking the room. 我记得锁了门。( I have the memory of my locking the room. ) remind 1． 下面几句话含义接近:
It reminds me of that unforgettable night.
It reminds me about that unforget-
table night.
It reminds me that it was an unfor-
gettable night.
2． 下面两句话含义不同:
John reminded me to attend the meeting. 约翰提醒我参加会议。
John reminded me of attending the meeting. 约翰使我想起我自己参加过那个会议。
3． 注意下面这句话:
She reminds me of my ex- wife.
她使我想起我的前妻。( 指她的相貌与我前妻很相似，因此看到她就使我想起我的前妻) reminder souvenir，reminder
两词都有“纪念物”的含义。
1． souvenir 常指“在旅游胜地、旅途或特别活动中购买的纪念品”:
a souvenir of my trip to Harvard
a souvenir Disney songbook
take a souvenir photo at the Great
Wall
2． reminder 常指“有助回忆过去事情的纪念物”:
a reminder of the 9 /11 tragedy
a reminder of the good old days
a reminder of my days in college reminiscence ，memoir
1． 两词都有“回忆录”的含义，但用法有所不同。
1) reminiscence 作“回忆”解，常用复数:
his reminiscences of the Korean
War
her reminiscences of her life
abroad
reminiscences of his Indian child-
hood
reminiscences of early days
2) memoir 尤指“自传”，也常用复数:
The president retired and began to write his memoirs.
2． reminiscence 泛指“回忆”时，用单复数都可以:
He sighed in reminiscence.
I broke in upon his stream of remi-
niscences. reminiscent 后面常跟介词 of:
It was reminiscent of his days in the States. remote remote，distance
两词都可表示“远的、遥远的”。
1． 两词都可以指 “( 人际关系 ) 疏远的”:
my remote nephews
distant relatives
2． distant 所形容的“远”往往表示
“尽管远但容易触及或到达”:
a book six inches distant from the
eyes
The temple was two miles distant.
3． remote 除表示“远的”以外，还包含“偏僻的、孤寂的、隔离的、难以触及的”等:
a remote village cut off from the
rest of the world
remote stars
4． 表示“遥控”用 remote control，一般不说 distant control。 remove remove，dismiss
表示“解除 ( 某人的职务)”，remove
的语气强于 dismiss。dismiss 的基本含义是“允许离开”，语气较温和; re-
move 是“剥夺( 某人的权力)”，带有强制性:
He was removed from office be-
cause of the scandal.
The director dismissed his assis-
tant with many thanks upon the
completion of the research pro-
ject. render 可以说:
render an assistance to
render a services to
render an advice to
render a reward to
render a tribute help to
render a verdict to
render a decision to
render a response to
render a homage to
render an obedience to
render an allegiance thanks to
render gentle smiles to
rent，hire，let
这几个词都有“租”的含义。
1． rent 在美国可指“租各种东西”:
rent this place
rent a house
rent a room
rent a car
rent an office
2． 在英国表示“租交通工具、设备等”，常用 hire:
To hire a car you must produce a
passport and a current driving li-
cence.
3． let 表示“出租房子、土地等”，主要是英国用词，美国人用 rent:
I let my London flat to a foreigner.
4． 广告语“出租房屋”说 house to
let，house for rent 都可以。
5． 下面每组句子含义相同:
He rent rooms to migrant work-
ers.
He rent out rooms to migrant workers.
What's the rent on this apartment?
What's the rent for this apart-
ment?
They have cars that rent at $ 50 a day.
They have cars that rent for $ 50
a day.
rental
a rental car，a rented car，car rental3
个词组都可行，但含义不一样:
a rental car 租用汽车( 汽车可能还在租赁公司里)
a rented carp 租来的汽车( 汽车可能已经在你手中)
car rental 汽车租赁 repair 注意下面一些短语的含义，repair 前不用冠词:
beyond repair 无法修理
in need of repair 需要修理
under repair 正在修理
in good repair 保养良好
in bad repair 保养糟糕
in proper repair 保养适当 repeat 1． 可以说 do it again，尽量避免说
repeat it again; 因为repeat的意思是 do sth again，again 是多余的。
2． 可以指“重复一次”，也可以指“重复多次”:
Please repeat that line. 请重复一下那行句子。
That line is repeated throughout the whole article. 那行句子在全文中反复出现。
3． 下面两个句子含义相似:
That line is repeated throughout the prose.
That line is repeated several times throughout the prose.
4． repeat fees 是“( 演员、作家、音乐家等每次从电台、电视台获得的 )
重播费”:
Repeat fees are based upon day of attendance fees，but adjusted if shown off peak or on part of the network only. repellent 作“驱除( 动物或昆虫等的) 药剂”解，可以作可数名词或不可数名词:
a mosquito repellent ( 可数)
buy some mosquito repellent ( 不可数) repetition 1． 泛指“重复”，常为不可数名词; 具体指“重复”，常为可数名词:
learn by repetition
two repetitions of the same course
a repetition of last week's accident
avoid unnecessary repetition
2． 有时单复数形式都可以用，下面两个句子都对:
The guest lecturer's speech is full of repetition.
The guest lecturer's speech is full of repetitions. replace 注意后面介词的用法:
replace electricity with solar ener-
gy 用太阳能代替电力
replace steel by plastic 用塑料代替钢铁
replace him as dean of the college
代替他出任学院院长
replace the books in their correct
positions 将书放回原处 reply ，answer
两词都可译成“回答”。
1． 表示“回答 ( 某人的) 问题、信件”等，若用 reply，后面需要跟介词 to，
answer 可直接引出宾语:
He still hasn't replied to my email.
( 不说 He still hasn't replied my email. )
He still hasn't answered my email.
2． reply to 与 answer 的含义所指“回答”的侧重而不同。reply to
常指“对…… 作出 ( 针对性的) 回答”，而 answer  所指的“回答”可以不必是针对性的，试比较:
They replied to the enemy's fire by
firing back
She answered his salute by smil-
ing.
3． 常说 answer the door / phone
等; 一般不说 reply to the door /
phone 等。 report 1． 表示“报道或报告某个事件、情况”等，后面常用介词 on，of 等;
强调“详细报道”，似乎用 on 居多:
He made a report on the state of the world.
Did you read the report of the US
election?
2． 表示“( 学校向家长报告其子女在学校学习情况的) 报告单”，英国人说 a school report，美国人说 a re-
port card。
reporter，journalist，newsman， represent 有时可以作名词，如中国的“三个代表”可以译作 Three Represents:
“Three Represents” refers to
what the Communist Party of
China currently stands for representative ，delegate
两词都可以译成“代表”。
1． representative 的使用域较广，可以指各种代表:
representatives of the government
a political representative
representatives from the educa-
tional circle
a sales representative
an elected representative
2． delegate 常指“参加会议的代表”:
delegates to the People's Con-
gress
3． representative 后面常跟介词 of
或 from，delegate 后面常跟介词
to:
act as sole representatives of the
company
representatives from the industry
delegates to the conference reproach 表示“因……而责怪某人”，后面常用介词 with，for 等:
The dean reproached him for his forgetfulness.
The dean reproached him with carelessness. reputation reputation，fame
两词都有“名声”的含义。
1． reputation 可以指“好名声”，也可以指“坏名声”:
He had a bad reputation in his hometown.
The school has an excellent repu-
tation.
2． fame 一般指“好名声”，是“声誉”的意思:
He won great fame as a novelist.
3． reputation 为可数名词，fame 一般为不可数名词:
The shop has a good reputation.
He rose to fame when he was 25． request 1． 注意名词 request 与动词的搭配:
address to a request
allow a request
decline a request
deny a request
fulfill a request
send a request
whisper a request
write a request
accede to a request
acquiesce in a request
assail with a request
bombard with a request
comply with a request
convey a request
dodge a request
heed a request
justify a request
meet a request
pester with a request
repeat a request
swamp with a request
urge a request
refuse a request
reject a request
grant a request
make a request
ignore a request
consider a request
receive a request
repeat a request
turn down a request
agree to a request
have a request
2． 前面常与 with 连用:
He was bombarded with urgent requests.
3． 在正式请柬中，常用句型 request
the pleasure of sb's company:
Consul General Henry Levin re-
quests the pleasure of your com-
pany at require 1． 后面的 that 从句中常用 shall，
should，但可省去; 下面两个句子含义相同:
The situation requires that we should do something about it.
The situation requires that we do something about it.
2． 下面两个句子都对，含义相同:
It is required of me that I give evi-
dence.
It is required that I give evidence.
3． 后面所跟的动名词尽管其形式是主动的，但实际上有被动意思。注意下列句子的含义:
Her novel is required reading for the course. 她的小说是这门课必读的。( reading 是主动的，但小说要被人读的。)
The room requires cleaning. 这房间需要打扫。( cleaning 是主动的，但房间是要被人打扫的。)
requirement，requisite， requisite 参见 requirement。 rescue 可以说:
come to the rescue
come to one's rescue
go to one's rescue
rush to the scene
for the rescue of the ship
fly to the rescue of the ship
go to the rescue of the ship
A ship was brought to his rescue. research 1． 作名词时常与以下动词搭配:
carry on a research
continue a research
carry out a research
extend a research
institute a research
prosecute a research
stimulate a research
promote a research
conduct a research
do a research
pursue a research
undertake a research
go for a research
be engaged in a research
make a research
commence a research
direct a research
enter upon a research
instigate a research
launch a research
maintain a research
publish a research
Researches expose
Researches disclose
Researches show
Researches awaken
Researches reveal
Researches enlighten
Researches enrich
2． 后面可跟介词 in，into，on，含义无多大区别:
research in Chinese history
research on / into the effects of
smoking
a piece of research on cancer
a need for further research on this
topic
carry out some research on / into
the effects of brain damage
a piece of research into the cause
of cancer
research into the causes of breast
cancer among women resemble 可以指“( 各种各样东西) 的相似”:
He resembles his father.
They resemble each other.
It outwardly resembles a car.
Vietnam's south does not resem-
ble the US south.
Her nails resemble the ivory keys of the piano.
He resembles a bear.
A lover's hope resembles a seed in a nursery.
The sound resembles the howl of a wolf.
These species closely resemble each other. resent 1． 常用于下列句型:
I resent his criticism. ( resent sth)
I resent his being here. ( resent
sb doing sth)
I resent him for being tough on his students. ( resent sb for doing
sth)
I resent being dropped from the debate team. ( resent doing sth)
2． 下面两句含义相同:
I resent him being here.
I resent his being here. reservation ，reserve
1． 表示“对 …… 持保留意见 ( have
reservations about  )”时 reser-
vations 常用复数:
I have reservations about your proposal.
2． 表示“毫无保留 ( without reserva-
tion)”时 reservation 常为不可数名词，前面没有冠词:
I accepted their job offer without reservation.
3． 在美国，reservation 可指“印第安人保留地”:
Thousands of Indians live on res-
ervations in the States.
4． 表示“( 野生动植物) 保护区”，用
reservation 主要是美国用词; 英国人常用 reserve:
a game reservation
a wildlife reserve
5． 下面词组中要用 reserve，不用
reservation:
a reserve bank 储备银行
reserve books 保留图书
a reserve currency 储备货币
6． 下面句子中 reserve 前没有冠词:
I accepted the recommendation without reserve.
I have some money in reserve. reserve 参见 reservation。
reside，live，dwell
3 词都可以译成“住”。
1． reside 是正式用词，偏重指“合法或永久地居住”，有时可指“强制性居住”:
All single full-time students must reside in college residence halls.
2． live 比较普通，可指各种“居住”，
长久的，暂时的都可以:
He has lived here for 30 years.
Where are you going to live when
you are in Paris?
3． dwell 常在诗歌、小说等文学作品中作叙述往事用:
The fairies dwelt in a castle on an island at sea.
4． 3 词都常作不及物动词用，后面跟介词 in 等。 residence ，dwelling
两词都可以译成“住处”。
1． residence 常指“重要人物的住所”，有“大宅、官邸”的含义:
the president's residence
the British Prime Minister's official
residence
2． dwelling 可指各种“住所”，如 a
house， an apartment， a shelter
等:
Indians' cliff dwellings
a desirable family dwelling
3． residence 比 dwelling 常用。
4． 可以说 take up residence，take in residence， 一般不说 take up dwelling，take in dwelling. 注意，
residence 前没有冠词:
She took up residence in Beverly
Hills in 2003．
Freshmen must remain in resi-
dence during the academic year. resident inhabitant，resident
两词都有 “居民”的含义。
1． inhabitant 指 “在某个地方长期居住的生物”，所以一般不说 an in-
habitant of the hotel; 下面这些词组是正确的:
an indigenous inhabitant
the inhabitants of large cities
an inhabitant of the intestine
2． resident 指“居民、常住者或逗留者”都行:
the residents of this hotel
low-cost homes for local residents resign 下面几种说法都对:
I'll resign.
I'll resign from the committee.
I'll resign as chairman of the com-
mittee.
I'll resign my position as chairman of the committee.
I'll resign my chairmanship.
I'll be forced to resign as chairman of the committee. resignation 1． 泛指“辞呈”，常为不可数名词:
a letter of resignation
several letters of resignation;
2． 说“多人或多次辞呈”，为可数名词:
You may ask a few trusted fellow
employees whether they know
company policies and how previ-
ous resignations have been han-
dled.
3． 可与不少动词搭配:
hand in one's resignation
tender one's resignation
reject one's resignation
rescind one's resignation
send in one's resignation
withdraw one's resignation
announce one's resignation
submit one's resignation
threaten one's resignation
call for one's resignation
give one's resignation
order one's resignation
bewail one's resignation
lament one's resignation
present one's resignation
regret one's resignation
weigh one's resignation
decline one's resignation
deplore one's resignation
anticipate one's resignation resist 1． 后面跟动名词，不跟动词不定式:
I couldn't resist asking him about the test result. ( 一般不说 I
couldn't resist to ask him about the test result. )
2． 可以说:
resist one's charm
resist the attack
resist the pressure
resist calls for a change
resist infection
resist a challenge
resist the temptation
resist heat
resist toxic fumes
resist aggression
resist invading army
resist authority
resist new technology
resist conscription
resist the tears
resist ice cream
resist the idea
resist an urge
resist our attempts
resist arrest
resist giving him advice
resist oil stains
resist corrosion
resist the invasion
resist a similar outbreak of enthu-
siasm
resist blast
resist being part of a dramatic
scene
resist load
resist shock
resist moisture
resist his influence
resist the impulse
resist tax increases resistance 1． 常作不可数名词，在下面例子中，
resistance 前大多不用冠词:
It helps build resistance to infec-
tion.
It shows high water resistance.
It met some resistance at the
Congress.
This can lead to resistance to change.
have high surface resistance
after a moment of pretended re-
sistance
develop a degree of resistance
It will lessen resistance to the tires.
build up ( a) resistance to the vi-
rus
put up ( a) resistance to the new
law
The plane will cut down wind re-
sistance.
It encountered stiff resistance.
2． 但是，指具体的“抵抗、抗拒”等，
resistance 前面可以加冠词:
They are determined to overcome the resistance of private groups.
The body can develop a resist-
ance to the drug.
3． 下面两个句子的含义相同:
His proposal met some resistance at the meeting.
His proposal met with some resist-
ance at the meeting. resolution resolution，determination
两词都有“决心”的含义。
1． resolution 强调“下决心的艰难”，
这种决心有时不一定会付诸实践:
She made a resolution to lose 20
pounds.
2． determination 强调“决心去排除万难，不让任何事情阻碍实现目标”:
We have overcome our difficulties with determination.
3． 表示“新年的决心 ( 如戒酒、戒烟、减肥等 )”用 resolution，不用 de-
termination:
Have you made a New Year's
resolution? resolve 常用于下列句型中:
I'll find a way to resolve the prob-
lem. ( resolve sth)
I resolve to solve the problem.
( resolve to do sth)
I resolve that I'll set off earlier to-
morrow. ( resolve that )
Have you resolved when to set off
tomorrow? ( resolve when / where
/ what / how )
The problem was resolved by our joint efforts. ( be resolved by) resort 1． 后面常跟介词 to，引出“极端或不愉快的事”:
resort to legal action
resort to weapons
resort to violence
resort to arms
resort to harsh words
resort to a strike
resort to the sword
resort to an extreme measure
resort to bribery
resort to stealing
resort to punishment to make him
obey
resort to force
resort to drugs
resort to war to accomplish his
aim
resort to threats
resort to terrorism
2． 表示“最后的手段”，可用 as a last
resort，in the last resort。注意，as
a last resort 中用不定冠词，in the
last resort 中用定冠词:
You may use this switch as a last resort.
In the last resort I'll get loan from the bank.
resort，retreat，scenic spot，va-
cationland，historical site
这组词或词组都有“旅游胜地”的含义。
1． resort 强调“去游览的人多，成群结队常常去”等:
This beach is a popular English coastal resort.
2． retreat 所指的“胜地”常强调“远离世间或现代社会的喧闹、烦恼，不受不愉快或危险情况的干扰，安宁而适合地静居休养”等:
She spent her vacation in a moun-
tain retreat.
3． scenic spot 强调“自然风景的优美”:
The West Lake is a top scenic spot.
4． vacationland 主要是美国用词，强调的是“度假胜地”:
Miami Beach is a popular vaca-
tionland.
5． historical site 强调“历史名胜”:
The Washington Tree is a histori-
cal site.
resound，echo，reverberate
3 词都有“回响、回荡”等含义:
1． resound 有文学色彩，所指的“回荡”常包含“在某个地方里充满了某种声音”，并强调声音的“洪亮、清晰”:
The lecture hall resounded with laughter and applause.
2． echo 强调“声音被反射后的来回回响”:
His shouts echoed in the valley.
3． reverberate 不仅包含“声音被反射后的回响”，而且也强调“声音的响亮，持续的时间长”:
The thunder reverberated in the valley.
4． echo 可以“回响不同的声音”，re-
sound 和 reverberate 不这样用:
“Good morning! How are you?”
“I'm fine. Thank you，” he ech-
oed. resource 1． 泛指“资源”时，常用复数，但特指
“某一种资源”时，用单数:
We are wasting all the world's re-
sources of oil and coal. ( 泛指“资源”，用复数)
The language lab has become a valuable resource in this school.
( 特指某种资源，用单数)
2． 表示“用在某方面的资源”时，后面常用介词 for:
a new energy resource for the fu-
ture
resources for emergency services
a rich resource for the research
3． 在其他情况下，后面的介词随句子的意思或主要动词的变化而变化:
my resources of energy and pa-
tience
waste its resources on building
old- fashioned machines
spend large amounts of resources
on irrigation
our resources in men and ammu-
nition
respect
with respect to 主要是美国用语，英国人常用 in respect to; 下面两个句子含义相同:
The views of the two presidential
candidates are very similar with
respect to / in respect to the is-
sue of anti-terrorism. respectable respectable，honorable
两词都有“尊敬”的含义。
1． respectable 比较普通，可形容各种人，比如: our respectable chair-
man; 有时 respectable 仅表示“体面的，尚可的”，并无“尊敬的”之意:
How dare you talk to a respecta-
ble woman like that?
a respectable painter
2． honorable 在英联邦国家中尤用来尊称高官、议员、法官、贵族子弟等，前面常加定冠词:
the Honorable Mr. Speaker
the Honorable Mr Justice Henry
Smith respond 常用在下列句型中:
The dean responded positively to her request. ( respond to sth)
The dean responded negatively to her request by refusing to meet her. ( respond to sth by doing
sth)
The dean responded to her re-
quest with an immediate phone call. ( respond to sth with sth)
The dean responded that he would accept her proposal. ( re-
spond that ) response 1． 后面常用介词 to，from，of，a-
gainst，in:
a response to the needs of his
generation
an angry response from the
students
the response of the individual
the body's response against dis-
ease
my response in Chinese
2． 短语 in response to 中 response
前一般不用冠词:
in response to the students' ap-
peal
in response to numerous requests
I opened the door in response to the knock.
3． response time 可指各种“反应时间”，在美国用得较多，可作可数名词，后面常跟介词 for:
response time for the armed po-
lice
an improvement in response times
for fire engines
response times for ambulances responsibility 1． 下面几种说法都可以:
The dean has responsibility for di-
recting 8 departments in the col-
lege.
The dean has the responsibility for
directing 8 departments in the col-
lege.
The dean has a responsibility for
directing 8 departments in the col-
lege.
The dean has a responsibility to
direct 8 departments in the col-
lege.
The dean has the responsibility to
direct 8 departments in the col-
lege.
2． 可以说:
accept the responsibility
assume the responsibility
bear the responsibility
exercise the responsibility
fulfill the responsibility
shoulder the responsibility
take the responsibility
abrogate the responsibility
undertake the responsibility
administer the responsibility
admit the responsibility
avoid the responsibility
shake off the responsibility
claim the responsibility
decline the responsibility
declaim the responsibility
divert the responsibility
perform the responsibility
incur the responsibility
place the responsibility
repudiate the responsibility
share the responsibility
shirk the responsibility
shuffle the responsibility
throw off the responsibility
refuse the responsibility
carry out the responsibility
meet the responsibility
take on the responsibility
absolve the responsibility
awaken to the responsibility
cast off the responsibility
confer the responsibility
charge with the responsibility
deviate from the responsibility
disregard the responsibility
dodge the responsibility
evade the responsibility
face the responsibility
impose the responsibility
inherit the responsibility
lighten the responsibility
obviate the responsibility
overburden with the responsibility
shield from the responsibility
shrink from the responsibility
shy away from the responsibility responsible accountable，responsible
两词都可译成“负有责任的”; ac-
countable 多用来形容人或组织机构等“对……负有责任的”，一般不形容动物，如不讲“The dog is accounta-
ble for the damage.”而 responsible
可以形容动物:
The bull was responsible for the hole in the wall and its owner was held accountable for the damage.
I am accountable for my own work. responsible 1． 下面两句含义不同:
He is the director responsible for foreign affairs. 他是负责外事的处长。
He is a responsible foreign affairs director. 他是个可靠负责的外事处长。
2． 后面常跟介词 for，to:
He is responsible for the accident.
He is responsible directly to the chairman. rest 1． 表示“休息”，可以说:
take a rest
have a rest
get some rest
pause for a rest
stop for a rest
go to rest
go away for a rest
sit down for a rest
lie down for a rest
2． 下面几句含义不同:
He needs a good night's rest. 他需要好好睡一晚。
He needs rest after a month's hard work. 一个月努力工作后他需要休整一下。
He needs a rest after the long drive. 长时间开车后他需要休息一下。( 不一定睡觉)
3． the rest 后面跟单复数动词均可以:
The first part was hard，but the rest was easy.
The first question was easy，but the rest were difficult.
4． rest area 或 rest stop 表示“( 高速公路旁的) 休息区”，主要是美国用语，英国人叫 services:
Let's grab a bite at the next rest area.
Services are vital on a motorway.
5． the rest，the remains，the rem-
nants，the leftovers，a residue 都有“剩余物”的含义。
1) the rest 使用范围较广，可指“剩余的人、物体、生命、金钱、电影”等，一般不用复数:
the rest of her life
the rest of us
the rest of a drama
the rest of my money
2) the remains 常指“( 建筑、机械、人体等的) 遗留部分”，一般用复数:
the remains of a crashed plane
the remains of an old castle
the remains of his grandfather
3) the remnants 常指 “( 军队、土匪等的) 残余分子”:
the remnants of the rebels
4) the leftovers 常指 “( 食品吃剩下的) 残羹剩饭”:
The leftovers are in the icebox.
5) a residue 尤指 “( 化学物品等的)
残余物”:
a reddish residue at the bottom of
the test tube
restaurant
restaurant car ( 餐车 ) 是英国用语，美国人常说 dining car。 restore 1． 可以说:
restore law
restore tax advantages
restore order
restore peace
restore calm
restore health
restore an old painting
restore the stolen property
restore the death penalty
restore the free society
restore the fleet
restore a broken nation
restore voice
restore the battery to a charged
condition
restore competition
restore the keys to its owner
restore the desired shape
restore quiet in the classroom
restore the antique desk
restore her beauty
restore his sight
restore my confidence
restore laid-off workers to their old
jobs
restore him to power
restore him to his throne
restore ancient traditions
restore ceremonies
restore charges
restore diplomatic relations with
restore a vintage car
restore the water supply
restore confidence
restore stability in the country
restore the company to high
profits
restore blood circulation
restore the books to the shelf
restore the lost child to its parents
restore the city's old square
restore the city to tranquility
2． 表示“身体复原”有不少说法:
I feel quite restored.
I feel quite restored to health.
I was restored to good health.
A night's rest restored me to good health.
I am completely restored in health. result 1． result from 是“结果在前，缘由在后”:
injuries ( 结果 ) resulting from a
fall ( 缘由)
2． result in 是“原有在前，结果在后”:
The road accident ( 缘由 ) resul-
ted in the deaths of 3 people. ( 结果)
3． as a result of 和 as the result of
都可以说:
He died as a result of the car crash.
He died as the result of the car crash. resume ，continue
两词都有“继续”的含义。
1． resume 一般指表示“中断后的继续”:
The director resumed their meet-
ing after the dinner.
He quitted working and resumed studying at the university.
2． continue 既可以表示“中断后的继续”，也可以表示“持续中的继续”:
I will continue reading the novel after supper. ( 中断后继续)
The rain continued to pour down all night. ( 雨不间断地下)
resume，CV，curriculum vitae
3 词和词组都有“履历、简历”的含义。
1． resume 主要是美国用词。
2． curriculum vitae 主要是英国用词。
3． CV 是 curriculum vitae 的缩写，可以用小写 cv，比 curriculum vitae 使用频率高，常用在求职方面:
Send them a full cv with your job application. retail 1． 作名词表示“零售”时，用 at re-
tail，by retail 都可以:
They are selling goods at retail.
They are selling goods by retail.
2． retail therapy 指“通过购物使自己愉快的购物治疗”。
3． retail park 是 “( 位于城镇边缘的大型) 零售公园 ( 里面有时还设有餐馆、电影院等娱乐设施)”，主要是英国用语:
Although the retail park is a rela-
tively new concept， it offers a spacious alternative to the city centre of London.
4． retail politics 指“( 四处出访，发表演说，拉拢选民的) 零售式竞选政治”，常在美国使用:
The Minnesota State Fair is a tra-
ditional hotbed for retail politics. retaliate avenge，revenge，retaliate
3 词都可以作“报仇”解; 但报仇的原因和目的有所不同。
1． avenge 常指因他人 ( 如家里的亲人) 受到伤害、侮辱、委屈等而为其报复:
She is out to avenge her father's death. || I shall avenge my sister.
2． revenge 常指因自己受到伤害等而报仇，包含恶意和不肯原谅之义:
I will revenge that insult. || The cat revenged itself on the teasing boy by scratching him. || We bombed their towns in revenge for their attacks on ours.
3． 在实际使用中两词有时区别并不太明显，可换用:
He avenged / revenged himself on his enemies.
4． retaliate 最正式，侧重指受到某种伤害后，用同样或类似的手段进行报复，有“以牙还牙”的意思:
When one of their soldiers was killed，the occupying army retaliated by killing hostages.
5． 注意 avenge 的下列用法:
They avenged his death by burning the village. ( avenge sth by doing sth) || They avenged themselves on their enemy. ( avenge oneself on sth) || Hamlet was avenged of his father's murder. ( be avenged of sb) || I swear to avenge you on him. ( avenge sb on sb) || She was avenged on her aunt for her misdeeds. ( be avenged on sb for sth) || retarded retarded，impaired
这组词都有“残疾的”含义。
1． crippled 主要指“四肢，尤其是腿部有残疾的”。
2． disabled 可以指“身体某个部位有残疾的 ( 包括头脑 )”，其含义比
crippled 广泛。
3． handicapped 可指“身体或精神方面残疾的，尤指因事故或出生时所造成的残疾”，这词有贬义。
4． retarded 尤指“弱智的，尤其是儿童智力迟钝的”。
5． impaired 常被用来委婉地指“听觉、视觉等方面残疾的”，用来代替
blind，deaf 等:
impaired vision
visually impaired ( 相当于 blind)
hearing-impaired ( 相当于 deaf) retire 1． 后面常接介词 at，from，to，for，
into，in，with，on，as 等:
He retired at the age of 65．
He retired from the army.
He retired to a suburban village.
He retired for the night.
He retired into the countryside.
He retired in defeat.
He retired with a meager pension.
He retired on a pension.
He retired as president of the uni-
versity.
2． “离休”与“退休”不同，具有中国特色; 仅用 retire 表达不完整，翻译时要视情况而定:
a retired veteran cadre 离休老干部
He has retired with honors. 他离休了。
He is a retired veteran. 他离休了。
3． 表示“退休”，下面几种说法都可以:
He has retired.
He has retired from his job.
He is retired now.
He is a retired teacher now.
The company retired him on full pay. retirement 1． 下面短语中 retirement 前常不用冠词:
He is approaching retirement.
He plans to take retirement at the
age of 55．
He will come out of retirement to run for presidency again.
He lives in retirement in the coun-
tryside.
2． 表示“养老院”可以译成 retire-
ment home， 也可译成 old
people's home 等。
3． retirement plan ( 退休计划、养老计划) 是美国用语。 retreat ，withdraw
两词都有“退出”的含义。
1． retreat 常指 “( 为避免危险、极端行为而) 退出”，有“与世无争、寻求安宁”的意思:
retreat from the harsh reality of life
retreat into the safety of the
mountain village
2． withdraw 强调“退出的决心、退出是有正当理由的”等:
He threatened to withdraw from the presidential race.
The government has decided to withdraw from the peace talks.
3． 表示“军队的撤退”，retreat 有“匆忙、慌乱”的含义; withdraw 强调
“有计划撤退”:
The enemy retreated in frantic haste.
The government has announced that it will withdraw all its troops from Iraq.
4． retreat 可以作名词，表示“隐退处”withdraw 不这样用:
his mountain retreat
retrieve，regain，recover
3 词都有“重新得到”的含义。
1． retrieve 强调 “( 经过努力或花力气寻找而) 重新找到”:
They are trying hard to retrieve the weapons left by the enemy in the forest.
2． 表示“( 猎犬) 衔回 ( 物品)”，常用
retrieve:
The dog has been trained to re-
trieve game.
3． regain 比较普通，使用范围较广，但一般是要“经过努力才能重新获得”:
regain the control of the city
regain his composure
regain his marriage
regain the hill
regain her eye-sight
regain the championship
regain consciousness
regain freedom
paradise regained
regain your appetite
regain his confidence
regain your feet
4． recover 在本组词中最常用，使用范围最广，可以表示经过努力重新获得，也可以表示不经过努力而重新获得:
It's hard to recover the lost car.
( 要经过努力)
He recovered his lost watch by accident. ( 没经过努力) return 1． 表示“来回票”，用 a return ticket
是英国用法，美国人常说 a round-
trip ticket。
2． 表示“回访”可以说 a return visit。
3． returned student 可指“归国留学生”; returnee 是“退学后返校重读的学生”。
4． 注意下面一些句子的含义:
Early returns show that the Demo-
cratic Party may win the election.
早先选举结果表明民主党有可能获胜。
He was asked to fill in a tax re-
turn. 她被要求填写报税单。
Many happy returns of the day!
生日快乐!
The store will not accept the re-
turns，even ones in good condi-
tion. 该商店不接受退货，即便是完好无损也不接受。
The company adopted a strategy of small profits and quick returns.
该公司采用的是薄利多销的策略。
5． 在下面短语中，return 前不用冠词:
You'll get your answer by return of post. ( 英国用法)
Please reply by return of mail.
( 美国用法)
He sent her some money in return for her help. revenge avenge，revenge，retaliate
3 词都可以作“报仇”解; 但报仇的原因和目的有所不同。
1． avenge 常指因他人 ( 如家里的亲人) 受到伤害、侮辱、委屈等而为其报复:
She is out to avenge her father's death. || I shall avenge my sister.
2． revenge 常指因自己受到伤害等而报仇，包含恶意和不肯原谅之义:
I will revenge that insult. || The cat revenged itself on the teasing boy by scratching him. || We bombed their towns in revenge for their attacks on ours.
3． 在实际使用中两词有时区别并不太明显，可换用:
He avenged / revenged himself on his enemies.
4． retaliate 最正式，侧重指受到某种伤害后，用同样或类似的手段进行报复，有“以牙还牙”的意思:
When one of their soldiers was killed，the occupying army retaliated by killing hostages.
5． 注意 avenge 的下列用法:
They avenged his death by burning the village. ( avenge sth by doing sth) || They avenged themselves on their enemy. ( avenge oneself on sth) || Hamlet was avenged of his father's murder. ( be avenged of sb) || I swear to avenge you on him. ( avenge sb on sb) || She was avenged on her aunt for her misdeeds. ( be avenged on sb for sth) || revenge ，avenge
两词都有“报仇”的含义。
1． avenge 比 revenge 正式，可以指
“为家人、朋友以及自己复仇”:
He vowed to avenge his mother's death.
She decided to avenge herself
and all the other women he had a-
bused.
2． revenge 尤指“为自己复仇”:
He revenge himself on her for her arrogance.
3． 用 revenge 表示“复仇”有很多说法:
the best way to get revenge
have his revenge
inflict a revenge upon him
take revenge for his mother
take his revenge against their
family
revenge an injustice
kill the whole family in revenge for
the murder
revenge upon him for the loss
revenge himself on her for the
loss
Revenge has been given for the murder.
seek revenge for the defeat
revenge the dead reverse 1． “( 电话) 由受话方付款”，英国人常说 reverse the charges，make a
reverse charge call 或美国人说
call collect 或 make a collect call:
You may reverse the charges when you ring me. ( 英国用法)
2． reverse light 指 “( 汽车的 ) 倒车灯”，是美国用语。
3． 下面句中 reverse 前面不用冠词:
She told the story in reverse.
Put the car in reverse.
The trend went into reverse. review 1． 在下列短语中，review 前不用冠词:
The contract is subject to review every two months.
Their election is now under re-
view.
His case is coming up for review next week.
Her bitter childhood passed in re-
view before the old lady.
2． 表示“复习( 迎考)”，美国人用 re-
view，英国人用 revise:
I have to review for physics.
I have to revise for physics.
3． 表示“复习( 迎考)”，可以说:
review of the first 10 chapters
review for the test
review for exams
review all the notes for each
course
4． 可以说:
review books
review one's lessons
review the situation
review the previous work
review video releases
review the troops
review its decision
review their security measures
review the progress of the child
review the evidence
review the production
review the budget
review his successes and failures
review plays for that newspaper
review the conditions in the mine
review the projects
review the options
review money matters
review all its familiar objects
review the types of heat
review the death penalty
review the population genetics lit-
erature
review the way government offi-
cials are chosen
review a contract
review the research results
review the scene of the crime
review all the drugs on the market
review a fleet revisionism 一般有贬义，指“修正主义”，使用者认为这种思想是错误的。 revolution 1． 表示“( 某一方面的) 革命”，后面常用介词 in:
a revolution in information technol-
ogy
witness a revolution in ship desig-
ning
a tremendous revolution in chem-
istry
a revolution in our way of living
2． 后面还常用介词 of，against，a-
round 等:
the revolution of 1917
a revolution against the wicked re-
gime
the earth's revolution around the
sun
3． 有各式各样的 revolution:
the Chinese revolution
the industrial revolution
the Communist revolution
a palace revolution
the computer revolution
a cultural revolution
a sexual revolution
a peaceful revolution
a bloodless revolution
a technological revolution revolutionary 这组词都有“反叛者”的含义:
1． rebel 一般指 “( 对合法政府、统治者等进行 ) 造反的人”，但常包含
“造反失败”的意思: The anti-gov-
ernment rebels seized the city hall.
The rebels were cruelly sup-
pressed.
2． traitor 是贬义词，指“对自己的国家、党派、组织等不忠诚，出卖同志、战友”，因而，这种“反叛”其实是
“背叛”:
He was hanged as a traitor.
3． insurgent 指“政府正规军以外的武装反叛者”，有时有褒义，可译成“起义者”:
The insurgents have seized the government building.
4． rioter 常指“( 在公共场所破坏公共建筑、交通工具、制造混乱的街头)
闹事者、骚乱者”:
The rioters are burning vehicles in the People's Square.
5． revolutionary 一般是褒义词，常指
“( 试图推翻旧制度、建立新社会、改革旧体制的) 革命者”:
a heroic revolutionary who had
suffered for his principles revolving 表示“( 一扇) 旋转门”，用 a revolving
door，the revolving doors， the re-
volving door 都可以:
There is a door keeper by the re-
volving door.
I went through the revolving doors. ( 可能指“由几个门组成的一扇旋转门”)
A revolving door helps keep out draughts. reward reward，award
两词都有“奖金”的含义。
1． reward 侧重指“( 帮助他人或工作后所获得的) 奖金、物质奖励”等，有“酬谢、酬报”的意思:
She got a computer as a reward for passing her final exams.
He deserves a day off as a re-
ward for working so hard.
2． award 可以指“奖金”，也可以指
“只有荣誉没有物质奖励的精神奖励”:
He got an award of $ 1，000 for his new novel. ( 物质奖励)
The general presented a bravery award to the soldier. ( 精神奖励) ribbon 可以作可数或不可数名词，下面几个句子都对:
She tied back her hair with a pink ribbon.
She tied the candy box with gold ribbon.
She tied the gift box with a piece of peach satin ribbon.
She tied her hair with red ribbons. rice 1． 物质名词，一般为不可数，表示数量时可以说:
a grain of rice
a bowl of boiled rice
a crop of rice
grains of rice
one pound of long rice
a dish of fried rice
2． 表示“几种不同的米”，为可数名词:
Thailand exports its fine rices a-
round the world. rich 1． the rich 指“富人们”，后面一般跟复数动词:
The rich are not always happy.
Only the very rich have really ben-
efited.
2． the riches 可指各种“财富”:
the earth's riches
the riches of Oriental art
the natural riches of the soil
the riches and splendor of the pal-
ace
the riches of the seas
the riches of the museum's art
collection
3． 作构词成分-rich，组成许多词:
an oil-rich country
mineral-rich foods
fiber-rich fruits
under oxygen-rich conditions
a new protein-rich potato ride 很常用，注意下面句子的意思:
It's only a short bus ride.
Let's go for a ride.
Could you give me a ride?
a horse ride
a train ride
the ride in the taxi
a motorcycle ride
The car ride from the airport was fun.
get a ride home
take a ride in a boat
have a ride on her bike
hitch a ride from a passing car
ridiculous，silly，laughable
这组词都可表示“可笑的”。
1． ridiculous 强调“傻乎乎的、不合情理的、胡闹的”:
It's ridiculous to even think about going out in this heavy snow.
2． silly 除可表示“傻乎乎的”以外，还侧重“不认真的、不仔细思考的、不恰当的、令人烦恼的”:
a silly mistake
a silly game
sit on a silly little chair
3． laughable 较常用，可形容各种
“可笑的”事情:
a laughable character
laughable allegations
a laughable incident rifle 指“步枪”，也可译成“来复枪”; 还有不同种类的“枪”:
handgun 手枪
revolver 左轮手枪
pistol 手枪
musket 滑膛枪
shotgun 猎枪
automatic 自动步枪
machine gun 机关枪 right 1． 下面几种说法都可以:
You are right about it.
You are right in saying so.
You are right to say so.
It is right for you to say so.
It is only right that you've said so.
2． 作副词时用来强调，可组成很多短语:
right here
right there
right behind
right in front of
right before
right after
right away
right up
right up to the moment of his de-
parture
right down
right through
right into
right out of
right now
right off
sit right beside
right around the campus
I'll be right back.
right on time
right then
right out
come right in
right from the start
come right along
right under his nose
3． 下面例子中 right 作名词，多用复数形式:
We believe that all men have cer-
tain unalienable rights.
I am quite within my rights to sue them.
An agent bought the rights to his life.
By rights，I should have half of the profits.
I'll put the place to rights before the dean came back.
4． Mr Right 指“如意郎君”。 rigid ，stiff
两词都有“僵硬”的含义。
1． rigid 侧重指 “( 思想、体制、行为、观点、纪律、等级等 ) 僵化的、不灵活的、不愿改变的、顽固的、一本正经的”:
a rigid class structure
a rigid system
the rigid discipline of army life
a rigid face
rigid student rules
rigid religious views
2． stiff 侧重形容“( 东西等) 不易变形的，( 身体关节、肌肉等) 僵硬的、一动就痛的”:
My leg muscles always feel stiff.
stiff new shoes
stiff fingers
rim
“环太平洋”可译成 Pacific-rim:
Pacific-rim universities ring 1． ring，ring back，ring in，ring off，
ring around 表示“打电话”，主要是英国用语，美国人常说 call，call
back，call in， hang off， call a-
round:
I would ring when I got back from
Oxford.
I'll call you when I get back.
He started ringing around his classmates.
He started calling around his ro-
ommates.
2． ring road ( 环城公路 ) 是英国用语，中国的“内环公路”也可译成
ring road，上海的“( 高架) 内环线”一般译成 viaduct。
3． 美国的“环城公路”常叫 beltway，
如华盛顿特区就有 beltway，因而产生了下列词组:
inside the beltway ( 指华盛顿特区
“圈内”特有的政治、思想、行为方式等)
outside the beltway( 指华盛顿特区以外的地区)
riot，revolt，uprising
这组词都有“暴乱”的含义。
1． riot 所含的“暴乱”，意思在这组词中最弱，一般指“群众街头聚众闹事”等，强调“喧闹、嘈杂、失控”等，不一定有组织地进行:
The sudden increase in food prices led to riots in the streets.
2． revolt 尤指“许多人采取非法手段，旨在推翻某种政治制度”:
It's a revolt by ordinary people against their government.
3． uprising 侧重指“用武力试图推翻统治者”，常有褒义:
It's a popular uprising against the authoritarian government. rion 1． corpse 主要指“人的尸体”( dead
body) 。
2． remains 有“精神升天后留下的遗骸”的宗教含义; 可指 “( 人或动物的) 尸体”:
His remains are buried in the churchyard.
There are remains of horses and other animals.
3． remains 后面跟复数动词:
Human remains were found in the woods.
4． remains 可用来指“遗址、遗迹”等:
the remains of the castle
5． carcass 主要指“( 动物的) 尸体”:
the carcass of a tiger
6． carrion 指“腐烂的尸体”，是不可数名词:
Some birds feed on carrion.
correct
politically correct 不一定是指“政治上正确的”，而常指“人们言语、行为等不冒犯某些社会群体”:
It is no longer politically correct to refer to someone as a cripple.
some politically correct parents
The cookbook challenges political-
ly correct nutrition. ripe ，mature
两词都有“成熟”的含义。
1． ripe 常形容“农作物等成熟的”:
fields of ripe rice
ripe juicy water melon
2． mature 常形容“人、动物、植物成熟的”，强调他们处在“生命的顶峰”:
She is more mature than other girls.
a mature peach tree
3． 注意它们的习惯搭配:
a ripe old age
ripe time
a really ripe public scandal
the ripe moment
mature songwriting
mature wine
mature cheese
mature reflection
with a mature air rise 1． 表示“增加工资”，英国人说 a pay
rise，美国人说 a pay raise。
2． rise 和 rise up 在很多情况下意思相同，up 并不是多余的，而是起强调语气的作用:
He rose ( up) through the ranks.
The plane rose ( up) into the air.
She rose ( up ) and went to the window. risk 1． 作动词时后面跟动名词，不跟动词不定式:
I don't want to risk getting involved in the dispute. ( 不说 risk to get
involved)
2． 下面两组句子意思相同:
This task must be accomplished at any risk.
This task must be accomplished at all risks.
I saved her life at the risk of my own.
I saved her life at the risk to my own.
3． 表示“冒险”，可以说:
run a risk
run the risk
run risks
run the risks
run the risk of doing sth
run the risks to do sth
take a risk
take the risk
take risks
I'm running an awful risk.
I can't run the risk of losing my scholarship.
Why do you run such frightful
risks?
I ran the same risks as everyone else.
I'd like to thank all the veterans who ran the risks to protect our cities.
I'll take the risks to learn who you really are.
rite，ritual，ceremony
3 词都有“仪式”的含义。
1． rite 和 ritual 的含义比较接近，都侧重指“( 宗教) 仪式”，但 ritual 常是 rite 的一部分，rite 常用复数，
ritual 可以作不可数或可数名词:
the traditional rites of homage to
the emperor
funeral rites
an interest in pagan ritual ( 不可数)
Christian rituals ( 可数)
2． ritual 比 rite 常用，可以指其他“习惯性的行为”，可译成“例行习惯”:
his nightly ritual of checking all the
windows and doors
the ritual of eating
the ritual of filling and lighting his
pipe
the rituals of politics
3． ceremony 在本组词中最常用，可指各种“仪式”:
a private funeral ceremony
an award ceremony
a religious ceremony rival ，opponent
两词都有“对手”的含义。
1． rival 所指的“对手”可以是“人”，
也可以是“团体、企业、组织”等:
his nearest rival
rival teenage gangs
This product has no rivals in the world.
a rival company
arch rival on the football field
2． opponent 指的“对手” 常常是
“人”:
one of his most outspoken oppo-
nents
He knocked down his opponent in the first round of fight.
my political opponent river 1． “…… 河”，可以说: the  River，
the River ，the river:
the River Danube
the Mississippi River
the river Amazon
2． 似乎英国人用 the River  或 the
river 居多，美国人用 theRiver
居多; 在地图上使用时，定冠词常省去，River 用缩写 R． :
Ohio R．
Arkansas R．
Red R．
Trent R． road 1． “……路”，可译成Road，前面常不用冠词，前面用介词 in，on 都可以:
He lives in Marston Road.
They live on Lockwood Road.
2． Road 的缩写是 Rd. ，不应该写成
RD，Rd，rd，rd. 等。
3． 有时为了强调，“ Road”前面也加定冠词:
We just go straight up the Bristol
Road.
4． 中国城市里的“路”大多译成 
Road，而在英美国家，相当数量的
“路” 叫 avenue， street， drive，
boulevard 等。
5． 在下面例子中，road 前没有冠词:
They are traveling by road.
many miles of hilly road
a stretch of country road
6． 表示“……路……号”时，road 前面一般不用冠词:
135 York Road，Cambridge
7． road trip 是美国用语，指“乘车长途旅行”:
He took off on an 1，800-mile road trip to Maine.
rob
rob the cradle 是美国用语，指“有一个比自己年轻得多的恋人”:
Twelve years his junior，she en-
joyed telling people her husband had robbed the cradle. rock 1． a rock 在英美人那里都可以指“一座石山”或“一块小石头”:
a villa built on a big rock ( 石山)
She picked up a rock and threw it into the trees. ( 小石头)
2． 泛指“石头”时，可作可数或不可数名词:
The students climbed over the rocks along the seashore. ( 可数)
These cliffs are solid rock.
They have cut through solid rock.
( 不可数)
3． “攀岩”可以译成:
rock-climbing
rock climbing rogate 这组词都有“问”的意思，但含义不同。
1． ask 在这组词中最为常用，后面可接直接宾语、间接宾语、从句等:
He asked me how I knew about the secret. ( ask sb why / how /
when / whether，etc. )
He asked about my weekend plan. ( ask about sth)
He asked me about my weekend plan. ( ask sb about sth)
The teacher asked me some questions. ( ask sb sth)
He asked for a pay raise. ( ask
for sth)
May I ask a favor of you? ( ask
sth of sb)
He asked me to believe him. ( ask
sb to do sth)
He asked that I leave. ( ask that)
2． enquire 强调“打听确切消息、真实情况”等。作及物动词时，不能用人作宾语，如要表示询问某人时，常用 enquire of sb 的结构:
You can enquire of your room-
mate where the library is.
3． question 常用来表示反复“提出
( 一个接一个的) 问题”:
The teacher questioned the boy until he told him all he knew about the incident.
4． interrogate 表示“强迫被拘留者回答问题或向证人提出问题”等:
The police spent ten hours interro-
gating the prisoner.
The lawyer took a long time to in-
terrogate the witness fully. roll 表示“开始”有不少短语:
Let's roll.
Let's get rolling.
Let's set the ball rolling.
Let's get the ball rolling.
Let's kick the ball rolling.
Let's start the ball rolling. romance 1． 泛指“浪漫”，常作不可数名词:
She was not in a mood for ro-
mance.
2． 指“某一次具体的浪漫”或“某个具体的浪漫故事、电影、戏剧”等，为可数名词:
a holiday romance
a cheap romance in a newspaper
I prefer romances to thrillers.
3． “红楼梦”可以译成:
Romance in Red Chambers
A Dream of Red Mansions roof 1． 注意“有家可归”的表示法，roof
总是作单数用，而 head 用单复数均可，用复数的使用频率较高:
I've got a roof over my head.
Some people are struggling to keep a roof over their head.
We've got a roof over our heads.
Home is more than a roof over our head.
Sometimes we take a roof over our heads for granted.
2． 表示“同在一处”，可以说:
to be under the same roof
to be under one roof
to be under a singe roof
to be in the same house room 1． 表示“我住在 135 号房间”，说 I
live at Room 135． 或 I live in
Room 135． 都可以，Room 前面没有冠词。
2． room 作“一房间人”解时，它的代词用复数:
Ask Room 135 if they want any tea. rooster 1． rooster 作“公鸡”解，主要是美国用词，英国人常用 cock。
2． 注意各种“鸡”的说法:
rooster，cock 公鸡
hen 母鸡
chicken 小( 母) 鸡
chick( 新生的) 小鸡
cockerel ( 未满一年的) 小公鸡
bantam 矮脚鸡
turkey 火鸡 root 1． 在下面短语中，root 前不用冠词:
Time is needed for this new con-
cept to take root in the country.
The college needs root and branch educational reform.
2． 下面短语常用复数形式:
help the orphans to trace their
roots
go back to her Chinese roots
have its roots in the early 1980s
He hasn't forgotten his roots.
They put down their roots in the countryside and built a life. rope 1． 表示“( 在工作中) 找到窍门、摸到门道”，下面两种表示方法均可。
注意，rope 用复数形式:
learn the ropes
know the ropes
2． 作“窍门”用时，还有其他短语:
put sb ( up ) to the ropes 给某人指点窍门
show sb the ropes 给某人指点窍门
be outside the ropes 不懂窍门 rubber 1． 泛指“橡胶”时一般为不可数名词:
It is made of rubber.
2． 作“橡皮”解是英国用词，美国人常用 eraser。
3． 作“避孕套”解是美国用词。 rug rug，carpet
1． rug 指 “( 覆盖部分地板的 ) 小地毯”。
2． carpet 可指各种地毯。 ruin 1． 表示”废墟”时用单复数都可以:
lay in ruin
lie in ruins
fall into ruin
emerge from the ruins of
2． 表示“毁灭”时，多为不可数名词:
come to ruin
go to ruin
fall to ruin
drive them to the brink of ruin rule 1． “通融一下”，可以说 bend the
rules，stretch the rules，break the
rules slightly，注意用用复数形式:
You need to bend the rules and be a bit more flexible. 你需要通融一下，更加灵活一点。
2． 有各式各样的 rule:
the golden rule 金科玉律
ground rule 基本准则
home rule 地方自治
rules of conduct 行为准则
rumor，hearsay，gossip
这组词都有“谣言”的含义。
1． rumor 常指“人们四处传播的谣言”，有可能是真的，也有可能是假的，为可数名词:
I believe some of those rumors.
There is a rumor going around about her.
2． hearsay 强调“听到的谣言”，一般为不可数名词:
Her evidence was all just hearsay.
3． gossip 尤指“谈论别人私生活的闲言碎语”，常为不可数名词:
The two housewives spent an hour talking gossip at the entrance of the supermarket.
4． “据谣传……”可以译成:
Rumor has it that
Rumor says that
There is a rumor that ( 注意第一、第二的短语中的 rumor 不带冠词。)
run，race，dash，jog
1． 作及物动词时，run 与名词有如下的搭配:
run a race
run her fingers through her hair
run his card through the machine
run my hand over the chest
run a business
run a country
run a workshop
run an experiment
run a computer program
run a recording tape
run a machine
run a car
run me up to Maine
run water into a bath
run a story in the magazine
run a fever
run a temperature
run a shuttle service
run a cable behind the desk
run guns into the country
2． run，race，dash，jog 都有“跑”的含义。
1) run 最常用，可指各种“跑”:
a slow running
a long-distance running
a home run;
2) race 和 dash 都指“非常快地跑”，
但 dash 更强调“短距离迅速地跑”，试比较:
a marathon race
a 10-mile race ( 这里不能将 race
改成 dash)
the 100-meter dash ( 这里用 race
不如用 dash 好)
3) jog 一般指“( 为锻炼身体而) 慢步小跑”:
She goes jogging in the woods every morning.
rural，countryside，rustic，pas- rustic 参见 rural。
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's
1． 英语中在表示有生命的东西的名词后加上 's 可构成所有格( 无生命的东西也可，但大多数情况用 of 表示) ，主要有以下几种形式。
1) 在单数名词末尾一般加 's:
Mary's husband ( 人类)
the bull's horn ( 动物)
the morning's sunrise ( 无生命)
2) 在以-s，-es 结尾的复数名词末尾只加 ':
the teachers' books
Engels' works
the heroes' spouses
3) 不以-( e) s 结尾的复数名词末尾仍要加 's:
Gentlemen's Room
Women's Day
People's Square
2． 名词所有格所修饰的名词常可以省略，常见的用法有:
1) 避免重复:
My computer is good， but Mr.
Smith's is even better. ( = Mr.
Smith's computer is even better. )
2) 省去店名:
at the baker's ( = at the baker's
shop)
at the butcher's
at the chemist's
at the florist's
3) 省去家名:
I'll go to Andy's for dinner this eve-
ning. ( Andy's = Andy's home) sabotage 可作可数和不可数名词。
1． 不可数:
an act of sabotage
We could not put up with internal sabotage.
2． 可数:
including the sabotages to Cuban
hotels in 1997
The sabotages are being carried
out by CIA．
sack，bag，knapsack
这组词都有 “袋子”的含义。
1． sack 常指结实的、编织的、用于储存和搬运东西的袋子，如麻袋等:
carry sacks of packages to the
post office
thick farm sacks
2． bag 最普通常用，可指各种袋子:
a plastic bag
a paper bag
an overnight bag
a shopping bag
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3． knapsack 常指旅行、士兵等用的背包:
Around the time of the American
Civil War，sandwiches were being
served as an occasional simple
supper and sometimes packed in-
to travelers' knapsacks.
4． sack，fire 都可表示 “开除”，但
sack 在英国属非正式用法:
In the last two months of 2003，
more than 4000 workers were sacked in Yorkshire. sacred holy，sacred
两词都可以译成 “神圣的、宗教的”。
1． 表示 “( 宗教方面) 神圣的”，holy
的语气强于 sacred。
2． 表示 “神圣不可侵犯”，尤其形容
“受人珍爱”时，多用 sacred:
Marriage is sacred to her.
Cows are sacred to Hindus.
an hour sacred to study
3． 在日常使用中，两词可换用:
a holy / sacred place
holy / sacred music sacrifice 1． “为……而牺牲 ……”常用以下句型:
He is willing to sacrifice higher pay for more leisure time. ( sacrifice
sth for sth)
He has sacrificed all his personal interests to those of the country.
( sacrifice sth to sth)
His wife sacrificed her career to raise their children. ( sacrifice sth
to do sth)
2． 名词 sacrifice 表示“牺牲”时，用单数、复数、不可数形式都可以:
You shouldn't make a needless sacrifice. ( 单数)
A mother always makes many sacrifices for her child. ( 复数)
He became a top scientist not without some sacrifice. ( 不可数)
sad，unhappy，down，low，de- safe ，safety
1． 两词都有 “安全”的含义，但 safe
是形容词，safety 是名词:
She is safe.
She is in safety.
2． 都可以修饰名词，但有各自固定的说法:
a safe place
a safe form of travel
a safe method of birth control
a safe investment
a safe decision
a safe drive
a safe seat
a safe use
the safest manner
a safety belt
a safety glass
a safety match
a safety net
a safety pin
a safety razor
a safety box sail 1． 后面常用介词 in，to，into，for，
from， around， across， against，
down，on，through，up，with，to-
ward 等:
sail in winds
sail to the top
sail from Boston
sail around the lake
sail across the Pacific
sail against the wind
sail for Europe
sail down a stream
sail in a yacht
sail on the sea
sail out of the port
sail through Taiwan Strait
sail up the coast
sail with the wind
sail toward the north
2． 作及物和不及物动词都可以:
The ship is designed to sail rough seas. ( 及物)
The ship is designed to sail on rough seas. ( 不及物) sailor sailor，seaman
两词都可以译成“水手”，但有以下区别:
1． sailor 可以指各种船上的水手，海上的、河上的、湖上的都可以; sea-
man 一般指海上的水手;
2． sailor 可指以驾船为生的水手，也可指以娱乐为目的的乘船旅游者;
seaman 也主要指以驾船为生的水手，或海军的水手，一般不指以娱乐为目的的乘船旅游者;
3． a good / bad sailor 指“容易 / 不易晕船的人”，不是“好 / 坏水手”;
seaman 没有这种用法:
I've never been a very good sail-
or. ( 我一直是个易晕船的人。) sake 表示“求求你!”、“行行好!”、“天哪!”、“看在上帝的分上!”等语气时，按语气从重到轻区分，其顺序应该是:
for Christ's sake
for God's sake
for heaven's sake
for mercy's sake
for pity's sake
for goodness' sake sale 1． for sale，on sale 都可以译成“出售”，但前者尤指私人出售私人物品，后者常指出售商店里的商品:
His former home is for sale at
$ 50，000．
A new model of camera is on sale in this shop.
2． “( 商店 ) 售货员”美国人常用
sales clerk，英国人用 shop assis-
tant; 根据不同性别和年龄，其他说法还有:
salesman
salesgirl
saleslady
saleswoman
salesperson
salespeople salt 1． salt 常为不可数名词，表示其数量时，可以这么说:
a pinch of salt
some salt
more salt
a little salt
a grain of salt
too much salt
a bowl of salt
a spoonful of salt
2． 表示“各种盐”可用复数 salts:
This area is rich in salts.
3． “盐瓶”美国人说 salt shaker，英国人用 salt cellar。
salute
“( 向……) 致礼”可以说:
He stood attention and salute.
He saluted the war hero.
He made a special salute to the war hero.
He gave a salute to the war hero.
He raised his arm in salute.
I salute him for his heroic action.
He raised his hand as a friendly salute.
I saluted him with a smile.
They shouted a salute in his hon-
or.
They honored him with a salute. same 在口语中，same 前面的定冠词有时省去，但在书面语中一般总是加 the，
this，that 等:
Let's meet for dinner again this coming Friday evening， same time，same place. ( 口语)
They have lived in the same apartment for 10 years. ( 书面语) sample 可作如下搭配:
a free sample
a random sample
a sample of their products
blood samples
urine samples
a duplicate sample
a trade sample
a standard sample
a sample of his bad behavior
a sample of his courage sand 1． 常作不可数名词，要表示数量，可以说:
a grain of sand
grains of sand
an ocean of sand
a handful of sand
a fistful of sand
a truckload of sand
tons of sand
large quantities of sand
lots of sand
2． 复数 sands 常指“沙滩、砂石地”:
There are miles of golden sands.
This will occur both in sands and clays.
3． sand 的单数和复数形式都可以表示“沙滩”，下面几种说法都对，意思相同:
Students are playing on the sand.
Students are playing on the sands.
Students are playing in the sand. sandwich 可以说:
sandwich education ( 学习与实习相结合的) “三明治”教育
sandwich generation 上有老下有小的一代( 主要为美国用法)
sandwich course “三明治”课程
( 实习与在校学习交替的课程)
sap，syrup，juice，sauce
这组词都有“汁、液”等含义。
1． sap 指植物的汁液:
Some trees here produce a pecul-
iar sap in autumn.
2． syrup 常指用糖、水、巧克力等制成的糖汁，糖浆:
chocolate syrup
canned fruit in syrup
3． sap 一般指未经过加工的汁液，
syrup 一般指加工过的汁液:
Maple syrup is made from the sap of the sugar maple tree. ( 枫树浆是由甜的枫树汁液制成的。)
4． juice 比较普通常用，可指各种汁液，包括人的体液:
fruit juices
vegetable juices
digestive juices
5． sauce 一般指食品的液体调料:
soy sauce
a tomato sauce SAT ，SATS
1． SAT( Scholastic Aptitude Test) 是美国“学业能力倾向测试”，在高中学生上大学前进行，前面可以加定冠词:
This report looks at standardized
tests like the SAT．
the national obsession over the
SAT
2． SATS ( Standard Assessment
Test) 是英国“标准评估测试”，用来测试 7 岁、10 岁、13 岁儿童的能力和学习进步情况，一般用复数。
也可以写成 SATs，此时前面加不加定冠词都可以:
Should SATs matter? ( 不加定冠词)
The SATS have acquired a mys-
tique that's clearly not warranted.
( 加定冠词)
3． SATS 可以写成 the SAT Test，但用 the SATs 的居多:
inside the new SAT Test
Do you think the new SATs will be
able to accurately assess children's
ability? satellite 1． 为可数名词:
a spy satellite
two communications satellites
2． 可以修饰不少名词:
satellite news
satellite magazine
satellite image
satellite technology
satellite industry
satellite service
satellite encyclopedia
satellite station
satellite tracking program
satellite data processing
satellite communication devices
satellite photos
satellite weather maps
satellite radio
satellite tracker
satellite resources
3． 在短语 via satellite 和 by satellite
中，satellite 前一般不用冠词:
high-speed internet via satellite
establish links by satellite satisfaction 1． 指“满意”的抽象概念时，satisfac-
tion 常作不可数名词:
find satisfaction in literature
for true satisfaction
2． 指具体的“满意”或“满意的事”时，为可数名词:
one of the satisfactions in life
their challenges and satisfactions
Saturday morning satisfactions satisfactory 后面常跟介词 to:
It is satisfactory to the majority of patients.
provide evidence satisfactory to the
State Board satisfy 1． 后面可跟不少名词作宾语:
satisfy the conditions
satisfy the dream
satisfy the soul
satisfy the industry's appetite
satisfy the doubts
satisfy the aspiration
satisfy the craving
satisfy the curiosity
satisfy the demand
satisfy the desire
satisfy the greed
satisfy the nutritional needs
satisfy the urge
satisfy the want
satisfy the wish
satisfy the criterion
satisfy the expectation
satisfy the basic requirements
satisfy the test
satisfy the environmental lobby
satisfy the laws
satisfy the statistics
satisfy the likeness
satisfy the thirst for entertainment
satisfy the authorities
satisfy the fears
satisfy the contract
satisfy the woman
satisfy the rich and poor
satisfy the partner
satisfy the customers
satisfy the senses
satisfy the diverse needs
satisfy the desire for cash
satisfy the travel obsession
satisfy the hunger
satisfy the lover
satisfy the entrepreneurial urge
satisfy the building codes
2． 常用 be satisfied with，be satisfied
at 的句型:
Are you satisfied with our service?
Are college students satisfied with
their courses?
She is satisfied at her achieve-
ments. saturate 常用 saturate sth，be saturated with
sth 的句型:
The downpour saturated the vast plains.
The market was saturated with for-
eign-made goods.
The desert was saturated with life. Saturday 1． 下面两个句子的含义相同:
The family usually dines out on Sat-
urdays.
The family usually dines out every
Saturday.
2． Saturday night special 是美国用语，可以指小巧玲珑、便于携带、廉价的小手枪:
The dead woman was shot by a
Saturday night special. sauce 1． 可作可数和不可数名词。
1) 可数:
fix a sauce of my own
a history of sauces
dessert or ice cream sauces
cooked in a sauce of garlic
2) 不可数:
ice cream with chocolate sauce
free samples of hot sauce
2． 参见 sap。 sauna 为可数名词:
build a sauna of my own
the desire to have a sauna
There are 1，212，000 saunas in
private apartment apartments in Fin-
land. sausage 可作可数或不可数名词:
It is caused by the consumption of excessive amounts of sausage and ice cream. ( 不可数)
Unaware of the meat's origin， a butcher made sausages from it. ( 可数) save 注意一些短语的中文释义:
save your breath 你别费口舌了
save sb's skin 逃脱危险
save sb's neck 逃脱危险
save sb's bacon 逃脱危险
save sb the trouble 省去麻烦
save sb the expense of 省去……的开支
save the day 扭转局势
save the situation 挽回败局
save face 保全面子
save my life 救了我的命
save your apologies 把你道歉的话收起来吧
save their marriage 挽救他们的婚姻
save time 节约时间
save fuel 节省能源
save his strength 保存体力
save me a seat 帮我留个位子
save me a trip 省得我跑一趟
save us a lot of trouble 省去我们许多麻烦
save your pains 节省精力
save the tide 抓住时机 saving 1． 作“( 银行) 存款”解时，saving 一般用复数，后面跟复数动词:
Her savings were in the First Na-
tional Bank.
The tax cut is here，but savings are years away.
2． 作“在……( 方面的) 节约”解时，后面常跟介词 in，of，on 等:
energy saving in transport of goods
saving on health foods
the saving of passwords by brows-
ers savor 作“细细品味”解时，后面可以跟很多名词:
savor the view
savor my coffee
savor a good meal
savor the joy of accomplishment
savor the finest cuisine
savor the rewards of success
savor every moment
savor every drop of the wine
savor the prospect
savor the flavor of each mouthful
savor the curious looks
savor the special friendship
savor the flowers in full bloom
savor the results
savor culinary vacations
savor a tremendous day
savor your life
savor Olympian feat
savor the sweet smell of Nobel suc-
cess
savor the beauty of the Dutch coast
savor a rare chance of victory
savor the south
savor the taste sawdust 1． 作“锯末”解时，常为不可数名词，后面跟单数动词:
shavings and sawdust
Sawdust is a byproduct of milling of lumber.
2． 但是指“各种锯末”时，sawdust 为可数名词:
specialized mixtures of hardwood
sawdusts and softwood sawdusts
On the other hand，wood sawdusts
are generated in abundant quanti-
ties by sawmills. say 1． 在美国口语中，可以用 say 表示“同意”:
— This is the best food I've ever had. 这是我吃过的最好的食品。
— You can say that again! 你说得对极了。
— Why don't we have something to
drink first? 我们先喝点东西怎样?
— You said it. 这话你可说对了。
— The lecture is very boring. 这个讲座很乏味。
— I'll say. 是的。
2． 美国口语中表示“同意”短语还有很多:
You bet.
You bet I'm.
As far as I know.
Why not!
You've got a deal!
You can say so.
No problem.
Great idea.
I know what you mean.
Sure.
Of course.
3． 在美国口语中，用 say 也可以用于表示“反对”的句型中:
— His father is a senator! 他爸爸是议员呀!
— That's not saying much. 那说明不了什么问题。
— Elephants can't dance. 大象不会跳舞。
— Who says? 谁说的?
4． 美国口语中，表示“不同意”的短语还有很多:
Too bad!
Not really.
I don't think so.
Of course not.
I'm afraid not.
Are you kidding?
That's where I draw a line.
Don't look at me!
Who knows?
What's the point?
saying，proverb，adage
这组词都有“谚语”的含义。
1． saying 侧重指人们对日常生活中发生事所归纳出来的一些说法，不一定是名人说的话，可以是一般人或不知来源的俗语、谚语 :
“Tomorrow is another day，” he
said，repeating many of his say-
ings.
2． proverb 强调谚语的“知名度”和“常被引用”，是民间智慧的结晶，常给人以忠告，告诉人们生活的真谛，可以分成 weather proverbs，relationship
proverb 等:
As the proverb goes，“All the wis-
dom you gain you will pay for in pain.”
3． adage 在本组词中最不普通，虽已属于过时之词，但依然能看到它的出现，它意思的涵盖面较广，可以指
practical，ethical guidelines，也可以指 pessimistic comments on life. 下面这些例子都可以叫 adage:
In a hierarchy every employee
tends to rise to his level of incompe-
tence.
If anything can go wrong，it will.
Everything great and worthwhile in
human life is an accumulation of
hundreds and sometimes thousands
of tiny efforts and sacrifices that no-
body sees or appreciates. saying proverb，saying
两词都有“谚语”的含义。
1． proverb 常指“简洁明了、为生活提供指南的谚语”，它们比较规范并为人们熟知:
An old proverb says， “ Merry meet，merry part.”
2． saying 比 proverb 更加普及和流行，有时不知其出处，甚至可指自己编造的话:
His favorite saying is: “There are a lot of people far worse off than me.”
provided，provided that，provi- scale 1． 用 on a scale 表示 “规模、范围、大小”，前面可用许多词修饰:
a large scale
a small scale
a grand scale
a massive scale
a full scale
an unprecedented scale
a fairly large scale
a global scale
a more active scale
an adequate scale
a more ample scale
a much more broader scale
a colossal scale
a diminishing scale
a commercial scale
an exceptional scale
an extensive scale
a gigantic scale
an extraordinary scale
a great scale
a handsome scale
a huge scale
an immense scale
an limited scale
a magnificent scale
a moderate scale
a national scale
a world-wide scale
a similar scale
a reduced scale
a vast scale
2． 表示“秤、天平”时，scale 用单、复数都有，美国人用单数较多:
This is a counter scale.
Does this man know how to use a
pair of scales?
I step on the scales every night.
He weighed himself on a pair of bathroom scales.
3． “一杆秤”可以说:
a scale
a pair of kitchen scales
a set of scales
a pair of scales
a set of scales
4． 后面用复数动词:
On the slab of a trader's tomb a pair of scales are engraved.
A set of scales are on hand for the customers. scan ，skim
1． “粗略看一下”用 scan，scan briefly，
scan through 都可以，使用频率从高到低的排序是 scan，scan through，
scan briefly:
He opened a page and scanned it.
He opened a page and scanned it briefly.
He opened a page and scanned through it.
2． 都可表示“粗略看”，它们的差异在于以下几点。
1) scan 的“粗看”是为了寻找重要或有趣的东西，尽管看得快，但还是仔细的:
You should scan through it go get some idea of what it's about.
2) scan 常可指“用设备阅读并储存”，
skim 不这样用:
I'll scan them onto my computer.
3) skim 主要强调“快速”，有时有“不仔细的”含义:
I only had time to skim through it，
so I don't know the details.
I did manage to skim through it real-
ly fast; I'll try to read it better later. scandal 1． 可作可数名词或不可数名词。
1) 作可数名词: His political reputation has been damaged by a series of scandals.
2) 作不可数名词: She loves gossip and scandal.
a hint of scandal
an endless stream of scandal
2． 有各色各样的 scandal:
a sex scandal
a financial scandal
a scandal of homelessness
a national scandal
a money scandal of some kind
a public scandal
an international scandal
corruption scandals
an unfounded scandal
a recent scandal
a terrible scandal
a shocking scandal
a sex abuse scandal
a celebrity scandal
a White House scandal
a US military torture scandal
a US election fraud scandal
a money-laundering scandal
an intern scandal
an oil-for-food scandal
a judicial scandal
a human rights scandal
a prison scandal
a pentagon spy scandal
the scandal of the century
3． 注意与动词的搭配:
hush up a scandal
The scandal may lead to
cause a scandal
circulate a scandal
conceal a scandal
give a scandal
hawk a scandal
blanket a scandal
keep quiet a scandal
make up a scandal
outdistance a scandal
give rise to a scandal
can't afford another scandal
listen to a scandal
become known asscandal
want a scandal
More scandals would fall on
deserve the scandal
love scandals
avoid a scandal
whisper a scandal
be interested in scandals
a scandal breaks
spread a scandal
cover up a scandal
The scandal brought him down.
A scandal looms.
The scandal involves
The scandal centers on charges
that
expose a scandal
The scandal draws the attention of
The scandal dates back to
The scandal keeps getting worse
for
The scandal goes undetected.
overcome the scandal
4． 下面两个句子都可以:
His sex scandal caused a scan-
dal.
His sex scandal caused scandal. scapegoat 1． 表示 “( …… 的) 替罪羊”时，后面常跟介词 for:
a scapegoat for housing problems
a scapegoat for the Chair's own
mistakes
a scapegoat for the anti-war
movement
a scapegoat for ills of others
2． 前面常用介词 as:
She uses her sibling as a scape-
goat.
He was regarded as a scapegoat.
They need a minority group as a scapegoat.
flawed pre-war intelligence as a
scapegoat for politicians scar 表示喻义的“伤痕”时，其使用范围很广:
scars of childhood trauma
scars of life
scars of death
scars of memory
scars of terrorism
scars of war
scars of tomorrow
scars of emotional abuse
scars of the past
scars of beauty
scars of evolution
scars of the soul
scars of domestic violence
scars of love
scars of the spirit
scars of adventures
scars of conflict
scars of slavery
scars of time
scars of sin
scars of racism scarce rare，scarce
两词都有“稀少的”含义。
1． rare 常指“同类东西中稀有的”，
因而是珍贵的:
a rare book room
a rare friend
a rare plant
a rare talent
2． scarce 主要指“因需求大于供给而变得稀有的”:
Food became scarce in winter.
Qualified workers were scarce during the strike.
3． rare 可以形容时间，scarce 不这样用:
on rare occasions scarce ，rare
这两个词都有“稀少”的含义。
1． scarce 常指因需求大于供给或由多变少而稀有的:
People are lining up for scarce flu vaccine.
They are rationing scarce goods and services.
2． rare 常强调同类事物中罕见的，稀少而珍贵的:
These are rare and out of print books.
The California Rare Fruit Growers
is the largest amateur fruit-grow-
ing organization in the world.
3． 两者都可以形容时间:
Olympics provide rare time of peaceful competition.
It's rare for me to see a movie in the theatre these days.
I had scarce time to think and to act.
In this way，I hope to keep in con-
trol of my scarce time.
scare，frighten，terrify
1． 这组词都有“使惊恐”的含义。
1) scare 与 frighten 的含义接近，但
scare 比较口语化。
2) scare 常作儿童用语。
3) terrify 的语气强于 scare 和 fright-
en，有“使极度恐惧”的含义，受惊者可能失去自控能力:
The bombing terrified the women and children.
4) scare 和 frighten 可以作不及物动词，terrify 一般不这样用:
Chickens scare easily.
Cats frighten easily.
2． be scared of 和 be scared by 都可以说，但含义不同:
I am scared of flying. 我怕乘飞机。
Why are we scared of cloning? 我们为什么怕克隆?
I was scared by the flight. 我被那次飞行吓坏了。
scarlet，crimson，red
这组词都可指“红的”。
1． red 在本组词中最普通常用，可泛泛形容各种红色的东西:
red flags
red roses
red cheeks
red iron
2． scarlet 语气强于 red，指“鲜红的”( bright red) :
The girl turned scarlet from em-
barrassment.
scarlet flowers
dressed in scarlet
3． crimson 在本组词中语气最强，可译成“深红的”:
Scarlet is much lighter than crim-
son.
4． 有些用法属于约定俗成，如著名小说《红字 》的英文名字是 The
Scarlet Letter; 哈佛大学学校的颜色是 crimson，学校有份报纸叫
The Harvard Crimson; “红色中国”则叫 Red China。
scatter
scatter 表示“撒在……之上”时，后面常跟介词 on，over，around，in 等，使用 on 的频率稍高:
You could also scatter the petals on the table to create some color balance to your theme.
She scattered the rose petals over the grave.
You could have the flower girls
scatter the petals around the ven-
ue.
Scatter the petals in a small basin
to pour over yourself in the show-
er.
scene，scenery，landscape，view
四词都有“景色”的含义。
1． scene 指从一个地方能看到的景象，包括人们和各种活动:
I stood at the entrance surveying the scene.
2． scene 可以指戏剧、电影、广播等的场景，scenery，landscape，view
不这样用:
a love scene in the film
3． scenery 强调从美的角度去看景色，尤其是乡间农村的景色，如山、水、树木、河流等; 在这个意义上，它与 scene 的含义接近，但 scene 是可数名词，scenery 是不可数名词:
a serene and peaceful country
scene
The mountain village has some spectacular scenery.
4． landscape 特别强调地貌的特殊，景色不一定美丽:
the rugged landscape of the high-
land
Sahara's desert landscape
a bleak landscape
5． view 侧重指从远处、高处、窗口看到的美丽远景:
The view from my window is spec-
tacular. scenery 参见 scene。
scent，smell，aroma，odor
这组词都有“气味”的含义。
1． scent 尤指某种特殊的天然气味，如猎犬可以凭这种味道找到追踪的对象:
the scent of flowers
the scent of pines
The police dogs picked up the criminal's scent in the woods.
2． smell 在本组词中最为普通常用，若在其前面加上形容词，可指各种气味:
a delicious smell of freshly-baked
bread
a strange smell of the paint
a faint smell of gas
3． aroma 尤指好闻的、诱人的强烈味道，如糖炒栗子、咖啡、雪茄烟、炖肉等的气味:
the aroma of coffee
the aroma of cigars
the aroma of chestnuts
the aroma of a beef stew
4． odor 侧重指不好闻的气味，如狐臭、垃圾、汗水的臭味等:
the odor of rotting fruit
body odor schedule 1． 表示“时刻表”时，美国人说
schedule，英国人说 timetable。
2． 下面短语中，schedule 前面常不用冠词:
The project went according to schedule ahead of schedule behind schedule on schedule.
Everything is running to schedule.
3． 可以说:
a tight schedule
a full schedule
a light schedule
a busy schedule
a flight schedule
a train schedule
a bus schedule
a heavy schedule
a crowded schedule
a launch schedule
a production schedule
an exhausting schedule
a conference schedule
a shipping schedule
a progress schedule
a daily schedule
a holiday schedule
a vacation schedule
a fixed schedule
a temporary schedule
a rigorous schedule scheme scheme，plan
两词都有“计划”的含义。
1． scheme 尤指非法的、不诚实的或秘密的计划，常译成“计谋、阴谋”等:
a scheme to import illegal drugs
a scheme to overthrow the gov-
ernment
2． scheme 可以指正常的计划，但这是英国用法，尤指政府、商贸方面的计划:
the government's health insurance
scheme
the company's training scheme
3． plan 比较普通常用，前面加上形容词后可指各种计划:
a secret plan
a peace plan
my plan for the summer vacation
a seating plan school 1． school friend 是英国用法，指在
( 或曾在) 同一个学校上学的学友、校友。
2． school night 指学生必须上学的前一天夜晚，可译成“上学前夜”，也可以说 back-to-school night:
Do you allow your pre-teen to stay
out on a school night? 你允许你不足 13 岁的孩子在上学前夜外出晚归吗?
3． 参见 college。 science 1． 不少学科用复数 sciences 表示，因为一种学科内包括了许多分支学科:
the life sciences
the earth sciences
biological sciences
environmental health sciences
social sciences
medical sciences
physical sciences
the mathematical sciences
information sciences
the health sciences
atmospheric sciences
natural sciences
the physical sciences
geological sciences
computer sciences
the systems sciences
nuclear sciences
telecommunication sciences
ocean sciences
advanced tissue sciences
behavioral sciences
education sciences
linguistic sciences
molecular sciences
biochemical sciences
planetary sciences
phonetics and speech sciences
statistical sciences
cognitive sciences
management sciences
2． science park 尤指与大学有联系、高科技研究机构云集某一地区的科技园:
The Oxford Science Park is grow-
ing and highly successful.
China will build 100 national-level
university science parks with ad-
vanced functions. sci-fi 1． sci-fi 是 science fiction 的缩写，一般为不可数名词:
I'd like to read sci-fi.
2． 但如果具体指“科幻电影、科幻小说”等，还是有人用复数 sci-fis:
Old British sci-fis are always well worth a look.
These better sci-fis are a minori-
ty.
Sci-fis are meant to take us out of our reality and give us a wild and crazy ride. scissors 1． 可以说:
a pair of scissors
a tiny pair of scissors
a large selection of scissors
some scissors
these scissors
those scissors
many scissors
a lot of scissors
all sorts of scissors
10 different types of scissors
variations of scissors
2． 表示“一把剪刀”时，通常说 a pair
of scissors; 但在现代英语中，a
scissors 也很常见:
I gave her a scissors and ex-
plained an important task to her.
Included in the set is a scissors，
nail clipper
Take a scissors and cut it into four parts.
Use a scissors to trim the nail ed-
ges.
3． a scissors 和 a pair of scissors 后面一般用单数动词，但 scissors 后面用复数动词:
A scissors is jammed into the base of the skull.
If cutting is necessary，a scissors is the best choice.
A pair of scissors is lying on the table.
A pair of scissors is preferable to a knife.
Scissors are too heavy.
These right-handed scissors are
designed for fracture brace trim-
ming.
4． 参见 pair。
score，point，goal，grade，mark
这组词都有“得分”的含义。
1． score，point，goal 都可以指体育等比赛的得分; 这时，score 指总的得分，point 强调“得分的具体数目”或“分数”，goal 指球赛中的进球得分:
The final score was 5-3．
The team has won by six points to three.
They made a goal in the last mi-
nute.
2． score，grade，mark 可以指“学习的得分”或“成绩”; score 表示“考试的得分”，比较强调分数的“数目”， 如 65 分、76 分、92 分等;
grade 强调“学生成绩的等级”，是
“A 等”还是“B 等”，是“高”还是
“低”，主要是美国用法; mark 与
grade 的含义相近，但属于英国用法:
The average score for the test is
83．
a score of 120 in the IQ test
I need to improve my grades. ( 美国用法)
She got the highest mark in the test. ( 英国用法) Scotch 注意一些词组的译法:
Scotch tape 透明胶带
Scotch broth ( 用蔬菜、肉、大麦制成的) 苏格兰浓汤
Scotch egg ( 用碎香肠、面包屑裹住后煎熟的) 苏格兰鸡蛋
Scotch whisky 苏格兰威士忌
Scotch mist 带毛毛细雨的浓雾
Scotch glue ( 从动物皮中提炼出来的) 苏格兰胶水 Scots ，Scottish
Scots 和 Scottish 都可以作形容词，意思相同，都可以修饰人和其他事物:
an online Scots dictionary
the Scots magazine
Scots origins
Scots lawyers
Scots guards
the Scots language
Scots projects
Scots resources
a typical Scots village
the Scottish Parliament
the best Scottish hotels and guest-
houses
Scottish education
Scottish football
Scottish widows
Scottish Liberal Democrats
a Scottish university
Scottish professors
Scottish culture and heritage
Scottish cities and towns scout 1． 有各种各样的 scouts:
beaver scouts
cub scouts
boy scouts
girl scouts
sea scouts
eagle scouts
dog scouts
British scouts
sailor scouts
2． talent scout 与 headhunter 都有
“人才挖掘者”的含义; talent scout
尤指“为体育、文艺等领域物色人才的人”:
Hollywood's emerging talent scouts
a sports talent scout
a model headhunter
headhunter 尤指“被某些公司雇用，通过用高薪等手段从其他单位挖掘人才或业务骨干的人”:
A headhunter is a person who is hired by companies to find good people. scramble ，compete
两词都有“争抢、争夺”的含义。
1． scramble 强调“争抢”的混乱、焦急、无序等:
Americans are scrambling to get flu shots.
2． compete 比较普通，可指各种竞争，正常的、拼命的、混乱的都可以:
Do we compete or retreat?
Senators competed fiercely for public office.
Nineteen teams competed in a scramble style tournament.
3． 动词 scramble 后面常跟介词 for
或动词不定式:
The news media scrambled for answers.
The rain hit at 3 in the morning and we all scrambled for the cars.
We scrambled to find a way out.
British military aircraft scrambled to assist civilian jets.
4． 动词 scramble 后面还可以跟介词
through，along，down，up 等:
Outdoor race teams scrambled through the countryside.
He scrambled along an exposed ridge.
You can scramble down from the very top by the west ridge.
Two little polar bear cubs are scrambling up the snowy slope. scrap 可以说:
a scrap of paper
a scrap of news
a scrap of truth
a scrap of wood
a scrap of information
a scrap of evidence
a scrap of dialogue
a scrap of meat
a scrap of bread
a scrap of old clothes
a scrap of English knowledge
a scrap of work
a scrap of experience
a scrap of poetry
a scrap of the letter
a scrap of conversation
a scrap of romance
a scrap of wisdom
a scrap of past lives
a scrap of time
a scrap of fabric
a scrap of skin
a scrap of genius
a scrap of writing
a scrap of Europe
a scrap of theory
a scrap of cloud in rosy dusk
a scrap of memories
a scrap of space
a scrap of babble
a scrap of paradise
a scrap of metal
a scrap of tires
a scrap of Heaven
a scrap of thought
a scrap of beauty
a scrap of love
a scrap of verse
a scrap of comfort
a scrap of family history
a scrap of inspiration
a scrap of a week
a scrap of wrapping
a scrap of honor
a scrap of labels
a scrap of silver
a scrap of rock
a scrap of satin
a scrap of denim
a scrap of glass
a scrap of style
a scrap of steel
a scrap of webwork
a scrap of watercolors
a scrap of clay
a scrap of the decorations from
the big day
a scrap of dream
a scrap of film and footage
a scrap of moon
a scrap of junk scratch 注意一些短语的用法。
1． scratch 前面一般不用冠词:
come up to scratch ( 符合要求、达到标准)
Your last essay didn't come up to scratch.
from scratch ( 从头开始、从零开始)
They are building a web page from scratch.
up to scratch ( 情况良好、达到标准)
Is library service in your college
up to scratch?
2． 注意: 用 come up to the scratch，
from the scratch， up to the
scratch 均可以，但使用频率远不如 come up to scratch， from
scratch，up to scratch 高。
3． scratch 前面用冠词:
toe the scratch( 严守规则)
Toe the scratch for the party now.
without a scratch( 安然无恙)
The main targets escaped without a scratch.
4． 动词 scratch:
scratch one's eyes out ( ［撕破脸面地］争吵、打架)
I picture them laughing together and it makes me want to scratch their eyes out.
scratch a living ( 勉强糊口)
Both are trying to scratch a living from photography.
scratch an existence ( 勉强糊口)
The villagers there are trying to scratch an existence out of the land.
scratch my back and I will scratch
yours ( 你帮我，我也帮你)
It is not a simple case of “you scratch my back and I will scratch yours”; it costs us taxpayers much more than that.
scratch the surface ( 触及表面)
Can Mars rovers scratch the sur-
face of life?
scratch through ( 划去、删去)
Scratch through the words that are not synonyms.
scratch together ( 拼凑)
He somehow managed to scratch
together enough cash to get to
New York. screen 1． 有各色各样的 screen:
a fire screen
a screen of trees to keep out the
wind
a screen for illicit drugs
a TV screen
a film screen
a smoke screen
a silver screen
a small screen
a big screen
a screen around a hospital bed
a door screen
a window screen
a radar screen
a storm screen
the blue screen
laptop and computer screens
a full screen
a desktop screen
a weather screen
a flat screen
a dual screen
a color screen
science screen
a paper-thin flexible screen
a touch screen
a display screen
a calligraphic screen
a movie screen
a glass-incased screen
2． 动词 screen 常用以下句型:
screen sb for  ( 检查某人是否患有……)
The prostate specific antigen is done to screen men for prostate cancer.
screenfrom( 庇护)
That will screen children from go-
ing to sites that are undesirable.
screen out ( 把……隔开)
These filters will let users screen out on-line advertising.
screen off ( 隔开)
They are trying to screen off the unsightly areas.
be screened ( 被审查、遴选)
Thousands of volunteers are be-
ing screened for participation in the Family Heart Health Study.
In many Asian airports passen-
gers are being screened for SARS
symptoms before boarding. screening 可作可数名词或不可数名词。
1． 作可数名词:
the routine schedule for the screen-
ings
The free screenings are held by appointment on scheduled dates.
2． the national electronic library for
screening
the evidence related to cancer
screening scrutiny 1． 注意与动词的搭配:
stand the scrutiny of any standard
of morality
be subject to close scrutiny
avoid the scrutiny of her eyes
receive professional scrutiny
return his scrutiny with deep inter-
est
escape the scrutiny of
make scrutiny into
bear close scrutiny
endure the strictest scrutiny
maintain close public scrutiny over
shelter herself from inconvenient
scrutiny
be open to public scrutiny
repay careful scrutiny
can't stand up to too much scruti-
ny
come under scrutiny
draw scrutiny to UN
face military scrutiny
be shielded from scrutiny
2． 注意与形容词的搭配:
close scrutiny
careful scrutiny
detailed scrutiny
intense scrutiny
rigorous scrutiny
thorough scrutiny
public scrutiny
strict scrutiny
professional scrutiny
inconvenient scrutiny
minute scrutiny
continuous scrutiny
rigid scrutiny
microscopic scrutiny
judicial scrutiny
media scrutiny
careless scrutiny
severe scrutiny
social scrutiny
skeptical scrutiny
further scrutiny
military scrutiny
new scrutiny
state scrutiny
Senate scrutiny
health scrutiny
effective scrutiny
European scrutiny
fresh scrutiny
renewed scrutiny
legal scrutiny
3． 注意与介词的搭配:
come under scrutiny
be subject to scrutiny
the scrutiny of many eyes
after close scrutiny
by close scrutiny
hidden from judicial scrutiny
court scrutiny for teen executions
fresh scrutiny on a rogue Penta-
gon operation sculpture ，statue
两词都有“雕塑”的含义。
1． sculpture 是从艺术、学术等角度去看雕塑，其涵盖面较广，即可以指具体的雕塑，也可以指抽象的雕塑:
The marble sculpture is a master-
piece. ( 具体)
My father studied sculpture at art school when he was young. ( 抽象)
2． statue 常指“与真人或实物大小相仿的雕塑、雕像”:
The old people sat on the bench，
still as statues.
3． statue 一般指大的雕塑，小的雕塑叫 statuette，而 sculpture 可指各种大小不一的雕塑:
the Statue of Liberty
a solid gold statuette
4． statue 是可数名词，sculpture 既可以作可数名词，也可以作不可数名词:
These statues are very interesting and mysterious. ( 可数)
many of the sculpture
a history of sculpture( 不可数)
an annual festival of snow and ice
sculptures( 可数) sea 1． sea 一般比 ocean 小， 它常是
ocean的一部分:
A sea is a large area of salty wa-
ter that is part of an ocean.
2． 可以说 an inland sea，但一般不说 an inland ocean。
3． 表示 “…… 海”，sea 前面一般要加定冠词:
the North Sea
the Red Sea
the Irish Sea
the Yellow Sea
the Dead Sea
the Mediterranean Sea
the East Sea
4． at sea 可以指“在远离岸边的海上”，也可以指“在海底下”:
Semester at Sea is a floating uni-
versity. “海上大学”是一所流动的大学。
Several sailors on that ship were buried at sea. 那艘船上的好几个水手葬身大海之中。
5． 表示“( 受天气影响) 海 ( 面) 的状况”常用复数 seas ( 用单数 a sea
也可以) :
savage seas
chopping seas
ruffled seas
troubled seas
choppy seas
calm seas
rough seas
stormy seas
sustainable seas
endangered seas
mighty seas
warm seas
high seas
heavy seas seafood 一般用作不可数名词，但指各种“海鲜”时也是可数名词:
fresh，wild Alaska seafoods
prime select seafoods
spiced and pickled seafoods
ready-to-eat seafoods seal 1． 可以说:
seal a letter
seal an envelope
seal a parcel
seal the cracks with cement
seal the holes with mud
seal the company's doom
seal the containers
seal a building
seal his destiny
seal a box with tape
seal the gap with wax
seal my lips
seal the fate of that country
seal the deal
seal a victory
seal an agreement
seal up official documents
seal up the windows
seal in the juices
seal off the area
seal the end of a tube with a
flame
seal the scales
seal the treaty
seal a bid at an auction
seal the borders
seal victory
2． 表示“盖章”时，可以说:
affix a seal to document
stamp a seal to document
put a seal to a document
set a seal on a document
set a seal to a document
3． 表示“把信封起来”时，用 seal a
letter，seal an envelope，但它们的含义不同。seal a letter 可以指
“封信笺”，外面没有信封，而 seal
an envelope 的意思一般是 seal a
letter in an envelope。
4． 表示“确保胜利”时，seal victory，
seal a victory 都可以，前者居多:
The guest team scored again a few minutes later to seal victory.
As the game came to a close，a touchdown would nearly seal a victory. seaman sailor，seaman
两词都可以译成“水手”，但有以下区别:
1． sailor 可以指各种船上的水手，海上的、河上的、湖上的都可以; sea-
man 一般指海上的水手;
2． sailor 可指以驾船为生的水手，也可指以娱乐为目的的乘船旅游者;
seaman 也主要指以驾船为生的水手，或海军的水手，一般不指以娱乐为目的的乘船旅游者;
3． a good / bad sailor 指“容易 / 不易晕船的人”，不是“好 / 坏水手”;
seaman 没有这种用法:
I've never been a very good sail-
or. ( 我一直是个易晕船的人。) search 1． 作动词时，后面常跟介词 for，
through，into，after 等:
This is where you really searching for China.
He is searching through the mail-
ing list.
Throughout the history of mankind science has searched into the realms of the unknown.
The missing son of the well-known scientist should be searched after with well-directed eagerness.
2． 用 in search of，in the search of
都可以，前者居多:
Are you in search of reliable infor-
mation?
They are in search of substitute bus drivers.
We are in the search of an assis-
tant dean.
He is in the search of an apart-
ment for the duration of his stay at
Harvard.
3． 可以说:
make a search
cause a search
encourage a search
begin a search
facilitate a search
institute a search
carry out a search
conduct a search
launch a search
undertake a search
mount a search
abandon a search
call for a search
call off a search
commence a search
discontinue a search
continue a search
enter into a search
justify a search
stop a search
cease a search
4． 在口语中，用 search me 是强调
“不知道”，但有时在后面再加 I
don't know:
— Who took my coke?
— Search me. I don't know. season 1． 不一定只指“春、夏、秋、冬”四季:
hunting season
fishing season
vacation season
tourist season
dry season
wet season
rainy season
growing season
mating season
breeding season
holiday season
football season
baseball season
busy season
festival season
slack season
blossom season
Christmas season
shopping season
harvest season
game season
nesting season
pairing season
coupling season
whaling season
spawning season
recruiting season
cold season
hot season
warm strawberry season
oyster season
theatrical season
flu season
hurricane season
riot season
2． 有人认为， 在 spring season，
summer season 中，season 是多余的; 实际上，summer season，
winter season 等很普通:
rates for a minimum of 7 nights
during summer season
an extension of Winter Season
Preschool Activities
getting ready for spring season
The autumn season is particularly stunning.
a bountiful fall season
3． 在下面短语中，season 前一般不用冠词:
in season ( 水果等) 应时的
out of season ( 水果等) 落令的
in good season 及时的
in season and out of season 任何时候:
Peaches in season make delecta-
ble desserts.
Persimmons are out of season now.
We have often heard of a word in good season，but this is an act in good season.
She has in season and out of sea-
son been ready not only to serve
the college but to help individual
students by giving them her ad-
vice. seat 1． 飞机、火车、汽车等座位可按其方位或功能叫作:
a front seat
a back seat
a window seat
an aisle seat
a berth seat
a cushioned seat
a padded seat
an empty seat
an inside seat
a reserved seat
an unreserved seat
a passenger seat
a driver's seat
2． Please be seated 用在口语中表示“请坐”，是比较正式和客气的用法。
3． 表示“安排座位”时，可以说:
work out a seating plan
work out the seating plan
work out the seating plans
make a seating arrangement
make seating arrangements
make seating plans
check the seating arrangements
check the seating arrangement
rearrange the seating
注意: 说 a seating plan，seating
plans，a seating arrangement，
seating arrangements 都可以，但是用复数 seating arrangements 和单数 a seating plan 居多:
Many brides have questions about seating arrangements.
How to make a seating plan for
your wedding? seclusion 表示“隐居”时，用 in seclusion，in
the seclusion of，in a seclusion 都可以; 但仅表示“隐居”主要用 in seclu-
sion，表示“隐居在 …… 地方”用 in
the seclusion of，用 in a seclusion 较少:
a hermit who has been in seclu-
sion for three years at an altitude
of 16，000 feet
Elite women generally lived in the
seclusion of the women's quar-
ters.
He lived in a seclusion broken on-
ly by his friendship with George
Willard. second 1． 表示“第二次世界大战”时，美国人常说 the Second World War，英国人常说 World War Two。
2． 表示“重新考虑”时，美国人常说
on second thought，英国人常说
on second thoughts，但是后者出现的频率较高:
On second thought，I think Bush's
economic choices have led Ameri-
ca down some mean streets.
On second thoughts，this may not be the best approach.
On second thoughts，I could pro-
vide my services for free.
3． 可以说:
second nature
second home
second amendment
second harvest
second city
second lady
second revolution
second superpower
second circuit
second running
second wedding
second marriage
second prize
second chance secrecy 1． 常作不可数名词:
It provides informal coverage of new development in secrecy.
However，the openness of scien-
tific exchange often is tempered by justifications for secrecy.
A zeal for secrecy pulsates through government at every level.
2． 但是复数 secrecies 也有相当的出现频率，一般指各种具体的秘密:
her small secrecies
the secrecies of horror
public secrecies
unknown secrecies
diverse secrecies secret 1． secret 一般为可数名词，可以说:
a top secret
a big secret
a closely-guarded secret
a dark secret
a well-kept secret
a vital secret
an open secret
a damaging secret
a closely-locked secret
an unrevealed secret
an untold secret
a dead secret
2． “泄密”可以说:
let out a secret
leak a secret
disclose a secret
reveal a secret
betray a secret
give away a secret
expose a secret
unlock a secret
pass a secret
3． 表示“秘密地”，说 in secret，in
secrecy 都可以:
The negotiations were conducted in secrecy.
The negotiations were conducted in secret.
4． 说 keep sth secret，keep sth a
secret 都可以，但 secret 在两个词组中的词性不同:
Why did you decide to keep the
project a secret until its launch?
( secret 是名词)
The company made a mistake by trying to keep the project secret.
( secret 是形容词) secretary 1． 表示“某某人的秘书”时，secretar-
y 前面一般不用冠词，后面常跟介词 to:
He is secretary to the Associate
Dean.
She is secretary to 5 former USA
presidents.
2． 表示“某某单位的秘书”时，secre-
tary 前面一般也不用冠词，后面可跟介词 to:
He is secretary to various ministe-
rial and advisory councils.
She is secretary to the Graduate studies.
She is secretary to the South-
Western Region Marshall Scholar-
ships Selection Committee.
3． the Secretary of State 在美国可指国务卿，只有一人; the Secre-
tary of State 在英国可指部长，可以是几个人，表示“某方面的部长”时，后面跟介词 for:
the Secretary of State for Educa-
tion
the Secretary of State for Employ-
ment( 英国用法)
the Education Secretary
the Employment Secretary
4． 单称职务时，Secretary of State
前常用定冠词; 但是称“某某国务卿、部长”时，Secretary of State 前常不用冠词，试比较:
Welcome to the Department of the
Secretary of State. ( 有冠词)
the Office of the Secretary of
State( 有冠词)
Lessons of Vietnam by Secretary
of State Henry Kissinger / Secre-
tary of State Randy A． Daniels.
( 无冠词)
section
Section Eight 指“美国陆军关于开除心理素质不符合要求的士兵的陆军条例第八款”，一般为不可数名词;
但在现代英语中可以指“根据第八款开除的士兵”，为可数名词:
The former Section Eights were
up the street，and so were fami-
lies who had lived here for gener-
ations.
I think Leonard is a Section
Eight. secure 1． 作动词 secure 表示“保证、确保”等解时，后面常跟以下名词:
secure widespread support
secure a victory
secure the release of the hosta-
ges
secure his position
secure the town's water supply
secure a ceasefire
secure a seat for her
secure a debt by mortgage
secure a loan
secure the barracks against attack
secure government backing
secure all the doors and windows
before leaving
secure the rights of the poor
2． 后面可跟复合宾语:
His father's influence has secured him a soft job.
The novel secured him recognition as a writer.
3． secure，safe 在表示 “( 受到保护而) 安全的”时，含义相近，有时可换用:
the world's most secure / safe
free mail
4． secure 强调“安心的、无忧无虑的”，safe 侧重指“安然脱险的”:
The shop is secure against theft.
The illegal immigrants are safe now after the sea rescue. security 1． security 作“安全”解，常是不可数名词:
It relates to national security.
If you won't leave，I'll have to call security.
2． 美国的“国土安全局”可译成 the
US Department of Homeland Se-
curity，Security 前没有冠词; 但联合国的“安理会”一般要用 the Se-
curity Council。
3． 注意常与 security 连用的介词:
a sense of security
the security of discipline
be concerned about his security
be concerned for the security of
the passengers
security against foreign aggres-
sion
on my security
play with great security
put up one's store as security for
a bank loan
a potential loophole in security for
Bluetooth phones
offer reassurance on security of
free e-filing
4． 可以说:
Internet security
Network security
digital security
cyber security
software security
computer security
national security
international security
transportation security
aviation security
emerging security
World Wide Web security
maximum security
information security
high security
internal security
good security
bad security
tight security
lax security
job security
financial security
homeland security
airport security
necessary security
sufficient security
great security
material security
employment security
world security
highway security
railroad security
communications security
false security
critical security
stable security
individual security
absolute security
tolerable security
proper security
reasonable security
agile security
social security
IT security
personnelsecurity
industrial security
defense security
nuclear security
military security
5． 注意与动词的搭配:
lack security
have security
tighten security
relate to security
ensure security
call security
safeguard security
provide security
handle security
tighten up security
accept security
decline security
endanger security
furnish security
give security
increase security
obtain security
threaten security
attain security
build up security
dwell in security
enjoy security
guarantee security
imperil security
receive security
lull into security
maintain security
preserve security
undermine security
improve security
affect security
spotlight( the) security
security breaks down
6． 可修饰不少名词:
security officers
security guards
security blankets
security risks
security measures
security cameras
security reasons
security men
security forces
security apparatus
security service
security council
security management
security page
security policies
security flaws
security vulnerabilities
security training
security scanners
security topics
security sites
security solutions
security institute
security issues
security holes
security technology
security advisory council
security test zone
security problems
security experts
security mailing list
security advisors
security systems
security requirements
security research center
7． 作“证券”解时，常用作复数:
Australian Securities ＆ Investments
Commission
provide timely and comprehensive
information on securities sedan 1． sedan，sedan car 作“轿车”解是美国用法，英国人叫 saloon:
A sedan car is the most common
configuration of the modern auto-
mobile，having a higher passen-
ger compartment between the lower hood covering the engine in the front， and the trunk at the rear. The terms are different in
British English: the configuration is called a saloon.
2． sedan chair 指轿子:
A sedan chair is an enclosed chair that is borne on poles by two bearers. seduce 常用在以下句型中。
1． seduce sb:
to use the power of Hypnosis to
attract and seduce a new or exist-
ing sex partner
2． seduce sb into doing sth:
seduce more young people into
smoking
3． be seduced by sth:
He was seduced by the serene countryside.
4． seduce sb from sth:
She strove to seduce him from the shadows.
5． seduce sb out of sth:
He once tried to seduce her out of
everything she considered impor-
tant in her life.
6． seduce sb to do sth:
She tried to seduce him to kiss her.
7． seduce sb to sth:
The underground dissidents at-
tempted to seduce him to their side. seductive ，attractive
两词都有“诱人的”含义。
1． seductive 尤指“有性诱惑力的”:
They hired a seductive lady to have the man tailed.
He met a seductive girl at the bar.
2． attractive 比较普通，可形容各种诱人的事物:
an attractive idea
an attractive collection of stamps
an attractive offshore location
an attractive young man
an attractive holiday destination
an attractive option
an attractive buy
an attractive proposition
an attractive place
an attractive mechanism
an attractive candidate
an attractive investment option
an attractive vacation spot
an attractive face
an attractive figure
an attractive nuisance
an attractive site
an attractive odor
an attractive game
an attractive business environ-
ment
an attractive target
an attractive benefits package
an attractive actress
an attractive market town
an attractive landscape
an attractive future option
an attractive solution
an attractive speculation
an attractive substitute
an attractive place
an attractive component
an attractive garden
an attractive yard
an attractive setting
an attractive end
an attractive force
an attractive dividend
an attractive source of income
an attractive transit system
an attractive career
an attractive price
an attractive voice
an attractive city
an attractive consumer
an attractive personalized news-
paper
an attractive playroom
an attractive opportunity
3． seductive 的英语含义是 very de-
sirable or attractive，其语气强于
attractive，它也可以形容“性”以外的“吸引力”:
seductive pay
seductive argument
seductive summer morning
seductive moonlight
seductive job offer
seductive design
seductive ideas see 1． 动词不定式作 see 的宾语时，前面不用 to:
Personally I will be thrilled to see him race and win.
2． 后面可以用分词作宾语补足语:
I often see him running in and out of that alley.
We saw him running at top speed.
3． 后面用动词不定式或分词作宾语补足语含义不同，用不定式的频率高于分词:
We saw him walk into the hotel.
( 强调“看见他走进宾馆的整个过程”)
We saw him walking into the ho-
tel. ( 侧重指“看见他走进宾馆的那一刻”)
4． see， look， watch 都可以译成
“看”，但含义和用法不同。
1) see 主要强调“用眼睛看”，不一定“想”:
She can't see well with her left eye.
2) look 强调“有目的地用心看”:
I looked everywhere for a suitable skirt.
3) watch 侧重指“在一段时间内看某种活动的事物”: watch the game
on television
watch the villagers perform a
dance
watch the swimmers warming up
5． 注意在短语 see reason， see
sense 等中 reason，sense 前不用冠词:
Man doesn't see reason to give fingerprints twice.
I never saw sense in it.
Thankfully the staff saw sense af-
ter a few minutes. seed 1． 用作不可数名词和可数名词都可以，使用复数 seeds 的频率较高。
1) 作不可数名词:
How soon can I sow seed after
applying a weed control product?
The theme is about how he plan-
ted seed in a lot of people.
2) 作可数名词:
They are sowing seeds of peace among students.
We plant seeds that will one day grow.
2． 经常可以说:
seeds of hatred
seeds of discontent
seeds of discord
seeds of success
seeds of hope
seeds of unrest
seeds of peace
seeds of doubt
seeds of disinformation
seeds of one's own destruction
seeds of radical change
seeds of sustainable growth
seeds of resistance
seeds of cooperation
seeds of ruin
seeds of recovery
seeds of faith
seeds of internal conflict
seeds of controversy
seeds of freedom
seeds of development
seeds of knowledge
seeds of life
seeds of division
seeds of profitability
seeds of kindness
seeds of terror
seeds of love
seeds of anger
seeds of appreciation
seeds of trust
seeds of patriotism
seeds of learning
seeds of coexistence
seeds of racial harmony
seeds of unity
seeds of invention
seeds of involvement
seeds of revolution seek 1． 经常可以说:
seek help from marriage counsel-
ors
seek advice
seek permission
seek approval
seek refuge
seek asylum
seek compensation
seek damages
seek redress
seek an injunction
seek reelection
seek employment
seek some meaning in life
seek knowledge
seek treasure
seek shelter from rain
seek professional legal advice
from his lawyer
seek her fortune
seek a second opinion
seek house
seek a positive solution
seek truth
seek power
seek accelerated promotion
seek a peaceful world
seek assistance from friends
seek information
seek light and fresh air
seek a quarrel
seek fame
seek a meeting with the president
seek volunteers
seek independence
seek a license
seek partners
seek reform
seek lessons from disasters
seek alternatives
seek justice
seek momentum
seek the right to appeal
seek biodiversity
seek a key to success
seek answers to the thorny prob-
lems
seek a ban on illegal drugs
seek mercy
seek incentives
seek therapy
seek new members
seek support
seek compensation
seek dating
seek abortion
seek new recruits
seek protection
seek the release of prisoners
seek charming programs
seek teachers with licenses
seek autonomy
seek medical reimbursement
seek mediation
seek common development
seek a knockout blow
seek strategy to reduce poverty
seek truce in dispute
seek a grant for the new project
seek haven
seek a market
seek emergency funds
seek trust
2． 后面常跟 for，from，after 等:
Different people seek after happi-
ness in different ways and by dif-
ferent means.
I wish to live and seek for employ-
ment in New York.
What drug information do doctors
seek from hospital pharmacists?
He sought out his girl friend from the crowd. seem 1． 下面几个句子都成立，意思相近:
It seems the best choice.
It seems to be the best choice.
It seems to me the best choice.
It seems the best choice to me.
2． 下面几个句子都成立:
It seems to me that it is the only way out.
It seems that it is the only way out.
It seems like the only way out.
It seems as if it is the only way out.
It seems as though it is the only way out.
3． 可以作半连系动词:
seem nice
seem happy
seem genuine
seem relaxed
seem correct
seem extensive
seem fantastic
seem funny
seem good
seem honest
seem clever
seem ill
seem well
seem outrageous
seem incredible
seem pleased
seem quenched
seem strange
seem undecided
seem unjustified
seem quite close by
seem busy
seem ideal
seem inconsistent
seem clear
seem troubled
seem asleep
seem inescapable
seem quite routine
seem long
seem short
seem smarter
seem improbable
seem real
seem downright respectable
seem attractive
seem more friendly
seem collaborative
seem speechless
seem satisfied
seem baffled
seem unlikely
seem too expensive
seem right
seem common
seem serious
seem harder
seem misguided
seem secure
seem severe
seem dull
seem familiar
seem far-fetched
seem certain
seem wrong
seem silly
seem foolish
seem ready
seem faster
seem real
seem warmer
seem stiff
seem strangely sexy
seem fake
seem false
seem upset
seem impenetrable
seem natural
seem empty
seem active
seem cheap
seem endless
seem too good to be true
seem clear
seem louder
seem restless
seem popular
seem easier
seem dim
seem out-of-date
seem up-to-date
seem out-of-shape
seem interesting
seem timid
seem shortlived
seems awkward
seep
seep 后面常跟 through，into，from，
out of 等:
The purpose of this experiment was to see if the chemicals would seep through the ground.
Militia movement ideas were be-
ginning to seep into the main-
stream.
The lubricant will seep from the sponge and lubricate the saw.
Lead can seep out of old，discar-
ded computer into ground water，
causing a host of problems. seesaw 1． 英国人叫 seesaw ( 也拼作 see-
saw) ，美国人叫 teeter totter( 也拼作 teeter-totter) 。
2． 表示玩“跷跷板”，下面的说法都可以:
An old man is playing at seesaw.
At that time he was playing at the seesaw in the park.
She said riding the seesaw made her feel like a kid.
She is riding on a seesaw.
A middle-aged man is riding on the seesaw.
3． 注意与动词的搭配:
There is a seesaw and swing in the playground.
The seesaw has long occupied a central position in playgrounds.
expect a seesaw ride
You will be able to move the see-
saw up and down with very little effort.
The seesaw will be balanced a-
bout the pivot.
bouncing seesaw on green grass
Seesaws are used in acrobatics.
glance at seesaw
4． 可作形容词:
a seesaw way of politics
the seesaw mechanism
a seesaw weather pattern
The stock market is marked by seesaw price movement.
5． 可作动词:
come home to seesaw
The oil market seesawed up and down.
segment，fragment，part
这组词都可以译成“部分”。
1． segment 常指可以自然分割的部分，分割时不一定要经过中线:
a segment of orange
a segment of grapes
segments of a crab
business segments
industry segments
2． fragment 尤指“残余部分、碎片”等，其大小规格常常不一:
Comet fragments range in size from ten meters to a millimeter.
3． part 最普通常用，可指各种部分:
the latter part of the speech
the best part of the journey
descriptive parts of the novel
body parts
many parts of the world
a necessary part of a modern so-
ciety segregated ，separated
两词作形容词用时都可指“分开的”:
1． segregated 尤指“( 种族、性别、宗教等方面) 被隔离的”:
racially segregated communities
Audiences will be sexually segre-
gated according to old Spanish custom.
The teacher-training colleges are religiously segregated.
2． separated 尤指“夫妻分居的”:
He is separated from his wife.
divorced or separated individuals
the happy reunion of a separated
couple
3． separated 使用域较广，可形容各种分离:
a separated shoulder
separated tribes
separated tours
separated siblings
separated families
separated employees
separated twins seize 说 seize sth，seize on sth，seize up-
on sth 都可以，但 seize sth 使用频率最高:
EU leaders have seized the op-
portunity to use the service sector to boost the economy and create jobs.
EU leaders have seized on the opportunity to use the service sector to boost the economy and create jobs.
EU leaders have seized upon the opportunity to use the service sector to boost the economy and create jobs. seldom seldom，rarely
1． 两词的含义十分相近，经常可以互换使用:
He rarely / seldom eats liver.
I rarely / seldom wear woolen coat.
2． 两词在句首时，句中的词序都要倒装:
Rarely / Seldom have I read an article with such poor writing.
3． 但 rarely 比 seldom 使用频率稍高。 select 1． 形容词 select 常表示“经过精心挑选的”:
a select group
a select area
a select party
a select club
a few select companies
a select collection of English
poems
select mattresses
a select online education
select hotel reservations
2． select committee 和 selection
committee 意思不同。
1) select committee 尤指 “( 议会中为对某一特殊问题进行调查并写出报告而临时组成的小型) 特别委员会”:
the Select Committee on Home-
land Security
Congressional Reports of the Se-
lect Committee on Intelligence on
the US Intelligence Community
2) selection committee 是 “( 为某一特殊目的而选择人才或事物的) 选拔委员会”:
The Plant Selection Committee of
the Ohio Nursery and Landscape
Association
Teaching Award Selection Com-
mittee
Leadership Fellows selected by
the talent selection committee self 1． 注意以下短语的中文含义:
put you in touch with your inner
self 使你触及自己的灵魂
Few people see his real self. 很少有人看清他的本质。
He is back to his old self again.
他旧病复发了。
put his whole self into work 他全身心地投入工作
knowledge of self 对自我的认识
I'm not my old self today. 我今天自我感觉不好。
reveal his true self 暴露了他的真实面貌
He never thinks of his self. 他从不为自己考虑。
develop a sense of self 发展自我意识
She did not seem her normal self.
她好像不太正常。
He is his usual cheerful self. 他和往常一样乐呵呵的。
our subconscious selves 我们潜意识之中的自我
He has lost his self. 他失去了常态。
my humble self 鄙人
He is his natural self again. 他又原形毕露了。
I would call on my military self. 我只好求助于自己的军人气质了。
2． 作为构词成分可组成很多新词:
take the self-challenge
self-help information
self-directed search
self-storage
self-sufficient
self-realization
self-assessment
self-injury
self-actualization
perform a citizen's self-arrest
self-extracting zip files
self-managed care
self-defense firearms training
self-sustaining robots
self-abuse
self-enhancement
self-aggrandizement
self-stabilizing algorithms
self-build
self-medication industry
self-censorship
self-inspection checklists
self-amendment
self-similar
self-representing artists
self-guided lessons
self-pacing reading methods
self-inflicted wounds
self-diagnosis
self-catering holiday rentals
self-adhesive labels
self-efficacy
beyond self-interest self-satisfied complacent，self-satisfied
1． complacent 一词所指的“自满”强调“自满得没有道理”，强调“自满的东西也许是不真实的”:
We cannot afford to be compla-
cent about the energy problem.
2． self-satisfied 强调“自鸣得意，使他人感到讨厌”:
a smug self-satisfied smirk
complain about，complain of
1． complain about 主要指“因不满意某件事而抱怨”:
She complained about the noise.
2． complain of 比较正式，主要指“诉说自己的痛苦、疾病、不幸”等:
He had complained of being robbed and beaten by some bad guys.
He complained of difficulty in breathing. sell 1． 可以说:
selling power
selling skills
the biggest selling point
direct selling association
modern selling methods
personal selling ＆ sales manage-
ment
selling techniques
selling secrets
selling tips
selling regulations
buying and selling online
selling crafts
selling process
unique selling proposition
selling agents
selling climate
selling games
selling position
peak selling seasons
selling value
2． 可以说:
best-seller
selected best-seller
top-seller
hot seller
super seller
one cool seller semi- 作为构词成分可组成很多新词:
semi-daily journal
semi-arid Arizona
semi-highlights
semi-permeable
semi-precious gem stone
semi-intelligent comments
semi-homemade
society for the retired and semi-re-
tired
semi-legend
semi-trailer
semi-free software
semi-nude statue
semi-annual conference
semi-silent theater
semi-secret society
semi-dedicated server
semi-domesticated plants
semi-ripe cuttings
semi-desert
semi-detached house
semi-dry
semi-sweet
semi-darkness
semi-dome seminar 1． seminar 一般指 “( 大学或专家的专题 ) 研讨班、研讨会”等，表示
“……研讨会”时，seminar 后面常跟介词 on，in，of 等，用 on 最多，用 in 其次，用 of 较少:
a seminar on terrorism and explo-
sives
a seminar on waters
Seminar on International Metadata
Developments
Southeastern Regional Seminar in
African studies
Harvard-MIT Seminar in Compu-
tational Biology
Woodstock Seminar in Business
Ethics
The First Joint Seminar of the
Nordic and Baltic Countries
39th Annual Seminar of the Inter-
national Insurance Society
Harvard Seminar of Latino Cul-
tures senate 表示“美国的参议院”时，Senate 要大写，前面要加定冠词:
The seal is kept in the custody of the Secretary of the Senate.
send
send for 一般指说话人托别人为你做某事，自己不去:
send for a doctor
send for help
send for police
send for assistance
If you hear gunfire，close all doors and stay in your area，call 911 or send for assistance. 如果听到枪声，你应该关上所有的门窗，留在原处，打 911 电话，或叫人前来帮助。 senior 1． 表示“高中”时，用 senior high
school 是美国用法，口语中可省略成 senior high; 它还常指高中或大学( 本科) 的毕业班学生，为可数名词:
Woodrow Wilson Senior High School
I'm in senior high. ( 用在口语中)
“We have a lot of seniors，the
freshman team looks promising
and we have quite a few dedica-
ted juniors and sophomores.”( 大学 1 至 4 年级的学生分别是 fresh-
man，sophomore，junior，senior)
2． senior 与 old 都可表示“老的”，但用法不一样。
1) senior 侧重指“资格老的、级别或地位高的”:
a senior correspondent
a senior professor
a senior army officer
a senior government official
2) old 比较普通常用，可形容各种老的事物:
an old house
an old bridge
an old man
an old book
an old tree
an old cat
3) 说“谁比谁老 ( 大 ) 几岁”，senior
和 old 的用法不一样:
My brother is three years my sen-
ior.
My brother is my senior by three years.
My brother is three years older than I am.
4) senior citizen 在有的国家是指 50
岁以上，在美国通常是 65 岁左右，但退休老人一般可以叫 senior citi-
zen。
5) 与姓名连用时，old 前置，senior
后置; 如“老布什”可以说 :
Old Bush
George Bush，Senior
6) senior 后置至少有 3 种形式:
George Bush，Senior
George Bush，Sr.
George Bush，sr.
3． senior moment 一般指“( 老人) 健忘的瞬间”，有一则笑话 Senior
Moment:
An elderly couple had dinner at another couple's house，and after eating， the wives left the table and went into the kitchen. The
elderly gentlemen were talking，
and one said， “Last night we went to a new restaurant.” sensation 作“知觉、感觉”解时，可作可数名词和不可数名词。
1． 作可数名词:
He had a sensation of anxiety and shame.
Pleasant sensations are a mecha-
nism that can be stimulated.
2． 作不可数名词:
About three years ago he felt he
had lost all sensation during inter-
course. sense 1． 下面短语中，sense 前面常不用冠词:
I became very angry and tried to put some sense into her， but it was useless.
Do high schools make sense in an
age of jets and Internet?
Famed cartoonists tried to make
sense of 9 /11．
He will be able to talk sense on the subject.
They tried to talk sense into the senator.
We must make him see sense.
Zimbabwe must be made to see sense.
Let's work together to get them to see some sense.
I can see some sense in both sides of this endless argument.
2． 下面短语中，常用复数 senses:
I loved him and I was determined to bring him to his senses.
He hoped she would eventually come to her senses.
She took leave of her senses and quit her full-time steady monthly income job yesterday.
However， the evidence of her senses tells her that the world is a far more wonderful place.
Something must happen or I'll lose my senses.
No filmmaker in his right senses would want to show such a film to critics before its release.
3． 可以说:
a sense of urgency
a sense of smell
a sense of taste
a sense of touch
a sense of sight
a sense of hearing
a sense of direction
a sense of timing
a sense of helplessness
a sense of guilt
a sense of security
a sense of occasion
a sense of proportion
a sense of his own worth
a sense of gravity
a sense of honor
a sense of achievement
a sense of optimism
a sense of confidence
a sense of well-being
a sense of foreboding
a sense of unease
a sense of panic
a sense of belonging
a sense of community
a sense of identity
a sense of humor
a sense of warmth
a sense of pain
a sense of pleasure
a sense of danger
a sense of status
a sense of inferiority
a sense of shame
a sense of right and wrong
a sense of obligation
a sense of reverence
a sense of respect
a sense of individual responsibility
a sense of distance
a sense of beauty
a sense of importance
a sense of logic
a sense of freshness
a sense of justice
a sense of fairness
a sense of gratitude
a sense of defeat
a sense of life
a sense of history
a sense of place
a sense of calling
a sense of insecurity
a sense of wonder
a sense of values
a sense of destiny
a sense of purpose
a sense of betrayal
a sense of freedom
a sense of entitlement
a sense of wellness
a sense of participation
a sense of connection
a sense of culture
a sense of self
a sense of loss
a sense of hope
a sense of duty
a sense of spaciousness
a sense of adventure
a sense of home
a sense of space
a sense of fun
a sense of order
a sense of inflated authority
a sense of mastery
4． sixth sense 前面常加定冠词，可以有复数形式:
The“sixth sense”，according to
the Bible，is being led by the Holy
Spirit.
This access results in increased physical abilities as well as further development of the sixth senses. sensible 可以说:
sensible priorities
sensible growth
sensible security solutions
sensible gun laws
sensible Internet designs
the sensible nutrition
a sensible choice
sensible intellectual property
sensible coalition
sensible music
sensible fitness exercises
sensible sanitation
the sensible cigar connoisseur
sensible transportation
a sensible investor
sensible mergers
sensible safeguards
a sensible way of dealing with the
problem
a sensible person
sensible clothes
sensible shoes
sensible actions
sensible decisions
a sensible world
a sensible precaution
a sensible smile
a sensible idea
a sensible diet
a sensible suggestion
sensible drug policies sensual ，sensuous
两词都可指“刺激感官的”。
1． sensual 强调肉体的感受，尤其是性方面的愉悦:
a sensual woman
a sensual sex toys for increasing
your sexual pleasure
sensual erotic products
sensual romance
a sensual life style
2． sensuous 是褒义词，常形容人们各种器官的感受:
a sensuous music score
the warm sensuous sunshine
the sensuous feeling of clinging
jeans
the sensuous feeling of tropical
breeze
3． sensuous 也有性愉悦的含义，这时，它与 sensual 的含义接近，但
sensuous 强调“愉悦”，sensual 强调“淫荡”。 sentence 表示“判刑”时，常有以下说法:
He received a heavy / light / long /
short / capital / death sentence.
He got a life sentence for murder.
He was under sentence of death.
He was sentenced to ten years in prison.
The court sentenced him to death in his absence.
He received the maximum sen-
tence of 10 years.
He had obtained a final sentence of divorce against his wife.
He is serving a three-year sen-
tence for theft.
He was given a three-year sen-
tence for burglary.
He can be punished by long jail sentences.
The court then proceeded to pass
sentence upon him in the follow-
ing words.
The judge will usually pronounce
sentence immediately in a misde-
meanor case.
A judge must carry out a sentence
of judgment upon the law-break-
ers.
He was released having comple-
ted his sentence in prison.
The Governor has the authority to commute a sentence.
The court can defer a sentence for up to six months.
The trial court imposed a sen-
tence upon him that was not con-
sistent with the sentences im-
posed for similar offenses.
The review judge reversed the
sentence imposed by the magis-
trate and replaced it with a 12-
months prison sentence.
The court reduced the sentence to
life imprisonment without the pos-
sibility of parole.
The Supreme Court repealed the
sentence passed against the for-
mer diplomat. sentiment sentiment，emotion
两词都有“感情”的含义，但 emotion
比 sentiment 普通，可指各种情感;
而 sentiment 的语气强于 emotion，
强调“多愁善感、情绪偏激”:
Sorrow，hatred，love，and grief are emotions.
There is no place for sentiment in politics. separate 常用于以下句型:
He shall separate himself from wine and strong drink.
Many families were separated by war.
I need to separate them into two different groups.
The questions are separated into following categories. separation 抽象指“分开”时，separation 不可数;
具体指“分开”时，separation 可数。
1． 作可数名词:
the statistical report on national
hospital separations
make some of the most deman-
ding separations in the pharma-
ceutical industry more efficient
and cost effective
a separation of body and soul
2． 作不可数名词:
introduction to separation of
church and state
the basis of separation of powers sequence ，series
两词都有“系列”的含义。
1． sequence 指“连续、一连串发生的相关事件”，尤其强调“按时间顺序或特别的顺序发生”:
the sequence of events that led to
the murder 一系列导致谋杀的事件( 谋杀事件一步一步按时间顺序发生，但一系列事件可能各有不同)
the sequence of historical events
历史事件先后顺序( 但事件的内容和性质可能不同)
2． series 强调“同类事情的连续发生”:
a series of tests
a series of lectures
a series of underground tunnels
a series of unfortunate events
( tests，lectures，tunnels，unfortu-
nate events 都是同类和同一性质的事物)
3． serial 主要指“戏剧、电影、电视、小说、广播等的连续”:
a 20-part TV adventure serial 20
集电视探险连续剧
an American radio serial 美国广播连续剧
4． sequence 和 series 也可指“连续剧”等，这时，series 的含义与 serial
十分接近，但 serial 强调“在固定时间播放或刊载”，series 强调“用同一名字出版或播放”，而 sequence
仍然强调时间先后顺序:
Star Trek is the longest TV series ever produced. ( 强调电视剧虽然很长，但都用同一名字 Star Trek)
The radio serial has been heard every noon for ten years. ( 强调固定时间)
This is the continuation of a se-
quence of novels that began with
“How Few Remain”which is itself
based on the second American
Civil War. ( 强调时间顺序)
5． 都有复数形式，series 单复数形式相同:
TV sequences dealing with busi-
ness and related topics such as
marketing，banking．
download title songs of TV serials
During the 1950's and again in the
early 80's， two TV series were
developed modeled on Casablan-
ca. ( 复数)
He is looking for a job on a TV se-
ries. ( 单数) serial 参见 sequence。 series 参见 sequence。 serve 1． 表示“供应 ( 食品) 、侍候 ( 饭菜)”
等时，后面的宾语前不用冠词的情况居多:
This club is allowed to serve alco-
hol.
Why not serve dinner at night?
Do you ever serve breakfast foods
for dinner?
Volunteers are needed to serve lunch to senior citizens.
On selected Saturday nights we
serve supper with wine after-
wards.
The restaurant needs a special license to serve wine.
但是，breakfast，lunch，supper 等前面如有形容词修饰，表示“供应
( 某一顿特别的饭菜)”时，则前面用冠词的情况居多:
We are happy to serve a light lunch for everyone.
I will serve a late dinner in roman-
tic surroundings.
We now serve a light breakfast
between our morning services at
9: 30 am.
2． 表示“服( 刑)”有多种表达法:
He served five years for theft.
He served five years in prison for theft.
He served a five-year sentence in jail for theft.
He served his five-year sentence in prison for theft.
He has served his five-year sen-
tence for theft.
He has served his time and should be released.
He is serving a life sentence for murder.
3． 后面可跟复合宾语:
It served him right.
Now you can serve food hot from the grill just like restaurant. service 1． 在美国，service 可以指某些政府部门，到底译成“局”还是“处”或
“所”，按约定俗成:
the Immigration and Naturalization
Service〔美国〕移民归化局
the Weather Service 气象局
the National Park Service 国家公园管理处
the Food and Nutrition Service 食品及营养局
the Economic Research Service
经济研究所
the Statistical Reporting Service
统计报告局
the Forest Service 林业局
the Social and Rehabilitation Serv-
ice 社会与救济局
the Federal Mediation and Concili-
ation Service 联邦仲裁与调解局
2． 注意，service 前面的介词不同，其含义也不同:
Need a helping hand? I'm at your service. 需要帮助吗? 我愿为您效劳。
She was in service all her life. 她一辈子当佣人。
He was killed on active service five months later. 5 个月后，他在服现役时牺牲了。
Perhaps I can be of service. 也许我能帮忙。
3． service station 表示“( 高速公路边的加油) 休息区”是英国用法，美国人常用 rest area:
I'm going to find a service station and fill up the car.
It was a surprise to find a rest area in the middle of nowhere on such a rural road. serving 1． a serving 一般指 “( 够一人吃的)
一份食品”:
five servings of water melon 够 5
人吃的西瓜
2． 但是，一个人也可以吃几份食品:
How many servings are right for
me? 我需要几份才能吃饱? session 1． 可以译成“会议”，但一般常指
“( 一系列会议中的) 一次会议”:
The Fifth Plenary Session of the
Korean Four Party Talks 朝鲜问题四方会谈第 5 次会议
2． 可作可数名词，但在有些短语中
session 前不用冠词:
The 104th Congress is in session.
第 104 届国会正在开会。
Their protests were sufficiently loud for its committee to go into secret session. 他们的抗议影响极大，结果委员会只能秘密开会。
The City Council is in closed ses-
sion. 市议会正在开秘密会议。 set 1． 有人认为，不可以说 The sun is
setting down，其实不然，请看:
The waves are rolling in and the sun is setting down.
When the sun is setting down be-
tween the hills，everything is shed in soft sunlight.
I hurry up to the terrace to take a
few pictures while the sun is set-
ting down behind the mountains.
2． 后面可以接各种复合宾语:
set the hostages free
set the greyhounds loose among
lions and cheetahs
which set me puzzling over the
ancient and mysterious art of er-
ratic carving
set the engine in motion
3． 可以说 set to work，set to work to
do sth，set to work doing sth ，set
sb to work，set sb to work doing
sth，但它们的含义和用法有所不同:
He set to work on the renovation.
( set to work 常指“有决心或有热情地开始工作”)
From the moment he came to
power，he set to work to override
them by means of press censor-
ship. ( set to work 含义同上，但后面跟动词不定式 to override them
by means of press censorship 作状语)
He set to work fixing the problem.
( set to work 含义同上，但后面跟现在分词 fixing the problem 作状语)
When he came home from Cam-
bridge，his father set him to work in the office of the family timber business. ( set sb to work 尤指“在某人不愿意做的情况下迫使某人工作”) setting 注意与介词的搭配:
in a charming mountain setting
cook food on a high setting
take advantage of a low security
setting
situated on a beautiful setting
overlooking the lake
It stands over a frightening set-
ting.
a perfect setting for romance
a lovely setting in the hills
the geographic setting of Britain settle 1． settle，settle down，settle in，set-
tle into 都有“安顿下来”的含义:
He went to Florida and settled there.
He went to Florida and settled down there.
He went to Florida and settled in quickly.
He went to the States and settled in Maine.
He went to Florida and settled into his new home.
2． 中国在文革期间，知青“到农村插队落户”，常译成 settle down in
the countryside:
Many educated youth left the city to settle down in the countryside during the Cultural Revolution.
3． 可以说:
settle the differences
settle the conflict
settle the tax affairs
settle the stomach
settle the presidential election
settle the Korean crisis
settle the land
settle the bus strike
settle the debate
settle the tug of war
settle the civil suit
settle the claim
settle the nerves
settle the quarries
settle the dispute
settle the account
settle the argument
settle the issue
settle the question of who will be-
come the dean
settle the case
settle the bill
settle the debt
settle the cup back to its sauce
settle my feet in the stirrups
settle his wife into a sofa
settle himself in the grass
settle herself in bed
settle his family in the countryside
settle the controversy
settle the score
settle the lawsuit
settle the government on a dem-
ocratic basis
settle his son in business
settle the soil
settle tar on the road
settle her gaze on him
settle the dust
settle the agitated mind
settle the boundaries
settle the disagreement
settle the pillows
settle the charge for the cab
settle the matter seventh 1． 表示“极度高兴的”，可以说:
He is in seventh heaven. ( 这与宗教有关，相当于汉语中的“在九重天上”)
2． 除 in seventh heaven 外，英语中类似的短语还有 on cloud nine，on
cloud seventh 等:
When he asked me to marry him，
I was in seventh heaven.
A woman is on cloud nine if a man will compliment on her name or voice.
If someone is on cloud nine，that person is floating well above worldly cares and feeling great.
3． 注意，也有人用 in cloud nine，但较少，不宜模仿:
She allowed her thoughts to drift to the sweet moments when she hugged and kissed her boy friend.
She sighed. She is in cloud nine. seventy 一个人“七十多岁”可以用 in his sev-
enties，“七十刚出头”可以说 in his
early seventies，“近八十岁”可以说
in his late seventies，还可以说 in his
middle seventies，其他岁数可以类推:
The man was in his seventies，
and his wife had been dead for a number of years.
His uncle died in his early seven-
ties from the same disease.
He is in his late seventies，and only has a daughter who lives far away.
He appears to be in his middle seventies. several ，some
两词都可以译成“一些”，但含义和用法不尽相同。
1． some 的英语释义是 a few，a lit-
tle; several 是 more than a few，
but not many。因此，several 强调
“好些”，而 some 只指“几个”，试比较:
I've been there several times. 那里我去过好几次了。
There were millions of books at the fair. I only bought some
( books) ． 书展上有成千上万的书。我只买了几本。
2． several 只能形容可数名词，some
可以同时修饰可数和不可数名词:
The floods destroyed several hou-
ses and bridges. ( several 修饰可数名词 houses)
Some students are equal than others. ( some 修饰可数名词
students)
These plants will need some wa-
ter. ( some 修饰不可数名词 wa-
ter) severe ，serious
两词都可以译成“严重的”，但 se-
vere 比 serious 更“严重”，指 very
serious:
The storm caused serious dam-
age. 风暴造成了严重的破坏。
The storm caused severe dam-
age. 风暴造成了极为严重的破坏。
sew
“缝( 东西)”有很多说法:
She sewed a shirt.
She sewed a button to the shirt.
She sewed a button onto the shirt.
She sewed on the button.
She sewed up a hole in the shirt.
She sewed up a rip in the shirt.
She sewed him a shirt. severe stern，severe
两词都有“严厉的、严格的、严肃的”等含义。
1． stern 的语气要强于 severe，它的英语释义是 very severe。
2． 两词有时可以换用，含义无多大区别:
stern / severe discipline 严格的纪律
3． severe 侧重“因不悦或不赞许而严肃的”; stern 侧重“因不允许别人违反规定等而严肃的”:
Don't be too severe on him. 对他别太苛求了。
Her father looked rather stern be-
cause she came back home very late last night. 她父亲满脸不悦，因为她昨晚回家很晚。 severe strict，severe
两词都可表示“严格的”，但 strict 偏重指“要求人们严格执行规章制度”，
而 severe 偏重指“不温和、严厉”的意思:
He is a strict teacher. 他是个严格的老师。( 严格要求学生，但可以很慈祥。)
He is a severe teacher. 他是个严厉的老师。 ( 可以指严格要求学生，但经常神色很严肃。) sewing 为不可数名词，但可以说:
We did a lot of sewing.
Her mother did all the sewing.
I love to sew but haven't done much sewing.
I did a little sewing tonight.
She did a great deal of sewing to keep us clothed. sex 1． 注意以下短语的中文释义:
He opposes same-sex marriage.
他反对同性婚姻。
As we know fair sex is more sen-
sitive than men. 我们知道女性比男性敏感。
Is having lunch with a friend of the
opposite sex betraying your
spouse? 与异性共餐就算对配偶不忠吗?
We look at the pros and cons of attending a single sex school. 我们考虑了对单性学校的赞成与反对意见。
注意: same-sex marriage 前常不用冠词，opposite sex 前常有冠词。
2． have sex with， make sex with
( 与……性交) 中 sex 前常没有冠词; 前者比后者常用得多:
Should I have sex with my ex?
Would you have sex with your
boss to advance your career?
Will you make sex with me? sex sexuality，sex
1． 两词都可译成“性”，但含义和用法有所不同。sexuality 比较偏向指
“对性的研究”，从科学的角度去看
“性”; sex 比较普通，常指各种具体的性关系:
We continue to meet every Sun-
day during the adult education hour for a study on sexuality.
The couple had an active sex life.
2． sexuality 一般不可数，sex 可数:
There is quite a lot of research in-
to sexuality and sexual behavior.
Marriage benefits both sexes. sexuality sexuality，sex
1． 两词都可译成“性”，但含义和用法有所不同。sexuality 比较偏向指
“对性的研究”，从科学的角度去看
“性”; sex 比较普通，常指各种具体的性关系:
We continue to meet every Sun-
day during the adult education hour for a study on sexuality.
The couple had an active sex life.
2． sexuality 一般不可数，sex 可数:
There is quite a lot of research in-
to sexuality and sexual behavior.
Marriage benefits both sexes. sexy erotic，sexy
1． erotic 语气强于 sexy。
2． erotic 指“色情的”，常与宣传作品相关联:
erotic pictures
erotic films
3． sexy 常指“性感的”，不一定有色情含义:
She looks sexy in jeans. shade ，shadow
两词都有“影子”的含义。
1． 任何物体挡住光线后造成的“阴影”都可以叫 shade，shade 不一定保持原物的形状:
sit in the shade of the apple trees
The shade of the lamp still pre-
vented her from seeing his face clearly.
2． shadow 所指的“影子”常保持物体原有的形状:
All she could see was her own shadow. ( 这里用 shade 不妥)
3． shade 表示“遮阳的窗帘”是美国用法，shadow 不这样用:
He bought a window shade for his car.
4． shade 所指的“阴影”可能要比
shadow 淡一些。shade 的英语释义是 a slightly dark area where
the light from the sun does not
reach; 而 shadow 是 an area of
darkness:
I like to sit in the shade on a fine day and admire the flowers. ( 白天的阴影较淡)
She would wander down after supper and sit in the shadow of the trees. ( 晚上的阴影较黑暗) shadow 参见 shade。
shake，tremble，shiver，quiver， shall ，will
1． 缩略形式 shan't 尤其在英国英语中使用:
I shan't be applying for the vacant
‘Blue Peter’job.
2． 在组成将来时态时，shall 只能与第一人称主语 I 或 We 一起用，而且主要在英国英语中使用:
I shall be unhappy when you leave.
We shall fight them on the bea-
ches.
3． will 和它的缩略形式 'll 可与各种主语连用，而且比 shall 常用:
We'll not vote for Bush.
I'll vote for John Kerry.
Milliken says he will vote for
Kerry.
She'll vote for a joint resolution.
I think it will never happen again.
There will be an estimated 50 mil-
lion orphaned children in Africa.
The college will have more than
50 strategic industrial partner-
ships.
The dog will work for him loyally.
4． shall 和 will 同样表示将来时态，但 will 还表达一种“意愿”:
We will join you for this year's trip. ( will 有“乐意”的含义)
We shall join you for this year's trip. ( shall 仅表示“将要”) shallow 1． 可以修饰各种具体或抽象的事物:
a shallow river
a shallow dish
a shallow grave
a shallow argument
a shallow thinker
the shallow end of the pool
shallow breathing
shallow water
a shallow underwater explosion
shallow interests
shallow document
shallow gambler
shallow dive
shallow lagoon
shallow disposal system
shallow artificial intelligence
a shallow pit
a shallow lake
2． 复数可指 “( 一个水域的 ) 浅水地段”，前面常加定冠词，后面常跟复数动词:
The shallows are where the small fish and prawns are found. shame 1． 基本含义是“可耻”，但在与美国人交谈时， 可以经常听到 Oh，
what a shame! 这可能只是表达一种同情、失望、不理解等，并没有
“可耻”的含义:
Oh， what a shame， you don't love me anymore. ( 失望)
Whenever he saw Thai monks
disrobing he would say， “Oh，
what a shame.”( 不理解)
2． Shame! ，Shame on you! 常在口语中用作叫骂声，译为“真可耻!”“你应该感到可耻!”; 注意名词 shame 前没有冠词。
3． 常用作单数，a shame，a crying
shame，a great shame，a terrible
shame 都可表示“很可惜、失望”等意思:
It's a crying shame that the schools can't watch their employees' backgrounds more carefully. 很可惜，这些学校没能更加仔细地审查他们雇员的背景。
The couple didn't have enough money to adopt the child. It's such a shame. 这对夫妇没有足够的钱领养这个孩子，真是太可惜了。 shampoo 有单数复数和不可数形式:
I have to find a shampoo that does not contain this substance.
( 单数)
Several shampoos may need to be tried before the best one for your pet is found. ( 复数)
Instead of carrying a bottle of
shampoo and a second of condi-
tioner，I use a two-in-one brand.
( 不可数) shape 1． 在下列短语中，名词 shape 前常不用冠词:
in good shape
in bad shape
out of shape
get in shape
knock into shape
lick into shape
take shape
whip into shape
My yard is in terrible shape.
2． 可以说 in ashape，但使用频率较低:
The situation of the industry is in a terrible shape.
The idea for a concrete tower first took shape several years ago. ( 一般不说 take a shape)
3． 常可用来作构词成分 -shaped:
man-shaped pillow
pear-shaped figure
U-shaped valley
v-shaped sign
heart-shaped cloud
crescent-shaped leaves
L-shaped home
tree-shaped DNA
dome-shaped building
star-shaped biscuits
weapon-shaped candy
egg-shaped pikes
fish-shaped cake
doughnut-shaped gas cloud share 1． 注意动词 share 后面常跟介词
with，among， between， in， by，
after，before，inside and outside
等:
He shared the cake with some
friends
They shared the profits among themselves.
He took a can of fish and shared it
between a family of 5．
The following concepts are shared by many people.
A light breakfast will be shared af-
ter the service.
like a secret shared before sleep
a secret shared inside and outside
the organization
2． a fair share 是“应得的一份”，a
lion's share 是“最大的一份”，the
full share 是“全部的份额 ( 或费用等)”:
London needs a fair share of Gov-
ernment funding.
The Republic Party got a lion's share of support form the public.
You will have to pay the full share of repairs and improvements.
还可以说:
a due share
an equal share
a market share
a generous share
a huge share
an ample share
a proportionate share
a half share
an insignificant share
a large share
a leading share
an old share
a new share
an ordinary share
a reasonable share
an unreasonable share
a valuable share
a gilt-age share
an individual share
a sufficient share
a considerable share
a major share
a proper share
a scanty share
a merger share
a usual share
a corresponding share shatter shatter，smash
1． 两词都可以指“粉碎”:
The explosion shattered all the windows in the building.
The blast smashed all the win-
dows in the building.
2． 但 shatter 比较侧重“突然地粉碎”，有时所粉碎的东西不一定发出很大的响声:
He fell and shattered his leg. 他跌了一跤，腿骨骨折了。
3． smash 比较强调“粉碎的力量和声响”:
The drunkard smashed the beer bottle on the pavement. 醉鬼将啤酒瓶在人行道上砸碎。( 用力砸并发出大的声响) shaving 1． 作“刨片、削片”解，常用作复数
shavings，后面跟复数动词:
All shavings are 100% pine.
2． 但有时还可以用作单数:
I found a pine shaving called
American Choice. she 1． 在美国英语中，接电话时，即使是本人，也用“This is he / she.”这一形式。
2． 在文学作品中，she 常用来指“国家、交通工具、机器”等:
The country needs new leadership if she wants to be a real power.
3． 作构词成分 she- 时，可以指各种雌性动物:
a she-goat
a she-wolf
the she-cattle
the she-buffalo
the she-lion
the she-tiger
the she-snake shed 1． 可以说:
shed tears
shed its skin
shed its leaves
shed workers
shed employees
shed his bad image
shed blood
shed its hair
shed some weight
shed a few pounds
shed his inhibitions
shed its load
shed love
shed her apron
shed post-lunch drowsiness
shed his responsibilities
shed a little glimmer of light
shed brightness
shed pounds of pressure
shed some dignity
shed their fatigue
shed his clothes
shed a good influence
shed his control
2． 说 shed a tear 和 shed tears 都可以:
Don't shed a tear for me.
Do crocodiles shed tears? sheep 1． 有各种的“羊”:
sheep 绵羊
goat 山羊
ram 公羊
ewe 母羊
lamb 羔羊
billy 公山羊
nanny 母山羊
kid 小山羊
2． “母羊”一般用 ewe，但也有人用
she-sheep:
I saw an ewe and her nursing lamb.
He asked them to slaughter a she-sheep.
3． 单复数形式相同，后面可跟单数或复数动词:
It is a sheep. ( 用单数动词)
Many sheep are likely to fall dead by the wayside on these journeys.
( 用复数动词)
4． 注意，“害群之马”习惯用 black
sheep，而非 black horse:
He is a black sheep in my class.
他是我班上的害群之马。
5． 表示“一群羊”时，可以说 a flock
of sheep，后面跟单数或复数动词都可以。
1) 跟单数动词:
A flock of sheep is wandering about，watched by a shepherd.
A man is shown plowing in a field and a flock of sheep is shown in the shade of trees representing the agricultural aspects of the state.
2) 跟复数动词:
A flock of sheep are grazing in the field.
A flock of sheep are being slaugh-
tered in the North this afternoon and tests carried out to see if they had the foot and mouth virus.
sheet，quilt，bedspread
1． sheet 一般指“单层的床单、被单”，quilt 是“多层的被子”，bed-
spread 是“( 用来装饰的) 床罩”。
2． 表示“换被单”习惯说 change the
sheets，但也可以说 change the
sheet:
No one had come to change the sheets on her bed.
I changed the sheet on his bed yesterday.
3． 可以说:
a sheet of snow-white paper
a sheet of music
a sheet of glass
a sheet of flame
a sheet of charge
a sheet of printed material
a sheet of copper
a sheet of stamps
a sheet of ice
a sheet of metal
a sheet of newspaper
a sheet of pre-painted steel
a sheet of dust
a sheet of clouds
a sheet of aluminum
a sheet of cloth
a sheet of Polaroid
a sheet of plywood
a sheet of plastic shelf 1． shelf life 可指各种东西的“保存期、安全使用期”等，常用单数形式，但也可作复数用:
Other alloys have a shelf life of
three years from the date of man-
ufacture. ( 这里 a shelf life 指各种金属的“保存期”)
They focused on the long shelf
lives of these ready-to-eat prod-
ucts. ( 这里 shelf lives 指各种食品的“保存期”)
2． 还可以说:
short shelf lives of the programs
the shelf life of refrigerated foods
the shelf life of herbs
the shelf life of spices
the shelf life of the ropes
the shelf life of honey
the shelf life of resumes
the shelf life of donated blood
the shelf life of canned food
the shelf life of house paint
the shelf life of my video archives
the shelf life of pesticides
the shelf life of a CD-ROM
the shelf life of a song
the shelf life of name brands
the shelf life of fuel
the shelf life of silk shellfish 1． 可以作单数或复数使用。
1) 作单数:
Most shellfish is easy to cook and rich in minerals.
In this region，shellfish is farmed commercially.
2) 作复数:
Shellfish are alive if the shells are closed.
All shellfish are high in cholester-
ol.
2． 可以有复数形式:
On the other hand，shellfishes are also rich in Green Island. ( shell-
fish 复数加 es) shelter 是可数名词，但下列短语中 shelter
前常不用冠词:
The fishing boats took shelter in the nearby harbor.
Afghan refugees continue to seek shelter in Pakistan.
He was small man and found shelter from a shower of arrows.
He gave shelter to a stranger be-
ing hunted by the police.
The institution provides shelter for the needy. sheriff sheriff，policeman
两词都有“警察”的含义，但在美国
sheriff 是“( 一个县里的) 高级警官”，
policeman 可指普通警察:
In the U． S． ，a sheriff is the most senior police in a county.
He is an ordinary policeman in the county. shift 工作有各种各样的“轮班”，如 day
shift，night shift，evening shift; split
shift 是“两头班”，straight shift 是
“( 中间不间断的) 正常班”:
a split shift of breakfast and dinner
早餐和晚餐的两头班
Most companies work a straight shift from 9 am to 5 pm. 多数公司的工作班头是早上 9 点到晚上 5 点的正常班;
swing shift 相当于 evening shift
( 晚班) ，一般是下午 4 点到半夜;
graveyard shift 相当于 night shift
( 夜班) ，一般从半夜到第二天早上
8 点。 ship 1． 英美人常用 she 代替 ship:
When used as training ship，she can carry 250 trainees.
2． “上船”可以说:
on board a / the ship
aboard a / the ship
on board
下面 3 个句子的意思相同:
As soon as I'm on board a ship，I
always feel sick.
As soon as I'm on board，I always feel sick. ( 在一定场合下，on
board 可以有其他意思)
As soon as I'm aboard a ship，I
always feel sick. shiver 参见 shake。 shock ，surprise
两词都有“使吃惊”的含义。
1． shock 通常指“惊骇或惊怒”:
I was shocked by the piles of hu-
man corpses in the concentration camp. ( 惊骇)
He was shocked by the corruption of the church. ( 惊怒)
2． surprise 比较普通，既可以指“惊喜”，又可指“惊骇”:
He was surprised by the vicious attack. ( 惊骇)
I was surprised by the favorable response. ( 惊喜)
3． shock therapy 指“休克疗法”的抽象概念时常用作不可数名词，但指
“各种休克疗法”时可数:
Russian people paid the price for shock therapy. ( 抽象，不可数)
They are implementing a number
of all-too-familiar shock therapies:
devaluation，a wage freeze，and price decontrol. ( 具体，可数) shoot 可以表示“射击、射中、射死”; 所以，说 shot him，未必射死; 有时为强调
“射死”，常用 shoot sb dead; 注意下面句子意思的不同:
They shot him，but he was not hit. 他们向他开了枪，但他没有被击中。
They shot him，but he was not seriously hurt. 他们向他开了枪，但他伤得不厉害。
They shot him，but he was not dead. 他们向他开了枪，但他没有死。
A group of terrorists came into his house and shot him dead. 一群恐怖分子闯入他的屋子，开枪杀死了他。 shop ，store
两词都可译成“商店”，但用法不同。
1． 英国人常用 shop:
This guide can help you open a coffee shop much more quickly.
2． 美国人较多用 store:
My father owns a grocery store.
3． 表示“店员”时，英国人常用 shop
assistant，美国人常用 sales clerk
或 salesclerk。
4． 表示“( 超市的) 购物推车”时，美国人用 shopping cart， 英国用
shopping trolley。
5． shop for 作“选购”解主要是美国用法:
It is important for students to be a-
ble to shop for courses.
Before you shop for a used car，
try to decide what features you actually need to have.
shore，bank，coast
这组词都有“岸”的意思，但用法不同。
1． shore 可指“海岸、( 宽阔河流的)
河岸、湖岸”等:
on the shores of the Mediterra-
nean( 海岸)
on the shores of Lake Bratan Bali
( 湖岸)
on the shores of River Yamuna
( 河岸)
2． bank 常指“河岸”:
on the left bank of the Columbia
River
on the right bank of the Rhine
3． coast 尤指“较长的海岸”，甚至
“整个海岸”:
waterway guides for the entire
East Coast
4． 同样指“海岸”时，coast 常与海防、气候、地理状况相联系，shore
与“海的边缘”相联系，试比较:
US Coast Guards at the major
ports( 海防)
the rocky coast of Maine( 地理)
the windy coast of Cape Blanco
( 气候)
Lonely waves are washing the shore. ( 强调“水冲刷着岸的边缘”) shorthand 1． 作“速记”解时，常不可数; 但指
“各种速记 ( 法)”，shorthand 为可数名词:
Before a system description can be interpreted， all shorthands must be expanded( transformed to primitive constructs ) ， since the interpretation rules apply only to the language kernel.
There are at least a dozen other shorthands.
2． 表示“用速记记录”时，可以有几种说法，注意 shorthand 前常不用冠词:
People who can take shorthand are a dying breed and should be treasured.
Some students are attempting to take notes in shorthand.
She is cultured and capable of writing a letter as well as taking it down in shorthand.
I try to make notes in shorthand due to limited screen space.
He uses the seat beside him for support and begins to write using shorthand. shortly 经常与 after，before 等介词连用:
The skydiving plane crashed shortly after its takeoff.
Shortly before 8 pm， the televi-
sion networks projected Al Gore as the winner of the Florida vote. shorts 1． 可作“短裤”解，“一条短裤”可以说 a pair of shorts，也可以说 a
shorts，前者居多; 表示“穿短裤”用 be in shorts，be in a shorts，
wear a pair of shorts， wear a
shorts 都可以，但说 be in shorts，
wear a pair of shorts 居多:
She exits to the bedroom，and re-
turns wearing a pair of shorts.
He is under arrest for wearing a pair of shorts / a shorts.
She was in shorts / in a shorts.
2． 后面一般用复数动词:
These shorts are made of tough cotton canvas.
Several pairs of shorts are also
available for $ 10．
shot
“近景”可译成 a close-up shot，“远景”可译成 a landscape shot:
I took a close-up shot of her hand with my digital camera.
He took a landscape shot of the hills. shorts trunks，shorts
两词都可以作“短裤”解。
1． trunks 一般指“男式紧身运动短裤”:
He is wearing his trunks stylishly low.
His trunks are getting a bit too small.
2． shorts 可指各式“短裤”，男女都可以:
She is wearing a pair of shorts that accentuate her great legs.
His shorts are shorter than any-
one else's and his skin glistens.
3． 注意: trunks，shorts 常与复数动词连用。 should 参见 shall。 shoulder 在短语中，用单均可。
1． 下列短语“只涉及某人的一个肩膀”，所以用单数形式:
He took a quick look over his shoulder.
Get up and put your shoulder to the wheel.
You can watch over his shoulder and see how he does it.
There's a shoulder to cry on if it all looks bleak.
African nations stand shoulder to shoulder in pitched battle against locusts.
2． 下面短语涉及某人的两个肩膀，所以常用复数形式:
She sighed and shrugged her shoulders.
The burden fell on his shoulders.
Most of the responsibilities rested on his shoulders.
He hunched his shoulders and started jogging. show 1． 注意与人体名称搭配后的意思:
The captain woke the crew up in the morning by telling them to show a leg. ( show a leg 起床)
How can they hope to re-elect a
president who can't even show his
face in his own commercials?
( show one's face 露脸)
The President has enough wis-
dom to know when to show his hand. ( show one's hand 表明想法)
My client will never show his
teeth! ( show one's teeth 恫吓)
2． 表示“驱逐某人”时，用 show sb
the door 和 show sb to the door 都可以，但用前者居多:
The Democrats want to show him the door. 民主党人想让他滚蛋。
If he still refuses to change，you can show him to the door. 如果他仍然拒绝改变，那么你可以让他滚蛋。
3． 但是，show sb to the door 可以有褒义，表示“送某人到门口”等;
show sb the door 没有这层意思:
I showed him to the door and kissed him good-bye. 我把他送到门口，吻别了他。
4． a show of hands 是“举手 ( 表决)”的意思:
They chose their leader by a show of hands.
5． 中文里的“作秀”是直译英语中的
make a show，可以说:
make a show of strength
make a show of force
make a show of affection
make a show of bad temper
make a show of appreciation
make a show of security
make a show of intelligence
make a show of patriotism
make a show of support
make a show of thanks
make a show of gratitude
make a show of weakness
make a show of good faith
make a show of women power
make a show of consensus
make a show of wealth
make a show of enthusiasm
make a show of desperation
make a show of beauty
make a show of unity
make a show of muscle
make a show of spirit
make a show of solidarity
make a show of peace
make a show of reconciliation
make a show of confidence
make a show of skills
make a show of talent
make a show of unlimited possibil-
ities showdown 注意以下表达法:
push toward a final showdown
head for a showdown over the is-
sue
make a showdown sooner or later
call for a showdown with
face a showdown
appear committed to a showdown
get ready for a showdown
set up a showdown
avoid a showdown
reach a showdown
get closer to a showdown
turn into a showdown
show up for a showdown
return for a showdown
end in a showdown
team up for a showdown
brace for a showdown
come to a showdown
lead to a showdown
have a showdown with sb
avert a showdown
run straight into a showdown
It's time for a showdown. shower 1． a shower of 表示“大量 …… 的小东西”:
a shower of bullets
a shower of sparks
a shower of dust
a shower of rain
a shower of stones
a shower of blows
a shower of arrows
a shower of insults
a shower of meteorites
a shower of kisses
a shower of gifts
a shower of presents
a shower of tears
a shower of letters
a shower of compliments
a shower of snow
a shower of honors
a shower of grace
a shower of blessings
a shower of questions
a shower of love
a shower of publicity
a shower of thanks
a shower of rocks
a shower of fallen leaves
a shower of good news
a shower of great affection
a shower of shits
a shower of human waste
a shower of roses
a shower of care
a shower of praises
a shower of leaflets
a shower of money
a shower of lessons
a shower of flowers
a shower of daisies
a shower of water
a shower of rice
a shower of sorrows
a shower of hail
a shower of petals
a shower of debris
a shower of auctions
a shower of donations
a shower of wishes
a shower of pure joy
2． a shower 可以指“送礼会”:
a baby shower 庆贺生孩子送礼会
a bridal shower 庆贺即将当新娘送礼会
a wedding shower 结婚送礼会
an engagement shower 订婚送礼会
3． 动词 shower 常用 shower sb with
sth，shower sth upon ( on) sb 的句型:
Besides showering her with irre-
sistible charm and beauty， the
gods had given her a box and in-
structed her not to open it.
We will find that life has a wonder-
ful way of showering gifts upon us
every day through our experi-
ences.
shrewd，smart，clever
这3 个词都可表示“聪明的”。
1． shrewd 强调“有判断力”，但也暗示“有心计的、想骗人的”:
a shrewd businessman
shrewd investors
a shrewd manager
a shrewd politician
2． smart 常在美语中使用，强调“聪明伶俐、才思敏捷”，还有“新潮、时髦”的含义:
She is a smart girl with a sweet personality most of the time.
He is smart and knows how to get things done.
3． clever 表示“聪明的”比 shrewd
或 smart 正式，基本上是褒义词;
而 shrewd，smart 有贬义:
the cleverest boy in the class
a clever idea
a shrewd and cunning enemy
a sly and shrewd store keeper
He is a smart man who uses the media well.
She tries too hard to be smart. shrink 1． 注意以下这些句子:
The dress will shrink.
The company's profit margins will shrink.
The number of tigers will shrink.
The shirt will shrink.
The workforce will shrink.
The wool will shrink.
The jumpers will shrink.
The supply will shrink.
The staff size will shrink.
The GDP will shrink.
The account deficit will shrink.
The dwindling funds will shrink.
The harvest will shrink.
The enterprises will shrink.
The pairs of jeans will shrink.
The coalition will shrink.
The brain will shrink.
The holiday bounty will shrink.
The credit will shrink.
The student assistance program will shrink.
2． 后面常跟介词 from，into，with，
out of，before 等:
We will not shrink from the Iraq
War.
What makes you want to shrink
into the background?
This kind of wool doesn't shrink with water.
Our famous prewashed fabric will not shrink out of fit.
Be sure to shrink before cutting.
3． a shrinking girl 可以作“胆怯、害羞的女孩”解;
4． 下面两个句子的含义相同:
Hot water will shrink the sweater.
Hot water will make the sweater shrink.
5． shrink-wrapped 指“收缩包装的”，
即“包得很紧的”:
The client simply reached into a cardboard box and produced a shrink-wrapped package. shrub shrub，bush
两词都有“灌木( 丛)”的含义。
1． shrub 常指“家里种的、低矮的灌木”:
I grow a number of shrubs in the garden as I use them a lot for my flower arrangement.
2． bush 常指“未开垦地上的灌木丛”:
Most berries are picked from the bushes in the wild.
3． the bush 常指“澳大利亚、非洲等国家天气炎热、不宜耕作的丛林地”，shrub 不这样用:
The wood pigeon can often be seen in the bush in Australia.
travel through the dense African
bush shrug 1． “耸耸肩”用 shrug one's shoul-
ders，shrug one's shoulder，shrug
a shoulder 都可以， 但用复数
shrug one's shoulders 居多:
He took a deep breath，shrugged
his shoulders，and said
He shrugged his shoulder，brush-
ing her hand off
He shrugged a shoulder and gave a lopsided smile.
2． 表达“他耸耸肩 ……”，下面几种说法都可以:
He shrugged and got on with his work.
He shrugged his shoulders and got on with his work.
He continued his work with a shrug.
He continued his work with a shrug of his shoulders.
He gave a shrug and continued his work. shudder 这组词都有“摇动、抖动”等含义。
1． shake 在本组词中最为常用，常表示“上下左右多次摇动或抖动”:
A moderate earthquake shook central Taiwan on Wednesday.
( 强调物体颤动)
2． tremble 的英语释义为 shake
slightly，因此，它所指的“抖动”比
shake 要轻:
Her lips trembled slightly. ( 这里不可用 shake，强调人体颤动)
3． shiver 也表示 shake slightly，但它一般形容人，不形容事物; 而
shake，tremble 既可指人又可指事物的“颤动”，试比较:
Around 40 students stood shive-
ring in the cold and windy parking lot at midnight. ( 人颤抖)
The building trembled a little as the heavy-duty truck sped past.
( 物体颤动)
She was so nervous that she
shook all over before the perform-
ance. ( 人颤抖)
4． quiver 也主要指“人体的颤动”，
但它的“抖动”是“短促而快速的”，
而 shiver 的抖动可以是一阵较长时间的:
She quivered slightly， but still showed no inclination to look at me.
She fled back to bed where she shivered for a long time.
5． shudder 也主要指“人体的颤动”，
因为它的英语释义是 suddenly
shake，它所指的“抖动”强调“突然”:
She shuddered at the sight of a snake.
6． “握手 ( 摇动手)”要用 shake，不能用其他几个词:
I shook hands with the President last week.
7． 注意，与几个人“握手”当然用
shake hands; 但与一个人“握手”可以有单复数形式:
I shook hands with him yesterday.
( 用复数 hands)
“I'm glad to see you again，” I
said，shaking his hand. ( 用单数
hand) shudder 参见 shake。
shuffle
shuffle the deck 是“洗牌”; shuffle
后还可接很多宾语:
shuffle the government
shuffle the feet
shuffle the papers
shuffle the cabinet
shuffle the contents of an array
shuffle the Web
shuffle the tracks
shuffle the records
shuffle the reservation and room
slips
shuffle the ranks of top 10 leaders
shuffle the staff shut ，close
两词都有“关、闭”等含义。
1． shut 比较口语化，常用在口语中，
close 比较客气婉转:
Shut up，I'm reading. 别出声，我在读书呢。
Close the door please，it's freez-
ing. 请关门，天很冷。
2． close 可以“关而不紧”，shut 常指
“紧闭”:
Close the door a little，will you?
Shut the door so that the cat won't get out.
3． shut 的“关”似有声响:
The door banged shut.
4． “关闭水龙头”用 shut off，一般不用 close:
Shut the water off before you mend the tap.
5． 口语中的“闭嘴”较多用 shut your
mouth。 shuttle 作“穿梭”解有不少短语:
shuttle the diplomacy
shuttle the bus
shuttle the spaceship
shuttle the express
shuttle the service
shuttle the missions
shuttle the flights shy shy，timid
两词都有“羞怯的”含义。
1． shy 强调“因缺乏经验或经历而在社交时害羞的”:
I'd love to meet him，but I'm too shy to introduce myself.
2． timid 侧重指“因缺乏勇气和信心或不愿尝试而胆怯的”:
She is timid and scared，and very cautious around men. sick ，ill
两词都可表示“生病的”。
1． He is sick. 在美国指“身体不舒服或生病”( 可以因各种原因而不舒服) ; 如果指“吃了东西想呕吐”，
要用( is) being sick:
He is feeling sick and throws up.
2． 英国人说 I'm sick. ，I'm feeling sick. 都指“吃了东西想呕吐”; 英国人说“身体不舒服或生病”常用 ill:
She is ill and has a fever.
3． 作“生病的”解时，sick 可以作定语，ill 通常不可以:
He is a sick man.
He is on sick leave.
He has got his sick pay.
It is his sickbed.
4． 一般不说 He is an ill man. He is on ill leave. He has got his ill pay.
It is his illbed. 等， 但可以说 ill
luck，ill feeling( 反感) 。
4． 不说 sick luck，sick feeling; 可以说 airsick， bus-sick， train-sick，
love-sick， water-sick soil， boat
sick; 但不能说 air-ill 等。 side 1． side 前面可以用不少介词，如 at，
by ，on，in，to 等; 但何时用它们，常常是约定俗成。
1) 表示“在某人身旁”用 by，at 都可以，但是用 by 多于 at:
His wife was sitting by his side.
He passed away unexpectedly with his family by his side.
We took turns sitting at his side.
He saw his son sitting at his side in a robe.
2) 表示“在路边、街边”等用 by，on，
at 都很普通:
He saw a woman pausing on the side of the road.
There was a naked man on the side of the road.
He is always ready to help home-
less people on the side of the street.
I'd rather live by the side of the road.
There are many beautiful flowers by the side of the road.
I stood by the side of the street.
His parents leave him temporarily at the side of the road.
There are many fruit sellers at the side of the road.
My jeep bounced into the parked cars at the side of the street.
3) 表示“在河边”等用 on，by 较多，但也可以用 at 等:
He bought a convenient house on the side of the river.
The route from downtown to uptown is now by the side of the river.
The pebble bank at the side of the river was covered in snow.
4) 如果表示“街、路、河的两边”，主要用 on:
We're hopeful people will find en-
joyment on both sides of the river.
The World Expo will push greatly
forward the adjustment of industri-
al structure on both sides of the
River.
Wide sidewalks should be placed on both sides of the avenue.
5) 表示“在建筑物旁边”，用 on，by，
at 都可以:
They had an old camper parked on the side of the house.
a large crack on the side of house
a cold water faucet on the side of
the house
cast a shadow on the side of the
house
play with her dog at the side of
the house
park his car at the side of the
house
Small stone slabs are stacked by the side of the house.
6) 表示“在某物的旁边”，常用 at，
on，by 等:
She dropped into a sofa at the side of the desk.
She is sitting in a chair on the side of the desk.
She sat down in a chair by the side of desk.
7) 表示“在某一地区”，可用 on，in
等，用前者较多:
We visited some of the most dan-
gerous towns on this side of the country.
The planters on this side of the country have been blessed with good weather.
There is so much to see and do on this side of the country.
This is because a large number of irrigated rice is grown in this side of the country.
2． side- 可以组成很多词:
a side-splitting story 笑破肚皮的故事
sidestep the issue 回避这个问题
get bogged down in side issues 纠缠在枝节问题上
riding in a sidecar 乘在边斗里
a young man with sideburns 留鬓角的年轻人
take a one-sided view 持片面观点
drive into a side street 驾车开入支路
the side effects of the drug 该药的副作用
He and his sidekicks made a lot of money. 他和他的朋友赚了很多钱。
get sidetracked into talking about
education 话题转到谈论教育
I also do sideline jobs. 我还业余兼职。
He walked sideways like this. 他像这样侧身走。
It turned into a political sideshow.
它成了一出政治闹剧。
take a sidelong glance in his di-
rection 斜眼看了他一眼
3． 美国人说 sidelight，sidewalk，英国人说 parking light，pavement。
4． “支持某一方”有各种说法，注意
side 的单复数形式:
He never took sides in political contests. 在政治斗争中他从不偏袒任何一方。
He took the wrong side in the po-
litical dispute. 在政治纷争中他站错了队。
He took the right side in defense of women's rights. 在维护妇女权益方面站在正确的一方。
I was the only one who ever took his side to defend him. 我是唯一站在他一边保护他的人。
5． 作构词成分-sided 时，可以组成很多词:
chestnut-sided warblers
white-sided dolphins
right-sided heart failure
a two-sided market
one-sided political views
three-sided pyramids
a steep-sided valley
a five-sided dice
a six-sided homepage
soft-sided pet carriers
an olive-sided flycatcher
single-sided deafness
a double-sided printed circuit board
blind-sided twists and turns
multi-sided markets sieve 表示“记性不好”时，可以说:
I've got a memory like a sieve.
( 最常用)
I've got a mind like a sieve.
I've got a head like a sieve. sigh 可以是高兴的，也可以是悲伤的、绝望的、满足的、后悔的等:
a sigh of relieve
a sigh of gratification
a sigh of grief
a sigh of admiration
a sigh of satisfaction
a sigh of regret
a sigh of pleasure
a sigh of contentment
a sigh of exasperation
a sigh of resignation
a sigh of impatience sight 1． 表示“一见钟情”时，说 fall in love
at first sight，fall in love at the first
sight 都可以，但前者居多:
A South African businessman who
fell in love at first sight with a Cro-
atian beauty has traveled half way round the world in search of the woman of his dreams.
My first blind date was wonderful and unforgettable，we fell in love at the first sight.
2． 在不少短语中，sight 前常不用冠词:
I don't know anything about her; I
just know her by sight.
Police threatened to shoot looters on sight.
Cables and cords of the city are hidden from sight.
The armed police beat everyone in sight.
Have you lost sight of your goal?
My broken heart knows “out of sight，out of mind.”
Soon they caught sight of the cas-
tle in the distance.
3． 表示“观光旅游”，一般用复数
see the sights:
Tour guides will advise the tourists where to see the sights.
4． 常作构词成分-sighted:
clear-sighted
far-sighted
near-sighted
long-sided
short-sighted
partially-sighted
laser-sighted billiard cues
quick-sighted
sharp-sighted sight spectacle，sight
两词都有“景象”的含义。
1． spectacle 指“予人深刻印象的有趣景象”，含褒义，语气强于 sight:
Cooking 50 lobsters at a wedding anniversary party was quite a spectacle. 在结婚纪念聚会上烹调
50 只龙虾真是一道风景线。
2． sight 比较普通常用，本身无特殊色彩，要表现各种“景象”，可在其前面加修饰词:
a beautiful sight
a familiar sight
a fascinating sight
a breath-taking sight
a commonplace sight
a terrible sight sign 1． 表示“在……上签字”，可以说:
We all know that Lincoln signed the document.
We all know Lincoln signed his name on the document.
We all know Lincoln signed his name to the document.
We all know Lincoln signed his name in the document. ( 注意:
sign one's name in较少用)
2． 有各种各样的 sign:
a road sign
a sure sign
a warning sign
a danger sign
a sign of life
signs of rank
traffic signs
“No Smoking”signs
signs of improvement
a sign of approval
a sign of good will
a sign of nerves
a sign of failure
a sign of financial pep
a sign of trouble
a sign of good taste
a sign of patriotism
a sign of pregnancy
a sign of mental illness
a sign of contradiction
a sign of rivers under stress
a sign of excellence
a sign of infertility
a sign of faith
a sign of popularity
a sign of defeat
a sign of masculinity
a sign of lost respect
a sign of victory
a sign of intelligence
a sign of global warming
a sign of change
a sign of distress
a sign of success
a sign of rankings pressure
a sign of solidarity
a sign of gender equality
a sign of need
a sign of great strength
a sign of weakness
a sign of better times
a sign of democracy
a sign of fiscal recklessness
a sign of desperation
a sign of wealth
a sign of independence
a sign of mourning
a sign of peace signal 1． 常用以下形容词修饰:
a confusing signal
a key signal
a clear signal
a mute signal
a prearranged signal
an alarm signal
a danger signal
a distress signal
a go-ahead signal
a hand signal
an important signal
a powerful signal
a strong signal
a horn signal
a starting signal
a slowdown signal
a traffic signal
a universal signal
a time signal
a warning signal
a mistaken signal
an emergency signal
a suggestive signal
a prompt signal
a digital signal
a better signal
a smoke signal
a safety signal
a new signal
a priority signal
a pedestrian signal
an error signal
a fatal signal
a weak signal
a mixed signal
a contact signal
a take-off signal
a touch-down signal
a landing signal
a victory signal
a duel signal
a positive signal
an OK signal
a long-awaited signal
2． 常与以下动词搭配:
await signals
bring signals
exchange signals
flash signals
issue signals
respond to signals
carry signals
emit signals
generate signals
give signals
produce signals
send out signals
transmit signals
note signals
provide signals
create signals
pay attention to signals
watch signals
3． 后面常跟介词 to，for:
The survey sends mixed signals to the IT Community.
They are watching the key signal for market turns. signature 1． 表示“签名”，常可以说:
put his signature on the document
affix his signature to the document
write down his signature on the
document
write his signature at the bottom
of the document
register his signature on the docu-
ment
verify his signature on the docu-
ment
add his signature to the document
append his signature to the docu-
ment
give his signature to the document
2． 表示“主题曲”时， 英国人说
signature tune，美国人说 theme
song。 silence 1． 常作不可数名词，下面的短语中，
silence 前一般没有冠词:
You need not suffer in silence.
I'd like to ask you to join me in a moment of silence in honor of those who died in the war.
I advised that they keep silence for just a few minutes each day.
2． 有复数形式:
He never lets those long silences develop during dinner.
Silences are more noticeable on the phone.
3． 叫别人“安静”，说 Silence! 不礼貌，因为它可以表示“闭嘴”; 用
Please be quiet. 比较客气。
silhouette，shadow，outline
三词都有“影子”的含义。
1． silhouette 是“黑色的轮廓像”:
The moon cast the silhouette of the mountains.
2． shadow 比较普通常用，可以指各种“影子”:
the shadow of the sun
the shadow of death
the shadow of terror
the shadow of greatness
3． outline 一般指“物体外面的轮廓”:
draw an outline of the land area of
China silent mute，silent
两词都有 “无声”的含义。
1． mute 一般指人“不出声音的”:
They were mute when I asked them who was the thief.
2． silent 可指人、地方或东西 “不出声的”:
They both fell silent. ( 人)
the silent hours of the night ( 抽象事物)
The reading-room was silent. ( 具体事物)
3． mute 可以指 “不能说话的、哑巴的”，silent 不这样用:
She was mute from birth. 她天生是哑巴。 silent 这组词都可表示“安静的、宁静的”。
1． tranquil 指 pleasantly calm，强调
“无忧无虑、平静如水、放松安详”:
The artist is fishing from a boat on a tranquil lake.
He led a simple and romantically tranquil life in the countryside.
2． calm 所指的“宁静”常与“冲突、喧闹、混乱、紧张、狂风暴雨”等相对而言:
We are dreaming of a calm Christ-
mas. 我们梦想着有个安宁的圣诞。( 暗示过去的圣诞节太喧闹)
It's a calm interlude during the storm. 这是暴风雨中宁静的间歇。
3． quiet 强调“没有动静、没有噪音、没有吵闹声”:
The car has a quiet engine.
Solar power is quiet， attractive and safe.
4． silent 形容人“不说话的”:
During the course of the lecture，
the students are silent spectators and passive listeners.
5． serene 侧重指“超凡脱俗的安静，似乎进入了另一种境界”，有宗教含义:
She looked serene in her marble whiteness.
He imagined that he looked like
the Buddha himself，under a flow-
ering lotus tree，serene in medita-
tion. silk 1． 一般为不可数名词，表示其数量时可以说:
20 yards of fine silk
500 meters of silk
a bundle of silk
a lot of silk
lots of silk
bales of silk
thin strands of silk
a cocoon of silk
500 yards of silk
100 feet of silk
pieces of silk
seven different kinds of silk
2． 表示“各种丝绸”时，可以是可数名词:
You can spend hours here brow-
sing for fabrics — all kinds of silks
from Korea，Thailand，China and
India.
Many silks must be dry-cleaned.
We stock a variety of silks，satins and other fancy fabrics.
3． “丝绸之路”通常用 the Silk Road
表示，前面要用定冠词:
The Silk Road was not a trade route that existed solely for the purpose of trading in silk. silver 1． 一般为不可数名词:
a collection of beautiful brooches
in silver
coins made of silver
2． 作可数名词时主要用在下列情况。
1) 各种不同的银:
all kinds of silvers
natural gemstones and a variety
of silvers
2) 用银制成的器具，如“银牌”:
He won two silvers and a bronze at the Summer Games.
3． “银婚”可以说:
silver wedding
silver wedding anniversary
silver anniversary( 英国用法) similar 后面常跟介词 to，in，among，be-
tween 等:
US faces struggles similar to
Churchill's.
Frequency of violent behavior among youth is similar in different countries.
Each character is strikingly simi-
lar in appearance.
The results are similar among likely voters.
Survival rates are similar be-
tween African Americans and white patients with heart failure. similarity 可以作可数或不可数名词，后面常跟介词 between，of，in，of，to 等:
There are many similarities be-
tween Virginia Woolf and Doris
Lessing.
The second feature is a similarity
of people's attitudes towards soci-
ety.
Do you see a similarity in these
messages?
Following is a brief overview of the key similarities of the three accidents.
His novel shows a few similarities to that of American writers. simultaneous 可以说:
simultaneous translation
simultaneous announcements
simultaneous failure
simultaneous applause
simultaneous interpreters
simultaneous outrages
simultaneous policy
simultaneous equations
simultaneous events
simultaneous contrast
simultaneous closings
simultaneous illusion
simultaneous access
simultaneous enrollment
simultaneous user license
simultaneous progress
simultaneous satisfaction
simultaneous development
simultaneous operation
simultaneous explanation
simultaneous covering of the case
simultaneous programs of study
simultaneous degrees
sin，crime，offense，vice
这几个词都有“罪”的含义。
1． sin 侧重指“宗教法律意义上的罪孽”:
The Bible says fear is a sin.
2． crime 在这组词中最为普通常用，可指各种“罪行、罪过”:
Theft is a crime.
Murder is a crime.
Wasting food is a crime to me.
3． offense 侧重指“违反法律而必须受到惩罚的罪行”:
a fine not exceeding 1，500 euro
for a first offense
He was charged with a capital of-
fense.
4． vice 常指“卖淫等不道德、堕落的罪行”，常与 virtue 对应:
One man's vice is another man's virtue.
The woman was arrested by the police vice squad for prostitution. since 1． 常与现在完成式或过去完成式连用:
It has been years since I last saw him. ( 现在完成式)
When I came across him last month， it was the first time we had seen each other since we graduated from college. ( 过去完成式)
2． 有时，与 since 连用时，主句也用一般现在时和一般过去时:
It is over 25 years since they last met. ( 一般现在时)
It was 10 years since Robert and I
had started the band. ( 一般过去时)
3． 在由 since 引导的从句中，用一般时态和完成时态均可:
It is more than two years since he returned to India. ( 一般现在时)
It had been two months since he had returned to Sunnydale. ( 过去完成式) sincerely 写信时，结尾常用 Sincerely yours，
Yours sincerely， 还可以说 Yours
most sincerely， 甚至开玩笑地说
Sincerely not yours。 single 1． 表示“单亲家庭”，美国人常说 sin-
gle-parent family， 英国人常说
one-parent family; 也有人说 sin-
gle family，还有人说 single-father
family， single-mother family，而
“双亲家庭”可以说 two-parent
family:
That makes the single-father fami-
ly group the fastest growing family group in the nation.
The new single-mother family unit
is accepted by the media and sup-
ported by the government and family law.
Kids just want a two-parent family home.
2． “单程票”美国人常说 a single
ticket 或 a single，英国人说 a one-
way ticket。
3． “单身俱乐部、单身酒吧”等中的
single 要用复数:
Welcome to Virtual Manchester's new singles club.
the senior singles club
4． 有关“单身”的短语还有很多:
singles meetings
singles sites
singles listings
singles events
singles adventures
singles DVD
Singles ． com
Singles Online
free singles network
5． 表示“单打比赛”要用复数 sin-
gles，即便是“一次比赛”也要用复数 singles:
He was ousted from the men's
singles competition at the China
Open Badminton.
They will meet in a men's singles semifinal Sunday. sink 1． 有人说，sink down 中的 down 是多余的，应该删去，其实这种用法很普遍:
Why does water not sink down
through the ocean floor?
The glories of the world sink down in gloom.
However I'm still not sure why the stones on the surface don't sink down to the clay bed.
You sink down into the warm mud
and breathe a sigh of content-
ment.
2． 后面还常用 beneath， beyond，
below， in， into， on， onto， to-
wards，under，within 等:
sink beneath the sun
The sun began to sink beyond the snowy head of Mount Everest.
Oil prices sink below $ 50 a barrel.
How do fish rise and sink in the
water?
sink into extreme poverty
I sank onto my knees.
Let the hips sink towards the floor.
Auto suppliers sink under rising costs.
They may sink within the mud.
sip，drink，gulp
三词都有“喝”的含义; 但 sip 是“小口地喝”; drink 比较普通，可指各种
“喝”; gulp 是“大口地喝”:
Two couples were seated at a ta-
ble sipping tea. 两对夫妇坐在桌边慢慢地品茶。
Studies show that drinking tea fights cancer. 研究表明饮茶可以防癌。
People are snatching breakfast and gulping tea. 人们正匆忙吃早饭，大口地喝茶。 sion ，vocation
这组词都有 “工作”的含义。
1． occupation 常指 “( 借以谋生的)
固定职业”，一般用在书面语中，比较正式:
Please give your name，address，
and occupation.
2． job 与 work 的含义接近，但 job 指的 “工作”比较具体、可数; work
比较宽泛，可指各种 “工作”，不可数:
He has a job as an administrative assistant.
He couldn't find work in the city.
3． profession 侧重指“受过专门训练的脑力工作”，如律师、教师、牧师、医生等:
He is in the medical / legal /
teaching profession.
4． vocation 侧重指 “自己比较热爱、擅长的工作”，是自己的生活目标，准备长期从事，但不一定借此谋生:
He chose photography as his vo-
cation and earned his living by working as a shop assistant. sir 常用在下面几种情况中。
1． 商店、饭店等服务性行业对顾客的尊称:
Would you like a cup of tea，sir?
That'll be $ 20，sir.
2． 对上级、长官等的尊称:
Yes，sir，I'll get it done immedi-
ately.
3． 对陌生人的称呼:
Excuse me，sir，could you tell me
the nearest way to the subway
station?
4． 在美国英语中年轻人对长者的称呼:
— Does your father know about
this?
— No，sir.
5． 在英国，小学生对男老师的称呼:
Sir，can we leave the classroom
now?
6． 用在有爵士称号者的姓名 ( full
name) 或名字 ( given name ) 前，这时，其第一个字母要大写:
I'll introduce you to Sir Henry
Levin
7． 用于挖苦别人的蔑称:
What do you mean，sir? 伙计，你这是什么意思?
8． 用在正式信的开头，若写给某组织，常用复数 sirs:
Dear Sirs， I beg to confirm my
cable for sister 1． 表示“姐姐”时，可以说:
sister
elder sister
older sister
big sister
“妹妹”可以说:
sister
younger sister
little sister
2． 表示“同父异母或同母异父姐妹”时，可以说:
half sister
step sister
3． 美国等西方国家里的“女生联谊会
( sorority)”成员之间常称 sister:
One of our sisters died in a car crash because she didn't wear her seat belt.
4． 可以说:
sister cities ( 英国人说 twin
towns)
sister schools
sister states
sister communities
sister libraries
sister hotels
sister companies
sister sites sit 1． sit 和 be seated 都可表示“坐”，
但后者比较正式:
Please be seated，Mr. Chairman.
The students were all sitting around a campfire.
2． 后面常用介词 at，on，in 等，但用法不同; 人们比较习惯地说:
sit at a table
sit at the fireside
sit at the desk
sit at the piano
sit at the cliff's edge
sit at the crossroads
sit at a bar
sit at the machine
sit at the computer
sit on a fence
sit on a string
sit on the toilet
sit on a bench
sit on a chair
sit on a couch
sit on a branch
sit in a sofa
sit in an armchair
sit in a tree
sit in a room
sit in a park
sit in a circle
sit in a row
Several women were sitting at the fireside.
The mother was sitting on a couch reading a book.
My father saw me sitting in a palm tree.
3． 房子等也可以用 sit 来形容:
The house sits more than still in the heat. 那房子在炎热之中显得格外宁静。
The villa sits on the hill overloo-
king the valley. 那栋别墅位于山顶，俯瞰整个山谷。
4． 表示“起居室”时，英国人说 sit-
ting room，美国人说 living room。
situated
be situated 后面常跟介词 on，in，to
等; in，on 比 to 的使用频率高:
The Station Hotel is situated on the north east coast of Scotland.
The Langland Hotel is situated in
Central London.
The shrine is situated to the east of the Temple.
six sense
指“除视觉、听觉、触觉、嗅觉、味觉以外的第六感觉”，常用作单数，有时也可作复数:
his six sense
A six sense told him that he was followed.
the six senses of our modern
world situation conditions，situation
1． 两词有时可以换用:
He is studying the financial condi-
tions / situation in the city.
2． conditions 常指 “( 影响日常生活、工作的) 状况 ( 如住房、食品)”等;
situation 常指 “( 较宽泛的、具有普遍意义事情的) 状况 ( 如国家的形势、政府的计划)”等:
He is trying to improve the poor working conditions in the factory.
( “工厂的状况”，比较具体)
He is very concerned about the current situation along the border.
( “边境的形势”，比较宽泛和严重) size 1． 表示“东西，如鞋子的尺寸、大小”，可以用 size 表示，而且要倒装:
a size 5 shoe 一只 5 号鞋( 不要说
a 5 size shoe)
2． 在下面短语中，size 前常不用冠词:
Dinosaurs reached full size be-
tween the ages of 16 and 18．
Since 1998， the factory outlet market has doubled in size.
Materials should be cut it to size using hand tools.
These items should be separated for size and ready for use.
3． 常作构词成分-sized:
pocket-sized design
large-sized women
byte-sized computing
ship-sized loophole
medium-sized office
credit-card-sized shotgun
earth-sized planet
mid-sized city
wall-sized mural in your home
full-sized illuminated keyboard
family-sized theme park
golfball-sized lump
life-sized statue
right-sized air-conditioner
super-sized deception
door-sized posters
Olympic-sized lawsuit skeleton 1． 可以说:
a skeleton of a report
a skeleton of a skyscraper
a skeleton of an adult whale
a skeleton of a large bird
a skeleton of a small bipedal dino-
saur
a skeleton of an agreement
a skeleton of a document
a skeleton of notes
a skeleton of a mysterious crea-
ture
a skeleton of essential commands
2． 表示“不可外扬的家丑、隐情”时，英国人说 a skeleton in the cup-
board，美国人说 a skeleton in the
closet，后者的使用频率较高:
Every family has a skeleton in the cupboard.
If someone has a skeleton in the
closet，they have a dark，shame-
ful secret in their past that they want to remain secret. skill 1． 泛指“技能、技巧”，常作不可数名词; 具体指某项特殊技能时，为可数名词:
She lacks in skill. ( 泛指)
He is known to be a man of skill.
( 泛指)
Oral interpretation and written translation are two different skills.
( 指具体的技能)
2． skilled 修饰人和事物都可以:
skilled workers
skilled negotiators
skilled jobs
skilled work
skim milk，skimmed milk
1． 前者使用频率稍高，现在也叫用
fat-free milk:
I was surprised when a girlfriend told me not to give skim milk to my baby daughter.
She can drink skimmed milk but should avoid butter.
I learned that fat-free milk is not really fat free.
2． 两词一般为不可数，但如果指“一瓶瓶、一杯杯脱脂牛奶”或“各种脱脂牛奶”时为可数:
I asked him what he wanted. He replied，“Two skim milks.”
People who drink skim milks con-
sume more fruits and vegetables and less meat. skin 1． 常作不可数名词:
She has dark skin. ( 不说 a dark
skin)
2． a skin 常指“剥下来作皮革用的皮”:
Looking around I saw several ani-
mal skins hanging from the rafters.
3． 有时指人也用 a skin，这时常含贬义:
He's got a very thick skin. 他的脸皮很厚。
4． 表示“瘦得皮包骨头”下面几种说法都可以，使用频率的高低顺序是:
skin and bones
all skin and bones
skin and bone
all skin and bone
He was skin and bones at the time. ( 注意: skin 用单数，bones
用复数)
I was all skin and bones and star-
ving to death. ( 注意: skin 用单数，
bones 用复数)
You're nothing but skin and bone.
( 注意: skin 和 bone 都用单数)
He was all skin and bone and his eyes were like big black marbles.
( 注意: skin 和 bone 都用单数) sky 1． 用 a sky，the sky，skies，sky 都可以，但用单数 sky 的频率远高于
skies:
What is the value of a dark sky?
( 单数)
To understand why the sky is
blue，we need to understand a lit-
tle about light. ( 单数)
Did you know that you could be
struck by lightning when your
skies are blue and a thunderstorm
is up to ten miles away? ( 复数)
He could see a patch of blue sky ahead of the airplane over the mountains. ( 不可数)
2． 复数 skies 常用在表示天气( 如乌云层叠) ，或“有一层层云彩的天空”:
We expect cloudy skies in the af-
ternoon. ( 指乌云密布的天气)
There was once a dragon that
flew through the skies over the vil-
lage. ( 龙穿越云层) slang 1． 泛指“俚语”时，slang 常为不可数名词:
None of these words are slang.
Some of them are slang.
The term is slang. ( 上述句子中的
slang 前没有 a，后面也没有 s)
2． 特指某种俚语时，slang 为可数名词:
a slang word
a slang term
campus slangs
Japanese slangs you won't find in
a dictionary
Here are some slangs from the movie. slap 表示“打某人的耳光”时，可以说:
She slapped him in the face.
She slapped his face.
She slapped him hard across the face.
She gave him a slap.
She gave him a slap on the cheek.
She gave him a slap in the face.
It was a real slap in the face for him.
slaughter，kill，murder，assas-
sinate，execute，massacre
这组词都有“杀”的含义。
1． slaughter 原指“屠宰( 牲畜用以食用)”，现常指“残酷地大规模杀害无辜”:
The terrorists slaughtered hundreds of unarmed villagers.
The local hunters slaughtered a large number of wild animals each year.
2． kill 最普通常用，可指各种“杀”:
kill a bird
kill a man
kill an idea
kill a bill
3． murder 主要指“预谋杀害”:
About a month ago he murdered his pregnant wife.
4． assassinate 尤指“雇人谋杀 ( 名人)”:
They hired a foreigner to assassi-
nate a much-loved Party leader.
5． execute 主要指“根据法令处决
( 罪犯等)”:
The state executed a murderer
Tuesday.
6． massacre 与 slaughter 的含义接近，也指“大批杀害”。但 massa-
cre 强调“杀害的量更大”，slaugh-
ter 强调“杀害的方式令人发指”。
有时，杀一个人也可以用 slaugh-
ter，但不能用 massacre 去杀一个人，试比较:
The Turkish army massacred a huge number of innocent people in Right-Bank Ukraine.
A gang of miscreants slaughtered a woman after gang rape.
sledge，sled，sleigh
“雪橇”英国人常说 sledge; 美国人常叫 sled; 二者可以没有动力，靠人力在雪上滑动，也可由动物拉动，常作娱乐之用; sleigh 尤指“马拉的雪车”:
You'll learn how to harness dogs
and ride a sledge pulled by 5 af-
fectionate pals. ( 英国用法)
You should never ride a sled be-
ing pulled by a motorized vehicle.
( 美国用法)
You can ski， hike and ride a sleigh pulled by horses there. slender ，slim
两词都可表示“细长的”含义。
1． slender 可形容各种事物:
a slender young girl
slender leaves
a slender neck
a slender figure
slender existence
slender fingers
a slender waist
a slender leopard
a slender tiger
2． slim 是褒义词，主要形容“( 人) 身材苗条的”:
She tries to keep slim by doing regular exercise.
3． 在实际使用中，两词并无实质性的区别，可以换用，但 slim 的使用频率比 slender 高:
a slender / slim lady
a slender / slim deer slice 可以说:
a slice of bread
a slice of meat
a slice of cake
a slice of cheese
a slice of lemon
a slice of cucumber
a slice of the market
a slice of the credit
a slice of luck
a slice of life
a slice of the action
a slice of the profits
a slice of business
a slice of an onion
a slice of climate history
a slice of ham
a slice of the pie
a slice of beef
a slice of infinity
a slice of paradise
a slice of peach
a slice of philosophy
a slice of time and space
a slice of heaven on earth
a slice of fear
a slice of sanity
a slice of sudden laughter
a slice of success
a slice of the island
a slice of Saturday night
a slice of the epic
a slice of the Universe
a slice of darkness
a slice of summer
a slice of pizza
a slice of news
a slice of nostalgia
a slice of romance
a slice of past
a slice of narcissism slide 后面常跟介词 down，over，across，
off，along，into，out of，through 等:
The truck was sliding down the hill.
He slid over the wall and into the garden.
Something slid across his back.
It will keep you from sliding off the seat.
The car is sliding along the ice.
She was sliding into a dream.
The wheel has been sliding out of place.
I'm still sliding through life. slim 参见 slender。 slip 1． 表示“滑倒”，后面常跟介词 on，
at，in，off out of 等:
I slipped on ice and landed on my left elbow.
He slipped at the pool at the hotel and knocked himself out.
Yesterday I slipped in a little sand as I turned right.
The car slipped off the cliff.
His car slipped out of the highway and started to roll.
2． 表示“迅速地、悄悄地、匆匆地、不慎地做……”时，后面常跟介词 in-
to，out of，through 等:
slip into his jacket
slip into the bedroom
slip into her hand
slip into darkness
slip into bed
slip out of the memory
slip out of my mouth
slip out of the house
slip out of the dress
slip out of her sandals
slip out of the groove
slip through his fingers
slip through the crack
slip through a hole
slip through the net
slip through his hands
slip through the reviews
slip through the opening
slip through our screen against
them
slip through his lips
slip through the gap
3． give sb a pink slip 是“解雇某人”的含义:
My first suggestion is that some-
one needs to give a pink slip im-
mediately to Democratic National
Chairman. slope 注意与前面介词的搭配:
The car was in his neighbor's
driveway at a slope，and some-
how the brakes had been re-
leased even though the car was locked.
You must land flat on the slope.
Excessive water in a slope adds weight and reduces shear strength within the slope itself.
How should I go up and down a
slope with a full bucket?
The mule track bends to the left and takes you along a slope.
You could see the line as part of a mountain with a steep slope. slow 1． 表示“慢慢地”，常用 slowly; slow
很少作副词，作副词一般要与其它词组合后才用:
It is advisable to start slowly，so that your body gets accustomed to the exercise rather than shocked into it.
The government is likely to go
slow with the proposed privatiza-
tion of state-owned companies.
When you drive slow in the fast
lane，horns are beeping from be-
hind.
Please speak slower than usual as I will be typing everything you say to the person on the other end of the line.
Slow-moving shoppers come un-
der fire.
2． 表示“在某方面慢的”，后面常跟介词 in，about，at，of 等:
The realization is slow in coming.
The school is slow about process-
ing the entry fee check.
My Outlook Express is slow at do-
ing everything.
He is slow of understanding.
3． the slow lane 在美国指“慢车道”，
在英国主要可表示 “( 人、国家、公司等做事) 进展慢的”:
We are the guys driving in the slow lane with the hazard lights on. ( 美国用法)
It could lead to a two-speed Eu-
rope with Britain in the slow lane.
( 英国用法)
4． slow motion 一般不可数，但指
“各种慢动作”时，也可以作可数:
Everything I did seemed in slow motion. ( 泛指“慢动作”，不可数)
The seat of the rower involves these kinds of slow motions. ( 指
“各种慢动作”，可数)
sluggish
sluggish 表示“慢的”可以形容人或事物，可作具体名词，也可作抽象名词:
sluggish felling
sluggish movement
sluggish economy
sluggish relief
sluggish email
sluggish Jazz
sluggish response of prices
sluggish performance
sluggish stream
sluggish creek
sluggish car engine
sluggish trading
sluggish growth
sluggish pace of reform
sluggish markets
sluggish system
sluggish trend
sluggish website
sluggish post-recession
sluggish inflation
sluggish import demand
slum，ghetto，skid row
三词都有“贫民窟”的含义。
1． slum 最普通常用，可指各种贫民窟。
2． ghetto 尤指“某个特殊种族、宗教、民族聚居的贫民窟”:
a Jewish ghetto
the black ghettos in the States;
3． skid row 主要是美国用法，常指
“酒鬼、无家可归者等聚居的、最贫困的贫民窟”:
He lost his job and became a skid row type of drunkard. small petty，small
两词都有“小”的含义。
1． petty 所指的“小”有时有贬义，表示“因为小而不重要、小心眼、小气”等:
We are not interested in his petty problems. 我们对他的小问题不感兴趣。
petty bureaucrats 小官僚
She is petty-minded. 她小心眼。
2． small 普通常用， 可形容各种
“小”:
a small house
a small country
small letter
small money
small mercies
on a small scale
a small eater small 1． 表示“小人物、小事”，英国人常说
small beer，美国人说 small pota-
toes。注意: 即便再多的“小事”，
一般也用单数 small beer; 即便是
“一个小人物、一件小事情”也可以用复数 small potatoes，但在单独使用时 a small potato 居多，在修饰其他词时，用复数居多:
Such nuclear batteries are small beer compared to America's new plans. ( 英国用法，beer 用单数)
He is a small potato. / He is small potatoes. ( 两种说法都对，前者居多)
2． 可以用复数形式的 small potatoes
修饰单数名词:
She is a small potatoes security expert.
Teddy Clyde is a small potatoes criminal.
This is a small potatoes issue.
He is a small potatoes guy.
3． 参见 little。 small tiny，small
small 是“小的”，tiny 是“极小的”; 因此，tiny 的语气比 small 强得多:
a tiny profit 一丁点儿的利润
a small profit 很少的利润 smart smart，clever
两词都可表示“聪明的”，smart 有时有贬义，含“机敏过头、不守规矩、耍花招”等意思; clever 有“才思敏捷”的含义，试比较:
The boy was punished for being smart in class. 那男孩因上课调皮捣蛋而被惩罚。
The boy is clever and intelligent.
那男孩聪明伶俐。 smash shatter，smash
1． 两词都可以指“粉碎”:
The explosion shattered all the windows in the building.
The blast smashed all the win-
dows in the building.
2． 但 shatter 比较侧重“突然地粉碎”，有时所粉碎的东西不一定发出很大的响声:
He fell and shattered his leg. 他跌了一跤，腿骨骨折了。
3． smash 比较强调“粉碎的力量和声响”:
The drunkard smashed the beer bottle on the pavement. 醉鬼将啤酒瓶在人行道上砸碎。( 用力砸并发出大的声响) smash squash，smash
两词都有“粉碎”的含义。
1． squash 的意思是“将东西粉碎成扁的形状”:
He drove down a dirt path squas-
hing frogs. 他开上了一条泥泞的小路，压扁了许多青蛙。( 汽车轮胎压扁了青蛙)
2． smash 主要强调“粉碎成许多小块”，不强调“碎的形状”:
I dropped the glass onto the floor
and it smashed into pieces。我将玻璃杯掉到了地板上，它摔碎了。
( 玻璃杯的碎片不会摔扁，可能依然棱角分明) smell 1． 下面几个句子的含义不同:
He smells. 他身上有臭味。
He smelled fish. 他闻到了鱼味。
He smelled at the fish. 他闻闻那条鱼。
He smells of fish. 他身上有鱼味。
2． smell danger， smell trouble，
smell fear，smell blood 等词组中的名词前常不用冠词:
Sometimes I smell danger and think I can't get away.
They are beginning to smell trou-
ble as technology brushes aside their age-old formulas.
Most people might smell blood at
the very thought of Osama bin
Laden.
Can animals really smell fear? smile 1． 多数情况下，后面跟的介词不同，其含义也不同:
She looked up and smiled at her husband. 她抬起头朝她的丈夫微笑。
Zeus smiled on Athens. 雅典受到了宙斯的恩泽。
Fortune smiled upon him uninter-
ruptedly. 命运不断地朝他微笑。
She smiled to herself and left the room. 她暗自一笑，随后离开了房间。
2． 但是，有时介词不同，其意思可以相同:
The old man greeted him and smiled on him.
The old man greeted him and smiled at him.
3． 可以说:
smile a welcome
smile a bitter smile
smile a happy smile
smile his approval
smile a friendly smile
smile her consent
smile his thanks
smile a greeting
smile goodbye to her parents
smile bon voyage to his col-
leagues
4． 注意表示“笑”的一些词。
1) smile 可以指“不出声的笑”或“出声的笑”。
2) grin 常指“露齿但不出声的笑”。
3) giggle 常指“出声的痴笑、傻笑”。
4) leer 是“残忍、好色等不怀好意的笑”。
5) smirk 是“傻笑、得意的笑、皮笑肉不笑”。
6) laugh 可以指各种“出声的笑”，
正因为它比较普通，所以常需要其它词一起来表达完整的意思:
laugh loudly
laugh till our tears came
5． 注意 all smiles 的各种用法:
Gary is all smiles as he finds bone marrow match. ( 作表语)
He moved about all smiles. ( 作状语)
He suddenly became all smiles.
( 作表语) -smith 作构词成分，可组成不少表示 “……
工匠”的词:
blacksmith
goldsmith
silversmith
bronzesmith
leadsmith
platinumsmith
bladesmith
glasssmith
locksmith
wordsmith smoke 1． 泛指“烟”时，smoke 常为不可数名词，要表示其量，可以说:
one puff of smoke
little puffs of smoke
volumes of smoke
clouds of smoke
a column of smoke
a pall of smoke
a cloud of smoke
a lot of smoke
a veil of smoke
trails of smoke
2． 但为了表示“多处烟”或“几支烟”，smoke 也可以作可数名词:
Smokes are curling from the mountain village. 一缕缕烟在山村上缭绕。( 指“多处烟雾缭绕”)
He offered her a smoke. 他敬了她一支烟。
3． 不少成语或短语中，smoke 作不可数名词用。 下面两个句子中由
smoke 组成的短语前者比后者常用:
It is not necessarily the case that where there's smoke there's fire.
The Drug War goes up in smoke.
He denied the charges， but there's no smoke without fire.
snail mail
用 email 通信的人常用 snail mail 指
“通过邮局寄的慢信”:
Even if I sent a fax or an email，I
always got snail mail in response. snatch 可以说:
snatch a baby from the hospital
snatch a book from the shelf
snatch a few hours' sleep
snatch a glance
snatch a look at the answers
snatch at any opportunity for pro-
motion
snatch victory
snatch the breath of life from him
snatch his clothes
snatch at a straw
leisure hours snatched from a
busy life
snatch him out of financial difficul-
ties
snatched from the jaws of victory
sneak preview
可以指各种“先睹为快的机会”:
a sneak preview of my presenta-
tion
a sneak preview of the president's
2004 campaign
a sneak preview of the two most
wonderful days of your life
a sneak preview of Houston's
basketball teams
a sneak preview of New City Gym
a sneak preview of the New SAT
English Test
a sneak preview of the new film
a sneak preview of preschool life
a sneak preview of the second
debate
a sneak preview of the holidays
a sneak preview of Election 2005 snow 泛指“雪”时，为不可数名词，但指
“一场场雪”时，为可数名词:
The mountain trails were covered with snow. ( 泛指雪，作不可数名词)
The first snows of winter are here. ( 指“一场场初雪”，作可数名词) snowball 表示“滚雪球似的迅速增大”用得很广泛:
Cold weather activities are snow-
balling.
A snowballing scandal gains mo-
mentum.
snowballing fashions
snowballing membership
snowballing peace process
snowballing protest
snowballing dissent
snowballing cooperation
snowballing solidarity
snowballing betrayal
snowballing obesity
snowballing crisis soak 后面常跟介词 in， through， into，
with，to，by 等:
The flour will then be soaked in oil.
Blood soaked through both sides of his socks.
I have soaked into this system and I am growing fast.
Mars was once soaked with wa-
ter.
The boy was soaked to the skin.
She is soaked by a huge truck running through a puddle. so-and-so 1． 说“某某先生，某某夫人”时，so-
and-so 要大写:
Mr So-and-so
Mrs So-and-so
2． so-and-so 可以作可数或不可数名词，作可数名词有时有贬义，有时没有贬义:
She looks just like so-and-so. ( 不可数)
She has so-and-so's eyes. ( 不可数)
I'm just a lucky so-and-so. ( 单数)
One of the so-and-sos found the cure for cancer. ( 褒义，复数)
greedy so-and-sos( 贬义，复数)
How can you keep the so-and-sos honest when you're taking their money. ( 复数，贬义)
3． so-and-so 的复数形式一般用 so-
and-sos， 但也有人用 so-and-
soes:
the ungrateful so-and-sos
the little so-and-sos
a bunch of idle so-and-soes
rotten so-and-soes soap 1． 常为不可数，说其数量时以用:
a bar of soap
a drop of soap
a bottle of soap
a set of soap
a piece of soap
a jar of soap
little bars of soap
a little bit of soap
a loaf of soap
a box of soap
a cake of soap
a tablet of soap
a flake of soap
a large packet of soap powder
bubbles of soap
a stick of laundry soap
2． 作可数名词时，可以有下列含义。
1) 肥皂剧( soap opera) :
Enter the world of soap operas.
Discover the passions，romance，
the intrigue，and all that the soaps
offer to each of us on a daily ba-
sis.
2) 各种不同类别的肥皂:
handmade organic soaps
handcrafted all natural herbal
soaps
natural liquid soaps
antibacterial soaps
fragrant soaps
Our moisture soaps make an ideal
body wash too! sob sob，cry
两词都可以指“哭”，但 cry 比较普通，可以指“无声地哭”，也可以指
“出声地哭”; sob 一般指“出声地哭”，可译成“呜咽”等:
They hugged and cried silently.
He sobbed: “Come and bury my wife.” sober 人们常说:
a sober reflection 审慎的考虑
a sober voice 平静的声音
a sober assessment 冷静的估计
sober words 婉转的语言
a sober life 节俭的生活
a sober occasion 严肃的场合
a sober man 持重的人
a sober attitude 清醒的态度
the sober truth 不加渲染的事实
a sober judgment 清醒的明断
a sober estimate 毫不夸大的估计
a sober suit 素净的衣服
sober faces 冷静严肃的面孔 soccer 1． “足球”美国人叫 soccer，英国人叫 footbal;l “踢足球”要说 play
soccer，前面不用冠词:
Thousands of kids play soccer for fun.
2． 但可以说 play the soccer game，
play the soccer match 等:
Some people like to play the soc-
cer game.
Do you plan to play the soccer
match on Saturday? social 1． social security 若指 “( 美国的) 社会保障制度”常大写，而且前面不加冠词:
By 2012，Social Security will pay
out more in benefits than it col-
lects.
Bush plans push on Social Securi-
ty.
2． social studies 作为“一门社会学科”解时，后面常跟单数动词:
Social studies is the title used to describe the study of the social sciences and humanities.
Social studies is the integrated study of the social sciences.
sock
Sheis four feet in her socks. 不要译成“她穿上袜子时身高 4 英尺。”应该译成“她不穿鞋子时身高 4 英尺。” sofa 表示“坐在沙发上”时，sofa 前用介词
on，in 都可以，用 on 的频率较高，但用 in 时常含有“深深坐进沙发内，享受其舒服的感觉”的意思:
The parents are sitting on a sofa with twin babies. ( 坐在沙发上还要照看孩子，不是享受)
Without having to sit in front of a computer，I can relax in a sofa.
( 强调在沙发里放松休息) software 1． 有各种各样的 software:
free software
free-to-try software
desktop software
Internet software
evaluation software
trial software
antivirus software
media-oriented software
parental-control software
IBM software
business software
commercial software
learning software
recreational software
chess-training software
ad-serving software
email software
mathematical and analytical soft-
ware
award-winning software
scanner software
management software
astronomical software
networking software
accountant's software
interactive software
filter software
half-baked software
server-based software
language translator software
survey software
2． 常作不可数名词:
a collection of mathematical soft-
ware
Why is free software more relia-
ble?
We know that Microsoft software has bugs.
develop software that provides 
3． 但若指“各种不同的”或“某种特别的软件”，则为可数名词:
These softwares are used by DJ's around world.
Those softwares have utilities to detect bad sectors.
Most survey softwares have a sample survey library. soil 1． 多用不可数，表示其数量时，可以说:
scrape away some soil
an area of sandy soil
a little arid soil
lots of poor soil
much rich soil
bare patches of soil
vast tracts of soil
any land of soil
2． 说“某种特殊的土地”或 “各种土地”时，soil 为可数名词:
a fertile soil
a damp soil
But it is only in the last hundred years or so that these soils have been cultivated by man.
3． 表示“土壤科学”时，说 sciences
of soil，soil sciences 都可以。 solar 表示“太阳的”时，可组成很多词组:
solar energy 太阳能
solar system 太阳系
solar panels 太阳电池板
solar cells 太阳电池
solar modules
solar solar time 太阳时
solar heating system 太阳能加热系统
solar year 太阳年
solar wind speed 太阳风速
solar cookers 太阳灶
solar eclipse 日食
solar observatory 太阳观察站
solar energy network 太阳能源网络
solar physics 太阳物理学
solar roofs 太阳能屋顶
solar electric power 太阳电能
solar water heater 太阳能热水器
solar laboratory 太阳实验室
sole，only，single
三词都可表示“唯一的”。
1． sole 与 only 含义非常接近，常可以换用:
He is the sole / only survivor of the plane crash.
2． sole 侧重强调“不与他人分享的、独占的”等:
Purdue looks to win sole owner-
ship of championship. 普度大学旨在独占鳌头。
3． only 常直接跟在定冠词后面，sole
不一定这样用，试比较:
the only one smoking
the only way out
a sales representative with sole
responsibility for sales in Boston
4． single 强调“孤单的、孤零零的、没有与其他东西合在一起的”:
a single gun shot
a single page
a single mind solidarity ，unity
1． 两词作“团结”解时常可换用，意思相同:
Workers in the factory want to
march this afternoon to show soli-
darity / unity with their leaders.
2． unity 比 solidarity 常用。
3． solidarity 侧重指“某一组织、派别等内部的团结”:
the workers solidarity movement
women's solidarity association
call for solidarity for Iraqi trade
unionists
4． unity 偏重指“各方的、多民族的、多种族的、多种成分的团结”:
unity among different ethnic
groups
promote unity among different cul-
tures
dedicate yourself to unity of all re-
ligions solitary ，forlorn
这组词都有 “孤独”的含义。
1． lonely 侧重形容“因孤单而渴望有人陪伴”:
She felt lonely with all her family in the States.
2． lone 比较正式，只用在名词前:
a lone woman
a lone rider
The president was shot by a lone gunman.
3． alone 强调 “与人分离”，其含义中性 ; alone 不能作前置定语去修饰名词:
He was alone last Sunday. ( 没有表明他是高兴还是不高兴)
4． lonesome 与 lonely 的含义相近，但属于非正式用语，是美国用法，强调 “孤单、郁闷”:
He is lonesome without his sweet-
heart.
5． solitary 所指的“孤单”可表示某人或动物追求或喜爱的“孤单”:
That scholar is a solitary kind of person.
Tigers are solitary animals.
6． forlorn 有文学色彩，表示失去心爱东西后所感受到的那种“孤单凄凉”:
He looked a forlorn figure as he limped off after an hour. solo 可以有如下搭配:
start a solo business
his final solo album
her spectacular solo goal
a solo flight
a solo career
a good solo instrument
the solo violin part
a solo passage
a solo singer
a solo dance
a solo performance
a solo practitioner
her solo dinner
solo kids
solo membership
solo travel tips
play solo board games
a solo explorer
solo cycling
solo voyages
North Pole Solo Expedition
a solo project
the solo flute
a solo talk
a solo traveler
a solo artist
a solo performer solution 1． solution 后面常跟介词 to，for，of
等:
There's a spiritual solution to every problem.
Do you have a solution for the
problem of light pollution?
We are pleased to announce the solution of a traveling salesman's problem.
2． 表示“解决问题的办法”下面三种都可以:
I got the impression that this is a solution of the problem.
I got the impression that this is a solution to the problem.
I got the impression that this is a solution for the problem.
3． 注意: solution 后面较多用 to，用
for 和 of 的频率相似。 solve 注意与后面名词的搭配:
solve a crisis
solve a dispute
solve the conflict
solve a mystery
solve an age-old puzzle
solve a riddle
solve a case
solve a crime
solve a murder
solve the problem of unemploy-
ment
solve one of the deepest ques-
tions
solve this crossword clue some ，pretty
这组词都可表示“美的”。
1． beautiful 主要描述女性，但形容男性也可以，其含义完全取决于当事人的看法:
She was beautiful in her youth.
He was beautiful， and it was a beauty that took some creativity to discover.
2． bonny 主要在苏格兰、英国北部使用，较多时候用来描述小孩和妇女:
She had a bonny baby with black hair.
He came across a bonny lass.
3． cute 主要用在美国口语中，强调
“活泼、逗人喜爱、聪明而有点淘气”，也可形容男孩:
Isn't she a cute girl?
Be careful with him — he's a cute guy.
4． fair 强调“美得纯洁无瑕”，尤其描述白肤金发的女子:
a fair maiden
a fair lady
5． gorgeous 是夸张说法，强调“五光十色或艳丽的”，意为 extremely
beautiful:
his gorgeous bride
gorgeous evening dress
6． good-looking 比较普通，只指“好看的”而已，主要描述外表，男女都可形容，也可形容物体:
He is tall and good-looking.
She is a good-looking girl.
He is using his artistic skills to de-
sign a good-looking house.
7． handsome 通常形容男子，意思是
“英俊的”; 但也可形容女子，指“健美端庄的”:
How handsome he looks in his
new dress!
She looks very handsome.
8． pretty 常形容女人、小孩和事物，很少形容男人或庞然大物。形容女人和小孩时，包含“甜蜜、活泼、可爱、小巧玲珑”等意思:
She has a pretty face.
Who's that pretty little girl?
a pretty little cabin some ，any
1． 在否定句和疑问句中，通常用
any:
If I'm not mistaken，there aren't
any orchids that are native to Ha-
waii. ( 否定句用 any)
Do you have any early signs of
disease? ( 疑问句用 any)
2． 在肯定句和期待“yes”的问句( 一般表示提议和邀请 ) 中， 常用
some:
I just want some more basic infor-
mation. ( 肯定句用 some)
Would you like some coffee? ( 期待别人回答“yes”，因而用 some)
3． 在口语中常用以下词组来表示说话者“不想或不能提供确切的信息”:
some reason or other
some way or other
something or other
some means or other
somehow or other
someone or other
I must get it done by some means or other. 我总得想办法把它做成。
( 至于用什么办法，不清楚) somebody ，someone
1． 两词都可以表示“某人”，不少情况下它们的意思相同:
I need somebody / someone to help me.
2． somebody 表示 “一个重要人物”时，前面常没有冠词，someone 没有这种意思:
It is a place where everybody is somebody. 在这个地方，人人都重要。( 这里不能用 someone)
Mr. Nobody is somebody now. 无名鼠辈现在成了大人物了。( 不能用 someone 代替 somebody)
3． 主语是复数时，somebody 用单数和复数形式都有，但用单数居多;
下面的句子都对:
Some people think they are somebody because they excel in business or athletics. 有些人认为他们了不起，因为他们在商务或体育方面很成功。
They are nobodies who think they are somebodies. 他们是一些自命不凡的小人。
someday，some day
someday 拼成 some day 主要是英国用法， someday 的使用频率高于
some day:
We'll succeed someday.
Someday my prince will come.
Someday you'll be shedding your tears.
We do have plans to add a search capability some day.
Some day， a woman will be a leader of men. someone 参见 somebody。
sometime，some time
有时可拼成 some time，这主要是英国用法，两词都可以用在现在或将来时态中:
Will this page still exist sometime
/ some time in the future?
The flying object landed on a
ranch near Roswell sometime /
some time last week.
My cell phone plan expired some time / sometime last week.
The production will take place some time / sometime next month. something 1． 一般不用复数形式，如不能说 He said somethings about English study. 但是，可以说 twentysome-
things( 二十多岁的人) :
advice for teens and twentysome-
things
Twentysomethings are seen as fu-
ture of Wisconsin's tourism indus-
try.
2． 还可以说 thirtysomethings，forty-
somethings，fiftysomethings 等:
London thritysomethings singles
伦敦三十多岁的单身者
the best of fortysomethings 四十多岁人中的精英
Candidate Edwards too young?
That's great for fiftysomethings!
候选人爱德伍兹太年轻? 这对五十多岁的人来说可是个好消息! son 骂别人“畜生、狗娘养的”可以说 son
of a bitch，son-of-a-bitch，复数形式可以是 sons of bitches，sons-of-bit-
ches，son-of-a-bitches，son of a bit-
ches:
Take it，you sons of bitches. 拿去吧，你们这些狗娘养的。
All right，all of you son of a bit-
ches who want to get on the train，
get on train. 好吧，你们这帮狗娘养的，想上火车就上吧。 soon 1． no sooner  than  中，no sooner
后面应该用倒装句:
No sooner had he arrived at Paris than he was murdered.
2． as soon as 与 no soonerthan
都可以表示“一……就……”，前者比后者的使用频率高; 下面两个句子的意思相似:
He stood up as soon as I got into the room.
No sooner had I got into the room than he stood up.
sophisticated，experienced，world- sorrow 1． 泛指“悲伤”时，常作不可数名词用:
tears of sorrow
I am grateful to those who share my sorrow.
2． 表示“具体使人悲伤的事件或问题等”时，sorrow 为可数名词:
Americans need to balance joys and sorrows after the Sept. 11
catastrophe.
joys and sorrows of marriage
a sorrow in my heart
3． 后面常跟介词 over，about，for，
in 等:
You may be struggling with a sor-
row over the death of someone you know.
The Council expresses its deep
sorrow about the loss of the Presi-
dent of Palestine.
They have expressed their deep sorrow for the failure of the efforts of the UN Secretary-General.
There is so much sorrow in this family. sorry 1． 在口语中，下面两种说法都可以:
I'm sorry，I can't agree with you.
Sorry，I can't agree with you.
2． 下面这些搭配都可以:
a sorry mess 一塌糊涂
a sorry sight 一副可怜相
a sorry business 糟糕的生意
a sorry state 可悲的处境
the sorriest excuse 最糟糕的借口
a sorry lot 一群可怜的人
a sorry remnant 可怜的残存物
in a sorry situation 处于可怜的境地
a sorry performance 拙劣的表演
a sorry figure 蹩脚的角色
sort of，a sort of
sort of 在口语中是“有点、有几分”等，a sort of 指“某种”:
He is sort of a jack-of-all-trades.
他有点像“万金油”。
He is a sort of a jack-of-all-
trades. 他是某种“万能博士”。 SOS 1． 作“紧急呼救信号”解时是可数名词:
An SOS is a signal which indi-
cates to other people that you are in danger and need help quickly.
He didn't have time to send out an
SOS．
2． 常修饰其他名词:
A team of salvagers got an SOS
signal from a station that's been missing for thirty years.
They sent SOS messages to the base. soul 1． 有各种各样的 soul:
a soul of America
a soul of the Web
a soul of a new machine
a soul of the warrior
a soul of socialism
a soul of classical liberalism
a soul of the Internet
a soul of life
a soul of the Republic
a soul of a genius
a soul of the chivalry
a soul of the Pacific
a soul of romance
a soul of agriculture
a soul of the desert oasis
a soul of Islam
a soul of information
a soul of a nation
a soul of democracy
a soul of love
a soul of baseball
a soul of chess
a soul of worship
a soul of science
a soul of truth
a soul of a wanderer
a soul of the country
a soul of urban culture
a soul of the heart
a soul of the sea
a soul of the delta
a soul of money
a soul of a business
a soul of the university
a soul of the city
a soul of the community
a soul of an artist
a soul of the tact
a soul of the party
a soul of resistance
a soul of discretion
a soul of wit
2． 注意与形容词的搭配:
a lonely soul
an artistic soul
a cheery old soul
a happy soul
an unfortunate soul
a booking-loving soul
a human soul
a congenial soul
an eccentric soul
a departed soul
a great soul
a high-minded soul
a hopeful soul
a hungry soul
a kindly soul
a national soul
a poor soul
a romantic soul
a thirsty soul
a repentant soul
a harmonic soul
an amiable soul
a sinful soul
a starved soul
a daring soul
a vigorous soul
a solitary soul
a morbid soul
a passionate soul
a bleeding soul
a jealous soul sound 1． 注意各种 sound 的中文意思:
tick( 钟表的) 滴答声
buzz( 蜜蜂等) 嗡嗡声
hum( 人等的) 哼声
whirr( 直升机等旋转时的) 呼呼声
whine( 动物等的) 哀叫声
bleep( 机器等的) 哔哔声
roar( 狮子等的) 咆哮声
fizz( 烟火等的) 嘶嘶声
swish( 鞭子等的 ) 嗖嗖声，( 衣服等的) 沙沙声
hiss( 猫等的) 嘶嘶声，( 熨斗碰到湿布时发出的) 嘶嘶声
moo( 牛等的) 哞哞声
quack( 鸭子等的) 嘎嘎声
bang ( 关门等的 ) 砰砰声，( 炸弹等) 轰隆( 爆炸) 声
beep( 电子装置等发出的) 嘟嘟声
thud( 重物落地时发出的) 砰声
crack( 玻璃等) 噼啪破裂声
crash( 雷、鼓等的) 震耳欲聋声
clatter( 金属等碰撞的) 哐当声
bump( 猛力碰撞的) 砰声
thump( 心脏跳动的) 怦怦声，( 重物碰撞的) 砰声
scrape 刮擦的声音
creak( 门、地板等的) 嘎吱声
squeak( 弹簧、老鼠、皮鞋踩地板、开门等发出的) 吱吱声
screech( 刹车等的) 吱嘎声
knock( 敲击门窗等) 敲击声
rap 轻轻的敲击( 门等的) 声
patter( 雨点等的) 嗒嗒声
rattle( 一些硬的小东西相互撞击发出的) 格格声，( 火车等的) 咔嚓声
tap( 手、脚等的) 轻敲声
clink( 玻璃杯等的) 叮当轻碰声
clank( 重铁链等移动时的) 当啷声
clang( 金属撞击的) 叮当声
jingle( 小铃等发出的) 叮当声
ring( 敲钟、敲铃、电话的) 铃声
tinkle( 水滴进金属器皿发出的) 叮当声
rumble( 炮火等) 轰隆声，( 肚子饿的) 咕噜声
crackle( 火燃烧的) 噼啪声
sizzle( 油炸时发出的) 咝咝声
murmur 轻轻的谈话声，( 抱怨的)
嘀咕声
rustle( 树叶的 ) 沙沙声，( 裙子等的) 轻轻摩擦声
squeal( 汽车突然停下时，轮胎发出的长长) 嘎吱声
squelch( 在泥水等较稠的液体中行动发出的) 咯吱声
2． 作构词成分时，可组成很多词新词:
high-sounding rhetoric
an odd-sounding name
impressive-sounding phrases
strange-sounding places
a dictionary of same-sounding
words
great-sounding samples
sweet-sounding promises
a harsh-sounding digital converter
a small-sounding rocket program
similar-sounding words
professional-sounding audio
Chinese-sounding surnames
good-sounding headphones
interesting-sounding books
a typical-sounding windmill of
Portugal
a fishy-sounding repair plan
an evil-sounding department
an amazing-sounding forum
conservative-sounding policies soup 可以作可数或不可数名词。
1． 作不可数名词时可以用各种短语来表现其“量”:
an extra helping of egg soup
a large pot of home-made soup
a nice cup of hot chicken soup
a beautiful bowl of tomato soup
a can of potato soup
a spoonful of red-bean soup
a big portion of vegetable soup
a bucket of warm noodle soup
ten gallons of steaming pea soup
2． 作各种“汤”解时，soup 为可数名词:
a good selection of packet soups
quick soups and stews
fish soups
fruit soups
meat soups
mushroom soups
many variations of these soups
vegetarian soups on the menu
seafood soups
onion soups
appetizer soups
3． 美国口语中，表示“从头到尾、无所不包”等可用 from soup to nuts，
注意 soup 用不可数形式:
We put everything in his car，eve-
rything but the kitchen sink，eve-
rything from soup to nuts! 我们把一切都放进了他的汽车，除了厨房水槽外，乱七八糟的东西都放了，从头到尾，无所不包。 sour 可以说:
sour grapes
sour cherries
sour lemonade
sour look
sour milk
sour project
sour face
sour mood
sour situation
sour relationship
sour dream
sour attitude
sour expression
sour outcome
sour affair
sour notes
sour times
sour season
sour sauce
sour tofu
sour pork
sour cream
sour homecoming
sour drink
sour punch
sour soup
sour oil
sour lyrics source 可以说:
a source of inspiration
a source of worry
a source of infection
a source of trouble
a source of growing interest
a source of bodybuilding and fit-
ness information
a source of wealth
a source of profit
a source of misunderstanding
a source of revenue
a source of pleasure
a source of anxiety
a source of perplexity
a source of disease
a source of income
a source of regret
a source of evil
a source of knowledge
a source of solace
a source of materials
a source of problem
a source of strength
a source of political instability
a source of uneasiness
a source of irritation
a source of joy
a source of visual intoxication
a source of meditation
a source of news
a source of long-term care
a source of friendship
a source of illness
a source of health
a source of culture
a source of life
a source of terrorism
a source of evidence
a source of folk music
a source of workplace stress
a source of valuable data
a source of decline
a source of encouragement
a source of water contamination
a source of friction
a source of junk email
a source of controversy
a source of wonder
a source of solar wind
a source of emotion
a source of novel concepts
a source of power souvenir souvenir，reminder
两词都有“纪念物”的含义。
1． souvenir 常指“在旅游胜地、旅途或特别活动中购买的纪念品”:
a souvenir of my trip to Harvard
a souvenir Disney songbook
take a souvenir photo at the Great
Wall
2． reminder 常指“有助回忆过去事情的纪念物”:
a reminder of the 9 /11 tragedy
a reminder of the good old days
a reminder of my days in college sovereignty 有可数和不可数形式，不可数形式的使用频率较高:
Iraqis demand full sovereignty.
a clash of sovereignties
the struggle for democratic sover-
eignties
There are three types of sover-
eignties.
This definition entails the concepts
of internal and external sovereign-
ties that might be useful for our
Cyprus case. sow 1． 可以“播种”各种具体或抽象的东西:
to sow carrots
to sow seeds of suspicion
to sow fear and panic among
people
to sow confusion among the
masses
to sow seeds of conflict
to sow an undesirable feeling
to sow doubts into the minds of
their rivals
to sow the seeds of global war-
ming
to sow the seeds of future misun-
derstanding
to sow bitterness in his whole life
to sow seeds of victory
to sow the seeds of optimism
to sow the seeds of peace and
justice
to sow the seeds of freedom
to sow the seeds of happiness
to sow the seeds of love
to sow the seeds of change
to sow the seeds of a knowledge
economy
to sow the seeds of pleasure
to sow the seeds of opportunity
to sow the seeds of success
to sow the seeds of compassion
to sow the seeds of intolerance
to sow the seeds of trust
to sow the seeds of dissension
to sow the seeds of self-sufficiency
to sow the seeds of hatred
to sow the seeds of learning space 1． 指“宇宙空间”时，常作不可数名词:
Private craft soars into space.
It came from outer space.
2． 指具体的一个个“地方、空间”时，常作可数名词:
a parking space
The pictures occupied large spaces in the book. spaghetti 1． 常作不可数名词:
What is the proper way to eat
spaghetti?
2． 但指“各种意大利面条”时，可数名词:
sample the four different kinds of
spaghettis
an array of Italian specialties in-
cluding a variety of spaghettis
spare
spare change 作“低值的、不在意的、常常送给别人的零散硬币”解时常作不可数名词:
Spare change is oftentimes a rea-
son for a thief to break into a car.
零散的硬币经常时小偷撬开汽车的一个原因。 speak ，say
两词都有“说”的含义，但是用法各异。
1． “说某种语言”一般用 speak: He speaks English. 他说英语。( 不宜用 He says English. 但可以说 He said that in English. )
2． 除表示“说某种语言”外，speak
常作不及物动词用:
The Chairman spoke at the clos-
ing ceremony.
3． say 常作及物动词，后面跟直接引语或间接引语:
He said something shocking at the dinner. ( 及物动词)
He said，“You are my best teach-
er.”( 直接引语)
He said that he was going to retire from his position soon. ( 间接引语)
4． “说到某事”时， 用 speak of，
speak about 都可以，但前者较正式，后者较通俗; “与某人谈话”在英国英语中较多用 speak to some-
one，在美国英语中较多用 speak
with someone:
His extensive library speaks of his love of books. ( 较正式)
They are speaking about the up-
coming English debate. ( 较普通)
He didn't speak to you because you didn't speak to him. ( 英国用法)
I thought that Mary was going to speak with him yesterday. ( 美国用法)
5． 打电话说“我是 ……”时，用 This
is speaking，不用 This is say-
ing。
6． 美国、加拿大等国家中的 speaker
是“议长”，不是“发言人”:
the Speaker of the House 众议院议长 special especial，special
1． especial 作形容词不太常用，因而显得较正式和强调:
It is a matter of especial impor-
tance.
2． special 使用的范围很广，可以指
“非同寻常的、非凡的、出众的、超群的”等:
special children
In an age of political conformity，
he is special.
3． special 还可以指“因增加某东西而显得特别”:
some special law ( 可能是额外特别制定的)
Special trains will be run to Beijing during the Spring Festival. specialist specialist，expert
两词都有“专家”的含义。
1． 在很多场合下两词的含义相似，可以换用:
He is a specialist expert in American history.
2． expert 的语气强于 specialist，尤指某一领域内公认的权威:
As the most noted expert on planned economy，he has been a guest lecturer at Harvard.
3． specialist 侧重“潜心研究某一学科，因而在这一方面的知识比他人丰富”等:
He is a specialist in cultural history and consumed with the objects and habits. specialize 表示“专门从事、专攻”，常用 be spe-
cialized in 句型:
He is specialized in English Litera-
ture. species 1． 作“物种”解时，单复数形式相同:
The naturalist said that this was a
rare species that he had discov-
ered in the undergrowth of rainfor-
est in Borneo. ( 单数)
It contains the names of the 2105
currently recognized species of mammals. ( 复数)
2． 后面可跟单数或复数动词:
This species is known to occur in
Arizona and Colorado. ( 用单数动词 is)
How do you know that these spe-
cies are at risk? ( 用复数动词
are) speck 参见 speckle。
speckle，speck，mole，freckle
这组词都有“斑点”的含义。
1． speckle 可指“异色自然斑点”:
the speckles of an egg
a yellow bird with black speckles
2． speck 常指“灰尘等外来东西所造成的斑点”:
a speck of dirt on the white shirt
a black speck on the clear water
a speck of mud on the window
3． freckle 一般指“皮肤上棕色的小雀斑”:
Her entire face is covered in freck-
les.
4． mole 常指“皮肤上隆起的痣”:
They resemble a mole in the face. spectacle spectacle，sight
两词都有“景象”的含义。
1． spectacle 指“予人深刻印象的有趣景象”，含褒义，语气强于 sight:
Cooking 50 lobsters at a wedding anniversary party was quite a spectacle. 在结婚纪念聚会上烹调
50 只龙虾真是一道风景线。
2． sight 比较普通常用，本身无特殊色彩，要表现各种“景象”，可在其前面加修饰词:
a beautiful sight
a familiar sight
a fascinating sight
a breath-taking sight
a commonplace sight
a terrible sight spectacles 1． 作“眼镜”解时， spectacles 比
eye-glasses 正式。
2． “一副眼镜”常说 a pair of specta-
cle，后面一般用单数动词，但单独用 spectacles 时，其后面可用复数动词:
A typical eye exam is about $ 75
and a pair of spectacles is $ 200．
Modern spectacles are typically supported by pads on the bridge of the nose.
3． “戴眼镜”说 wear spectacles，注意 spectacles 前常没有冠词:
These full-time employees nor-
mally wear spectacles.
Women wore spectacles more of-
ten than men.
Wearing spectacles will not make your eyes weaker.
spectator，onlooker， bystander， speed 1． 表示“以 …… 的速度前进”时，
speed 前常用介词 at，with 等:
at a slow speed
at a steady speed
at a breath-taking speed
at a giddy speed
at a good speed
at a headlong speed
at a reckless speed
at a terrific speed
at a cruising speed with incredible
at a convenient speed
at a maximum speed
at a minimum speed
at a surprising speed
at a lightening speed
2． 前用与不用冠词的形式都有，不用冠词较常见:
at breakneck speed
at full speed
at top speed
at remarkable speed
at high speed
at moderate speed
at reduced speed
We decided to drive at a slow speed.
Our life is progressing towards old age with a great speed.
The fast train is moving with great speed. spell 1． 可以说:
a brief spell
a short spell
a hot spell
a cold spell
a wet spell
a dry spell
a fainting spell
a dizzy spell
a sunny spell
a sunshine spell
a coughing spell
a long spell
a severe spell
a prolonged spell
2． “使…… 中邪”可以说 put sb un-
der a spell，cast a spell on sb 等:
The witch put the princess under a spell.
The witch cast a spell on the prin-
cess.
3． “破除咒语”可以说 break a spell:
And that is how Hans stayed alive，broke the spell and found the treasure. spend 1． 表示“把钱花在……上”时，spend
后面常跟介词 on，有时后面也可跟介词 for，towards，in 等:
The three banks are spending
heavily and continuously on ad-
vertising.
This year the college spent more money for medical care.
The government spent a little
more money towards the improve-
ment of roads.
The government spent 200 million dollars in the war.
2． 下面的句子都可以说:
They spend more time in working at home.
They spend more time working at home.
( 一般不说: They spend more time to work at home. )
3． spend the night with sb 可以指
“与某人发生性关系”:
She may end up choosing to spend the night with him. 最后她可能会选择与他过夜。 spending 1． 常为不可数名词:
cuts in defense spending
education spending
government spending
public spending
state spending
investment spending
big spending
wanton spending
wrong spending
personal spending
planned spending
campaign spending
construction spending
Federal budget spending
family spending
consumer spending
flexible spending
health spending
Congress spending
Internet ad spending
IT spending
security spending
military spending
retail spending
holiday spending
food spending
discretionary spending
shoppers spending
drug spending
Online spending
Online advertising spending
college spending
grocery spending
higher education spending
patent spending
social spending
retirement spending
2． 但表示具体的各种花费，spending
为可数名词:
keep a check on his monthly
spendings
the spendings of different parties
in the election year
real fluctuation in the spendings of
elder households spice 1． 有可数和不可数形式:
A wide variety of versions of spice are available. ( 不可数)
The air is laden with spices. ( 可数)
2． 可以说:
a spice of life
a spice of Western dance
a spice of jealousy
a spice of velocity
a spice of summer
a spice of variety
add spice to the speech
add spice to the debate
put the spice back to her marriage
a spice of mischief
a spice of the tropics
a spice of fun
a spice of malice
a spice of intrigue
a spice of offense
a spice of danger
a spice of insanity
a spice of laughter
a spice of mystery or adventure
a spice of humor
a spice of the Wild West
a spice of local warmth spill 1． 下面两个句子的含义相同:
She spilled orange juice over our white tablecloth.
She spilled orange juice on our white tablecloth.
2． 后面还常跟 from，upon，out of
等:
The demonstrators spilt from the meeting hall into the streets.
A few drops of red wine had spil-
led upon the table.
The crisis has irreversibly spilled out of the region.
3． 注意下列短语:
Who spilled the beans? 谁泄露了消息?
It will plunge France into terror and make it spill blood outside its borders. 它将使法国陷入恐怖，使法国人在境外流血。
She resisted the temptation to spill her guts. 她抵住诱惑，没有全盘托出。
I'm going to spill the dope and let
you in on the kind of job we're go-
ing to handle. 我将告诉你真实情况，让你知道我们将从事何种工作。 spinach 常为不可数名词:
Spinach is rich in vitamins and minerals.
Spinach is most definitely good for you.
MIT researchers say they have successfully combined tiny proteins found in spinach with solid state electronics. spine 注意其喻义用法:
He'll never do it — he's got no spine. 他决不会干的———他没有骨气。
An electronic barking security dog will send shivers down his spine.
一只会叫的电子看门狗会把他吓得直冒冷汗。
Any shadow was enough to send chills down his spine. 任何阴影足以使他吓出一身冷汗。
It's a spine-chilling adventure game. 这是一个令人毛骨悚然的冒险游戏。 spirit 在下列短语中，常用复数形式:
They set off for the mountains in high spirits.
Bill Clinton was in good spirits，
dressed in street clothes and walking around his hospital room.
The bright sunny day lifted his spirits.
Gym work has apparently raised his spirits considerably.
Sometimes even the most cheer-
ful people feel depressed，in low spirits，or sad.
The world had gone amiss with him，and he wrote in poor spirits.
spiritual
“精神污染”可以译成:
spiritual pollution
moral pollution
ideological contamination
cultural contamination
spiritual contamination spit 1． “不要随地吐痰”可以译成 No
spitting:
No Spitting on Sidewalks! 不要在人行道上随便吐痰!
2． 后面常跟介词 at，onto，out of，
into，in，on 等:
They spat insults at each other.
spit the food onto the table
spit out of the living-room window
spit into the little tray
Don't spit in the car!
spit on his hand splendid splendid，wonderful
两词都可表示“极好的”，但 splendid
比 wonderful 正式，splendid 在英国口语中用得较多:
I'll meet you at the airport - Oh，
splendid! ( 英国用法，美国人可能会说 super，great 等)
splendor
splendor 和 splendors 都可以指“华丽、壮观”，区别在于 splendor 常指抽象的“华丽”，splendors 侧重指
“华丽的东西”，试比较:
It was a period of splendor when civilization took shape. 它是文明形成时一段灿烂辉煌的时期。
The visitors were very much im-
pressed by the splendors of
Rome. 罗马的辉煌给游客们留下了深刻印象。 ( 这里的 splendors
指具体的罗马建筑等) split 1． 后面常跟介词 into，between，into
among，over，in，on，with 等:
split it between two syllables
spilt it between Democrats and
Republicans
split it into three identical parts
We can split it into 50 /50．
split it among four people
Voters could use all of their votes for one candidate or split them among the candidates.
The party could split over the agreement.
split it in half
split it on a rock
split with her boy friend
2． split shift 是“间隔班”:
Split-shift parents cut childcare costs. 上间隔班的父母可节省儿童保育的费用。
3． a side-splitting story 是“笑破肚皮的故事”; hair-splitting 表示“过分挑剔的”:
We invite you to send us side-
splitting stories that will have our readers in tears of laughter. 我们请您写一些令人捧腹的故事，让读者笑出眼泪来。
It's a hair-splitting question. 这是个过分挑剔的问题。
4． a split ticket，a split vote 是美国用法，指“在一次选举中投票选举不同政党候选人的分裂选票”:
They went on to vote a split ticket.
他们继续下去投了分裂票。
There was a possibility of a split vote. 有可能出现分裂票。 spoil 1． 可以说:
spoil the day
spoil the broth
spoil the food
spoil the character of the building
spoil the child
spoil the trip
spoil the ballot papers
spoil the appetite
spoil the whole show
spoil everything
spoil my life
spoil the peaceful summer eve-
ning
spoil his reputation
spoil her beauty
spoil his chances for reelection
spoil the picnic
spoil her song
spoil the college
spoil the farm
spoil the forest
spoil the job
spoil the memorable event
spoil the flirtation
spoil the record
spoil his pleasure
spoil your fun
spoil his sense of proportion
spoil your grandchild
spoil her debut
spoil our party
spoil his dream job
spoil my holidays
spoil the Democratic presidential
run
spoil the system
spoil the beginners
spoil the season
spoil the customers
spoil his career
spoil the benefit dinner
spoil the royal jubilee
spoil a good walk
spoil the winning chance
spoil her efforts
spoil the wine
spoil the harvest
2． 表示“战利品、赃物”解时，spoil 常用复数形式:
the spoils of a robbery
the spoils of the war spoken oral，spoken
两词都有 “口头”的含义:
1． 表示“说话”，oral 与 spoken 的含义相同，只是 oral 比较正式，spo-
ken 常用在日常生活中:
oral / spoken English ( 两词可以换用)
oral testimony
oral instruction ( 一般用 oral)
2． spoken 可作构词成分，oral 不这么用:
a soft-spoken lady
a fair-spoken minister
a well-spoken course
a plain-spoken guide spoken spoken，oral
两词都可表示“口头的”。
1． 作“口语的”解时，两词的含义十分接近，可以换用:
He is very good at oral / spoken
English.
2． 但是，oral 比 spoken 正式，如“正式的口试”一般用 oral exams，不说 spoken exams; “口头指示”用
oral instructions，不用 spoken in-
structions。
3． spoken 可作构词成分，oral 不这么用:
a soft-spoken man
a well-spoken scholar sport 1． 表示“喜欢运动”时，用 sport 或
sports 都可以，用 sports 的频率较高。可以说:
I like sport / sports.
I'm keen on sport / sports.
I'm interested in sport / sports.
I'm a sports fan. /
2． 常用复数 sports 表示“运动的”，
修饰名词:
a sports team
a sports page
a sports writer
sports celebrities
sports analysts
a sports business
sports video games
a sports network
a sports betting sports.com
sports news
sports sciences
a sports section
sports events
sports information
sports medicine
sports equipment
a sports magazine
a sports stadium
sports coverages
sports experts
a sports center
a sports official
a sports story
a sports car
sports drink
a sports jacket
sports archives
a sports federation
a sports award
a sports history
a sports photo
a sports industry
a sports headline
a sports editor
a sports arena
a sports league
sports digest
a sports columnist
a sports broker
3． sportsman， sportswoman， ath-
lete 都可以指“运动员”; sports-
man，sportswoman 比 athlete 普通; athlete 尤指“优秀的运动员”;
sportsman，sportswoman 可泛指
“参加体育运动的男女”，试比较:
He is one of the country's top ath-
letes.
He is a sportsman with 2 hours daily exercise for body-building. sportsman athlete，sportsman
都有“运动员”的含义。
1． athlete 主要指“体育技能好、训练为了参加比赛的运动员”等:
Olympic athletes from all over the
world
2． sportsman 可指“参加或爱好运动的人”，也可指“运动风格高尚的人”:
a fine sportsman
3． sportsman 有 sportsman 和 sports-
woman 之分，athlete 没有这样的区分。
4． 注意，sportsman 中的 s 不能省去，不能写成 sportman。 spot 1． 注意一些特殊用法:
fight our way out of a few tight
spots 摆脱我们的一些困境
the world's trouble spots 世界的多乱之处
a bright spot 亮点
a sore spot 容易触痛之处
a tender spot 容易触痛之处
tourist spots 旅游胜地
on this very spot 就在此地
hit the spot 恰到好处
rooted( glued，frozen) to the spot
吓得呆若木鸡
hit the high spots 概括要点
2． spot check 作“抽样检查”解，可作名词或动词:
Iraq will allow spot checks on arms. ( 名词)
The data system has been spot checked on a monthly basis. ( 动词) spouse 1． straight spouse 指 heterosexual
spouse:
When this crisis occurs， the straight spouse and children may go into their own closet.
2． 也可与其他词连用，表示同性恋的配偶:
Gay spouse may inherit benefits.
for men and women who have been or are married to a gay or lesbian spouse. spray 1． 作动词时常用在以下句型中:
spray him with icy water
spray some pesticide on the flow-
ers
spray oil onto the machine
spray the chemical over the lawn
2． 有很多种“喷雾剂”:
a hair spray
a quick-dry spray
an insect spray
a bug spray
a throat spray
a fresh-air spray
a pepper spray
a cooking spray
a baking spray
a grilling spray
a refillable spray
an agricultural spray
a license-plate spray
a fabric spray
a fruit spray
a pick-me-up body spray
an all-purpose spray
a snoring spray
an adhesive spray spree 作“纵乐”解时，可组成不少词组:
a weekend shopping spree
a spending spree
a buying spree
a drunken spree
a shooting spree
a killing spree
a dance spree
a hiring spree
a conquering spree spring 1． 表示“在春天”，用 in spring，in
the spring 都可以，但说“在某一年的春天”，则要用 in the spring of:
Plant your trees in spring / in the spring.
He planted his trees in the spring
of 2005．
2． 中国的“春节”用 the Spring Festi-
val，Spring Festival 表示都可以:
The Chinese New Year is now
popularly known as the Spring
Festival.
Chinese people observe Spring
Festival in the same way that
western people observe Christ-
mas.
3． 表示“春假”，美国人常说 spring
break:
According to a University of Wis-
consin study， 75% of college males got intoxicated during spring break. square plaza，square
两词都可译成“广场”。
1． plaza 尤指“西班牙语国家的广场”，在美国指“小型购物中心”。
2． square 比较常用，可指各种“广场”。 square ，plaza
两词都有“广场”的含义。
1． square 常指“有四边的广场”。
2． plaza 常指“四周有许多商店、贸易场所的集市广场”; 美国人可指
“高速公路边供人们休息、购物等的服务区”。
3． 多数广场前常不加定冠词，少许广场前要加定冠词。
1) 不用定冠词:
Grosvenor Square
Times Square
Tiananmen Square
Trafalgar Square
Madison Square
Union Square
Times Square is one of New
York's best-known landmarks.
2． 用定冠词:
The Red Square is a place where people gather to celebrate official state events. squash squash，smash
两词都有“粉碎”的含义。
1． squash 的意思是“将东西粉碎成扁的形状”:
He drove down a dirt path squas-
hing frogs. 他开上了一条泥泞的小路，压扁了许多青蛙。( 汽车轮胎压扁了青蛙)
2． smash 主要强调“粉碎成许多小块”，不强调“碎的形状”:
I dropped the glass onto the floor
and it smashed into pieces。我将玻璃杯掉到了地板上，它摔碎了。
( 玻璃杯的碎片不会摔扁，可能依然棱角分明) squat 表示“蹲”，下面几种说法都可以:
He squatted beside the fireside.
He squatted down beside the fire-
side.
He squatted on his heels beside the fireside.
He squatted down cross-legged beside the fireside.
He squatted on the mat beside the fireside.
He squatted himself down on the floor beside the fireside. squeak 参见 sound。 squeal 参见 sound。 squeeze 常可以说:
squeeze the toothpaste
squeeze my arm
squeeze water out of the sponge
squeeze a few pages out of a triv-
ial incident
squeeze through a narrow hole
squeeze many things into a day
squeeze between two fat men
squeeze money from his parents
squeeze juice from the oranges
squeeze passengers into a car
squeeze her eyes shut
squeeze him in a tight spot
squeeze information out of the local
people
squeeze some cream onto her
hands
squeeze out their rivals
squeeze her feet into the shoes
squeeze the economic growth squelch 参见 sound。 squid squid，octopus
两词都指“海里多触须的鱼”，有时人们将 octopus 叫作 squid，但 octopus
是章鱼，squid 是乌贼。 squirrel 1． squirrel away 可以表示“把( 值钱的) 东西藏起来”，有“节俭”的含义:
You can have your own pension if you squirrel away a few dollars each month.
2． 表示“节俭”的类似词语还有:
hive up
hoard
lay away
stash
lay aside
save
save up
save for a rainy day
build a nest egg for life's sudden
needs
bury bones for a rainy day
put away funds for a rainy day
have a piggy bank
be frugal
store away
be thrifty
curtail expenses
economize
retrench
lay up
lay by
You'd be better save for a rainy day， because these good times cannot last forever.
Many people have a piggy bank for their spare change.
I built a nest egg to help finance my start.
Loyalty is important. We work best as a pack team and bury bones for a rainy day. stab 1． stab 是“刺”，要表示“刺中某个部位”或“刺死”，应该说:
The robber stabbed him in the leg.
The gangsters stabbed him to death.
2． stab sb 已经有“用刀刺某人”的意思，但也可以说:
He stabbed him with a knife.
He stabbed a dagger into him.
He was stabbed to death by a hooligan with a sword. stability 1． 常作不可数名词:
The young nation has not yet at-
tained political stability.
2． 但在科学上指各种物质的“稳定”时，为可数名词:
theoretical studies on relative sta-
bilities
thermal stabilities of aromatic
acids stack 可以说:
a stack of hay
a stack of dirty dishes
a stack of books
a stack of firewood
a stack of unopened mail
a stack of evidence
a stack of toys
a stack of papers
a stack of novels
a stack of people
a stack of work
a stack of newspapers
a stack of washing-up
a stack of bills waiting to be paid
a stack of trophies
a stack of images
a stack of documents
a stack of CDs
a stack of useful stuff
a stack of Web services
a stack of counterfeit cigarettes
a stack of rolled steel
a stack of pumpkins
a stack of reports
a stack of needles
a stack of corpses
a stack of wooden crates
a stack of boxes
a stack of hard copies
a stack of containers
a stack of Post-Its
a stack of dimes
a stack of pillows
a stack of postcards
a stack of pails
a stack of periodicals
a stack of photos
a stack of timbers
a stack of white towels
a stack of pancakes
a stack of gold bars
a stack of nice shirts
a stack of plates
a stack of coins
a stack of chips
a stack of disks
a stack of good movies
a stack of options staff 1． 作“员工”解时常为不可数名词，后面跟单数或复数动词都可以，下面两个句子都对:
The college's staff is first-rate.
The college's staff are first-rate.
2． 具体指“多少员工”时，可以说:
We have a staff of 100．
We have 100 staff.
We have 100 staff members.
We have 10 full-time members of staff.
3． 但是在现代英语中，用复数 staffs
的现象比比皆是:
Sales staffs grew fast.
Our staffs have been working hard.
I don't see any conscientious ef-
fort on his or his staffs part to cul-
tivate the Illinois delegation.
4． staffer 作“职员、员工”解是美国用法:
FBI captures Intel staffer with
Texas-sized gun cache. stage 1． on stage 是“演出”，on the stage
是“当演员”:
He was on stage for over an hour. 他在舞台上已有一个多小时。
He wanted to go on the stage. 他想当演员。
2． 可以说:
stage a war
stage a strike
stage a play
stage an art show
stage a basketball match
stage a new production
stage an event
stage a recovery
stage a comeback
stage a protest
stage the 2008 Olympics
stage a military parade
stage a musical comedy
stage a vigorous drive
stage an anti-government demon-
stration
stage a remarkable economic per-
formance
stage an elaborate joke
stage a media event
stage a rally
stage an accident
stage a campaign
stage an election stain 1． 可以说:
blood stains
gravy stains
a stain on his character
the stain of a former defeat
a telltale stain
an ink stain
an orange stain
a stain on her reputation
a coffee stain on the rug
an oil stain on the collar
fluid stains
the ineradicable stain upon her
heart
the stain of prosperity
peach juice stains
semen stains
2． stain-resistant 是“抗污染的”，可以说:
stain-resistant fabric
stain-resistant panties
stain-resistant shirts
stain-resistant logo
stain-resistant nylon
stain-resistant finish
stain-resistant carpet products
stain-resistant pants
stain-resistant ties
stain-resistant rugs
stain-resistant napkins
stain-resistant chair cushions
stain-resistant blouse
stain-resistant mattress
stain-resistant plastic
stain-resistant materials
stain-resistant bottle
stain-resistant pleated Khakis
stain-resistant silver alloys
3． stained glass 常指 “( 教堂里的 )
彩色玻璃”:
the historical architectural glass
Over 400 stained glass panes dat-
ing back to 13th century have been preserved in this church. stair 1． “楼梯”用单复数形式的都有，但用复数居多，单数侧重用在文学作品中:
I passed him on the stairs. ( 复数，较通俗的句子)
They climbed down the steep winding stair. ( 单数，有文学色彩)
2． “一架楼梯”可以说:
stairs
steps
a set of stairs
a flight of stairs
a set of steps
3． stairs 常指“楼房内部的楼梯”，
steps 常指“室外用石头、钢筋水泥造起来的楼梯”:
She screamed and fell down the stairs. ( 在室内)
I walked down a set of stairs into the lobby of the hotel. ( 在宾馆内)
They walked up a flight of stairs，
and found the top floor was ele-
gantly decorated. ( 在室内)
The tourists were tired and sat on
the top of the steps in the sun-
shine. ( 在室外)
I could barely manage to climb feebly up a set of steps. ( 在室外)
4． a stair 可以指“一级台阶”:
I sat on the top stair of the pyra-
mid. 我坐在金字塔台阶最上面一级上。 stale 很多东西可以用 stale 来形容:
stale air
stale bread
stale old joke
stale news
stale crackers
stale cigarette
stale ideas
stale meat
stale grease paint
stale cake
stale biscuits
stale water
stale relationship
stale peanuts
stale gossip
stale amusement
stale urine
stale pizza
stale chips
stale documentation
stale thoughts
stale art
stale poetry
stale records
stale medicine
stale locks
stale links
stale permission
stale mail
stale images
stale certificates
stale accounts
stale cartoons
stale sex life standard 1． 泛指“标准”，用复数形式多于用单数形式，英美“标准”评估机构的名称用复数 standards 来表示:
American Standards Institute
The UK Government Internet site will help raise standards in literacy.
Financial Accounting Standards
Board
the Trading Standards Institute in
the UK
2． 有些固定短语中的 standard 常用作不可数名词:
This leading school is below standard.
When we are not successful， it means that our meditation is not up to standard.
3． 特指“某一种标准”时，可用 a
standard:
How to set a standard in your
small business? ( 为你的小企业制定一种特殊的标准)
The Democrats set a standard for the whole party. ( 为全党制定一种统一的标准)
4． “生活水准”用 a living standard ，
a standard of living，living stand-
ards，standards of living 都可以:
A high level of productivity will re-
sult in a high standard of living.
Having a low living standard limits a person's ability to participate in the wider society.
Welcome to the Center for the
Study of Living Standards.
Despite the economic boom，the rural standards of living are still below average. standing 1． 复数 standings 表示“( 比赛) 排名表”，是美国新闻用语，英国人常用
table:
Four times he has finished second in the standings.
Wright is now comfortably ranked
sixth in the standings with 80． 6
points. ( 美国用法)
England is presently ranked sec-
ond in the table with 29 wins. ( 英国用法)
2． 注意一些短语的中文含义:
the standing committee 常务委员会
hunt from a standing vehicle
permit 在停着的车辆上狩猎许可证
a standing list 长期名单
a standing ovation 起立鼓掌
a standing invitation 长期有效的邀请
standing armies 常备军
a standing joke 经常引人发笑的笑话
a standing room 站位
standing charge ( 水电煤等 ) 经常支付的费用; 日常开销
standing space 站立空间
a standing lamp 落地灯
a standing collar 立领
a standing machine 停着的机器
a standing problem 老问题
standing snow 终年积雪
a standing agreement 长期协定
a standing instruction 长期有效的指示
a standing dean 常务院长 staple 1． “家庭常备的食品 ( 如油盐米菜)
或用品”都可以叫 staple，有单复数形式:
The peanut butter and jelly sand-
wich is a staple of many kids' di-
ets. ( 单数)
classic staples like chicken soup，
pot roast and meat loaf( 复数，指食品)
You can do shopping for staples，
like napkins， paper towels， and cleaning equipment，well ahead of time. ( 复数，指用品)
2． 可以说:
staple food
the staple crop
the staple dish of thanks-giving
the staple weekend event
the staple grain
the staple item
the staple export
the staple diet
the staple excuse
the staple educational tool
the staple condiment and ingredi-
ent
the staple vehicle
the staple starch source
a staple of cultures
a staple in any career wardrobe
a staple of philosophies
a staple in any well-dressed man's
closet
a staple of the financial community
a staple of Black lifestyles
a staple for any music fan
a staple of many day-care centers
a staple of northern China
a staple of the classic movie
channels
a staple of nursing care
a staple of American journalism
a staple of literature and cinema
a staple in Hungarian cuisine
a staple in most kitchen
a staple in education departments
a staple of detective and adven-
ture fiction
a staple of success
a staple of juvenile humor
a staple in American heritage
a staple of day-time chat show star 1． 注意各种“明星”的说法:
a child star
a big star
a star in the making
a rising star
a falling star
a sports star
a movie star
a talk show star
a pop star
a young political star
an emerging star
a literary star
a swimming star
a teaching star
a star teacher
a star student
a star artist
a star scientist
a star Bush-basher
a star performer
a star engineer
a star education fair
2． 可作构词成分 star-或-star，组成新词:
a star-rated air-conditioner
star-like features
star-crossed lovers
a four-star hotel
a two-star general
3． “星球大战”用复数 Star Wars，一般要大写，可泛指“国防政策”等:
Bush won the final battle for Star
Wars. 布什赢得了国防政策辩论的最后胜利。 stare stare，gaze
两词都有“注视”的含义。
1． stare 常指“因害怕、惊恐、忧虑、钦佩等而注视”，有时有“无礼”的含义:
She gave him a long and cold stare.
He was staring moodily into the distance.
2． 相对而言，gaze 有褒义，侧重指
“因好奇、钦佩等而注视”:
She was the most beautiful girl he had ever gazed upon. start ，begin
两词都有“开始”的含义。
1． 两词后面都可以跟动词不定式:
The train started / began to move.
2． 两词后面都可以跟动名词短语:
The leaves have started / begun falling off the trees.
3． start 强调“开始”这一动作，有
“突然启动”的意思; begin 强调
“为某一目标奋斗征程中迈开第一步”:
A student in the department de-
cided to start a new business. ( 开始得很突然，还不知是否能成功)
She is ambitious enough to begin a course of study leading to a doctorate. ( 有明确的目标，要迈出重要的一步)
4． start 后面可以跟介词 for，off，
up，out，back 等，begin 不这样用:
The day started off badly when the bus came late. ( 这里一般不用
begin off)
Our summer vacation is quickly coming to a close，and teachers start back very soon. ( 这里一般不用 begin back)
5． “机器启动”用 start，不用 begin:
The truck won't start. ( 这里不能用
begin) startled startled，surprised
两词都可表示“吃惊的”， 但 sur-
prised 比较普通常用，可形容各种
“吃惊”; startled 常指“因意外的、常常是不太好的消息或事情而吃惊的”，试比较:
I was startled / to see a shadow appear at the window.
I was surprised to hear that they were getting married. starved 后面可以跟介词 of，for，to 等; 跟 for
较多:
Is your body being starved of vital
nutrients?
She is starved for attention /
knowledge / intelligent conversa-
tion / funding / time.
Many villagers were starved to death. state 1． 侧重指“政治概念上的国家”;
country 侧重“地理、文化、语言等概念上的国家”; nation 侧重“民族、人民概念上的国家”:
Education is provided by the
State. ( 这里的 State 是“政治概念上的国家”)
Lakes and rivers cover most of the country. ( 这里的 country 指
“地理地貌方面的国家”)
We want our government to serve the whole nation. ( 这里的 whole
nation 指 “全体人民”)
2． 在美国常指“州”，与 federal ( 联邦) 相对而言:
state tax 州税
federal tax 联邦税
the States 可以指“美国”，但多数情况下应加上 United，这时的 S 要大写:
The Judicial power of the United
States shall not be construed to
extend to any suit in law or equi-
ty，commenced or prosecuted a-
gainst one of the United States by
Citizens of another State.
It contains images of flags and
basic state data for each of the U-
nited States.
3． 表示“国家一级的政府”，英国人常用 state; 美国人常用 federal 来指“国家( 联邦) 政府”:
The state does not collect enough revenue to cover its expenditure.
( 英国用法)
Federal officials have examined a variety of factors in Colorado jet crash. ( 美国用法)
4． 表示“成员国”使用频率最高的是
member states，其次是 member
countries 和 member nations; 有时可通用，无区别:
EU member states / member
countries / member nations
Following is the list of the 191
Member States of the United
Nations.
UNESCO member states
Permanent Court of International
Justice Member States
reporters from new NATO mem-
ber nations
G8 member nations
FAO member nations
European Union member coun-
tries
Commonwealth Member Coun-
tries
5． 表示“国家、国立、国有”常用
state:
head of state 国家元首
police state 警察国家
welfare state 福利国家
state school 国立学校
state college 国立学校
state university 国立大学
6． 用 the States 表示“美国”时，后面要用复数动词， 用 the United
States 时后面跟单数动词:
The States are permitted to exper-
iment in rights protections within constitutional boundaries.
Some people believe the United
States is a country created with a democratic form of government.
7． 我国的“春秋战国时期”常译成
the Warring States Period，也有人译成 the Spring and Autumn
Period 等。
8． “政治人物”用 statesman，states-
woman 有褒义，politician 有贬义:
America needs a real statesman at the helm. 美国需要一个真正的政治家掌舵。
One of the ministers is a wicked politician. 有一个部长是个极坏的政客。 statesman politician，statesman
两词都有“政治家”的含义。
1． politician 主要指 “( 国会、政府中的) 政治人物”，有“善于玩弄权术、有政治手腕”等含义，可译成“政客”:
You need to be a bit of a politician to succeed in this company.
2． statesman 强调的“政治人物”:
He is a great statesman and politi-
cal thinker. station 1． 在美国，表示“车站”，station 前面几乎常常要加其他词说明是“什么车站”( 除非说话双方知道 station
指“某个特定的车站”) :
a bus station
a train station
a subway station
2． 在英国，表示 station，通常指“火车站”:
I'll drive him to the station and see him off in the train.
3． station 指“设在建筑物内的、比较大的车站”; stop 常指“车辆中途停靠的小站”; terminal 指“终点站”。
4． 在现代英语中有各式各样的
station:
a radio station
a research station
a television station
a naval station
a fire station
a gas station
a petrol station
a police station
a space station
a way station
a first-aid station
a bathing station
a coast-guard station
a hydraulic power station
a fueling station
a radar station
a roadside station
a freight station
a railway station
a signal station
a transfer station
a cyber station
an airport express base station
a Net station
a docking station
a satellite receiving station
a weather station
a wildfire station
an immigration station
a vacation station
a nurses station
a science station stationery 1． 常为不可数名词，表示其数量时可以用:
He went to the store to buy some stationery.
The students bought a lot of sta-
tionery.
The first thing I did was to buy a little stationery.
2． 后面一般用单数动词:
Some stationery is thicker.
In the age of email，fine stationery has become the ultimate signifier. statistic 1． 复数 statistics 作“统计数字”解时，后面常跟复数动词:
Statistics show that New Year's
resolutions are doomed for fail-
ure.
Statistics are meaningless.
Statistics have been collected and published annually for the member states.
2． 复数 statistics 作“统计学”解时，后面常跟单数动词:
Statistics is a branch of mathe-
matics.
Tell yourself statistics is easy，
and it's easy. statue 后面常可跟介词 of，to，in 等; 用 of
表示 “…… 的雕像”，用 to 表示“为纪念……而建立的雕像”，用 in 表示
“雕像的质地”:
the Statue of Liberty 自由女神像
( 表示某种雕像)
erect a statue to his memory 为纪念他而建立的雕像 ( 表示纪念)
a statue in marble 大理石雕像( 表示质地) stay 1． 可以作半连系动词:
stay cool
stay late
stay quiet
stay open
stay fine
stay longer
stay overnight
stay the same
stay my friend
stay children
stay healthy
stay free
stay afloat
stay tuned
stay safe
stay gay the easy way
stay scared
stay connected
stay updated
stay warm
stay sweet
stay strong
stay awake
stay super-fit
stay informed
stay online
stay strategic in tactical times
stay protected
stay ahead of the game
2． stay the course，stay put，stay
the night 等都属于习惯用法:
We'll stay the course in Iraq. 我们对伊拉克的政策不会改变。
Stay put，I'll be back in a minute.
别动，我马上回来。
There are many places where you can stay the night alone. 世界上有许多你可以独自过夜的地方。 steal 后可跟许多词作宾语:
steal a glance 偷偷地看一眼
steal a look 偷偷地看一眼
steal her heart 获取她芳心
steal a kiss from her 偷偷吻了她
steal a march on him 抢在他前面
steal the show 抢出风头
steal the spotlight 抢出风头
steal the limelight 抢出风头
steal the scene 抢出风头
steal his thunder 抢去他的功劳
steal his idea 剽窃他的想法
steal all the facts he'd found 剽窃了他发现的所有事实
steal his girl friend 抢走了他的女朋友
steal a few of their best men 挖走了他们几个最优秀的人 steam 常为不可数名词，表示其数量时可以用:
clouds of steam
a thin cloud of steam
with full steam
a crooked plume of steam
pounds of steam
wisps of steam
a lot of steam
little steam
a little steam
lots of steam
shades of steam
a bucket of steam
a puff of steam steel 1． 常为不可数名词，但可以说:
a million tons of steel
a lot of steel
rolls of steel
a truckload of steel
2． 说各种“钢”，steel 可用复数:
They produce stainless， carbon and low alloy steels.
This implies the development of steels and alloys that can be used at high temperatures. steer 1． steer 后面常可跟 away from，to-
ward，into，through，to 等:
It might steer you away from the direction you want to go.
They can be shared with others or
used to motivate and steer us for-
ward in uncertain times.
Who will steer the ship into new
waters?
My captain will steer us through the gathering storm.
He is the only leader who can
steer the party to a thumping ma-
jority during the election.
2． steering committee 可译成“指导委员会”，后面可跟单数或复数动词，跟单数动词一般指“指导委员会”整体，跟复数动词一般指“指导委员会”各个成员:
The steering committee is in-
formed and supported by a stand-
ing committee.
The steering committee are a very
hard-working bunch who fulfill si-
lently a large number of small but
vitally important roles in the
Union. step 1． 表示“采取措施”用 take a step to
do sth，take steps to do sth 都可以:
Take a step to stamp out torture.
Will Israel take steps to address
Palestinian grievances?
2． 不少由 step 组成的短语尽管其含义不是“一步”，但却只用单数:
You'd better watch your step or you'll get into trouble again.
She is a woman with light in her eyes，love in her heart，a spring in her step and a positive look on life.
3． 参见 stairs。 stern stern，severe
两词都有“严厉的、严格的、严肃的”等含义。
1． stern 的语气要强于 severe，它的英语释义是 very severe。
2． 两词有时可以换用，含义无多大区别:
stern / severe discipline 严格的纪律
3． severe 侧重“因不悦或不赞许而严肃的”; stern 侧重“因不允许别人违反规定等而严肃的”:
Don't be too severe on him. 对他别太苛求了。
Her father looked rather stern be-
cause she came back home very late last night. 她父亲满脸不悦，因为她昨晚回家很晚。 stick 一般要说 stick to sth; 但也可以说
stick with sb，stick with sth:
stick to four cardinal principles
stick to my decision
stick to the rules
stick to the agreement
stick to the point
stick with me
stick with the team
stick with what they know sticky adhesive，sticky
两词都有“粘的、黏的”含义。
1． 两词有时可换用，在修饰跟胶水等相关的物质时尤其明显:
adhesive / sticky tapes
adhesive / sticky labels
2． adhesive 比较正式，主要指 “( 物质) 有黏性的、可以粘住的”，强调
“粘牢( clinging)”:
adhesive side of a stamp
adhesive plaster
adhesive bandages
3． sticky 为通俗用法，主要指“含有黏性的、粘有黏性物的”，“黏”但不一定“粘牢”:
sticky fingers covered with jam( 手指上有果酱，但不一定粘住其他东西)
sticky toffee ( 糖果粘牙，但不一定黏住牙齿一直不掉下来)
sticky soil
sticky dough sticky ，glutinous
两词都可表示“黏的”。
1． sticky 比 glutinous 普通常用，可以用在许多方面:
sticky candy
sticky rice
sticky toffee
sticky labels
sticky fingers
sticky jam
sticky weather
sticky moment
2． glutinous 比较正式，其“黏性”似乎强于 sticky，它的含义是 very
sticky; 但它侧重贬义:
The sauce is glutinous and taste artificial.
They are struggling through the glutinous mud with difficulty. stimulate 可以说:
stimulate competitive research
stimulate learning
stimulate hair growth
stimulate foreign investment
stimulate restorative economy
stimulate the students' interest
stimulate the production
stimulate my imagination
stimulate your creativity
stimulate debate
stimulate partnership
stimulate cell growth
stimulate exports
stimulate forest growth
stimulate discussion
stimulate infrastructure improve-
ment
stimulate cooperation
stimulate the mind
stimulate the body's healing mecha-
nism
stimulate progress
stimulate innovation
stimulate unity
stimulate pleasure in reading
stimulate intelligence
stimulate new thinking
stimulate ideas stimulus 后面常跟介词 to，for，of 等:
The news is likely to add stimulus to house sales.
It becomes a new stimulus for in-
novation.
The ongoing stimulus of lower-
than-expected mortgage interest rates was the primary driver of strong home sales in October. stink ，smell
两词都有“发出臭气”的含义。
1． 两词有时意思近似，可以换用:
The meat stinks / smells.
2． 但 stink 的语气强于 smell，一般总是指“发出臭气”; 而 smell 有时仅指“有味道、不好闻”等，不一定
“发臭”，也可以表达“好闻”的意思:
The room stank of decayed fish.
The book smells old.
The flower smells good.
stipend，allowance，salary
这组词都有“薪金”的含义。
1． stipend 一般指“专业人员的薪俸”，尤其是“教会、神职人员的薪俸”:
A stipend is a fixed pay or the in-
come of an ecclesiastical living.
2． allowance 尤指“定期给的补助、津贴”等，可以是“钱”，也可以是
“物”:
book allowance
traveling allowance
the disability living allowance
child care allowance
maternity allowance
Attendance allowance is a benefit for people aged 65 or over who need help because of a mental or physical illness or disability.
3． salary 指“按月发的薪水、工资”:
He gets a monthly salary of $1，500．
stock，share，security
1． stock 常指“政府的公债、公司的债券”:
You can trade stocks with virtual money.
2． share 常指“公司等的股票”:
The president fails to follow the law and disclose the details of his shares.
3． 复数 securities 常指“有价证券”:
This global securities company in
HK provides online trading. stocking 1． 常用复数形式:
mend stockings
knit stockings
put on her stockings
take off my stockings
2． 表示“一双袜子”一般说 a pair of
stockings; 多种袜子可以说“a va-
riety of stockings”。
3． a stocking 可以指 a Christmas
stocking:
A stocking full of records would be a welcome Christmas gift.
Give a stocking full of toys this holiday season. stomach 注意: 不同情况下 stomach 前面用不同的介词:
He punched him in the stomach.
他打击他的腹部。
You shouldn't have the pills on empty stomach. 你不应该空腹吃这种药片。
He seemed to have butterflies in his stomach. 他好像十分慌张。
It makes me sick at the stomach to look at him. 看见他我就感到恶心。
I went to be bed with an empty stomach last night. 昨晚我饿着肚子睡觉了。 stone 1． 可作可数和不可数名词，一般情况下，泛指“石料”时为不可数，具体指“一块石头”时作可数:
This street is paved with stone.
( 不可数)
He threw a stone at the deer and killed it. ( 可数)
2． 注意一些特殊用法:
teach a stone to talk 对牛弹琴，铁树开花
leave no stone unturned 千方百计
A rolling stone gathers no moss.
流水不腐。
set( cast，etched ) in stone 永久的，不可能改变的
get blood from a stone 石头里榨油
kill two birds with one stone 一箭双雕
have a heart of stone 铁石心肠
give a stone for bread 帮助是假，愚弄是真
cast the first stone 率先攻击
Stones will cry out. 冤屈深重石鸣不平。
Those who live in glass houses should not throw stones. 自己有弱点就别去攻击别人。
throw stones at one's own house
搬起石头砸自己的脚 stool 作“粪便”解时可以作可数和不可数名词:
Not drinking enough water can make stool hard and difficult to move. ( 不可数)
Stools are the pieces of solid waste matter that are passed out of a person's body through their bowels. ( 可数) stop 1． stop doing sth 和 stop to do sth
的意思不一样:
I stopped to listen. 我停下来听。
I stopped listening. 我不再听了。
2． 参见 station。
store
store 是美国用法，shop 是英国用法; 但是 chain store， department
store 英美人都用; multiple store，
cold store 主要是英国用法。 storm 参见 hurricane。 story 这组词都有“故事”的含义。
1． fable 常指“用拟人化的动物来说故事，表现人类的本性，并在最后进行说教”; 可译成“寓言、传说”等:
Aesop's fables 《伊索寓言》
2． allegory 或 parable 所指的寓言常不直接说教，而是让读者或听众自己去领会。allegory 所指的故事比较长而详尽，有许多人物和情节;
parable 常是道德或宗教的，比较短，只说一个常见的道理。两词都可译成“寓言”:
Dante's Divine Comedy is an alle-
gory.
the parables of the New Testa-
ment
3． tale 所说的“故事”一般比较惊险、刺激，但未必完全真实:
their tales about life in the prison-
er-of-war camp
tales of adventure
the tale of how he escaped from
prison
4． story 最普通常用，可指各种“故事、传说、神话”等，不强调故事的真实性都可以:
the story of Martin Luther King
stories of ancient Greece
bedtime stories story 1． story，tale，anecdote，romance
都有“故事”的含义。story 最普通常用，常可取代其他几个词; tale 一般指“想像出来的、未必真实的故事”; anecdote 指“简洁有趣的故事”，可译成“轶闻趣事”; romance
顾名思义，指 “浪漫的故事”。
2． 在口语中，story 常不译成“故事”:
It's a long story.
That's another story. 说来话长。
A different story. 那就是另一回事了。
It's the same story. 情况也是一样。
It's the same old story. 又是老一套。
To cut a long story short. 长话短说。
3． story 在美语中可作“楼房的一层”解，英国人常用 storey:
A 21-story building is under con-
struction on campus. ( 美国用法)
A 21-storey building is under con-
struction on campus. ( 英国用法) stout 作“胖”解时，比 fat 委婉:
My English teacher is a stout，
pleasant man. 我的英语老师是位胖乎乎惹人喜欢的人。
My English teacher is a fat，lazy man. 我的英语老师是个又胖又懒的家伙。 straight 注意一些词组的中文含义:
a straight-A student 全 A 学生
a straight question 直截了当的问题
a straight answer 直率的回答
a straight choice 直截了当的选择
a straight swap 简单直接的交换
straight wins 连续取胜
straight lemon juice 纯柠檬汁
a straight theatre 正统戏剧
straight plays 话剧
a straight man 异性恋男士
a straight skirt 直筒裙
a straight nose 笔直的鼻子
straight shoulders 挺直的肩膀
five straight games 连续 5 场比赛
a straight thinker 思路清晰的人
a straight record of events 事件的真实纪录
a straight Democrat 坚定的民主党人
keep a straight expression 不动声色
a straight ballot ( ticket) 支持某党全部候选人的选票
straight talking 坦率的讲话
the fifth straight loss 连续 5 次失败
a straight face 严肃的表情
a straight room 干净整洁的房间 straighten 经常可以说:
straighten his shoulders
straighten his tie
straighten the rug
straighten a crooked picture on
the wall
straighten the cushions on the so-
fa
straighten my life out
straighten her curly hair
straighten curved objects
straighten Pisa Tower
straighten out the problem
straighten out misspellings
straighten out the erroneous past
straighten your rows and come
close together
straighten your teeth
straighten the neck
straighten my legs strain 可以说:
strain the muscle
strain the eyes
strain the ears
strain the vegetables
strain the back
strain the traffic control system
strain the resources
strain the posture
strain the Website straitjacket 原意是“给疯子穿的约束衣”，但也可喻指其他事情:
free from the straitjacket of gov-
ernment regulation
the straitjacket of poverty
the ideological straitjacket of reli-
gion
the straitjacket of standardized
tests
the straitjacket of globalization
the straitjacket of liberalization
the straitjacket of tradition
bound by the straitjacket of the
past
the straitjacket of a dead-end life
the straitjacket of illness
strange， queer， peculiar， ec-
centric，odd，quaint
这组词都可表示“奇怪的”。
1． strange 最普通常用，可修饰各种
“奇怪的”事物:
a strange smell
a strange man
2． queer 指“奇怪得难以解释的”，
有“可疑的、古怪的”意思:
The police found the newcomer queer.
3． peculiar 尤指“令人不安或不高兴的奇怪”:
It's rather peculiar that I was not informed about the meeting.
4． eccentric 常指“因人们行为、举止、习惯、观点、着装、话语等与社会规范不符而显得奇怪的”:
If you wear a T-shirt to a formal dinner，people might think you're eccentric.
5． odd 有时表示“怪诞的、荒唐的”:
an odd-sounding name
6． quaint 侧重指“因老式而显得奇特”，有时有褒义:
The visitors enjoyed the town's quaint customs. strange eccentric，strange
两词都可表示“奇怪的”，但侧重不同。
1． eccentric 常指“人的行为、举止、习惯、观点、着装、话语等与常人的做法或社会所能接受的规范不同”; 除有“古怪的”含义以外，还有
“逗人的、好笑的”等意思，因而不完全是贬义:
If you wear T-shirt to the banquet，
people will think you're eccentric.
2． strange 普通常用，含义广泛，可形容各种“奇怪的”人或事:
a strange habit
a strange behavior
a strange gentleman
a strange smell strange quaint，strange
1． quaint 常指“因为古老而显得奇怪”:
a small quaint old town with nar-
row streets
2． strange 比较普通常用，可指各种
“奇怪的”人或事物:
a strange man
a strange habit
a strange country stranger 后面常跟介词 to，要注意它的译法:
He is a stranger to this area. 他不是本地人。
He is a stranger to me. 我不认识他。( 不是“他不认识我”)
He is no stranger to poverty. 他对贫穷习以为常。
He is a stranger to English lan-
guage. 他对英语一窍不通。
He is a stranger to passions. 他是个毫无激情的人。
He is a stranger to controversy.
他不善于解决争端。
He is a stranger to diplomatic life.
他不熟悉外交生活。 strategy 1． 泛指“策略”时，常为不可数名词:
Taking Tiger Mountain by Strategy
《智取威虎山》
2． 具体指某种“方法”，为可数名词:
The teachers are planning to de-
velop an effective language-learn-
ing strategy. straw 1． 常作不可数名词:
a house of straw
walls of straw
making bricks out of straw
bales of straw
splitting the stalks of straw
lots of straw
a stack of straw
2． 作“饮料的吸管”解时，一般为可数名词:
the paper drinking straws
soda straws
a few unused straws from the fast
food restaurant
3． 单数 a straw，the straw 常用在一些贬义的短语中，表示“无足轻重的东西”:
I don't care a straw for your opinion.
I don't give a straw for your feel-
ing.
It was the last straw.
It is the final straw.
Smallest boys draw the short straw at school. stray 1． 注意组成的词组的含义:
a stray cat 迷途的猫
a stray bullet 流弹
a few stray examples 零星的例子
stray clouds 碎云
a few stray hairs 几根散发
a stray note from trumpet 偶尔传来的一下喇叭声
stray light 杂散光
stray items from the newspapers
报纸上的花絮新闻
a stray radio signal 偶尔出现的无线电信号
2． 还可以说 :
stray travel
stray voltage
stray sheep
stray pets
stray children
stray thoughts
stray Website
a stray star
a stray hound
stray birds
stray animals
stray lyrics
stray words
stray broodings
stray livestock
stream，brook，creek，rill
1． stream 比较常用，可取代这三个词:
A path runs along the stream /
brook / creek / rill.
2． rill 常用在诗歌中，而且在这四个词中是“最小的溪流”; brook 比 rill
大，尤指“从泉眼处涌出的小溪”;
creek 比较大，如上海的苏州河，外国人将它译成 Suzhou Creek。
3． 动词 stream 后面常跟介词 from，
into，in，through，across，down
等:
Black smoke streamed from the a-
partment.
Sunlight streamed into the living room.
There was moonlight streaming through the window.
Thousands of refugees streamed across the border into the States.
Tears streamed down her face as she talked.
The final seconds streamed off the clock.
street， avenue， drive， boule- street avenue，street，boulevard，drive 这组词都可指城市里的“道路”。
1． avenue 指城市的林阴道，比较高雅; 也可以用来指两旁植树的小路:
Many London theatres are in Shaftesbury Avenue.
2． street 在这组词中最常用，可指城镇内各种路:
wander around deserted streets || cross the busy street
3． boulevard 是林阴大道，强调路面的宽阔:
Lenton Boulevand Sunset Boulevard
4． drive 有时作 driveway，常指连接私人住宅与街道的路，也可作“街道”解:
35 Ocean Drive strength 1． 抽象指“力气、力量”时，一般为不可数名词:
Tens of thousands of Iran's militia staged a show of strength.
This new nation is characterized by strength of mind and courage.
2． 指具体的“优点、长处”时，为可数名词:
discover you strengths and weak-
nesses
What are your greatest strengths? stress 1． 用单复数形式都可以:
We should understand the stres-
ses and strains of being a doctor.
( 可数)
I have a lot of stress and depres-
sion in my life. ( 不可数)
2． 但在短语中，常用不可数形式:
He laid stress on organizing health and education program in schools.
Thanksgiving can put stress on today's families.
The Global War on Terror has placed stress on our armed forces.
Beware of colds if you are under stress.
3． 现在，西方一些大学里常开设一些“压力 ( 心理) 调节课”，可以译成 stress management course，
stress management，已成为常用词组:
the basic techniques of stress
management
the guide to stress management
International Stress Management
Association stretch 后面跟介词 into，from，to，across，
for 等:
Summer projects might stretch in-
to school year.
The rolling grasslands stretched from Indiana to the Rockies.
Northern Ireland's police service is being stretched to the limit by the continuing violence in different parts.
A blanket of gray stretched across
the sky during my drive from Bos-
ton.
A line of traffic stretched for about
5 miles on Hwy 66． strict strict，severe
两词都可表示“严格的”，但 strict 偏重指“要求人们严格执行规章制度”，
而 severe 偏重指“不温和、严厉”的意思:
He is a strict teacher. 他是个严格的老师。( 严格要求学生，但可以很慈祥。)
He is a severe teacher. 他是个严厉的老师。 ( 可以指严格要求学生，但经常神色很严肃。) stride 表示“进步”时常用复数形式:
A year later， the program has made great strides.
Considerable strides have been made over the past few years in bringing unemployment down. strike 1． 表示“打击”，strike 比较正式，hit
比较口语化:
Actor Jim Caviezel has been
struck by lightning while playing
Jesus in Mel Gibson's controver-
sial film The Passion Of Christ.
( 较书面语化)
“He's wounded - Hit him!”( 较口语化)
2． 用 strike 表示“打 ( 人)”有多种说法:
She struck his face.
She struck him in the face.
She struck him on the face.
( 注意: 用 strike sb in the face 比
strike sb on the face 常用。)
3． on strike 表示“罢工”，strike 前多不用冠词:
It looks like we will be going out on strike later this week.
Toll collectors on the Pennsylva-
nia Turnpike went on strike
Wednesday.
4． 但是，strike 前用不定冠词也很常见，尤其特指“一次罢工”:
In October 1999，nurses，social
workers，case workers，and resi-
dential staff went on a strike that lasted 30 days. ( 这里的 strike 特指 1999 年的那一次罢工)
5． strike force 可以指“军队警察部队中处理突发事件的打击力量”:
An elite police strike force called
the Capital Police has risen to e-
liminate the terrorist attacks. string 表示“一系列”时，说 a string of，a
whole string of 都可以，译成中文意思相同，但后者语气较强。可以说:
a string of pearls
a string of onions
a string of complaints
a string of questions
a string of lies
a string of insults
a string of fairy lights
a string of rowing boats
a string of 12 consecutive victories
a string of easy wins
a string of isolated coastal settle-
ments
a string of wagons
a string of mules
a string of beads
a string of carriages
a string of apartments
a string of admirers
a string of broken promises
a string of problems
a string of violent attacks
a string of losses
a string of mistakes
a string of successes
a string of parties
a string of charges
a string of oaths
a string of apologies
a string of fresh bomb blasts
a string of record-breaking victo-
ries
a string of high-profile court cases
a string of mishaps
a string of characters
a string of warnings
a string of islets
a string of second chances
a string of news updates
a string of good luck
a string of military defeats
a string of marine reserves
a string of blunders
a string of eulogies
a string of setbacks
a string of firsts
a string of commands
a string of clichés
a string of errors
a string of coincidences
a string of clues
a string of digits
a string of puzzles
a string of Chinese characters
a string of hits
a string of seaside villas
a string of surprises
a string of residential burglaries
a string of honors strip 1． strip sth of sth，strip sth from sth
都可以说，意思相同，下面两个句子的含义相似:
Early gales often strip the trees of their leaves.
Early gales often strip the leaves from the trees.
2． 在西方社会中，strip 常与“淫秽的脱衣舞”等相联系，出现不少这类用语:
strip club
strip-club waitress
strip dance
strip joint
striptease
strip poker
strip show
strip mall stripe 1． 下面两个句子的含义相同，of all
stripes 比 of every stripe 常用:
We believe in equal treatment for people of all stripes.
We believe in equal treatment for people of every stripe.
2． “( 美国国旗) 星条旗”是 the Stars
and Stripes，注意前面有定冠词，S
要大写，后面用常单数名词:
The Stars and Stripes is shining bright. The flag is flying through the night. strive 后面常跟介词 for， with， against，
through，with 等:
Blair said，“I will strive for peace in Middle East.”
He continued to strive with un-
changed mind.
Why do you strive against him?
We shall strive through course presentation to challenge our students to learn.
I will strive with things impossible. stroke 可以说:
a stroke of bad luck
a stroke of good fortune
a stroke of pure genius
a stroke of inspiration
a stroke of brilliance
a stroke of lightning
a stroke of work
a stroke of business
a stroke of paralysis
a stroke of diplomacy
a stroke of policy
a stroke of wit
a stroke of pluck
a stroke of hope
a stroke of midnight
a stroke of chance
a stroke of art
a stroke of time
a stroke of live music
a stroke of good planning
a stroke of unity
a stroke of love
a stroke of the pen
a stroke of apoplexy
a stroke of prevention
a stroke of perfection
a stroke of justice
a stroke of good health stroll stroll，walk
两词都可作“散步”解，但 stroll 比
walk 更强调“散步的愉悦”，比较具有诗意:
as if strolling in a courtyard 胜似闲庭信步 struggle 后面常跟介词 for，with，against，in-
to，out of，toward，after 等:
They are struggling for equal edu-
cational opportunities.
Deaf students struggle with Eng-
lish to get diplomas.
The United States is struggling a-
gainst terror threats.
The Trades Union Congress has
told UK employees to stop strugg-
ling into work when they are sick.
The drunken man is struggling out of a muddy ditch.
She is struggling toward success.
We struggled after the first game. stubborn stubborn，obstinate
两词都可表示“固执的”，但 stubborn
的语气强于 obstinate，强调“天性固执的”; stubborn 的人在多数情况下都会固执，而 obstinate 的人只在某个特殊场合表露这种性格:
He has always been a very stub-
born man，but is particularly obsti-
nate in his dislike of Western cul-
ture. student 1． 在美国可以指“小学、中学、大学的各层次的学生”，“研究生”一般叫
graduate student，“本科生”可以叫 undergraduate; 在英国，“小学生”常叫 pupi，l“研究生”叫 post-
graduate student， postgraduate，
postgrad，post-grad。
2． 各种“实习生”可以用 student 来表示:
a student driver
a student nurse
a student teacher
a student interpreter
a student doctor
a student lawyer
a student accountant
2． 注意: a student adviser 是“指导学生的教师”或“学生导师”，不是
“学生”，而是“老师”。
4． 表示“某某学校 ( 尤其是单用校名) 的学生”，student 后面常跟 at;
表示“某某学科的学生”，后面常跟
of 或 in; 表示“某某人的学生”，后面常跟 of:
a student at Imperial College
He was a student at Harvard in
1910．
a student of architecture
a student of business manage-
ment
a student in life sciences
Mark is a student of Prof. David
Higgs in the DMA program at
Eastman School of Music in Ro-
chester. study 1． “大学里的研究工作”较多用复数
studies 表示，如“美国问题研究中心”常用 Center for American
Studies。
2． “学业”用单数 study 和复数 stud-
ies 表示都可以，后面常用介词 in，
of:
her studies in family planning
pursue his studies in agriculture
and applied economics
He lauded for his studies of party
politics
She finished her studies of experi-
mental physics.
his study of ritual and art on two
continents
in her study of treaties and agree-
ments
He continued his study in civil en-
gineering.
I completed my study in mathe-
matics at Bates.
3． 后面常跟介词 for:
study for the US Citizenship Test
study for a degree
study for spiritual growth
study for a math exam
study for the 21st Century
study for space exploration
study for success
study for circus side show stuff ，thing
1． 两词都有“东西”的含义，但 stuff
比较口语化，有时说话者搞不清的
“东西”都可以用 stuff 来表示:
hot stuff
older stuff
We offer free stuff like
What's this sticky stuff in the
glass?
fun stuff
scholar stuff
kids stuff
Web stuff
the latest stuff for men
small stuff
the right stuff
Jazz stuff
various basketball stuff
strange stuff
the kitchen stuff
the baking stuff
the tennis stuff
all the stupid stuff here
good stuff
2． thing 比较普通，在口语和书面语中都常使用。
3． stuff 一般作不可数名词，thing 是可数名词:
This stuff is too small.
This stuff has been ultimately a sideshow.
What's that thing on you face?
There are several things I'd like to discuss with you. stumble 1． 表示“绊了一下”时，后面常跟介词 over，on 等，它们的意思相似:
I stumbled over a fallen tree. 我在一棵倒地的树上绊了一下。
I stumbled on a fallen tree. 我在一棵倒地的树上绊了一下。
2． 下面两个句子的含义相同:
I stumbled at the hyphenated
English word.
I stumbled over the hyphenated
English word. stump 美洲大陆早期参天大树很多，移民们为图方便，将树墩留着，政客们常跳上树墩发表演说，因而产生了一些
stump 短语，大多与选举有关:
on the stump 游说
a stump speech( 竞选) 政治演说
go on the stump 作巡回政治演说
up a stump 陷于困境
take the stump 作巡回政治演说
Several candidates from both par-
ties are going to take the stump
Friday.
The Democrats will go on the
stump and say that 
Each candidate needs a stump speech. stupid 参见 foolish。 style 1． 作“风格”解时，多作可数名词用:
The native people who inhabit the
southern Great Plains developed
a unique style of decorating ob-
jects.
These examples show different styles of communication.
2． 作“风度、仪态”解，多作不可数名词:
Berkeley students have style —
you just have to look closely.
In the end the blacks came thru and won the game with style.
3． 可以说:
a style of leadership
a style of wrestling
a style of my own
a style of performance
a style of writing
a style of presentation
a style of interaction
a style of painting
a style of playing
a style of learning
a style of architecture
a style of music
a style of management
a style of mind
a style of life
a style of discourse
a style of resume
a style of popular dance
a style of policing
a style of parenting
a style of practice
a style of meal
a style of beer
a style of food
a style of film-making
a style of citation
a style of art
a style of worship
a style of design
a style of monarchy sub 可以作构词成分，sub-，表示各种
“( 人或物的) 替代”:
a subteacher
a subplayer
a subregistrar
a subadminstrator subject 1． 作“课程、科目、学科”解，尽管在大学、中学、小学里都可以用，但是较多用在中小学中，大学里较多用
course，program 等，在美国尤其如此:
Students who have studied these subjects at high school will have a head start on the corresponding university units.
Teachers who have graduated
from Teacher Training Colleges
teach all subjects at primary
school，but have not taken spe-
cialized courses in science at col-
lege.
I plan on going into a creative writ-
ing track English program at col-
lege.
Anyone interested in a career in
public history should strongly con-
sider the Public History Program at University of South Carolina.
2． 动词 subject 常用在 subject  to
的句型:
The prices are indicative because they are subjected to the daily fluctuations of the international market of gold. ( subject sb to
sth)
unless they subjected it to com-
petition. ( subject sth to sth) submission 可以用单数、复数和不可数形式。一般说来，指具体呈送的 document，
statement 等时，submission 为可数名词; 泛指“顺从、服从、遵从”等时，
submission 为不可数名词:
The following advice is offered to assist those wishing to make a submission to a parliamentary committee. ( 单数)
All submissions should focus on the human response to trauma.
( 复数)
It also says you should be in sub-
mission to those in authority over
you， such as parents， employ-
ers，church leaders and the gov-
ernment. ( 不可数) submit 常用在 submitto 的句型中:
The parties may also submit the dispute to a body of arbitrators.
( submit sth to sth)
To increase your chance of better search engine standing，it is best to periodically submit yourself to the search engines. ( submit one-
self to sth) subscribe 作“订阅”解时，后面可跟介词 to，
for，用 to 的频率高于 for:
You can also sign up for Easy
Pay，subscribe to the Electronic
Edition.
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subscribe for Free E-mail Alerts subscription 泛指“订阅”时，常作不可数名词; 具体指“对某一份报纸杂志的订阅”，为可数名词:
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ness Week， please contact the customer service.
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scription.
We accept subscription only for
minimum 1 year and maximum 3
years. subsequent subsequent，following
两词都可表示“随后的”，subsequent
比 following 正式，following 比较口语化; 两词的含义相近，有时可以换用:
in the subsequent / following e-
vents
in the subsequent / following vis-
its to Boston subsidy ，allowance
1． 两词都有“补贴、补助”的含义，但是，subsidy 主要指“政府、机构等为帮助企事业等降低成本而提供的补助”:
US and European agricultural
subsidies
Many countries use farm subsi-
dies to protect their domestic agri-
cultural producers.
2． allowance 可以指各种“定时的津贴、补助”，如父母给孩子的“津贴”、学校给学生的“津贴”、“住房、制装、旅游、购书津贴”等:
a move-in housing allowance
a traveling allowance
a book allowance
a utility allowance
a recurring maintenance allow-
ance
a clothing allowance
a married man's tax allowance
a single parent's allowance
a jobseeker's allowance
a youth allowance
a maternity allowance
a disabled students' allowance
a child care allowance
an attendance allowance
a landfill allowance
a retirement allowance
a resettlement allowance
a mileage allowance
a war veterans allowance
a training allowance
a decoration allowance substance 作“物质”解时为可数名词，有各种各样的“物质”。在现代英语中，用贬义和中性形容词修饰 substance 的频率较高:
a radioactive substance
an illegal substance
a hazardous substance
a harmful substance
a poisonous substance
a chemical substance
a toxic substance
a special substance
an infectious substance
an essential substance
a dangerous substance
a common substance
an existing substance
a natural substance
a psychoactive substance
a banned substance
a similar substance
a regulated substance
an abused substance
an elementary substance
an unknown substance substitute 常用 substitute  for， substitute 
with 的句型，注意两个句型的中英文语序:
substitute pecans for walnuts 用山核桃代替胡桃( 中英文语序一样)
substitute original sculptures with
fake ones 用假雕塑代替原雕塑
( 中英文语序颠倒) suburb 意为“城郊住宅区”，是美国用法，含
“住户在郊区安家，在城里工作”的意思:
We are no longer a bedroom com-
munity; we are a sophisticated county.
San Francisco was once regarded as a Bedroom Suburb. suburb suburb，outskirts
两词都有“郊区”的含义。
1． suburb 常指“大城市附近有许多高级住宅、中产阶级聚居的地区”:
The fire destroyed many houses in the suburb of Boston.
2． outskirts 可指“远离城市或城镇中心的地区”:
in the outskirts away from crowd-
ed city
3． suburb 用单复数形式都可以，out-
skirts 一般用复数形式:
a suburb of New York
in the suburbs of Chicago
on the outskirts of London
Northern Outskirts near Dublin
Airport subway 1． 表示“地铁”美国人常用 subway
表示，英国人习惯用 the under-
ground 或 the tube; 欧洲不少国家
( 如法国、俄罗斯等 ) 用 Metro 表示，我国上海也用 Metro，英国人有时也用 Metro。
2． 在英国常可指 “( 繁忙公路或铁路下面的) 地下人行通道”:
a short subway under the railway
This will replace the existing sub-
way under the Euston Road. succeed 常用在以下句型中:
Coalition forces have succeeded in limiting terrorists' resources.
( succeed in doing sth)
He succeeded in business without really trying. ( succeed in sth)
He succeeded him as chairman of the committee. ( as 后面的“头衔”前常没有定冠词，如: She succee-
ded her father as president of the board. ) ( succeed sb as sth) success 泛指“成功”时，success 常作不可数名词; 若指某个具体的“成功人士或事例”，success 为可数名词:
Still，the town officials are on the hunt for her attacker， without much success at all. ( 不可数)
Harry turns out to be as much of a failure in his home life as he is a success in his professional life.
( 成功人士，可数)
The election was a major suc-
cess. ( 成功事例，可数) succession 常可以说:
in quick succession
in rapid succession
in frequent succession
in regular succession
in white-hot succession
in almost endless succession
in close succession
in strange succession
in uninterrupted succession
in swift succession
in constant succession
in continual succession suck 1． 下面的说法都可以:
The child is sucking on a candy cane.
The child is sucking at a candy cane.
The child is sucking a candy cane.
2． “班门弄斧”可以译成 teach your
grandmother to suck eggs。
sudden
“突然”有多种表达法:
All of a sudden，she started sing-
ing.
I saw fire behind the driver's seat all on a sudden.
It was all so sudden and unex-
pected that I stood there para-
lyzed.
We were so overwhelmed by the suddenness of our calamity.
Suddenly life has new meaning to me.
( 注意: all of a sudden ，suddenly
较常用。) sue 后面常跟介词 for，表示“起诉”的原因:
We will sue him for copyright in-
fringement.
They would sue her for breach of contract. suffer 1． 表示“遭受病痛”后面常跟介词
from，with 等，但它们的含义不一样:
Many adults suffer from obesity.
( suffer from 常强调“长期或习惯性地遭受病痛”，受“肥胖”之困扰是长期的)
He suffers with stiffness in his neck. ( suffer with 常指“身体某一部位正遭受某种特别的病痛”，“脖子僵硬疼痛”是一时的)
2． 表示“因…… 遭受痛苦”后面可跟介词 for，from，in，through，un-
der，with 等:
We suffer for lack of knowledge.
People here are suffering from the shortage of housing.
Grandparents suffer in family splits.
The world doesn't have to suffer through poor software.
The poor working people suffer under Bush tax cuts.
The residents of this area are suf-
fering with high gasoline prices. suffering 用可数或不可数形式都可以:
They tried their best to relieve that kindly people of their sufferings at the hands of the oppressors. ( 可数)
He had done something wrong that caused a lot of suffering to others. ( 不可数) suffrage 作“选举权”解时，为不可数名词，常见的短语有:
by universal suffrage
an advocate of women's suffrage
equal suffrage
impartial suffrage
pro-suffrage movement
the fight for female suffrage
extend suffrage to women sugar 1． 作“糖”解时一般为不可数名词，表示其数量可以说:
a lot of sugar
too much sugar
bags of sugar
a spoonful of sugar
a jar of sugar
a little sugar
lots of sugar
the little bits of sugar
five cans of sugar
2． 但在现代英语中，用复数 sugars
形式也屡见不鲜:
Knowledge about the different
kinds of sugars is necessary for
both non-diabetics as well as dia-
betics.
all varieties of bulk and packaged
sugars
low-calorie sweeteners and sug-
ars
natural sugars and fruit sugars
types of sugars commonly found
in cells
3． 在美国口语中，sugar 常被男人用来指“心爱的女子”:
You are my sugar and sunshine. suggest 1． 后面一般跟 that，what，when，
why，where，how 以及动名词短语等，一般不跟动词不定式:
Would it be rude to suggest that
your time be spent with your own
children?
Can anyone suggest what I might
do?
Can you suggest when we should
start the project?
Can anyone suggest why this is
happening?
I wonder if anyone might suggest where the answer lies.
We suggest how this might affect families with young children.
How do you suggest contacting
experts willing to correspond with
students via email for similar pro-
jects?
2． 后面的 that 从句中常采用“should
+ 动词原形”形式，其中 should 可省去。下面的说法都对:
I suggest that you should always wear a seatbelt when driving.
I suggest that you always wear a seatbelt when driving.
I suggest that he should go there right away.
I suggest that he go there right a-
way. suggestion proposal，suggestion
两词都有“建议”的含义。
1． proposal 尤指“向一群人提出正式的建议”:
the government's proposals to es-
tablish a free health care system;
2． “( 向某人) 求婚”用 proposal:
She accepted his proposal at once.
3． suggestion 侧重指“向某人提出的建议”:
a few suggestions to improve her
article
follow his suggestion of a walk
along the creek suggestion 表示“根据某人的建议”，可用 at
one's suggestion:
She brightened at my suggestion for a swim.
At our suggestion， the unions have agreed to extend the current contract.
At his suggestion the case was promptly thrown out of court.
At your suggestion，we keep the fruit in the fridge.
At her father's suggestion， she began to date Jerry last summer. suicide 1． attempted suicide， suicide at-
tempt 的意思相似:
He made an attempted suicide.
他企图自杀。
He made a suicide attempt. 他企图自杀。
2． 可以说:
an attempted suicide
a forced suicide
a would-be suicide
a double suicide
a multiple suicide
a financial suicide
a political suicide
a hideous suicide
a patriotic suicide
a spiritual suicide
a race suicide
a family suicide
a social suicide
an economic suicide
a teen suicide
a gay suicide
a bisexual youth suicide
a local suicide
an assisted suicide
a doctor-assisted suicide
an adolescent suicide
suit， dress， clothes， clothing， suitable 后面常跟介词 for 和动词不定式:
Mars was once suitable for life.
These books are suitable for kids.
Is he suitable to be our leader? suite 1． condominium 是美国用词，主要指
“私人拥有的一套公寓房或由许多私人拥有套房的公寓大楼”:
A condominium is a block of flats in which each flat is owned by the person who lives there.
2． go condominium 是短语，指 “( 原出租的公寓大楼 ) 变成私有公寓楼”。
3． flat 与 apartment 都常指“供长期出租的套房”，英国、澳大利亚、新西兰等国多用 flat，美国多用 apart-
ment。美国人所谓的 flat，是指那种窄小、条件不好的“套房”:
a cold-water flat ( 不供应热水的套房)
4． suite 常指“豪华套房”，如宾馆的
“套房”、新婚的“套房”:
the penthouse suite
a bridal suite
5． suite 还可指“商用套房”:
an executive suite summary 在短语 in summary 中 summary 前不用冠词，试比较:
These documents give summaries
of the proceedings from sched-
uled meetings of the Department.
In summary，it is the only way to relieve your stress. ( 用在短语中，不可数) summer 1． 抽象指“夏天”时，常用作不可数名词:
in summer
in late summer
early summer
in high summer
2． 具体指“某年的夏天”或“某个特殊的夏天”，作可数名词，前面常加冠词:
the summer of 2003
during the summer of 1999 in Fin-
land
We are set for a scorching sum-
mer.
Europe's summers are getting hotter.
3． 表示“暑假”，美国人常说 summer
vacation， 英国人常说 summer
holiday。 summit 1． 表示“政府首脑会议( 峰会)”，说 a
summit meeting，a summit 都可以:
The President will hold a summit
( meeting) with Tony Blair.
2． 与“峰会”有关的事物都可以用
summit 修饰:
a summit hotel
a summit registration
a summit setting
a summit priority
a summit process
a summit attempt
a summit photographic workshop
a summit site summon 1． 人们常说:
summon a meeting
summon a council
summon an assembly
summon help
summon an ambulance
summon strength
summon a doctor
summon a witness
summon courage
summon a Parliament
summon a conference
summon much enthusiasm
summon a secretary
summon everyone
summon a defendant
summon a smile
summon memories
summon a garrison
summon an image
summon energy
summon fighting spirits
summon men
summon dissidents
summon aides
summon my staff
summon the world leaders
summon ambassadors
2． 下面两种说法都可以:
She had to summon all her cour-
age / much enthusiasm / a smile to face the difficulties.
She had to summon up all her courage / much enthusiasm / a smile to face the difficulties. sun 1． 作“太阳”解时，前面要加定冠词:
The sun rises in the east.
2． 作“阳光”解，常为不可数名词:
There is little sun here but plenty of wind.
I planted it in an area that has too much sun.
3． 美国的南部常被叫做 the Sunbelt，
它的对应词是 the Frostbelt ( 北方寒冷地区) :
The Sunbelt is characterized by
high rates of in-migration by retir-
ees and highly skilled profession-
als from the Frostbelt.
4． a sunshine friend 是“只能同富贵、不能共患难的人”:
God is not a sunshine friend; he is there through thick and thin. super 表示“极好的”，在现代英语口语中用的很广。
1． 修饰名词:
a super place
a super idea
a super cook
a super view
a super state
a super car
a super weapon
a super hero
a super virus
a super book
a super meal
a super dress
a super person
a super man
a super woman
a super bridge
a super television
a super Website
a super corridor
a super express
super information
a super show
a super computer
a super searcher
a super topic
a super filmmaking site
a super scientist
a super club
a super software
super baby food
a super pet
a super thinker
a super bomb
super memory
a super auction
a super request
a super market
a super star
2． 修饰形容词:
super thin
super slim
super fit
super fast
super slow
super sensitive
super clear superstition 有单数、复数、不可数形式:
Anti-Americanism has become a superstition. ( 单数)
“Something old，something new，
something borrowed， something blue”may be the best known of wedding superstitions. ( 复数)
In other words，most of the world is dominated by superstition. ( 不可数) supper supper，dinner
1． 两词都可以译成“晚饭”，dinner
比 supper 正式; dinner 可以指“晚宴”，supper 不这样用:
The President is holding a dinner in honor of the visiting professor.
( 这里不宜用 supper)
2． 泛指“晚饭”时，两词前面都常不用冠词:
What time do you have supper /
dinner?
I'm having fish for supper / din-
ner.
It happened at supper / dinner.
3． 特指“某一顿晚饭”，两词都可作可数名词:
We'll have an early supper / din-
ner. supplement 作“补充”解时，后面常跟介词 to:
a supplement to the guidelines
a supplement to an assessment of
foreign trade supply 常用 supply sth to sb / sth 或 supply
sb / sth with sth 句型:
We have supplied it to a commer-
cial distributor.
We didn't supply it to the compa-
ny.
The hotel generously supplied us with soaps and toothbrushes.
She also supplied the college with a doctor's statement. support 在面句子中，support 前常不用冠词:
These are measures in support of international cooperation.
Preliminary numbers show lack of support for legalized gambling.
How do they mobilize support?
They will also enlist support for the missile defense plan.
The Nasdaq found support this morning along its early 1999 lows.
When can I get support? suppress 常可以说:
suppress an urge
suppress an impulse
suppress a rebellion
suppress an uprising
suppress a revolution
suppress a demonstration
suppress an appetite
suppress an anger
suppress resentment
suppress sad feelings
suppress a smile
suppress an opposition
suppress truth
suppress a magazine
suppress anxieties
suppress an inflation
suppress an innovation
suppress a riot
suppress human rights
suppress religious activities
suppress information
suppress news
suppress sobs
suppress weeds
suppress bleeding
suppress controversy
suppress media
suppress dissidents
suppress an evidence
suppress a vote
suppress a cancer development
suppress a Web travel
suppress a free political speech
suppress an emotion
suppress a discrimination
suppress a sexual desire sure ，certain
两词都表示“确信的、有把握的、一定的”等。
1． 表示未来可能的事时，两词常可换用:
The visiting scholar is sure / cer-
tain to deliver a speech this coming Friday.
2． 表示“主观上确信的”用 sure:
Be sure to come on time next time.
3． it 开头的句子( 因为是以客观事实为依据的) 中多用 certain:
It is certain that the conference will be held next week.
4． 下面三个句子都可以说:
Are you sure that you know the
answer?
Are you sure about your answer?
Are you sure of your answer? surf 可以说:
surf the Internet
surf the Net
surf the television
surf the sea
surf the Web
surf the market
surf the shops
surf the menu
surf the clouds
surf the desert dunes
surf the waves
surf on the Internet
surf on television
surf on the World Wide Web
surf on a wave of success
surf on the beach
surf on company time
surf on external browsers
surf on a lake
surf on solar wind surf on the air surf on Kerry's flip-flops surf on top of the optical wave surf on mobile phones surf on the snow surf on Encyclopedia. com
surf on a boat
surf on dolphins
surf on a whale
surf on the Canadian West Coast
surf on the sand surname 表示“姓”时，也可叫 last name 或
family name; 与之相对的“名”可以说:
given name
first name
Christian name
maiden name surplus 有单复数和不可数形式:
Every year they allow every pen-
ny of paid-in surpluses to be spent on their staff. ( 复数)
a large surplus of nurses( 单数)
a period of great surplus ( 不可数) surprise 1． 表示“突然袭击”，说 a surprise at-
tack，a surprised attack 都有，但多数用 a surprise attack:
Since the Americans are planning
an attack on Russia，and the best
defense is to strike first， then
Russia must prepare a surprise attack.
Arizona Memorial is a national
landmark，marking a surprised at-
tack by Japanese forces on the
Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbor on
December 7，1941．
2． “令人惊喜的聚会”用 a surprise
party，不用 a surprised party。
3． 下面两个句子的含义相同:
He was surprised at her reaction.
He was surprised by her reaction.
4． be surprised 后面跟动词不定式和动名词短语都可以:
I was surprised to come across
him at the subway station on Sun-
day.
I was surprised at coming across
him at the subway station on Sun-
day.
surrender
“投降”有多种说法:
The rebels have surrendered.
The rebels have surrendered themselves.
The rebels have surrendered themselves to the government troops.
The rebels announced their un-
conditional surrender yesterday.
The surrender of the rebels took place yesterday. surprised startled，surprised
两词都可表示“吃惊的”， 但 sur-
prised 比较普通常用，可形容各种
“吃惊”; startled 常指“因意外的、常常是不太好的消息或事情而吃惊的”，试比较:
I was startled / to see a shadow appear at the window.
I was surprised to hear that they were getting married. surrounding 表示“人的居住环境”，一般用复数
surroundings，即便“一个人的居住环境”也是如此。surroundings 后面跟复数动词:
Clean surroundings are of interest to all personnel on the installation and will influence both their health and morale. ( 多人居住环境)
Truman figures out that his sur-
roundings are full of staged scenes and events. ( 单人居住环境) survey survey，investigation
两词都可译成“调查”。
1． survey 主要指“通过提问进行调查”:
The Money Magazine did its sur-
vey by asking its readers a num-
ber of questions.
2． investigation 尤指 “( 官方、警方等) 对某一事件或情况的调查”:
The police made a thorough in-
vestigation into the cause of the explosion. sushi 1． 作“寿司”解时，常作不可数名词:
Sushi is a combination of tradi-
tion，art，culture and taste.
2． 表示“各种寿司”，sushi 为可数名词:
I was at a Japanese restaurant
with a friend and they had differ-
ent kinds of sushis. suspect 下面几种说法都可以:
He was suspected of involvement in the scandal.
He was suspected of being in-
volved in the scandal.
It was suspected that he was in-
volved in the scandal. suspicious 下面两句话都可以说，意思相同:
I am very suspicious of her real motive.
I am very suspicious about her re-
al motive. sustainable 作“可持续的”解，近几年用得很多:
sustainable development
sustainable economic growth
sustainable agriculture
sustainable business
sustainable environment
sustainable sources
sustainable development strategy
sustainable community
sustainable forestry
sustainable energy
sustainable ecosystems
sustainable investment swallow 1． 除了以“食品”为宾语外，还常用以下搭配:
swallow one's pride
swallow one's disappointment
swallow one's anger
swallow a story
swallow a statement
swallow an insult
swallow the country's resources
swallow his astonishment
swallow my words
swallow the tears
swallow one's cleverness
swallow one's speech
swallow every vestige of her dwin-
dling attractiveness swamp moor， marsh， swamp， wetland ，bog
这组词都有 “( 沼) 泽”的含义。
1． moor 主要是英国用法，指“长满杂草、低矮灌木丛的沼泽”，侧重强调“土地贫瘠，但不一定低洼”; 常用作复数:
the Yorkshire moors
It is higher， right up on the moors.
2． marsh 与 swamp 含义接近，常可换用; 但 swamp 比 marsh 大一些，而且杂草多得几乎无法通行;
marsh 则更强调积水和泥泞; 我国古代名著《水浒》的一种译法就是
Outlaws in the Marsh: || There was a deep and thorny swamp nearby. || There was a watery marsh close by.
3． wetland 常指 “遭附近湖泊、河流或海水覆盖的低洼湿地”，含义比较宽泛，常用复数:
protect the wildness of the wetlands
4． bog 是爱尔兰语，强调“松软”，走在上面可能会 “陷入其中，难以自拔”:
He knocked me down face first in a knee deep muddy bog. swap 1． 下面两个句子都可以说，意思相同:
They swapped books.
They swapped books with each other.
2． 后面常跟复数名词或不可数名词，跟可数名词居多。
1) 跟可数名词:
swap seats
swap ideas
swap jokes
swap stories
swap places
swap hostages
swap stamps
swap coats
swap wives
swap views
swap blows
swap goats
swap horses
swap knives
swap patents
swap shirts
swap resources
swap prisoners
swap items
swap listings
2) 跟不可数名词:
swap information
3． 常可以说 swap  with 或 swap 
for:
They swapped views with each other.
She swapped her sweater for a skirt.
4． 下面几句话的意思相同:
Shall we swap places?
Shall we swap round?
Shall we swap over? sweat 1． 常用作不可数名词，表示其数量时可以说:
a lot of sweat
a flood of sweat and tears
lots of sweat
a single drop of sweat
beads of sweat
a pint of sweat
2 quarts of sweat
a large amount of sweat
drops of sweat
the necessary volume of sweat
a litre of sweat every day
2． “一身 …… 汗”可以说 a good
sweat， a cold sweat， an awful
sweat，a horrible sweat 等:
His body was in a cold sweat.
There are many activities that of-
fer graceful movement and a good sweat.
3． 也可以有复数形式:
Diet treatments can help my son's night sweats.
Sweats are characteristic of cer-
tain primary tumor types. sweet ，candy
1． 作“糖果”解英国人常用 sweet，
是可数名词; 美国人常用 candy，
candy 可作可数和不可数名词:
How many sweets will be left
over?( 英国用法)
These candies are nutritionally good. ( 美国用法)
Just because candy is fat-free
does not mean that it can be con-
sumed in unlimited amounts with-
out consequences. ( 美国用法)
2． 表示“喜欢吃甜食”用单数 have a
sweet tooth， 不说 have sweet
teeth:
Mr. Smith has a sweet tooth. So much so that he opened an ice cream store.
swift，fast，quick
这组词都可表示“迅速的”。
1． swift 强调“快得平稳、顺畅、不受阻拦、轻松不费力”等:
the swift current
a swift，smooth transition
2． fast 比较普通常用，可形容各种
“快”。
3． quick 形容的“快”常常是“短暂、突然、单一、干脆”:
a quick leap
a quick drink swimming 1． 常为不可数名词:
Swimming is a good sport for chil-
dren with asthma.
Some people argue that nude swimming is healthier.
2． “室内游泳池”英国人常说 swim-
ming bath，美国人常说 swimming
pool 或 pool。
3． 各种“泳装”可以说:
swimming costume 女泳装
swimsuit 女泳装 ( 也有人用 swim-
ming suit)
bathing suit 女泳装
swimwear 男( 女) 泳装
swimming trunks 男式游泳短裤
( 注意用复数 trunks) swing 1． 表示“来回摆动”，说 swing to
and fro，swing back and forth 都可以，后者的使用频率高:
Looking towards the old castle we witnessed the gate swing to and fro.
The pendulum will swing back and forth in the same arc.
2． 在美国选举中，swing 表示“对投票结果起决定作用的”，可以组成许多词组:
a swing votes
Swing states determine the winner of close elections.
swing voters
Provisional vote may swing elec-
tion.
make trips to swing areas
a swing county
Female voters swing back to
Kerry.
big swing in Ohio
Female voters may swing Califor-
nia.
3． 英国人说 swing door，美国人说
swinging door。 switch 可以说:
switch places
switch lanes
switch between different programs
switch her attention from her hus-
band to her baby son
switch jobs
switch coffee brands
switch roads
switch methods
switch offices
switch websites
switch current accounts
switch ads
switch markets
switch cars
switch weapons swollen 除可以说身体各部位 swollen 以外，还可以比喻地说 :
swollen head
swollen river
swollen bureaucracy
swollen briefcase
swollen auto production capacity
swollen property
sword
“双刃剑”说，a double-edged sword，
a two-edged sword 都可以，含义相同，前者使用频率较高:
Perfectionism is a doubled-edged sword — it cuts both ways.
I feel the issue of engineering for the military is a two-edged sword. sympathy 1． 泛指“同情”时，用不可数形式较多:
I want you to know that my heart
goes out in sympathy to you and
yours in this hour of great afflic-
tion.
You usually won't get much sym-
pathy from someone who has never suffered from it.
He has the obvious intention of
trying to arouse sympathy for
Jews.
2． 表示“慰问、吊慰”时，用复数形式居多:
We extend our deepest sympa-
thies to the families of the victims of the attack.
On behalf of President Bush， I
would like to express my sympa-
thies to all who knew and loved him. syndrome 在现代社会中，有各种各样的 syn-
drome( 综合征) :
empty nest syndrome
the bored middle-aged housewife
syndrome
the exam syndrome
alcohol syndrome
computer vision syndrome
chronic fatigue syndrome
high-rise syndrome
post abortion stress syndrome
sick building syndrome
late-flight syndrome syrup 1． 有各种“糖浆”:
peach syrup
fruit syrup
chocolate syrup
cough syrup
sugary syrup
corn syrup
maple syrup
sipping syrup
sorghum syrup
berry syrup
cocoa syrup
pancake syrup
prickly pear syrup
cane syrup
lemonade syrup
coffee syrup
coconut syrup
almond syrup
orange syrup
2． 可以作可数和不可数名词:
Do humans swim slower in syrup
than in water? ( 不可数)
It can be eaten as a syrup or can be used as a sweetener. ( 单数)
These syrups are delicious on hotcakes， waffles and sundaes.
( 复数) system 有时可作抽象名词:
He works with system. 他工作有规律。
She lacks system in her study. 她学习缺乏规律。 tab 口语中有些 tab 短语有特殊意思，并有单复数之分:
Who'll pick up the tab for optical
networks? 谁来为光纤网络付帐?
( tab 一般用单数形式)
Cell phones are no longer the only electronic leash parents have to keep tabs / a tab on their teens.
家长们要密切注意他们十来岁的孩子，如今可以不光靠移动电话了，还有其他电子手段。( tab 用单复数形式都可以，用复数的频率较高) table 1． 大部分情况下，table 都表示“桌子、台子”，但有时 table 的译法应注意:
As we both have rather large ap-
petites，we often have a selection from the cold table followed by hot food. 我们两人胃口都相当大，所以经常先选冷菜，后吃热菜。
2． 表示“扭转局势”说 turn the tables
on 和 turn the table on 都可以，用复数的频率较高:
For many women the idea of be-
ing able to turn the table on their men is very exciting. 对于许多女人来说，能够转弱为强，胜过他们的男人，是非常刺激的事。
Will cyber journalists turn the ta-
bles on big media? 网络新闻记者会从劣势转为优势，胜过主流媒体吗?
3． at table 表示“用餐、吃饭”主要是英国用法，注意 table 前一般没有冠词:
It's impolite to talk with food in your mouth at table.
tablet，pill，
1． 两词都有“药”的含义; tablet 是
“圆形的药片”，pill 可指“各种形状的药丸、药片、胶囊”等。
2． “避孕药”用 pill，不用 tablet:
Scientists found that women on the pill were less likely to have heart diseases and strokes. tabloid 1． 一般指“小报”，但也可以说:
tabloid TV
tabloid column
tabloid news
tabloid trash
tabloid format
tabloid tales
tabloid dreams
tabloid round-up
tabloid music
tabloid journalism
tabloid issues
tabloid culture
tabloid series
tabloid business
tabloid magazine
tabloid information sheet
tabloid celebrity tactic 可以说用单数，但较多用复数 tac-
tics; tactics 后面用复数动词较多:
Terror is a tactic. 恐怖是一种战术。
I don't think radical tactics are
very important in our struggle a-
gainst terrorism. 我觉得对付恐怖主义，极端战术并不十分重要。 tag 有很多种 tag:
name tags
price tags
baggage tags
electronic tags
security tags
question tags
identification tags
gift tags
airline tags
metal tags
laser tags
t'ai chi
t'ai chi( 太极) ，也拼成 tai chi，首字母大小写均可，已进入英美词典:
The school provides professional instruction in T'ai Chi， Qigong and Kung Fu.
Tai chi is a way to become agile. take 1． 用 take 加名词表示动作或事件，后面的名词常可转变成动词使用:
take a look at the new building —
look at the new building
take a walk around the lake —
walk around the lake
2． take to 表示“喜欢上、到某处去
( 休息等 )”后面常跟名词或动名词:
take to the woods
take to wearing leather shoes
take to the hills
take to the streets
take to spending his day in the
park
take to drinking
take to bowling with his girl friend
3． 注意 take-home 在下列词组中的含义:
take-home pay 实得工资
take-home exam( test) 场外考试
take-home lesson 实得教益
take-home cards 可以带回家 ( 复习的) 卡片
take-home bags 学校家庭联系袋
take-home essay 回家( 去做的) 作文
take-home cure 家庭治疗
take-home laptops 可带回家的手提电脑
take-home activity bag( 学生的) 回家活动袋
4． 表示“外卖食品、外卖食品销售店”，英国人说 a takeaway，美国人说 a takeout:
I need to order a takeaway in a hurry. ( 英国用法)
Some of the food we eat in the dining hall is a bit like you'd get in a takeaway. ( 英国用法)
I ate a simple lunch in a takeout.
( 美国用法)
We'll get a takeout from this new place. ( 美国用法)
5． takeaway，takeout 都可以作形容词:
a takeaway / takeout pizza a
takeaway / takeout iced drink taken 1． 这组词都可以译成 “错的”。
1) wrong 的原义是 “弯曲不直的”，
因而通常也有 “偏离真理、规范、标准”的意思，但没有“欺骗的”含义，试比较:
a wrong answer ( 指无意中所给的
“错误答案”)
a false answer ( 有故意给错答案的意思)
2) false 的基本含义是“欺骗的、假的”，因此它所指的“错”也常含此义:
a false statement 假声明
a false report 不真实的报道
a person false to his promise 不守信用的人 ( 上述例子都表明是在
“故意作假”)
3) incorrect 侧重形容“因使用方法不当、不符合习俗等而错的”:
an incorrect wedding dress
incorrect English
4) mistaken 常形容“思想、观点、信仰、意见等方面错误的”:
a mistaken notion
a mistaken idea
2． 名词 wrong 与 fault 的区别。
1) wrong 是“道德、品质、行为、举止等方面的大错误”，是“事关是非的错误”:
the rights and wrongs of sex edu-
cation
the difference between right and
wrong
2) fault 常指“人们性格中等中一些不可避免的小毛病、过失”等:
a short delay due to a minor tech-
nical fault
Don't blame him; it's a small fault.
3． 形容词 wrong 后面常跟介词 with，
for 等:
The main thing we have to do is to explain what is wrong with this multi-level marketing.
Everything is wrong with me.
Kerry says Bush is wrong for
choosing tax breaks for outsourc-
ing instead of creating jobs.
The color is wrong for a meeting-
hall like this.
WTO
WTO ( 世界贸易组织) 前面常加定冠词; WHO ( 世界卫生组织) 前面常不加定冠词:
The WTO expresses its deepest sympathy to all the victims of the tragedy.
This practice will weaken the
WTO．
We held a debate between lead-
ing critics and proponents of the
WTO．
the key role of WHO in health cri-
sis
WHO is coordinating the investi-
gation.
1050
WTO

 tale 参见 story。 talent 1． 表示“才华”时可作可数或不可数名词，下面两种说法都对:
He is a man of many talents. ( 可数)
He is a man of great talent. ( 不可数)
2． 作“有才华的人”解时，也可以作可数或不可数名词，使用复数的频率较高:
There is a lack of local talent.
There is a lack of local talents.
a select group of young talents
encourage young talents
Hong Kong Young Talents Associ-
ation
a showcase of young talents
a couple of young talents
3． 作不可数名词时，后面可以跟复数或单数动词，用单数动词的频率较高:
Young talent are always wel-
come.
We find the bright young talent are Web-savvy.
Young talent are key.
Young talent are trained in 10 dif-
ferent departments for future use.
( 复数动词)
Young talent is in hot demand for several reasons.
Our research shows that the best young talent is borderless.
Today's young talent is more in-
terested in what's going on around them. ( 单数动词)
4． talent show 在美国可以指“( 学校里的新生) 文艺表演会”。
talk，speak，chat
1． talk，speak，chat 都有“说话”的意思。
1) talk 常指“两人或多人谈话”:
Everyone is busily talking with their friends.
North Korean refused to take part in the five-way talks.
2) talk 侧重指“随便的交谈”:
He is talking with his kids.
3) speak 常指“正式的讲话”:
The Queen spoke to the nation live at 6: 00pm on Friday.
4) talk 和 speak 都可以拟人指“动物或幽灵等的说话”:
The birds are talking.
The phantom talked to the pump-
kin，telling it how．
I just spoke to your dog.
The birds spoke to me sorrowful-
ly.
Birds spoke to the wind.
The spirits spoke to him.
5) chat 在本组词中最不正式，一般指“闲聊”:
He chatted with every guest at the stag party.
2． “谈话节目”或“脱口秀”，美国人说 talk show， 英国人说 chat
show:
There are a lot of recent news stories about television talk shows and their hosts. ( 美国用法)
There is a new TV chat show fea-
turing． ( 英国用法)
“谈话节目 / 脱口秀主持人”可以说:
talk-master
talk show host
anchorman
anchorwoman
anchorperson
3． talk 经常作不及物动词用:
Let's talk about depression. ( 不说
talk depression)
I want to talk to you. ( 不说 talk
you)
4． 但是，下列句子中的 talk 作及物动词用:
If you talk shop，you talk about work matters.
Jordan warns Saddam daughters not to talk politics.
Dems talk business in Boston.
Let's talk philosophy.
He wanted to talk literature，and we would talk business.
Writers talk books.
I shouldn't talk nonsense.
He was talking rubbish first time I
met him.
( 注意: 上述例句中 talk 后面的名词前一般都不用冠词) tall tall，high
两词都可表示“高的”。
1． tall 强调“高于一般的同类事物”:
He is taller than I have expected.
( 强调比一般人高)
2． high 强调“从地面到高处的空间高度”:
The wall is too high to climb over.
( 墙太高无法翻越; 强调空间的高度)
3． 下面词组中用 high:
high tech 高科技
high water 高水位
high profile 高姿态
high tide 高潮
high blood pressure 高血压
high fidelity 高保真
4． “高脚橱柜”英国人说 tallboy，美国人说 highboy。 tame 说 a tame horse 和 a tamed horse
都可以，前者的使用频率较高:
We cannot deal with nature like a tame horse.
Another possibility is to ride a tame horse through the beautiful landscape of the valley and the mountains.
This horse is definitely not a tamed horse.
A tamed horse is needed to take you where you want to go. tank 1． 作“监牢”解是美国用法:
He was shut up in a tank for something like thirty-six hours.
2． think tank( 智囊团) 后面可以跟单数或复数动词，单数使用的频率高:
The think tank is responsible for
commissioning research and de-
veloping position papers.
The “think tank”are a bunch of
kids with an IQ well above 150． tap 1． 名词 tap 作“开关、龙头”解主要是英国用法，美国人常用 faucet:
She turned on the tap and hot wa-
ter ran out.
Is your battled water coming from
a faucet?
2． 下面几种说法都可以，意思近似:
Someone is tapping the window.
Someone is tapping at the win-
dow.
Someone is tapping on the win-
dow.
Someone is tapping against the window. target 下面例句中，target 前可以不用冠词:
You're right on target.
I think the complaints are off tar-
get.
The inflation is below target.
They are already above target. tarmac 1． 作“( 铺路用的) 柏油碎石”解是英国用法，美国人常说 blacktop 或
asphalt。
2． 作“柏油碎石机场跑道”解时，前面常用定冠词:
After sitting on the tarmac for five
hours waiting to take off，the pas-
sengers on Flight 115 felt very an-
gry. task 注意与动词的搭配:
give the task
set the task
perform the task
accomplish the task
approach the task
accept the task
assign the task
enter upon the task
carry put the task
complete the task
complicate the task
conclude the task
execute the task
fulfill the task
impose the task
attempt the task
neglect the task
lighten the task
quit the task
shirk the task
shoulder the task
take up the task
undertake the task
begin the task
face the task
tackle the task
undertake the task
achieve the task
confront the task
engage in the task
lighten the task
plunge the task
2． 注意与形容词的搭配:
an arduous task
a daunting task
a difficult task
a formidable task
an easy task
an hopeless task
an impossible task
an onerous task
a thankless task
an unenviable task
an uphill task
an unenviable task
an administrative task
an allotted task
an assigned task
an appointed task
a back-breaking task
a biographic task
a colossal task
a burdensome task
a complicated task
a daily task
a disagreeable task
a tedious task
a uninviting task
an urgent task
a weary task
a useless task
a worthy task
a divine task
a dry task
a dull task
an elaborate task
an enormous task
an exacting task
a gigantic task
a hard task
a heavy task
a hopeful task
a laborious task
an overwhelming task
a praiseworthy task
a responsible task
a self-imposed task
a school holiday task
a household task
a perilous task
an imaginative task
a pensive task
a tremendous task
a bleak task
a cheerless task
a slight task
a prodigious task
a profitless task
a small task
a toilsome task
an ungracious task
an uncongenial task
a knotty task
a futile task
an irksome task
an amusing task
a noble task
a pleasing task
a suitable task
a disheartening task
an intellectual task
a joyous task
a fatiguing task
an appalling task
a glorious task taste flavor，taste
两词都可译成“味道”。
1． taste 普通常用，一般不包含“某种特别味道”的含义，要表示这种含义，常常要借助于其他词:
This dish has no taste.
Sugar has a sweet taste.
2． flavor 常表示 the quality of tasting
good or pleasantly strong，甚至有
smell，可译成“滋味”:
the flavor of fine fresh green tea
3． 有 3 种形式:
The drink has a strong flavor. ( 单数)
available in five new flavors ( 复数)
have plenty of flavor( 不可数) taste 1． 下面例子中，taste 前常不用冠词:
I do have a sense of taste，so I
would know once I started eating it.
Chicken can be either simmered，
seared，or roasted without crea-
ting a large difference in taste.
Nothing beats chicken for taste.
His jokes are always in good /
bad poor taste.
Add some pepper to taste.
2． 动词 taste 表示“有 …… 味道”时常有 3 种表达法。
1) taste 加形容词:
It tastes good.
It tastes nice.
It tastes bad.
It tastes awful.
It tastes delicious.
It tastes sweet.
It tastes sour.
It tastes salty.
It tastes bitter.
It tastes burnt.
It tastes acid.
2) 与介词 of 连用:
It tastes of mint.
It tastes of union.
It tastes of chicken.
It tastes of ginger.
It tastes of lemon.
It tastes of orange.
It tastes of pepper.
It tastes of baked pear.
It tastes of honey.
It tastes of plum.
It tastes of apple.
It tastes of tobacco.
It tastes of wet damp toast.
It tastes of excrement.
It tastes of dried fruits.
3) taste 与 like 连用:
It tastes like vinegar.
It tastes like strawberry.
It tastes like hell.
It tastes like liver.
It tastes like candy.
It tastes like chocolate.
It tastes like heaven.
It tastes like ice-cream.
It tastes like vanilla.
It tastes like bullshit.
It tastes like raisin.
It tastes like blueberry pie.
tax，dutys tariff，taxation
1． 这组词都有“税”的含义。
1) tax 最为普通常用， 可指各种
“税”:
income tax
business tax
commodity tax
consumption tax
entertainment tax
gift tax
land tax
legacy tax
property tax
sales tax
wartime tax
2) duty 尤指“海关对某些特殊商品征收的税”:
Norway has agreed on maximum
customs duties within the frame-
work of the World Trade Organi-
zation agreements. / Customs duties are paid on goods entering the country. ( duty 常用复数形式)
3) tariff 比 duty 正式，常指“政府对进出口商品征收的关税”:
A tariff is a tax placed on imported and exported goods.
4) taxation 指“政府的征税的体系、制度”等，常作不可数名词:
The new government obtained revenue through taxation.
2． “遗产税”可以说:
death duties
legacy tax
inheritance tax
succession duties
3． 注意下面的词组:
tax avoidance ( 用合法手段的减税、逃税)
tax dodge( 合法或非法的减税、逃税)
tax evasion( 非法的逃税)
tax break( 减税)
tax exemption( 免税) taxi 1． “出租车”可以说:
taxi
cab
taxicab
taximeter cab
taxicar
yellow cab
2． taxi 和 cab 比较常用; cab 比较口语化。
3． “叫出租车”常说:
call a taxi / cab
hail a taxi / cab
hire a taxi / cab
have a taxi / cab
get a taxi / cab
take a taxi / cab
3． “乘出租车”用 by taxi，by cab 表示，taxi，cab 前常不用冠词:
The airport is accessible by taxi on a 24-hour basis.
Getting around by cab is easy and cheap here.
4． “( 候租的) 出租车停泊地”美国人叫taxi / cab stand，英国人叫 taxi /
cab rank:
A taxi / cab stand was established
on Main Street in 2003．
She wiggled to a cab in the taxi /
cab rank. tea 1． 除作可数名词，表示“各种茶( vari-
ous kinds of teas) 、一杯或几杯茶
( a tea，two green teas，several
red teas)”外，tea 常作不可数名词:
I used to have a cup of tea early in the morning.
She is having afternoon tea in the garden.
It's not my cup of tea.
Would you like some tea?
My country imports 2 million pounds of tea a year.
I'd love a mug of iced tea.
2． 表示“短暂休息 ( 可在期间吃些点心 )”，英国人常说 have a tea
break，美国人常说 have a coffee
break:
A few of us have a tea break at
10 am everyday.
Let's go to Starbuck and have a coffee break with my brother. teach 1． 可以说:
Prof. Levin teaches English.
( teach sth)
Prof. Levin teaches adults. ( teach
sb)
Prof. Levin teaches English to a-
dults. ( teach sth to sb)
Prof. Levin teaches adults Eng-
lish. ( teach sb sth)
Prof. Levin teaches adults to learn English. ( teach sb to do
sth)
Prof. Levin teaches adults how to learn English. ( teach sb how to
do sth)
2． teaching assistant 一般是“在大学里教学的学生”，可称作“助教”:
If you are a full-time graduate
student and are employed as a
teaching assistant，you are enti-
tled to having the scholarship. team 1． 现在很强调“团队精神”( team
spirit) ，因此，产生了不少词组:
teamwork
team player
dream team
team fundraisers
team system
team project
team-based learning
team roles
team mission
team effort
2． 下面两个句子都可以说:
The host team is winning.
The host team are winning.
3． a team of 表示“一组”，运用范围很广，可以说:
a team of biologists
a team of researchers
a team of terrorists
a team of robots
a team of experts
a team of weapon hunters
a team of no-names
a team of airlines
a team of oxen
a team of five horses
a team of programmers
a team of reporters
a team of tough guys
a team of volunteers
4． 表示“某某人是某队的队员”时，
team 后面用 on，in 都可以，on 比较普通常用:
He is in the school football team.
He is on the school football team. tear 1． 是可数名词，因此可以说 a tear，
many tears， 但一般不说 much
tear，little tear 等:
She wiped off a vagrant tear with her silk handkerchief.
We shed many tears together.
2． 用复数形式较多:
She burst into tears and wept for several minutes.
The actress was reduced to tears by his acceptance speech.
I was in tears when I first saw the movie.
As people left，their eyes flooded with tears of joy.
She was on the verge of tears af-
ter the judges' comments on Mon-
day.
Your gracious message moved me to tears.
I fought back the tears so that I
could have a smile for this won-
derful young man who had hand-
ed out so many smiles when he was a student here.
3． 表示“裂口”时，后面常跟介词 in:
a tear in his overcoat
a tear in the fabric
a tear in the pants technique 1． 指具体的“技巧、技术”时为可数名词:
I still haven't acquired a technique for keeping my goggles from icing up.
I have developed my own oil painting techniques.
2． 泛指“技术”可作不可数名词:
He excelled at the highest level u-
sing a combination of great tech-
nique.
I picked up a new style and learn-
ed a lot of technique.
It requires little technique.
3． 后面常跟介词 for，of:
It provides a step-by-step tech-
nique for sparking breakthrough creativity in advertising.
Emphasis is placed on the effec-
tive techniques of personal sell-
ing. technology 下面两种说法都可以，用单数的频率高于复数:
We stay abreast of the most ad-
vanced computer technology.
We stay abreast of the most ad-
vanced computer technologies. teen 表示“十几岁的孩子”，下面几种说法都可以:
He is a teenager.
He is in his teens.
He is a teenage boy.
He is a teenaged boy.
He is a teen. telecommunication 表示“电信”常用复数形式 telecom-
munications，即便修饰其他名词也是这样:
telecommunications industry
telecommunications company
telecommunications law
telecommunications authority
telecommunications standards
telecommunications services
telecommunications association
telecommunications network
telecommunications system
telecommunications organization
telecommunications laboratories telephone 1． 没有 phone 的使用频率高，在口语中尤其如此。
2． “用……号码给某人打电话”，tele-
phone 后面常跟 on，at:
Telephone her on 02255566789．
Telephone her at 56578990 or
email her at
3． “用电话方式作 …… 事”常用 by
telephone，telephone 前一般不用冠词:
My teacher told me how to make friends by telephone.
You can place an order by tele-
phone at + 1( 402) 464-1234． television 1． “看电视”一般说 watch televi-
sion:
Is it OK for babies to watch televi-
sion?
2． “在电视里看到 ……”用 see  on
television，一般不用 watch  in
television:
When we saw her on television，
she was always amongst the peo-
ple.
I've never seen him play in person before，but I have seen him on television a few times. telling 作“重要的、有效的、有力的”解时，可修饰很多词:
a telling factor
a telling weakness
a telling condemnation
a telling argument
a telling example
a telling remark
a telling advantage
a telling change
a telling point
a telling use of color
a telling picture
a telling tale
a telling question temper 1． 一个人“脾气不好”，可以说:
He is bad-tempered.
He is a man of bad temper.
He is a bad-tempered man.
He has a bad temper.
He is in a bad temper today.
2． 下面句子中，temper 前一般不用冠词:
One story has it that in a fit of temper he kicked her to death.
We all are acquainted with the
fact that words unfittingly spoken
often cause an outburst of tem-
per.
His wife was frightened to find him out of temper. temperament 可作可数或不可数名词，下面两种说法都可以:
Artists often have excitable tem-
peraments. ( 可数)
Artists often display a lot of tem-
perament. ( 不可数) temperature 1． 表示“发烧”，可以说:
He has got a temperature.
He is running a temperature.
He has a temperature.
2． 说“气温变化”有很多方法:
The ground temperature is steadi-
ly rising.
The ground temperature is fast dropping.
There is a drop in ground temper-
ature.
There is a rise in ground tempera-
ture.
The temperature drops below the freezing point.
The temperature dropped to the freezing point.
The temperature rose above the freezing point.
The ground temperature declined steadily.
The temperature reached the freezing point.
The temperature fell to freezing point.
The temperature reads -5．
The temperature stands at -5．
The temperature registers -5．
The temperatures are in the 20s.
There is a sudden change in tem-
perature.
3． “发烧”可以说 have a tempera-
ture，have a fever，前者的使用频率高; “发高烧”可以说 have a
high temperature，have a high fe-
ver，后者的使用频率高。
temple， mosque， monastery，
convent，nunnery，shrine，syn- tempt 下面几种说法都可以:
Kerry tempted me into political sci-
ence. ( tempt sb into sth)
Kerry tempted me into studying political science. ( tempt sb into
doing sth)
Kerry tempted me to study politi-
cal science. ( tempt sb to do sth)
I was tempted to study political science. ( be tempted to do sth)
I was tempted into studying politi-
cal science. ( be tempted into do-
ing sth) temptation 下面两种说法都可以，temptation 前用冠词的频率高于不用冠词:
I succumbed to temptation and ate all of the chocolate cake.
I succumbed to the temptation and ate all of the chocolate cake. tendency 常用在以下句型中:
There is a tendency for things to right themselves. ( a tendency for
sth to do sth)
It does show / display / develop /
exhibit a tendency toward a parti-
cular value. ( show a tendency to-
ward)
There will be a tendency for him to drink more in this remote place. ( a tendency for sb to do
sth)
There did seem to be a tendency for it to turn upside down a lot.
( seem to be a tendency for sth to
do sth)
Lawyers have a tendency to say
things like “prior to” when they
mean“before”． ( have a tendency
to do sth) tender 1． 可修饰很多名词:
tender meat
tender loving care
tender years
tender age
tender wound
tender subject
tender heart
tender looks
tender farewell
tender mercies
tender beans
tender plants
tender voice
tender points
tender hands
tender roots
tender fruits
tender laws
tender melancholy
tender situation
tender manners
tender colors
tender young grass
tender eggs
tender smile
tender glance
tender parents
tender wind
tender area of skin
tender procedures
tender mind
tender crafts
tender feelings
tender traps
tender exercises
tender romantic words and
phrases
tender documents
tender comrades
tender invitation notice
tender fictions
tender rules
tender cases
tender youth
tender offer
tender flesh
tender scheme
tender act
tender tool
tender process
tender search
tender results
tender news
tender title
tender management
tender muffins
tender braised veal
2． tender-hearted 是英国用词，意思是 soft-hearted，kind-hearted 等，但也可以指“伤心的”:
Their four-year affair had come to a tender-hearted end. 他们相恋 4
年，最后伤心分手。 tennis 1． “打网球”说 play tennis，注意
tennis 前一般不用冠词:
Do you often play tennis?
2． 但是说“打……杯网球赛”，tennis
前要用冠词:
Eight players will play the Tennis
Masters Cup. 8 位选手将参加“网球霸王杯”的角逐。
3． 指“某一场或某一阶段的网球比赛”tennis 前一般加冠词:
The team worked so hard to play
the tennis in the fall of 2003． tense ，nervous
两词都可表示“紧张的”。
1． nervous 主要形容“人 ( 在某事发生以前或发生中间感到) 紧张的”:
I'm always nervous before I go on
stage，but once I'm out there eve-
rything is great and it's my favorite place to be.
I got nervous during the certificate exam.
2． tense 侧重形容“事情发生前的紧张”:
There was a tense silence as eve-
ryone waited for his reaction.
3． tense 常形容“局势、气氛等的紧张”，下面句子中用 tense 较合适:
The town remains tense after the air raid. ( 不宜说 the town remains
nervous)
4． 注意: 说 a tense situation / at-
mosphere 的频率高于 a nervous
situation / atmosphere 数十倍。 tension 可以作可数名词，但作不可数名词的使用频率远高于可数:
A certain tension emerges out of this situation.
Cross-strait tensions are more than just a game.
responsible for the phenomenon
known as surface tension
reduce the tension between the
two states
Lebanese-Israeli border is brim-
ming with tension.
Tension mounted as we waited for the election results.
The 6-party talks will defuse the international tension.
It has been a continuing source of tension. tent 1． “因各种困境造成许多人无家可归，聚居在一个地方 ( 不少人住在帐篷里)”可用 tent 来形容，如 tent
city，tent camp，tent village，tent
town:
Thousands of young people set-
tled in the sprawling tent camp on
Keiv's Independence Square.
Vancouver activists attempt a tent city for homeless people.
An urban tent village of 60 old people faces the loss of its lease with the city.
Five hundred vehicles stationed on an empty field in Silopi near the tent town for refugees.
2． tent 修饰的名词不一定都含贬义:
a tent store
a tent school
a tent outhouse
a tent factory
a tent hospital
a tent restaurant
a tent repair shop tenure 1． 作“终生任职权”解，主要是美国用法，是不可数名词，前面常不用冠词:
The experiment did work，scholar-
ly articles followed， and he got
tenure at the Ohio State Universi-
ty.
Some argue that tenure is an out-
moded concept，and if institutions
are going to remain competitive，
they need to be able to have more flexibility to hire.
He worked in an institution that does not offer tenure.
2． 如果指“多份终生任职权”，tenure
为可数名词:
It seems to me that a lot goes on during most college tenures that has nothing to do with learning.
3． 表示“工作若干年后可以终生受聘的工作”可以说:
a tenured position
a tenure-tracked position
a tenured job
a tenure-tracked job
He's got a tenured position at an
Ivy League school.
I got a tenure-tracked position as
an assistant professor at the Car-
negie Mellon University.
My friend got a tenure-tracked job at Stanford. ter ，headmistress
这组词都有“校长”的含义:
1． president 比较普通常用，在美国常指“大学校长”:
the President of Harvard Universi-
ty
2． principal 较多指“中小学校长”。
在英国，某些“大学校长”也叫 prin-
cipal:
a high school principal
the principal of Royal Holloway，
University of London
3． chancellor 在英联邦国家的大学里常指“名誉校长”或“学监、校监”，没有实权，不具体负责学校工作:
the chancellor of the University of
Nottingham
4． vice-chancellor 在英联邦国家的大学里是真正的“校长”，主管学校的具体事务。出席“中英大学校长会议”的“校长”中，中方代表全是
president，英方全是 vice-chancel-
lor。
5． headmaster 和 headmistress 在英国常指“中小学的男 / 女校长”，在美国常指“私立中小学的男 / 女校长”。 term ，semester
1． term，semester 都有“学期”的意思。
1) 英国人用 term 的较多，常指“( 一学年中有 3 到 4 个学期的) 学期”，
可以指“大学和中学等的学期”:
Gloucestershire County school
terms
the summer term of the schools in
Hambleton District
2) semester 在美国用的较多，一般指“一学年分成两个学期的一学期”，主要指“大学里的学期”:
Semester at Sea is a floating uni-
versity for students.
I'm pleased to announce the start-
ing date of the spring semester at
Tufts University.
2． 在不少由 term 组成的短语中，
term 常用复数形式:
They told us about drugs in no un-
certain terms.
The book explains in simple terms how the new system works.
All these valuables are defined in terms of money.
You can redistribute it under the terms of this license.
The Russian and Lithuanian de-
fense ministers come to terms on developing cooperation between their ministers.
I need time to come to terms with grief.
The government would ensure provision of residential plots to low-income groups on easy terms.
The villagers there，in their terms，
been reduced to poverty.
My brain and my fingers aren't on speaking terms this morning.
The whole point is whether we are on equal terms.
He is not on very good terms with his family members.
3． term paper 作“学期论文”解主要是美国用法:
The most common error made by students in choosing a subject for a term paper is to choose one that is too general. terminal 1． 有各种 terminal:
the computer terminal
the bus terminal
the train terminal
the boat terminal
the airport terminal
the grand central terminal
the Internet terminal
the super searcher terminal
the testing terminal
the cruise terminal
the passenger terminal
2． 参见 station。 terminology 可作可数或不可数名词:
a dictionary for terminology used
in the study of human and animal
vision
A Dictionary of Descriptive Termi-
nology
a brief introduction to history and
use of medical terminology
computer terminologies in
Hongkongese
International Journal of Nursing
Terminologies and Classifications
a guide to abbreviations and ter-
minologies， as used by license
plate collectors
terrace
terraced house， terrace house 作
“排屋”解是英国用法，前者比较普通常用; 美国人用 row house:
Many people in Northern Ireland live in a terraced house.
I live in a row house in Philadel-
phia with a back yard 20 feet wide and 50 feet deep. terrible 表示“在……方面很糟糕的”，后面常跟介词 at:
be terrible at reading something /
throwing punches / handling criti-
cism / housing-keeping / be terri-
ble at terribly 意为 very，extremely，在现代口语中用的很广:
I'm terribly sorry about the result.
I'm terribly upset with myself.
I'm terribly impressed with myself.
I'm terribly disappointed at your performance.
I'm terribly fond of graphic design.
be terribly confused
be terribly interesting
be terribly cute
be terribly bored
be terribly ashamed territory 前面常用介词 from，into，on，in，
within 等，用 in 的频率较高:
including the withdrawal of Ameri-
can troops from the occupied terri-
tory
armed activities on the territory of
the Congo
the present-day differences in the
territory of Brazil
American expansion into the terri-
tory of New Mexico in the early
1850s
reside freely within the territory of
EU member states terror 1． 可以作可数和不可数名词:
While she is very nice with hu-
mans，she is a terror with other cats. 它跟人类相处得很好，但它与其他猫在一起时可是个霸王。
( 可数)
They remembered the terror of the terrorists' attack. 他们记得恐怖分子袭击的恐怖情景。( 单数)
The children of my city live in ter-
ror and hopelessness. 我那个城市里的孩子生活在恐怖和绝望之中。( 不可数)
2． 下面的句子中，terror 前常不用冠词:
He uses his power to strike terror into the citizens of the state.
They live in terror of the govern-
ment.
The 9 /11 incident was used to in-
still terror into the minds of people by the government.
Such American-led violence will only intensify hatred and inspire terror all over the world. test 1． 可以说:
go for a test
do a test
take a test
pass a test
fail a test
fail in a test
flunk a test
run a test
conduct a test
grapple with a test
institute a test
repeat a test
survive a test
utilize a test
work out a test
wrestle with a test
try a test
manage a test
select a test
use a test
prepare for a test
type a test
copy a test
Xerox a test
email a test
fax a test
screen a test
mail a test
grade a test
mark a test
correct a test
formulate a test
perform a test
give a test
make a test
resist a test
stand a test
undergo a test
apply a test
broaden a test
confront with a test
conceive a test
compose a test
confirm a test
devise a test
employ a test
2． test 后面常跟介词 for，of 等:
a test for color blindness
a math test for journalists
multiple intelligence test for chil-
dren
the Michigan Test for Teacher
Certification
the GRE Test for Dummies
the Test of English as a Foreign
Language
the Iowa Test of Basic skills
a test of the missile defense sys-
tem
a test of American patience
3． 动词 test 常用在 test sb on sth，
test sb for sth 的句型中:
She was asked to test him on spelling.
There would be no one to test him on his knowledge of history.
We went to test her on the curvy road.
How can I go about convincing a
doctor to test me for this disease?
He was going to test me for all types of things.
4． 参见 exam; testimony 下面几种说法都可以:
Thousands of unique prehistoric and historic sites are a testimony to the thriving cultures of the past.
Thousands of unique prehistoric and historic sites are testimony to the thriving cultures of the past.
Thousands of unique prehistoric and historic sites are a testimony of the thriving cultures of the past.
Thousands of unique prehistoric and historic sites are testimony of the thriving cultures of the past. testing ，test
两词都可以作“试验、考验”解。
1． testing 主要作不可数名词:
As a result of this research，DNA
testing can now be used to an-
swer these questions.
2． 指“一次次具体的试验或考验”，
testing 也作可数名词:
It's a testing of courage.
They are going to make AIDS
testings mandatory.
3． testing 常作形容词:
a testing ground
a testing methodology
a testing center
a testing procedure
4． test 一般指具体的“试验、考验”，
是可数名词:
Personality tests on this page may
give you some new thoughts a-
bout your own personality.
It's a test of whether you're mini-
mally aware of your surroundings.
5． 下面词组中用 test:
test drive
test flight
test run
test pilot
test ban
test anxiety
test scores
test results
test maker
6． 下面词组中用 testing:
testing ground
testing system
testing organization
testing service
testing software
testing tools textbook 表示“……教科书”，textbook 后面常跟介词 in，on，of 等; of 最常用，in
其次:
Virtual Textbook of Organic Chemis-
try
Textbook of Military Medicine
a Laboratory Textbook of Anato-
my and Physiology
Multimedia Textbook in Behavioral
Neuroscience
a university textbook in English
A textbook on Arabs
a new comprehensive textbook on
sex-based biology
Advanced textbook on Traditional
Chinese Medicine than 1． 下面两种说法都可以:
He is five years older than me.
He is five years older than I．
2． 注意: 有人认为第一种说法不对，实际上，在现代英语中这种用法比比皆是，第二种说法反而显得太正式和过时; 类似常用的说法还有:
She earns more than him.
Are we really freer than them?
I have a sister and everyone thinks she's better than me. thank 1． 下面几种说法都可以表示“谢谢”，但感谢的程度不同; 同时要注意: thanks 比 thank you 正式:
Thank you.
Thank you very much.
Thank you so much.
Thank you ever so much.
Thank you very much for helping me with my writing.
Thanks.
Many thanks.
Many thanks for the gift book.
A million thanks.
A thousand thanks.
Thanks a lot.
Thanks a lot for the ride.
Thanks a lot for doing the dishes.
Thanks for reminding me.
Thanks for the gift.
I'd like to thank you for your timely help.
I'd like to express my heartfelt thanks to you for your assistance.
2． 别人问你要不要某东西时，说
Thank you 就是“想要”，说 No，
thank you 就是婉言谢绝:
Do you like a sandwich? — Thank you. ( 希望“来一份”)
Have a cup of coffee? — No，
thank you. ( 婉言谢绝)
3． thank-you 作形容词可以修饰很多名词:
a thank-you note
a thank-you letter
a thank-you card
a thank-you gift
a thank-you electronic card
thank-you flowers
a thank-you email
a thank-you fax
a thank-you e-card
thank-you roses
4． thank-you 可作可数名词:
I'd like to say a special thank-you to all of you who have returned the lost wallets.
He received a lot of hugs and thank-yous. Thanksgiving 1． “ 感恩节” 说 Thanksgiving，
Thanksgiving Day 都可以，前面一般不用定冠词:
Thanksgiving is celebrated on the
4th Thursday of November.
He is going home for Thanksgiv-
ing Day.
2． 但特指“某个感恩节”，Thanks-
giving 前可以加冠词:
This content resource provides in-
formation about the first Thanks-
giving.
Thank you very much and have a special Thanksgiving Day.
3． Thanksgiving Day 可数:
As I get older，I often wonder just how many Thanksgiving Days I've celebrated. thatch 茅草房顶用 thatch，thatched roof 都可以:
Some birds are nesting in the thatch of the house.
The thatched roof of the house was partially removed in the course of the storm. thaw 说 thaw，thaw out 都可以，下面两个句子的意思相同:
Today the sun is shining and the snow is thawing out.
Today the sun is shining and the snow is thawing. the 1． “几十年代”前常加 the:
He grew up in the 80s.
What happened in the sixties?
2． 形容词前加 the 可表示一类事物:
Well， the impossible has been done.
An increasing proportion of the
homeless are families with chil-
dren.
3．“公共建筑”前常加 the:
The Shanghai Museum was es-
tablished in 1952．
He attended the official reception at the City Hall.
4． the 加在 university，school，col-
lege，prison 等表示单位或机构的名词之前，常指这些机构的某个建筑( 如大楼等) :
People are visiting the prison more now since the new facilities were put in place. 自从那些新设备投入使用后，人们参观监狱更加频繁了。( 强调“参观监狱具体的某些楼房设施”)
5． 一般泛指某些机构单位时，univer-
sity，school，college，prison 等前常省去 the:
Thousands of low-level drug of-
fenders are sent to prison.
You went to school and got no di-
ploma?
6． 在英国英语中，表示“送或去医院”时，hospital 前常不用 the; 在美国英语中常用 to the hospital;
试比较:
The victim was rushed to the hos-
pital. ( 美国用法)
The victim was rushed to hospital.
( 英国用法)
7． 表示某种“旅行交通方式”时，表示交通工具的名词前常不用 the:
by bus
by airplane
by taxi
by ship
by boat
by air
by bike
by water
by train
by shuttle bus
by shuttle plane
8． 泛指东西、人物时，名词前面可以不用 the; 特指东西、人物时名词前常用 the; 试比较:
Sugar is sweet.
Low-income students are increas-
ingly left behind. ( 泛指，名词不用
the)
How can I reduce the sugar in my family's diet.
The former president is address-
ing the students of the University of Virginia. ( 特指“家庭饮食中的糖、维吉尼亚大学的学生”，名词前要用 the)
9． “……群山”前面一般用 the，“( 单座的) …… 山”前面一般不用 the，
但也有例外，如 the Temple Mount
in Jerusalem:
the grandeur of the Rocky
Mountains
the Black Mountains
the Smoky Mountains
the Blue Mountains
the Himalaya Mountains
Mount Rushmore
Mount Vernon
Mount Rainier
Mount Tai is located in the central part of Shandong Province.
Mount Everest
10． 广场、公园、街道、城镇、国家、州、洲名前一般不用 the:
I visited Time Square yesterday.
He went to Hyde Park last week.
It is an open secret on Wall
Street.
Two out of the three commercial robberies occurred at the same drug store on Huron Avenue.
I must go back to China，because my career is in China.
11． 不少国家的全称前用 the，还有少数一些国家的简称前也要用 the:
the People's Republic of China
the United States of America;
the Philippines
12． 人名的所有格前一般不用 the:
Bill's wallet
Mary's apartment
Henry's computer
Jack's car
13． “餐名”前常不用 the:
after dinner
after supper
What did you have for breakfast?
14． 海洋、河流、沙漠、海峡、海湾等名称前常加 the:
the Sonoran Desert of Southern
Arizona
the Desert Biome
the Mojave Desert
the Panama Canal
the Taiwan Straits
the California Bay
protect the Hudson River
The Snake River was named for the people who once lived in the high desert surrounding it.
The Indian Ocean is the third lar-
gest body of water in the world.
the Pacific
the Atlantic
15． 序数前一般要加 the:
the tenth plan
the sixth sense
the first time
the last page
16． 形容词最高级前要加 the:
the best actor
the worst choice
the most beautiful girl in the world
17． 直接称呼前一般不加 the:
Listen to me，soldier!
Come downstairs，son!
Please save him，doctor!
18． 指双方都熟悉的事物或人前要用
the:
Did you see the doctor?
Close the window.
19． 提过的事物或人前要用 the:
The said medicine is ineffective in treating the disease.
20． 独一无二的事物前要用 the:
the Mars
the earth
the moon
21． 演奏乐器时的乐器名称前要用
the:
Do you know how to play the
cello?
22． 表示“党派、阶级、阶层、民族”的名词前常用 the:
the Republic Party
the exploiting class
the upper-middle class
The British are coming.
the intellectuals
23． the 与可数名词连用可指一类人或事物:
Take up the pen and write against corruption.
The panda is a world treasure.
24． 一些组织或机构名称前常用 the:
the United Nations
the US Congress
the Red Cross
25． 不少报纸名称前常用 the:
the Globe
the Christian Science Monitor
the Montreal Mirror
26． 杂志名称前常不用 the:
24． 95% Time readers also read
Newsweek.
Reader's Digest is one of the
most successful magazines in his-
tory.
27． 有些节日名称前要加 the，有些不要加:
How does our military observe
Christmas?
Easter is a springtime festival.
The Spring Festival celebrates the earth coming back to life.
28． 姓氏复数前加 the 常表示“某某一家( 人)”:
The Browns live in Boston. 布朗一家住在波士顿。
29． 书名、新闻标题、剧本提示等中有时省去 the:
( The) Crippled Ferry Limps Home
30． 时代、朝代前常加 the:
the Qing Dynasty
the Pleistocene
31． 习惯用语中的冠词 the 是约定俗成，需牢记; 下面两个句子意思相同，但 in town 中不用 the，in the
city 不能省去 the:
He is in town right now. 他正在城里。
He is in the city right now. 他正在城里。 theatre ，theater
1． 在英国和美国都可以指“剧场”;
在美国 theater，movie theater 可以指“影院”，但英国人看电影在
cinema:
You may watch the movie in the theater or rent it.
It is the most watched film in the cinema.
2． 作“手术室”解是英国用法:
She is a theatre nurse，often jok-
ing around with the doctors.
3． 注意下面句子中 theatre / theater
的意思:
Do you enjoy the theatre / thea-
ter? 你喜欢看戏吗? ( 不是“你喜欢这个剧院吗?”)
He has been in the theatre / thea-
ter all his life. 他一辈子从事戏剧工作。 ( 不是“他一辈子都在看戏。”) theft 1． 指一件件具体的“盗窃案”时，常为可数名词:
A string of thefts and break-ins have shocked the people in the community.
2． 抽象指“盗窃”，常作不可数名词:
My community is taking precau-
tions against theft. them 1． 在口语中，as 后面用 them 非常普遍，下面两句都对:
I can read as fast as them. ( 口语中使用)
I can read as fast as they do. ( 非常正式)
theme，topic，subject，motif
这一组词都有“主题”的意思。
1． theme 常指“精心选择、汇集概括而成的主题”:
a theme park
a theme song
2． topic 常指“与当前形势有关、能引起大家兴趣或关切的主题”:
ATM security is a hot topic.
She is interested in the current topics and “ real life” projects promised by this course.
3． subject 常指“宏观的、总的主题”:
Homer made illustrious warriors the subject of his stories.
4． motif 在本组词中最不常用，侧重指“文学、戏剧、音乐等的主题”:
The German female artist created works with the motif of literature.
5． 可以说:
the theme tune
the theme music
the theme song
the theme park
the theme garden
the theme factory
the theme museum
the theme wedding
the theme structure
the theme system
the theme vision
the theme hit
the theme components
the theme unit
the theme party
the theme pub
the theme restaurant
the theme store
the theme theater
the theme cinema
the theme resort
the theme hotel
the theme shopping mall
the theme opera house then 1． 说话时提醒别人，你要开始新话题时，可以用 okay then，right then，
now then 等:
Okay then，what are you reading
now?
Right then，what shall do we do
next?
Now then，let's look at our situa-
tion.
2． 形容词 then 表示“当时的、那时的”，可以修饰很多名词，前面常加定冠词:
the then head of the department
the then president of the university
the then owner of the house
the then Minister for the Marine
and Natural Resources
the then Opposition Leader theory 1． 下面例子中，theory 前面常不用冠词:
Students should put theory into practice.
While USA is technically a Repub-
lic，it is in theory at least，a repre-
sentative democracy.
I'll have two exams tomorrow，
one on theory，one practical.
2． 马克思主义理论、邓小平理论等常用不可数形式:
Marxist theory describes the capi-
talist as being the one who con-
trols the ways and means of pro-
duction.
Hu stresses Deng Xiaoping Theo-
ry，“Three Represents”．
3． 注意: 尽管使用频率较低，“邓小平理论”等也可以用复数形式，如
BBC 这样写道:
So while he has taken some new initiatives， particularly to defuse international criticism of China's human rights record，he has also elevated Deng Xiaoping's theories to the level of an official ideology.
( 这里的“理论”指“多种具体的理论”) therapy 说各种“治疗法”，therapy 有时与其它词组成复合词，有时分开写成词组:
chemotherapy / physiotherapy /
radiotherapy / psychotherapy ( 组合词)
physical therapy
behavior therapy
art therapy
gene therapy
music therapy
radiation therapy
water therapy
poetry therapy
magnet therapy
group therapy
occupational therapy
thesis，dissertation，paper
表示“论文”，这组词者可以说。
1． paper 最普通常用，可指各种“论文”:
The guest lecturer will be reading a paper on his latest research.
The graduate student has just fin-
ished her paper on modern Chi-
nese history.
2． 可以说 term papers，一般不说
term thesis / dissertation。
3． thesis 比 paper 正式，常指大学里的“论文”，尤其是研究生的“论文”:
The purpose of the graduate the-
sis is to prove that you have made an original and useful contribution to knowledge.
4． dissertation 最为正式，主要指大学里硕士、博士的“学位论文”:
He is preparing to write a Ph. D．
dissertation on American Civil
War.
5． 说“哪一方面的论文”，3 词后面一般都用介词 on:
a paper on slavery
dissertation on slavery
a thesis on slavery
thin，slim，slender，lean，skin- thick dense，thick
两词都有“密”的含义。
1． dense 强调“密得不可穿透”:
dense undergrowth
dense fog
2． dense 指“在有限空间里沉重物体
( 或物质) 的密集”:
a dense crowd in the small lecture
hall
dense traffic in the city
3． thick 强调“茂密、稠密、浓密”等:
long thick hair
thick gruel
thick flowers thing 下面词组中一般常用复数 things:
make things worse
things aren't as bad as they seem
I'm hearing things.
I'm seeing things.
pack my things for the trip
You can't have things both ways.
get things under control
see things from our point of view
all things considered
He has things on his mind.
among other things
how things work
get things done
the wild things are
a few of our favorite things
the funny things are
things fall apart think 1． 下面几个句子都对，意思相同:
We thought of him as the best re-
placement for Prof. Levin.
We thought him the best replace-
ment for Prof. Levin.
We thought that he was the best replacement for Prof. Levin.
2． 表示“自言自语”说 think aloud，
think out loud 都可以，后者的使用频率高:
Hi all，I'm thinking out loud again.
I am thinking aloud，but I believe what I just said.
3． think tank 参见 tank。 thinking 有各种各样“想法”:
wishful thinking
modern thinking
current thinking
positive thinking
quick thinking
good thinking
serious thinking
correct thinking
right thinking
clear thinking
independent thinking
creative thinking
democratic thinking
deep thinking
free thinking
honest thinking
logical thinking
mistaken thinking
scientific thinking
straight thinking
superficial thinking
high thinking
backward thinking
bad thinking
simple thinking
critical thinking
better thinking
enhanced thinking
transformational thinking
visual thinking
optimal thinking thirst 表示“渴望”，thirst 后面常跟介词 for:
a thirst for knowledge
a thirst for truth
a thirst for excitement
a thirst for personal moral code
a thirst for justice
a thirst for cash
a thirst for learning
a thirst for water
a thirst for oil
a thirst for energy
a thirst for information
a thirst for fame
a thirst for publicity
a thirst for honor
a thirst for power
a thirst for food
a thirst for summer sports
a thirst for innovation
a thirst for love thorny 可以说:
thorny issue
thorny subject
thorny problem
thorny plant
thorny path
thorny predicament
thorny bush
thorny rose
thorny past and present
thorny future
thorny road of honor
thorny job thought 1． 上升到理论高度的 “( 某某人的 )
思想”一般用单数 thought:
Mao Zedong Thought is casting
subtle influence on our basic atti-
tudes.
2． 说具体的“想法”，常用复数
thoughts:
Have you been reading my
thoughts?
His thoughts wandered back over the events of the past year.
My thoughts raced through the days when we were together.
Some old childhood friends are in my thoughts.
Does anyone have any thoughts
on how to remedy this? thoughtful 1． 表示“关切的、体贴的”，常用 be
thoughtful of sb / sth to do sth 的句型:
It's very thoughtful of the movie studio to give me a ride home.
It's very thoughtful of you to bring flowers. thousand 表示“许多”用 thousands of，a thou-
sand 都可以:
I have thousands of things to do this morning.
I have a thousand things to do this morning. thread 1． 可以作可数或不可数名词:
a silken thread
a vest embroidered with silver
threads
a piece of cotton thread
a reel of golden thread
spools of thread
a web of thread
a thin line of thread
a single length of thread
2． 除“线”以外，还可指很多不同的
“线状物”等:
a thread of light
a thread of his argument
a thread of the plot
a thread of years
a thread of grace
a thread of hope
a thread of pride
a thread of self-esteem
a thread of sound
a thread of ordinary life
a thread of black hair
a thread of moisture
a thread of truth
a thread of a story
a thread of conservative stupidity
a thread of relationship
a thread of continuity
a thread of hate
a thread of meaning
a thread of history
a thread of memories
a thread of knots
a thread of messages
a thread of innocence
a thread of interest
a thread of smoke
a thread of water
a thread of responses threat 名词 threat 后面常跟介词 of，to，
from，against 等。
1． of 后面常跟贬义名词:
a threat of accidental exposure
a threat of nuclear war
a threat of litigation
a threat of blackmail
a threat of violence
a threat of wildfire
a threat of federal force
a threat of assassination
a threat of rumors
a threat of recession
a threat of terrorist attack
2． to 后常跟褒义名词:
a threat to democracy
a threat to freedom
a threat to peace
a threat to food supply
a threat to marine biodiversity
a threat to global security
a threat to human health
a threat to mind and body
3． from 后面贬义、褒义词都可以跟:
a threat from militant Islam
a threat from within
a threat from our friends
a threat from fanatical collectors
a threat from the West
a threat from weapons of mass
destruction
a threat from outer space
a threat from immigrants
a threat from international terror-
ism
a threat from suicide bombers
a threat from Bush's “ axis of
evil”．
4． against 后跟褒义词居多:
a threat against the values we
share with you
a threat against his life
a threat against the president
a threat against security threaten 常用于以下句型:
He's been threatening me for months. ( threaten sb)
He's been threatening me with a shotgun. ( threaten sb with sth)
He's been threatening to quit his job. ( threaten to do sth)
He's been threatened with arrest.
( be threatened with sth) thrive 常用于短语 thrive on 中，表示“兴旺、发达”等含义:
Software makers thrive on Net threats.
Children thrive on a vegetarian diet.
Modern pirates thrive on global trade.
Some officials thrive on corrup-
tion.
We don't thrive on military acts.
We thrive on mutual trust and re-
spect.
Smugglers thrive on open bor-
ders.
Teens thrive on foreign travels.
Some people thrive on pressure.
Stores thrive on holiday sales. through 1． 注意下面两句的差别:
The office is open Monday to Fri-
day. 办事处星期一到星期五开门办公。( 星期五是否办公不清楚)
The office is open Monday through Friday. 办事处星期一到星期五开门办公。( 星期五肯定办公，这主要是美国用法)
2． 电话接线员问下面同一句话，英美人的理解不一样:
Are you through? 你和对方接通了吗? ( 英国人)
Are you through? 你说完了吗?
( 美国人)
3． 注意，be through ( with ) 常表示
“完成( ……)”:
By then，I'll be through too. ( 相当于 By then，I'll be done too. )
Let me know when you're through with the novel.
4． 不少动词与 through 连用，可表示一动作“彻底完成”，也可表示空间上的“穿过”:
read through the instructions
push the bill through the Congress
run through the tunnel
Water is trickling through the hole.
race him through the hallway
watch him climbing into the room
through the window
traveling through Asia
Wind is whistling through the cracks in the wall.
cutting through the forest
flying through the enemy zone
living through the Depression
come through the miserable
period
put her through to the States
cook the chicken through
warm the rice through
heat the broth through
Problems extend through the en-
tire system.
send a chill of terror through him
get through the test
rush a bill through the parliament
flick through her diary
search through the document
going through the issue
A bullet went through his leg.
Blood soaked through his pants.
make his way through the heavy
traffic
sit through the boring lecture
nurse me through my long illness
drive through a red light
gnaw through the meat
make a way through the crowd
pass through a barricade
sweep through the whole country
falling through the net
marching through the streets
lead us through the difficult time
5． 表示“直达”有不少词组:
a through train
a through traffic
a through road
a through ticket
a through telephone
a through dialing
a through service
a through plane
a through bus
a through ship
a through email
6． “全部完成”可以说 all the way
through; 但是如果动作没有“全部完成”，可以说:
half-way through
part-way through
a little way through
most way through
one-half way through
three-quarter way through
one-third way through
I am part way through my project.
It's half way through semester.
Do volcanoes go all the way
through the earth?
They had gone a little way through the thick forest.
I've managed to get myself most way through the game.
She is one-half to three-quarter way through the baking.
We are already one-third way through the season.
7． throughway 或 thruway 表示“( 路面宽阔的) 高速公路”是美国用法，
“高速公路”美国人也说 express-
way 或 freeway，英国人常用 mo-
torway 等:
The Governor Thomas E． Dewey
Thruway is the longest toll high-
way system in the United States.
The M1 is one of the longest mo-
torways in Britain. throughout 强调“从头到尾、自始至终”，有人说用了 throughout 后句子中不应该再加 entire，whole 等词; 其实，英美人这样的用法很多:
Thank you for all you've done for
us throughout the entire year!
We hope to see all of you at the
amazing events that we have
planned throughout the entire sea-
son.
Throughout the entire course，
students will also work to improve their skills of reading，writing and critical thinking. throw 1． 后面所跟的介词以及介词宾语不同，其含义也有所不同:
She threw herself at me. 她极力想取悦于我。
She threw herself into my em-
brace. 她向我投怀送抱。
She threw herself into the river.
她投河自杀。
She threw herself into work right
after she was back from the hos-
pital. 她一出院就积极投入工作。
She threw a stone at me. 她向我投掷石头。( 想伤害我)
She threw a pillow to me. 她把一个枕头投给我。 ( 可能是闹着玩，没有伤害的意思)
2． 美国人常说 throw a party，意思指
“( 慷慨) 邀请许多人一起聚会 ( 狂欢)”:
His pals decide to throw a wild party and invite music big shots for the event.
3． 可以接很多宾语:
throw a kiss at him
throw a Christmas party
throw a bridal shower
throw a sweet pass
throw a last-minute dinner party
throw a garage sale
throw an angry look
throw a ring of soldiers around the
area
throw shadows on the lawn
throw light on the mystery
throw doubt on his honesty
throw a punch at him
throw her voice
throw tantrums
throw a scene
throw a safe new year's eve bash
throw a curve
throw a barbecue
throw a lesson in English
throw a lifeline to young people
throw a wet blanket on us
throw a funeral
throw a birthday roast
throw a reception
throw a housing-warming party
throw a spotlight on different as-
pects throwaway 可表示“用后即扔掉的”，可修饰很多名词:
throwaway pets
throwaway DVDs
throwaway paper cups
throwaway Dads
throwaway culture
throwaway nation
throwaway tickets
throwaway attitudes
throwaway people
throwaway packaging
throwaway email addresses
throwaway partners
throwaway account
throwaway youth
throwaway methods
throwaway style
throwaway trash
throwaway world
throwaway mobile phones
throwaway code
throwaway marriages
throwaway shame
throwaway thought
throwaway generation
throwaway stories
throwaway jokes
throwaway songs
throwaway notes
throwaway lyrics
throwaway experiences
throwaway hero
throwaway literature
thrust
thrust 后面常跟介词 into，through，
toward，under，at，upon，with，a-
bove，out of，from 等:
The warrior drew his sword，thrust it into the cold night sky and roared like a lion.
He came to the great hedge and thrust his way through it.
He pulled the sheets out from the envelope and thrust them toward her.
He took a dagger and thrust it un-
der his armpit.
He thrust his resignation at his boss.
Honors were thrust upon him.
His chest was thrust with pride.
Thick layers of sea-bed sediments eventually were folded and twisted and thrust above sea level.
A head with untidy hair was thrust out of a side room.
The reader is thrust from one im-
probable situation to another. thumb 1． 注意与动词的搭配:
When I enter the room， he will jerk his thumb out of his mouth.
He jabbed his thumb into the throat of his opponent.
Then he pointed his finger at me，
and cocked his thumb.
You put up your thumbs，signa-
ling your approval.
I pinched my thumb in the front door.
She bit the tip of her right thumb，
not looking at me.
With trees， flowers and chirping birds，they sat on the bench and twiddled their thumbs.
He extended his thumb.
2． 注意下列短语中，thumb 都用复数形式:
Each year I am amazed at the quantity of truly excellent offerings for those with green thumbs and for the rest of us who are all thumbs.
The local government gave graffiti the thumbs down.
Nixon gives Bush the thumbs up. thunder 1． 常为不可数名词:
What is thunder made of?
Everything is thunder.
There is thunder in the air.
We shall have thunder today.
2． 但可以说:
a roaring thunder
the thunders of a storm
thunders of applause
thunders of revelation
a distant clap of thunder
claps of thunder
a peal of thunder
a breeze of thunder
a sound of thunder
a whisper of thunder
rolls of thunder
hooves of thunder
waves of thunder
winds of thunder
like a bolt of thunder from the blue
sky tick 不少东西可以用 tick 表述:
The clock ticks away the hours.
Time ticks away for Mr. Gore.
The time bomb is ticking
Life is ticking.
Male biological clock is ticking. ticket 有各种各样的 ticket:
a bus ticket
a train ticket
a cinema ticket
a theater ticket
a parking ticket
a Democratic ticket
a Republican ticket
an admission ticket
a complimentary ticket
a straight ticket
a rail ticket
a sea ticket
a courtesy ticket
an excursion ticket
a full fare ticket
a half ticket
a lottery ticket
a movie ticket
a film ticket
a meal ticket
a one-way ticket
a round-trip ticket
a platform ticket
a reserved seat ticket
a return ticket
a season ticket
a split ticket
a plane ticket
a speeding ticket
a raffle ticket
a sales ticket
a reader's ticket
a ration ticket
a pawn ticket
a professor's ticket tide 除表示“潮水”外，还常说:
the tide of public opinion
the tide of protest against his poli-
cies
the tide of history
the tide of prosperity
the tide of war
the tide of nationalism
the tide of darkness
the tide of conversation
the tide of international events
the tide of joy and happiness
the tide of insurgency
the tide of emotion
the tide of e-waste
the tide of anti-government senti-
ment
the tide of change
the tide of success
the tide of cool and clean ideas
the tide of terror
the tide of layoffs
the tide of painful questions
the tide of emigration
the tide of immigration
the tide of missed fortune
the tide of information
the tide of violence
the tide of aggression
the tide of dreams
the tide of revival
the tide of hatred
the tide of pollution
the tide of ruin
the tide of influence
the tide of water issues
the tide of activism
the tide of death
the tide of prayer
the tide of rediscovery
the tide of sympathy
the tide of successful businesses
the tide of romanticism
the tide of infertility
the tide of angry email
the tide of bad feelings
the tide of consolidation
the tide of uneasiness
the tide of discarded packaging
the tide of modern houses
the tide of unrestrained secularism
the tide of pleasure
the tide of environmental concern
the tide of bland mediocrity
the tide of resentment
the tide of corruption
the tide of well-to-do newcomers
the tide of aspirations
the tide of memories
the tide of popularity
the tide of festive optimism
the tide of practical idealism
the tide of injustice
the tide of militancy
the tide of refugees
the tide of great promise
the tide of enlightenment
the tide of losses
the tide of new technologies
the tide of fans
the tide of well-staged sentimen-
tality
the tide of expectations
the tide of folk music
the tide of feminism tie 表示“系”，tie，tie up 都可以说，tie
up 更强调“系牢( 松散的东西)”:
She tied her shoelaces. 她系好了鞋带。
She tied up her shoelaces before she might trip over them. 她系紧了鞋带，以免踩着它们跌跤。
tiger
tiger economy 已进入英美词典，指
“亚洲韩国、新加坡等地的小龙经济”; 也可以泛指发展势头强劲的“小龙经济”:
Is Japan Asia's tiger economy?
China's tiger economy has grown at a frightening pace.
Turkey is on track to become a tiger economy. tight 1． 可以说:
a tight thread
tight trousers
tight security
tight music playing
a tight ship
a tight schedule
a tight turn
a tight feeling
a tight finish
a tight throat
a tight smile
a tight grip
a tight rein
a tight hold
a tight spot
a tight corner
a tight situation
tight shoes
a tight screw
a tight knot
a tight policy
a tight deadline
a tight timetable
a tight squeeze
a tight dress
a tight blockade
tight controls
a tight belt
a tight rope
tight pants
a tight budget
a tight jeans
tight links
tight supply
tight ties
a tight spot
tight ends
a tight presidential race
a tight election
tight times
a tight watch
a tight victory
2． 下面两个句子都可以说:
He held her tight in his arms.
He held her tightly in his arms. tighten 下面几个句子都可以说，第一种说法的使用频率最高，第二种其次:
The state government is tightening the laws.
The state government is tightening up the laws.
The state government is tightening up on the laws. timber 1． 泛指“木材、木料”，常为不可数名词:
making the most of timber
a building made entirely of timber
a great demand for timber
gain new timber through growth
2． 作可数名词时，一般指“一根 ( 或多根) 木材”:
Our house is made of western red cedar，a soft timber that termites enjoy munching on.
A similar mark on several timbers points to the use of the same tool.
3． timber 英美人都用，lumber 美国人用得较多。 time 1． 问“现在几点”时，美国人说 What
time do you have? 或 Do you
have the time? 英国人说 Have
you got the time? 或 What time do
you make it?
2． 在美国，如果孩子能够读出钟表上的时间，他们会说 The child can tell time. 在同样情况下，英国人会说 The child can tell the time.
3． “5 点 10 分”美国人说 It's ten af-
ter five. 英国人说 It's ten past five.
4． 注意在表达时间时介词的用法。
1) 不用介词:
It happened this morning.
It happened last night.
It happened yesterday.
It happened last week.
It happened last year.
It will begin tonight.
It will begin today.
It will begin this week.
It will begin this year.
It will begin tomorrow.
It will begin tomorrow afternoon.
It will begin next year.
2) 用介词 in:
in the morning
in the afternoon
in the evening
in March
in 2005
in the 1980s
in the 21st century
3) 用介词 on:
on Sunday
on the 15th of June
on New Year's Day
on the following day
on her birthday
on Black Monday
4) 用介词 at:
at 10 o'clock
at 11 am
at midnight
at noon
at night
at Christmas
at the weekend
at the New Year's Eve
5． 在表示“花时间”的短语中，time
前常不用冠词:
Along with conducting research I
also spent time with my wife tou-
ring the city.
Don't waste time waiting for the perfect job.
Here are the top 10 ways to kill time until the Super Bowl. timetable 表示“时间表”，英国人常说 timeta-
ble，美国人说 schedule; 如果指“学校的时间表”， 美国人说 class
schedule，英国人还是说 timetable，
但可以说 academic timetable，appli-
cation timetable 等:
She wrote me a loving response
explaining her class schedule at
Harvard.
The application timetable at Cam-
bridge starts earlier than at other universities.
Evan is instructed to rearrange his
Monday academic timetable at
Oxford. timid shy，timid
两词都有“羞怯的”含义。
1． shy 强调“因缺乏经验或经历而在社交时害羞的”:
I'd love to meet him，but I'm too shy to introduce myself.
2． timid 侧重指“因缺乏勇气和信心或不愿尝试而胆怯的”:
She is timid and scared，and very cautious around men. timing 1． 一般为不可数:
He is fluid and can make plays on the ball with good timing.
2． 可以说:
good timing
bad timing
perfect timing
impeccable timing
comic timing
biological timing
horizontal timing
vertical timing
stock market timing
public speak timing
unexpected timing
launching timing
flight timing
split-second timing
right timing tin 1． 作“( 金属) 锡”解时，一般为不可数名词:
This item is made of tin.
2． 可以说:
a piece of tin
a ton of tin
a bar of tin
a box of tin
a container of tin
3． 在英国常作“罐头”解，美国人常说 can:
Take a tin of tuna.
Take a can of peas.
tint，colour，color
这两个词都可表示“颜色”; colour /
color 比较普通常用，可指各种“颜色”; tint 常指“淡淡的颜色”或“同一种颜色的各种色调”，有文学色彩:
Many fruit change colour / color as they become ripe. ( 这里用 tint
不妥)
I was amazed by the tints of green in the sky at dawn. ( 早晨天空中出现的各种色调的绿色，这里用 colour / color 没有 tint 那样生动) tiny tiny，small
small 是“小的”，tiny 是“极小的”; 因此，tiny 的语气比 small 强得多:
a tiny profit 一丁点儿的利润
a small profit 很少的利润 tip 1． 表示“顶端”常可以说:
a tip of the iceberg
a tip of the finger
a tip of the fingernail
a tip of the peninsula
a tip of the barrel
a tip of the penis
a tip of my skis
a tip of a hat
a tip of a horn
a tip of the shiny helmet
a tip of the spear
a tip of the world
a tip of the widening crisis
a tip of a needle
a tip of a pin
a tip of the icon
a tip of a lit cigarette
a tip of South America
a tip of a dagger nose
a tip of the tongue
a tip of its tail
a tip of the bird's wing
a tip of the island
a tip of an arrow
a tip of the billiard cue
a tip of a pen
a tip of the filter
a tip of a branch
a tip of a hill
a tip of the continent
a tip of the toe
2． 作“小费”解，常可以说:
expect a tip
give a tip
leave a tip
get a tip
offer a tip
receive a tip
fix a tip
include a tip
submit a tip
calculate a tip
take a tip
have a tip
send in a tip
report a tip
add a tip
3． “不收小费、不给小费”可以说 no
tipping:
Wherever you see a“No Tipping”
sign，do not tip.
No tipping is expected here at this restaurant.
4． tipping 指具体的“一次次给小费”时，为可数名词:
He admitted that he chuckled at the first few tippings， until the pranks became a more disgusting problem.
Standard tippings are usually
starting from $ 10． tiptoe 1． “踮着脚”用 on tiptoe，on tiptoes
都可以，“单脚踮”和“双脚踮”都一样; 用单数 on tiptoe 的频率高:
She didn't have to stand on tiptoe to the 'adult' height.
She stood on tiptoes to give him another kiss.
2． 注意，可以说 stand on her / his /
my tiptoe / tiptoes:
She stood on her tiptoes and kissed him softly.
He stood on his tiptoe in order to reach the sign. tire 下面几种说法都可以:
I never tire of reading his novels.
I am never tired of reading his no-
vels.
I will never become tired of read-
ing his novels.
I will never feel tired of reading his novels.
I will never get tired of reading his novels.
I will never grow tired of reading his novels. title 1． 有人认为，“ 这本书的名字叫……” 不能说 This book is
titled ， 应该说 This book is
entitled 。但在实际应用中，前者是可以的:
This novel is titled Wild Angel.
The fiction is titled Anthology of
Interest Zone.
The story is titled “First Profes-
sion.”
2． 注意，表示 “ 这本书的名字叫……”，还可以说:
This book is entitled
The title of this book is
The book hasfor its title.
The book was first published un-
der the title of
He titled his book titter ，laughter
这组名词都可以作 “笑”解。
1． laugh 是常用词，可以表示高兴，也可以表示嘲弄，主要用作可数名词:
She laughed a hearty laugh.
You shouldn't laugh at unfortunate people.
break into a hearty laugh
burst into one of his rich laughs
2． smile 指“微笑”:
She smiled tenderly.
She smiled shyly.
3． grin 侧重指 “露齿的笑”:
He grinned from ear to ear.
4． beam 常用在文学作品中，指 “面露喜色”:
He beamed with delight.
5． giggle 尤指 “大声地笑、咯咯地笑”:
The girls began to giggle.
6． chuckle 侧重指 “恬静地笑、轻声地笑、独自地笑、悄悄地笑”:
He chuckled when he read the funny story.
7． cackle 尤指 “短促的咯咯尖笑”，
笑声常令人讨厌:
The old woman cackled horribly.
8． snicker 是美国用词，英国用 snig-
ger; 常指 “心情不快、不礼貌、甚至粗野地冷笑”:
They sniggered at the local people's strange way of dressing.
9． titter 常作贬义词，指 “神经质地窃笑、傻笑”:
The patient nervously tittered.
10． laughter 主要用来作不可数名词:
All the laughter went out of his face.
There was much laughter when she spoke of dancing.
She shrieked with laughter.
11． 有各种各样的词可以表示“笑”，
如 laugh，smile，grin，beam，giggle，
chuckle，cackle，snicker，titter 等。 T-junction 表示“丁字路口”，英国人说 T-junc-
tion，美国人说 T-intersection:
You should drive along the main road，turn right and follow it down the hill to a T-junction.
East Park Place ends in a T-inter-
section with South Chapel Street. toast 1． 作“烤面包”解，常作不可数名词:
Do you like toast for breakfast?
I want three slices of toast with bacon.
I dropped several pieces of toast onto the floor.
2． 表示“各种不同种类的烤面包”时，为可数名词:
What is now available on the
menu is a collection of two kinds
of toasts and three kinds of ba-
guettes.
We are confident that we can cre-
ate a variety of toasts to satisfy our customers. tobacco 1． 泛指“烟草”时，常为不可数名词，但可以说:
a fill of tobacco
vast fields of tobacco
a ton of tobacco
an ounce of tobacco
several leaves of tobacco
a daily dose of tobacco
a broad range of tobacco
two bags of tobacco
stems of tobacco
bits of tobacco
a few carrots of tobacco
a pad of tobacco
sparks of tobacco
a truckload of tobacco
2． 指各种不同的“烟草”时，为可数名词:
a mild tobacco
a strong tobacco
Our smokeless tobaccos are
100% natural tobacco.
roll you own tobaccos
The program prevents overpro-
duction of leaf tobaccos in the
US． today 可以说:
today's Asia
the Asia of today
today's front pages
the front pages of today
today's young people
the young people of today
today's pets
the pets of today
toil，labour，labor，work
这组词都有“劳动”的含义。
1． toil 一般指“长时间做苦力”，有文学色彩:
A man was toiling on the burning road，never resting.
2． labour / labor 也有“辛苦劳动”的意思，但语气弱于 toil，常指“用双手进行的体力劳动”:
He has been labouring / laboring hard，and really needs the bread.
3． work 比较普通常用，可指各种
“脑力或体力的劳动”:
He works as Vice President in the
University.
The farmer is working in the rice paddy.
toilet， lavatory， WC， re-
stroom，bathroom，washroom，
the loo，the john
1． 在表示“厕所”时要注意以下几点。
1) toilet 在英国人中最为通用; 他们有时也用 lavatory 或 WC，但 WC
已有些过时，一般只在谈论房屋设计时才用; 在非正式情况下他们还用 loo; “公共厕所”的正式称呼是
public conveniences; the gents 是
“男厕”; the ladies， the ladies
room，ladies' room 是“女厕”:
Helping children learn to use the
toilet can be one of the most frus-
trating aspects of parenting a tod-
dler，
A pet animal can not use a lavato-
ry by itself.
Just look for a WC sign and an ar-
row，and follow your nose.
They don't use a night pot any more. And they don't go to a loo any more. They just lay round knocks in bed，smoke，dream to write the great bestseller on day and they make love from time to time.
I left the chamber a few moments ago to go to the gents and then to have a glass of water.
She rose from her seat. “Please excuse me. I have to go the ladies' room.”
2) 美国人常用 restroom，bathroom，
washroom， men's room， ladies'
room 表示“厕所”; bathroom 使用率最高， 其次为 washroom; the
john 在美国口语中也可指“厕所”:
Tell me in your opinion what is the best times or worst times to have to go to the restroom / men's room.
How do astronauts go to the bath-
room in space?
Can you go to the washroom /
ladies' room while someone is
talking to you?
Where is Tony? He is in the john.
3) 要想“上厕所”有很多表达法:
I need to use the bathroom /
washroom / restroom / the ladies'
room / toilet.
May I go to the bathroom / wash-
room / restroom / the ladies'
room / toilet?
Where can I wash my hands?
May I be excused?
Can you tell me where the men's
room / the toilet / the lavatory /
the loo / the gents / the ladies /
the bathroom / the washroom /
the restroom is?
Excuse me. I've got to take a leak.
Where is the loo / the john?
Do you have restrooms / washro-
oms / toilets / public lavatories /
public conveniences here?
Excuse me. Can I use your lava-
tory?
2． “手纸”美国人说 toilet roll，英国人说 toilet paper，toilet tissue。 tolerance 1． 可作不可数和不可数名词。
1) 泛指“容忍”，常为不可数名词:
Gone are the command-and-con-
trol days of executives managing by degree. Today businesses are
run largely by cross-functional
teams of peers and populated by
baby boomers， who show little
tolerance for unquestioned com-
mands.
2) 作“忍耐力”解时，为可数名词:
a very limited tolerance to cold
weather
2． 可以说:
frugal tolerance
some tolerance
very limited tolerance
low tolerance
greater tolerance
no tolerance
medical tolerance
specified tolerance
zero tolerance
social tolerance
religious tolerance
racial tolerance
gentle tolerance
kindly tolerance
legal tolerance
habitual tolerance
moral tolerance
easygoing tolerance
indolent tolerance
fault tolerance
immune tolerance
liberal tolerance tolerate 常用在以下句型中:
They would not tolerate him doing
the same in his position as EU
president in office. ( tolerate sb
doing sth)
He had tolerated the chemo well，
without any noticeable negative side effects. ( tolerate sth)
Dishonesty will not be tolerated.
( be tolerated) toll 1． 作“损失”或其他负面的“数字”解时，常用作单数:
the toll of failed businesses
the death toll
the annual murder toll
a heavy toll of lives
a traffic toll
the Iraq's war toll
the toll of unintended pregnancies
the toll of terror
the toll of underage drinking
the toll of impunity
the toll of global violence
the toll of neglect
the toll of aging
the toll of grief
the toll of tobacco
the toll of repression
the toll of AIDS
the toll of SARS
the toll of road accidents
the toll of slips and trips
the toll of misconduct
the toll of church abuse
the toll of revenge
the toll of stroke
the toll of alcohol dependence
the Tsunami toll
a high coastal death toll
2． 有一些由 toll 构成的词或词组为美国用法:
toll-free
toll plaza
tollway
Federal toll-free telephone num-
bers tomb tomb，grave
两词都有“坟墓”的含义。
1． tomb 常指“有石头墓碑、雕塑、装饰或结构的坟墓( 墓的一部分露出地面)”:
a tomb with stone relieves of
Eastern Han Dynasty
Arafat's body will be preserved in a stone tomb in Ramallah.
2． grave 常指“挖洞后深埋地下的墓”:
His body was buried deep in a grave. tomorrow 1． 常为不可数名词:
Tomorrow is another day.
What's your plan for tomorrow?
2． 可构成一些新词或词组:
Tomorrowland
tomorrow-web
tomorrow management system
It is impressive how easily these
Tomorrowland features entertain audiences of all ages. ton 1． 口语中说 it weighs a ton 不一定是“它重一吨”的意思，而是“它非常重”的意思:
What on earth have you got in this
bag? It weighs a ton! 你在这个袋子里到底装的什么东西呀? 这么重!
2． tons of 在美国口语中表示 a lot
of:
tons of great games
tons of things to do
tons of free data
tons of music
tons of snow
tons of tools
tons of equipment
tons of charms
tons of toys
tons of debris
tons of controversy
tons of bodybuilding information
tongue twisters
tons of side effects
tons of fun
tons of dust
tons of cash
tons of bumper stickers tone 1． 说“用 …… 声调说话”，后面用介词 in，with 都可以:
“OK”，she finally said in a soft tone.
“My apologies，father.” She re-
plied with a gentle tone.
2． 可以说:
a ringing tone
an optimistic tone
a dreadful tone
a cold and sharp tone
an acid tone
an agitated tone
an angry tone
an apologetic tone
a frivolous tone
a callous tone
a changed tone
a coaxing tone
a commanding tone
a controversial tone
a cool tone
a deep tone
an impressive tone
a dry tone
a monotonous tone
a well-modulated tone
a sweet tone
an emphatic tone
an encouraging tone
a lover-like tone
a suggestive tone
a gracious tone
an excited tone
a flat tone
a flute-like tone
a sleepy tone
a solemn tone
a subdued tone
a hesitant tone
a honeyed tone
an imperative tone
a moving tone
a conciliatory tone
a timid tone
a blunt tone
a muffled tone
a natural tone
a musical tone
a pleading tone
a pessimistic tone
a respectful tone
a faltering tone
a soothing tone
a clear tone
an intimate tone
an impatient tone
a melodious tone
a brisk tone
an innocent tone
a professional tone
an ironical tone
a soul-stirring tone
a mournful tone
a doubtful tone tongue 1． 可以说:
a silver tongue
a native tongue
a foreign tongue
a sharp tongue
an abusive tongue
an evil tongue
a joyous tongue
a whispering tongue
a cynical tongue
a gentle tongue
a mother tongue
a quivering tongue
an earnest tongue
a bitter tongue
a persuasive tongue
a foul tongue
a learned tongue
2． 可以作构词成分-tongued，组成不少词:
smooth-tongued politicians
acid-tongued columnists
a double-tongued word
blue-tongued lizards
brushed-tongued parrots
long-tongued bats
a silver-tongued devil
glib-tongued thugs
the plaid-tongued devils
golden-tongued oratory
a sharp-tongued woman
nimble-tongued actors
forked-tongued Republicans
a honey-tongued preacher tonic 1． 作 “有益健康的、滋补的”解时，可修饰不少名词:
tonic air
tonic water
tonic wine
tonic movie
tonic herbs
tonic news
tonic fruit
tonic music
2． 表示“对 …… 有滋补作用”时，后面常跟介词 to:
The club's success is tonic to him.
Deer antler is tonic to the marrow. tool 1． 后面常跟介词 for，of 等:
Webnote is a tool for taking notes on your computer.
The Internet is a tool of informa-
tion.
2． 前面常用介词 as，with 等:
Some companies use it as a tool to improve the ability to recruit people.
A fool with a tool is a dangerous thing. top 1． 形容词 top 表示“最好的、最高的、最重要的”等，可修饰很多名词:
a top secret
the top floor
the top grade
a top mark
the top priority
the top half
the top speed
the top prize
a top player
a top scientist
a top student
a top girl
the top shelf
a top adviser
a top model
a top story
a top scorer
a top choice
a top search
a top site
a top concert
a top award
a top house
a top real estate
the top news
2． 下面短语中，top 前常不用冠词:
ACC basketball is best from top to bottom.
Your work place is clean from top to toe.
Are you finding it increasingly diffi-
cult to stay on top of technology
news?
I used to feel on top of the world，
I want to feel that way again.
It is a simple guide to get on top of your life.
Conservatives come out top in polls among young people.
3． the top ten 可译成“十佳”，也可译成“十个最差的”; 注意前面常用定冠词:
the top ten popular songs of the
year 当年十大流行歌曲
the top ten CDs of the season 该季度十大( 畅销) 光盘
the top ten new mistakes of Web
design 网络设计十大新错误
the top ten conservative idiots 保守党十大白痴
the top ten misconceptions 十大误解
the top ten Internet frauds 因特网十大缺陷
the top ten record primes 十大首发唱片
the top ten novels of 2005
2005 年十大小说 topic ，subject
两词都有“主题”的含义。
1． topic 可以指写作或演讲的“主题”，既可以指“宏观的主题”又可以指一句话、一个段落的“主题”，
尤其指与时事有关、大家感兴趣的主题:
His father suddenly changed the topic of the conversation during a ride home from school.
current topics of the world
The topic of the essay question will be provided in advance，and the students will be permitted to bring to the test all the notes they can write.
everyday topics
general topics
personal topics
table topics
topic sentences
a topic paragraph
2． subject 的含义与 topic 接近，但比
topic 正式，尤指“总的主题”:
Charter schools remain subject of debate.
It is a touchy subject of office poli-
tics.
the expanded global trade subject
of worldwide interest
the subject of his dissertation toral 这组词都有“农村”的含义。
1． rural 常与“农业生产、农村生活”相联系，强调“人口稀少，远离城市，比较落后”等:
live in remote rural areas
inadequate rural bus service
2． countryside 不一定“远离城市”，
它强调“城市以外的地区，那里有农田、农庄、树木”等:
open and tree-covered country-
side regions
3． rustic 尤指“未被现代社会发展所毁坏的，简朴天然的”等:
a rustic charm virtually unchanged
through the centuries
4． pastoral 有文学色彩，使人想起
“风吹草低见牛羊的诗句，展现出悠闲自得，恬静快乐”的情景:
a tranquil pastoral
a charming pastoral sight of cows
drinking from a creek
rush hour
注意几种用法:
get to work before the rush hour
( 有冠词)
drive five miles at rush hour ( 不用冠词)
avoid rush-hour traffic ( 修饰名词)
The rush hours of Shanghai in the afternoon are also interesting.
( 用复数) tortoise tortoise，turtle
tortoise 是“陆龟”，turtle 是“海龟”。 toss ，throw
两词都有“扔”的含义。
1． throw 比较普通常用，可指各种
“扔”:
throw the ball 70 meters
throw a bomb
throw a Christmas party
throw a stone at the window
throw lots of policeman around the
area
2． toss 一般指“轻轻地投、随意地扔”:
toss him a cigarette
I had to toss a coin to decide be-
tween going to church and coming to the game.
3． 在表达与人有关的短语中，两词各有固定的搭配:
throw a kiss at me on the streets
throw himself whole-heartedly into
work
throw herself at her lover
throw out his proposals
Chance threw us together at the conference.
He tossed and turned in bed una-
ble to fall asleep.
Then she'd pout，toss her hair，
and stamp her foot again.
He will toss his head，open his mouth wide，and stick his tongue out. touch 下面例句中，touch 前常不用冠词:
get in touch with
lose touch with
keep in touch with
be in touch with
be out of touch with tough 1． 美国人经常用 tough luck 表示“倒霉”:
the tough luck of American diplo-
mats in Ukraine
“Tough luck”is not only a tale of
misfortune，but also a phrase that
expresses and conveys indiffer-
ence to others.
— I've failed the driving test a-
gain.
— Tough luck!
2． 表示“严厉对待……”可以用:
get tough with sb / sth 或 get
tough on sb / sth 都可以:
get tough with migrant workers
get tough with bad customers
It's time to get tough with Israel.
get tough with station gangs
get tough with law breakers
President Bush is going to get tough on deficit.
get tough on corporate crime
get tough on foreigners
get tough on immigration
get tough on junk food
get tough on tax dodgers
get tough on anti-social behavior tour 1． 下面几个句子都可以说:
We went on a tour in England.
We went on a tour around Eng-
land.
We went on a tour of England.
We went on a tour through Eng-
land.
2． 可以说:
a walking tour
a cycling tour
a guided tour
a one-year tour
a bridal tour
a commercial tour
a conducted tour
a grand tour
an educational tour
an Asian tour
a sudden tour
an uneventful tour
an extensive tour
a lengthy tour
an official tour
a sporadic tour
a business tour
a camping tour
a concert tour
a flying tour
a fact-finding tour
a good-will tour
a horseback tour
an inspection tour
a lecturing tour
a mountaineering tour
a nationwide tour
a bus tour
a train tour
a boat tour
an overseas tour
a whistle-stop tour
a whirlwind tour
a presidential campaign tour
a prolonged tour
an extended tour
a memorable tour
a round-the-world tour
a forthcoming tour
a far-ranging tour
a virtual study tour
a quick tour
an independent tour
a mystery tour
a secret tour
an Online tour
an Internet tour
a museum tour
a party tour
a group tour
a shopping tour
a sightseeing tour
a speaking tour
a stump tour
a spring tour
a vacation tour
a world tour
tourism
“ 旅游业” 用 tourism industry，
tourism， tourist industry 都可以，
tourism industry 的使用频率最高:
The Department provides a high-
quality tourism industry.
ITIC is a representative body for
Irish tourist industry.
The state depends on tourism for much of its income.
tournament， match， game， tow 1． tow，pull 都可以指“拉”，但 tow
尤指“拉车辆、武器等”，而 pull 可以指“各种拉的动作”:
If your vehicle was towed due to
outstanding parking ticket debt，
contact
He rode the horses that towed the artillery and supplies.
I pull a cart instead of riding in a golf cart.
The truck pulled the forklift with the chain and web sling.
The tractor pulled the log out from under the bridge panel.
2． 可作可数名词，但在下列句子的短语中，tow 前面常不用冠词:
If this van is on tow，it is stolen.
Please call police. ( on tow 是英国用法)
We then took the boat in tow，
with my boat trailing behind the boat which we were working on.
3． tow-away 在现代英语中常指“( 车辆被) 拖走的”:
This is a tow-away zone.
a Tow-Away Zone sign
on a tow-away list
involved in a tow-away crash
a tow-away policy
a tow-away warning
a tow-away system
4． 注意，a towaway zone 是美国用法:
On a public street in Hawaii，the
only requirement is for a sign indi-
cating a towaway zone. toward toward，towards
两词的含义相同，无多大区别，to-
wards 常在英国英语中使用，toward
是美国用法:
My boy friend and I are driving to-
ward / towards the sunset. towards toward，towards
两词的含义相同，无多大区别，to-
wards 常在英国英语中使用，toward
是美国用法:
My boy friend and I are driving to-
ward / towards the sunset. towel 可以指“( 各种) 巾”:
a hand towel
a bath towel
a sanitary towel
a face towel
a baby towel
a coarse towel
a wet towel
a paper towel
a decorative towel
a damp towel
a crocheted towel
a beach towel
a dish towel
a bathroom towel
a tri-fold towel
a bar towel
a travel towel
a drying towel
an organic cotton towel
a tea towel
a golf towel tower tower，pagoda
两词都可译成“塔”:
1． tower 常指“独立的高层建筑”:
Twin Towers( 纽约以前的) 双子楼
the Leaning Tower 比萨斜塔
2． tower 也可以指 “教堂、古堡的塔楼”或“钟楼”，还可以指“广播、信号塔”:
the Oriental TV Tower 东方明珠电视塔
3． pagoda 尤指“佛教、印度教等宗教有装饰的多层宝塔”:
With its emerald greenery and its
religious pagoda and shrines，
Red Hill is a landmark of the city. town 1． 英美人( 尤其是美国人) 很喜欢用
town 来泛指他们所在的城市、城镇，甚至大学城等，下面句子的短语中 town 前面都没有冠词:
I'll be out of town for a year.
The new sheriff is in town.
Anybody here from out of town?
2． “市政厅”用 town hall，city hall 都可以，美国人用 city hall 多一些;
当然，town hall 还可以指“镇公所”等。 toxic toxic，poisonous
两词都可表示“有毒的”。
1． poisonous 比较普通常用，可以形容各种“有毒的东西”或“中毒的”或动物等”:
poisonous snakes
poisonous spider ( 但不说 toxic
spider)
2． toxic 主要指“物质对人或动物有毒的”:
toxic symptoms
toy
“老顽童”用 toy boy，toyboy 都可以，toyboy 是英国写法; toy boy 的使用频率远高于 toyboy:
She has confessed that she wants a toyboy lover.
The kind of woman who goes for a toy boy is usually financially and emotionally independent. track 1． 美国人常用 tracking，non-track-
ing 来表示学校是否“按学生的能力、程度分班”。
1) tracking 指“按学生的能力、程度分班”:
The issue of ability tracking has
been a contentious one in recent
years due to research showing
that minorities are disproportion-
ately in the lower tracks.
This course explores the ways in
which the educational system re-
produces social class through such means as tracking in schools.
2) non-tracking“不按学生的能力、程度分班”:
Tracking and non-tracking for
Reading and Math.
What brings the school down is
their non-restrictive admission pol-
icy and their non-tracking of students.
2． track event 作 “( 体育的 ) 径赛”解，主要是美国用法:
Northern California is going to sponsor a two-day track event.
The Las Vegas Track Event has been cancelled. trade 1． 下面几种说法都可以:
He traded his bike for a flute.
He traded in bikes from Asia.
He traded with bike barons.
2． “工会”用 trade union， trades union都可以，后者是英国用法; trade union 的使用频率远高于trades union; 美国人还常用 labor union，workers union 或 workers' union:
The Harvard Trade Union Program offers an intensive 6-week residential session for union leaders.
The Trades Union Congress in Britain is traditionally affiliated with the labor party.
Which is the largest labor union in the United States in 2004?
It also affected the labor union movement in Nebraska during the 1950s.
American Postal Workers Union
Utility Workers Union of America
3． 有人认为，不可以说 he is a teacher by trade，因为 trade 常指 carpenter，shoemaker 等手工艺者;但实际上，英美人经常用 trade 表示脑力劳动者:
A graduate of Temple University and a teacher by trade，Irv started out as a physical education instructor.
A writer by trade，Eng's many articles and memoirs reflect his perspective as an intimate of Horton.
The fact that she's a journalist by trade is interesting but not central. tradition 1． 泛指“传统”时，常作不可数名词:
Please support our efforts to redirect America toward tradition.
the richness of tradition
lovers of tradition
He broke with tradition by hiring Australian software entrepreneur.
state funeral steeped in tradition
inspired by tradition
2． 指“一个个具体的传统”，为可数名词:
birthday traditions in different countries
Christmas traditions around the world
food and eating traditions in the Nordic countries
Wedding traditions are so varied from culture to culture that it would be impossible to list them all here. traffic 1． 常作不可数名词:
There's heavy traffic ahead.
There is no traffic on Route 50A．
Various approaches have been
used to reduce the volume of traf-
fic on Ocean Drive.
Traffic was disrupted in some are-
as.
2． 注意下列搭配:
Internet traffic
highway traffic
air traffic
hourly traffic
daily traffic
weekly traffic
monthly traffic
yearly traffic
busy traffic
heavy traffic
human traffic
horse-drawn traffic
safe traffic
railway traffic
much traffic
little traffic
motor traffic
river traffic
canal traffic
pedestrian traffic
overland traffic
one-way traffic
passenger traffic
goods traffic
plane traffic
rush-hour traffic
shipping traffic
telephone traffic
tourist traffic
waterway traffic
high-speed traffic
street traffic
slave traffic
drug traffic
women traffic
illegal traffic
international traffic
domestic traffic
eastbound traffic
westbound traffic
parkbound traffic
inbound traffic
outbound traffic
door traffic
movie traffic
radio traffic
real-time traffic
Bay area traffic
bicycle traffic
website traffic
3． 表示“毒品交易”，说 drug traffic，
drugs traffic 都可以，前者的使用频率高:
War On Terror is a war on drug traffic.
How has the drugs traffic influ-
enced Colombia's democratic
structures?
4． 表示“交通堵塞”可以说:
We are stuck in a traffic jam.
Traffic was at a standstill.
Traffic was bumper to bumper.
There was traffic congestion on the highway.
Weather and traffic tie-ups slowed the holiday travel.
5． “交通信号灯、红绿灯”用 traffic
lights，a traffic light 都可以，用复数 traffic lights 居多:
Don't go against the traffic lights!
How does a traffic light detect that
a car has pulled up and is waiting
for the light to change?
When waiting for a traffic light，
the driver looses time and the car uses fuel. tragedy 1． 可以说:
a family tragedy
a domestic tragedy
a national tragedy
an American tragedy
a shocking tragedy
an unimaginable tragedy
an inexcusable tragedy
a bloody tragedy
a terrible tragedy
an unavoidable tragedy
an engineered tragedy
a double tragedy
a hidden tragedy
a needless tragedy
a war tragedy
a Tsunami tragedy
a love tragedy
a world tragedy
an enormous personal tragedy
a great tragedy
a highway tragedy
an air tragedy
an intellectual tragedy
a business tragedy
a tragedy of democracy
a tragedy of errors
a tragedy of overwhelming magni-
tude
a tragedy of youth
a tragedy of modern politics
a tragedy of war
a tragedy of ambition
a tragedy of failure
a tragedy of a common man
a tragedy of fashion
a tragedy of experience
a tragedy of riches
a tragedy of good intentions
a tragedy of untold proportions
a tragedy of the commons
a tragedy of false promises
a tragedy of fate
a tragedy of ignorance
a tragedy of obsessions
a tragedy of his own making
a tragedy of the worst kind
a tragedy of nobodies
2． 文学上，具体指“某个作家的悲剧作品”，可作可数名词:
Shakespeare's tragedies
3． 但泛指某一种类的“悲剧”时，常作不可数名词:
The modern reader of Greek
Tragedy finds it very difficult to ap-
preciate the effect of these choral songs. trail path，trail
这组词都有“小路”的含义; path 是
“走出来或修出来的小路”，trail 常指
“踏出来的小路”; 相比之下，path 要比 trail 宽大些、永久些:
a short path through the forest
a garden path
a mountain path
The hunters followed the deer's trail. trail ，path
两词都有“小路”的含义。
1． trail 尤指“乡间供悠闲散步的小径”或“人或动物踏出来的小路”:
You can turn a useless piece of land into a useful one and create something beautiful by building a trail in you backyard.
On a trail in the wild，hikers will walk right past you without so much as a nod.
2． path 与 trail 的含义接近，也可指
“人走出来的小路”，但一般不指
“动物走出来的路”，而且 path 一般比 trail 宽一些，可以指“繁华地段的小路”，下面句中的 path 不可用 trail 代替:
All at once the crowd parted to make a path for her.
A police car escorted them， its flashing lights clearing a path through the heavy traffic.
3． 表示“开路先锋”，可以说 trailblaz-
er 或 pathfinder，前者似乎更强调
“开路”的“艰辛”。 train 1． “乘火车”常用 go / travel by
train，train 前没有冠词:
It is not cheap to go by train
there，but it is fast and comforta-
ble.
2． 表示“思路”说 a train of thoughts
或 a train of thought 都可以。
3． 表示“一系列、一连串”，可以说:
a train of thought
a train of events
a train of actions
a train of reasoning
a train of followers
a train of failures
a train of wagons
a train of camels
a train of defeats
a train of ideas
a train of villages
a train of air crashes
a train of shock
a train of disbelief
a train of happiness
a train of zeros
a train of stimulation
a train of pulses
a train of cars
a train of hope
a train of lights
a train of probes
a train of reindeer sleds
a train of emotions
a train of pack mules
a train of vehicles
a train of camps
a train of containers
a train of satellites
a train of kites
a train of flying clouds traitor ，renegade
两词都有“叛徒”的含义。
1． traitor 尤指“背叛自己祖国的人”，
如“向敌国告密”等，后面常跟介词
to 或 against:
Benedict Arnold was also a great
American military leader，who lat-
er became a traitor to his own country.
Benedict Arnold was a heroic
Continental Army General who became a traitor against America.
2． renegade 常指“背叛自己信仰( 选择的道路、职业等) 的人”，有时并不一定有贬义，后面常跟 from，of
等:
a renegade from his chosen pro-
fession
a renegade from his sinful past
I am a renegade of my time and age.
a renegade from the Republic
a renegade of his own belief
a renegade of his own race tram 作“有轨电车”解是英国用法，也作
tramcar; 美国人习惯用 streetcar，
trolley 等:
You can take a tram in front of the central station，and get off at the second stop.
They told me to take a streetcar
named Desire，and then transfer
to one called Cemeteries and ride
six blocks and get off at Elysian
Fields.
tranquil，calm，quiet，serene， trans- 作构词成分，表示“穿越、变化、转移、通过”等，可组成很多词或词组:
Trans-Canada Trail
Trans-Mediterranean Airways
the Trans-Siberian Railway
feminism at trans-political activism
trans-gender expressions
Trans-European networks transfer 常用于以下句型:
The Department of Corrections transferred him from its southern jail to a state prison facility.
( transfer sb from sth to sth)
He was transferred from the MPO
Department to the Civil Depart-
ment. ( be transferred from sth to
sth)
I want to transfer to a California
Community College. ( transfer to
sth)
The company failed to transfer her to a temporary office position based on her handicap. ( transfer
sb to sth) transform 常用于以下句型中:
City planners have taken numer-
ous small steps to transform the city from a car-oriented place to a people-friendly one. ( transform
sth from sth into sth)
A chance meeting in 2003 trans-
formed him from a writer of prom-
ise into an author of renown.
( transform sb from sth into sth)
Part of the college's 10-year mas-
ter plan to transform the college
into a 21st century gateway to op-
portunity that will better serve students in the state. ( transform
sth into sth)
It has been transformed into an in-
spirational recycling education center. ( be transformed into sth)
Regional and rural communica-
tions have been transformed be-
yond recognition in recent years.
( be transformed beyond recogni-
tion / belief / measure )
Information technology has trans-
formed the way we learn. ( trans-
form sth) transformer 可以作“( 玩具) 变形金刚”解:
This is a very common thing in the world of Transformer toys，mainly because it's very challenging to make a toy that changes from one mode to another.
transfusion
“输血”说 a transfusion， transfu-
sion， a blood transfusion， blood
transfusion 都可以， 可数名词 a
transfusion，a blood transfusion 的使用频率较高:
He lost a lot of blood and had to be rushed to the hospital for a transfusion.
The patient was admitted to hos-
pital for a blood transfusion.
Before sending blood to a hospital for transfusion， it is tested for blood type.
She was sent to hospital for blood transfusion. transit 1． 表示“交通体系”时，英国人常用
transport system，美国人用 transit
system:
The transit system in Boston is
phenomenal and will take you to
any place you need to go in Bos-
ton.
The Government contends that
the public transport system in
London has become “ progres-
sively shabbier”．
2． 可以与不少词连用:
a transit camp
a transit lounge
a transit option
a transit van
a transit time
a transit system
a transit duty
a transit service
a transit authority
a transit card
a transit pass
a transit benefit program
a transit district
a transit commission
a transit Web page
a transit information
a transit alliance
a transit provider
a transit point
a transit database
a transit online
a transit site
a transit headquarter
a transit map
a transit visa
public transit
mass transit
high-speed transit
overland transit
cheap transit
rapid transit
metro transit
city transit
regional transit
largest transit
metropolitan transit
intercity transit
suburban transit
triangle transit
riverside transit
rail transit
advanced transit
monthly transit
next transit
new transit translate translate，interpret
两词都有“翻译”的含义。
1． translate 可以指“口译”或“笔译”:
I can't speak Japanese，so some-
one will have to translate. ( 口译)
Please translate this article into
Chinese. ( 笔译)
2． interpret 常指“口译”:
I speak Chinese. Would you like
me to interpret for you? transmission 可以作可数和不可数名词:
Seven percent of the energy is lost in transmission. ( 不可数)
Can anyone tell me what a normal
transmission will act like? ( 单数)
Some networks may have taken
steps to secure email transmis-
sions. ( 复数) transparent 注意以下词组的含义:
transparent glass
transparent silk blouse
transparent meaning
transparent lie
transparent air
transparent scarf
transparent rules
transparent democratic govern-
ment
transparent plastic
transparent dress
transparent underwear
transparent skin
transparent material
transparent excuse
transparent disguise
transparent style of writing
transparent life
transparent effort
transparent deception
transparent action
transparent image
transparent capsule
transparent background
transparent job search
transparent promotion
transparent world
transparent plan transport 1． 常用以下句型:
It would be difficult to transport the
soldiers from one battlefield to an-
other. ( transport sb fromto)
Others help to transport them to foster homes or permanent homes.
( transport sb to)
All the relief goods were transpor-
ted to the disaster area overnight.
［( sth) be transported to］
Somehow he has been transpor-
ted to the main island. ［( sb) be
transported to］
2． 参见 transit。 trap 1． 可以说:
fall into a trap
set a trap
lay a trap
be caught in a trap
be lured into a trap
build a trap
place a trap
get out of a trap
bait a trap
evade a trap
mask a trap
make a trap
walk into a trap
2． 后面常跟介词 for 等:
The police have set a trap for lap-
top thieves. trash 1． 作“垃圾”解是美国用法，也作
garbage; 英国人常用 rubbish。
2． 常作不可数名词，但可以说:
a piece of trash
mountains of trash
a mountain of trash
tons of trash
millions of tons of trash
massive piles of trash
a tidal wave of trash
a growing mound of trash
piles of trash
bags of trash
a truckload of trash
a sea of trash
a valley of trash
3． “垃圾箱”英国人说 dustbin，美国人说 trash can。
4． 跟中文一样，trash 可以指“没教养、不诚实、不道德的人或事”等，一般作不可数名词:
He has no knowledge，uneducat-
ed; he is trash.
The movie is trash，and I am a-
shamed I stayed in the theatre to see it.
Many of these books are trash in the literal sense. travel 1． 下面几种说法都可以，含义相近:
My dream is to travel around the country.
My dream is to travel the country.
My dream is to travel in the coun-
try.
My dream is to travel across the country.
My dream is to travel through the country.
My dream is to travel throughout the country.
2． 注意几种关于 travel 方式的用法。
1) 与 by 组成词组，by 后面的名词前常不用冠词:
travel by bus
travel by car
travel by train
travel by water
travel by air
travel by bike
travel by boat
travel by ship
travel by land
travel by rail
travel by railroad
travel by steamer
travel by shuttle bus
travel by commuter train by tube
travel by subway
travel by underground
travel by plane
travel by ferry
travel by ferry boat
travel by helicopter
travel by coach
travel by sea
travel by road
travel by transit
travel by taxi
travel by motorcycle
travel by cycle
2) 与 on 组成词组:
travel on foot
travel on horseback
travel on business
travel on a half ticket
travel on ice
travel on snow
travel on Christmas
travel on Interstate Highway 80
travel on New York Metro
travel on public transport
travel on a tight budget
travel on waterways
travel on congested urban trans-
port networks
travel on federal grants
travel on fake documents
3) 注意以下句子中 travel 的用法:
It traveled at 80 miles an hour ．
It traveled at about 55 kilometers per hour.
It traveled at the rate of 100 li per hour.
He traveled light.
He traveled free.
He traveled penniless.
He traveled first-class. tray ，plate
两词都可译成“盘子”。
1． tray 除可以指“食品盘子”外，还常指其他很多种盘子:
an ashtray
a baking tray
an in-tray
an out-tray
a fruit tray
a serving tray
2． plate 侧重指“餐盘”:
My dog could only eat from a din-
ner plate or sometimes from the floor.
3． “奖盘、纪念盘”常用 plate:
an award plate with all the winners
listed
I recently bought a decorative
plate called “Broken Revevie”．
They discussed the creation of a
commemorative plate to celebrate
the 50th anniversary of the com-
pany. tread 1． 作“踩、踏”解时，后面常跟介词
on:
Don't tread on me!
She accidentally trod on the flow-
ers.
2． 有“踩烂”的含义，但 tread on 是
“踩着”，不一定“踩烂”:
Before the days of automation，
they used to tread grapes to make wine. 自动化以前，他们一直把葡萄踩烂后酿酒。
Don't tread on me! 别踩我!
3． tread water 可作“踩水”或“停滞不前”解，后面不跟介词:
He says the middle-income fami-
lies are treading water and their situation is miserable.
He is treading water in the swim-
ming pool. treasure 1． 泛指“财宝”时常作不可数名词:
The whole story is built around a legend involving a lot of hidden treasure.
I love hunting for buried treasure at book sales.
2． 指“一件件具体的珍宝、一个个珍宝似的人才”时为可数名词:
Rarely seen national art treasures could soon be put on show at the museum. ( 具体珍宝)
He is a real treasure to our Guild and we are pleased to honor him at this time. ( 珍宝似的人才) treat 1． 作动词时常用在以下句型中:
Your best friend is counting on you to treat him with respect.
( treat sb with )
Don't treat me like a fool. ( treat sb
like sth)
They treated her as the most im-
portant player on the team. ( treat
sb as sth)
He'd decided to treat himself to a
few days fly fishing in New Zeal-
and. ( treat oneself to sth)
2． 可以指“治病”，但不一定“治好那种病”，“治好病”要用 cure:
My mother is being treated for a heart condition， but the doctors find it hard to cure it.
3． 作名词时常表示“某种特别的、难得的乐事”:
a Sunday treat
a birth day treat
a rare treat
a real treat
a special treat to himself
treaty，agreement，pact
3 词都有“协议、条约”的含义:
1． treaty 主要指“书面的条约”，尤指
“国家间的战后条约”:
the North Atlantic Treaty
the Paris Peace Treaty
a trade treaty with Japan
2． agreement 比较普通，可指“口头协议”或“书面协议”等:
It is wise to confirm an oral agree-
ment in writing to ensure that all
parties share the same under-
standing.
3． 人与人、组织与组织、国家与国家之间的“协议”都可以用 pact 来表示:
We've made a pact between us，
agreeing that I will take him hun-
ting when he is free.
The pact between the two compa-
nies also encompasses a co-mar-
keting agreement.
The signing of a free trade pact between the two countries will be the highlight of the two-day official visit. treaty lease， contract，treaty，agreement 这组词都有“合约”的含义。
1． lease 侧重指 “租用房屋、土地、设备等的租约”:
obtain a lease on large piece of land || take a lease on an apartment
2． contract 除可指两人之间的 “契约”外，还可以指团体、商务、生意、买卖、交易等方面的“合同”:
a contract of employment || a contract for construction of a bridge
3． treaty 主要指 “( 国家之间签订的) 条约”:
a trade treaty with Australia || A number of countries have entered into the treaty.
4． agreement 在这组词中最普通，可用于各种 “协约”，个人、团体、国家、口头、书面的“协议”都可以:
The three countries signed an agreement in 2000． || The two men had not reached an agreement yet. tremble 表示“因 …… 而颤抖”，tremble 后面可以跟介词 with，in，at，for 等，with
最常用:
I am still trembling with anger and sadness.
Despite my outward show of con-
fidence，inside I was trembling in fear.
Last night I was trembling at the
thought of taking over the vast re-
sponsibilities associated with this office.
He trembled for fear.
His hand trembled from a bullet injury. trench trench，ditch
两词都可译成“沟”。
1． trench 可以作“打仗用的战壕”解，
ditch 一般不这样用:
Soldiers in the trench who should
have completed preparations for
charge were busy collecting a-
corns from short acorn trees and stuffing them into their pockets.
2． ditch 主要指“导水沟”:
The water in the ditch overflowed its banks. trend 1． 表示 “( …… 方面的 ) 潮流、倾向、趋势”，后面常用介词 in，among，
towards，of，to 等:
Manmade beauty is a trend in
China.
We noticed a trend towards a re-
duction in drug trafficking.
There is a trend among young
people to choose not to start ca-
reers in this area.
This initial study showed a trend to a higher incidence of adverse events.
It has become a trend of the 21st century.
2． 常与以下动词连用:
see an upward trend
observe a downward trend
follow a recent trend
change the trend of public opinion
buck the trend in the stock market
set a trend in elegance
reverse the trend in unemploy-
ment
indicate the current trend
show the general trend among
youth
understand the growing trend
start a welcome trend
initiate a long-term trend
stop the present trend of corrup-
tion
spot a rising trend of nationalism
break a trend
identify a trend
notice a trend in the West
become a trend
detect a trend
decline a trend
generate a trend
uncork a trend in wine industry
simulate a trend
reflect a trend in liberalism
assess a trend in
resolve a trend in
appear to be a trend in
express a trend
catch a trend in its early stage
highlight a trend
create a trend
evaluate a trend
capture a trend
chase a trend
investigate a trend
recognize a trend
reveal a trend
represent a trend
produce a trend
parallel a trend
emphasize a trend
predict a trend in interest rates trespass 1． trespass 后面常跟介词 upon，
on，into，about 等，主语是人或动物都可以:
It is against the law for hunters to trespass on private property.
It states that no person shall per-
mit any dog to run at large on any
unenclosed land，or trespass up-
on any enclosed lands.
Running at large shall be the per-
mitting by the owner of any dog to
trespass upon，into or about the
public streets，highways，roads，
alleys
2． no trespassing 常被用作“未经许可，不得入内”的警告语:
He is taking a photo of a No Tres-
passing sign. trial 1． 下面例句中的 trial 前常不用冠词:
Several of its local members are serving sentences or awaiting trial.
The tyranny will be on trial and people's rights will be respected.
A Grand Rapids woman will stand trial on sex charges.
Because of his illness， the kid-
napping charges against him may never come to trial.
2． 表示“因 …… 而受审”时，后面用介词 for:
He will stand trial for murder.
She is going to stand trial for ani-
mal cruelty.
3． 可以说:
a trial run
a trial product
a trial flight
a trial marriage
a trial separation
a trial period
a trial basis
a trial balloon
a trial short-cut
a trial membership
a trial study
a trial drug
a trial version
a trial crop
a trial design
a trial CD
a trial copy
a trial protocol
a trial discussion
a trial college
a trial schedule
a trial plan
a trial program
a trial making
a trial assignment
a trial edition
a trial user
a trial curriculum
a trial license
a trial transcript
a trial course
a trial recommendation
a trial lawyer
a trial attorney
a trial judge tribute 在下面例句中，tribute 前可不用冠词，注意 tribute 后面常用介词 to:
Thousands pay tribute to Well-
stone. ( pay tribute to)
Cabinet members pay last tribute to fire victims. ( pay last tribute
to)
Houston joins in tribute to late president. ( in tribute to sb)
Mr. Speaker，I rise in tribute to
an organization with a great re-
cord of service to this region. ( in
tribute to) trick 1． 用在表示“作弄”的短语中，后面常跟介词 on:
We decided to play a trick on our teacher.
In fact，you can do a trick on eve-
rything.
2． 可以说:
a dirty trick
a cruel trick
a nasty trick
a mean trick
a new trick
a mad trick
a cute little trick
an old trick
a stinking trick
a small trick
a low trick
a clever trick
a magic trick
a cynical trick
a favorite trick
a scurry trick
a shabby trick
a dishonorable trick
a shrew trick
a waggish trick
an advertising trick
a conjuring trick
a cheap trick
a card trick
a secret trick
a super trick
the latest trick
the simplest trick
the dirtiest trick
a sinister trick
a neat trick
a vanishing trick
a video trick
a circus trick
an impossible trick
Halloween tricks
a hat trick
a table trick
an exclusive trick
a biological trick
the world's most dangerous trick
3． 作动词时常用于以下句型:
She tricked him into marriage by pretending to be at death's door.
( trick sb into sth)
It actually tricked me into thinking music criticism still matters. ( trick
sb into doing sth)
Mary's older brother tricked her out of a lot of her pocket money.
( trick sb out of sth)
He tricked her out of telling him a-
bout the hidden treasure. ( trick sb
out of doing sth) trigger 可以说:
trigger a response
trigger a reaction
trigger a demand
trigger a spate of terrorist activity
trigger further violence
trigger memories of childhood
trigger a process
trigger a landslide
trigger a negotiation
trigger a formation
trigger a selection
trigger an infection
trigger a cease-fire appeal
trigger a conflict alert
trigger the occurrence of earth-
quakes
trigger a new ice age
trigger a callback
trigger a cold war
trigger a nightmare
trigger a tsunami
trigger a debate
trigger a backlash
trigger a stroke
trigger a major humanitarian dis-
aster
trigger a manic episode
trigger a fog
trigger a reduction in sales
trigger a rally
trigger a date change
trigger a variety of heart disease
trigger a strike
trigger a renewed push toward
ratification
trigger a task
trigger a national trend for health
care reform
trigger a heartbeat
trigger a global recession
trigger a heart attack
trigger a test
trigger a military build-up
trigger a flare up
trigger a failure
trigger a woman's orgasm
trigger a procedure
trigger a federal emergency
trip，journey，voyage，outing
这组词都有“旅行”的含义。
1． trip 常指“要返回出发地的短途旅行”，目的可以是为了公务，也可以是为了娱乐:
a business trip
a fishing trip
a shopping trip
an overseas trip
a day trip
a nostalgia trip
a sightseeing trip
2． journey 常指“距离较长、旅途较艰难的旅行”，而且不一定回到出发地:
a long journey
a tiring journey
a round-the-world journey
an overland journey
This Web site follows the scien-
tists on their journey from New
York to the Gobi Desert for a fos-
sil hunt.
3． voyage 常指“海上或空间的长距离旅行”:
Such a space voyage seems like an utter impossibility.
This seemed like a voyage on the ocean.
4． outing 一般指“不到一天的团体短途旅行”:
He organized a company outing to the monastery.
Most of the pictures were taken by me on a college outing with students to the museum. triumph 1． 后面常跟介词 of，over，for 等:
The last day of the climb repre-
sented a triumph over physical ob-
stacles. ( over 后面常跟贬义的词组)
It's a triumph of ingenuity and will-
power / opposition / propaganda /
justice / fear over hope / politics o-
ver science. ( of 后面可跟各种含义的词或词组)
The Palestinian election was a tri-
umph for human dignity / medioc-
rity / human rights / democracy /
multilateralism. ( for 后面可跟各种含义的词或词组)
2． 有可数和不可数形式:
With an air of triumph，he drew back. ( 不可数)
We've all read， re-read， re-
hashed，and relived the great tri-
umphs of 2004． ( 可数) troop 1． 以幽默的语气作“一群”解时，常见的搭配有:
a troop of monkeys
a troop of children
a troop of followers
a troop of boys on the beach
a troop of seagulls on the water
a troop of beetles
a troop of ants
a troop of spiders
a troop of travelers
a troop of friends
a troop of antelopes
a troop of fairies
a troop of boy scouts
a troop of horsemen in pairs
a troop of chimpanzees
a troop of tanks
a troop of chariots
a troop of riders
a troop of alien warriors
a troop of camels
a troop of teddy-bear-like primates
a troop of vampires
a troop of excitable females
a troop of rangers
2． 作“军队”解时，用单复数形式都有，指“大规模的军队”用 troops
居多; 单数 troop 常用来修饰其他名词:
The withdrawal of foreign troops is the only solution.
A foreign troop was landed in my country.
troop movements
troop training
foreign troop intervention
American troop presence in Iraq
troop deployment
troop insurrection
troop pullout trophy trophy，prize
两词都可译成“奖品”，trophy 尤指
“银质大奖杯一类的奖品”; prize 比较常用，可指各种“奖品”:
He won a silver trophy at a recent
international sculpture competi-
tion.
Singapore won the 1st runner-up prize at a recent international fashion Awards. trouble 1． 可以指各种各样的“问题、麻烦”:
an international trouble
a domestic trouble
a heart trouble
a back trouble
a stomach trouble
a financial trouble
an extra trouble
an additional trouble
an engine trouble
a mechanical trouble
a much trouble
a little trouble
a crowd trouble
a bronchial trouble
a personal trouble
a serious trouble
a political trouble
a respiratory trouble
an eye trouble
a family trouble
a labor trouble
a school trouble
a skin trouble
a throat trouble
a telephone trouble
a passport trouble
a research trouble
a work trouble
an endless trouble
a disciplinary trouble
a monetary trouble
an obscure trouble
a lifelong trouble
a constant trouble
a luxurious trouble
a girl friend trouble
a technical trouble
an email trouble
an online trouble
a ticket trouble
a double trouble
a foreign affairs trouble
a new trouble
an old trouble
a tribal trouble
2． 在下面短语中，trouble 前常不用冠词:
You are just asking for trouble.
have trouble with the computer
have trouble hearing his lecture
Don't make trouble for yourself.
Freezing temperatures cause trou-
ble for motorists.
We all take trouble over the things which seem to matter to us.
look for trouble
They didn't want to get him into trouble.
how to keep out of trouble with
your email
Shots fired as fresh trouble flares.
I think my fish are in trouble.
I ran into trouble when doing some back-to-school shopping with my daughter.
Trouble is brewing in this little qui-
et Southern town.
After that we carried on without further trouble. trousers 1． 作“裤子”解，是英国用法，美国人常用 pants。
2． 一般不说 a trousers，可以说:
some trousers 几条裤子，指一条裤子 a pair of trousers:
Do you want to swap some trou-
sers?
She went into town last week and bought herself a pair of trousers.
3． 参见 pair。 truant 1． 可作“逃学生”解:
Schools lay tender trap for tru-
ants.
The program aims at pushing the truants back into class.
2． play truant ( 逃学) 中，truant 前一般没有冠词; 美国人常用 play
hookey; 前者使用频率较高:
Why do some students play tru-
ant?
There are many reasons why young people play truant.
Won't you play hookey for a day
or so? truck 1． 作“卡车”解主要是美国用法，英国人常用 lorry。
2． 有很多种“卡车”:
a breakdown truck 拖吊车
forklift truck 叉车
cattle truck 装牛的卡车
coal truck 煤车
an articulated lorry 铰链式卡车
convoys of lorries 货车队
a heavy-duty truck 重型卡车
a pick-up truck 小型卡车
true，real，genuine
3 词都可译成“真的”。
1． true 在不少情况下可与 real，gen-
uine 换用:
It's a true / real / genuine story.
2． real 与 genuine 的含义很接近，但比较口语化，且强调表象:
She's a real idiot! 她真是个傻子!
( 其实不一定是傻子)
3． genuine 强调“不掺和的、不混的、原装的、天然的”:
a genuine gold nugget
genuine orange juice
genuine antique furniture
4． true 后面常跟介词 of，to:
He is true to his words when he says he loves America.
This is true of any physical law.
5． 3 词各有其固定的搭配:
come true
a real mess
genuine knowledge trunk 1． 作“汽车后面的行李箱”解，trunk
是美国用法，英国人用 boot:
I should probably put my baggage
in the trunk，rather than the back-
seat.
The driver will help you to put your luggage in the boot and to unload the boot when you get out of the taxi.
2． 英国的 trunk road ( 公路干道) 相当于美国的 highway:
Telford went on to build the trunk road from London to Holyhead.
He was walking on the highway from Boston to Washington with a gun in the hand. trunks trunks，shorts
两词都可以作“短裤”解。
1． trunks 一般指“男式紧身运动短裤”:
He is wearing his trunks stylishly low.
His trunks are getting a bit too small.
2． shorts 可指各式“短裤”，男女都可以:
She is wearing a pair of shorts that accentuate her great legs.
His shorts are shorter than any-
one else's and his skin glistens.
3． 注意: trunks，shorts 常与复数动词连用。 trust 下面几种说法都可以:
I trust you to keep this secret.
I trust you with this secret.
I trust this secret to you.
I trust that you will keep this se-
cret.
I trust this secret to you in confi-
dence.
I trust this secret to you personal-
ly.
I will trust you with all my heart.
I will trust in you with all my heart.
I will trust you completely. truth 可作不可数和可数名词。
1． 作不可数名词:
How do you separate truth from
speculation?
Even the most hardened delin-
quents don't dispute that there is some truth in Cosby's message.
The first argument has a grain of truth to it.
2． 作可数名词:
His comments are a naked truth.
It seems to be a universal truth in
life that all English majors are ob-
ligated to like Shakespeare.
The American people are ill-
served by public officials who lack the courage to tell them some plain truths about crime control. try 1． 下面几种说法都可以:
We will try to get the job done by the end of this week.
We will try and get the job done by the end of this week.
We will try getting the job done by the end of this week.
We tried and tried and eventually we got the job done.
We kept trying and eventually we got the job done.
2． 注意 try to do sth 和 try doing sth
的含义不一样:
I tried to open the box. 我试图打开盒子。( 但是盒子打不开)
I tried opening the box. 我试着打开盒子。( 盒子可能被打开了，看到了里面的东西)
3． 可作可数名词:
Tasty Chinese food is worth a try.
Win98 takes several tries to log in.
4． 表示“试图”的努力程度时可用各种副词来修饰:
try hard
try very hard
try very hard indeed
try extremely hard
try one's best
try one's hardest tsar 除可指“旧时俄国的沙皇”外，还可指各种“领头人物”:
Homeland Security Tsar
Harvard hires “fun tsar”
new intelligence tsar T-shirt 1． 有各种各样的 T-shirt:
a funny T-shirt
a cool T-shirt
a crazy T-shirt
a free T-shirt
a top T-shirt
a navy blue T-shirt
a cotton T-shirt
a vintage T-shirt
an animal T-shirt
a music T-shirt
a contest T-shirt
an anti-racist T-shirt
2． 也有人将 T-shirt 写成 t-shirt。 tsunami 1． “海啸”除 tsunami 外还有一些说法:
killer wave
tidal wave
seaquake
seismic sea wave
2． 东南亚发生“海啸”后，tsunami 的使用频率很快提高，出现不少新的词和词组:
the tsunami warning system
tsunami education museum
a tsunami story
tsunami research program
a tsunami event
a benefit fundraiser for tsunami
relief efforts
post-tsunami humanitarian action
tsunami zone
tsunami disaster
tsunami information
mega-tsunami
tsunami-addiction
tsunami-devastated regions
tsunami video footage
tsunami news
tsunami help
tsunami messages
tsunami animation
tsunami victims
tsunami-affected areas
tsunami donations
tsunami tragedy
tsunami-related products
tsunami-alert system
tsunami relief highlights
tsunami coverage
tsunami-torn regions
tsunami reconnect
tsunami relief funds
tsunami damage
the tsunami aftermath
tsunami scenes
tsunami survivors
tsunami's bidding
tsunami-stricken regions
tsunami horror
tsunami catastrophe
3． 可作可数名词:
How can you protect yourself from
a tsunami?
A Web site has been created to provide general information about tsunamis.
All tsunamis are potentially dan-
gerous， even though they may not damage every coastline they strike. tube 1． the tube 在美国口语中可作“电视”解，英国人用 the box:
I'm watching the tube and not sleeping.
40% of Americans often ( or al-
ways) watch the tube while con-
suming dinner.
The young people in London like
to chat to mates on Internet ac-
cess TV， have mates over to watch the box or play games.
2． the tube，the Tube 在英国伦敦常指“地铁系统”或“地铁车辆”:
If you miss the last tube in Lon-
don，you can either try for a night bus or there are many cabbies who will gladly take you home.
( 地铁车辆)
It took me nearly 45 minutes to
get to the tube from central Lon-
don. ( 指地铁体系)
3． 表示“失败、完蛋、毁灭”，用 go
down the tube，go down the tubes
都可以，主要是美国用法，后者的使用频率较高:
Don't let your family go down the tube — use television wisely.
You republicans would prefer to see California go down the tubes or fall into the ocean.
4． “试管婴儿”可用 test-tube baby
表示:
She was the first test-tube baby to be conceived outside its mother's womb. tuck 后面常跟介词 into，under，behind，
between，in，over 等:
tuck it into your sleeve when not
in use
tuck it under your arm
tuck it behind the shoulders
tuck it between the chair cushion
and the armrest
tuck it in a tight space
tuck it over the filling tug-of-love 1． 表示“对孩子监护权的争夺”时，有可数和不可数形式:
After years of divorce their son in-
vites his father to come and live with him and his mother，setting off a tug-of-love. ( 可数)
He commented on tug-of-love and money. ( 不可数)
2． 可以修饰其他名词:
a tug-of-love battle
a tug-of-love child
a tug-of-love city
a tug-of-love boy
a tug-of-love mother
tug-of-love grandparents
a tug-of-love victim
a tug-of-love ownership
a tug-of-love adoptive mum
a tug-of-love story
a tug-of-love case
a tug-of-love incident
3． 其复数形式常用 tugs-of-love:
the Kramer vs Kramer tugs-of-
love that take place to
After parental separation，children
thrive most from ongoing contact
with both parents， being spared
conflict or tugs-of-love
I'm trying not let this become a test or one of those tugs-of-love you read about in the popular press.
4． 后面常跟介词 over，between:
She is caught up in a tug-of-love over custody of her adopted daughter India.
It's a tug-of-love between the mother and the family that raised him.
5． 可以指“争夺孩子监护权”以外的各种“左右都难以割舍的局面”，有时有讽刺含义:
a tug-of-love between friends and
work
Ministers were in a “tug-of-love”
between the PM and Chancellor.
a tug-of-love between her family
in England and the country she
considered home
a tug-of-love between two top
teams tug-of-war 1． 有可数和不可数形式:
At the University of Montana，ear-
ly student tug-of-wars stretched
over a side channel of the Clark
Fork， and losers landed in the river. ( 可数)
To win at tug-of-war，a team must pull their opponents four meters.
( 不可数)
2． 可以修饰其他名词:
a tug-of-war contest
a tug-of-war event
a tug-of-war association
a tug-of-war team
a tug-of-war Web site
3． 后面常用介词 over， on， be-
tween，inside，in，outside 等:
a tug-of-war over social security
Who won India's tug-of-war on in-
terest rates?
a tense tug-of-war between the
West and the East
a tug-of-war between the hawks
and doves over North Korea policy
feel like a tug-of-war inside us
a biotech tug-of-war in rural India
stage a tug-of-war outside the De-
partment of Trade and Industry tuition 1． 常为不可数名词:
If you want to pay tuition using
American Express， complete the following.
The top-tier， male-only school
does not charge its students tui-
tion.
Why do parents want their chil-
dren to have private tuition?
Private colleges increase tuition again.
2． 可以说:
tuition remission
tuition waivers
tuition fees
tuition refunds
tuition hike
tuition benefits
tuition credits
tuition support
tuition assistance
tuition adjustments
tuition scholarships
tuition reimbursement
tuition allowances
tuition discounts
tuition advantage
tuition grants
3． 在实际使用中( 尤其在美国) ，tui-
tion 作“学费”解时常为可数名词:
Some state university officials
seem to figure that when others
are raising tuitions
tuitions up steeply nationwide
non-resident tuitions
Low taxes mark soaring tuitions.
skyrocketing college tuitions
extracurricular tuitions
Ontario freezes tuitions.
tune
“请继续收看 / 收听”可用 Stay
tuned; 后面常跟介词 to，for 等:
Stay tuned to this channel.
Stay tuned for the latest weather forecast.
turkey
Turkey Day 在美国可指 Thanksgiv-
ing Day，因为感恩节一般都吃火鸡:
As Americans prepare to cele-
brate Thanksgiving，we ask read-
ers to send us their Turkey Day
travel tales on this special holi-
day. turmoil 下面两个句子都可以说，含义相似:
We realize that Israel is in great turmoil right now.
We realize that Israel is in a great turmoil right now.
( 注意: in turmoil 的使用频率高于 in
a turmoil) turn 1． 下面几组句子都可以说:
The car turned left and ran into a lorry.
The car turned to the left and ran into a lorry.
( 注意: turn left 比 turn to the left
常用。)
She turned her glare on her ex-
husband.
She turned her glare at her ex-
husband. ( 注意: glare 后面用 on
或 at 意思相同。)
We took turns to carry the suit-
case.
We took turns carrying the suit-
case. ( 注意: take turns doing sth
的使用频率远高于 take turns to
do sth)
2． 可以作半连系动词:
She must have turned thirty.
The maple leaves turned crimson.
It's turned 10 o'clock.
The milk turned sour.
Her hair is turning gray.
3． “( 汽车的 ) 拐弯指示灯”用 turn
signal 主要是美国用法，英国人用
indicator:
— Mom，why is that arrow blink-
ing? — It's a turn signal. It lets other drivers know we're turning.
It's an old motor car indicator.
4． 注意，也有人用 a turning signal 表示“拐弯指示灯”:
Ford calls this safety device a turning signal.
a 3-ton mini-van with a turning
signal flashing turtle tortoise，turtle
tortoise 是“陆龟”，turtle 是“海龟”。 TV 1． 作“电视”解，有不可数和单复数形式:
I saw it on TV． ( 不可数)
Please tell me how to buy a TV
here. ( 单数)
How many TVs do you have in
your house? ( 复数)
2． 可以修饰很多其他名词:
a TV dinner
a TV show
a TV nation
a TV actor
a TV station
a TV classic
a TV production assistant
a TV stunt
a TV set
a TV Age
a TV audience
a TV network
a TV commercial
a TV technology
a TV star
a TV display
a TV talk show
a TV quiz show
a TV game show
a TV journalist
a TV guide twilight 1． “黄昏时刻”可用 at twilight 表示，
twilight 前常没有冠词:
The canyon can be especially beautiful at twilight.
2． in the twilight 常被用来喻指“暮年”等，twilight 前有定冠词:
In the twilight of her life，the artist
spent many hours of pleasure re-
calling the many works she and
the master had completed togeth-
er. twin 1． “性别一样的双胞胎”可叫 identi-
cal twins，“龙凤胎”叫 fraternal
twins，注意，twins 常用复数形式:
While fraternal twins do not usual-
ly develop the closeness and psy-
chological interdependence that
identical twins do，they do devel-
op that “special bond”．
2． 说“双胞胎”中的“一个”，可以说 a
twin:
He is a twin born on April 5，
2005．
3． 表示“他 / 她与 …… 他 / 她是双胞胎”，twin 后面常跟介词 to:
He is a twin to his younger sister.
他与他妹妹是双胞胎．
4． “他 / 她与他 / 她是双胞胎妹妹”可以说:
He and his twin sister have done well.
5． 可喻指许多“密切关联的人或事”:
twin cities
twin engines
twin towers
twin towns
twin problems of poverty and un-
employment
twin seats
twin peaks
twin galaxies
twin falls
twin programs
twin awards
twin creeks
twin lakes
6． 注意: 上述例子中，twin 所修饰的名词常用复数; 但如果指“两个中的一个”，那么可以说 a twin tow-
er，a twin city 等。 type 1． 口语中常用 be sb's type 表示“某某人所喜欢的那一类人”等:
What are you talking about? She is not my type. 你在说什么呀? 她不是我喜欢的那类姑娘。
2． 现代英语中，type in，type into，
type out 等常指“用键盘输入 / 输出( 信息或数据)”:
She is typing in her correct user-
name and password.
He is typing into his computer.
The woman at the desk typed the information into the computer. typical 后面常跟介词 of 等:
This is typical of rural Scotland.
It is typical of many，many oth-
ers.
This album is typical of the artist's extraordinary talent and skill.
Her home is typical of a lot of hou-
ses that were built during the late
1960s.
953
typical

 ugly 1． 可形容各种“难看的”人或事物:
ugly girls
ugly photos
ugly pictures
ugly face
ugly city
ugly publicity stunt
ugly sexual harassment
ugly confrontation
ugly dresses
ugly team
ugly footballer
ugly lights
ugly cars
ugly guys
ugly duckling
ugly saloon
ugly street
ugly truths
ugly quilts
ugly islands
ugly television
ugly logo
ugly contest winner
ugly stickers
ugly mugs
ugly reporting
ugly hack
ugly sentiments
ugly gardens
ugly money
ugly maneuvers in Congress
ugly Americanism
ugly houses
ugly hats
ugly furniture
ugly surroundings
ugly facts
ugly visions
ugly confusion
ugly disposition
ugly arms
ugly glasses
ugly babies
ugly tomatoes
2． 在美国口语中，当 ugly 修饰 “某个民族”时，常不是指他们 “长得难看”，而是他们的 “行为举止”在别国人民来看 “很惹人讨厌”，因而有 Ugly American， Ugly Chi-
nese，Ugly Japanese 等说法，注意第一字母常大写，前面用冠词
the; American 用单数或复数都有，用单数 the Ugly American 的频率稍高一些:
The Ugly American was a carica-
ture built on the reality of a bois-
terous， loud， uncultured， unso-
phisticated， arrogant， insensitive
clod — one who was prone to
throwing around too much mon-
ey，dressing absurdly，and acting oblivious to the subtleties of high culture.
The Ugly Americans are back —
perhaps they never went away. UK 1． 前面常加定冠词:
the principal avoidable cause of
premature death in the UK
2． 可以写成 the U． K． :
the U． K． parliament
the U． K． taxpayers
3． 可以用所有格 the UK's，但几乎无人用 the U． K． 's:
Everyone contributes to the UK's needs.
the UK's Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer
4． 参见 Britain。 Ukraine 前面可以用定冠词，也可以不用定冠词; 不用冠词的 Ukraine 使用频率非常高:
Freedom's song will resound through-
out Ukraine.
the Embassy of Ukraine
present it to the newly-elected Presi-
dent of Ukraine
information about Ukraine
the political crisis in the Ukraine
The US State Department helped
the opposition in the Ukraine to chal-
lenge the government party.
ultimate，final，last
三词都可以译成 “最后的”。
1． ultimate 在这组词中语气最强，强调事情的 “最后的结果、最终的目标”以及强调作出 “最后决定”人的权力和责任高于他人:
He will make the ultimate decision on his country.
The ultimate aim is to ensure that
the school is developed as an in-
stitution that takes care of all as-
pects of a child's development.
2． final 侧重事情的 “终结或结束”，
这不仅因为它在顺序上是 “最后的”，而且这种 “最后”是 “决定性的、结论性的”:
the final day of the semester 学期的最后一天( 强调学期结束了)
the final call for boarding 最后一次登机呼叫 ( 强调再不登机，飞机就要飞走了)
the final frontier 最后的疆域 ( 强调再也没有荒野可供开垦了)
3． last 强调“同一类事物在顺序上处于最后的”:
the last days of Socrates
the last years of the Roman Re-
public
the last chapter of the novel
catch the last train
The last car from America's oldest
car company rolls off the line
Thursday. ulty 1． college 尤指“高等专科学校、学院”等:
a secretarial college
a teachers' college
2． college 在美国指“( 授予学士学位的) 大学”:
Beloit College
3． 在英国英语中，college 常指 “( 训练 18 岁以上学生的) 专科学校”，
主要是技能上的训练，而不是学术上的深造。
4． 在英国，规模较大的中学、公学等也有叫 college 的:
Eden College
Wellington College
5． 表示“( 大学中的) 研究生院”，可用 school 或 college，英美大学用
school 和 college 作为“研究生院”的都有; 似乎美国用 college 较多，英国不少学校用 faculty 表示。
6． 下列词组中，college 前没有冠词，通常仅限于英国英语:
at college
go to college
attend college
enter college
leave college
7． college 作为专用名词时，前面常不加冠词:
Soundwell College
Shrewsbury College of Arts ＆
Technology
8． university 一般指 “( 既授予学士又授予硕士、博士的) 大学”:
University of Surrey Roehampton
is comprised of four historic colle-
ges.
9． 与其他词组成专用名词时，univer-
sity 前面大多不用定冠词:
Brunel University
University of Glasgow
Glasgow University
Cardiff University
10． 但是，也有例外:
the University of Buckingham
the University of Edinburgh
the Robert Gordon University
11． 表示“上大学”，可以说:
go to a university
study at a university
He was at the University of Wales
12． faculty 可指 “( 大学的 ) 院、系”等:
the Law Faculty
the Faculty of Medicine
13． 在美语中，faculty 可指 “( 大学或学院里的) 全体教师”:
a meeting for faculty and adminis-
trators
14． faculty 作“( 大学或学院里的) 全体教师”解时，是集合名词，后面跟单复数动词均可:
The faculty is used to refer to all the teachers in a university. ( 用单数动词)
the long row of seats where the
faculty sit( 用复数动词)
15． school 在美国口语中可指 col-
lege，university:
Yale is a good school.
He's going to school at Cornell.
16． 不加冠词:
go to school
in school
start school
quit school
She quit school after her freshman year.
17． school 可指 “( 大学中的) 学院”等:
the School of Dentistry umbrella 1． 可喻指各种类别的“保护伞”:
the umbrella of US power
the umbrella of the tropical rainfor-
est
the umbrella of disability insurance
the umbrella of the Health Care
Trust
the umbrella of God's mercy
the umbrella of the United Nations
the umbrella of NATO
the umbrella of liberalism
2． 前面常用介词 under:
under the umbrella of a single
identity management solution。
umpire，referee，judge
这组词都可以译成 “裁判”。
1． umpire 常指 “板球、游泳、网球、棒球、羽毛球、排球等运动的裁判”:
the head umpire in a baseball
game
I don't agree with the idea of a third umpire in hockey.
2． referee 常指“橄榄球、篮球、拳击、足球、曲棍球、长柄曲棍球、英式橄榄球、彩色桌球、壁球、摔跤等运动的裁判”:
a referee in World Cup Football
Championships
a hockey referee in Florida
3． judge 的使用范围比较广，可泛指各种“裁判”:
the judge of the righteous and the
wicked
the judge of games
a good judge of sport
an international judge of basket-
ball
a judge of football UN 1． “联合国”用 the United Nations，
the UN，the U． N． 都可以，一般前面都要加定冠词:
I'm not a great believer in the
U． N．
independence of the United Na-
tions
the international staff of the UN
2． 注意 UN 修饰其他名词时前面冠词的变化:
report of the UN Truth Commis-
sion
a UN weapons inspector
UN peacekeeping forces
unable
be unable to do sth 要比 can't do sth
正式，口语中常用 can't do sth:
We are unable to locate a single
Web player that best matches your platform. ( 较正式)
Let me tell you what we can't do:
we can't win the war. ( 较口语化) uncertain 1． uncertain 常用在 it is uncertain
that / what / why / when / where /
how / whether 等句型中:
It is uncertain that the President would sign such a bill.
It is uncertain whether the deal
would be good for China or Ameri-
ca.
It is uncertain when the bill will e-
ventually receive the consideration of the full house.
2． uncertain 后面常跟介词 about，of
等:
Bush is uncertain about the gay marriage ban.
He is uncertain of whether other colleges will choose to discount the SATs in their admissions process as well. uncle 1． 若说“伯父，晚上好!”一般不是
Good evening， Uncle! 应该说
Good evening，Uncle Henry! un-
cle 作称呼用应与姓名连用。
2． Uncle Sam ( 山姆大叔) 是美国的别称，前面一般不加定冠词:
The exact origins of Uncle Sam as a symbol for the United States are unknown. But the most widely ac-
cepted theory is that Uncle Sam was named after Samuel Wilson.
3． Uncle Sam 可以修饰其他名词:
Uncle Sam folk art
Uncle Sam character
Uncle Sam costume
Uncle Sam outfit
Uncle Sam figure
Uncle Sam guy
Uncle Sam bank
Uncle Sam hat
Uncle Sam sculpture
4． 可以说: an Uncle Sam， Uncle
Sams
Would I want to live in a world
with an ‘Uncle Sam’?
Uncle Sams are a recent addition to my carving repertoire. They are
fun，very traditional and challeng-
ing.
My brother and I always boasted that we had four Uncle Sams.
5． Uncle Tom 源于小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》，有贬义，现被黑人用来嘲讽其他“对白人顺从的黑人”，可以作可数名词:
So are we at a point in society
that calling someone an “Uncle
Tom”is legitimate?
Is Condileeza Rice somehow worse
than Henry Kissinger because she
is an “Uncle Tom”?
When the flood of lawsuits hit the
courts you can imagine how many
Uncle Toms will be lined up on the side of Massa. unconscious 后面常跟介词 of:
The sleepwalker is unconscious of his / her behavior.
No one is unconscious of how ex-
plosive the current international situation is. undergo 可与很多名词连用:
undergo a gastric bypass surgery
undergo genetic testing
undergo training
undergo a long wait
undergo toxic treatment
undergo government review
undergo multi-million dollar reno-
vation
undergo the procedure
undergo all the sufferings
undergo questioning
undergo a 10 million expansion
undergo a cleanup
undergo strip search
undergo medical tests
undergo restructuring
undergo minor shuffle
undergo name change
undergo an appraisal underground 1． the Underground， the under-
ground 在英国常指 “地铁”:
It was quite a nightmare going into the underground in London.
I never liked riding the Under-
ground in London.
2． underground 作“秘密的”解时，可以修饰很多词:
an underground education
an underground anti-government
guerilla
an underground resistance move-
ment
an underground market
an underground press
an underground journalist
an underground trade
an underground illegal party understand 后面可以跟 that，how，why，when，
what，where，whether 等引导的从句:
We understand that the M26 will be resurfaced soon.
I cannot understand why you do not care.
We are trying to understand whether we can save lives that way. understanding 可作可数和不可数名词，下面几种说法都可以:
There is understanding between the speaker and the listener.
There is an understanding be-
tween the speaker and the liste-
ner.
There is some understanding be-
tween the speaker and the liste-
ner.
There are understandings be-
tween the speaker and the liste-
ner. ( 很少用) undertake 可以说:
undertake a serious examination
undertake a dam project
undertake an analysis
undertake an assessment
undertake an investigation
undertake an exchange program
undertake an acquisition
undertake a research
undertake a new review
undertake a study
undertake an underwater survey
undertake a task
undertake a work of benevolence
undertake a responsibility for the
change
undertake a the core mandatory
module
undertake a financial planning
undertake an export testing
undertake an independent as-
sessment under-the-counter 1． 作“私下的、非法的、秘密的”等解，可修饰不少名词:
under-the-counter deals
under-the-counter sales
under-the-counter payments
under-the-counter prescription
under-the-counter issues
under-the-counter culture
under-the-counter medicine
under-the-counter LCD TV
under-the-counter gifts
under-the-counter coffee makers
under-the-counter wine
2． under- the-counter 的对应词是
over-the-counter。 underwear 1． “内衣内裤、贴身衣服”可以说 un-
derwear， underclothes， under-
clothing，lingerie， briefs 等， un-
derwear 比较通俗一些。
2． underwear 常作不可数名词:
My underwear is shrinking.
Underwear has become the new outerwear.
Women's underwear has come a long way.
3． 指“各种内衣”时 underwear 可作可数名词:
We have a broad range of women's underwears.
Why do we wear underwears?
This is an interesting question. In
the medical point o view， apart
from making us feel secure men-
tally，underwears serve no other functions. Some people even feel that underwears are the source of pressure.
4． 下面句子都可以，但用不可数形式 wear underwear 者居多数:
Why do we wear underwear?
Why do we wear underwears? underworld 1． 作 “黑社会”解时常用作单数:
an American underworld of crime
and punishment
Readers learn that only a thin line of reality stands between our world and an underworld of feline control.
an underworld of junk emails
an underworld of corruption，com-
pulsion and failure
2． 常修饰其他名词如:
an underworld connections
an underworld story
an underworld network
an underworld shooting survivor
an underworld gang
an underworld kangaroo court
an underworld hit squad
an underworld war
an underworld leader
an underworld crime ring
an underworld figure
an underworld tip-off
an underworld club
an underworld website
an underworld informer underwrite 及物动词，常跟的名词有:
underwrite the deal
underwrite the transaction
underwrite the whole event
underwrite the purchase
underwrite the Bush campaign
underwrite the partnership meet-
ing
underwrite the construction
underwrite the security
underwrite the entry fees
underwrite the new project
underwrite small business loans
underwrite a new home
underwrite a scheme
underwrite the company's bonds
underwrite her education
underwrite the production of the
new car
underwrite the reform
underwrite the social system
underwrite the policies
underwrite export credit insurance
underwrite all retail loans
underwrite a book
underwrite part of the cost
underwrite workers' compensation
underwrite the activities undivided 作 “未分割的、未分开的、完整的”解时，常修饰以下名词:
undivided attention
undivided loyalty
undivided concentration
undivided energy
undivided admiration
undivided church
undivided Universe
undivided country
undivided life
undivided rights
undivided list
undivided tactics
undivided interest
undivided democracy
undivided mind
undivided program
undivided front
undivided army
undivided group
undivided love
undivided Europe
undivided roots
undivided profits
undivided devotion
undivided soul
undivided space
undivided city
undivided reality
undivided sovereignty
undivided passion
undivided highways
undivided self
undivided path
undivided heart
undivided nation
undivided pension
undivided community
undivided capital
undivided family
undivided faith
undivided co-owners
undivided shares
undivided portion
undivided house
undivided urban streets undo 作“使前功尽弃”解时，后面可以跟不少名词:
undo all the achievements
undo years of hard work
undo our gains
undo the good impression
undo everything I have fought for
undo a good start
undo the good work
undo the team's chances
undo months of traffic planning
undo the peace
undo the changes
undo the coalition undreamed-of 可以修饰好事或坏事，常用的词组中好事多于坏事:
undreamed-of success
undreamed-of happiness
undreamed-of wealth
undreamed-of technical advances
undreamed-of levels of comfort
undreamed-of safety
undreamed-of speed
undreamed-of freedom
undreamed-of possibilities
undreamed-of new opportunities
undreamed-of precision
undreamed-of progress
undreamed-of riches
undreamed-of blissful sensation
undreamed-of wonders
undreamed-of peaceful settlement
undreamed-of prospects
undreamed-of match-ups
undreamed-of joy
undreamed-of brotherhood
undreamed-of equality
undreamed-of accuracy
undreamed-of leg space
undreamed-of emotional satisfac-
tion
undreamed-of conveniences
undreamed-of challenges
undreamed-of flexibilities
undreamed-of power
undreamed-of magnitude
undreamed-of pleasures
undreamed-of adventures
undreamed-of channels of com-
munication
undreamed-of quantities of infor-
mation
undreamed-of thrills
( 以上修饰好事)
undreamed-of complications
undreamed-of dangers
undreamed-of questioning
undreamed-of aggression
( 以上修饰坏事) unearned 常指 “不劳而获的、不应得的”，常可以说:
unearned privilege
unearned revenue
unearned luck
unearned income
unearned wealth
unearned profits
unearned praise
unearned punishment
unearned interest
unearned rewards
unearned criticism
unearned worship
unearned power
unearned federal aid
unearned commissions
unearned recognition
unearned premium
unearned wages
unearned pain
unearned benefits
unearned degrees
unearned title
unearned accident
unearned deduction
unearned discount
unearned confidence
unearned earnings
unearned credits uneasy 1． 表示 “不安的”时，其语气弱于
nervous，它的英语释义是 slightly
nervous。
2． 后面常跟介词 about:
It is uneasy about the growing mil-
itary power of its neighboring countries.
She is uneasy about the out-
come. unemployed 1． 下面几种说法都可以表示 “失业的”:
He is unemployed.
He is laid off.
He is out of work.
He is sacked.
He is without a job.
He is fired.
2． the unemployed 泛指“失业群体”，后面常跟复数动词:
80% of the unemployed in the
country are members of trade u-
nion organizations.
The unemployed have now at last
become organized as a perma-
nent factor in the nation's econo-
my.
3． unemployed 与 underemployed 含义不同，underemployed 是 “不充分就业的、大材小用的”，“有工作但不能施展才华”可以用 under-
employed 表示:
One sector of the workforce is overworked while another portion is underemployed.
He is overeducated and underem-
ployed. unemployment 1． unemployment 常作不可数名词:
How much unemployment is needed
for restructuring?
This brings a lot of unemployment to the region.
Unemployment reached a six-
month record high in December.
combat SARS-caused unemploy-
ment
Radical changes are needed to conquer unemployment.
This structural adjustment has
created unemployment in a num-
ber of countries.
2． 可以说:
low employment
high employment
mounting employment
seasonal employment
large-scale employment
widespread employment
technological employment
devastating employment
partial employment
nation-wide employment
appalling employment
dreaded employment
frightening employment
continued employment
damaging employment
youth employment
hidden employment
collective employment
surviving employment
higher employment
extended employment
declining employment
mass employment
disaster employment
record low employment
record high employment uniform 1． uniform 作 “制服”解，可作可数和不可数名词，下面两种说法都可以，用复数 uniforms 的频率较高:
The girls are wearing their school uniform.
The girls are wearing their school uniforms.
2． 用 in uniform 表示“穿制服”，uni-
form 常作不可数名词; 但还可以说 in their uniforms，in their uni-
form 等; 下面几个句子都可以说:
The cops are in uniform.
The cops are in their uniforms.
The cops are in their uniform. uninterested disinterested，uninterested
1． disinterested 比 uninterested 常用。
2． disinterested 强调 impair，当事人不可能从中牟利或不涉及个人利益:
a disinterested witness and ob-
server 无偏见的目击者和观察者
disinterested groups 利益外集团
3． uninterested 常表示“毫无兴趣的”:
He is uninterested in the job.
4． uninterested 一般作表语用。
5． 在实际使用中，两词的区别有时很小，甚至可换用:
When I grow tired，I often feel dis-
interested / uninterested in any-
thing. union 1． trade union 可作“工会”解。
2． trade union，workers' union; 在修饰其他词时常只用 union:
union members
union officials
union representatives
union meetings
union leaders
union news
union address
union club unique 1． unique 后面常跟介词 in，to 等:
The British nation is unique in this respect.
This model is unique in design.
Critical data recorder is unique to
Shuttle Columbia.
This phenomenon is unique to the
UK．
This trend is unique to the local population. ( to 后面常跟表示 “东西、人物、团体、地方”等的名词)
2． 尽管有人认为不宜说 almost u-
nique，fairly unique 等，但在实际中还是常被使用:
The cottage is fairly unique having its own water supply system.
Human beings，who are almost u-
nique in having the ability to learn from the experience of others，are also remarkable for their apparent disinclination to do so.
3． 还可说:
the most unique man
a totally unique approach
a truly unique greeting card
quite unique gifts
digitally unique computers
the coolest unique style unit 有各式各样的 unit:
a unit of cavalry
a unit of currency
a unit of thought
a unit of language
a unit of instruction
a unit of information
a unit of traffic
a unit of ideas
a unit of time
a unit of study
a unit of competence
a unit of weight
a unit of learning
a unit of measurement
a unit of IT industry
a unit of teaching modules
a unit of work
a unit of local government
a unit of selection
a unit of length
a unit of university system
a unit of blood
a unit of housing
an X-ray unit
a kitchen unit
a model unit
a civic unit
a common unit
a large unit
a mobile unit
a self-governing unit
an advance unit
an air-conditioning unit
a combat unit
a dwelling unit
a police unit
a service unit
a secret military unit
a research unit
a marine unit
an intensive care unit
a farm unit unite 下面几种说法都可以:
They are united to find a solution to the problem.
They are united in finding a solu-
tion to the problem.
They are united for a solution to the problem.
They have united to find a solution to the problem.
They have united in finding a solu-
tion to the problem.
They have united their efforts to find a solution to the problem.
They have united for a solution to the problem. unity 1． 下面例句中，unity 作不可数名词:
Your essay lacks unity.
The German states achieved unity by peaceful agreement.
It's time to work in unity and cele-
brate diversity.
Without unity，our fellowship would fall like the Roman Empire.
2． unity 常作单数:
a perfect unity of thinking
It is a unity of interests.
It has created a national unity of
the diverse ethnic groups and cul-
tures. university 1． go to university，go to a universi-
ty 都可以指 “上大学”:
Did you go to university? 你上过大学吗?
I went a university to get a bachelor's degree. 我上了大学，攻读学士学位。
2． university 用作大学校名前面有时不用定冠词，有时用定冠词。
1) 不用定冠词:
Yale University
Cambridge University
Fudan University
University of Chicago
University of Notre Dame
University of Wisconsin
University of California
Stanford University
Boston University
2) 用定冠词:
the Chinese University of Hong
Kong
the University of Alabama
the University of Montana-Missou-
la
the University of Tampa
the Catholic Distance University
3． 注意: university 用作大学校名前面不用定冠词的居多; 到底是否要用定冠词，在使用前最好查一下。
4． 参见 college。 unless 使用 unless 时要注意以下几点。
1． 不能用在假设的句子中:
Adolf Hitler could have won the war if he had not made tactical mistakes. ( 希特勒是不可能赢得战争的，这种假设不存在，因而不能用 unless)
2． 表示“有可能改变业已存在的现状”可以用 unless 取代 ifnot:
The driver will get into an accident unless he is careful / if he is not careful. ( 如果他小心就不会出事故)
3． unless 引导的从句中，动词一般用现在时，不用将来时:
I'll be there unless it is rainy. ( 不说 unless it will be rainy. )
The new lady boss will fire him unless he agrees with her ideas.
( 不说 ……he will agree) unnecessary needless，unnecessary
1． 两词都可表示“不必要的、不需要的”，但 needless 的语气强于 un-
necessary:
needless deaths
needless suffering
needless risks
2． needless to say 是短语，单独使用居多，也可以说:
it is needless to say
it is needless to add
3． 一般不说 I am needless to say 或
I am unnecessary to say。 unrest 1． 常作不可数名词:
The think-tank warns of growing unrest over social inequality.
The city has repeatedly had to
deal with civil unrest over the past
20 years.
Labor unrest has continued to grow in the country.
2． 强调“多次动乱”，偶尔也可以用复数形式:
deal with school unrests
Industrial unrests could cripple the economy in the country.
At the beginning we did not ex-
pect the unrests to be explosive. unsatisfied dissatisfied，unsatisfied
1． 较多情况下，dissatisfied 形容人:
dissatisfied voters
dissatified landowners
dissatified wife
2． unsatisfied 主要形容事物等:
unsatisfied ambition
unsatisfied curiosity
unsatisfied claims until 注意在否定句中的译法:
She did not go to bed until mid-
night. 她直到半夜才上床睡觉。
( 不要说“她不上床睡觉直到半夜。”)
The foreign trade laws do not take effect until the end of this month.
外贸法要到本月底才生效。( 不能译成“外贸法不生效直到本月底。”)
unused
be unused to 中的 to 是介词，后面跟名词或动名词:
I'm unused to being in this much trouble with this many people.
( be unused to doing sth)
In Britain we are unused to a
prime minister who believes him-
self answerable to God for his ac-
tions. ( be unused to sth) unusual 常用于以下句型:
It is unusual for such a junior offi-
cial to appear as the principal ne-
gotiator. ( it is unusual for sb to
do sth)
It is unusual to have so many deaths so close together and in the same part of the city. ( it is
unusual to do sth)
There was nothing unusual about their sea voyage. ( nothing，
something， anything unusual a-
bout) unwanted 可以说:
unwanted attention
unwanted pregnancies
unwanted files
unwanted intrusion
unwanted animals
unwanted workers
unwanted parasites
unwanted X-rated email
unwanted solicitation
unwanted telephone marketing
calls
unwanted faxes
unwanted guests
unwanted facial hair
unwanted souvenir
unwanted medicines
unwanted gifts
unwanted data
unwanted toys
unwanted wares
unwanted memories
unwanted visitors
unwanted pets
unwanted web sites
unwanted exposure
unwanted claims
unwanted messages
unwanted import
unwanted connections
unwanted sound
unwanted sexual contact in ado-
lescence
unwanted traffic
unwanted garden pests unwilling reluctant，unwilling
两词都有“不愿意”的含义。
1． 两词有时可换用:
a reluctant helper
an unwilling helper
2． reluctant 的语气弱于 unwilling，它侧重指“因为不愿意，所以尽管做了事情，但行动迟缓”:
The police were reluctant to take action against the students.
3． unwilling 有时有“不同意做某事”或“拒绝做某事”:
He was unwilling to admit he was wrong. up 这组词或词组都有 “住”的含义。
1． live 最普通:
Where do you live?
2． dwell 常用于文学作品中:
The seven dwarfs dwell in the mountains.
3． reside 比较正式、夸张，常指合法和永久地居住:
An MP does not always reside in his or her constituency.
4． stay 常表示 “小住几天”或 “暂住”:
When in Boston， he prefers to stay at the Hilton Hotel.
5． put up 常用在口语中:
Where does she put up when she
is Paris?
6． 注意 live 作形容词时组成的一些词组及其中文释义:
a live volcano 活火山
a live match 点燃的火柴
live broadcasting 直播的广播节目
live ammunition 会爆炸的弹药
live coverage 直播
a live telecast 现场直播电视节目
live issues 争论中的问题
a live radio show 直播的广播节目
live wires 带电的电线
a live missile 未爆炸的导弹
a live bomb 未爆炸的炸弹
a live fish 活鱼
a live socket 带电插座
a live outlet 带电插座
a live centre 活顶针
a live and interesting magazine 一本生动有趣的杂志
a live man 精力充沛的人
a live cigarette 点燃的香烟
a live quarrel 激烈的争吵
a live idea 时行的想法
a live topic 热门话题
a live ball 有效球
live birth 顺产
7． 注意下面的一些词组:
live a happy / miserable / full /
quiet / busy / heroic / long /
short life
8． 参见 living。 up 1． 可与其他词组成表示“忙”的词组:
I'm up to my ears in work.
I'm up to my neck in work.
2． 常与表示动作的动词连用，强调动作的方向、状态、完成等:
He jumped up from his seat.
I gave up everything to follow him.
She stayed up until midnight.
The lad ate up the cake.
Thousands of deep sea creatures were washed up on shore.
He turned the radio up.
We are flying up to Maine.
3． 不少由 up 构成的词都表示 “好的、高档的、向上的”等含义:
a very upbeat ending
upstate New York
an upscale hotel
feel uplifted
an upgraded server
an upright citizen
an up-and-coming artist
unusual and upmarket presents upon upon，on
upon 作介词用与 on 的含义相同，在不少情况下可以换用，但是 upon 比较正式:
I sat upon ( on) the lawn.
They are traveling upon ( on )
foot.
He kissed gently upon ( on ) her cheek.
The dew fell upon ( on) the camp in the night. upright 可以说:
an upright piano
an upright vacuum cleaner
an upright washtub
an upright walking animal
an upright citizen
an upright man
an upright sitting
an upright deck of cards
an upright lamp
an upright computer
an upright seating position
an upright freezer
an upright posture
an upright question
an upright drapery
an upright plant uproar 1． 常用作单数或不可数名词，下面两个句子都可以说:
There is an uproar over this pro-
ject.
There is uproar over this project.
2． uproar 后面常可跟介词 over，in，
about 等:
There is an uproar over this pro-
vocative move.
Communities in the British coun-
tryside are in an uproar over plans to build large centers for asylum seekers in rural areas.
Prince's Nazi costume provokes an uproar in Britain.
Everyone seems to be in an up-
roar about the current election cri-
sis.
upset
upset 后面常跟介词 about，by，over
等; about 的使用频率最高，by 其次;
下面几个句子的意思相同:
He is upset about the recent deci-
sion.
He is upset by the recent deci-
sion.
He is upset over the recent deci-
sion. upsurge 1． 可以说:
an upsurge of patriotism
an upsurge of joy
an upsurge of business confi-
dence
an upsurge of youth violence
an upsurge of refugees
an upsurge of national self-con-
sciousness
an upsurge of strikes
an upsurge of interest in the pre-
vention of
an upsurge of terror attacks
an upsurge of winter illness
an upsurge of construction
an upsurge of bad feeling towards
an upsurge of investment in
an upsurge of raw material prices
an upsurge of holiday-makers
an upsurge of political awareness
an upsurge of criticism
an upsurge of anti-Americanism
an upsurge of revolution
an upsurge of speculation
an upsurge of emotion rising in
them
an upsurge of armed robberies
an upsurge of cultural develop-
ment
an upsurge of opposition against
war
an upsurge of political and moral
pressure
an upsurge of earthquakes and
volcanoes
an upsurge of beliefs，rituals and
ceremonies in the worship of spir-
its
an upsurge of conflicts
an upsurge of academic confer-
ences
an upsurge of radicalism
an upsurge of popularity
an upsurge of junk emails
2． upsurge 后面常用介词 in，of 等:
There are also signs of an up-
surge of foreign investment in
Shanghai.
There is an upsurge in profits /
tourism / research / retaliatory at-
tacks / foreign prostitution / de-
mand for credit enhancement /
cross-border investment / home-
grown music. up-to-the-minute 表示 “最新的”时，常可以修饰:
up-to-the-minute instant news
up-to-the-minute report
up-to-the-minute information
up-to-the-minute medical discov-
eries
up-to-the-minute service
up-to-the-minute weather forecast
up-to-the-minute market watch
up-to-the-minute policy enforce-
ment
up-to-the-minute news stories
up-to-the-minute technologies
up-to-the-minute review
up-to-the-minute content
up-to-the-minute data
up-to-the-minute breakthroughs
up-to-the-minute topics
up-to-the-minute support
up-to-the-minute design
up-to-the-minute road conditions
up-to-the-minute listings
up-to-the-minute status
up-to-the-minute coverage
urban，metropolitan，city
三词都可表示“城市的”。
1． urban 与 rural 相对而言，可以指
“城市的”，也可以指 “城镇的”:
The transportation system is an
essential component in the plan-
ning of the rural and urban areas of the town.
The pilot projects range from rural
to suburban to urban areas of
New York.
2． metropolitan 与 chief city，capital
city 有关，指“大都会的、首都的”:
useful information for all referees
in the metropolitan Washington
area
3． city 比较普通，但不能指 “城镇的”:
He lives in the city center. urge 1． 下面两个句子的含义相同:
I would still urge caution upon those traveling near the trouble spot.
I would still urge caution on those traveling near the trouble spot.
2． 可以说:
an insane urge
a strange urge
an irresistible urge
an overwhelming urge
a powerful urge
a progressive urge
a biological urge
an evolutionary urge
a deep-seated urge
a universal urge
a self-satisfying urge
a devil-like strong urge
a sudden urge
an uncontrollable urge
a violent urge
a natural urge
a burning urge
a creative urge
a sightseeing urge
a swarthy urge
a sinister urge
a primal urge
an uncontrollable urge
an inner urge
a democratic urge
a dangerous urge
U． S． ，U． S． A．
1． U． S． ，U． S． A． 或 US / USA 都可以指 “美国”，前面一般要加定冠词。在日常生活中 US / USA 的使用频率较高:
The Forest Service is an agency
of the US Department of Agricul-
ture.
2． the USA 常单独用来指 “美国”;
the US 常用来修饰其他名词:
As an international student I
chose to come to study in the
USA．
the US Government
the US Secretary of State ( 极少用 the USA Government，the USA
Secretary of State 等) usage 1． 可用作单数、复数和不可数名词:
the American Heritage Book of
English Usage ( 不可数，泛指“所有的英语惯用法”)
A common usage of the term
‘dormitory ’is for a large room with many single beds. ( 单数)
There are many usages of the
term ‘gene’． ( 复数)
2． usage 前常用介词 in，for，of，be-
tween，to，by，with 等:
acronyms in common usage
It remains in good usage on both sides of the Atlantic today.
a passion for the correct usage of
the English language
the Oxford Dictionary of American
Usage
major differences between Cana-
dian and Australian usage
a guide to the usage of Chinese
characters
Occasionally one meets with an
expression which is not quite au-
thorized by usage.
The material wears easily with harsh usage. used 1． used to 和 be used to 的形式很近似，但意思不一样。
1) used to 表示 “过去经常发生的事情”:
I used to work in New York. 我过去在纽约工作。
People used to come and visit the garden every day. 人们过去每天来这个花园游玩。
2) be used to 是 “习惯于”，to 是介词:
I'm used to giving money to the poor.
He is used to taking a stroll after dinner.
We are used to the life here.
In time I got used to my new home.
3) used to 的否定式和疑问式有多种:
Did you use to live on a farm? –
No，I didn't use to live on a farm.
I used to live in the city. ( 较普通常用)
I used not to like her，but now I
have fallen in love with her. ( 比较正式)
Ann usen't to drink tea before she came to London. ( 过于正式，有些过时)
He usedn't to like pop music. ( 过于正式，有些过时)
2． 下面例句中，use 前常不用冠词:
Would this service be of use to
you?
The teapot did not come into use in China until the 15th century.
The safety of the car in use may well depend on this.
The machine has been out of use for more than a week.
Your business must make use of the Internet. useful 后面常跟介词 to，for 等，下面两个句子都可以说，意思相同，be useful
to 的使用频率较高:
This Website is useful to me.
This Website is useful for me.
usual
as usual，usually 都有“通常”的含义，但 as usual 常指 “习惯动作中的一次”，usually 常指 “经常发生的情况”，并不特指那一次，试比较:
She arrived last as usual 像平常一样，她最后一个到。( 指“这一次她还是最后一个到达”)
She usually arrived last. 她通常最后一个到。( 强调“她最后一个到达是习惯性的”) utility 1． 指 “煤气、自来水、电、公交、电讯等公共事业”时，常用作复数:
Earnings in public utilities are gen-
erally higher than earnings in oth-
er industries.
2． 修饰其他名词时常用单数:
utility bills
utility companies
utility commission
utility consumers' action network
utility reform
utility website
utility Home Page
utility markets
utility software
utility accounts
utility authority
utility services
utility regulation
utility magazines
utility safety conference
utility room utmost 前面常加定冠词，可以说:
the utmost care
the utmost importance
the utmost urgency
the utmost seriousness
the utmost secrecy
the utmost reluctance
the utmost respect
the utmost concern
the utmost human needs
the utmost concentration
the utmost good humor
the utmost force
the utmost admiration
the utmost trouble utopia 可用作可数和不可数名词:
feminist utopias( 可数)
set up a utopia ( 可数)
women in search of Utopia ( 不可数) utterance 可作可数或不可数名词:
An utterance is a natural unit of speech bounded by breaths and pauses.
The quality of the utterances also seems to differ in some aspects between normally hearing children and hearing impaired children.
( 以上各例可数)
I must give utterance to my
thoughts。( 不可数) U-turn 1． 表示 “( 车辆) 掉头”，U-turn 中的
U 要大写。
2． “U 形转弯”可以说:
make a U-turn
do a U-turn
I made / did a U-turn at the inter-
section.
3． 喻指 “在……方面急转弯”，这时，
U-turn 后面常跟介词 on:
The ruling party made a U-turn on its hardline stance.
President Bush did a U-turn on his campaign pledge to control carbon dioxide from power plants.
972
utmost

 vacancy 1． 表示 “空缺的职位”时，用单复数都可以; 表示 “…… 方面的空缺”，
vacancy 后面常跟介词 for:
We have a vacancy for an execu-
tive director.
We have vacancies for secretar-
ies.
We have several vacancies for assistants.
2． “填补空缺”用 fill a vacancy 和 fill
up a vacancy 都可以，但常用前者:
Who will fill the vacancy on the
Supreme Court?
Who will fill up the vacancy on the
Supreme Court? vacant ，empty
两词都可以译成 “空的”。
1． vacant 的使用域较窄，主要指
“因没人居住而空着的”:
This is a vacant house.
2． empty 比较普通常用，可形容各种 “空的”东西:
an empty fridge
an empty street
an empty inbox
an empty stomach
an empty flight
an empty life
an empty mind
an empty nest
an empty tomb
an empty closet
3． 同样指 “因没人居住而空着的”，
vacant 可包含 “无人居住、可供出租”等意思; empty 则指 “暂时空着的”:
The house is still vacant. ( 房子空着，可供出租)
The house is empty. ( 家里暂时无人，主人有可能随时回来) vacation 1． vacation 作“假期”解是美国用法，英国人常用 holiday:
I'll take a vacation in Florida. ( 美国用法)
I've just come back from a holiday in France. ( 英国用法)
2． 下面几种说法都可以:
He is away on vacation.
He is away on a vacation.
He is away for the vacation.
He is away for a vacation.
He is away for vacation.
3． 可以说:
a winter vacation
a summer vacation
a Christmas vacation
an Easter vacation
a long vacation
a short vacation
a paid vacation
a two-month vacation
a memorable vacation
a peaceful vacation
a thrilling vacation
a discount vacation
a world-class vacation
a one-minute vacation
a romantic vacation
a skiing vacation
a beach vacation
a fun-filled vacation
a best vacation
a never-to-be-forgotten vacation
a carefree vacation
a unique vacation
a restful vacation
a wild vacation
a joyous vacation
a longed-for wonderful vacation vacuous 这组词都可表示“空的”。
1． blank 主要形容“书写、印刷、磁带等的空白处”:
a blank video tape
a blank page in the book
2． empty 在这组词中最为常用，使用域较广，几乎可以形容任何空的东西:
an empty glass
an empty stomach
an empty promise
3． empty 所指的“空”，有时不一定很绝对:
An empty cinema may have some people in it.
4． vacant 通常是指“没有人占据”:
There's a vacant place over there where we can park.
Is this seat vacant?
5． vacant 可以指“无人居住的”，而
empty 则指“暂时空着的”:
a vacant apartment 无人居住的套房
an empty room 空房间 ( 主人有可能马上回来)
6． void 比较正式，后面常跟介词 of:
He felt his life was void of mean-
ing.
7． vacuous 形容“思想、感情、精神、表情等的空虚、空泛、失落”等:
a vacuous smile
the vacuous life of many retired
men vacuum 常可指用来喻义的 “真空”:
political vacuum
power vacuum
the vacuum of official information
the vacuum of law
the vacuum of morality
a vacuum of responsible leadership
the vacuum of governance
a vacuum of legislative protection vagrant 不仅可表示“流浪的”，还有其他用法:
She wiped away a vagrant tear with her handkerchief.
a vagrant sobbing in the night
a vagrant impulse
a vagrant love
a vagrant current
a vagrant story ending vague 1． 后面常跟介词 about 等:
The ad is vague about what is be-
ing sold.
He was rather vague about how long it might take.
2． 可以说:
a vague idea
a vague shape
a vague plan
a vague rumor
a vague law
a vague description
a vague promise
a vague notion
a vague impression
a vague memory
a vague recollection
a vague feeling
a vague suspicion
a vague hint
a vague sense
a vague talk
a vague statement
a vague language
a vague answer
a vague reply
a vague justice
a vague mission
a vague desire
a vague place
a vague thought
a vague guide
a vague science essay
a vague limit
a vague reference
a vague citation vain 1． in vain 表示 “白费心机”时，vain
前常不用冠词:
Scientists tried in vain to save lives.
He did not die in vain.
Indeed we sought in vain for the merits of the “American Soul.”
2． 可以说:
a vain attempt
a vain hope
a vain bid
a vain effort
a vain talk
a vain triumph
a vain promise
a vain search
a vain wish
a vain quest
a vain grasp
a vain unrealized dream
a vain faith
a vain trend
a vain petition
a vain prayer
a vain thought
a vain project
a vain day
a vain subtlety
a vain thing
a vain clamor
a vain imagination
a vain curiosity valid 1． 后面常跟介词 for:
a passport valid for 5 years
How long are my miles valid for?
2． 可以说:
a valid reason
a valid excuse
a valid offer
a valid claim
a valid filename
a valid assumption
a valid point
a valid document
a valid argument
a valid criticism
a valid form of visual art
a valid ticket
a valid route to higher education
a valid issue
a valid path to a degree
a valid measure
a valid test of identity
a valid concept
a valid option
a valid question
a valid office
a valid license
a valid basis
a valid image
a valid will
a valid goal
a valid action
a valid anti-American grievance
a valid institution
a valid application
a valid insight
a valid patent
a valid email address
a valid interpretation
a valid social security number
a valid green card
a valid premarital agreement
a valid concern
a valid declaration
a valid title
a valid solution
a valid fear
valley，ravine，gorge，canyon， value 1． 可作单数、复数和不可数名词:
These trees are of great value but often have been neglected. ( 不可数)
He would be placing a higher val-
ue on talented people than on fa-
cilities. ( 单数)
family values
traditional values
American values
share common values
classical values
human values
core democratic values ( “道德原则、信仰或抽象的价值”常用复数
values 表示)
2． 动词 value 常用 value sth for sth
的句型:
Certain fruits are valued for their color or scent. van 在英国可以指 “( 铁路上的 ) 厢式货车、行李车”，美国人说 boxcar 或
baggage car。 vanish 后面常跟介词 from，into，out of，in，
behind，like 等:
Many landmarks have vanished from the scene.
The car vanished into the dark night.
The kite vanished out of their sight.
This Silk Road oasis town van-
ished in the desert.
The cranes vanished behind the
Blue Mountains.
It vanished like a vapor.
The vessel vanished without a trace. vanity 1． 一般作不可数名词:
the price of vanity
lots of vanity
The young girls are exposed to so much vanity.
Being a woman means having a little vanity.
2． 常与一些名词组成有关 “梳妆、打扮”的词组:
vanity license plate 装饰性汽车牌照
vanity case 梳妆盒
vanity table 梳妆台
vanity mirror ( 梳妆台上的) 镜子
vanity bag 梳妆袋
vanity basin ( 梳妆台上的) 盥洗盆
vanity surgery 美容手术
3． 还可以说:
vanity number search
vanity date
vanity test
vanity sets vard 这组词都有“街道”的含义。
1． street 最普通常用，可指城镇的各种道路:
a small town with narrow streets
the main street in the city
2． avenue 常指“两旁有树的笔直的大路”:
The tree-lined Beijing Guang'an
Avenue runs from east to west across the center of Beijing.
3． drive 也可以指“街道”，但常作街名用:
129 Bootleg Drive
39 Ocean Drive
4． boulevard 比上述几词所指的街道宽大漂亮，两旁常有树木、草坪等，可译作“林荫大道”:
Sunset Boulevard
The stars are immortalized on
Hollywood Boulevard.
5． 作街名时，street，avenue，drive，
boulevard 前面一般都不用冠词:
90 Springfield Street
Park Avenue
38 Queen's Drive
28 Palm Boulevard
6． “有轨电车”美国人叫 streetcar，
英国人叫 tram。 variety 1． variety store 是美国用语，指“杂货店”:
The M＆W Variety Store is a con-
venient place to stop and shop.
2． 可以说:
a wide variety
a great variety
a delightful variety
a new variety
a beautiful variety
a cheap variety
a common variety
a countless variety
an endless variety
an immense variety
an infinite variety
a possible variety
a pleasant variety
a rare variety
a special variety
an extraordinary variety
an improved variety
an interesting variety
an enchanting variety
a distinct variety
an impressive variety
a splendid variety
a crafty variety
a graceful variety
a bewildering variety
a coarse variety
a fresh variety
a dull variety
a gorgeous variety
a remarkable variety
a limited variety
a best variety
an astonishing variety
a huge variety
a rich variety vary 可以有以下用法:
Prostate treatment should vary ac-
cording to cancer characteristics.
Chemists' salaries vary depending on geographic region and degree level.
Pension plan vary from sport to sport.
Graduate schools vary in non-dis-
crimination policies.
Sunrises and sunsets vary with lo-
cation.
Why do forecasts vary between
sources? veal 作 “小牛肉”解，常为不可数名词:
Veal is not a highly flavored meat.
It doesn't take much veal to feed the people at the party.
This is why little veal is produced here. vehicle 后面常跟介词 for，of 等:
a vehicle for spreading political i-
deas
a vehicle for attacking the opposi-
tion party
a vehicle for his beliefs
a vehicle for reaching out-of-
school youth
a vehicle for tax deduction bene-
fits
a vehicle for change
a vehicle for innovation
a vehicle for success
a vehicle for a rising star
a vehicle for making money
a vehicle for combating AIDS
a vehicle for conversation
a vehicle for learning the basics
a vehicle for rural education
a vehicle for support
a vehicle for restructuring
a vehicle for reform
a vehicle of cultural identity
a vehicle of information
a vehicle of moral teaching
a vehicle of thought
a vehicle of war
a vehicle of glory
a vehicle of hatred
a vehicle of transformation
a vehicle of multiculturalism
a vehicle of special interest
a vehicle of upward mobility
a vehicle of social justice veil 除了可以指具体的“面纱”外，veil 还常可指抽象的 “掩蔽物”:
a veil of safety
a veil of secrecy
a veil of ignorance
a veil of silence
a veil of executive privilege
a veil of pain
a veil of fear
a veil of denial
a veil of darkness
a veil of protection
a veil of illusion
a veil of lies
a veil of mystery
a veil of sadness
a veil of noise
a veil of obscurity
a veil of false promises vein 可以说:
a vein of young entrepreneurs
a vein of talent
a vein of gold
a vein of silver
a vein of humor
a vein of cruelty
a vein of riches
a vein of discontent
a vein of frustration
a vein of folly
a vein of noble thinking
a vein of poetry
a vein of water
a vein of minerals
a vein of anti-intellectualism venture ，adventure
1． venture 作 “风险项目”解现在用得很广:
a new business venture
a joint venture
a costly venture
a commercial venture
a profitable venture
a social venture
venture capital
venture partners
venture network
venture capitalist
venture group
venture fund
2． venture 与 adventure 有以下区别。
1) venture 既可以作名词又可以作动词，adventure 主要作名词:
He ventured into the unknown.
( 动词)
This is a joint venture. ( 名词)
She told us her exciting adventure in the Blue Mountains. ( 名词)
2) adventure 比 venture 普通常用，叙述人们 “冒险经历”常用 adven-
ture:
He described in his book about his adventures in the African safari. venue 在国际上大型活动、会议的节目单或日程安排中多用 venue 作“地点”，很少用 place:
a venue for large-scale meetings
The conference venue is the cam-
pus of Stanford University. verbal verbal，oral
verbal 与 oral 都可表示“口头的”。
1． verbal 既可以指 “口头交流的”，
也可以指 “使用文字的 ( 与使用武力相对而言)”:
verbal nouns 动词性名词
The test has scores for verbal skills. 这次测试有言语能力得分。
( 这里的 verbal skills 指阅读和书写能力)
2． oral 主要指说话、发言等“用嘴交流的”:
oral exams 口试
oral testimony 口头证词
oral instruction 口头指示
3． 医学上说“口腔的”，用 oral，一般不用 verbal:
oral hygiene 口腔卫生
oral sex 口淫
oral contraceptive 口服避孕药 verdict 作 “裁决”解时，常与以下动词搭配:
reach a verdict
return a verdict
give a verdict
deliver a verdict
record a verdict
announce a verdict
pronounce a verdict
confirm a verdict
denounce a verdict
disclose a verdict
dispute a verdict
bring in a verdict
find a verdict
influence a verdict
present a verdict
secure a verdict
fulfill a verdict
reverse a verdict
pass a verdict
render a verdict
wait for a verdict
arrive at a verdict
clarify a verdict
sustain a verdict
warrant a verdict
question a verdict
carry out a verdict
verge
on the verge of ( 濒于、即将) 后面既可以跟具体的事物，又可以跟抽象的东西:
on the verge of tears
on the verge of a major break-
down
on the verge of bankruptcy
on the verge of the city
on the verge of the road
on the verge of insolvency
on the verge of death
on the verge of his grave
on the verge of revolution
on the verge of collapse
on the verge of ruin
on the verge of war
on the verge of success
on the verge of becoming pros-
perous
on the verge of a desert
on the verge of starvation
on the verge of committing suicide
on the verge of nothing important
on the verge of electoral meltdown
on the verge of extinction
on the verge of a breakthrough
on the verge of a trade war
on the verge of being fired
on the verge of self-service secur-
ity
on the verge of a scandal
on the verge of transformation
on the verge of retirement
on the verge of genocide
on the verge of quitting
on the verge of a new era
on the verge of a test
on the verge of losing contact
on the verge of mutiny
on the verge of political chaos
on the verge of creating history
on the verge of awareness
on the verge of a new century
on the verge of diminishing
on the verge of vanishing
on the verge of health epidemic
on the verge of re-election
on the verge of mass famine
on the verge of discovery
on the verge of freedom version 有各种各样的 version:
a cheaper version
a different version
an accepted version
an earlier version
a later version
an abridged version
a Chinese version
my own version
an authorized version
a condensed version
a conflicting version
a dramatic version
an expurgated version
a first version
a metrical version
an oriental version
a screen version
a film version
a stage version
a movie version
an updated version
a simplified version
a modified version
an ancient version
a second-hand version
a poor version
a classic version
a final version
an improved version
a modern version
a corrected version
a trimmed-down version
a useful version
an authentic version
an appealing version
a recent version
a full version
an evaluation version
the latest development version
a previous version
a trial version
a free version
a last version
a standard version
a current version
an Internet version
an email version
a paperbound version
an Xeroxed version
a hand-copied version
a web version version versus 1． versus 可以进行各种对比:
China versus USA
benefits versus responsibilities
male versus female
bottle-feeding versus breast-feed-
ing
the man versus the state
Hollywood versus Internet
rhetoric versus reality
fact versus fiction
religion versus science
security versus civil liberty
2． versus 可缩写成 v 或 vs. ，注意
vs. 后面的 “．”不能省去:
civilization versus / v / vs. barba-
rism very 常用来加强语气，可以说:
this very moment
this very minute
this very instant
this very life
this very thing
this very thought
this very mind
this very issue
this very calculator
this very lecture
this very bad habit
this very question
this very fast printer
this very room
this very place
this very body
this very public humiliation
this very article
this very simple version
this very text
this very page
this very second
this very cool project
this very parallel process
the very thought
the very idea
the very image
the very secret diary
the very model
the very beginning
the very silly news
the very death
the very unofficial website
the very definition
the very first day
the very child
the very best
the very brightest star vest 有各种 vest:
a bulletproof vest
a fancy vest
a leather vest
a silk vest
a lightweight cotton vest
a red vest
an orange vest
a classic vest
a reflective vest
a zippered vest
a bomb vest
a suicide vest
an IT-vest
a knit vest
a crocheted vest
a photographic vest
a poppy vest
an inflatable vest
a polar fleece vest
a homespun vest
a flight vest
a western vest
an armored vest
a sheepskin vest
a pneumatic vest
a survival vest
a good quality vest
a life vest
a multi-pocket field vest
a Halloween vest veteran 1． 各种 “有经验的人”都可以称作
veteran:
a war veteran
a surviving veteran
a Vietnam veteran
a Gulf War veteran
a Democratic veteran
a US military veteran
a small town veteran
a disabled veteran
a CIA veteran
a Senate veteran
an antiwar veteran
a newspaper veteran
a veteran traveler
a veteran politician
a veteran journalist
a veteran storyteller
a veteran poet
a veteran football player
a veteran Labor MP
a veteran teacher
a veteran businessman
a veteran reporter
a veteran visitor
a veteran soldier
a veteran minister
a veteran musician
a veteran manager
a veteran navy officer
a veteran party member
a veteran cop
a veteran writer
2． 美国 “退伍军人纪念日”用 Veter-
ans Day 和 Veteran's Day，前面没有定冠词:
Armistice Day becomes Veterans
Day.
In 1954 President Eisenhower
signed a bill proclaiming Novem-
ber 11 as Veterans Day.
Veteran's Day honors men and
women who have served in the
US armed forces.
Veteran's Day is celebrated each
year on November 11． Viagra 作 “伟哥”解时，常为不可数名词:
Viagra may be harmful. You
should learn how to buy real Vi-
agra.
Two million men demand Viagra
from doctors after reports of a-
mazing improvements in sex life.
vice chancellor，vice-chancellor
1． 在美国有些大学，vice-chancellor
可称为 “校长”，但这类学校较少;
在美国，“校长”多数称 president。
在英国 chancellor 通常只是“名誉校长”，不少地方 ( 如香港) 将其称为“校监”或“学监”，英国大学真正的“校长”是 vice-chancellor，如出席“中英大学校长会议”的人员，中国都是校长 president，英国都是
vice chancellor:
Vice chancellor is someone who is
in charge of a university in the
U． K．
2． 参见 president。 victim 1． 短语 fall victim to 中的 victim 常用不可数形式:
Hundreds and thousands of inno-
cent people have fallen victim to the recent Tsunami.
2． 但在现代英语中，不少人用 fall
victims to 表示复数 “受害者”:
Miles Foundation states that not
only female soldiers but also of-
ficers fell victims to sexual harass-
ment in the army.
We are gathered here today for a solemn occasion， to honor the memory of American leaders who fell victims to a terrorist attack one year ago. victory 下面例句中，victory 前面常不用冠词:
Moral values carry Bush to victo-
ry.
Cambridge cruised to victory in the second half of the race.
The Republic Party is heading for victory.
He led the team to victory over the host team.
Both parties claimed victory last week. video 有很多用 video 表示 “视频、映像”的词组:
a video tape
a video signal
a video recording
a video camera
a video cassette
a video conference
a video game
a video phone
a video diary
a video wall
a video game designer
a video library
a video tour
a video contest
a video relay call
a video-called lesson
a video monitor
a video projector
a video presentation
a video documentary
a video tutorial
a video exhibition
a video tribute
a video movie
a video recorder view 1． 下面例句中，view 前常不用冠词:
The end of the project is in view.
The mountains are just within view.
The best-kept secrets are now in full view.
Just beyond Lake Christina， the big peaks of the continental divide come into view.
The exhibition will be on view at the National Gallery.
The government has cancelled all
celebrations to usher in the New
Year in view of the tsunami trage-
dy.
2． 注意下面的词组:
an independent view
a neutral view
a current view
a general view
a similar view
a different view
a poor view
a naive view
a world view
a first-generation view
a dim view
an advanced view
a liberal view
an adverse view
an all-round view
an authoritative view
an ancient view
a brief view
an enlightening view
a brighter view
a broad view
an intelligent view
a cheerful view
an extensive view
a historical view
a reiterated view
a happy view
a childish view
a chivalrous view
a clear view
a closer view
a comfortable view
a commercial view
a contrary view
a critical view
a cynical view
a dark view
a distorted view
a divergent view
an enlightened view
an evolutionary view
an exaggerated view
an extreme view
a fallacious view
a gloomy view
a hopeful view
a religious view
a long-sighted view
a materialistic view
a clashing view
an interesting view
a sentimental view
a lucid view
a merciful view
a mistaken view
an unfavorable view
a partial view
a lofty view
a moderate view
a morbid view
a narrow view
a conventional view
a normal view
a novel view
an obtuse view
a concise view
a mechanical view
a mystical view
an opposite view
an optimistic view
an original view
a peculiar view
a personal view
an inside view
a rare view
a perverted view
a pessimistic view
a philosophic view
a plausible view
a popular view
a practical view
a professional view
a profound view
a correct view
a radical view
an erroneous view
a subjective view
an old-fashioned view
a many-sided view
a ready-made view
a romantic view
a sane view
a sensible view
a disheartened view
a short-sighted view
a superficial view
a commonplace view
a tentative view
a traditional view
an obsolete view
a wide view
a widespread view
a common-sense view
an expert view
a beautiful view
a night view
a sky view
a breathtaking view
a quick view
a magnificent view
a panoramic view
a spectacular view
a splendid view
a superb view
a last view
a first view
a better view
an aerial view
a bird's-eye view
a close-up view
a delightful view
a commanding view
a complete view
a distant view
an entrancing view
a front view
a back view
a full view
a good view
a kaleidoscopic view
an inspiring view
a grand view
a lovely view
a picturesque view
an uninterrupted view
a moving view
a fine view
a thrilling view
a world-famous view
an exceptional view
a skyline view
a river view
a lake view
a mountain view
a desert view
a safari view
a space view
a moon view
an earth view
a prairie view
a countryside view
a live view
a bay view
a great view viewing 表示“观看”，可以修饰不少名词或被其他词修饰:
viewing figures
viewing stands
viewing zone
viewing opportunities
viewing station
viewing program
viewing tips
viewing results
viewing system
viewing theater
viewing list
viewing directory
viewing screen
viewing emails
viewing expeditions
viewing guide
viewing notes
viewing advice
parallel viewing
remote viewing
manatee viewing
wildlife viewing
public viewing
virtual viewing
3D viewing
web viewing
nature viewing
stereo viewing
event viewing
indirect viewing
childhood viewing
free viewing
debate viewing vigil 1． 下面的说法都可以，keep vigil 的使用频率高于 keep a vigil:
They kept vigil outside the ward.
She kept vigil at the grave.
She kept a vigil at the grave.
They kept a vigil outside the ward. ( 注意: “多人守夜”也可用
a vigil)
2． 表示“守夜”有不少说法:
a round-the-clock vigil
an all-night vigil
an constant vigil
a candlelight vigil
a 24-hour vigil
a silent vigil
an unceasing vigil
a lonely vigil
3． 在实际使用中，也有人用复数
vigils，强调 “多次守夜”时尤其如此，但使用频率不高:
They kept vigils at night.
My mother kept vigils at my bed-
side.
Many more kept vigils at railway stations. violence 常为不可数名词，下面句子中 vio-
lence 前没有冠词:
It has nothing to do with violence or anything like that.
We should take measures to stop violence against women.
Police often provoke violence.
Extremists incite violence against the government.
In an outbreak of violence a man was shot dead in the street. violin 可以说 play violin 或 play the violin，
很少说 play a violin; play the violin 的使用频率最高:
He is learning how to play the vio-
lin. ( 最常用)
He is learning how to play violin.
I want to learn how to play a vio-
lin. ( 较少使用) virgin 可喻指各种 “初次的、未动过的”:
an Internet virgin
an action-movie virgin
a political virgin
a computer virgin
an email virgin
a virgin territory
virgin snow
virgin wilderness
virgin forest
virgin wood
virgin bowling alley
virgin effort
virgin jungle
virgin timber
virgin steps
virgin express
virgin record
virgin global challenge
virgin flight
virgin islands
virgin voyage virtual 在计算机科学上可称作“虚拟的”:
Virtual hospital is a digital health sciences library created in 1992 at the University of Iowa to meet the information needs of health care providers and patients.
Students can get their degrees from virtual universities.
a virtual library
a virtual tourist
virtual pets
virtual presents
virtual college tours
virtual love
virtual embryo
virtual reality
virtual sites
virtual home
virtual marriage
virtual wedding
virtual sex
virtual girl
virtual lover
virtual supermarket virtue 1． 是名词:
Among his many virtues is the
one that he never tasted intoxicat-
ing liquors.
Patience is a virtue.
2． 可以说:
a curative virtue
a miraculous virtue
a national virtue
a common virtue
a military virtue
a Christian virtue
a temperate virtue
a homespun virtue
a civic virtue
a traditional virtue
a stern virtue
a verbal virtue
a rare virtue
a great virtue
a high virtue
an artificial virtue
a negative virtue
a noble virtue
a cardinal virtue
a domestic virtue
an established virtue
every virtue
a false virtue
a grave virtue
a lofty virtue
a superb virtue
a suspected virtue
a loose virtue
a magical virtue
a medical virtue
a private virtue
a professional virtue
a spotless virtue
a social virtue
a practical virtue
a flawless virtue
a hereditary virtue
an acquired virtue
an attractive virtue
a negative virtue
a distinguished virtue
a new-built virtue
an exemplary virtue
a delightful virtue
a contradictory virtue
a magnetic virtue
a prime virtue
an ever-flourishing virtue
a unique virtue
a chief virtue
an excellent virtue
an eminent virtue
a sweet virtue
a pure virtue
a religious virtue
an untainted virtue
a virtue of selfishness
a virtue of discipline
a virtue of self-control
a virtue of free-market capitalism
a virtue of patience
a virtue of solitude
a virtue of loyalty
a virtue of courage
a virtue of truthfulness
a virtue of flexibility
a virtue of private education
a virtue of prudence
a virtue of character
a virtue of paramount importance
a virtue of independence
a virtue of justice
a virtue of art
a virtue of vision
a virtue of faith
a virtue of opportunity
a virtue of design
a virtue of social order
a virtue of good judicial system
a virtue of choice
a virtue of fear
a virtue of caring
a virtue of tolerance
a virtue of the loving heart
a virtue of moderation
a virtue of a successful marriage
a virtue of music
a virtue of martial arts
a virtue of unpretentiousness
a virtue of consistency
a virtue of ideologies
a virtue of the soul
a virtue of the Democratic Party
a virtue of emotions
a virtue of forgiveness
a virtue of practical intelligence
a virtue of chastity visa 1． 除了通常讲的 “入境签证 ( entry
visa)”、“出境签证 ( exit visa )”、
“过境签证 ( transit visa)”、“互免签证 ( mutual exemption of vi-
sas)”、“多次出入境签证 ( multi-
ple entry-exit visa)”、“临时居住签证( temporary resident / residence
visa)”、“旅行签证 ( visitor visa，
tourist visa)”、“工作签证( working
visa)”、“移民签证 ( immigrant vi-
sa)”等外，visa 还可以喻指其他
“通行证”:
your visa to viewing the universe
give school dropouts visa to suc-
cess
like a visa to see and feel the
spirit of our own world
you don't need a visa to become a
member
2． 后面常跟 to 等，to 可以是介词，也可以是动词不定式的 to:
information for resident visa to
China
US denies visa to a prominent
scholar( 介词)
He was denied a visa to enter the
United States.
Do I need a visa to visit Switzer-
land? ( 动词不定式 to)
3． 是可数名词，但有时前面不用冠词:
Japan slammed for issuing visa to
Taiwan's Lee.
Hong Kong refuses to grant visa
to Taiwan's mayor
US Embassy denies visa to him. visit 1． 人们经常说:
a brief visit
a fleeting visit
a flying visit
a frequent visit
an official visit
a planned visit
a recent visit
a regular visit
a lengthy visit
his first visit
a complimentary visit
an extended visit
a formal visit
a hasty visit
a delightful visit
a dramatic visit
a hurried visit
a long-due visit
an ill-timed visit
an unwelcome visit
a prolonged visit
an occasional visit
a personal visit
a professional visit
an impending visit
a protracted visit
a short visit
a business visit
a chance visit
an exchange visit
a courtesy visit
a farewell visit
a good-will visit
a group visit
a house-to-house visit
a comfortable visit
an inspection visit
a return visit
a state visit
a surprise visit
a trouble-shooting visit
a pleasant visit
2． 在美国口语中，visit with 可以指
“交谈”:
I would like to make an appoint-
ment to visit with you for 30 to 40
minutes to bring you up to date on what is happening in the college. visiting 可以修饰很多名词:
a visiting professor
visiting hours
a visiting fireman
a visiting card ( 英国人叫 calling
card)
a visiting nurse
a visiting book
visiting rights
a visiting teacher
a visiting center
a visiting scholar
a visiting scholars program
a visiting specialist
a visiting speaker
a visiting researcher
a visiting fellow
a visiting fellowship
a visiting senior fellowship
a visiting junior fellowship
a visiting lectureship
a visiting physician
a visiting process
a visiting international student
a visiting writer
a visiting date
a visiting scientist
a visiting lecturer
a visiting artist visual 可以说:
visual arts
visual display unit
visual aid
visual defect
visual nerve
visual impression
visual objects
visual navigation
visual focus
visual education
visual image
visual depiction
visual jokes
visual examination
visual impact
visual observation
visual means
visual signaling touch
visual symbol
visual statement
visual handicap
visual impairment
visual acuity
visual vocabulary
visual history
visual way
visual musical instrument
visual glossary
visual journey
visual tool
visual introduction
visual world
visual guide
visual survey
visual tribute
visual studio
visual daydream
visual awareness
visual performance
visual journal
visual proof
visual age
visual notebook
visual diary
visual search
visual tour
visual lexicon
visual object
visual model
visual trip
visual presentation
visual approach
visual testimony
visual program
visual sales tool
visual library
visual feast
visual assessment
visual workplace
visual experience
visual reading
visual language
visual interpretation
visual feature
visual system
visual feedback
visual pilgrimage
visual query
visual index
visual memory vital vital，important
1． vital 和 important 都可以译成 “重要的”。important 比较普通常用，可修饰各种 “重要的”事物; vital
主要强调“某个组成部分对整体正常运作起关键作用的”:
He played a vital part in setting up the company.
The heart is a vital part of the body.
an important person
an important machine
an important meeting
an important reading
an important school
an important trend
an important country
an important trip vitamin 1． 是可数名词，因此可以说 a vita-
min， several essential vitamins，
10 vitamins; 但是如果说 “某种维生素”，则 vitamin 常作不可数名词，如一般不说 a vitamin E，20
vitamin Cs 等; 但可以说:
three vitamin C tablets
300 vitamin E softgels
My recommendation is take some
vitamin E．
Don't have any caffeine; have four vitamin E tablets a day.
2． 表示 “某维生素的多个品种”则可以用复数:
There are likely many vitamin Cs
on the market that are not natu-
ral. vivid 有较高的使用频率，可修饰很多名词:
a vivid recollection
a vivid account
a vivid illustration
vivid colors
a vivid look
vivid intellect
a vivid episode
a vivid character
a vivid tapestry
vivid blue eyes
a vivid green of leaves
a vivid young lady
vivid performance
a vivid photo
a vivid image
vivid communications
a vivid dancer
vivid presents
a vivid lecture
a vivid lesson
vivid gifts
a vivid travelogue
a vivid movie
a vivid scene
a vivid flash of lightning
vivid red hair
a vivid description
a vivid dream
a vivid imagination
vivid memories
a vivid life
a vivid picture
a vivid network
a vivid treatment
a vivid history vocabulary 1． 与形容词组成的词组:
an average vocabulary
a limited vocabulary
an extensive vocabulary
a musical vocabulary
a medical vocabulary
a military vocabulary
a large vocabulary
a working vocabulary
a computer vocabulary
an English vocabulary
a wide vocabulary
a technical vocabulary
a specialized vocabulary
a thousand-word vocabulary
a business vocabulary
a basic vocabulary
a bilingual vocabulary
a free vocabulary
an active vocabulary
an abundant vocabulary
a passive vocabulary
a college-level controlled vocabu-
lary
an ever-increasing vocabulary
a functional vocabulary
a huge vocabulary
an insufficient vocabulary
a meager vocabulary
a small vocabulary
a poetic vocabulary
a reading vocabulary
a writing vocabulary
a multilingual vocabulary
an everyday vocabulary
an illustrated vocabulary
a daily vocabulary
an enormous vocabulary
an adequate vocabulary
a picturesque vocabulary
a speaking vocabulary
a well-balanced vocabulary
2． 与动词的搭配:
improve a vocabulary
enter a vocabulary
have a vocabulary
exhaust a vocabulary
narrow a vocabulary
widen a vocabulary
expand a vocabulary
use a vocabulary
get a vocabulary
acquire a vocabulary
build up a vocabulary
keep a vocabulary
possess a vocabulary
increase a vocabulary
enlarge a vocabulary
denude a vocabulary
enrich a vocabulary
teach a vocabulary
create a vocabulary
adopt a vocabulary
cultivate a vocabulary
enhance a vocabulary
select a vocabulary voice 1． 可以指各种 “声音”:
He claims never to have raised his voice at his kids. ( 人声)
This is Voice of America. ( 国家之声)
His article gave voice to a senti-
ment shared by all. ( 抽象文章的声音)
We hear the bush warbler singing in the flowers or the voice of frogs that live in the water and know that among all living creatures there is not one that does not have its song. ( 动物的声音)
2． 还可以说:
the voice of the rain
the voice of the wind
the voice of the Prophecy
the voice of the turtle
the voice of an older women
the voice of an authority
the voice of the thunder
the voice of the publishing indus-
try
the voice of the people
the voice of the millions
the voice of the small business
the voice of the woods
the voice of the reason
the voice of the city
the voice of the advertisers
the voice of the community
the voice of the prisoners
the voice of the economic nation-
alism
the voice of an angel
the voice of verbs
the voice of hope
the voice of the drum
the voice of future
the voice of the soul
the voice of the university
the voice of silence
the voice of peace
the voice of the dove
the voice of experience
the voice of the voiceless
the voice of the rural telecommu-
nications
the voice of the White House
the voice of globalization
the voice of the Net generation
the voice of fear
the voice of happiness
the voice of sanity
the voice of the baseball
the voice of the Nightingale
the voice of integrity
the voice of the independent mu-
sician
the voice of treason
the voice of honesty
the voice of the poor
the voice of freedom
the voice of democracy
the voice of compassion
the voice of the customers
the voice of queer youth
the voice of resistance
the voice of the mammals
the voice of leadership
the voice of protest
the voice of the new generation
the voice of technology
the voice of agriculture
the voice of the church
the voice of good guys
the voice of tiger fans
an agreeable voice
an angry voice
the best voice
an abrupt voice
an articulate voice
an audible voice
an authoritative voice
a beautiful voice
a cross voice
a bossy voice
a broken voice
a cheerful voice
a chaffing voice
an affectionate voice
an agonized voice
an alarmed voice
a clamorous voice
a contending voice
an apologetic voice
an accusing voice
a coaxing voice
a confident voice
a straightforward voice
a coarse voice
a rusty voice
a croaking voice
a deep voice
a gruff voice
a resonant voice
an audible voice
a rolling voice
a raucous voice
a baritone voice
a bellowing voice
a sonorous voice
a dissenting voice
a faint voice
a fine voice
a blunt voice
a bewildered voice
a male voice
a female voice
a booming voice
a breathless voice
a firm voice
a strong voice
a fresh voice
a full voice
a melodious voice
a gentle voice
a good voice
a gruff voice
a high-pitched voice
a large voice
a huge voice
a hoarse voice
a strident voice
an incisive voice
a loud voice
a discordant voice
a low voice
a magnetic voice
a clear voice
a checked voice
a commanding voice
a malicious voice
a mawkish voice
a moving voice
a cracked voice
a deceptive voice
a decisive voice
a magnificent voice
a penetrating voice
a muffled voice
a piercing voice
a natural voice
a pleasing voice
a quaking voice
a drunken voice
a dry voice
an exhilarating voice
a familiar voice
a quavering voice
a quivering voice
a querulous voice
a quiet voice
a ragged voice
a raucous voice
a resolute voice
a powerful voice
a rough voice
a sharp voice
a cultivated voice
a soft voice
a modulated voice
a gleeful voice
a lazy voice
a jubilant voice
a well-bred voice
a startling voice
a squeaky voice
a small voice
a stern voice
a strident voice
a metallic voice
a parrot-like voice
a singsong voice
a playful voice
a smooth voice
a subdued voice
a sweet voice
a purring voice
a trembling voice
a throaty voice
a strained voice
an unanimous voice
a pertinent voice
a ringing voice
an unknown voice
a savage voice
a soothing voice
a stammering voice
a veiled voice
a mighty voice
a tiny voice
a yawning voice
a withering voice
a political voice
a bored voice
an irritated voice
a falsetto voice
a last voice
lift one's voice
raise one's voice
lose one's voice
keep one's voice
have one's voice
claim one's voice
carry one's voice
blot out one's voice
control one's voice
exercise one's voice
guard one's voice
mellow one's voice
strain one's voice
train one's voice
choke up one's voice
cultivate one's voice
develop one's voice
drop one's voice
freeze one's voice
hush one's voice
imitate one's voice
lift up one's voice
lower one's voice
pitch one's voice
sink one's voice
utter one's voice
a voice breaks
a voice carried far
a voice came back
a voice floats up
a voice penetrates
a voice thickens
a voice whines
a voice whispers
a voice failed
a voice exclaimed
a voice faltered
a voice shook
a voice quaked
a voice quivered
a voice thundered
a voice charms
a voice deepens
3． 动词 voice 常用 voiceabout的句型:
voice concern about oil price in-
crease
voice some doubts about the
college's plan volley 除可表示 “( 枪、炮、箭等) 齐射 / 发”外，还常说:
a volley of curses
a volley of blows
a volley of applause
a volley of wild cries
a volley of abuses
a volley of optimism
a volley of opinions
a volley of threats
a volley of words
a volley of oaths
a volley of furious punches
a volley of live music events
a volley of queries
a volley of shouts
a volley of cherries
a volley of desperation
a volley of blasts
a volley of questions
a volley of free will
a volley of accusation
a volley of assaults
a volley of games
a volley of contests
a volley of insults
a volley of comments
a volley of praises
volleyball
“打排球”一般说 play volleyball:
He is teaching the young players how to play volleyball.
She has played volleyball in Italy for 8 years. volume 1． 作“音量”解时，常作不可数名词:
The only limitation is that you don't know exactly how much you've turned up the volume.
2． 作 “书”解时，常指 “( 篇幅大的一套书中的) 一卷或一册”:
the first volume of the Collected
Works of Karl Marx volunteer 后面常跟介词 for:
looking for a volunteer for a dan-
gerous mission
Police seek volunteers for Park
Ranger reserves. vomit 1． 下面几个句子都可以说:
He started to vomit.
He started to vomit blood.
He started to vomit out blood.
2． 注意: vomit 作及物动词的使用频率高于 vomit out。 vote 1． 后面常跟 for， in favor of， a-
gainst，on，with 等:
He cannot vote for John Kerry.
Teachers vote in favor of current medical insurance.
They voted against Rice for Sec-
retary of State.
It's time for Congress to vote on the issue of Iraq War.
New employees vote with their feet.
2． 可以说:
a swing vote
a close vote
a free vote
a yes vote
a no vote
an affirmative vote
a split vote
a floating vote
a working-class vote
a white male vote
a dissenting vote
a direct vote
an important vote
a fair vote
a negative vote
a secret vote
an open vote
a void vote
a popular vote
a null vote
a spoilt vote
an unanimous vote
a left-wing vote
an overwhelming majority vote
a massive majority vote
a postal vote
a minority vote
a confidence vote
a referendum vote
a roll-call vote
a standing vote
an electoral vote
a two-thirds vote
a voice vote
a incredible vote
a women vote
an E-vote vote
a standard vote
a gay vote
a black youth vote
an Ohio vote
a student vote
an email vote
a single transferable vote
a current vote
3． 可以说:
a vote of censure
a vote of confidence
a vote of no confidence
a vote of thanks
a vote of support
a vote of assent
a vote of dissent
a vote of faith
a vote of approval
a vote of social protest
a vote of respect
a vote of yes
a vote of no
a vote of aye
a vote of nay vow 下面几种说法都可以:
He's vowed that he will never do it again.
He's vowed a complete change.
He's made a vow that he will nev-
er do it again.
He's taken a vow that he will nev-
er do it again.
He's pronounced a vow that he will never do it again. voyage 1． 可以说:
a maiden voyage
a long voyage
a space voyage
a successful voyage
the first space shuttle voyage
a rough voyage
an adventurous voyage
an Antarctic voyage
a brief voyage
a comfortable voyage
the first voyage
an on-going voyage
a cosmic voyage
a famous voyage
a pilgrims' voyage
an eventful voyage
a good voyage
a homeward voyage
an aimless voyage
a tedious voyage
a stormy voyage
an ill-fated voyage
a frequent voyage
an uncertain voyage
a romantic voyage
a perilous voyage
a mysterious voyage
an initial voyage
an inward voyage
a lengthy voyage
a happy voyage
a pleasant voyage
a record-breaking voyage
a safe voyage
a short voyage
a smooth voyage
a trans-pacific voyage
2． 参见 trip。 VP 1． 作 vice president 解时，为可数名词:
The college is looking for a VP．
I infuriated several VPs and direc-
tors because I usurped their au-
thority.
2． 表示“某某副校长、副总统、副总裁”时，可以说 “VP”:
New Senators please speak to VP
Stillwell after the meeting. vulnerable 后面常跟介词 to:
The United States is becoming
more vulnerable to natural haz-
ards mostly because of changes in population and national wealth density.
He is vulnerable to bright light. vulture 除 vulture ( 秃鹫) 以外，“鹰”的种类还有很多:
eagle 鹰
bald eagle 白头鹫
falcon 猎鹰
condor 神鹰 waddle 1． 人的“蹒跚”和动物“摇摇摆摆地走路”，都可以用 waddle:
A penguin waddles aimlessly.
The geese waddled up to the gate to be fed. ( 形容动物)
He waddles with conceit. ( 形容人)
2． 汽车、机器等“摇摇摆摆地运行”，
也可以说 waddle:
The car waddled across the rough road.
On take-off the machine waddled down the runway then leapt into the air of its own accord. wade 1． wade 表示 “涉水”时，后面常跟介词 across，through，in 等:
I saw a large hairy， two-legged animal that waded across the river and disappeared into the woods.
A young soldier waded through knee-deep snow.
She waded in the water and got her ankles wet.
2． 可以说:
wade through a test stuff
wade through letters
wade through plans
wade through problems
wade through a boring report
wade through folds of her dress
wade through entries
wade through waist-high snow-
drifts
wade through posts
wade through mails
wade through emails
wade through college guides
wade through piles of applications
from also-rans， has-beens and
no-chancers
wade through surfs-and-turfs
wade through knee-high grass
wade through plowed snow
wade through outstretched arms
of adoring fans
wade through rushing water
wade through chest-high sewage
wade through boxes
wade through smoldering swamp-
land
wade through a crowd
wade through results
wade through a mess
wade through a mire of adoles-
cence
wade through briefings
wade through receptions
wade through difficulties
wade through rice paddies
wade through rivers of blood
wade through a muck
wade through a subject matter
wade through swirling，rough wa-
ters
wade through a research
wade through mounds of debris
wade through details
wade through its deaths
wade through ankle-deep mud
wade through jungles
wade through constant litany of vi-
olence
wade through a swamp
wade through visa delays
wade through armies of tour
guides
wade through millions of demos
wade through thick smoke
wade through rubble
wade through deep puddle of icy
water
wade through marshes
wade through meaningless clubs
and competitions
wade through fast current
wade through mystery of grocery
shopping
wade through politics
wade through business
wade through hordes of horny
high schoolers
wade through lagoons
wade through sloughs of scandal
wade through documents
wade through files wage 1． 一般指 “( 根据工作多少小时、天数来计算的) 工资、工钱”，可以说:
daily wage
hourly wage
weekly wage
annual wage
monthly wage
2． 有些工作的报酬也用 wage:
take-home wage
half wage
full wage
decent wage
nominal wage
minimum wage
prevailing wage
average wage
low wage
living wage
merit wage
3． “工资袋”英国人常说 wage pack-
et，美国人常用 paycheck。 wait ，await
1． 两词都有 “等待”的含义，注意它们的区别。
1) await 比 wait 正式。
2) await 是及物动词，wait 是不及物动词，必须用 wait for 来表达 “等待”:
The audience are awaiting the su-
per star to appear on the stage.
The audience are waiting for the super star to appear on the stage.
2． 表示“( 服务员) 伺候进餐”，美国人用 wait on table，英国人用 wait
at table，table 前常不用冠词:
He often waited at table and an-
swered all the bells that rang. ( 英国用法)
I waited at table in a most peculiar sort of inn. ( 英国用法)
She waited on table at college.
( 美国用法)
Some of us waited on table or washed dishes. ( 美国用法)
3． 注意: wait at the table 的意思完全不一样:
I waited at the table for yet anoth-
er beer to be served. 我坐在餐桌前等待( 服务员) 端来另一杯啤酒。
4． 美语中，waitperson 可以指 waiter
或 waitress:
When we finished the food we called the waitperson over to refill our drinks. wake 1． 下面的说法都可以:
He usually wakes early.
He usually wakes up early.
He woke me at 6 am.
He woke me up at 6 am.
2． 注意: 要表达 “唤醒某人”时，
wake up 比 wake 常用。 walk stroll，walk
两词都可作“散步”解，但 stroll 比
walk 更强调“散步的愉悦”，比较具有诗意:
as if strolling in a courtyard 胜似闲庭信步 walk 1． 比较普通，要表示各种“走法”，
可用各种形容词来修饰:
a sponsored walk
a 5-mile walk
a space walk
a 15-minute walk
an easy walk
a short walk
a coastal walk
a steady walk
a pleasant walk
an awkward walk
a brisk walk
a clumsy walk
a customary walk
a graceful walk
a springy walk
a leisured walk
a little walk
a measured walk
a romantic walk
a sauntering walk
an outdoor walk
a solitary walk
a wandering walk
a cross-country walk
an early morning walk
a lovely walk
a long walk
an aimless walk
a cheerful walk
a mind-clearing walk
an eye-opening walk
a light walk
2． 用具体词来表达“走”，也有各种词:
stroll 溜达
wander 闲逛
march 行军
stride 大踏步走
step( 短距离) 行走
creep 悄悄地潜行
shuffle 拖着脚走
stagger 跌跌撞撞地走
swagger 昂首阔步
trudge 步履沉重地走
clump( 穿着靴子等) 咚咚地走
lumber 笨拙地挪动
plod 步履艰难地走
amble( 缓慢放松地) 漫步
saunter( 自信地) 闲逛
pace 来回踱步
prance 跳跳蹦蹦地走
strut 趾高气扬地走( 贬义)
stamp 跺脚走
stomp( 气势汹汹地) 顿足走
stump 迈着笨拙别扭沉重的步伐走
pad 轻松地走
tiptoe 踮着脚尖悄悄地走
shamble 疲惫不堪地蹒跚而行
waddle 摇摇摆摆地走
lurch 东倒西歪地走
reel 摇摇晃晃地走
hobble 一瘸一拐地走
limp 跛行
walker
walker 作 “( 帮助残疾人、病人、儿童等行走的) 助行架”解，是美国用法:
He used a walker to get upright and used every bit of his strength to drag himself along the hospital corridor. walking 1． 可以修饰很多名词，它们的含义各有不同:
a walking dictionary 活词典
a walking tour 徒步旅行
a walking holiday 徒步旅行假日
walking shoes 轻便鞋
a walking encyclopedia 活的百科全书
walking papers ( ticket) 解聘书
a walking stick 拐杖
a walking delegate ( 工会等的) 巡视员
a walking lady ( 舞台词的) 女群众演员
walking shorts 男式外穿短裤
a walking guide / school bus ( 家长、自愿者等轮流陪孩子们上学的) 流动陪送交通体系
2． 还可以说:
a walking program
a walking miracle
a walking billboard for love
a walking city
a walking vacation
a walking map
a walking visit
a walking campus
a walking robot
a walking time bomb
a walking campaign
a walking history lesson
a walking safari
a walking icon
a walking news camera
a walking exercise
a walking test
a walking field trip wall 1． 中国的“长城”译为 the Great
Wall，前面加定冠词:
This is the Great Wall，which is said to be visible from the moon.
The Great Wall of China was built over 2，000 years ago by the first emperor of China.
2． 美国的 “华尔街”是 Wall Street，
前面常不加冠词:
Where is Wall Street?
Wall Street has reacted differently to this war.
Wall Street does not thrive on un-
certainty.
Wall Street and the global capital markets are prepared for another physical attack. Wal-Mart 美国的连锁店 Wal-Mart 前面常不用冠词:
Take a look at the populist spirit that
engulfs a small Virginia town when
retail giant Wal-Mart comes knoc-
king.
Wal-Mart is the nation's biggest re-
tailer. walnut 作 “胡桃树”解为可数名词，作“胡桃木”解为不可数名词; 试比较:
He cut down a walnut ( tree) in his back yard. ( 作“胡桃树”解)
This solid wood chessboard is made of walnut. ( 作“胡桃木”解) waltz 1． 作“华尔兹舞”解时，前面常加定冠词:
The name of the waltz is taken from the Italian ‘volver ’ — to turn，or revolve.
The waltz is another type of dance.
2． 表示“跳华尔兹舞”时，多数英美人说 dance the waltz，waltz 前用定冠词:
The entire group of dancers would circle around the color or garden as they danced the waltz.
3． 表示 “多种华尔兹舞”，可以用复数:
consisting of thirteen distinctly dif-
ferent waltzes
three different waltzes with three
different moods wander 1． 后面常跟介词 into，about，from，
in，around，through，on 等:
Don't wander into areas where it is not permitted.
Public drunks wander about the town singing，and are of no threat to anyone.
Please don't wander from the point.
I wandered in the morning dew.
Feel free to wander around the yard.
We wandered through the ruins of this ancient city.
At the end of the day，it will be in-
teresting to wander on the tradi-
tional bazaars in the ancient area.
2． 动物也可以作为 wander 的主语:
Wolves wander into Colorado from neighboring states.
Bears wander into the urban neighborhood.
3． 还可以说:
one's mind wanders
attention wanders
eyes wander
a path wanders
particles wander
imaginations wander
4． 参见 walk。 want 1． 口语中表示 “我想要 ……”用 I'd
like to比 I want to语气委婉:
I'd like to have a cup of tea. ( 较常用，比较客气)
I want to have a cup of tea. ( 不太礼貌)
2． wanna 在美语中可指 want to 或
want a:
Wanna know how? ( = Do you
want to know how to do it?)
I don't wanna say goodbye. ( I
don't want to say goodbye. )
You wanna coffee? ( Do you want
a cup up of coffee?)
3． want 后面跟动名词( 短语) ，其形式是主动的，但意思常常是被动的:
The apartment wants cleaning.
( = The apartment needs to be
cleaned)
The boy's hair wants cutting. ( =
The boy's hair needs to be cut. )
4． want ad 作 “招聘广告”解时，是美国用法。类似的说法还有 classi-
fied ad，help wanted ad 等:
The want ads are good reading at this time of the year.
These classified ads are displayed solely for the benefit of students.
The gray，dull，boring help wan-
ted ads are yesterday.
5． wanted 作“受到通缉的”解时，前面加定冠词，可指“通缉犯”一类的人:
He is the most wanted by police.
Four of the wanted are American citizens.
6． 注意下面几种用法。
1) “因…… 受通缉的”，wanted 后面常跟介词 for:
be wanted for a parole violation
be wanted for murder
be wanted for sexual conduct with
a minor under 15
be wanted for criminal mischief be wanted for 2 counts of child molesting be wanted for a home invasion robbery be wanted for forgery.
2 ) the wanted 可以指“受欢迎的( 人或事)”:
These paintings are the most wanted.
the most wanted bachelor
the most wanted tech skills
separating the wanted from the
unwanted
7． 在下列短语中，名词 want 前面常不加冠词:
The apartment is in want of re-
pair.
Residents passed sleepiness nights for want of power. war 1． 泛指 “战争”，尤其是 “国家或利益集团之间的战争”，war 常作不可数名词，下面句子中 war 前面不用冠词:
Civil war broke out in Afghani-
stan.
Terrorists declared war on the
United States.
How do I explain that the US is at
war with Iraq?
The two countries are at war.
I know we went to war with Japan
because they bombed Pearl Har-
bor.
Germany declared war on the
USA．
It has waged war against the Iraqi
people with bombs and embar-
goes.
2． 指具体的“一次战争”，war 为可数名词:
Is lying about the reason for a war
an impeachable offense? ( 这里 a
war 暗指伊拉克战争)
veterans of foreign wars
Gulf wars
Napoleonic wars
America's major wars
star wars ( 以上的 wars 都指某一特定时期或地区内的一系列战争)
3． 托尔斯泰的小说《战争与和平》的英文名称是 War and Peace。
4． 中国的“战国( 时期)”译成:
the Warring States
the period of the Warring States
5． 美国早期的内战 the Civil War 前面常用定冠词，习惯上译成“南北战争”，而不是“内战”:
The Civil War is the greatest war in American history. 南北战争是美国历史上最大的一次战争。
6． 注意“世界大战”的译法，“第二次世界大战”可译成 the Second
World War， World War Two 或
World War II，第一种说法要用定冠词。
7． “口水仗、公开相互批评指责”可以译成 a war of words:
It sparked a war of words between the two companies.
8． 还可以说:
a war of words and pictures
a war of lies
a war of values
a war of nerves
a war of civilizations
a war of ifs and maybes
a war of ideas
a war of ideologies
a war of aggression
a war of the people
a war of liberation
a war of news
a war of reviews
a war of screenshots
a war of technology
a war of two different worlds
a war of terror
a war of anti-terrorism
a war of independence
a war of freedom
a war of democracy
a war of choice
a war of courage
a war of expansion
a war of petrol
9． “……与……交战”，war 后面可用
against，with，between 等:
The US has started a war against
Muslims.
The country once fought a war with Spain.
This is a war between the rich and the poor. ward 可以说:
a maternity ward
a casualty ward
a surgical ward
a hospital ward
a geriatric ward
a psychiatric ward
an intensive care ward
a critical ward
a condemned ward
a marginal ward
a psych-ward
-ware
-ware 作构词成分，可组成不少词:
cookware
stoneware
kitchenware
glassware
tableware
PC-ware
software
hardware
Online-ware
audio-ware
radio-ware
fly-ware
auto-ware
Web-ware
data-ware
restaurant-ware
wood-ware
Internet-ware
sports-ware warm 1． warm colors 常指 red，orange，
yellow，brown，burgundy 等 “暖色调”，它的反义词是 cool colors:
Warm colors are bight，and most-
ly made of red， orange and yellow.
Cool colors are made mostly of green， blue， violet and purple.
They remind you of cool things like a cool forest or a cold lake.
2． 在美国口语中说 very warm 一般指 “很热”，不是 “很暖和”:
It's very warm and humid today，
high 88F． 今天天气很热而且潮湿，最高温度达华氏 88 度。
3． warm up 常指 “( 体育锻炼等) 热身练习”，下面的说法都可以:
He is on the sports ground war-
ming up for the race.
He is warming himself up for the race.
4． 可以作名词，多为 warm-up:
He is doing a warm-up for the race.
He is doing some warming-up ex-
ercises for the race. warn 1． 下面几种说法都可以:
My parents warned me against night trips.
My parents warned me not to take night trips.
My parents warned me that I
should not take night trips.
My parents warned me about the danger of taking night trips.
My parents warned me of the danger of taking night trips.
My parents warned of the danger of taking night trips.
2． 表示“预警系统”时，可以说 early
warning system:
A tsunami early warning system for the Indian Ocean could be set up next year.
3． 可以说:
warning signs
warning letters
warning center
warning network
warning service
warning program
warning labels warrant 这组词都有 “证书”的含义:
1． license 常指 “( 经过考试或定期付费而获得的) 许可证 ( 尤指商务方面的证书)”:
a driver's license
a liquor license
a temporary import license
a dog license
2． certificate 常指 “( 经过听课学习和考试后获得的) 专业资格证书”或 “( 官方关于结婚、死亡、健康等的) 证明书”:
the Post-Graduate Certificate of
Education
a birth certificate
certificates of health
3． permit 常指 “( 做事的) 许可证”:
issue a permit for the parade
have work permits
a residence permit
4． warrant 常指 “( 法庭、警方等的)
搜查令、逮捕令”:
The city court issued a search warrant. warrant 1． 表示“…… 搜查、逮捕证”时，war-
rant 后面常跟介词 for:
The court issued a warrant for his
arrest on charge of money laun-
dering.
2． 可以说:
an arrest warrant
a search warrant
an international arrest warrant
a federal warrant
a crash experience warrant
a death warrant
a government death warrant
a royal warrant
a non-bailable warrant
a felony warrant
a police warrant
a fresh warrant
a criminal warrant
a new warrant warranty 短语 under warranty ( 在保修期内 )
中，warranty 前常不用冠词:
The TV is not working and is still un-
der warranty.
Is the computer still under warranty
of any description? wasabi 1． 表示日本调料 wasabi
“芥末”时一般为不可数名词:
Eating sushi with too much wasabi is quite an experience.
2． 可以喻指任何 “刺激物”:
Add a little wasabi to your love life with this delightful and informative book. 用这本脍炙人口、内容丰富的书给你的爱情生活增加一点刺激。
wash，laundry，washing
1． 表示“需要洗涤的衣物”或“换洗衣物”时，美国人说 the wash，the
washing，英国人说 the laundry:
My solution was to do the wash more frequently in smaller loads.
( 美国用法)
I must get the washing done be-
fore midnight. ( 美国用法)
My husband helps do the laundry when he has time. ( 英国用法)
2． washing 一般为不可数名词:
bags full of dirty washing
hang the washing out
Healthy dogs need little washing.
How can three people create this
much washing?
3． the washing-up 指 “( 饭后 ) 需洗的餐具”，这是英国用法; 美国人常说 dirty dishes，the dishes:
How do people do the washing-up
in Europe nowadays? ( 英国用法)
Who gets to do the dirty dishes?
( 美国用法)
Let me help you do the dishes af-
ter dinner. ( 美国用法)
4． 注意: 用 do the dishes 的频率远高于 do the dirty dishes。
5． car wash 作 “洗 ( 汽 ) 车店 / 处”解，主要是美国用法:
Take a ride through an automatic car wash and see how it makes your car shine.
It is believed that people come to the car wash not only to have their cars cleaned but also as a social outing to meet with friends. Washington Washington，DC
dead meat
用在口语中，形容某人“遇上大麻烦、可能要受到伤害”等:
You are dead meat while talking like that; be careful. 你那样说话可能要遇上大麻烦的，小心些。 WASP 1． WASP 指 White Anglo-Saxon
Protestant ( 祖先是英国新教徒的美国人) ，有贬义，应慎用。
2． WASP 为可数名词:
He is clubby. He is North Shore.
He is a WASP． He hangs up with-
out saying goodbye.
Why are WASPs in USA such los-
ers in comparison to WASPs in
Europe? waste 1． 人们常说:
a waste of labor
a waste of precious time
a waste of taxpayers' money
a waste of effort
a waste of limited space
a waste of tax dollars
a waste of lives
a waste of valuable resources
a waste of energy
a waste of public funds
a waste of good technology
a waste of words
a waste of freedom
a waste of paper
a waste of postage
a waste of oxygen
a waste of manpower
a waste of cash
a waste of good irony
2． 在下面例句的短语中，waste 前面常不用冠词:
Don't let your caring go to waste.
The enemy laid waste to the cou-
ntryside after the invasion.
They know how to plan，how to meet demand and how to avoid waste.
There's a ton of ways to reduce waste.
Stop waste on the Snake River.
It is forbidden to discharge waste
from factories into the environ-
ment.
3． 作“废物”解时，可作可数和不可数名词。下面两种说法都可以:
Many lakes and rivers are polluted by waste from factories.
Many lakes and rivers in the area are polluted by the wastes from the local factories.
4． 英国人说 waste basket，waste
disposal， 美国人说 wastepaper
basket，garbage disposal。 watch 1． 下面两种说法都可以，含义相似:
She watched her son cross the street.
She watched her son crossing the street.
2． 下面两组句子的含义相同，keep
a close watch ( on) 的使用频率高于 keep close watch ( on) :
Could you watch my bag while I
am away?
Could you watch over my bag
while I am away?
Scientists are keeping close watch on the rumbling volcano.
Scientists are keeping a close watch on the rumbling volcano.
3． on watch 是 “( 在) 值班”，on the
watch ( for) 是 “监视”:
Who is on watch tonight? 今夜谁值班?
The FBI is on the watch for spe-
cial-interest terrorists committing crimes in the Unites States. 联邦调查组正在密切注意美国境内怀有特别目的的犯罪恐怖分子。
4． 名词 watch 常用来指 “( 对某一时间、地区、事端等进行持续观察的)
观察组织”:
A China watch survey in 2001 fea-
tured a similar result. 一个中国观察组织 2001 年度的调查报告表明了同样的结果。
He is a Human Rights Watch re-
searcher. 他是人权观察组织的一位研究员。 water 1． 作“生活用水”解时，常为不可数名词:
supply the town with water
have a glass of water
wash your feet with some warm
water
add a little water to the flour
How much water is there on
earth?
2． 复数 waters 的一些用法。
1) 大片的 “水域”，尤其是 “属于某国疆域或国际的水域”:
the vast waters of the Pacific
Ocean
the territorial waters of Britain
sail into the international waters
2) 喻指 “( 困难的、神秘的、吓人的、混乱的等) 特别的境况”:
His claim has thrown the media into murky waters.
We have ventured into the un-
known waters of spirit.
It is best to avoid the stormy wa-
ters of philosophy.
There have been the peaceful wa-
ters of quiet walks，the deep wa-
ters of lasting commitment and the turbulent waters of disagreement.
3) “羊水”用复数 waters 和 water 都可以，下面两句话都对:
In my last pregnancy my waters broke at 24 weeks.
In my last pregnancy my water broke at 24 weeks.
4) 注意: 用单数 sb's water breaks
的频率高于复数 sb's waters
break。 waterfall waterfall，fall
两词都表示“瀑布”。有时，可用复数
falls，但常用单数 a / the waterfall:
Akaka Falls is the largest waterfall in Hawaii.
At 63 feet Muddy Creek Falls is the largest waterfall in Maryland.
The Upper Falls is the second lar-
gest waterfall east of the Missis-
sippi River. waterspout nado，waterspout
这组词都有“风暴”的含义。
1． hurricane 尤指西大西洋、西印度群岛的“飓风”，速度快，破坏力大。
2． typhoon 尤指西太平洋上的“台风”，是一种“强力热带气旋”。
3． storm 是表示恶劣天气的一般用词，亦指“伴有狂暴大风的天气”。
4． tornado 尤指“陆龙卷”。
5． waterspout 是“水龙卷”。 watery 1． 可以修饰不少名词，含义不同:
watery eyes 流泪的眼睛
watery coffee 稀咖啡
a watery smile 浅笑
watery light 淡淡的光线
watery sun 微弱的阳光
come to a watery grave 葬身海底
a watery summer 多雨的夏季
a watery style of writing 平淡乏味的文风
watery soup 清汤寡水
2． 还有很多类似短语:
watery Web links
watery depths of memory
watery world
watery habitats
watery adventure
watery sunset
watery jade
watery boundaries
watery wrath
watery tragedy wax wax，waxwork
a waxwork 是 “一件蜡像作品”，a
waxworks 是 “一座蜡像馆”，这是英国用法; 美国人说 a wax museum:
Two floors of the Madame
Tussaud's Waxworks in London were destroyed by fire. ( 作“蜡像作品”解)
The blue-painted building was constructed in 1857，home to a waxworks. ( 作“蜡像馆”解)
She is the head of a wax muse-
um. ( 美国用法) waxwork wax，waxwork
a waxwork 是 “一件蜡像作品”，a
waxworks 是 “一座蜡像馆”，这是英国用法; 美国人说 a wax museum:
Two floors of the Madame
Tussaud's Waxworks in London were destroyed by fire. ( 作“蜡像作品”解)
The blue-painted building was constructed in 1857，home to a waxworks. ( 作“蜡像馆”解)
She is the head of a wax muse-
um. ( 美国用法) way 1． 常与副词或介词连用，起强调作用:
way down in the pit
way out at the sea
way ahead of others
way behind his peers
way back in the 16th century
way above my means
way under the ground
way off the mark
way below our expectations
way beyond the basics
way in advance
2． 与很多动词连用，可表示各种“走路的姿势、行动的方式”:
ask one's way
bar one's way
betray one's way
block one's way
bribe one's way
battle one's way
bootstrap one's way
explore one's way
guide one's way
hew one's way
eat one's way
puncture one's way
trick one's way
beg one's way
break one's way
carve one's way
clinch one's way
claw one's way
clear one's way
laugh one's way
smile one's way
learn one's way
sleep one's way
keep one's way
hold one's way
charm one's way
cry one's way
cheat one's way
cleave one's way
climb one's way
clubbed one's way
change one's way
conquer one's way
crush one's way
corkscrew one's way
count one's way
cut one's way
click one's way
choose one's way
develop one's way
buy one's way
dig one's way
dispute one's way
dodge one's way
direct one's way
drag one's way
email one's way
earn one's way
edge one's way
elbow one's way
feel one's way
fiddle one's way
fight one's way
find one's way
follow one's way
force one's way
forge one's way
get one's way
gain one's way
google one's way
grease one's way
grunt one's way
go one's way
grope one's way
have one's way
imagine one's way
labor one's way
jimmy one's way
lead one's way
make one's way
lose one's way
mistake one's way
obtain one's way
navigate one's way
network one's way
finger one's way
open one's way
pave one's way
pay one's way
pick one's way
point one's way
prepare one's way
push one's way
reason one's way
rationalize one's way
resume one's way
speculate one's way
see one's way
seek one's way
shorten one's way
sin one's way
shovel one's way
show one's way
smooth one's way
swear one's way
soak one's way
shop one's way
speed one's way
squeeze one's way
steer one's way
take one's way
thread one's way
toil one's way
think one's way
trudge one's way
talk one's way
turn one's way
weave one's way
water one's way
wedge one's way
walk one's way
wend one's way
whip one's way
win one's way
wind one's way
wing one's way
work one's way
worm one's way
zigzag one's way WC 参见 toilet。 weak 1． 表示 “因某种原因而 ( 虚) 弱的”，
weak 后面常跟介词 after，from，
by 等:
The child is weak after early birth.
She is weak from blood loss.
He is weak by nature.
2． 表示 “在 …… 方面 ( 虚 ) 弱的”，
weak 后面常跟介词 in，on，of，at
等:
I am weak in physics.
I am weak on the leg side.
I am weak at English.
weak of will weak of faith weak of body and spirit weak of the flesh weak of understanding weak of character weak of heart.
3． 可以说:
a weak radio signal
weak eyes
a weak pulse
weak stomach muscles
a weak heart
a weak position
a weak argument
a weak speller
a weak gravitational field
weak points
a weak pound
a weak solution
a weak chin
weak features
weak arms
weak legs
weak eyesight
a weak man
a weak voice
a weak smile
a weak spot
weak leadership
weak dollar
weak economy
weak evidence
weak teas
weak soup
a weak bleach solution
a weak ability
a weak nature
weak needs
weak materials
a weak description
a weak currency
weak Euro
a weak strategy
a weak link
a weak market
a weak analogy
a weak immune system
a weak foundation
a weak recommendation
a weak empire
a weak leader
a weak plot
a weak case
a weak approach
a weak method
a weak qualification
a weak building
a weak recovery
a weak side
a weak principle
a weak moment
a weak learner
a weak schedule
a weak software product
a weak mechanism
a weak network
a weak Website
a weak brew
a weak state
a weak country
a weak force
a weak criterion
a weak apology
a weak version
a weak start
a weak manager weakness 1． 泛指 “弱”时，weakness 为不可数名词:
It's really a sign of weakness.
2． 指具体的 “弱点”，weakness 为可数名词:
Don't you hate that moment in a
job interview when you're asked to
reveal your strengths and weak-
nesses?
3． 说某人“在 …… 方面有弱点”，
weakness 后面常跟介词 for:
I seem to have developed a weakness for girls with glasses.
He has a weakness for beautiful women. wealth 1． 常为不可数名词:
The upper class has a lot of pow-
er and a lot of wealth.
The US has too much wealth to know how to spend it all.
There are two ways to acquire wealth labor and inheritance.
2． 可以说:
a wealth of information
a wealth of diversity
a wealth of minerals
a wealth of wood
a wealth of data
a wealth of resources
a wealth of historical depth
a wealth of health
a wealth of house
a wealth of art
a wealth of fun learning activities
a wealth of wisdom
a wealth of accomplishments
a wealth of culture
a wealth of diversity
a wealth of tradition
a wealth of choices
a wealth of new music
a wealth of accumulated talents
a wealth of failures
a wealth of rivals
a wealth of discoveries
a wealth of upscale readers
a wealth of influences
a wealth of weaponry
a wealth of eye-popping scenery
a wealth of clinical expertise
a wealth of applications
a wealth of examples
a wealth of experience
a wealth of new opportunities
a wealth of knowledge
a wealth of creative expertise
a wealth of learning
a wealth of delightful memories
a wealth of materials
a wealth of ornamentation
a wealth of quotations
a wealth of flowers
a wealth of links
a wealth of tips
a wealth of techniques
a wealth of statistics
a wealth of drug testing
a wealth of sales
wean
“使戒除”是 wean sb off / from，“使上瘾”是 wean sb on / on to:
The neurologist will start to wean him off his medication.
We decided to wean him from the night feedings.
We started to wean him on to fish and off the special milk.
Her mother continued to wean her on fame and fortune.
wear，put on
两词都有 “穿”的含义。
1． wear 侧重指 “穿着 ( 衣服等)”的状态，即衣服等已经 “穿”在身上:
Bush also wore a bunny suit.
She is wearing a bikini.
2． put on 主要指“穿上”的一时动作或过程:
She put on her coat， looked at herself in the mirror and went out.
He is putting on his tie.
3． 两词都可以指 “穿、戴”其他东西:
wear jeans
wear T-shirt
wear his hair long
wear a full moustache
wear a smile
wear a satisfied expression
wear a wig
wear gloves
wear bike helmet
wear a veil
wear a gold ring
wear a headphone
put on a brave face
put on a wig
put on a swimsuit
put on hat
put on his jogging shoes
4． wear 可以作名词，put on 不可以:
evening wear
sports wear
children's wear
footwear
swimwear
holiday wear
men's wear
headwear
underwear
watersports wear
street wear
formal wear
casual wear
maternity wear
athletic wear
golf wear weather 1． 常作不可数名词，在下面例子中，
weather 前不用冠词:
a period of dry weather
They encountered stormy weather all the way.
She likes cold weather.
An Illinois man died in bad weath-
er.
Wet weather is much expected.
2． 电视台、电台的“气象预报员”可以说 weatherman:
Data is a weatherman's best ally. weave 注意后面所用的介词:
weave a story from a few rumors
weave a nest out of tree branches
weave his bike between the cars
weave his way through the holiday
shoppers
weave the incident into his memo-
ries
weave a coat with the wool
weave her way across the busy
market
I drove down the hill and wove my way around the people gathered on the grass. web 1． 网络时代出现了许多关于 Web
( 电脑网络) 的词汇:
web browser
webcam
weblish
weblog
webmaster
web page
web site
web traffic
webzine
webhead
web crawler
webinar
webisode
webliography
webmericial
Web publisher
web rage
websurf
webucation
web search home page
web tracker
web tools
web counter
web technologies
web standards
web guide
web space
web developer
web design group
web magazine
web tutorials
web statistics
web form
web watch
web policy
web version
web clinic
web server
web address
2． 可以说:
a web of lies
a web of deceit
a web of relationships
a web of falsehoods
a web of deception
a web of financial dealings
a web of life
a web of tax regulations
a web of On-line grammars
a web of ideas
a web of semantics
a web of linguistic fun
a web of legal ethics
a web of knowledge
a web of resources
a web of distributed objects
a web of intellectual property
a web of information
a web of entertaining websites
a web of censorship
a web of spies
a web of workers
a web of accountability
a web of textures
a web of applications
a web of solidarity
a web of influence
a web of trust
a web of distrust
a web of change
a web of mystery
a web of respect
a web of streams
a web of partner and customer
systems
a web of shocks
a web of control
a web of support
a web of politics
a web of news
a web of smuggling
a web of services
a web of interrelated concepts
a web of love
a web of opportunities
a web of libraries
a web of words
a web of confusion
a web of care
a web of protest
a web of deadlines
a web of fuzzy problems
a web of troubles
a web of links
a web of approaches
a web of e-services
a web of rules
a web of artifacts
a web of lobbyists
a web of naked fancies
a web of connections
a web of associations
a web of executable programs
a web of intrigue documents wed 1． 作 “结婚”解，常有以下说法:
They were wedded last year.
He wedded her last year.
They wedded last year.
He is about to wed.
Mike and Mary are due to wed in the fall.
She will be wedded to HS Wil-
liams
2． wed 常作新闻标题:
Billionaire To Wed Supermodel
Saturday
Japan's Princess Sayako To Wed
3． wed 没有 marry 常用。
4． 参见 marry。 wedding 各种 wedding anniversaries ( 结婚周年纪念日) 的习惯叫法有两大类，现列如下。
1． Traditional Wedding Anniversa-
ries( 传统结婚周年纪念日说法) :
the first anniversary — paper ( an-
niversary)
tje second anniversary — cotton
( anniversary)
the third anniversary — leather
( anniversary)
the fourth anniversary — fruit /
flower ( anniversary)
the fifth anniversary — wood ( an-
niversary)
the sixth anniversary — candy / i-
ron ( anniversary)
the seventh anniversary — wool /
copper ( anniversary)
the eighth anniversary — bronze /
pottery ( anniversary)
the ninth anniversary — pottery /
willow ( anniversary)
the tenth anniversary — tin / alu-
minum ( anniversary)
the eleventh anniversary — steel
( anniversary)
the twelfth anniversary silk — lin-
en ( anniversary)
the thirteen anniversary — lace
( anniversary)
the fourteenth anniversary — ivory
( anniversary)
the fifteenth anniversary — crystal
( anniversary)
the twentieth anniversary — china
( anniversary)
the twenty-fifth anniversary — sil-
ver ( anniversary)
the thirtieth anniversary — pearl
( anniversary)
the thirty-fifth anniversary — coral
( anniversary)
the fortieth anniversary — ruby
( anniversary)
the forty-fifth anniversary — sap-
phire ( anniversary)
the fiftieth anniversary — gold
( anniversary)
the sixtieth anniversary — dia-
mond ( anniversary)
2． Modern Wedding Anniversaries
( 现代结婚周年纪念日说法) :
the first anniversay — clocks ( an-
niversary)
the second anniversay — china
( anniversary)
the third anniversay — crystal /
glass ( anniversary)
the fourth anniversay — appli-
ances ( anniversary)
the fifth anniversay — silverware
( anniversary)
the sixth anniversay — candy / i-
ron ( anniversary)
the seventh anniversay — desk
sets ( anniversary)
the eighth anniversay — bronze /
pottery ( anniversary)
the ninth anniversay — linen /
lace ( anniversary)
the tenth anniversay — leather
( anniversary)
the eleventh anniversay — jewelry
( anniversary)
the twelfth anniversay — pearls
( anniversary)
the thirteenth anniversay — tex-
tiles / furs ( anniversary)
the fourteenth anniversay — gold
jewelry ( anniversary)
the fifteenth anniversay — wat-
ches ( anniversary)
the twentieth anniversay — dia-
mond ( anniversary)
the thirty-fifth anniversay — jade
( anniversary)
the fortieth anniversay — ruby
( anniversary)
the forty-fifth anniversay — sap-
phire ( anniversary)
the fiftieth anniversay — gold ( an-
niversary)
the fifty-fifth anniversay — emer-
ald ( anniversary)
the sixtieth anniversay — diamond
( anniversary) weekend 在多数国家里，weekend 一般都指
Saturday 和 Sunday 两天，long week-
end 可以再包括 Friday 或 Monday。 weep 表示“因…… 而哭泣”，weep 后面常跟介词 for，with，over，at，through
等:
I wept for the United States as a whole and the sheer terror that they have to deal with.
I am weeping with gratitude.
He is weeping with frustration.
He wept over his lost treasure.
Families wept over the dead laid on the beaches.
The mother wept at the sight of her lost son.
She wept at the sad news.
I wept through despair.
The young lady wept partly through sorrow and partly through anger. weigh 1． 夸张地说 “……东西很重”可以用
weigh a ton，这主要是美语。一般不说 weigh two tons，weigh tons
of 等:
My bike weighs a ton.
By the end of a long hike， an once in your backpack can feel like it weighs a ton.
2． 可以指抽象的东西:
weigh the facts
weigh the possibilities
weigh the words
weigh the decision
weigh the ideas
weigh the costs of the new system
weigh the consequences
weigh a plan
weigh the chances
weigh the risks
weigh the options
weigh the damage to
weigh the effect of tsunami
weigh the economic harm
weigh the wisdom weight 表示 “体重的增加或减少”，weight
常作不可数名词:
I gained much weight during my pregnancy.
Space station crew lost weight with rationing.
I've put on weight after quitting smoking. welcome 1． 可以作形容词、动词、名词等，表示“欢迎”常可以说:
You are warmly welcome.
We warmly welcome your coming.
A warm welcome to Prime Minis-
ter John Major!
You will be given a warm wel-
come.
You will receive a warm welcome.
You will be given a warm wel-
come.
We will warmly welcome you next week.
We warmly welcomed him last week.
He was warmly welcomed here last week.
2． 欢迎用的标语 “热烈欢迎 ……”
主要有:
A Warm Welcome to President
Bush!
Warmly Welcome President Bush!
3． 英美人在回答别人道谢时常用:
You are welcome. 不用谢。
Not at all. 不用谢。
That's all right. 没什么。别客气。
Any time. 随时为您效劳。
My pleasure. 我很乐意。
Sure. 应该的。 welfare 常作不可数名词:
About two percent of the popula-
tion in the country is on welfare.
Unwed mothers living at home are eligible to receive welfare.
Last year，Congress passed wel-
fare legislation，making deep cuts
in welfare and food stamp pay-
ments.
No one is allowed to divert dona-
ted assets earmarked for public welfare to other uses. well 常与介词或副词一起连用，以加强语气:
well after a long day of hunting
born well before its time
well ahead of schedule
well behind other nations
well below zero
well above national average
constructed well out at sea
well down in the pecking order
well up in the north west 1． 注意一些表达法:
the West( 在美国常可指密西西比河以西的) 西部地区
the Middle West 或 Midwest( 美国中北部至大湖区之间的) 中西部
the Wild West ( 美国法律和秩序建立以前) 野蛮西部、荒野的西部、西大荒
Before Parkman went to the
West，however，he had already
traveled a great part of New Eng-
land as a teenager.
I've done a couple of little， tiny
tours when we went to the Mid-
west and played in Chicago.
Some of the pioneers were loo-
king for excitement and adventure in the Wild West.
2． 在亚洲等东方国家，人们常把 the
West 当作“西欧和美洲等( 发达地区或国家)”:
Will the West's aid ever arrive?
( 海啸之后，东南亚人民问: ) 西方的援助到底还会不会来?
3． 下面两个句子的含义不同:
The airport is to the west of Lon-
don. 该机场在伦敦以西。 ( 机场不在伦敦地区)
The airport is in the west of Lon-
don. 该机场位于伦敦的西部。
( 机场在伦敦地区内)
4． the West End 常指( 英国的) 伦敦西区，那里有王宫、议会、大商店、高级住宅区，是富人居住的地方，与
the East End ( 工薪阶层居住的东部地区) 相对应:
That's why I am moving into the
most beautiful theatre in the West
End of London.
I remember，when spending sev-
eral months in the East End of
London，during which time I wrote
a book and adventured much a-
mongst the worst of the slum clas-
ses， that I got drunk several times. wet damp，wet
两词都可表示“湿的”。
1． damp 是 slightly wet，因而，其含义相对较弱:
a damp basement room
2． wet 是 covered with liquid; in a
liquid state，所以可指 “( 可以看到水的那种) 湿”:
I went out in the rain and got wet.
3． wet 可以指“下雨的”，damp 一般不可以这样用:
a wet day 下雨天 wet moist，wet
两词都有“潮湿”的含义。
1． moist 是 slightly wet 的意思，语气弱于 wet:
moist apple cake
2． wet 指 covered in water， rain，
sweat， tears， or another liquid，
它所指的 “湿”常常能见到 “水”:
My face was wet with tears.
I got my feet wet at the water's edge.
mom， mum， mommy， mum- wet 1． 表示“湿的”程度可以用:
all wet
wet all over
wet through
wet from top to toe
wet to the skin
soaking wet
sopping wet
dripping wet
2． 动词 wet 表示 “尿湿”，常可以说
wet his pants，wet the bed，wet
himself 等:
Why does my child wet the bed?
She has already wetted the pants.
whammy
a double whammy 有 “祸不单行”的含义:
The project started off with a double whammy. 该项目一开始就接二连三地出事。
Will it give us a double whammy?
它会给我们带来接连不断的厄运吗? wetland moor， marsh， swamp， wetland ，bog
这组词都有 “( 沼) 泽”的含义。
1． moor 主要是英国用法，指“长满杂草、低矮灌木丛的沼泽”，侧重强调“土地贫瘠，但不一定低洼”; 常用作复数:
the Yorkshire moors
It is higher， right up on the moors.
2． marsh 与 swamp 含义接近，常可换用; 但 swamp 比 marsh 大一些，而且杂草多得几乎无法通行;
marsh 则更强调积水和泥泞; 我国古代名著《水浒》的一种译法就是
Outlaws in the Marsh: || There was a deep and thorny swamp nearby. || There was a watery marsh close by.
3． wetland 常指 “遭附近湖泊、河流或海水覆盖的低洼湿地”，含义比较宽泛，常用复数:
protect the wildness of the wetlands
4． bog 是爱尔兰语，强调“松软”，走在上面可能会 “陷入其中，难以自拔”:
He knocked me down face first in a knee deep muddy bog. wheat 1． 一般为不可数名词，表示其数量时，可以说:
tons of wheat
a fine crop of wheat
a grain of wheat
a field of wheat
ripe golden fields of wheat
a lot of wheat
much wheat
a little wheat
little wheat
a kernel of wheat
a patch of wheat
3000 varieties of wheat
different classes of wheat
three kinds of wheat
the average annual production of
wheat
sheaves of wheat
sacks of wheat
100 acres of wheat
a garden of wheat
the worldwide production of wheat
species of wheat
green ears of wheat
two basic types of wheat
a train of wheat
bushels of wheat
bags of wheat
packages of wheat
various grades of wheat
large volumes of wheat
2． 表示 “多种麦子”时，wheat 可以用复数:
This was surprising because pre-
historic wheats are not thought to make good bread.
We also found that cultivated
wheats are more genetically di-
verse than previously thought.
The project asked commercial
buyers from Asian countries to as-
sess eight hard red spring wheats and nine hard red winter wheats.
Both are wheats developed at
Montana State University. wheel 1． 表示 “开车”时，可以说:
Who was at the wheel on your
way back home? 在你回家的路上是谁开车?
If you are tired，let me take the wheel. 如果你累了，那就让我来开车吧。
As millions of Asians get behind
the wheel， the region's overloa-
ded roads are becoming highways to hell. 数百万亚洲人驾起车来，这一地区的道路不堪重负，好比通向地狱的高速公路。
2． 美国常被人们认为是 a nation on
wheels( 轮子上的国家 ) ; 中国也被人们称为 “轮子上的国家”，但说法不同:
The car made the United States on wheels.
China is a nation on wheels — bi-
cycle wheels.
3． 复数常用来喻指 “过程、力量”等，可以说:
the wheels of administration
the wheels of industry
the wheels of justice
the wheels of government
the wheels of chance
the wheels of e-business
the wheels of war
the wheels of poverty
the wheels of progress
the wheels of Web commerce
the wheels of democracy
the wheels of inflation
the wheels of life
the wheels of diplomacy
the wheels of censorship
the wheels of fortune
the wheels of success
the wheels of the Internet
the wheels of memory
the wheels of the labor market
the wheels of the military machine
4． the third wheel，the fifth wheel 可以指 “( 组织、机构、队伍等中 ) 冗员”:
The third wheel refers to the per-
son who is the outsider when there is a group of three.
I don't want to be the third wheel.
As regards the priest， one can
safely say that he is the fifth wheel
of the wagon in the modern con-
ception. when 1． 作副词引导的状语从句中，常不用将来时:
When I finish my training course，
I will look for a better job. ( 不说
when I will finish)
2． 有人认为，不可以说 When has he
done it， I wonder when he has
done it 一类的句子，但在实际使用中，这种句子还是有的:
I wondered when you had last cleaned out your ears.
3． 跟在名词后面引导一个定语从句时常可以由 that 代替或省去。下面几个句子都可以说，意思相同:
I remember the day when the war broke out.
I remember the day that the war broke out.
I remember the day the war broke out.
There are times when I wonder why I do this job.
There are times that I wonder why
I do this job.
There are times I wonder why I do this job. where 1． 下面两种说法都可以，但后者比较规范，使用频率高:
Where are you going?
Where are you going to?
2． 下面两个句子中的两种说法都可以，但第二种说法较简洁，使用频率高:
Is there anywhere where I can
find instructions on how to install a
car?
Is there anywhere I can find in-
structions on how to install a car?
( 较简洁)
This is somewhere where I'd like to come back to play some more.
This is somewhere I'd like to come back to play some more. ( 较简洁) whereabouts 作名词使用时，后面可以跟单数或复数动词，使用复数动词的频率高:
1． Marine's whereabouts are still a mystery.
His whereabouts have been un-
known since then and his family is desperately searching for him.
( 用复数动词，使用频率高)
2． His whereabouts has not been known continuously for a period of at least three years.
His whereabouts is till unknown.
( 用单数动词) whether 1． 表示 “是巧合还是刻意安排”，下面两种说法都可以，意思相同:
She lost the game whether by ac-
cident or design.
She lost the game whether
through luck or on purpose
2． whether 与 if 主要有以下区别。
1) 在 to 前用 whether，不用 if:
I am not sure whether to go on with my research. ( 不用 if)
2) 在介词后用 whether，不用 if:
The credibility of the United States
today hangs on whether the US
can do justice for the Palestini-
ans.
3) 在名词后用 whether，不用 if:
We have just discussed the future possibility whether we can find the new direction or not.
4) 当 or not 紧随时，需用 whether，
不用 if:
Do you ever wonder whether or not it's worth the investment to build this partnership. ( 但可以说 I
couldn't remember whether / if you took sugar in your coffee or not. 因为 or not 与 whether 分开)
5) 引导希望得到 yes，no 回答的间接引语时，用 whether，if 都可以:
We asked whether / if they would like to vote by mail. ( 希望他们回答 yes 或 no) which 1． 常有以下用法。
1) 在名词前作限定词:
Which house do you live in?
Ask her which car she wants.
2) 作代词:
Which of your secrets does your
handwriting reveal about you to-
day? ( 后面跟 of)
Ask him which he wants. ( 不跟名词)
He made his appearance to shake my hand，which I guess is sort of a symbolic kiss. ( 引导关系从句)
2． 注意 which 和 what 在用法上的区别。
1) 选择的范围有限时，用 which:
Which computer is yours — the
Legend or the IBM? ( 不说 What
computer is yours，因为只有一种选择的可能)
2) 选择的范围广泛时，用 what:
What are your favorite American
novels? ( 有许多美国小说可供选择，应该用 what)
3) 在指 “人”时，which 和 what 都可以用，但用 which 比较正式:
Which / what American writers do
you like most?
4) 只有 which 后面可以跟 of:
Which of Jack London's novels do
you like most? ( 不说 What of Jack
London's novels do you like
most?)
5) 在引导类似下列的关系从句时，可以用 which 或 what，而且它们都可以省略:
Have you found the watch ( which /
that) you lost yesterday? whiff 可以说:
a whiff of sweet smell
a whiff of good cooking
a whiff of her perfume
a whiff of sea breeze
a whiff of fresh air
a whiff of garlic
a whiff of gas
a whiff of cheese
a whiff of dying roses
a whiff of petroleum
a whiff of propaganda
a whiff of scandal
a whiff of hypocrisy
a whiff of danger
a whiff of suspicion
a whiff of temper
a whiff of fascism
a whiff of democracy
a whiff of corruption
a whiff of death
a whiff of success
a whiff of life
a whiff of desperation
a whiff of freedom
a whiff of the future
a whiff of the past
a whiff of revolt
a whiff of politics
a whiff of the Internet
a whiff of conflicts
a whiff of chaos
a whiff of destiny
a whiff of regulation
a whiff of appreciation
a whiff of arrogance
a whiff of profits
a whiff of risk
a whiff of socialism
a whiff of romance
a whiff of whimsy
a whiff of riches while 1． while 与 when 的区别。
1) while 一般不用来指 “一个时间节点”。 一般不说 While someone
called，you were away to the mar-
ket. 某人 “打电话来”是 “瞬间的事”，因此不可用 while someone
called。
2) 可以说:
Someone called while you were a-
way to the market. ( “你去逛市场”会有一段较长的时间，可以用
while)
2． while 与 although 的区别。
1) while 比 although 正式。
2) while 引导的从句较多表示肯定的意思，其主句常表示与其相反的意思:
While I understand your political position，I can't accept your view.
( while 引导的从句表示肯定的“理解”，主句却说“不能接受你的观点”的反面意思)
3． 用 while 表示“消磨时间”可以说:
I whiled away my time by reading a novel.
I whiles away the time by reading a novel.
I whiled away the hours by reading a novel.
I whiled away the hours of waiting by reading a novel.
I whiled a few hours away by reading a novel.
I whiled the hours away by reading a novel.
I whiled the time away by reading a novel.
I whiled away the hours reading a novel.
4． 用 while 表示 “一段时间”，可以说:
for a while
for a long while
quite a while
a little while ago
in a little while
in a short while
a while ago
a short while ago
once in a while
all the while
after a while
rest every little while
for a good while
once in a good while
once in a long while
in the mean while
a pleasant while
wash things between whiles
He used to bring her forth at whiles. whim 表示“凭 …… 的一时兴致”，whim 前常用 on，at，in 等，on 的使用频率很高:
Most New Year's resolutions are made on a whim.
At the whim of Hollywood， a fountain was placed in the main piazza.
I tried using them in a whim. whisker 1． whisker 作 “胡子”解时，常用复数:
Lincoln grew whiskers before arri-
ving at the White House.
2． 参见 beard。 whisky 1． whisky 常作不可数名词:
a bottle of whisky
a glass of whisky
a lot of whisky
much whisky
three types of whisky
12 casks of whisky
a large amount of whisky
a shot of whisky
20 ounces of whisky
10 litres of whisky
a single barrel of whisky
a broad range of whisky
2． 复数 whiskeys，whiskies ( 英国拼法) 常指“多杯威士忌酒”或“多种威士忌酒”:
American whiskeys are all-grain
spirits that have been produced
from a mash bill that mixes to-
gether corn， rye， wheat， barley
and other grains in different pro-
portions. ( 这里的 whiskeys 指
“多种美国威士忌酒”)
The waiter handed him a whis-
key. ( 这里的 a whiskey 指 “一杯威士忌酒”) whisper 表示“轻声地说”时，常有以下说法:
He whispered.
He said it in a whisper.
He spoke in whispers.
He talked in whispers.
He whispered in my ear.
He whispered to me.
He whispered it to me.
He didn't whisper a word of that.
He whispered to me that he loves me.
He whispered that he loves me.
His voice dropped to a whisper
His voice dropped to a low whis-
per.
His voice was no more than a whisper. white 美国的 the White House 前面要加定冠词，英国的 Whitehall ( 英国主要政府机关所在地) 前面常不用定冠词:
The White House gets a facelift!
On the site of an old cockpit oppo-
site Whitehall in London was a
block of buildings used from the
17th century as offices by the treasury and the privy. who ，whom
1． 作动词的宾语，尤其作介词的宾语时，习惯用 whom，但在现代英语中一般用 who 代替 whom:
Whom did you meet at the recep-
tion? ( 较正式)
To whom are you going to talk?
( 较正式)
Who did you meet at the recep-
tion? ( 较常用)
Who are you going to talk to? ( 较常用)
2． who ，whom 作关系从句中的宾语时常可省略:
He is the Dean ( who / whom )
you met at the reception last night.
3． who's who ( 要员、名人 ) 可作名词，常用作单数:
a regular who's who of Internet
leaders
The lecture was attended by a who's who of Sydney industrial lawyers. whole 1． 下面的说法都可以:
My whole family is going out for a year-end dinner tonight.
The whole family is going out for a year-end dinner tonight.
The whole of my family is going out for a year-end dinner tonight.
A whole bunch of my family mem-
bers are going out for a year-end dinner tonight.
A whole host of my family mem-
bers are going out for a year-end dinner tonight.
2． whole milk ( 全脂奶粉) 前常不用冠词:
Why choose 1 or 2 percent milk
when whole milk is only 3． 7 per-
cent fat?
Why do you like whole milk? whom 参见 who。 whoop 英美人在惊呼意外、高兴、激动等时常用复数 whoops:
Whoops! I've nearly hit the curb.
Whoops! I shouldn't have told you about it.
Whoops，it's past 12． I'd better go home. why 下面两句都可以说，含义相同:
Why should we help that snobbish
guy?
Why help that snobbish guy? wide broad，wide
两词都可表示“宽的”。
1． 在强调“一边到另一边的宽度”时，两词经常可以换用:
a broad / wide street
a broad / wide river
2． broad 常强调“表面宽的”:
a broad leaf
the broad plains
broad shoulders
3． wide 除强调“表面宽的”外，还侧重指“开口、间隙、空隙的宽度”:
a wide opening
a wide gash in his leg
a wide mouth wide 1． wide 和 broad 都可表示“宽的”，
但有区别; 说“地区、区域等宽的”用 wide，broad 都可以:
wide / broad plains
a wide / broad river
2． 表示 “人体某个部位宽的”要用
broad:
broad shoulders
broad forehead
broad nose
3． -wide常作构词成分，表示 “全……
范围的”:
a citywide movement
a worldwide action
a nationwide website
the campuswide honors program
a townwide yard sale
schoolwide community-building ac-
tivities wildlife 常为不可数名词:
The Foundation conserves healthy populations of fish， wildlife and plants.
We are very much concerned a-
bout pets and wildlife.
If you go to Yellowstone is there a
lot of wildlife running around? will 表示 “遗嘱”时，可以说( 以使用频率排列) :
A will involves far more than dis-
tributing goods and money.
A will file should not be destroyed until after the estate has been fully administered.
Donors should be encouraged to consult their own attorney when drafting a will document. willing 修饰具体的或抽象的事物都可以:
a willing help
a willing helper
a willing partner
a willing volunteer
a willing support
a willing cooperation
willing adults
a willing ear
a willing servant
a willing worker
a willing horse
a willing spirit
a willing nurse
a willing heart
a willing provider
a willing team
a willing public
a willing hand
a willing suitor
a willing seller
a willing host Wimbledon 1． 作 “温布尔顿网球赛”解时，前面常不用定冠词:
Wimbledon is the world's oldest tennis champions.
I give up Wimbledon.
2． 可以说:
the Wimbledon Championships
the Wimbledon tennis champion-
ships win 1． 现代社会中常讲的“双赢”可以用
win-win 来表达:
a win-win game
a win-win lawsuit
a win-win situation
a win-win proposal
a win-win solution
a win-win trade
a win-win deal
a win-win opportunity
a win-win strategy
It's a win-win.
2． 还可以说 “三赢”等:
Sabre's management shakeup is a win-win-win.
wind
wind 作“风”解，可用作可数和不可数名词
1． a light wind
a high wind
a strong wind
a freezing wind
a subsided wind
an adverse wind
a big wind
a choppy wind
a cutting wind
a fresh wind
a fair wind
a favorable wind
an icy wind
an ill wind
a misty wind
a rustling wind
a sharp wind
a soft wind ( 以上为单数)
2． high winds
biting north winds
prevailing winds
gale-force winds ( 以上为复数)
3． a gust of wind
a breath of wind
a puff of wind ( 以上为不可数) window 1． 表示 “……之窗”，window 后面可用介词 to，of，on，onto，into 等，使用频率相似:
It opens a window to the past.
It offers a window of opportunities for conservatives.
It opened a window on a world of shape and color.
Europe opens a window onto a vi-
olent universe.
Recent ocean drilling has opened a window into the deep biosphere beneath the seafloor.
2． 表示“窗帘”，美国人说 window
shade，英国人说 window blind;
“汽车挡风玻璃”美国人说 wind-
shield，英国人说 windscreen。 wine 1． 是 “葡萄酒”，常见的“葡萄酒”有:
red wine 红葡萄酒
white wine 白葡萄酒
rose wine 去皮红葡萄酒，粉红葡萄酒
vintage ( 某特定年份产的) 葡萄酒
dry ( wine) 不甜的葡萄酒此外，酒的种类很多:
whisky 威士忌
Scotch 苏格兰威士忌
bourbon 美国威士忌
rye ( 黑麦酿造的) 美国威士忌
malt ( 全部用麦芽酿造的) 威士忌
brandy 白兰地
rum ( 甘蔗酿造的) 朗姆酒
gin 杜松子酒
martini ( 用杜松子酒、苦艾酒、苦啤酒混合而成的) 马丁尼酒
vodka( 俄国、波兰等国的) 伏特加烈酒
mead 蜂蜜酒
cocktail 鸡尾酒
claret 法国餐用红葡萄酒
sherry 雪利酒
champagne 香槟酒
vermouth 苦艾酒
liquor 烈酒
beer 啤酒
draught beer 生啤酒
alcohol 含酒精的酒
booze 烈酒
tot 少量的威士忌酒
2． 常作不可数名词:
He likes wine with his evening meal.
glasses of sweet white wine
a bottle of wine
100 cases of wine
one barrel of wine
500 gallons of wine
shipments of wine
3． 表示“一杯酒”时，wine 可以数:
a wine 一杯酒
two red wines 两杯红葡萄酒 wing 1． take wing 意为“起飞”，wing 前常不用冠词， 一般不说 take the
wings，take wings，take a wing，
take the wing 等:
Corporate air charters take wing.
My dream took wing in the United
States.
2． 表示“使加速”，常用复数 wings:
add wings to
give wing( s) to
lend wings to
The future plan is to add wings /
lend wings / give wings to the stage for a runaway recovery at the launch site.
3． wing 表示 “派别”时，有不少说法:
the left wing
the right wing
the liberal wing
the military wing
the political wing
the youth wing
the radical wing
4． “有 …… 翅膀的”可以用-winged
构词:
a red-winged black bird
four-winged dinosaurs
a green-winged teal
long-winged bats
golden-winged woodpeckers
swift-winged flycatchers
the glassy-winged sharpshooter
one-winged Angel Lair
leather-winged demons in the
night
an orange-winged parrot
a pallid-winged grasshopper
a spread-winged bird dug up at
the ruin
a giant-winged creature
white-winged doves
broad-winged hawks
rough-winged swallows
two-winged flies
5． winged 可以搭配成很多新词组:
winged words
legendary winged sandals
winged robots
winged beans
winged thistle
winged oysters
a winged cruise ship
Winged elm is a native species.
winged messengers
winged beasts
winged ants
the winged lion
winged snakes
winged insects
winged victories
winged serpent
winged souls
wink，blink，twinkle
三词都有 “眨眼”的含义。
1． wink 的“眨眼”常是传递一种信号，一种会意，如表示你刚才说过的话只是 “开玩笑”，或一种“秘密”，或一种 “命令”等，是主动地
“眨眼”:
He smiled， winked， and let her pass.
You caught my breath when you winked at me that night.
2． blink 常指“因为光线太强烈、看不清东西而不由自主地眨眼”:
My eyes have blinked in the strong sunlight from the window.
She blinked when awakened by the phone call.
3． twinkle 常指 “因感到幽默、好笑、高兴、激动等而眨眼”:
Her eyes twinkled with excitement and amusement.
4． 表示“光亮闪烁”解，三词无太大区别，有时可以换用:
At night，lights in the mountain vil-
lage twinkled / blinked / winked. winnow 下面几种说法都可以，意思近似:
The committee has winnowed the candidates to five.
The committee has winnowed down the candidates to five.
The committee has winnowed the candidates down to five.
The committee has winnowed out five candidates. winter 说 in winter 和 in the winter 都可以，两种说法都很常用，in winter 的使用频率略高，下面两句的意思相同:
This small town is deserted in win-
ter.
This small town is deserted in the winter. wipe 下面两种说法的意思相同，wipe sth
from sth 和 wipe sth off sth 的使用频率相当:
Tenderly，he wiped the dirt from my face，and combed the tangles from my hairs.
Tenderly，he wiped the dirt off my face， and combed the tangles from my hairs. wire 1． 泛指 “金属线、金属丝”，wire 常作不可数名词，但可以说:
a spiral of wire
60 feet of wire
different types of wire
a yard of wire
a few bits of wire
approximately 200 miles of wire
a square loop of wire
a pile of wire
lots of wire
a piece of wire
a length of wire
a coil of wire
a roll of wire
all kinds of wire
a spool of wire
2． a wire 可以指 “一根金属线、一段金属丝”等:
There are several wires attached to it. wisdom 1． wisdom 常作不可数名词，但可以说:
much wisdom
little wisdom
a little wisdom
a lot of wisdom
nuggets of wisdom
many words of wisdom
a piece of wisdom
oceans of wisdom
numerous precepts of wisdom
10 quotes of wisdom
the four rivers of wisdom
2． 还可以说:
daily wisdom
unconventional wisdom
native wisdom
women's wisdom
winged wisdom
spiritual wisdom
great wisdom
folk wisdom
received wisdom
conventional wisdom
acquired wisdom
collective wisdom
learned wisdom
far-seeing wisdom
practical wisdom
profound wisdom
worldly wisdom
scientific wisdom
housekeeping wisdom
traditional wisdom
original wisdom
ancient wisdom
accumulated wisdom
common wisdom
universal wisdom
eternal wisdom
professional wisdom wise 可构词成分-wise，常可构成以下词。
1． 组成表示 “关于……样子”等方面的词，现在这种构词法比较随意:
worldly-wise
talent-wise
weather-wise
career-wise
time-wise
student-wise
likewise
businesswise
latticewise
otherwise
pairwise
plotwise
employment-wise
moneywise
publicitywise
luxurywise
anywise
Web-wise
size-wise
biowise
eco-wise
women-wise
pennywise
travel-wise
profitwise
saleswise
taxwise
tech-wise
weight-wise
2． 组成表示 “方向”的新词:
clockwise
lengthwise
slantwise
cornerwise
crosswise
crab-wise
anti-clockwise
sidewise wish 1． 常用以下句型:
I wish ( that ) I were a cowboy.
( wish that )
I wish to appear in a major motion picture. ( wish to do sth)
I wish you a merry Christmas.
( wish sb sth)
I don't wish to be labeled in any manner. ( don't wish to be)
2． 一般不说:
I wish seeing him this afternoon.
( wish 后面一般不跟动名词短语)
3． 后面的从句中常用虚拟语气:
I wish I were a poet!
It is my wish that she should marry
Mike.
4． 在信件或 email ( 电子邮件) 的结尾表示 “祝愿”时，有以下表达方法:
with best wishes
best wishes wisp 可以说:
a wisp of black smoke
a wisp of white cloud
a wisp of curly hair
a wisp of dry hay
a wisp of wet straw
a wisp of green grass
a wisp of a girl
a wisp of fantasy
a wisp of light
a wisp of a story
a wisp of a smile
a wisp of silk
a wisp of thin air
a wisp of energy wit 1． 说 at one's wit's end，at one's
wits' end，at one's wits end 都可以，用 at one's wits' end 的频率高，at one's wits end 最不常用:
The governor is at his wit's end a-
bout the practice of the corrupt police.
The governor is at his wits' end a-
bout the practice of the corrupt police.
2． 可以说:
a lively wit
a quick wit
a rude wit
a worthless wit
a light wit
an exhilarating wit
a dry wit
a simple wit
an obscene wit
a biting wit
an acerbic wit
an admirable wit
a sparkling wit
a caustic wit
an incisive wit
a keen wit
a trenchant wit
an innate wit
a ready wit
a slow wit
a cheap wit
a shallow wit
an out of fashion wit
a blunted wit
a fresh wit
a comic wit
a shattered wit
a vulgar wit
3． 表示“靠小聪明过活”时，用 live by
one's wits，live on one's wits，live
off one's wits 等都可以，live by
one's wits 最常用:
I was forced to live by my wits.
I was forced to live on my wits.
I was forced to live off my wits. withdraw 1． 常用 withdrawfrom 的句型:
The company is going to withdraw all its employees from Iran next month.
The United States would withdraw
its troops from tsunami relief oper-
ations.
2． 可以说:
withdraw the support
withdraw the funds
withdraw the case
withdraw the crazy toys from the
market
withdraw the overtime pay cut
withdraw the funding
withdraw the subsidies
withdraw the sponsorship
withdraw the cash
withdraw the money
withdraw the savings
withdraw the remark
withdraw the objection
withdraw the allegation
withdraw the resignation
withdraw the troops
withdraw the relief workers
withdraw the horse from the race
withdraw the hands
withdraw the eyes from the scene
withdraw the mane from the list
withdraw the motion
withdraw the advert
withdraw the ambassadors
withdraw myself
withdraw the soiled bank notes
from circulation
withdraw the job application
withdraw the attention
withdraw the focus witness 这组词都有“旁观者”的含义。
1． spectator 常指“体育等公共活动的观看者”:
football spectators
the spectators of the Athens
Olympics
2． onlooker 常指“顺便的围观者”:
Onlookers watched him shot to death in a gun battle.
After the car crash， the police asked the onlookers to move back.
3． bystander 主要强调“旁观者的冷漠和无动于衷”，有“局外人”的含义:
Never be a bystander in the fight for human rights.
4． witness 强调“亲眼目睹”和“出场作证”:
He is a witness to the genocide.
speech，address，talk
这组词都有“演讲”的含义。
1． speech 比较普通，可以指“正式场合有准备的演说”，也可以指“即席的发言”:
an inauguration speech( 正式场合的演说)
the President's political speeches
( 有准备的演说)
an off-hand speech ( 无准备的发言)
a hasty and thoughtless speech
( 无准备的发言)
2． address 尤指“在重大场合有准备的演说”:
presidential addresses
a commencement address
the Premier's televised address to
the nation
3． talk 比较口语化，在日常会话中常取代 speech 或 address:
The visiting professor is going to
give a talk / a speech / an ad-
dress to the seniors. witness 1． 表示“见证……”，可以说:
He was a witness to the incident.
He was witness to the incident.
He was a witness of the incident.
He was a witness at the scene of the incident.
He witnessed the incident.
He witnessed to having seen the incident.
2． 下面两种说法都对:
We are witnesses to the incident.
We are witness to the incident. woman 1． another woman 或 the other
woman 可用来指 “( 婚姻或恋爱关系中的) 第三者”:
It's no fun being the other woman.
Do you have another woman out-
side?
2． 修饰其他名词时，如果名词是复数，应作相应改变:
a woman scientist
women scientists
3． 在念名单 ( 如中央委员名单) 时，要说明是 “女性”，不用 woman，
常用 female。
4． 说 “妇女的……”一般用复数
women's:
women's liberation movement
women's health information
women's sports page
women's history
women's rights
women's issues
women's organizations
women's forum
women's literature
5． “妇女问题研究”不说 women's
problem research，而说 women's
studies，作为一门学科，后面常跟单数动词:
Women's studies is an academic discipline itself.
Women's studies has grown dra-
matically in the last 15 years. womanish womanish，womanly
两词都可作形容词，但含义不同。
1． womanish 是贬义词，指 “男人有女人气的”:
He believes it is womanish to obey others.
His hair is gathered up in a womanish way.
2． womanly 是褒义词，指 “女人特有的、女人应有的、适合女人的”等:
Your looking at a man is womanly.
She possesses all womanly vir-
tues. womanly womanish，womanly
两词都可作形容词，但含义不同。
1． womanish 是贬义词，指 “男人有女人气的”:
He believes it is womanish to obey others.
His hair is gathered up in a womanish way.
2． womanly 是褒义词，指 “女人特有的、女人应有的、适合女人的”等:
Your looking at a man is womanly.
She possesses all womanly vir-
tues. wonder 1． “创造奇迹”说 do wonders，work
wonders，perform wonders，用复数 wonders:
Mushrooms may work wonders /
do wonders / perform wonders in cancer treatment and prevention.
2． 可以说:
It's no / little / small wonder
( that ) truth is stranger than fic-
tion.
I'm wondering how / when /
where / whether / why / who /
what / about / if / that / over wonderful splendid，wonderful
两词都可表示“极好的”，但 splendid
比 wonderful 正式，splendid 在英国口语中用得较多:
I'll meet you at the airport - Oh，
splendid! ( 英国用法，美国人可能会说 super，great 等)
splendor
splendor 和 splendors 都可以指“华丽、壮观”，区别在于 splendor 常指抽象的“华丽”，splendors 侧重指
“华丽的东西”，试比较:
It was a period of splendor when civilization took shape. 它是文明形成时一段灿烂辉煌的时期。
The visitors were very much im-
pressed by the splendors of
Rome. 罗马的辉煌给游客们留下了深刻印象。 ( 这里的 splendors
指具体的罗马建筑等) wonderful 修饰人、具体事物、抽象理念都可以:
a wonderful view
a wonderful man
a wonderful performance
wonderful news
a wonderful time
a wonderful day
a wonderful opportunity
a wonderful person
a wonderful holiday
a wonderful feeling
a wonderful achievement
a wonderful system
a wonderful actor
wonderful misty air
a wonderful life
a wonderful world
a wonderful invention
wonderful support
a wonderful country
a wonderful town
a wonderful magazine
wonderful features
a wonderful companion
a wonderful Website
a wonderful talk wood 1． wood 泛指 “木头”解，常为不可数名词，但可以说:
a piece of wood
some more wood
an armful of wood
different kinds of wood
piles of wood
a truckload of wood
all types of wood
much wood
lots of wood
2． 指 “多种木头、树木”时，可以说 a
wood，several woods:
Rare and beautiful woods like these are under threat.
You should learn the differences between soft and hard woods.
3． the woods 常指 “树林、林地”，一般不如 forest 那么大，后面常跟复数动词:
He took a walk in the woods be-
hind the house.
The woods are dense，green and lively. wooden 可以修饰具体和抽象的名词:
wooden chair
wooden box
wooden floor
wooden walls
wooden legs
wooden plunger
wooden perches
wooden boats
wooden house
wooden jigsaw puzzles
wooden weapons
wooden toys
wooden shoes
wooden swords
wooden canoe
wooden sticks
wooden cases
wooden gifts
wooden spoon
wooden movements
wooden actress
wooden performance
wooden mind
wooden acting
wooden expression
wooden face
wooden old man
wooden brain
wooden style
accept wooden money
take wooden nickel
up the wooden hill
wooden-headed
wooden wedding wool 1． 一般作不可数名词，但可以说:
a ball of wool
bales of wool
bags of wool
types of wool
tufts of wool
a bunch of wool
clumps of wool
coiled springs of wool
spools of wool
skeins of wool
one kg of wool
knots of wool
tons of wool
a cart of wool
a truckload of wool
blends of wool
mixtures of wool
sacks of wool
2． “穿毛料衣服”常说 wear wool，不说 wear a wool， wear wools，
wear the wool 等:
Underneath， you should wear wool or silk.
In the early modern era，Europe-
an people mostly wore wool or lin-
en.
3． 表示“毛料衣服”说 a wool coat，
a woolen coat 都可以，意思相同:
She made each of us a woolen coat.
She made each of us a wool coat. word remark，word
两词都有“话语”的含义。
1． remark 强调“简洁、简短”，有评论性质:
nice remarks from the customers
make some remarks about his be-
havior
2． words 比较普通，使用域广:
say it in your own words
a man of few words
I want have a few words with you.
3． 可以说 May I have a word with you. 一般不说 May I have a re-
mark with you. word 1． 注意下面两句话中，word 短语的不同含义:
May I have a word with you? 我可以跟你谈一会儿吗?
I had words with her and she stormed out. 我与她吵了一架，她生气地冲了出去。
2． 表示“消息”时，常用作不可数名词:
Word came that those interested might apply for the program. ( 不说 a word came that  或 words
came that)
As his knowledge and skills grew and his reputation spread，word of his success got back to his father.
( 不说 a word of his success  或
words of his success)
3． -word 常用在一个字母后面，作构词成分，以避免使用难以启齿的词:
You guessed it — it's the F-word.
Don't mention the R-word. work ，job
1． 两词都可以作“工作”解。
1) work 是不可数名词，job 是可数名词:
I have a lot of work to do this af-
ternoon.
I have a job as a taxi-driver.
2) work 泛指 “工作”，job 指具体的
“一件件工作或事情”:
She couldn't find work in New
York.
She finished several jobs before going to bed.
3) “脑力的工作”常用 work:
Scientists are watching his brain at work.
I am at work on a dictionary re-
cently.
4) “工作许可证”用 work permit，不说 job permit:
Within 90 days I applied for a work permit with one company who offered me a job.
2． -work 常用作构词成分:
paintwork
woodwork
needlework
fieldwork
ironwork
earthwork
glasswork
3． works 作 “工厂” 解时，常用在
“制造业”方面:
an iron and steel works
4． 其他 “工厂”还有:
a machine-tools plant ( 机械制造)
a chemical plant ( 化学工业)
a textile / flour / poper mill ( 轻工业)
factory ( 泛指各种工场)
5． 表示“文学作品、著作”等时，work
的单复数都可以用:
His faithful assistant continued his work of writing.
Garp wanted the world to know only his works of writing.
6． 注意: 表示成套的 “著作”一般用复数 works:
the Complete Works of William
Shakespeare
the Works of Ralph Waldo Emer-
son worker worker，laborer
两词都可译成 “工人”。
1． worker 可指各种 “工人”:
a brain worker
an unskilled worker
an agricultural worker
a good worker
a slow worker
2． laborer 常指“从事艰苦劳动的工人”:
a farm laborer
manual laborers working 1． 使用频率很高，可修饰很多名词:
the working women
the working life
the working population
the working conditions
the working environment
the working day
the working order
the working paper
the working week
the working class
the working clothes
the working capital
the working knowledge
the working relationship
the working majority
the working title
the working lunch
the working breakfast
the working dinner
the working load
the working memory
the working model
the working people
the working theory
the working hours
the working outline
the working party
the working plan
the working space
the working parents
the working process
the working vocabulary
the working expressions
the working holidays
the working group
the working Moms
the working dogs
the working partnerships
the working career
the working English
2． working girls 有时可以指“妓女”:
She informs him that she is a working girl and does not want to bore him with the details.
She is a working girl and her bed's seen some sights. world 1． 表示“全世界”可以说:
all over the world
throughout the world
the world over
in the whole world
around the world
2． “天壤之别”说 a world apart 或
orlds apart 都可以:
Their teaching methods are a world apart.
Their teaching methods are worlds apart.
3． the World Wide Web( 万维网) 常缩略成 WWW 或 the Web:
The World Wide Web is often ab-
breviated as the Web or WWW． worry 1． 表示“担忧”有不少说法:
I do not worry about her health.
I do not worry over her health.
I am not worried about her health.
I am worried that her health is worsening.
I am worried sick about her health.
I got really worried when her health was deteriorating.
I worried that her health was worsening.
Another major worry to me is her deteriorating health.
Another major worry for me is her deteriorating health.
It's a big worry to me that her health is getting worse.
My big worries are her deteriora-
ting health.
My worry is that her health is de-
teriorating.
2． 表示“皱纹”可以说: worry-lines
( 也有人用 worrylines) :
Her look is placid，yet tinged with worry-lines.
He had a day's growth of beard
and new worry-lines at the cor-
ners of his newly rejuvenated eyes. worship 1． 常为不可数名词:
Why should he bow his head in
worship?
He bent his knee in worship.
The concept of worship in Islam is misunderstood by many people.
2． 表示“崇洋媚外”时，可以说 wor-
ship things foreign:
They worship things foreign，and pay my white counterpart much more.
3． 可以说:
a daily act of worship
the place of worship
songs of worship
hero worship
image worship
moon worship
freedom of worship
forms of worship
houses of worship
a basic biblical theology of wor-
ship
worst
worst 是最高级，但有时前面不用定冠词:
At worst，it is a deliberate attempt to initiate the use of such exploits.
Worst still，they tend to make this is-
sue a taboo.
I walked away from the scene，with
a few scrapes on my left leg，and，
worst of all， a case of wounded pride.
If worst comes worst，we will ask for donations. worth 1． 前面常用 to be 做动词，注意其表述形式。
1) 跟名词:
I hope this movie is worth the wait.
2) 跟代词:
Bush says war was worth it.
3) 跟数词:
Lucent said its contract was worth hundreds of millions dollars.
4) 跟动词的-ing 形式:
Life is worth living.
The first movie is worth watching.
5) 注意 worth 后面跟的动名词一般用主动语态:
The novel is worth reading.
不说: The novel is worth being read.
2． 名词 worth 作 “价值”解，常可以说:
The gold ring is of great worth.
The gold ring is the true worth of his love.
The price of the gold ring is below its true worth.
He bought about 1000 dollars'
worth of jewels.
3． 注意用数词时标点符号的差异:
He bought about 100 dollars'
worth of jewels. ( 有所有格符号 ')
He bought about $ 100 worth of jewels. ( 没有所有格符号 ') worthy 1． 常用于 be worthy of 的句型:
The car is worthy of your choice.
We all think he is worthy of her.
The other party is worthy of doing business with.
2． 可以说:
a worthy cause
a worthy committee
a worthy champion
a worthy opponent
a worthy member of the party
a worthy walk
a worthy adversary
a worthy second term
a worthy tribute
a worthy medal
a worthy investment
a worthy rival
a worthy mission
a worthy checklist
a worthy successor
a worthy choice
a worthy option
a worthy aspiration
a worthy candidate
a worthy pursuit
a worthy alternative
a worthy winner
a worthy risk
a worthy failure
a worthy farewell
a worthy project
a worthy wife
a worthy assistant
a worthy heir
a worthy campaign
3． 作构词成分-worthy 时，常组成表示 “值得……的”:
praiseworthy staff
blameworthy behavior
a creditworthy magazine
quote-worthy discoveries
an airworthy jetliner
newsworthy decisions
noteworthy files
a trustworthy Website
a seaworthy vessel
a roadworthy certificate
venture-worthy capitals
photo-worthy
enterprise-worthy
medal-worthy
Oscar-worthy movies
a link-worthy list
a bonfire-worthy post would 1． 在口语中，要表示 “请求、意愿”等，would 与 will 都可以用， 但
would 比较客气礼貌:
Would you please shut the door?
( 比较客气)
Will you please shut the door? ( 一般请求)
2． would 在口语中的语气不如 will 那么确切:
I will be glad to answer any ques-
tions from the audience. ( 胸有成竹，可以回答任何问题)
I would be glad to answer any questions from the audience. ( 不那么有把握，吃不准能否回答任何问题)
3． 英国人有时用 should 代替 would:
We should be grateful if you would give us a prompt reply. ( 英国用法)
We would be grateful if you would give us a prompt reply. ( 美国或英国用法) would-be 可以说:
a would-be convert
a would-be scholar
a would-be employee
a would-be adventurer
a would-be superhero
a would-be billionaire
a would-be land developer
a would-be first-timer
a would-be borrower
a would-be martyr
a would-be suicide bomber
a would-be mission
a would-be guide
a would-be presidential candidate
a would-be racist
a would-be educator
a would-be artist
a would-be attacker
a would-be thief
a would-be diplomat
a would-be referee
a would-be pop star
a would-be starlet
a would-be writer
a would-be rape
a would-be terrorist
a would-be assassin
a would-be minimalist
a would-be licensee
a would-be hijacker
a would-be MP wound ，injury
两词都有 “伤口”的含义。
1． wound 侧重指“武器造成的创伤”:
He had several gunshot wounds in both legs.
2． injury 侧重指“意外工伤、事故造成的伤口”:
Children playing this machine risk serious injury.
He has recovered from injuries in the car accident.
3． wound 是可数名词，injury 既可作可数名词又可作不可数名词:
He is recovering from a stab wound.
He sustained serious injuries in the explosion. ( 可数)
All the passengers in the train es-
caped injury. ( 不可数)
4． 还有其他词可以表示 “伤口”。
1 ) cut 是“用锐器划成的细长伤口”:
a knife cut in the thumb;
2) gash 指 “又深又长的口子”:
a two-inch-long gash
3) slit 是 “小刀、剪刀等弄出的细长口子”:
a slit in the finger
4) bruise 也指 “伤口”:
bruises on my cheeks wrap 下面几种说法都可以:
I wrapped the gift box.
I wrapped up the gift box.
I wrapped the gift box up.
I had the gift box wrapped up.
I wrapped the gift box around with shiny green paper.
I wrapped the gift box round with shiny green paper.
I wrapped the gift box in shiny
green paper，
I covered the gift box with shiny green plastic wrap.
I covered the gift box with a shiny green plastic wrapping.
I covered the gift box with shiny green plastic wrapping. wreath 1． 作“花环”解，在西方除了可置于坟墓前外，还常用来装饰或表示给人荣誉:
Every Christmas a holly wreath was hung on the front door.
A wreath was placed around her neck at the awarding ceremony.
2． 可以说:
a wreath of smoke
a wreath of mist
a wreath of cloud
a wreath of fresh flowers
a wreath of orange blossoms
a wreath of bay
a wreath of maple leaves
a wreath of laurels
a wreath of olive sprig
a wreath of remembrance
a wreath of colors
a wreath of ivy
a wreath of stars
wreck
wreck a ship
wreck a plane
wreck a car
wreck a train
wreck a house
wreck a chance
wreck a relationship
wreck a town
wreck a city
wreck a person
wreck a treaty
wreck a leg
wreck an economy
wreck an agreement
wreck a bridge
wreck a business
wreck a book
wreck a freighter
wreck a program
wreck a shop
wreck confidence
wreck a Website
wreck an adventure wreckage 一般作不可数或单数名词。
1． 作单数名词用:
a wreckage of disappointment
a wreckage of a railway carriage
a wreckage of cars
a wreckage of a bomber
a wreckage of broken hopes
a wreckage of several bottles and
cans
a wreckage of humanity
a wreckage of an spacecraft
a wreckage of former days
a wreckage of everything
a wreckage of human lives
a wreckage of human history
a wreckage of houses
a wreckage of their legacies
a wreckage of dishonored princi-
ples
a wreckage of career
a wreckage of shattered glass
a wreckage of mystery
a wreckage of debris
a wreckage of grief
a wreckage of future
a wreckage of poverty
a wreckage of broken promises
a wreckage of arguments
a wreckage of lust
2． 作不可数名词用:
the spread of wreckage on the
ground
leave a trail of wreckage
large pieces of wreckage
tons of wreckage
bits of wreckage
a ball of wreckage
thousands of acres of wreckage
a lot of wreckage
various wreckage
Wreckage of the spaceship was scattered over a wide area. write 下面每组句子的含义相似或相同:
He can write in shorthand.
He can write shorthand.
He writes on human rights for a
Website.
He writes about human rights for a Website.
I'll write soon.
I'll write to you soon.
She wrote to thank him for the gift watch.
She wrote thanking him for the gift watch.
He wrote her a quick note.
He wrote a quick note to her.
He has written to me praising my daughter.
He has written a letter to me prai-
sing my daughter. writing 作可数、不可数名词都可以。
1． 泛指 “作品、写作、笔迹”时，常作不可数名词:
a lot of interesting writing
a piece of writing
all the writing on the package
tutors of writing at the college
2． 作“著作”解时，常用复数:
His writings include poetry and prose.
the writings of late Deng Xiaoping
Marx and Engels' writings written 作“书面的、文字的”解可修饰很多名词:
the written request
the written records
the written exam
the written test
the written agreement
the written rules
the written law
the written confirmation
the written work
the written history
the written communications
the written constitution
the written word
the written language
the written replies
the written submission
the written tradition
the written answers
the written text
the written dissertation
the written statement
the written consent
the written reprimand
the written version
the written code
the written pleading
the written form
the written contract
the written report
the written information
wrong， false， incorrect， mis- X 中国人说的 “某先生”在英语中用
Mr. X 表示; “某某先生”可以说 Mr.
XX; 前者的使用频率较高; 另外还可以用 Mrs. X，Madame X，Miss X
等:
You also have to wonder whether
Mr. X has a job，but that's beside the point.
Mr. X does something.
Mr. X has inherited a fortune from his father.
I am pleased to learn that Mr. XX
is seeking admission to advanced studies at your university.
The fire department refused to provide Mr. XX with the reasona-
ble accommodation. Xerox 1． 作 “复印 ( 件)”解时; Xerox 大写和小写都可以，大写的使用频率高:
Xeroxes of published information
information taken from xeroxes of
an index
2． 作 “复印”解时，Xerox 可以有以下几种形式。
1) 复数名词:
The books and xeroxes of proofs and manuscripts will be available for purchase before talks.
Attach Xeroxes of translations to
Xeroxes of dossier.
2) 单数名词:
A Xerox is a copy of something printed on a piece of paper using a Xerox machine.
3) 不可数名词:
copies of documents by Xerox
4) 动词:
These will be on reserve and se-
lected portions will be Xeroxed.
5) 修饰其他名词:
a Xerox machine
a Xerox fellow at the Xerox center
of Canada X-rated 西方的电影等用 “X”表示 “色情的、淫秽的级别”，X 越多，内容越不堪入目，所以，可以说 X-rated，XX-ra-
ted，XXX-rated 等:
This site is dedicated to the art of
X-rated movie posters from the
1960s and 1970s.
It is accused of sending X-rated emails in disguise.
I feel like an XX-rated movie star.
The XXX-rated label is used for hardcore samples.
It is reported that White House
staffers have been downloading
massive amounts of explicit XXX-
rated pornography from the Inter-
net. X-ray 1． X-ray 主要有以下用法。
1) 可数名词:
I am going to have an X-ray for my injured leg.
X-rays are used to diagnose dis-
eases by making pictures of the inside of the body.
2) 形容词:
the X-ray beams
an X-ray machine
the X-ray therapy
a man with X-ray eyes
the X-ray scanners
the X-ray camera
an X-ray system
an X-ray technician
3) 及物动词:
I do feel his hip should have been
X-rayed.
He X-rayed me from head to toe.
4) 不及物动词:
I can't tell until I X-ray.
2． 可以说:
have an X-ray
take an X-ray
test the X-ray effect
prepare an X-ray
insist on an X-ray
don't refuse an X-ray
perform an X-ray inspection
analyze an X-ray photo
the Y
1． the Y 可以指 YMCA ( Young
Men's Christian Association ) 或
YWCA ( Young Women's Chris-
tian Association) 。
2． YMWA ( hostel) 是全球廉价连锁饭店，世界各地都有，中国上海西藏路的“青年会宾馆”就是其中一家:
He lives in the Y in Harlem.
He took her to the Y．
It is a YWCA hostel and tends to have lower prices.
She moved into a YMCA but was soon kicked out for owing rent. yacht 1． yacht 常指 “( 昂贵的、豪华的) 赛艇、游艇”:
an expensive yacht race
2． 可以说:
Yesterday I went yachting in the harbor.
They plan to have a round-the-
world yacht race.
I had a yachting holiday last weekend.
a yachting magazine
a yachting association yahoo 作 “雅虎网”解，可作动词:
Do you yahoo?
You've been yahooed. Yale 1． Yale University 前面一般不加定冠词:
Yale University was founded in
1701 in Branford，Connecticut.
Yale University has played an in-
strumental role in the City of New
Haven.
2． 简称 Yale 前面也不加定冠词:
Yale does not read or inspect student emails.
3． the Yale Bowl 是著名的 “耶鲁
( 橄榄球) 体育场”，前面要加定冠词:
The Yale Bowl opened November
21，1914， for the Yale-Harvard game.
yard
yard sale 是美国用法，指“在自家院子里出售旧物”，类似的说法还有
garage sale，rummage sale ( 英国人说 jumble sale) 等:
This yard sale started in 1999，
stretching across most of Indian-
a. yank 下面的句子都可以说:
I yanked the cable.
I yanked on the cable.
I yanked open the door.
I yanked her off the busy road.
I yanked him back into line.
I yanked her out of the van.
I gave him a yank.
I yanked the free end of the rope up and down.
I yanked the dagger free of the at-
tacker.
I yanked out my rotten tooth
I yanked at the car door and opened it. yarn 1． 作 “纱线”解，常为不可数名词;
但可以说:
a ball of yarn
knitted with double strands of yarn
a skein of yarn
lots of yarn
10 yards of yarn
a scrap piece of yarn
purls of yarn
a long length of yarn
48″ lengths of yarn
all kinds of yarn
a variety of yarn
a bundle of yarn
the 12-inch piece of yarn
2 kilograms of yarn
a loop of yarn
rolls of yarn
little bits of yarn
several plies of yarn
a nice wad of yarn
threads of yarn
two feet of yarn
the tangled web of yarn
2． 多种 “纱线”可以用 yarns:
There are many methods for measuring friction of yarns and fibers. yawn 1． 动词 yawn 后面常跟介词 at，over，
for，before 等:
This is what some people do —
they marvel at destruction and yawn at creation.
Shopkeepers yawn over their counters.
Sometimes these animals yawn for a physiological reason.
Scientists still haven't figured out why we yawn before bedtime.
2． 可以说:
give a heavy yawn
hide a yawn behind his hands
suppress a big yawn
stifle a loud yawn
cause a yawn
catch a yawn from other people
make a yawn
trigger a yawn
provoke a yawn
induce a yawn
drawn a yawn
feel a yawn coming on
see a yawn
point to a yawn
bring on a yawn
perform a yawn
call a yawn a yawn
relieve a yawn
stop a yawn
have a yawn
hear a yawn
utter a yawn
initiate a yawn
let out a yawn
simulate a yawn
fake a yawn
muffle a yawn
camouflage a yawn
gag a yawn
choke back a yawn
restrain a yawn
strangle a yawn
repress a yawn
smother a yawn
conceal a yawn
hold a yawn
a contagious yawn
a big yawn
a hideous yawn
a refreshing yawn
a smothered yawn
a prodigious yawn
a prolonged yawn
a slight yawn
a noisy yawn year 1． 新闻媒体每年要评出 man / men
of the year，woman / women of
the year，这是指“当年的杰出人物或风云人物”，year 前要加定冠词。
类似的说法很多，第一个字母常大写，称呼前面的冠词可以省去:
Time Person of the Year 2004
“World News Tonight's” People
of the Year
the Ugliest Man of the Year
People Magazine's “Most Hand-
some Man of the Year”
the Laziest Man of the Year
Pretty Woman of the Year
Black Engineer of the Year
CEO of the Year
2． 注意 year 也可以用来修饰“当年令人注目的事物”:
Merriam-Webster's Words of the
Year
the worst day of the year
the Worst Products of the Year
National Geographic's “Photo of
the Year”
Car of the Year 2005
the 25 Best Products of the Year
the Worst Products of the Year
Hardware of the Year
Science News of the Year
the Breakthrough of the Year
Technologies of the Year
3． 用 year 表示 “岁数”时，可以说:
He is a thirty-year-old professor.
( year 用单数)
This professor is 30 years old.
( 用复数 years)
The professor is 30 years of age.
( 比较正式)
He is a professor of 30 years of age. ( 比较正式)
4． 说某人“长相比年纪大或小”，常用 years，前面用介词 for:
She looks young for her years.
He looks old for his years.
4． She died in her fiftieth year. 按西方习惯应译成 “她 49 岁去世。”可以此类推。
5． “他是一年级学生”在英国可以说
“He is a first year ( student )”，
student 可以省去; 可以此类推说:
He is a second year / a third year.
She is a first year in our depart-
ment.
He is a second year in junior high，where he has lots of social problems. yearn 1． yearn 后面一般用介词 for，to-
wards 等:
People here are yearning for de-
mocracy.
They have a burning yearning for an auto show.
I felt myself yearning for four more years of a Clinton Presidency.
We are blinded though yet yearn-
ing towards the sunlight.
2． yearn 后面常跟动词不定式:
I am yearning to be free.
Billions of people all over the
world are yearning to be truly se-
cure — free from fear and free from want. yeast 可作可数或不可数名词:
clusters of yeast
a pinch of yeast
structural features of yeast
species of yeast
forms of yeast
new strains of yeast
2． 5 g of yeast
a fresh supply of yeast
the entire amount of yeast
the best selection of yeast
small cakes of yeast
packets of yeast
4 teaspoon of yeast
the growth of yeast
different brands of yeast
( 以上为不可数)
over 3100 non-pathogenic yeasts
Proteins are very high between these yeasts.
Yeasts are single-celled budding organisms.
( 以上为可数) yell 后面常跟介词 at，for 等:
You are looking for someone that you can call and yell at when something isn't working right.
I kept yelling for somebody to help me. yellow 注意由 yellow 组成的一些词组的含义:
yellow alert 黄色警报
yellow pages ( 专门登载商业电话的) 黄页电话号簿
yellow peril ( 西方诬蔑亚洲尤其是中国的) 黄祸
yellow card ( 体育中作警告用的)
黄牌
yellow fever 黄热病
yellow ribbon( 悼念死者的) 黄色绸带
yellow flag ( 船上悬挂表示有传染病的) 黄旗
yellow line ( 交通中禁止停车的) 黄线
a double yellow line ( 交通中禁止停车的) 黄色双线
the yellow press 黄色小报
the Yellow Emperor ( 中国的 ) 皇帝 yes 1． 可作可数名词，其复数形式可以是 yeses 或 yesses:
One No，many yeses is a mani-
festo.
It's a world of yeses.
Yesses is a valid word in this word list.
The yesses grow slowly， as do the nos.
2． 可以修饰其他词:
a yes vote
a yes man
a yes nod
a yes answer
a yes contract negotiation
a yes reply
3． say yes to 中 yes 前一般不用冠词:
In marriage you can't say yes to everyone. ( 一般不说 say a yes
to，say the yes to)
4． 说 yes man，yes-man，yesman
都可以，用前两者较多。 yet 1． 主要用两种用法。
1) 作副词:
They provide the clearest signs that there may yet be hope for sensible governance in the States.
2) 作连接词:
He is pleased yet disappointed with the result.
2． yet 和 still 都有 “( 现在) 还”的意思，但用法不同。
1) yet 强调 “变化”:
Isn't he here yet? The meeting will start soon. ( 强调情况有变化，“会马上要开始了”。)
2) still 强调 “不变化”:
Is he still here? ( 强调 “他一直在这里吗?”情况没有变化。) yield 1． yield 作及物动词时后面常跟的词有:
yield plenty of fruits
yield big profits
yield lots of clues
yield fine crops
yield a good harvest
yield fruitful results
yield great benefits
yield a return
yield high interest
yield new insights
2． 下面两种说法都可以，含义相同:
The soldiers yielded up their posi-
tions to the invaders.
The soldiers yielded their positions to the invaders.
3． 名词 yield 后面常跟词 on，from，
of，in:
yields on investment bonds
my yield on coupon income
sustainable yield on our private
timberland
the yield on mother tongues or
first languages
the yield of the grain crop
a sustained yield of products and
services
a yield of all bonds of the same
quality
milk yield of cows
an earnings yield of 10%
my current yield from dividends
high yield from a single source
yields from the apple trees
high milk yield in dairy cows
corn yield in different regions yoga 1． 一般作不可数名词:
I've practised and taught yoga for over 30 years.
Please join me in this exploration of yoga.
This is a world of yoga.
2． 可以说:
practice yoga
teach yoga
be devoted to yoga
offer yoga
learn yoga
study yoga
promote yoga
be addicted to yoga
be interested in yoga
enrich yoga
mixed with yoga
learn from yoga
initiate yoga
make use of yoga
take advantage of yoga yogurt 可以作可数和不可数名词:
a small amount of yogurt
their daily intake of yogurt
the healthful quantity of yogurt
four quarts of yogurt
a jar of yogurt
a very thin film of yogurt
a cup of yogurt
manufacturing stages of yogurt
a free carton of yogurt
a shipment of yogurt
three servings of yogurt
a pot of yogurt
lots of yogurt
batches of yogurt
2 gallons of yogurt
types of yogurt
top five brands of yogurt
( 以上为不可数)
the best-tasting，healthiest natural
yogurts
I grew up on the homemade yo-
gurts my mother made.
At present we have two yogurts that have no sugar added.
( 以上为可数) yoke 可以说:
the yoke of oppression
the yoke of slavery
the yoke of foreign occupation
the yoke of irresistible habit
the yoke of tradition
the yoke of a tyrant
the yoke of competition
the yoke of worldly care
the yoke of the state
the yoke of personal responsibility
the yoke of bondage
the yoke of exile
the yoke of blind obedience
the yoke of tyranny
the yoke of injustice
the yoke of colonialism
the yoke of military service
the yoke of capitalism
the yoke of interference
the yoke of commandments
the yoke of servitude
the yoke of despotism
the yoke of a necktie
the yoke of shirt and collar
the yoke of love
the yoke of marriage
break the yoke
escape the yoke
suffer under the yoke
lift the yoke
release the yoke
move the yoke
change the yoke
like the yoke
hate the yoke
insert the yoke
form the yoke
take off the yoke
bear the yoke
cast off the yoke
endure the yoke
shake off the yoke
throw off the yoke
struggle under the yoke
struggle against the yoke
accept the yoke
assume the yoke
push the yoke
pull the yoke
use the yoke
fix the yoke
put on the yoke
remove the yoke
attach to the yoke
grab the yoke
install the yoke
lubricate the yoke
assemble the yoke
depend on the yoke
be connected to the yoke
ride on the yoke
destroy the yoke
embrace the yoke
be equipped with the yoke
submit to the yoke
fling off the yoke
ease the yoke
lower the yoke
receive the yoke
fasten the yoke
tie around the yoke
fit into the yoke
pull on the yoke
adjust the yoke
slide off the yoke
loosen the yoke
retighten the yoke
clean up the yoke
speak of the yoke
reciprocate the yoke
replace the yoke
shape the yoke
carry the yoke
check the yoke
be strapped to the yoke
take control of the yoke
fall under the yoke of
beneath the yoke
pull back on a yoke
with the yoke of
responsive in the yoke
from the yoke of capitalism
flux into the yoke
on the opposite side of the yoke
fit into the yoke
tie about the yoke
remove it from beneath the yoke
across the yoke
just below the yoke
be freed from the yoke of
at the top of the yoke
from the bottom of the yoke
in the middle of the yoke
in the center of the yoke
in front of the yoke
above the yoke
between the yoke and
snap the ears off the yoke
without a yoke
flow through the yoke
maintain a death grip on the yoke
inside the yoke
be separated from the yoke
spring onto the yoke yours 用在英语信函的结尾要注意以下几点。
1． 英国人对认识的人用:
Yours sincerely
2． 英国人对不认识的人用:
Yours faithfully
3． 美国人常用
Sincerely yours
Sincerely
Yours truly
4． 在比较随意的信函结尾，英美人有很多说法:
Yours
Best wishes
Best
5． 银行、旅馆、商行等人士在信件结尾常用:
Yours truly
6． 对你认识的、与你地位平等的人
( 如同事) 在信件结尾可用:
With best wishes
7． 私人通信时，在信件结尾可以用:
Yours
Best wishes
Love
Love from
8． 对最亲近的人 ( 如父母、妻子、孩子) 在信件结尾可以说:
Love
Love from
Lots of love
9． 上述结尾词的第一个字母都要大写，一般后面加逗号:
Sincerely yours， youth 1． 可作可数和不可数名词。
1) 不可数:
prevent obesity in youth
Their fresh faces are full of youth.
This famous actress is no longer in the first flush of youth.
keeping guns from youth and
criminals
2) 可数:
He talked about gun-related vio-
lence among youths.
Gangs of youths broke windows and rooted shops in the city.
2． the youth 后面跟单数和复数动词都可以:
The youth are our most precious natural resource.
The youth is our most precious natural resource.
3． 注意下面两个句子的区别:
He is a youth worker. 他是个青年工作者。( 有可能年纪很大，但在做青年方面的工作)
He is a young worker. 他是个年轻工人。 yuan 1． 中国货币“元”的单数和复数形式一样，后面跟单数动词:
one yuan
two yuan
100 yuan
The yuan is undervalued.
2． “元”跟其他货币的兑换可以说:
The yuan is 8． 2 to the dollar.
The yuan hovers 8． 2 to the dollar.
The yuan now stands at around
8． 2 against the dollar.
3． 注意下列词组:
assuming China did float the yuan
The yuan would rise against the dollar.
break the yuan-dollar link
The yuan is tied to the dollar.
increase the upward pressure on
the yuan-dollar exchange
untie / loosen / relax / lift / ease
/ release the yuan-dollar peg
The yuan is undervalued against the dollar.
maintain a fixed exchange rate for
the yuan
stop pegging the yuan-dollar ex-
change rate
free the yuan from a fixed peg to
the dollar zeal 1． 所指的“热情”要高于 enthusi-
asm，zeal 指 a lot of enthusiasm。
2． 常为不可数名词，但可以说:
a lot of zeal
much zeal
this kind of zeal
different kinds of zeal
full of zeal
lack of zeal
an abundance of zeal
plenty of zeal
a loss of zeal
a flame of zeal
3． 后面常跟介词 for:
He never lost zeal for life. zebra 1． “人行道”英国人说 zebra cross-
ing，美国人说 crosswalk:
He slowed down as he reached the zebra crossing in London. ( 英国说法)
The week before，my brother was walking in a crosswalk in Boston and was hit by a car. ( 美国说法)
2． zebra-stripe 可以作动词，意思是
“给……画斑马线”:
It really costs too much to zebra-
stripe a crosswalk in Boston. zero 1． 有很多用 zero 组成的词组:
zero emission
zero growth
zero casualties
zero value
zero tolerance
zero assets
zero liabilities
zero inflation
zero profit
zero risk
zero interest
zero cost
zero waste
zero option
zero hour
2． Ground Zero 原来指 “核爆炸中心”，现在常指 “美国纽约世界贸易中心原址”，前面常不加定冠词:
Report from Ground Zero
The View from Ground Zero: Is
America safer?
3． Ground Zero 还可用来指任何一个 “事件的中心”:
Ground Zero is now a neutralized term，used for the centerpoint of any event. zest 一般作单数或不可数名词:
the least amount of zest
a fatal mix of zest
full of zest
a great deal of zest
display plenty of zest
a touch of zest
have a zest for life
develop a zest for wine
put a zest in your step zigzag 下面几种说法都可以:
The road zigzags up the slope.
( 动词)
There is a zigzag road up the slope. ( 形容词)
There is a zigzagging road up the slope. ( 形容词)
The uphill road becomes a zig-
zag. ( 名词)
I zigzagged my way up the slope.
( 动词) zip 1． zip code 是美国用法，英国人用
postcode:
It is the gayest zip code in
Boston. ( 美国)
CF14 3BR is the central postcode in Cardiff. ( 英国)
2． zip 后面常跟 through，around，
down，along，up，into 等:
zip through their homework
San Diego schools zip around the
Internet.
zipped down the street.
zip along the sidewalks
zip up your coursework
zip into the shell zippy 在口语中常作 “快”解:
Banana salad goes zippy. zone zone，region
从行政上说， zone 比 region 小;
zone 只是 “城镇的某一个区”，所以，注意下面的译法:
深圳特别经济区 the Shenzhen
Special Economy Zone
浦东开发区 Pudong Development Zone 香港特别行政区 the Hong Kong
Special Administrative Region zoo 表示“……动物园”，zoo 前面有时用定冠词，有时不用。
1． 一般来说，美国人用定冠词的居多:
plan a visit to the San Diego Zoo
the Los Angeles Zoo
the Houston Zoo
the Singapore Zoo
2． 英国人有时会省略掉定冠词:
the penguin pool in London Zoo
Edinburgh Zoo is owned by the
Royal Zoological Society of Scot-
land.
Cardiff Zoo has acquired a female of a very rare species of Gorilla. zoom 后面常跟 up to，down to，along，
around，in on，through 等:
The money zoomed up to over
$ 20000．
zoomed down to quite a detailed
level
zoom along a four-lane road
zoom around my neighborhood
She zoomed in on the area.
The car zoomed through the inter-
section.