二、具史羅、世親、無著及諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152624" key="1152624"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 憍賞彌國 &gt; 二、具史羅、世親、無著及諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152625" key="1152625"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00470','1384719',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P470</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000765"><b>二﹑具史羅﹑世親﹑無著及諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span>城内東南隅有故宅餘趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#5096" id="5093">〔1〕</a>，是<span class="zhuanming">具史羅</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊云<span class="zhuanming">瞿師羅</span>，訛也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">長者</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5098" id="5094">（一）</a>故宅也<a class="zhuhao" href="#5097" id="5095">〔2〕</a>，中有佛精舍及髮爪窣堵波。復有故基，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>浴室也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5093" id="5096">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》趾作跡。《徑山本》趾作址，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5095" id="5097">〔2〕</a>《中本》無也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5094" id="5098">（一）</a>具史羅長者：<span class="zhuanming">具史羅</span>，梵文Ghoṣila音譯，巴利文作Ghosita，《慈恩傳》卷三譯作<span class="zhuanming">瞿史羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌國</span>人，家富有，後歸依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，將所有園林獻於僧衆爲寺院，謂<span class="zhuanming">具史羅園</span>，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>曾留住於此。今<span class="zhuanming">柯桑村</span>（Kosam）東門門北荒壤曾發現其舊址。參見<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注《大唐西域記》第179—180頁。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00471','1384719',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P471</span></i><p> <span>城東南不遠，有故伽藍，<span class="zhuanming">具史羅長者</span>舊園也。中有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建立<a class="zhuhao" href="#5102" id="5099">〔1〕</a>，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此數年説法。其側則有過去四佛座及經行遺迹之所，復有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪窣堵波。伽藍東南重閣上，有故塼室，<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>嘗住此中作《唯識論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#5103" id="5100">（一）</a>，破斥小乘，難諸外道。伽藍東菴没羅林中，有故基，是<span class="zhuanming">無著菩薩</span>於此作《顯揚聖教論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#5104" id="5101">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5099" id="5102">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》立作也。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5100" id="5103">（一）</a>唯識論：梵文Vijñaptimātratāsiddhi，<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>著，主張萬法唯識，以阿賴耶識（第八識）爲根本，破斥小乘有部教理及古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>六派哲學之一勝論的理論，凡二十一頌，但最後一頌爲結嘆，故又名《唯識二十頌》，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯有三種譯本：一﹑<span class="zhuanming">後魏</span><span class="zhuanming">菩提流支</span>《大乘楞伽經唯識論》一卷；二﹑<span class="zhuanming">陳</span><span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>《大乘唯識論》一卷；三﹑<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯《唯識二十論》一卷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5101" id="5104">（二）</a>顯揚聖教論：<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>撰，原係論頌，闡明阿賴耶識緣起的論説，概括瑜伽行宗所謂的法義，爲法相宗所依據的十論之一。<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>的原著由<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯成《顯揚聖教論頌》一卷。這部《論頌》與<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>的釋文合在一起，由<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯成另一部書，卽《顯揚聖教論》二十卷。《西域記》講的是前一部。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00472','1384719',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P472</span></i><p> <span>城西南八九里毒龍石窟<a class="zhuhao" href="#5108" id="5105">（一）</a>，昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>伏此毒龍於中留影。雖則傳記，今無所見。其側有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，高二百餘尺。傍有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>經行遺迹及髮爪窣堵波，病苦之徒，求願多愈<a class="zhuhao" href="#5107" id="5106">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5106" id="5107">〔1〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》愈作俞。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5105" id="5108">（一）</a>毒龍石窟：此一宗教傳説並見《摩訶僧祇律》卷二○。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>法盡<a class="zhuhao" href="#5110" id="5109">（一）</a>，此國最後。故上自君王，下及衆庶，入此國境，自然感傷，莫不飲泣悲歎而歸。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5109" id="5110">（一）</a>釋迦法盡：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲天下没有不壞的事物，佛法也是要滅盡的。關於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>教法滅盡的傳説，見《摩訶摩耶經》卷下﹑《雜阿含經》卷二十五及《法苑珠林》卷九八等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152628" key="1152628"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 二十畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152629" key="1152629"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01114','1244411',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1114</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001837">二十畫</p><p> <span>轝11/872/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>繼母3/307/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>鐵門1/99/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>鹹海（見大清池）</span> </p><p> <span>轘轅序2/22/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>鶖鷺序2/20/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>嚼楊枝（見鞞鐸佉）</span> </p><p> <span>鑊侃（見達摩悉鐵帝國）</span> </p><p> <span>鑊沙國1/110/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>覺取（見佛地羅）</span> </p><p> <span>覺使（見佛陀馱娑）</span> </p><p> <span>覺護（見佛陀毱多王）</span> </p><p> <span>鶴秣城11/942/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>鶴悉那12/956/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>鶴薩羅城12/956/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>贍部洲1/38/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>贍部樹6/532/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>贍部洲地有四主焉1/44/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>贍部洲諸城之始也10/787/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>釋種3/293/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>釋迦法盡5/472/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>釋種誅死處6/517/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>釋迦菩薩降神母胎處6/510/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>釋迦菩薩…受記處2/222/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十一畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152632" key="1152632"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 二十一畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152633" key="1152633"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01115','1244412',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1115</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001838">二十一畫</p><p> <span>攙槍序1/7/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>辯了（見婆尼）</span> </p><p> <span>辯真4/399/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>露形1/138/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>露形無服7/560/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
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十九畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152636" key="1152636"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十九畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152637" key="1152637"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01113','1244410',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1113</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001836">十九畫</p><p> <span>蘭室序2/21/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>懸記2/240/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>聽訟12/1047/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>鵷鴻12/1052/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>識身論5/477/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>闡鐸迦6/532/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>麴蘖醇醪2/216/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>霫蔽多伐剌祠城1/147/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>醯羅山3/279/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>醯羅城2/230/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>羅怙羅4/384/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>羅㬋羅（見羅怙羅）</span> </p><p> <span>羅摩印度川12/956/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>護法5/474/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>護蜜（見達摩悉鐵帝國）</span> </p><p> <span>護苾那12/959/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>護明菩薩7/567/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>寶蓋7/589/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01114','1244410',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1114</span></i><p> <span>寶積7/589/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>寶幰5/439/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>寶雲等經8/664/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇摩3/285/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇達多6/487/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇部底4/421/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇迷盧山1/37/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇剌侘國11/917/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇跋陁羅6/546/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇達拏太子2/257/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇剌薩儻那11/940/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇婆伐窣堵河3/272/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>蘇伐剌瞿呾羅國4/409/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
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羯朱嗢祇羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152640" key="1152640"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 羯朱嗢祇羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152641" key="1152641"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00788','1384830',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P788</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001334">羯朱嗢祇羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯朱嗢祇羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8343" id="8327">（一）</a>周二千餘里。土地泉<a class="zhuhao" href="#8336" id="8328">〔1〕</a>濕，稼穡豐<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00789','1384830',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P789</span></i>盛。氣序温，風俗順<a class="zhuhao" href="#8337" id="8329">〔2〕</a>，敦尚高才，崇貴學藝。伽藍六七所，僧徒三百餘人。天祠十所，異道雜居。自<a class="zhuhao" href="#8338" id="8330">〔3〕</a>數百年王族絶嗣，役屬鄰國<a class="zhuhao" href="#8344" id="8331">（二）</a>，所以城郭丘墟，多居村邑。故<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>遊<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>，於此築宫，理諸國務。至則葺茅爲宇，去則縱火焚燒。國南境多<a class="zhuhao" href="#8339" id="8332">〔4〕</a>野象。北境去<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>不遠，有大高臺，積<a class="zhuhao" href="#8340" id="8333">〔5〕</a>壘<a class="zhuhao" href="#8341" id="8334">〔6〕</a>甎石而以建焉。基址<a class="zhuhao" href="#8342" id="8335">〔7〕</a>廣峙，刻彫奇製，周其方面鏤衆聖像，佛及天形區别而作。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8328" id="8336">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》泉作卑。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“疑此作卑爲是，下“<span class="zhuanming">奔那伐彈那國</span>”條可證。”按《方志》及下“<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>”條皆作泉溼，義可通，不必強斷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8329" id="8337">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》順作淳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8330" id="8338">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》自作近。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8332" id="8339">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》多下有有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8333" id="8340">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》無積字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8334" id="8341">〔6〕</a>《中本》壘作疊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8335" id="8342">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》址作趾。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8327" id="8343">（一）</a>羯朱嗢祇羅國：<span class="zhuanming">羯朱嗢祇羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Kajughira，某些學者認爲應還原爲Kajunghira，始與巴利文佛典中的Kajangala相當。Kajangala爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>東部城市。其地<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00790','1384830',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P790</span></i>考定爲現今<span class="zhuanming">拉吉馬哈爾</span>（Rājmahal），原名Kānkjol（古城在<span class="zhuanming">拉吉馬哈爾</span>以南十八<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，至今尚存）。本書前條末原註該國俗名“<span class="zhuanming">羯蠅揭羅</span>”，<span class="zhuanming">羯蠅揭羅</span>是Kayangala的對音，Kayangala應是Ka-jangala一名的方言讀法，故此<span class="zhuanming">羯朱嗢祇羅</span>卽Kajangala。其今地也與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記基本相合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8331" id="8344">（二）</a>役屬鄰國：<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>訪<span class="zhuanming">印</span>時，該國役屬於<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>治下的<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>自此東渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，行六百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">奔那伐彈那國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8346" id="8345">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8345" id="8346">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》中作南，《方志》作中，疑《傳》誤。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、戒日王世系及卽位治績
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152644" key="1152644"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 羯若鞠闍國 &gt; 二、戒日王世系及卽位治績 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152645" key="1152645"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00428','1384710',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P428</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000702"><b>二﹑戒日王世系及卽位治績</b></p><p> <span>今王本吠奢種也，字<span class="zhuanming">曷<a class="zhuhao" href="#4755" id="4714">〔1〕</a>利沙伐彈那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4785" id="4715">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">喜</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4756" id="4716">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">增</span>。</span> <span>君臨有土，二世三王。父字<span class="zhuanming">波羅羯羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4757" id="4717">〔3〕</a>伐<a class="zhuhao" href="#4758" id="4718">〔4〕</a>彈那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4786" id="4719">（二）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<a class="zhuhao" href="#4759" id="4720">〔5〕</a><span class="zhuanming">光增</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4760" id="4721">〔6〕</a>。</span> <span>兄字<span class="zhuanming">曷<a class="zhuhao" href="#4761" id="4722">〔7〕</a>邏闍伐彈那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4787" id="4723">（三）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">王增</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">王增</span>以長嗣位，以德治政。時<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span><span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">金耳</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">國</span><span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4788" id="4724">（四）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">月</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4762" id="4725">〔8〕</a>。</span> <span>每謂臣曰：“鄰有賢主，國之禍也。”於是誘請，會而害之。人既失君<a class="zhuhao" href="#4763" id="4726">〔9〕</a>，國亦荒亂。時大臣<span class="zhuanming">婆尼</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4789" id="4727">（五）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">辯了</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4764" id="4728">〔10〕</a>。</span> <span>職望隆重，謂僚庶曰：“國之大計，定於今日。先王之子，亡君之弟，仁慈天性，孝敬因心，親賢允屬，欲以襲位。於事何如？各言爾志。”衆咸仰德，嘗無異謀。於是輔臣執事咸勸進曰：“王子垂聽。先王積功累德，光有國祚。嗣及<span class="zhuanming">王增</span>，謂終壽考，輔佐無良，棄身讎手，爲國大恥，下臣罪也。物議時謡，允歸明德，光臨土宇，克復親讎，雪國之恥，光父之業，功孰大焉，幸無辭矣！”王子曰：“國嗣之重，今古爲難。君人之位，興立宜審。我誠寡德，父兄遐棄，推襲大位，其能濟乎？物議爲宜，敢忘虚薄！今者<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>岸有<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像，既多靈鑒，願往請辭！”卽至菩薩像前斷食祈請。菩薩感其誠心，現形問曰：“爾何所求，若此勤懇？”王<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00429','1384710',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P429</span></i>子曰：“我惟積禍，慈父云亡，重兹酷罰，仁兄見害。自顧寡德，國人推尊，令襲大位，光父之業。愚昧無知，敢希聖旨！”菩薩告曰：“汝於先身，在此林中爲練<a class="zhuhao" href="#4765" id="4729">〔11〕</a>若苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#4766" id="4730">〔12〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#4790" id="4731">（六）</a>，而精勤不懈。承兹福力，爲此王子。<span class="zhuanming">金耳國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4767" id="4732">〔13〕</a>王既毁佛法，爾紹王位，宜重興隆，慈悲爲志，傷愍居懷。不久當王<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4768" id="4733">〔14〕</a>境。欲延國祚，當從我誨，冥加景福，隣無强敵。勿昇師子之座<a class="zhuhao" href="#4791" id="4734">（七）</a>，勿稱大王之號！”於是受教而退，卽襲王位<a class="zhuhao" href="#4792" id="4735">（八）</a>，自稱曰王子，號<span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4769" id="4736">〔15〕</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">戒日</span>。</span> <span>於是命諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#4770" id="4737">〔16〕</a>臣曰：“兄讎未報，鄰國不賓，終無右手進食<a class="zhuhao" href="#4793" id="4738">（九）</a>之期。凡爾庶僚，同心勠力！”遂總率國兵，講習戰士，象軍五千，馬軍二萬，步軍五萬，自西徂東，征伐不臣。象不解鞍，人不釋甲，於六年中，臣<a class="zhuhao" href="#4771" id="4739">〔17〕</a><span class="zhuanming">五印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4794" id="4740">（一○）</a>，既廣<a class="zhuhao" href="#4772" id="4741">〔18〕</a>其地，更增甲兵，象軍六萬，馬軍十萬。垂三十年，兵戈不起，政教和平，務修節儉，營福樹善，忘寢與食。令<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>不得噉肉，若斷生命，有誅無赦。於<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>側建立數千<a class="zhuhao" href="#4773" id="4742">〔19〕</a>窣堵波，各高百餘尺。於<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>城邑﹑鄉聚﹑達巷﹑交衢，建立精廬，儲飲食，止醫藥，施諸羈貧，周給不殆。聖迹之所，並建伽藍。五歲一設無遮大會，傾竭府庫，惠施羣有。唯留<a class="zhuhao" href="#4774" id="4743">〔20〕</a>兵器，不充檀捨<a class="zhuhao" href="#4795" id="4744">（一一）</a>。歲一集會<a class="zhuhao" href="#4775" id="4745">〔21〕</a>諸國沙門，於三七日中，以四事供養，莊嚴法座，廣飾義筵，令相攉<a class="zhuhao" href="#4776" id="4746">〔22〕</a>論，校其優劣，褒貶淑慝，黜陟幽明。若戒行貞固，道德淳<a class="zhuhao" href="#4777" id="4747">〔23〕</a>邃，推昇師子之座，王親受法。戒雖清淨，學無稽古，但加敬禮<a class="zhuhao" href="#4778" id="4748">〔24〕</a>，示<a class="zhuhao" href="#4779" id="4749">〔25〕</a>有尊崇。律儀無紀，穢德<a class="zhuhao" href="#4780" id="4750">〔26〕</a>已彰，驅出國境，不願聞見。隣國小王，輔佐大臣，殖福無<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00430','1384710',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P430</span></i>殆<a class="zhuhao" href="#4781" id="4751">〔27〕</a>，求善忘勞，卽攜<a class="zhuhao" href="#4782" id="4752">〔28〕</a>手同<a class="zhuhao" href="#4783" id="4753">〔29〕</a>座，謂之善友。其異於此，面不對辭，事有聞議，通使往復。而巡方省俗，不常其居，隨所至止，結廬而舍。唯雨三月，多雨不行。每於行宫日修珍饌，飯諸異學，僧衆一千，婆羅門五百。每以一日分作三時，一時理務治政，二時營福修善，孜孜不倦，竭<a class="zhuhao" href="#4784" id="4754">〔30〕</a>日不足矣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4714" id="4755">〔1〕</a>《異本》曷作喝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4716" id="4756">〔2〕</a>《石本》喜作嘉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4717" id="4757">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》羅作邏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4718" id="4758">〔4〕</a>《石本》伐作代。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4720" id="4759">〔5〕</a>原本言下有作字，《石本》﹑《宋本》無之。按其他譯名釋義皆作<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言或<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>曰某某，無綴作字者，今據删。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4721" id="4760">〔6〕</a>《慈恩傳》光增作增光。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4722" id="4761">〔7〕</a>《翻譯集》引無曷字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4725" id="4762">〔8〕</a>《慈恩傳》月作日，非。“月有多名”（本書卷二），設賞迦殆其一稱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4726" id="4763">〔9〕</a>《石本》人既失君四字作既失其君。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4728" id="4764">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》辯作辨。《一本》無了字。《慈恩傳》作明了。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4729" id="4765">〔11〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》練作蘭，《珠林》三十八及《感應録》下引同。按練若卽阿練若，亦翻作阿蘭若，義爲“遠離處”或“閑静處”，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00431','1384710',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P431</span></i>見《翻譯集·寺塔壇幢篇》。練﹑蘭二字通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4730" id="4766">〔12〕</a>《石本》苾芻二字作比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4732" id="4767">〔13〕</a>《珠林》引國用月，《方志》同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4733" id="4768">〔14〕</a>《感應録》引<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>二字作<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>。按<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>乃舊譯，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>書作<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，見卷二《印度總述》。作<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>者，疑<span class="zhuanming">非濁</span>所改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4736" id="4769">〔15〕</a>《珠林》及《方志》尸羅阿迭多五作字尸羅逸多四字。此下作“王乃共<span class="zhuanming">童子王子</span>殄外道<span class="zhuanming">月王</span>徒衆；又約嚴令，有噉肉者當截舌，殺生者當斬手；乃與寡妹共知國事。”古人引文雖常簡約其辭，唯此與今本相距過多，疑<span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>與<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>同據最初本也。<span class="zhuanming">童子王子</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span><span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>，見卷十。<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>妹聰慧，見《慈恩傳》卷五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4737" id="4770">〔16〕</a>原本命諸二字作謂字，《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《金陵本》並作命諸二字，今從改。《古本》﹑《石本》則作令諸二字，亦可。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4739" id="4771">〔17〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本﹑《徑山本》臣作拒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4741" id="4772">〔18〕</a>《異本》廣作度，恐非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4742" id="4773">〔19〕</a>《珠林》引數千二字作千餘；《方志》作千。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4743" id="4774">〔20〕</a>《石本》無留字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4745" id="4775">〔21〕</a>《中本》無會字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4746" id="4776">〔22〕</a>原本攉作摧，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《中本》改。摧疑搉之誤，搉與攉同。《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作推，亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4747" id="4777">〔23〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》淳並作純。《音釋》：“淳邃，或作純粹。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4748" id="4778">〔24〕</a>《異本》敬禮二字作禮儀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4749" id="4779">〔25〕</a>《中本》示作不，形近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4750" id="4780">〔26〕</a>《中本》德作惡。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00432','1384710',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P432</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4751" id="4781">〔27〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》殆並作怠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4752" id="4782">〔28〕</a>《慧琳音義》攜作擕云：“《記》文從乃作携，俗字。有作擕。”按由此携字與上文󵾜字觀之，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>寫本固多俗字也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4753" id="4783">〔29〕</a>《石本》同作間。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4754" id="4784">〔30〕</a>《中本》竭作渴。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4715" id="4785">（一）</a>曷利沙伐彈那：梵文Harṣavardhana，義云<span class="zhuanming">喜增</span>；<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史上的著名國王，卽位後號<span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多</span>（<span class="zhuanming">梵文</span>Śilāditya），義云<span class="zhuanming">戒日</span>，故世稱<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>。《舊唐書》卷一九八﹑《新唐書》卷一二一上﹑《通典》卷一九三等皆作<span class="zhuanming">尸羅迭多</span>。本書有關<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>的敍述爲現存最早也是最詳細的史料。另外，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>同時代的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>梵文作家<span class="zhuanming">波那跋吒</span>（Bāṇabhaṭṭa）寫了一部書，題爲《曷利沙傳》（Harṣacaritam，或譯作《戒日王傳》），可惜没有完成，只寫了<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>的父親和兄妹的一些事情，涉及其本人的内容到卽位前便中斷了。不過，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>關於<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>早期歷史的記述比較簡略，<span class="zhuanming">波那跋吒</span>的描寫正可彌補其不足。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4719" id="4786">（二）</a>波羅羯羅伐彈那：梵文Prabhākaravardhana，義云“光增”，此處的中文對音“波羅羯羅伐彈那”在“波羅”後面缺一個與“bhā”相對的字“婆”或“跋”。據《戒日王傳》，他是<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span>（Sthāneśvara）<span class="zhuanming">布濕波普蒂</span>（Puṣpabhūti）王朝的國王，大約於公元580年左右開始執政。病死於公元606年。他與西北方的<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人的殘餘勢力敵對，直到臨死前還曾派其長子<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍伐彈那</span>（Rā-jyavardhana）率軍攻打他們。他把女兒<span class="zhuanming">羅闍室利</span>（Rājyaśrī）嫁給了<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00433','1384710',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P433</span></i>在南方與本國比鄰的<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>的國王<span class="zhuanming">哥羅訶伐剌曼</span>（Grahava-rman），兩國結成了牢固的同盟。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4723" id="4787">（三）</a>曷羅闍伐彈那：梵文Rājyavardhana。爲<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>之兄。本書原注曰“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">王增</span>”，而原名中的rājya一字義云“王國”，並非“國王”。據《戒日王傳》，他曾奉父王之命率軍北征<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人，但是可能未與<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人接觸就因其父病危而突然被召回。當他趕回首都時，父已去世，母亦死。他因此極度憂傷，決意隱居森林而把王位讓給其弟<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>。但是<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>也不願意擔負治國重任，要隨兄去修苦行。正當此時，<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>的使者前來向他告急：<span class="zhuanming">波羅羯羅伐彈那</span>王去世後，<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>（Mālava）國王<span class="zhuanming">提婆笈多</span>（De-vagupta）與<span class="zhuanming">高達國</span>（Gauḍa）國王<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦</span>（Śaśāṅka）立卽聯合對<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>發動突然襲擊，國王<span class="zhuanming">哥羅訶伐剌曼</span>（Grahavarman）卽<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍伐彈那</span>之妹夫已被<span class="zhuanming">提婆笈多</span>殺害，王后<span class="zhuanming">羅闍室利</span>已遭囚禁，<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span>也面臨嚴重威脅。<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍伐彈那</span>聞訊立卽帶領上萬名騎兵去迎擊<span class="zhuanming">提婆笈多</span>，而留下弟弟<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>攝政。他輕易地擊潰了<span class="zhuanming">提婆笈多</span>的侵略軍，却死於<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>的計謀。按照<span class="zhuanming">波那跋吒</span>的説法，他並没有親身治理過<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span>的朝政。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4724" id="4788">（四）</a>設賞迦王：梵文Saśāṅka，義云<span class="zhuanming">月</span>。公元六世紀末七世紀前期，他是位於今<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉國</span>與<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">西孟加拉邦</span>地區的<span class="zhuanming">高達國</span>（Gauḍa）國王，建都於<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那城</span>，本書因而稱其國爲<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>。他原來可能是<span class="zhuanming">後笈多王朝</span>的一個封臣，於<span class="zhuanming">摩訶犀那笈多</span>（Mahāsenagupta）執政期間王朝勢衰時割據稱王。據本書卷第六和卷第八所述，他對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>是極端仇視的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此處關於<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍伐彈那</span>之死的情節與《戒日王傳》中所描寫的有所不同（參閲前注）。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00434','1384710',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P434</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4727" id="4789">（五）</a>婆尼：卽《戒日王傳》中的Bhaṇḍi，他是<span class="zhuanming">波羅羯羅伐彈那王</span>的内姪和養子，也是<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span>的大臣。在<span class="zhuanming">波那跋吒</span>的筆下，他曾隨<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍伐彈那</span>抗擊<span class="zhuanming">提婆笈多</span>。<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍伐彈那</span>被<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦</span>謀害後，他帶着軍隊回國時，路上遇到前來爲兄報仇的<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>。<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>從他那裏得悉其兄被害的細情，便命令他率軍去打<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">在<span class="zhuanming">婆尼</span>這個人名的還原問題上，前人的意見還不一致。<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>作Bāṇī，<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>作Bhaṇḍi，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>作Bānī或Vāni，<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>和<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>均作Bāni。按：Bāṇī是一個常見的梵文字，又作Vāṇī，其讀音與<span class="zhuanming">婆尼</span>相對應，義云“聲音”﹑“言語”﹑“雄辯的言語”。本書原注曰“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">辯了</span>”，《慈恩傳》改注曰“此言<span class="zhuanming">明了</span>”，很可能也認爲<span class="zhuanming">婆尼</span>的原字是Bāṇī或Vāṇī。但是，它却是一個陰性名詞（在梵文中以長元音ī爲尾音的名詞皆屬陰性），不能作男性人名。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>等人襲用<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>的還原，同時又覺得以陰性名詞當作男性人名似乎不妥，於是便把長元音ī改成短元音i，又把頂音ṇ誤作齒音n，成了Bāni或Vāni。這樣一改，雖然在對音上仍然恰當，詞性也可以是陽性，適合作男性人名，但是梵文裏根本没有這樣一個字，因此也不能成立。<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>注意到《戒日王傳》中的Bhaṇḍi，認爲<span class="zhuanming">婆尼</span>卽Bhaṇḍi。這兩個人物不僅身份相當，並且其名字的讀音也很接近，學者們通常都認爲他們是同一個人。所以<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>的還原應該説是正確的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4731" id="4790">（六）</a>練若苾芻：練若，梵文阿練若（Araṇya）之略。又譯作阿蘭若，略稱蘭若，原意爲森林，意譯爲寂静處或空閑處，後泛稱一般寺院。苾芻，卽比丘，見前注。練若苾蒭，意謂住於山林的比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4734" id="4791">（七）</a>師子之座：《智度論》卷七：“佛爲人中師子，佛所坐處若床若地皆名師子座。譬如今者國王坐處亦名師子座”，參見前注。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00435','1384710',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P435</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4735" id="4792">（八）</a>卽襲王位：<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>執政始於公元606年，終於647年。本書關於其卽位的敍述是混亂的。據《戒日王傳》，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>在其父兄死後便立卽繼承了王位。其次，又據《戒日王傳》，<span class="zhuanming">波羅羯羅伐彈那王</span>係<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span>之君主，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>繼承的是<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span>的而不是<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>的王位。其三，<span class="zhuanming">婆尼</span>（Bhaṇḍi）也是<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span>的大臣，他不可能勸<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>去接受<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>的王位，而<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>的王位在<span class="zhuanming">哥羅訶伐剌曼王</span>死後已證明是由其弟繼承的（參閲R.C.Majumdar：The History and Culture of the Indian People，Bombay，1954，第三卷，頁99—102）。然而<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>訪<span class="zhuanming">印</span>時<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>已成爲<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>國王，這無疑也是事實。至於<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>究竟在什麽時候﹑通過什麽途徑把<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>置於其統治之下，並定都於<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>，對此學者們雖曾從各方面作過種種推測，却迄無定論。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4738" id="4793">（九）</a>右手進食：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代習俗以右爲尊。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三云：“故時人名右手爲特崎拏手，意是從其右邊爲尊爲便。”故卷二云：“西方食法唯用右手。”<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>耻兄讎未報，以之自勉，故云“終無右手進食之期。”按，特崎拏，梵文dakṣiṇa音譯，意譯“南﹑右”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4740" id="4794">（一○）</a>於六年中，臣五印度：“臣五<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>”之説顯係誇張之辭。根據本書對<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>統治時期<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>諸王國的政治情況和它們之間的從屬關係所做的記載，可以推斷<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>統治的王國實際上没有超出過今<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>東部﹑<span class="zhuanming">北方邦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">比哈爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>和<span class="zhuanming">奥里薩</span>等地的範圍。而本卷“<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>之會”述及“是時諸國二十餘王，先奉告命，各與其國髦俊沙門及婆羅門﹑羣官﹑兵士，來集大會”，以及關於<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>於大施之後“諸國君王各獻珍服。嘗不踰旬，府庫充仭”的記載，則又説明到會見<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>之霸權已爲<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>各國所承認。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00436','1384710',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P436</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4744" id="4795">（一一）</a>檀捨：梵文dāna，意爲施捨，檀從dāna之讀音，施從dāna之意義。檀施卽施捨。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷一原註“由行檀捨，自可越度貧窮。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
奔那伐彈那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152648" key="1152648"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 奔那伐彈那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152649" key="1152649"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00790','1384831',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P790</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001338">奔那伐彈那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">奔那伐彈那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8360" id="8347">（一）</a>周四千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8361" id="8348">（二）</a>周三十餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#8355" id="8349">〔1〕</a>。居人殷盛，池館花林往往相間。土地卑濕，稼穡滋茂。般橠<a class="zhuhao" href="#8356" id="8350">〔2〕</a>娑菓<a class="zhuhao" href="#8362" id="8351">（三）</a>既多且貴<a class="zhuhao" href="#8357" id="8352">〔3〕</a>，其菓大如冬瓜，熟則黄赤，剖之，中有數十小菓，大如鶴卵；又更破之，其汁黄赤，其味甘美。或在樹枝，如衆菓之結實；或在樹根，若伏苓之在土<a class="zhuhao" href="#8358" id="8353">〔4〕</a>。氣序調暢，風俗好<a class="zhuhao" href="#8359" id="8354">〔5〕</a>學。伽藍二十餘所，僧徒三千餘人，大小二乘，兼功綜習。天祠百所，異道雜居，露形尼乾，寔繁其黨。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00791','1384831',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P791</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8349" id="8355">〔1〕</a>周三十餘里，《方志》作周四十餘里。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8350" id="8356">〔2〕</a>原本橠作核。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》及《音釋》核作󵾪，《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作橠，《金陵本》作橠。按《慧琳音義》作橠云：“從木從衣從多”，字形明白，今據正。《方志》般核娑果作般耶婆果。梵文作Panasa，則婆音不諧矣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8352" id="8357">〔3〕</a>既多且貴，《徑山本》作雖多頗貴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8353" id="8358">〔4〕</a>《釋帖》十八引云：“<span class="zhuanming">鉢那國</span>有果大如冬瓜，内數十；如鵝卵。其味甘美，其色黄白。或生於根，或生於枝。根者茯苓類也。”與《記》文略相同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8354" id="8359">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》好作尚。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8347" id="8360">（一）</a>奔那伐彈那國：<span class="zhuanming">奔那伐彈那</span>，《阿育王經》卷三譯爲<span class="zhuanming">分那婆陀那</span>，並意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">正增長</span>（巴利文Puṇṇavadhana，梵文Puṇḍra-vardhana），爲<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>古國名。大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》﹑《他氏梵書》（Aitareya Brāhmaṇa vii，18）都曾多次提到此國。該國最強盛時領土包括<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>全境，此後也包括<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>北部的大部分地區，例如近代的Santal Parganas，Birbhum以及Hazaribagh的北部。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到達時該國還是“周四千餘里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於此國地望的考證，有幾種不同意見。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲在今<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉國</span>Pabna（Pubna），但位置偏南，太接近<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記的方向及里程都有出入。此後<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>（Fergusson）認爲在今<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉國</span>Rangpur，方位與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記雖大體相符，又似乎太偏北。後<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00792','1384831',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P792</span></i>學者<span class="zhuanming">勞</span>（B.C.Law）考定爲在今<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉國</span>Rajshahi及Bogra一帶。（Historical Geography of Ancient India，pp.246—48）除<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>外，《新唐書》卷四三下《地理志》也記載：“自<span class="zhuanming">驃國</span>西度<span class="zhuanming">黑山</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">東天竺</span><span class="zhuanming">迦摩波國</span>千六百里，又西北渡<span class="zhuanming">迦羅都河</span>至<span class="zhuanming">奔那伐檀那國</span>六百里，又西南至<span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>國東境，<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>南岸<span class="zhuanming">羯朱嗢羅國</span>四百里。”據此<span class="zhuanming">奔那伐彈那國</span>應在<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>西北，<span class="zhuanming">羯朱嗢祇羅國</span>東北，<span class="zhuanming">迦羅都河</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">賈木納河</span>支流Karatoya河）西岸。Bogra位置與上述記載均相符合，<span class="zhuanming">勞</span>的看法是對的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8348" id="8361">（二）</a>國大都城：國都遺址在今Bogra城以北七<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">摩訶斯坦</span>（Mahāsthān，又名<span class="zhuanming">摩訶斯坦葛哈</span>Mahāsthāngarh）。此地<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>考古學界已進行過發掘。見N.Ahmed：Mahasthan，A pre-liminary Report on the Recent Archaeological Excavations at Mahasthangarh。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8351" id="8362">（三）</a>般橠娑菓：梵文panasa。見本書卷二《印度總述》物産該條註。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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鉢邏耶伽國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152652" key="1152652"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 鉢邏耶伽國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152653" key="1152653"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00459','1384715',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P459</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000743">鉢邏耶伽國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5018" id="5017">（一）</a>周五千餘里。國大都城據兩河交，周二十餘里。稼穡滋盛，菓木扶疎。氣序和暢，風俗善順，好學藝，信外道。伽藍兩所，僧徒寡少，並皆習學小乘法教。天祠數百，異道寔多。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5017" id="5018">（一）</a>鉢邏耶伽國：梵文Prayāga，卽現今<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>（Allā-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00460','1384715',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P460</span></i>hābād）。<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>及<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>合流處，是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>有名的聖地。《摩訶婆羅多》稱它爲世界上最神聖的地方。《訶利世系》（Harivaṃśa Ch.xxvi.9）中的聖賢們都十分讚揚這一地方。《龜往世書》（K ūrmapurāṇa，P ūrvabhāga，30，45—48）﹑《蓮花往世書》（Padmapurāṇa，Uttarakhaṇḍa35—38）都稱它爲有名的聖地。《羅摩衍那·阿踰陀篇》有描繪二河合流處河水色彩判然不同的章節。原始佛典中稱此城爲Payāga或Prayāga，是著名的宗教浴場。古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人認爲在兩河匯流處沐浴會增加一個人的功德。<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>以及<span class="zhuanming">色羅斯瓦底河</span>（Sarasvatī）都在<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽</span>匯合，《往世書》和《羅摩衍那》中提到<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>匯合處，《摩訶婆羅多》中提到<span class="zhuanming">色羅斯瓦底河</span>匯合處，也都認爲是聖地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">現今的<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德城</span>爲十六世紀<span class="zhuanming">阿克巴</span>（Akbar）<span class="zhuanming">大帝</span>所修建，原名Llāhābās，<span class="zhuanming">沙傑汗</span>以後才開始用<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>這一名稱。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、傳聞六國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152656" key="1152656"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 三摩呾吒國 &gt; 一、傳聞六國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152657" key="1152657"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00803','1384836',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P803</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001360"><b>一﹑傳聞六國</b></p><p> <span>從此東北大海濱山谷中，有<span class="zhuanming">室利差呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#8432" id="8427">〔1〕</a>羅國</span>，次東南大海隅有<span class="zhuanming">迦摩浪迦國</span>，次東有<span class="zhuanming">墮<a class="zhuhao" href="#8433" id="8428">〔2〕</a>羅鉢底國</span>，次東有<span class="zhuanming">伊賞那補羅國</span>，次東有<span class="zhuanming">摩訶瞻波國</span>，卽此云<span class="zhuanming">林邑</span>是也，次西南有<span class="zhuanming">閻摩那<a class="zhuhao" href="#8434" id="8429">〔3〕</a>洲國</span>，凡此六國<a class="zhuhao" href="#8436" id="8430">（一）</a>，山川道阻，不入其境，然風俗壤界，聲聞<a class="zhuhao" href="#8435" id="8431">〔4〕</a>可知。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00804','1384836',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P804</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8427" id="8432">〔1〕</a>原本呾作咀，今從《舊麗本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》改。《慈恩傳》作怛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8428" id="8433">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》墮作墯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8429" id="8434">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》那作羅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8431" id="8435">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》聞並作問。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8430" id="8436">（一）</a>六國：此六國均爲傳聞之國。本書除大致方向之外，别無記載，因此諸家考證不一，較一致的意見如下：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">（1）﹑<span class="zhuanming">室利差呾羅</span>，梵文Śrī-kṣetra音譯，《南海寄歸内法傳》譯爲<span class="zhuanming">室利察呾羅</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">緬甸</span>故都Thare Khettara，在今<span class="zhuanming">下緬甸</span><span class="zhuanming">伊洛瓦底江</span>畔<span class="zhuanming">驃蔑</span>（Prome）附近。本書説該國在<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>“東北大海濱山谷中”，“東北”應是“東南”之誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">（2）﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦摩浪迦</span>，梵文Kāma-laṅka音譯，卽《梁書》卷五四中的<span class="zhuanming">狼牙修</span>，《南海寄歸内法傳》卷一和《大唐西域求法高僧傳》中的<span class="zhuanming">郎迦戍</span>（Laṅkasu），在<span class="zhuanming">馬來半島</span>上。但其具體位置又有幾種不同意見，有人認爲是在半島東岸的<span class="zhuanming">北大年</span>（Patani），有人認爲在半島西部的<span class="zhuanming">吉打</span>（Kedah），也有認爲卽《梁書》中的<span class="zhuanming">頓遜</span>（Tenasserim）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">（3）﹑<span class="zhuanming">墮羅鉢底</span>，梵文Dvārapatī音譯，卽《南海寄歸内法傳》中的<span class="zhuanming">社和鉢底</span>，《舊唐書》中的<span class="zhuanming">墮和羅</span>，《新唐書》中的<span class="zhuanming">獨和羅</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">泰國</span>古都Ayuthya或Ayudhya的梵文名稱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">（4）﹑<span class="zhuanming">伊賞那補羅</span>，梵文Īśanapura音譯，卽<span class="zhuanming">柬埔寨</span>故名，見《舊唐書》卷一九七《南蠻西南蠻傳》真臘國條：“其王姓<span class="zhuanming">刹利氏</span>，有<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00805','1384836',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P805</span></i>大城三十餘所，王都<span class="zhuanming">伊奢那城</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">（5）﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩訶瞻波</span>，梵文Mahācampā音譯，亦作<span class="zhuanming">林邑</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">環王國</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">占婆</span>，位于<span class="zhuanming">印度支那半島</span>的東南海岸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">（6）﹑<span class="zhuanming">閻摩那洲</span>，梵文Yamanadvīpa或Yavanadvīpa，《<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>傳》作<span class="zhuanming">耶婆提</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">爪哇</span>，有人認爲指今<span class="zhuanming">蘇門答臘</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學者<span class="zhuanming">跋多闍梨耶</span>提出過完全不同意見，他認爲上述的（1）卽Sylhet，（2）卽Comilla，（3）卽Tipperah，（4）卽<span class="zhuanming">曼尼坡</span>（Mani-pur），（5）卽<span class="zhuanming">八莫</span>，（Bhamo），（6）卽<span class="zhuanming">緬甸阿瓦</span>（Ava）南部的Tambu-deepa。（見P.Bhattacharya：To the East of Samatata，Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society，1920，pp，1—19）實際上他所列舉的前三處都在<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒</span>境内，後來<span class="zhuanming">芬諾</span>曾對此進行反駁（L.Finot：Hi-uan-tsang and the Far East，見同書，pp.447—452），<span class="zhuanming">芬氏</span>的意見是對的。</span> </p><p> <span>自<a class="zhuhao" href="#8438" id="8437">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>西行九百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8437" id="8438">〔1〕</a>《中本》自下有此字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、天祠及傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152660" key="1152660"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 鉢邏耶伽國 &gt; 二、天祠及傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152661" key="1152661"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00462','1384716',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P462</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000750"><b>二﹑天祠及傳説</b></p><p> <span>城中有天祠，瑩飾輪焕，靈異多端。依其典籍，此處是衆生殖<a class="zhuhao" href="#5040" id="5035">〔1〕</a>福之勝地也。能於此祠捐捨一錢，功踰他所惠施千金。復能輕生，祠中斷命，受天福樂，悠永無窮。天祠堂前有一大樹，枝葉扶疎，陰影蒙密。有食人鬼依而棲宅，故其左右多有遺骸。若人至此祠中，無不輕捨身命。既怵<a class="zhuhao" href="#5041" id="5036">〔2〕</a>邪説，又爲神誘，自古迄今，習謬無替。近有婆羅門，族姓子<a class="zhuhao" href="#5044" id="5037">（一）</a>也，闊達多智，明敏高才，來至祠中，謂衆人曰：“夫曲俗鄙志，難以導誘。吾方同事，然後攝化。”亦既登臨，俯謂友曰：“吾有死矣！昔謂詭妄，今驗真實。天仙伎樂，依空接引，當從勝境，捐此鄙形。”尋欲投<a class="zhuhao" href="#5042" id="5038">〔3〕</a>身，自取殞絶。親友<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00463','1384716',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P463</span></i>諫喻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5043" id="5039">〔4〕</a>，其志不移。遂布衣服遍周樹下，及其自投，得全軀命。久而醒曰：“唯見空中諸天召命，斯乃邪神所引，非得天樂也。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5035" id="5040">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》殖作植。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5036" id="5041">〔2〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》怵作訹，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5038" id="5042">〔3〕</a>《中本》投作捉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5039" id="5043">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》喻作諭，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5037" id="5044">（一）</a>族姓子：梵文kulaputra，指出身於高貴家族的男子。在古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>是一個習見的詞，《摩訶婆羅多》中也有。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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躭摩栗底國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152664" key="1152664"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 躭摩栗底國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152665" key="1152665"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00805','1384837',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P805</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001364">躭摩栗底國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8444" id="8439">（一）</a>周千四五百里。國大都城周十餘里，濱近海垂<a class="zhuhao" href="#8442" id="8440">〔1〕</a>，土地卑濕。稼穡時播，花菓茂盛。氣序温暑，風<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00806','1384837',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P806</span></i>俗躁烈。人性剛勇，邪正兼信。伽藍十餘所，僧衆<a class="zhuhao" href="#8443" id="8441">〔2〕</a>千餘人。天祠五十餘所，異道雜居。國濱海隅，水陸交會，奇珍異寶，多聚此國，故其國人大抵殷富。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8440" id="8442">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》垂作陲，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8441" id="8443">〔2〕</a>《古本》衆作徒。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8439" id="8444">（一）</a>躭摩栗底國：<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底</span>，梵文Tāmraliptī，巴利文Tā-ma-littī，古籍上又作Tāmraliptā，Dāmaliptā，Tāmraliptikā，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>譯作<span class="zhuanming">多摩梨帝</span>。其地望據考訂在今<span class="zhuanming">印度西孟加拉邦</span><span class="zhuanming">米德納浦爾縣</span>（Midnapur）的<span class="zhuanming">塔姆魯克</span>（Tamluk），在<span class="zhuanming">胡格里</span>（Hooghli）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">魯甫納拉揚那</span>（Rūpnārāyana）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>匯合處上游十二<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，在後者的西岸。<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>曾一度表示異議，認爲<span class="zhuanming">塔姆魯克</span>不如歷史更古的港口<span class="zhuanming">察地港</span>（Satgaon）更符合<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載。後經<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人<span class="zhuanming">拉爾古普塔</span>（Lal Gupta）詳盡地研究過<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底</span>的古代歷史與<span class="zhuanming">塔姆魯克</span>的沿革之後，各種争議遂告平息。（The Journal of the Buddhist Text Society，vo1.v，pt.Ⅱ，p.4）。這一古城早見於史詩《摩訶婆羅多》的《毗濕摩篇》（Bhīṣmaparvan）第九章和《大會篇》（Sabhāparvan）第二十九章。在<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>時，此國是<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>的一部分。<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理志》上稱之爲Tamalites。<span class="zhuanming">曇丁</span>的名著《十公子傳》曾經提到<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底</span>的<span class="zhuanming">頻都伐昔尼</span>（Binduvāsinī）<span class="zhuanming">寺</span>。此地是<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>重要港口，水陸<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00807','1384837',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P807</span></i>交通中心，有航線赴<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>及<span class="zhuanming">東南亞</span>各地，我國僧人多人曾來此地訪問。五世紀時，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>曾由<span class="zhuanming">瞻波國</span>至此。<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>赴<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>時在此地登陸，歸國時也在此上船。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>一度也曾想由此地取海道赴<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>（<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>）：“是時聞海中有<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>（原注：此云<span class="zhuanming">執師子</span>也）有明上座部三藏及解《瑜伽論》者；涉海路七百由旬，方可達彼。未去間，逢<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>僧，相勸云：‘往<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>者，不須水路，海中多有惡風﹑藥叉﹑濤波之難，可從<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>東南角，水路三日行卽到。雖復跋履山川，然用爲安穩，并得觀<span class="zhuanming">烏荼</span>等諸國聖跡’，法師卽西南向<span class="zhuanming">烏荼國</span>。”（《慈恩傳》卷四）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">到過此國的還有<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代的<span class="zhuanming">大乘燈</span>。<span class="zhuanming">道琳</span>在此國住過三年，學習梵語，并重新受戒。見《大唐西域求法高僧傳》。</span> </p><p> <span>城側窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也，其傍則有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p><p> <span>自此西北行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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憍賞彌國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152668" key="1152668"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 憍賞彌國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152669" key="1152669"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00466','1384717',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P466</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000758">憍賞彌國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5078" id="5075">（一）</a>周六千餘里。國大都城周三十餘里。土稱沃壤，地利豐植，粳稻多，甘蔗茂。氣序暑熱，風俗剛猛。好學典藝，崇樹福善。伽藍十餘所，傾頓荒蕪。僧徒三百餘人，學小乘教。天祠五十餘所，外道寔多<a class="zhuhao" href="#5077" id="5076">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5076" id="5077">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》多作繁字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5075" id="5078">（一）</a>憍賞彌國：梵文Kauśāmbī，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石柱勒銘作Kosa-ṃbiya。舊譯：<span class="zhuanming">俱舍彌</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拘尸彌</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">憍閃毗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">俱參毗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拘睒鞞</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拘睒彌</span>。<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代十六大國之一，<span class="zhuanming">跋蹉國</span>（Vatsa，Vaṃsa）的首都，也是古代<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>最有名的城市之一。此城起源甚古，早在《百道梵書》（Śatapatha Brāhmaṇa）和《牛道梵書》（Gopatha Brāhmaṇa）中已出現有Kośambeya（<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>人）一詞，原始佛典以及兩大史詩也都提到此城，無論在<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>或<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的典籍中它都十分著名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌國</span>的地理位置，由於《西域記》﹑《慈恩傳》和《法顯傳》關於此國的記載十分矛盾，因而引起學者間的衆説紛紜。先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00467','1384717',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P467</span></i>哈姆</span>考證<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>的地望爲<span class="zhuanming">朱木那</span>河畔的<span class="zhuanming">柯桑</span>（Kosam）<span class="zhuanming">村</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>徒雲集之地，十八世紀初還是一大城市，十九世紀已淪爲一村落，不過仍名爲<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌城</span>（Kosambinagar），文物遺跡也不少。但該地距<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>僅三十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，與《西域記》上的“五百餘里”顯然矛盾。因此，<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>加以反駁。他在其《憍賞彌與室羅伐悉底》（V.Smith：KauśambīandŚrāvastī，JRA.S.1898，pp.503ff）一文中主張<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>應在<span class="zhuanming">巴格爾甘德特區</span>（Baghelkhand Agency），<span class="zhuanming">東斯</span>（Tons）河畔，距<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>與<span class="zhuanming">賈巴爾浦爾</span>（Jabalpur）間的<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>鐵路線不遠的地方，卽<span class="zhuanming">莎特納</span>（Satnā）車站附近。此後，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>又對<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>進行駁斥，指出：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">1.《<span class="zhuanming">法顯傳</span>》上此國在<span class="zhuanming">鹿野苑</span>西北十三由延（約合三百七十餘<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>里）——但<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>認爲“西北”爲“西南”之誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">2.《慈恩傳》與《西域記》中有關記載出現重大分歧，不能置之不顧。《慈恩傳》載由<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌國</span>“東行五百餘里至<span class="zhuanming">鞞索迦國</span>。”而《西域記》載<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌城</span>西南八九里爲<span class="zhuanming">毒龍石窟</span>，<span class="zhuanming">龍窟</span>東北行七百里至<span class="zhuanming">迦奢布羅</span>城，再“自此北行百七八十里，至<span class="zhuanming">鞞迦索國</span>。”據此，<span class="zhuanming">鞞迦索</span>應在<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌國</span>的東北——北約八百八十里的地方。又《西域記》上所載旅行路線似不太合理，如<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>在<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶迦</span>西南五百里，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到達此地後又須折回向東北行八百餘里，如此迂迴，實非必要。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">3.據南傳佛典律藏《小品》（Cullavagga xi.1.12）記載，尊者<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>率五百比丘由<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>，係“乘船溯流而至<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>。”因此，<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌城</span>應在<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>或其支流沿岸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">4.據南傳《經集》（Suttanipāta，頌1005—1012）記載，一個名叫<span class="zhuanming">波婆離</span>（Bāvari）的婆羅門曾派弟子十六人至<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>拜謁<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>，他們一行從<span class="zhuanming">哥達伐里</span>（Godāvarī）河畔北上沿途各地順序是<span class="zhuanming">阿<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00468','1384717',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P468</span></i>羅迦</span>（Alaka），<span class="zhuanming">摩醯沙底</span>（Mahīsati）﹑<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍耶尼</span>（Ujjenī）﹑<span class="zhuanming">恭那陀</span>（Gonaddha）﹑<span class="zhuanming">吠提沙</span>（Vedisā）﹑<span class="zhuanming">伐那薩訶耶</span>（Vanasahaya），然後至<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">沙祇多</span>（Sāketa）及<span class="zhuanming">舍衞城</span>。由此可知後三地應順序列置在北進的道路上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">由上述各點，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>推論<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌城</span>應在<span class="zhuanming">舍衛城</span>附近。但這樣<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>的位置未免太徧北，與<span class="zhuanming">跋蹉國</span>的所在不相當。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">近年由<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>考古學家<span class="zhuanming">夏爾瑪</span>在<span class="zhuanming">柯桑村</span>進一步發掘的結果，確證該地卽古代的<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>——該村在<span class="zhuanming">朱木那河</span>北岸，距<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍尼城</span>陸路四百<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，距<span class="zhuanming">貝拿勒斯</span>水路二百<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里。詳見他的發掘報告（G.R.Sharma：Excavations at Kauśambī1957—59）。該城最古的城垣可上溯到公元前七世紀。並在該城發現了<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石柱，柱頭雖缺，柱身所刻勅詔銘文仍然可讀。公元後六世紀上葉，<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>侵入<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>時該城始爲<span class="zhuanming">多羅摩那</span>（Toramāṇa）所摧毁。<span class="zhuanming">郭悉塔羅瑪</span>（Ghositārāma）<span class="zhuanming">寺</span>的遺址中還出土有他的印章兩枚（參考：U.Tha-kur：The Hūṇas in India，Vāranasī，1967.pp.86—131）。關於<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>的詳細記載可（參考B.C.Law：Kauśambīin Ancient Litera-ture—Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India，No.6，New Delhi，1939）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152672" key="1152672"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152673" key="1152673"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00807','1384838',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P807</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001367">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那<a class="zhuhao" href="#8451" id="8445">〔1〕</a>國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8455" id="8446">（一）</a>周四千四五百里。國大都城周二十餘里，居人殷盛，家室富饒。土地下<a class="zhuhao" href="#8452" id="8447">〔2〕</a>濕，稼穡時播。衆花滋茂，珍菓<a class="zhuhao" href="#8453" id="8448">〔3〕</a>繁植。氣序調暢，風俗淳和，好尚學藝，邪正兼信。伽藍十餘所，僧徒二千餘人<a class="zhuhao" href="#8454" id="8449">〔4〕</a>，習學小乘正量部法。天祠五十餘所，異道寔多。别有三伽藍，不食乳<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00808','1384838',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P808</span></i>酪，遵<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>遺訓也<a class="zhuhao" href="#8456" id="8450">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8445" id="8451">〔1〕</a>《方志》有注云：“<span class="zhuanming">金耳國</span>也。”《珠林》三十九作<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏國</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8447" id="8452">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》下作卑，《方志》同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8448" id="8453">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》菓作異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8449" id="8454">〔4〕</a>《中本》千作十，誤。《慈恩傳》作三百餘人。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8446" id="8455">（一）</a>羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國：<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那</span>，梵文Karṇasuva-rṇa音譯，金耳之義。此國首都的位置長期以來都存在争論。根據近年來考古發掘的結果，一般認爲其地在今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">西孟加拉邦</span><span class="zhuanming">穆爾昔達巴德</span>（Murshidabad）<span class="zhuanming">縣</span>的<span class="zhuanming">羅杰巴底登迦</span>（Rajbadidanga）。該地曾出土刻有“吉祥赤泥大寺”（SrīRaktamṛttikāmahāvihāra）銘文的封泥。（B.P.Sinha：Archaeology and Art of India，Delhi，First published，1979，p.6）當地田土色赤而硬，此寺卽下文的<span class="zhuanming">赤泥僧伽藍</span>因此得名。此國名曾見於<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>銘刻，一度似相當強大，并與<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>爲敵。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">不過這裏必須指出：一﹑該國位置在<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底</span>東北，而非西北，錯訛的原因是《西域記》本卷中各國順序排列有誤所造成。據《慈恩傳》載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>于<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十二年（638年）離<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>南遊，巡禮聖跡，其行程是先至<span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏鉢伐多國</span>，然後沿<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>南岸至<span class="zhuanming">瞻波國</span>，再東行至<span class="zhuanming">羯朱嗢祇羅國</span>，然後又東度<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>至<span class="zhuanming">奔那伐彈那國</span>，由此南下至<span class="zhuanming">羯<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00809','1384838',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P809</span></i>羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>，再轉向東南，至<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>，由此又轉向西行，至<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底國</span>，到達此地後，由於接受<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>僧人的勸告，改變原來海行的計劃，取道陸路向西南至<span class="zhuanming">烏荼國</span>，此後繼續南遊，因此，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>并未在到達<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底國</span>之後，又折向東北至<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>，然後又再走回頭路，向西南至<span class="zhuanming">烏荼國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>整理《西域記》資料時，可能爲了敍述上的方便，各國按地區排列，而不是按<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>巡遊的時間先後排列的，因此，在<span class="zhuanming">奔那伐彈那國</span>之後，敍述了它東面的鄰國<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>，然後爲方便計，緊接着就敍述其西南的<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>。這樣做固未嘗不可，但是把<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>放在<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底</span>之後，并把東北方向誤作西北，却是很不妥當的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>去<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>的時間，比巡禮<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>及<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>各國晚得多，是在<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十六年（642年），<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>還<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>之後，應<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅</span>的邀請而去的。《慈恩傳》卷五對此有詳細記載，不具引。<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>大會之後，<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十七年（643年），<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>卽啟程歸國。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8450" id="8456">（二）</a>不食乳酪遵提婆達多遺訓也：<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>，見前注。他因反對<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>，遂率徒衆脱離<span class="zhuanming">釋尊</span>的僧團，自成一派。《法顯傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">調達</span>（<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>）亦有衆在，常供養過去三佛，唯不供養<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>文佛”，並自定五法，其一卽“不食乳酪”。見《根本説一切有部毘奈耶破僧事》卷十。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、刻檀佛像
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152676" key="1152676"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 憍賞彌國 &gt; 一、刻檀佛像 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152677" key="1152677"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00468','1384718',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P468</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000761"><b>一﹑刻檀佛像</b></p><p> <span>城内故宫中有大精舍，高六十餘尺，有刻檀佛像，上懸石蓋，<span class="zhuanming">鄔陀衍那王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5090" id="5079">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">出愛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5085" id="5080">〔1〕</a>。舊云<span class="zhuanming">優填王</span>，訛也。</span> <span>之所作也。靈相間起，神光時照<a class="zhuhao" href="#5086" id="5081">〔2〕</a>。諸國君王恃力欲舉，雖多人衆，莫<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00469','1384718',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P469</span></i>能轉移，遂圖供養，俱言得真，語其源迹，卽此像也。初<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>成正覺已，上昇天宫爲母説法，三月不還，其王思慕，願圖形像。乃請尊者<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>以神通力接工人上天宫，親觀妙相，彫刻栴檀。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>自天宫<a class="zhuhao" href="#5087" id="5082">〔3〕</a>還也，刻檀之像起迎<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>慰曰：“教化勞耶<a class="zhuhao" href="#5088" id="5083">〔4〕</a>？開導末世，寔此爲冀<a class="zhuhao" href="#5089" id="5084">〔5〕</a>！”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5080" id="5085">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集》愛訛作受。<span class="zhuanming">出愛王</span>亦見卷六“室羅伐悉底國”條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5081" id="5086">〔2〕</a>《中本》照下有曜字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5082" id="5087">〔3〕</a>《石本》無宫字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5083" id="5088">〔4〕</a>《石本》耶作邪，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5084" id="5089">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》冀作異。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5079" id="5090">（一）</a>鄔陀衍那王：<span class="zhuanming">鄔陀衍那</span>，人名，梵文Udayana的對音，巴利文爲Udena，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯名有<span class="zhuanming">優填</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">優陀延</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">出愛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">出光</span>等等。其人與<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>同時代，爲公元前六世紀<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>十幾個君主世襲制國家之一<span class="zhuanming">跋蹉國</span>（Vatsa，該國首都卽<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌城</span>）的國王。作爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>名王之一，其事不僅屢見於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>典籍，如《優填王經》﹑《摩訶僧祇律》卷二十八﹑《四分律》卷五十三；而在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古典梵文文學作品中，他也是一個有名的人物。（參閲<span class="zhuanming">金克木</span>：《梵語文學史》，<span class="zhuanming">人民文學出版社</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北京</span>，1964年，頁234，238—239，258）其刻檀佛像事，見《增一阿含經》卷二十八。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00470','1384718',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P470</span></i><p> <span>精舍東百餘步，有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。其側不遠，有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>井及浴室。井猶充汲，室以<a class="zhuhao" href="#5092" id="5091">〔1〕</a>頽毁。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5091" id="5092">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》以作已，古通用。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、赤泥僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152680" key="1152680"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國 &gt; 一、赤泥僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152681" key="1152681"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00809','1384839',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P809</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001370"><b>一﹑赤泥僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>大城側有<span class="zhuanming">絡多末<a class="zhuhao" href="#8459" id="8457">〔1〕</a>知僧伽藍</span>，<a class="zhuhao" href="#8460" id="8458">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">赤泥</span>。</span> <span>庭宇顯敞，臺閣崇峻，國中高才達學，聰敏有聞者，咸集其中，警誡相成，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00810','1384839',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P810</span></i>琢磨道德。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8457" id="8459">〔1〕</a>原諸本末作未，《舊麗本》﹑《古本》及《慈恩傳》未作末，作末是。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8458" id="8460">（一）</a>絡多末知僧伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">絡多末知</span>，俗語Raktamaṭṭī音譯，梵文Raktamṛttikā，意譯<span class="zhuanming">赤泥</span>，由於此地泥土呈赤色，故名，參見前<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>注。</span> </p><p> <span>初，此國未信佛法時，<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>有一外道，腹錮銅鍱，首戴明炬，杖策高步，來入此城。振擊論鼓，求欲談<a class="zhuhao" href="#8472" id="8461">〔1〕</a>議。或者<a class="zhuhao" href="#8473" id="8462">〔2〕</a>問曰：“首腹何異？”曰：“吾學藝多能，恐腹拆裂。悲諸愚闍，所以持照。”時經旬日，人無問者。詢訪髦彦，莫有其<a class="zhuhao" href="#8474" id="8463">〔3〕</a>人。王曰：“合境之内，豈無明哲？客難不酬，爲國深恥。宜更營求，訪諸幽隱。”或曰：“大林中有異人，其自稱曰沙門，强學是務，今屏居幽寂，久矣於兹。非<a class="zhuhao" href="#8475" id="8464">〔4〕</a>夫體法合德，何能若此者乎？”王聞之<a class="zhuhao" href="#8476" id="8465">〔5〕</a>，躬往請焉。沙門對曰：“我<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>人也，客遊止此，學業膚<a class="zhuhao" href="#8477" id="8466">〔6〕</a>淺，恐黜所聞敢承來旨，不復固辭，論議<a class="zhuhao" href="#8478" id="8467">〔7〕</a>無負，請建伽藍，招集僧徒，光<a class="zhuhao" href="#8479" id="8468">〔8〕</a>讚佛法！”王曰：“敬聞，不敢忘德。”沙門受請，往赴論場。外道於是誦其宗致三萬餘言，其義遠，其文約<a class="zhuhao" href="#8480" id="8469">〔9〕</a>，苞<a class="zhuhao" href="#8481" id="8470">〔10〕</a>含名相<a class="zhuhao" href="#8482" id="8471">（一）</a>，網羅視聽。沙門一聞究覽，辭義無謬，以數百言辯而釋之，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00811','1384839',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P811</span></i>因問宗致。外道辭窮理屈，杜口不酬。既折其名，負恥而退。王深敬德，建此伽藍。自時厥後，方弘法教。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8461" id="8472">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》談並作論。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8462" id="8473">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》者作人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8463" id="8474">〔3〕</a>原本其作異，《舊麗本》﹑《古本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作其，義長，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8464" id="8475">〔4〕</a>原本非作悲，今從《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8465" id="8476">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》之下並有已字。《徑山本》之作是，下亦有已字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8466" id="8477">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》膚作庸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8467" id="8478">〔7〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》議作義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8468" id="8479">〔8〕</a>《舊麗本》光作先，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8469" id="8480">〔9〕</a>諸本作約。章校本作博，《大正藏》校記引《明本》亦作博。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8470" id="8481">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》苞並作包，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8471" id="8482">（一）</a>名相：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂五法之一。它認爲一切事物有“名”有“相”。耳可聞的叫“名”，眼可見的謂“相”。“苞含名相”指外道侈談名相。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00812','1384839',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P812</span></i><p> <span>伽藍側不遠有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此七日説法開導。其側精舍，過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。有數窣堵波，並是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>説<a class="zhuhao" href="#8484" id="8483">〔1〕</a>法之處，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8483" id="8484">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》説下並有經字。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西南行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">烏荼國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、玄奘會見戒日王
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1096595" key="1096595"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 羯若鞠闍國 &gt; 三、玄奘會見戒日王 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152683" key="1152683"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00436','1384711',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P436</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000705"><b>三﹑玄奘會見戒日王</b></p><p> <span>初，受<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4825" id="4796">（一）</a>請白<a class="zhuhao" href="#4815" id="4797">〔1〕</a>，自<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>往<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4826" id="4798">（二）</a>。時<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>巡方在<span class="zhuanming">羯朱<a class="zhuhao" href="#4816" id="4799">〔2〕</a>嗢祇<a class="zhuhao" href="#4817" id="4800">〔3〕</a>邏國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4827" id="4801">（三）</a>，命<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>曰：“宜與<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>遠客沙門<a class="zhuhao" href="#4828" id="4802">（四）</a>速<a class="zhuhao" href="#4818" id="4803">〔4〕</a>來赴會！”於是遂與<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>往會見焉。<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>勞苦已曰：“自何國來？將何所欲？”對曰：“從<span class="zhuanming">大唐國</span>來，請求佛法。”王曰：“<span class="zhuanming">大唐國</span>在何方？經<a class="zhuhao" href="#4819" id="4804">〔5〕</a>途所亘，去斯遠近？”對曰：“當此東北數萬餘里，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>所謂<span class="zhuanming">摩訶至那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4829" id="4805">（五）</a>是也。”王曰：“嘗聞<span class="zhuanming">摩訶至那國</span>有<span class="zhuanming">秦王天<a class="zhuhao" href="#4820" id="4806">〔6〕</a>子<a class="zhuhao" href="#4830" id="4807">（六）</a></span>，少而靈鑒，長而神武。昔先代䘮亂，率土分崩，兵戈競起，羣生荼毒，而<span class="zhuanming">秦王天子</span>早懷遠略，興大慈悲，拯濟含識，平定海内，風教遐被，德澤遠洽，殊方異域，慕化稱臣。氓<a class="zhuhao" href="#4821" id="4808">〔7〕</a>庶荷其亭育<a class="zhuhao" href="#4831" id="4809">（七）</a>，咸歌《秦王破陣樂》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4832" id="4810">（八）</a>。聞其雅頌，于兹久矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#4833" id="4811">（九）</a>。盛德之譽，誠有之乎？<span class="zhuanming">大唐國</span>者，豈此是耶？”對曰：“然。<span class="zhuanming">至那</span>者，前王之國號；<span class="zhuanming">大唐</span>者，我君之國稱。昔未襲位，謂之<span class="zhuanming">秦王</span>，今已承統，稱曰天子。前代運終，羣生無主，兵戈亂起，殘害生靈。<span class="zhuanming">秦王</span>天縱含弘，心發慈愍，威風鼓扇，羣凶殄滅，八方静謐，萬國朝貢。愛育四生，敬崇三寶，薄賦斂，省刑罸，而國用有餘，氓<a class="zhuhao" href="#4822" id="4812">〔8〕</a>俗無宄<a class="zhuhao" href="#4823" id="4813">〔9〕</a>，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00437','1384711',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P437</span></i>風猷大化，難以備舉。”<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>曰：“盛矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#4824" id="4814">〔10〕</a>哉，彼土羣生，福感聖主！”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4797" id="4815">〔1〕</a>原本白作曰，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《金陵本》作白，今據改。《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》並無此字，義似長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4799" id="4816">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》朱作末；《徑山本》作未。按羯朱嗢祇邏國見本書卷十，作末作未，並非。《金陵本》羯朱作竭末，則二字並訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4800" id="4817">〔3〕</a>《新麗本》祇原書作祇，《石本》同；《京大本》據《宋本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4803" id="4818">〔4〕</a>《石本》速作遠，疑涉上文遠字而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4804" id="4819">〔5〕</a>《中本》經作俓。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4806" id="4820">〔6〕</a>《石本》天作太。下文不然，此太字當誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4808" id="4821">〔7〕</a>原本氓作民，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《徑山本》並作氓。民﹑氓義可通用，但民爲<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>名諱，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>進呈之書，安得不避？今據改正。下文“氓俗”不誤。《明南本》作珉，乃氓之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4812" id="4822">〔8〕</a>《明南本》氓又誤作珉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4813" id="4823">〔9〕</a>《新麗本》宄原書作宂，《京大本》從《古本》﹑《異本》及《宋本》改。《明南本》訛作究。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4814" id="4824">〔10〕</a>原本無矣字，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之。按矣字加强語氣，有之爲長，今據各本補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4796" id="4825">（一）</a>拘摩羅王：<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅</span>，梵文Kumāra，義云“童子”；又名Bhāskaravarman（<span class="zhuanming">婆塞羯羅伐摩</span>，義云“日胄”），與<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>同時代，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00438','1384711',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P438</span></i>爲<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span><span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>（見本書卷第十）國王。據《戒日王傳》，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>爲了替兄報仇和營救妹妹，於卽位初立刻向被强敵<span class="zhuanming">高達國</span><span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>佔領的<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>進軍。行軍途中，<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>遣使請與<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>結盟，爲<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>欣然接受。這一聯盟使<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>從東﹑西兩邊受到箝制，從而大大增强了聯盟雙方對付共同敵人的實力。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據《舊唐書》卷一九八和《新唐書》卷二二一上，<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十二年（公元648年）<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>使<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>曾派人向他獻奇珍異物及地圖，並請<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>像及《道德經》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>應<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>之請而赴<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>以及與<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>同往會見<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>事，詳見《慈恩傳》卷五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4798" id="4826">（二）</a>迦摩縷波國：見本書卷第十<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>條及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4801" id="4827">（三）</a>羯朱嗢祇邏國：見本書卷第十<span class="zhuanming">羯朱嗢祇邏國</span>條及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4802" id="4828">（四）</a>那爛陁遠客沙門：<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>卽卷第九之<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁僧伽藍</span>，此爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>赴<span class="zhuanming">印</span>之目的地，他曾在該寺留學五年（公元631—635年）。沙門，梵文śramaṇa，又譯桑門，原爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>土著居民的宗教代表，與<span class="zhuanming">雅利安</span>人的宗教代表婆羅門相對立；後來<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒又繼承了這一稱呼，我國又稱和尚。<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>遠客沙門卽指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4805" id="4829">（五）</a>摩訶至那國：<span class="zhuanming">摩訶至那</span>是梵文Mahācīna的對音，國是梵文sthāna的意譯，梵文全稱Mahācīnasthāna。“摩訶”義云“大”。“至那”（Cīna），又作“脂那”﹑“支那”等，是古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人對<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>（人）的稱呼，早見於公元前四世紀<span class="zhuanming">憍底利耶</span>（Kauṭilya）所著之《政事論》（Arthaśāstra）和著成於公元前後的兩大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》（Mahā-bhārata）﹑《羅摩衍那》（Rāmāyaṇa）以及《摩奴法論》（Manusmṛti）等<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古書。“至那”（Cīna）一詞的原音來源於“秦”字，<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>是從公元前七世紀起在我國西北的<span class="zhuanming">秦國</span>的稱號，經過古代<span class="zhuanming">中亞細亞</span>地區<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00439','1384711',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P439</span></i>傳入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，自古以來外國對<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的稱呼多源於此。因而，<span class="zhuanming">摩訶至那國</span>全名的意譯應是“<span class="zhuanming">大秦國</span>”，卽指<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。本書下文“<span class="zhuanming">至那</span>者，前王之國號”中的“前王”，似應該指上述<span class="zhuanming">秦國</span>之君王。（參閲<span class="zhuanming">張星烺</span>《中西交通史料滙編》，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，1977年，第一册，附録《“支那”名號考》；<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>《交廣印度兩道考》，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯本，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>1955年11—16頁；<span class="zhuanming">汶江</span>《支那一詞起源質疑》，載《中國史研究》，1980年第二期）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4807" id="4830">（六）</a>秦王天子：據《舊唐書》卷一，<span class="zhuanming">唐高祖</span><span class="zhuanming">李淵</span>以公元618年稱帝後封其次子<span class="zhuanming">李世民</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">秦王</span>。<span class="zhuanming">秦王天子</span>卽指<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span><span class="zhuanming">李世民</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4809" id="4831">（七）</a>亭育：卽養育。《老子》：“長之育之，亭之毒之。”《文選》<span class="zhuanming">劉孝標</span>《辯命論》：“生之無亭毒之心。”<span class="zhuanming">李周翰</span>注：“亭﹑毒，均養也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4810" id="4832">（八）</a>秦王破陣樂：<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初的一種樂舞，用來摹擬戰陣動作，以歌頌<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>的武功，後名《七德舞》。《舊唐書》卷二九《音樂志》：“《破陣樂》，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>所造也。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">秦王</span>之時，征伐四方，人間歌謡《秦王破陣樂》之曲，及卽位，使<span class="zhuanming">吕才</span>協音律，<span class="zhuanming">李百藥</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">虞世南</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">褚亮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">魏徵</span>等製歌辭。百二十人披甲持戟，甲以銀飾之。發揚蹈厲，聲韻慷慨，享宴奏之，天子避位，坐宴者皆興。”卷二八又云：“（<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>）七年，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>製《破陣舞圖》：左圓右方，先偏後伍，魚麗鵝貫，箕張翼舒，交錯屈伸，首尾迴互，以象戰陣之形。令<span class="zhuanming">吕才</span>依圖教樂工百二十人，被甲執戟而習之。凡爲三變，每變爲四陣，有來往疾徐擊刺之象，以應歌節，數日而就，更名《七德之舞》。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4811" id="4833">（九）</a>聞其雅頌於兹久矣：《秦王破陣樂》在<span class="zhuanming">李世民</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">秦王</span>時（公元618—626年）流行於世，而<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>於會見<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時聞之已久，足見當時<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>之間交往頻繁﹑消息靈通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">至於<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>究竟會晤於何年，史傳皆無明文記載。據<span class="zhuanming">梁啟超</span>於《支那内學院精校本玄奘傳書後——關於玄奘年譜之研<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00440','1384711',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P440</span></i>究》（載於《東方雜誌》第二十一卷第七號）一文中説，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>與<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>會晤與<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>大會爲同年先後之事（參見《慈恩傳》卷五），則其時當在<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十六年（公元642年）秋末冬初無疑。此爲一説。然而，據《舊唐書》卷一九八載：“<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十五年<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>自稱<span class="zhuanming">摩伽陀王</span>，遣使朝貢。”《新唐書》卷二二一上，更明言“會<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>浮屠<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>至其國，<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>召見曰：‘而國有聖人出，作《秦王破陣樂》，試爲我言其爲人。’<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>粗言<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>神武，平禍亂，四夷賓服狀。王喜曰：‘我當東面朝之。’<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十五年自稱<span class="zhuanming">摩迦陀王</span>，遣使者上書。帝命雲騎尉<span class="zhuanming">梁懷璥</span>持節慰撫。”《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部》“朝貢”三，亦載<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十五年“是年<span class="zhuanming">天竺國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>遣使朝貢。”依此，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>既然於<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十五年遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>，則<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>晤<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>當在<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十四年之秋末冬初。此又一説。（參閲<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>《玄奘年壽考》，<span class="zhuanming">香港</span>《大公報在港復刊三十周年紀念論文集》）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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迦摩縷波國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152584" key="1152584"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 迦摩縷波國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152684" key="1152684"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00794','1384832',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P794</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001346">迦摩縷波國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8381" id="8371">（一）</a>周萬餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8382" id="8372">（二）</a>周三十餘里。土地泉濕，稼穡時<a class="zhuhao" href="#8378" id="8373">〔1〕</a>播。般橠<a class="zhuhao" href="#8379" id="8374">〔2〕</a>娑菓﹑那羅雞羅菓，其樹雖多，彌復珍貴。河流湖陂，交帶城邑。氣序和暢，風俗淳質。人形卑小，容貌釐<a class="zhuhao" href="#8380" id="8375">〔3〕</a>黑，語言少異<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8383" id="8376">（三）</a>。性甚獷暴，志存强學，宗事天神，不信佛法。故自佛興以迄於今，尚未建立伽藍，招集僧侣。其有淨信之徒，但竊念而已。天祠數百，異道數萬<a class="zhuhao" href="#8384" id="8377">（四）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8373" id="8378">〔1〕</a>《中本》時作蒔。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8374" id="8379">〔2〕</a>原本橠作核，今據《慧琳音義》改，説見上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8375" id="8380">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》釐並作黧，可通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8371" id="8381">（一）</a>迦摩縷波國：<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>，梵文Kāmarūpa音譯，《舊唐書》﹑《新唐書》中譯爲<span class="zhuanming">伽没路</span>，《新唐書》又作<span class="zhuanming">箇没盧</span>，在今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">阿薩姆</span>（Assam）<span class="zhuanming">邦</span>的西部。<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>是<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>的一個大古國，最初<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00795','1384832',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P795</span></i>名爲“<span class="zhuanming">東輝</span>（或<span class="zhuanming">東星</span>）”<span class="zhuanming">國</span>（Prāgjyotiṣa），以後更名爲<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>。大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》和《羅摩衍那》都曾多次提到此國，稱之爲“蠻國”（Dānava或Mlecchadeśa），但以讚揚的口吻提到該國國王<span class="zhuanming">福授</span>（Bhagadatta）。在梵語古典文學作品中上述“<span class="zhuanming">東輝</span>”及<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>兩個名稱，往往同時或交替使用。該國極盛時不僅包括全部<span class="zhuanming">布拉瑪普特拉河</span>谷，還兼有<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>北部，西起Rangpur及Cooch Behar河，東至<span class="zhuanming">布拉瑪普特拉河</span>曲及<span class="zhuanming">印</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">緬</span>邊鏡的<span class="zhuanming">曼尼坡</span>（Manipur）等地，北至<span class="zhuanming">不丹</span>，南至<span class="zhuanming">布拉瑪普特拉河</span>及<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>口一帶。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在此也用“周萬余里”來描述該國的廣大。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>也是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境内最早和我國交往的地方。《史記·大宛列傳》“<span class="zhuanming">昆明</span>之屬無君長……然聞其西可千餘里，有乘象國，名曰<span class="zhuanming">滇越</span>，而<span class="zhuanming">蜀</span>賈姦出物者或至焉。”“<span class="zhuanming">滇越</span>”或卽《魏略》和《後漢書》中的“<span class="zhuanming">盤越</span>”，卽<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>的别稱Dānava的對音（Diān-vat＜Dānava）。《魏略·西戎傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">盤越國</span>一名<span class="zhuanming">漢越</span>，正在<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>東南數千里，與<span class="zhuanming">益部</span>相近。其人小，與<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>等。<span class="zhuanming">蜀</span>人賈似至焉。”（<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯：《西域南海史地考證譯叢》七編，<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>：《魏略·西戎傳箋注》，案<span class="zhuanming">益部</span>疑爲<span class="zhuanming">益郡</span>之誤，<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>也認爲此國在今<span class="zhuanming">阿薩姆</span>與<span class="zhuanming">緬甸</span>之間。）又《後漢書》卷八八《西域傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">天竺國</span>一名<span class="zhuanming">身毒</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span>之東南數千里……從<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">高附國</span>以西，南至<span class="zhuanming">西海</span>，東至<span class="zhuanming">盤起國</span>，皆<span class="zhuanming">身毒</span>之地。”其中<span class="zhuanming">盤起</span>係<span class="zhuanming">盤越</span>之誤，校補注曰：“案<span class="zhuanming">盤起</span>，《通典》起作越。”此外《梁書》卷五四《諸夷傳》以及《南史》中均作<span class="zhuanming">盤</span>（或槃）<span class="zhuanming">越</span>。如《南史》卷七八《夷貊傳》：“從<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span><span class="zhuanming">高附</span>西，南至<span class="zhuanming">西海</span>，東至<span class="zhuanming">盤越</span>，……皆<span class="zhuanming">身毒</span>也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>對我國十分友好，不僅優待過<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>，對使者<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>一行也十分優待，并與我國進行文化及物質交流。《新唐書》卷二<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00796','1384832',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P796</span></i>二一上《西域傳》上：“<span class="zhuanming">東天竺</span>王<span class="zhuanming">尸鳩摩</span>（Śrī-kumāra）送牛馬三萬餽軍，及弓﹑刀﹑寶纓珞。<span class="zhuanming">迦没路國</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>）獻異物，并上地圖，請<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>像。”《舊唐書》卷一九八《西戎傳》：“五<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>所屬之國數十……有<span class="zhuanming">伽没路國</span>，其俗開東門以向日。<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>至，其王發使，貢以奇珍異物及地圖，因請<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>像及《道德經》。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8372" id="8382">（二）</a>國大都城：卽<span class="zhuanming">東輝城</span>（Prāgjyotiṣa）或<span class="zhuanming">迦摩佉</span>（Kāmākhyā）<span class="zhuanming">城</span>，在今<span class="zhuanming">阿薩姆邦</span><span class="zhuanming">高哈提</span>（Gauhati，見B.C.Law，H.G.A.I.pp.251—253）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8376" id="8383">（三）</a>語言少異中印度：<span class="zhuanming">阿薩姆</span>語由<span class="zhuanming">東摩揭陀</span>語演變而來。但正如前所述，<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>處於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>東部邊境，早在史前時代就有操<span class="zhuanming">猛</span>—<span class="zhuanming">吉蔑</span>（Mon-Khmer）語言的各族移殖。有史時期，從<span class="zhuanming">滇</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">緬</span>一帶先後又有操<span class="zhuanming">藏</span><span class="zhuanming">緬</span>語族的<span class="zhuanming">泰</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">撣</span>等民族相繼移入。這些民族在<span class="zhuanming">阿薩姆</span>人口中至今仍佔有很大比例。<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人的語言不能不受到這種種語言的影響，因此與<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>語言有一定差異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8377" id="8384">（四）</a>天祠數百異道數萬：如前所述，<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>地處邊區，<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人移入較晚，此後<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>雖然居於支配地位，當地各民族固有各種宗教信仰仍然根深蒂固，并逐漸與<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>混合而形成各種<span class="zhuanming">密教</span>（Tantrism）宗派，無論<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>或<span class="zhuanming">密教</span>的金剛乘（Va-jrayāṇa）﹑真言宗（Mantrayāṇa）﹑天生宗（Sahajayāna），都以<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>爲其發源之地。<span class="zhuanming">密教</span>的有名的“成就者”如<span class="zhuanming">娑羅訶</span>（Saraha）﹑<span class="zhuanming">魯依巴</span>（Luipa）等人，大都生於<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>，或是以此地爲其活動之所。<span class="zhuanming">密教</span>的聖地，如<span class="zhuanming">迦摩佉</span>（Kāmākhyā）﹑<span class="zhuanming">室利訶吒</span>（Śrīhaṭṭa，今<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>Sylhat）﹑<span class="zhuanming">普爾納山</span>（Pūrṇagiri）﹑<span class="zhuanming">烏胝衍那</span>（uddiyāna）等都在古代<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>境内，<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>國都<span class="zhuanming">迦摩佉</span>附近的<span class="zhuanming">天妃廟</span>尤其是這派教徒的朝拜中心。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00797','1384832',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P797</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此外，對<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>的崇拜在<span class="zhuanming">阿薩姆</span>從古到今一直很盛行。據《女瑜珈行者呾多羅》（Yoginī-tantra）一書的記載，<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>内的<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>偶像——男根數以百萬計，所以<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的“異道數萬”并非誇大。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時代當地的<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>廟遺址，今代已有出土。（B.K.Barua，A Cultural History of Assam，vo1.I，p.147ff.）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五、曲女城附近諸佛迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152687" key="1152687"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 羯若鞠闍國 &gt; 五、曲女城附近諸佛迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152688" key="1152688"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00444','1384712',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P444</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000713"><b>五﹑曲女城附近諸佛迹</b></p><p> <span>城西北窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此七日説諸妙法。其側則有過去四佛座及經行遺迹之所，復有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪小窣堵波。</span> </p><p> <span>説法窣堵波南，臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，有三伽藍，同垣異門。佛像嚴麗，僧徒肅穆，役使淨人數千餘户。</span> </p><p> <span>精舍寶函中有佛牙，長餘寸半，殊光異色，朝變夕改<a class="zhuhao" href="#4889" id="4885">〔1〕</a>。遠近相趨，士庶咸集，式修瞻仰，日百千衆。監守者繁其諠雜，權立重税，宣告遠近，欲見佛牙，輸大金錢。然而瞻禮之徒，寔繁其侣。金錢之税，悦以心競。每於齋日，出置高座，數百千衆燒香散花。花雖盈積，牙函不没。伽<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00445','1384712',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P445</span></i>藍前左右各有精舍，高百餘<a class="zhuhao" href="#4890" id="4886">〔2〕</a>尺，石基塼室。其中佛像，衆寶莊飾<a class="zhuhao" href="#4891" id="4887">〔3〕</a>，或鑄金銀，或鎔鍮石<a class="zhuhao" href="#4892" id="4888">〔4〕</a>。二精舍前各有小伽藍。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4885" id="4889">〔1〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》三十八引此下有“寶函盛之”四字；但無前“寶函”字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4886" id="4890">〔2〕</a>《石本》無餘字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4887" id="4891">〔3〕</a>《古本》飾作嚴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4888" id="4892">〔4〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》石作鉐。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍東南不遠，有大精舍，石基塼室，高二百餘尺。中作<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>立像，高三十餘尺，鑄以鍮石，飾諸妙寶。精舍四周石壁之上，彫畫<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>修菩薩行所經事迹，備盡鐫鏤。</span> </p><p> <span>石精舍南不遠，有<span class="zhuanming">日天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4898" id="4893">（一）</a>祠。祠南不遠<a class="zhuhao" href="#4896" id="4894">〔1〕</a>，有<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>祠。並瑩青石，俱窮彫刻，規摹度量，同佛精舍。各有千户，充其灑掃。鼓樂絃歌，不捨晝夜<a class="zhuhao" href="#4897" id="4895">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4894" id="4896">〔1〕</a>《石本》脱祠南不遠四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4895" id="4897">〔2〕</a>原本此四字作晝夜無徙，《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作不捨晝夜，今從改。《中本》作不比晝夜，比字誤。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00446','1384712',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P446</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4893" id="4898">（一）</a>日天：卽太陽神。原名梵文Sūrya，巴利文Suriya，音譯作<span class="zhuanming">蘇利耶</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">素利也</span>或<span class="zhuanming">修利</span>，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">日天子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">日神</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">寶光天子</span>或<span class="zhuanming">寶意天子</span>。據云，<span class="zhuanming">日天</span>駕金色馬車周行天上。</span> </p><p> <span>大城東南六七里，<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>南，有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此六月説身無常<a class="zhuhao" href="#4904" id="4899">（一）</a>苦空不净。其側則<a class="zhuhao" href="#4902" id="4900">〔1〕</a>有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所，又有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪小窣堵波，人有染疾，至誠旋繞，必得痊愈<a class="zhuhao" href="#4903" id="4901">〔2〕</a>，蒙其福利。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4900" id="4902">〔1〕</a>《石本》無則字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4901" id="4903">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》愈作豫。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4899" id="4904">（一）</a>無常：梵文anitya意譯。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲世間一切事物，都處在生起﹑變易﹑壞滅的過程中，遷流不停，絶無常住性，故名無常。它若從時間上不斷的生滅來看，謂“刹那無常”；如從它的一定期間的連續上看，謂“相續無常。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、拘摩羅王招請
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152691" key="1152691"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 迦摩縷波國 &gt; 一、拘摩羅王招請 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152692" key="1152692"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00797','1384833',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P797</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001349"><b>一﹑拘摩羅王招請</b></p><p> <span>今王本<span class="zhuanming">那羅延天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8397" id="8385">（一）</a>之祚胤，婆羅門之種也，字<span class="zhuanming">婆塞羯羅伐摩</span>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">日胄</span>。</span> <span>號<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8392" id="8386">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8398" id="8387">（二）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">童子</span>。</span> <span>自據疆土，奕葉君臨，逮於今王，歷千世矣。君上<a class="zhuhao" href="#8393" id="8388">〔2〕</a>好學，衆庶從化，遠方高才，慕義客遊。雖不淳信佛法，然敬高<a class="zhuhao" href="#8394" id="8389">〔3〕</a>學沙門。初，聞有<span class="zhuanming">至那國</span>沙門在<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span><span class="zhuanming">那爛陁僧伽藍</span>，自遠方來，學佛深法，殷勤往復者再三，未從來命。時<span class="zhuanming">尸羅跋陁羅論師</span>曰：“欲報佛恩，當弘正法，子其行矣，勿憚遠涉！<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>世宗外道，今請沙門，斯善事也。因兹改轍，福利弘遠。子昔起廣<a class="zhuhao" href="#8395" id="8390">〔4〕</a>大心，發弘誓願，孤遊異域，遺身求法，普濟含靈，豈徒<a class="zhuhao" href="#8396" id="8391">〔5〕</a>鄉國？宜忘得喪，勿拘榮辱，宣揚聖教，開導羣迷，先物後身，忘名弘法”。於是辭不獲免，遂與使偕行，而會見焉。<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>曰：“雖則不才，常慕高學，聞名雅尚，敢事延請。”曰：“寡能褊智，猥蒙流聽。”<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>曰：“善哉！慕法好學，顧身若浮，踰越重險，遠遊異域，斯則王化所由，國風尚學。今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>諸國多有歌頌<span class="zhuanming">摩訶至那國</span>《秦王破陣樂》者，聞之久<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00798','1384833',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P798</span></i>矣，豈大德之鄉國耶？”曰：“然。此歌者，美我君之德也。”<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>曰：“不意大德是此國人，常慕風化，東望已久。山川道阻，無由自致。”曰：“我大君聖德遠洽，仁化遐被，殊俗異域，拜闕稱臣者衆矣。”<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>曰：“覆載若斯，心冀朝貢。今<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>在<span class="zhuanming">羯朱嗢祇羅國</span>，將設大施，崇樹福慧，五<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>沙門﹑婆羅門有學業者，莫不召集。今遣使來請，願與同行。”於是遂往焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8386" id="8392">〔1〕</a>《方志》作摩羅王，脱拘字。《慈恩傳》作鳩摩羅王。鳩﹑拘聲之轉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8388" id="8393">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》君上二字作國王。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8389" id="8394">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》高作多。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8390" id="8395">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無廣字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8391" id="8396">〔5〕</a>《金陵本》徒作圖，疑同音而訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8385" id="8397">（一）</a>那羅延天：梵文Nārāyaṇa，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>神話中原人之子，<span class="zhuanming">徧入天</span>或<span class="zhuanming">黑天</span>的别名，一説<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>的别名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8387" id="8398">（二）</a>婆塞羯羅伐摩號拘摩羅：<span class="zhuanming">婆塞羯羅伐摩</span>，梵文Bhā-skaravarman，意卽<span class="zhuanming">日胄</span>。<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅</span>，梵文kumāra，音譯，意爲童男﹑少年﹑青年；《慈恩傳》卷五作<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅</span>，《新唐書》卷二二一上《西域傳》上作<span class="zhuanming">尸鳩摩</span>（Śrī-kumāra），尸卽室利（śrī，意譯吉祥），加在名號之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00799','1384833',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P799</span></i>前，以示尊敬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關于<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>與<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅</span>及<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>三者之間的關係，除參考本書卷五“<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>之會”條外，詳見《慈恩傳》卷五。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、納縛提婆矩羅城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152695" key="1152695"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 羯若鞠闍國 &gt; 六、納縛提婆矩羅城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152696" key="1152696"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00446','1384713',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P446</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000719"><b>六﹑納縛提婆矩羅城</b></p><p> <span>大城東南行百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">納縛提婆矩羅城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4906" id="4905">（一）</a>，據<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00447','1384713',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P447</span></i>東岸，周二十餘里。花林清池，互相影照。</span> </p>注釋          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4905" id="4906">（一）</a>納縛提婆矩羅城：梵文Navadevakula音譯，意卽<span class="zhuanming">新天寺（城）</span>。《釋迦方志》作<span class="zhuanming">納縛提縛城</span>，亦卽《法顯傳》上的<span class="zhuanming">呵梨村</span>：“度<span class="zhuanming">恆水</span>南行三由延，到一村名<span class="zhuanming">呵梨</span>，佛於此中説法，經行﹑坐處盡起塔。”“呵梨”一詞有兩種不同解釋，一種（<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>）認爲卽Hari（<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>别名）。此村乃供奉<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>的新寺院所在之地。因爲本段記載，“<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>東，有一天祠，重閣層臺，奇工異製。”另一種説法（<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>）認爲“呵梨”乃<span class="zhuanming">呵梨底</span>（Haritī<span class="zhuanming">歡喜天</span>，<span class="zhuanming">鬼子母</span>神）的省譯，並認爲<span class="zhuanming">納縛</span>乃<span class="zhuanming">耆婆</span>（Jīvaka長命神）訛略。<span class="zhuanming">納縛提婆矩羅</span>乃Jīvaka-deva-kula（<span class="zhuanming">耆婆天</span>寺），與<span class="zhuanming">鬼子母</span>村同義，乃是同一地方。我們認爲後一説法較爲牽強。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此城地望<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>曾比定爲Nobhatgang。更確切地説，應是現今Kanauj東南三十五公里的<span class="zhuanming">般葛爾冒</span>（Bangarmau）以北的<span class="zhuanming">奈瓦爾</span>（Newal）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">納縛提婆矩羅城</span>西北，<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>東，有一天祠，重閣層臺，奇工異製。城東五里，有三伽藍，同垣異門。僧徒五百餘人，並學小乘説一切有部。伽藍前二百餘步，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。基雖傾陷，尚高百餘尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#4908" id="4907">〔1〕</a>，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔於此處七日説法。中有舍利，時放光明。其側則有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00448','1384713',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P448</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4907" id="4908">〔1〕</a>尚高百餘尺，《方志》作“高二十餘丈”。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍北三四里，臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>岸，有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在此七日説法，時有五百<a class="zhuhao" href="#4912" id="4909">〔1〕</a>餓<a class="zhuhao" href="#4913" id="4910">〔2〕</a>鬼來至佛所<a class="zhuhao" href="#4914" id="4911">（一）</a>，聞法解悟，捨鬼生天。説法窣堵波側有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所，其側復有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪窣堵波。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4909" id="4912">〔1〕</a>《方志》五百作四百。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4910" id="4913">〔2〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》餓並作餘。《方志》及《珠林》三十八作餓，與此同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4911" id="4914">（一）</a>時有五百餓鬼來至佛所：此宗教傳説見《根本説一切有部毘奈耶藥事》卷二。</span> </p><p> <span>自此東南行六百餘里，渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，南至<span class="zhuanming">阿踰<a class="zhuhao" href="#4916" id="4915">〔1〕</a>陁國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4915" id="4916">〔1〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》踰作輸。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、東境風土
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152699" key="1152699"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 迦摩縷波國 &gt; 二、東境風土 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152700" key="1152700"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00799','1384834',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P799</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001352"><b>二﹑東境風土</b></p><p> <span>此國東，山阜連接，無大國都，境接<span class="zhuanming">西南夷</span>，故其人類蠻獠<a class="zhuhao" href="#8406" id="8399">〔1〕</a>矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#8407" id="8400">〔2〕</a>。詳問土俗，可兩月行，入<span class="zhuanming">蜀</span>西南之<a class="zhuhao" href="#8408" id="8401">〔3〕</a>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#8411" id="8402">（一）</a>。然山川險阻<a class="zhuhao" href="#8412" id="8403">（二）</a>，嶂<a class="zhuhao" href="#8409" id="8404">〔4〕</a>氣氛沴，毒蛇毒艸，爲害滋甚。國之東南，野象羣暴<a class="zhuhao" href="#8410" id="8405">〔5〕</a>，故此國中象軍特盛。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8399" id="8406">〔1〕</a>《中本》獠作僚。《慧琳音義》云：“獠，正體從豸作䝤。或從巢作󵾫。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8400" id="8407">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》矣作俗，當涉下俗字而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8401" id="8408">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》之作邊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8404" id="8409">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》嶂作障；《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作瘴，《校本》亦云：“疑當作瘴。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8405" id="8410">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》空暴字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8402" id="8411">（一）</a>入蜀之西南境：<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境内最早和我國有直接交通的地方。《史記·大宛列傳》上已經提到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>市場有<span class="zhuanming">四川</span>的産品<span class="zhuanming">邛</span>杖﹑<span class="zhuanming">蜀</span>布出售。雖然<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">武帝</span>用官方的力量開通這條交通<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00800','1384834',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P800</span></i>線失敗，但是這并不能證明民間也没有貿遷往還。前注所提到的<span class="zhuanming">滇越</span>就是其一例。<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>以後我國典籍中提到這種交通線上情況的更多，除前引《魏略·西戎傳》外，<span class="zhuanming">晉</span><span class="zhuanming">常璩</span>《華陽國志·南中志》記載<span class="zhuanming">永昌郡</span>：“有<span class="zhuanming">閩濮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鳩僚</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">傈越</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">躶濮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">身毒</span>之民。”<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷上記載，<span class="zhuanming">室利笈多王</span>（Śrīgupta，約爲公元後三世紀人）時，有<span class="zhuanming">支那</span>僧二十餘人由<span class="zhuanming">蜀川</span><span class="zhuanming">牂牁道</span>而至<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。<span class="zhuanming">唐代</span>利用這種路線的人更多，公私著述對此均有記載。《新唐書》卷四三下《地理志》載有<span class="zhuanming">賈躭</span>所述由<span class="zhuanming">雲南</span>至<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的路線兩條：一條繞道<span class="zhuanming">緬甸</span>，“自<span class="zhuanming">羊苴咩城</span>（<span class="zhuanming">大理</span>）西至<span class="zhuanming">永昌</span>故郡三百里。又西渡<span class="zhuanming">怒江</span>至<span class="zhuanming">諸葛亮城</span>二百里，又南至<span class="zhuanming">樂城</span>二百里。又入<span class="zhuanming">驃國</span>境，經<span class="zhuanming">萬公</span>等八部落，至<span class="zhuanming">悉利城</span>七百里。又經<span class="zhuanming">突旻城</span>至<span class="zhuanming">驃國</span>千里。又自<span class="zhuanming">驃國</span>西度<span class="zhuanming">黑山</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">東天竺</span><span class="zhuanming">迦摩波國</span>千六百里。”另一條由<span class="zhuanming">滇</span>西直至<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>：“一路自<span class="zhuanming">諸葛亮城</span>西去<span class="zhuanming">騰充城</span>二百里，又西至<span class="zhuanming">彌城</span>百里，又西過山，二百里至<span class="zhuanming">麗水城</span>，乃西渡<span class="zhuanming">麗水</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">龍泉水</span>，二百里至<span class="zhuanming">安西城</span>。乃西渡<span class="zhuanming">彌諾江</span>水，千里至<span class="zhuanming">大秦婆羅門國</span>。又西渡大嶺，三百里至<span class="zhuanming">東天竺</span>北界<span class="zhuanming">箇没盧國</span>。”按後者計，自<span class="zhuanming">騰充</span>至<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>共一千八百里，再加上<span class="zhuanming">川</span><span class="zhuanming">滇</span>邊界至<span class="zhuanming">騰充</span>這段一千二百五十四里（按<span class="zhuanming">樊綽</span>《蠻書》卷一計算），共三千餘里，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所計大體相符（《唐六典》卷三：“凡陸行之程，馬日七十里，步及驢五十里。”“可兩月行”，約合三千餘里）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8403" id="8412">（二）</a>山川險阻，《慧琳音義》卷八一<span class="zhuanming">牂牁</span>條，對這條路線的情況有較詳記載：“……遂檢尋《括地志》及諸地理書《南方記》等，説此往<span class="zhuanming">五天</span>路徑，若從<span class="zhuanming">蜀川</span>南出，經<span class="zhuanming">餘姚</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">越雋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">不韋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">永昌</span>等邑，古號<span class="zhuanming">哀牢玉</span>，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>朝始慕化，後改爲<span class="zhuanming">身毒國</span>，……今並屬<span class="zhuanming">南蠻</span>（指<span class="zhuanming">南詔</span>），北接互<span class="zhuanming">羌</span>雜居之西。過此蠻界，卽入<span class="zhuanming">土蕃國</span>之南界。西越數重高山峻嶺，涉歷川谷，凡經三數千里，過<span class="zhuanming">土蕃</span>界，更度<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>南<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00801','1384834',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P801</span></i>脚，卽入<span class="zhuanming">東天竺</span>東南界<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>……此山路與<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>至近，險阻難行，是<span class="zhuanming">大唐</span>與<span class="zhuanming">五天</span>陸路之捷徑也。仍須及時。盛夏熱瘴毒蟲，不可行履，遇者難以全生。秋多風雨，水泛又不可行。冬雖無毒，積雪冱寒，又難登涉。唯有正二三月乃是過時。仍須譯解數種蠻夷語言，兼賷買道之貨，仗土人引道，展轉問津，卽必得達也。山險無路，難知通塞。”</span> </p><p> <span>從此南行千二三百里，至<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8414" id="8413">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>境。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8413" id="8414">（一）</a>從此南行千二三百里至<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>：這一數字係根據傳聞而得，並非<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>親身行履。實際<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>巡禮東﹑南﹑西<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>各國，時間在去<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>之前，詳見本卷<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐刺那國</span>注。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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阿踰陁國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152703" key="1152703"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 阿踰陁國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152704" key="1152704"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00448','1384714',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P448</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000725">阿踰陁國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4920" id="4917">（一）</a>周五千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。穀<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00449','1384714',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P449</span></i>稼豐盛，花菓繁茂。氣序和暢，風俗善順，好營福，勤學藝。伽藍百有餘所，僧徒三千餘人，大乘小乘，兼功<a class="zhuhao" href="#4919" id="4918">〔1〕</a>習學。天祠十所，異道寡少。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4918" id="4919">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》功並作攻。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4917" id="4920">（一）</a>阿踰陁國：梵文Ayudhā，Ayodhyā；巴利文Ayojjhā，Ayujjhā。舊譯<span class="zhuanming">阿踰闍</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿踰遮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">難勝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">不可勝</span>等等。<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁</span>是<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>徒的七大聖地之一。據《羅摩衍那》記載，此城是<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>的故都。史詩稱<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁城</span>繁榮富庶，庫廩充盈，街衢廣闊，房宇崇麗，高樓廣廈，歌臺舞榭，園林池沼，比比皆是；靈工巧匠，數以千計，熙熙黎庶，安居樂業，城高池深，堅不可摧。《摩訶婆羅多》也稱其爲“吉相城”（Puṇyalakṣaṇā），認爲它是人間樂土。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>與<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的歷史上，<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁</span>亦有其重要地位。<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>就在這裏講經説法，宏揚大乘教義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁</span>地望的考訂有種種不同説法：1﹑<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>等認爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記的<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁</span>卽史詩《羅摩衍那》中的Ayodhyā，卽現今的<span class="zhuanming">奥德</span>（Oudh）。2﹑<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>力圖訂正<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>及<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載與實際地理上的方位及里程間的差異。認爲<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁</span>應在現今<span class="zhuanming">伽庫浦爾</span>（Kākū-pur）地方。果如此，則<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記，從<span class="zhuanming">納縛提婆矩羅城</span>“東南行六百餘里，渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，南至<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁</span>。”應改爲“東南行六十餘里……”又下段，從<span class="zhuanming">阿耶穆佉國</span>“東南行七百餘里……至<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽</span>。”也應改爲<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00450','1384714',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P450</span></i>“東南行七十餘里。”3﹑<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>反對這種意見。他認爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在此所記之<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>並非<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>本流，而係將其支流<span class="zhuanming">貢姆蒂</span>（Gumti）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>誤認爲<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>所致。因此仍比定爲<span class="zhuanming">奥德</span>。4﹑<span class="zhuanming">費勒爾</span>主張《西域記》中的<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁</span>與史詩中的Ayodhyā並非同一地方，他認爲前者應求之於<span class="zhuanming">法特浦爾</span>（Fatepur）縣内，該地東南<span class="song">29</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的<span class="zhuanming">阿普依</span>（Aphui）（Führer：Monumental Antiquities of Northwestern Provinces and Oudh.p.157）。雖然<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>和<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>等人贊同這一意見，我們認爲這一問題還應作進一步的研究。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">有人認爲<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁</span>與《法顯傳》中的<span class="zhuanming">沙祗</span>（Sāketa）是同一地方；但<span class="zhuanming">戴維支</span>（Rhys Davids）根據原始佛典指出，在<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>時代這是同時存在的兩個地方。<span class="zhuanming">沙祗</span>卽《西域記》中的<span class="zhuanming">鞞索迦</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三摩呾吒國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152707" key="1152707"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 三摩呾吒國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152708" key="1152708"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00801','1384835',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P801</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001356">三摩呾吒國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">三摩呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#8420" id="8415">〔1〕</a>吒國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8423" id="8416">（一）</a>周三千餘里，濱近大海，地遂卑濕。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8424" id="8417">（二）</a>周二<a class="zhuhao" href="#8421" id="8418">〔2〕</a>十餘里。稼穡滋植，花菓繁茂。氣序和，風俗順。人性剛烈，形卑色黑，好學勤勵，邪正兼信。伽藍三十餘所，僧徒二千餘人，並皆遵習上座部學。天祠百所，異道雜居，露形尼乾，其徒甚<a class="zhuhao" href="#8422" id="8419">〔3〕</a>盛。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00802','1384835',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P802</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8415" id="8420">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》呾作怛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8418" id="8421">〔2〕</a>《中本》二作三。《方志》作二十餘里，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8419" id="8422">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》甚並作特。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8416" id="8423">（一）</a>三摩呾吒國：<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒</span>，梵文Samataṭa音譯，《慈恩傳》卷四作<span class="zhuanming">三摩怛吒</span>；有平地之義，因該國土地平坦而得名，爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>東北部最重要的古國之一。<span class="zhuanming">三謨陀羅笈多王</span>（Samudragupta，四世紀中葉）的<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>（Allāhābād）圓柱銘刻中已提到此國，與<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>及<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>相提并論，爲<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝的附庸之一。《廣博本集》（Bṛhatsaṃhitā）也提到此國。其領域在<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>及<span class="zhuanming">梅格納河</span>三角洲上，并包括現代的<span class="zhuanming">提帕拉</span>（Tipperah）﹑<span class="zhuanming">納奥卡里</span>﹑（Noakhali）﹑<span class="zhuanming">昔爾赫特</span>（Sy1het）。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時另一僧人<span class="zhuanming">僧哲</span>，也到過此國：“<span class="zhuanming">僧哲禪師</span>，<span class="zhuanming">澧州</span>人也，……思慕聖蹤，泛舶西域……巡禮略周，歸<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>，到<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>，國王名<span class="zhuanming">曷羅社跋吒</span>……<span class="zhuanming">五天</span>所有聰明大德，廣慧才人，博學十八部經﹑通解五明大論者，並集兹國矣。……其<span class="zhuanming">僧哲</span>住此王寺，尤蒙别禮。”（<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷下）由此可知當時此國文化的發達。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8417" id="8424">（二）</a>國大都城：關于<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>的領域，各家意見的出入不很大，對其國都所在却有幾種不同的意見。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲應在<span class="zhuanming">傑索爾</span>（Jessore），<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>認爲在<span class="zhuanming">鎖納兒港</span>（Sonargāon），<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>認爲在<span class="zhuanming">法里德浦爾</span>（Faridpur），近年經<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學者研究，一般比定此國都爲<span class="zhuanming">卡爾曼塔</span>（Karmānta），在今<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉國</span><span class="zhuanming">達卡</span>西南的<span class="zhuanming">柯密拉</span>（Gomilla）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00803','1384835',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P803</span></i>以西十二<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">巴德·迦姆答</span>（Baḍ-Kamta，見B.C.Law：H.G.A.I.p.257）。</span> </p><p> <span>去城不遠，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>爲諸天人於此七日説深妙法<a class="zhuhao" href="#8426" id="8425">（一）</a>。傍有四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。去此不遠，伽藍中有青玉佛像，其高八尺，相好圓備，靈應時効。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8425" id="8426">（一）</a>昔者如來爲諸天人於此七日説深妙法：案<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>傳佈<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，從未到<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>，這是後來<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的附會之説。下<span class="zhuanming">耽摩栗底國</span>條“四佛座及經行遺跡之所”，<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>條“在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此七日説法開導。……四佛座及經行遺跡之所……並是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>説法之處”云云，均同此。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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羯若鞠闍國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152711" key="1152711"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 羯若鞠闍國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152712" key="1152712"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00423','1384708',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P423</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000696">羯若鞠闍國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4679" id="4670">（一）</a>周四<a class="zhuhao" href="#4675" id="4671">〔1〕</a>千餘里。國大都城西臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，其長二十餘里，廣四五里。城隍堅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4676" id="4672">〔2〕</a>峻，臺閣相望。花林池沼，光鮮澄鏡。異方奇貨，多聚於此。居人豐樂，家室富饒。花菓具繁，稼穡時播。氣序和洽<a class="zhuhao" href="#4677" id="4673">〔3〕</a>，風俗淳質。容貌妍雅，服飾鮮綺。篤學遊藝，談論清遠。邪正二道，信者相<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00424','1384708',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P424</span></i>半。伽藍百餘所，僧徒萬餘人，大小二乘兼功<a class="zhuhao" href="#4678" id="4674">〔4〕</a>習學。天祠二百餘所，異道數千餘人。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4671" id="4675">〔1〕</a>《石本》無四字，誤脱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4672" id="4676">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》堅作竪，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4673" id="4677">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》洽作冷。和冷不協，冷疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4674" id="4678">〔4〕</a>《異本》﹑《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》功並作攻，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4670" id="4679">（一）</a>羯若鞠闍國：梵文Kanyākubja或Kānyakabja；巴利文Kaṇṇakujja或kannakujja。舊譯<span class="zhuanming">葛那及</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">罽饒夷</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">葛那鳩闍</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">葛那究撥闍</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦那鳩闍</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">伽那慰闍</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">犍拏究撥闍</span>。kanyā意爲少女，kubja意爲彎曲，故又有意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">曲女</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">妙童女</span>等。今名稱爲<span class="zhuanming">卡瑙季</span>（Kanauj，Kanoj），位於<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">卡里河</span>合流處。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍</span>是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>有名古都。在古籍中有不少關於此城的記載，如《摩訶婆羅多》記載<span class="zhuanming">毗濕婆蜜多羅</span>（Viśvāmitra）曾來此城訪問，南傳佛典的律藏（Vinayapiṭaka Vol.Ⅱ.p.299）中有<span class="zhuanming">利波多</span>（Revata）尊者由<span class="zhuanming">僧迦舍國</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">劫比他國</span>）來此巡禮的記載。《薄伽梵往世書》（Bhāgavatapurāṇa v i.1，21）﹑《女瑜珈行者呾多羅》（2，4）等也提到此城，更不必説<span class="zhuanming">波那</span>的《戒日王傳》中的描繪。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">根據我國高僧的記載，也可以看出此城的繁華與盛衰之跡。《法顯傳》稱：“城接<span class="zhuanming">恒水</span>，有二僧伽藍，盡小乘學。”<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》：“至<span class="zhuanming">中天竺國</span>王住城，名<span class="zhuanming">葛那及</span>。自此<span class="zhuanming">中天</span>王境界極寬，百姓<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00425','1384708',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P425</span></i>繁閑。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>是<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>的首都，可算是該城的極盛時代。<span class="zhuanming">北宋</span><span class="zhuanming">乾德</span>三年（965）前後，<span class="zhuanming">繼業</span>訪<span class="zhuanming">印</span>時：“至<span class="zhuanming">大曲女城</span>，南臨<span class="zhuanming">陷牟河</span>，北背<span class="zhuanming">洹河</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>），塔廟甚多，而無僧尼。”當時<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>雖已衰微，但城市仍然繁榮。此後幾世紀的戰亂中，該城日趨殘破衰敗。上世紀末<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>來此地考古時，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所描繪的繁榮景象對比，嘆息該城殘破湮没，大有不勝今昔之感的樣子。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>等與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載方位也有所不同，據《法顯傳》，此城在<span class="zhuanming">僧伽施</span>東南方，《西域記》的《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》等均作“從此西北行”，根據實際應以<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>所記爲是，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>已指出這點。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
瞻波國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152715" key="1152715"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 瞻波國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152716" key="1152716"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00786','1384829',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P786</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001326">瞻波國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞻波國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8306" id="8305">（一）</a>周四千餘里。國大都城北背<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，周四十餘里。土地墊濕，稼穡滋盛。氣序温暑，風俗淳質。伽藍數十所，多有傾毁。僧徒二百餘人，習小乘教。天祠二十餘所，異道雜居。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8305" id="8306">（一）</a>瞻波國：<span class="zhuanming">瞻波</span>，原係城名，梵文﹑巴利文Campā音譯，佛典中有<span class="zhuanming">瞻蔔</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">闡蔔</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">閶波</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">旃波</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">占波</span>等異譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">無勝</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">鴦伽國</span>（Aṅga）的首都，位於<span class="zhuanming">瞻波河</span>（今名Chāndan）及<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>岸，古名Mālinī或Mālina。該城遺址至今尚存，在<span class="zhuanming">巴迦爾普爾</span>（Bhāgalpur）附近的Campānagara及Campāpurī兩村之間。<span class="zhuanming">鴦伽</span>是<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>的古國，爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代十六大國之一，此國名見於《他氏森林書》（Aita-reya Āraṇyaka，Ⅱ，1，1，1）﹑《鮑陀衍那法經》（Baudhāyana Dha-rmasūtra I，1，4）。<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>也在《八章書》中提到Vaṅga（卽<span class="zhuanming">鴦伽</span>）一名（Aṣṭādhyāyī，4，1，170）。據大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》，其領域可能包括<span class="zhuanming">巴迦爾普爾</span>與<span class="zhuanming">孟格爾</span>（Monghyr）兩縣，北抵<span class="zhuanming">柯希</span>（Kośī）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>畔。最初<span class="zhuanming">瞻波</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">鴦伽國</span>的所謂八萬村落之一，其後經濟日益繁榮，該地商人貿易遠至<span class="zhuanming">金地</span>（Suvarṇabhūmi，此指<span class="zhuanming">下緬甸</span>），逐漸發展爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的六大城市之一。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00787','1384829',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P787</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>之前，<span class="zhuanming">鴦伽國</span>已十分強大，<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>也向它稱臣，後爲<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>所征服。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>在世時，<span class="zhuanming">鴦伽</span>臣服於<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>，《中阿含經》卷九﹑二九﹑五二均記載：“一時佛遊<span class="zhuanming">瞻波</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">恆伽池</span>邊。”<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>也到過此地，稱爲<span class="zhuanming">瞻波大國</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>都城壘甎，其高數丈，基址<a class="zhuhao" href="#8312" id="8307">〔1〕</a>崇峻，却敵高險。在昔劫初，人物伊始，野居穴處，未知宫室。後有天女降迹人中，遊<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，濯流自媚，感靈有娠，生四子焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#8313" id="8308">〔2〕</a>。分<a class="zhuhao" href="#8314" id="8309">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>，各擅區宇，建都築邑，封疆畫界，此則一子之國都，<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>諸城之始<a class="zhuhao" href="#8315" id="8310">〔4〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8316" id="8311">（一）</a>也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8307" id="8312">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》址作趾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8308" id="8313">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》無焉字。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》亦無焉字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8309" id="8314">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》分下有王字。《慈恩傳》亦有王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8310" id="8315">〔4〕</a>《方志》此下有“地温熱宜象耳。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8311" id="8316">（一）</a>贍部洲諸城之始也：<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>，見本書卷一序<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>條註。關於天女的兒子分<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>爲四部分的傳説，不詳所本。</span> </p><p> <span>城東百四五十里，<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>南，水環孤嶼，崖巘<a class="zhuhao" href="#8318" id="8317">〔1〕</a>崇峻。上有天祠，神多靈感。鑿崖爲室，引流成沼，花林奇樹，巨石危峰，仁智所居，觀者忘返。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00788','1384829',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P788</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8317" id="8318">〔1〕</a>《中本》巘作㠠。按㠠爲山名，不合，疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span>國南境山林中，野象猛獸羣遊千數<a class="zhuhao" href="#8321" id="8319">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8322" id="8320">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8319" id="8321">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》千數二字作校多。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8320" id="8322">（一）</a>野象猛獸羣遊千數：《慈恩傳》卷四云：“國南界數十由旬，有大山林，幽茂連綿二百餘里。其間多有野象，數百爲羣。故<span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">瞻波</span>二國象軍最多。每於此林令象師調捕，充國乘用。又豐豺﹑兕﹑黑豹，人無敢行。”</span> </p><p> <span>自此東行四百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">羯朱<a class="zhuhao" href="#8325" id="8323">〔1〕</a>嗢祇羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">彼俗或<a class="zhuhao" href="#8326" id="8324">〔2〕</a>謂<span class="zhuanming">羯蠅揭羅國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8323" id="8325">〔1〕</a>《舊麗本》朱作末，次同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8324" id="8326">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》無或字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、國號由來
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152719" key="1152719"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 羯若鞠闍國 &gt; 一、國號由來 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152720" key="1152720"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00425','1384709',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P425</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000699"><b>一﹑國號由來</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>人長壽時，其舊王城號<span class="zhuanming">拘蘇磨<a class="zhuhao" href="#4697" id="4680">〔1〕</a>補邏</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4698" id="4681">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#4711" id="4682">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">花宫</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4699" id="4683">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span>王號<span class="zhuanming">梵授</span>，福智宿資，文武允備，威懾<span class="zhuanming">贍<a class="zhuhao" href="#4700" id="4684">〔4〕</a>部</span>，聲震隣國。具足千子，智勇弘<a class="zhuhao" href="#4701" id="4685">〔5〕</a>毅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4702" id="4686">〔6〕</a>。復有百女，儀貌妍雅。時有仙人居<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>側，棲神入定，經數萬歲，形如枯木。遊禽棲集，遺尼拘律<a class="zhuhao" href="#4712" id="4687">（二）</a>果於仙人肩上。暑往寒來，垂蔭合拱。多歷年所<a class="zhuhao" href="#4703" id="4688">〔7〕</a>，從定而起，欲去其樹，恐覆鳥巢，時人美其德，號<span class="zhuanming">大樹仙人</span>。仙人寓目河濱，遊觀林薄<a class="zhuhao" href="#4704" id="4689">〔8〕</a>，見王諸女相從嬉戲，欲界愛起，染著心生。便詣<span class="zhuanming">花宫</span>，欲事禮請。王聞仙至，躬迎慰曰：“大仙棲情物外，何能輕舉？”仙人曰：“我棲林藪，彌積歲時。出定<a class="zhuhao" href="#4713" id="4690">（三）</a>遊覽，見王諸女，染愛心生，自遠來請<a class="zhuhao" href="#4705" id="4691">〔9〕</a>！”王聞其辭，計無所出，謂仙人曰：“今還所止，請俟<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00426','1384709',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P426</span></i>嘉<a class="zhuhao" href="#4706" id="4692">〔10〕</a>辰。”仙人聞命，遂還林藪。王乃歷問諸女，無肯應娉<a class="zhuhao" href="#4707" id="4693">〔11〕</a>。王懼仙威，憂愁毁悴。其幼稚女候王事隙，從容問曰：“父王千子具足，萬國慕化，何故憂愁，如有所懼？”王曰：“<span class="zhuanming">大樹仙人</span>幸顧求婚，而汝曹輩莫肯從命。仙有威力，能作災祥，儻不遂心，必起瞋怒，毁國滅祀，辱及先王。深惟此禍，誠有所懼。”稚女謝曰：“遺此深憂，我曹罪也。願以微軀，得延國祚！”王聞喜悦，命駕送歸。既至仙廬，謝仙人曰：“大仙俯方外之情，垂世間之顧，敢奉稚女，以供灑掃！”仙人見而不悦，乃謂王曰：“輕吾老叜<a class="zhuhao" href="#4708" id="4694">〔12〕</a>，配此不妍。”王曰：“歷問諸女，無肯從命，唯此幼稚，願充給使。”仙人懷怒，便惡呪曰：“九十九女，一時腰曲<a class="zhuhao" href="#4709" id="4695">〔13〕</a>，形既毁弊，畢世無婚！”王使往驗，果已背傴。從是之後，便<a class="zhuhao" href="#4710" id="4696">〔14〕</a>名<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4680" id="4697">〔1〕</a>《古本》及《翻譯集》引磨作摩。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4681" id="4698">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》邏作羅。《翻譯集》補邏二字作捕羅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4683" id="4699">〔3〕</a>《翻譯集》花宫二字作香華宫城四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4684" id="4700">〔4〕</a>《石本》贍作瞻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4685" id="4701">〔5〕</a>《中本》弘作强。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4686" id="4702">〔6〕</a>《新麗本》原書毅作𣪣，《京大本》從《石本》﹑《宋本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4688" id="4703">〔7〕</a>《釋帖》二十一引此文作“既經年代，積土成塚，上生大樹，飛鳥爲巢，雛鳥將成，仙人出定，愍雛不移，雛成才起。”與此詳略大異，恐有增益。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00427','1384709',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P427</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4689" id="4704">〔8〕</a>《石本》薄作浦，聲近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4691" id="4705">〔9〕</a>《中本》請作詣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4692" id="4706">〔10〕</a>《中本》嘉作喜，疑形之譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4693" id="4707">〔11〕</a>《新麗本》原書娉作󵾛，《京大本》從《古本》﹑《異本》改。按此字《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》並作󵾛；《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》則作娉。《慧琳音義》作娉字云：“從女，甹聲。《記》中作󵾜，俗字，非也。”󵾛疑卽󵾜字形訛，<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>所譏爲俗字，而<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時傳寫本作此也。娉乃經校改之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4694" id="4708">〔12〕</a>《古本》叜作叟，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4695" id="4709">〔13〕</a>《中本》曲下有背傴二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4696" id="4710">〔14〕</a>《中本》便作更。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4682" id="4711">（一）</a>拘蘇磨補邏：梵文Kusumapura的音譯，kusuma意爲花，pura意爲城，全名意譯<span class="zhuanming">華城</span>或<span class="zhuanming">花宫</span>。關於曲女的傳説，最早見於《薄伽梵往世書》（Bhāgavatapurāṇa）。據稱<span class="zhuanming">矩奢那薄</span>（Kuśa-nābha）王的一百個女兒，因爲拒不屈從風神<span class="zhuanming">伐由</span>（Vāyu）的淫慾，爲他所詛咒而成駝背。因此該王的都城就名爲“曲女”（Kanyāku-bja）。這個故事也見於《羅摩衍那》。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記<span class="zhuanming">梵授</span>（Brahmadatta）王女與<span class="zhuanming">大樹仙人</span>的故事卽由上述傳説演變而來。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4687" id="4712">（二）</a>尼拘律：梵文nyagrodha音譯，又作尼拘陀等，樹名，與卷六<span class="zhuanming">藍摩國</span>的尼拘盧陀同義。學名Ficus indica，類榕樹的桑科植物，由伸向四方的分枝着地生根，次第蔓延，廣覆於地。故《西域記》云：“垂蔭合拱。”此樹多産於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>。《慧琳音義》卷十五云：“尼拘陀，梵語，西國樹名也。此樹端直無節，圓滿可愛，去地<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00428','1384709',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P428</span></i>三丈餘，方有枝葉。其子微細如柳花子，<span class="zhuanming">唐國</span>無此樹。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4690" id="4713">（三）</a>出定：卽前文的“從定而起”，卽脱離禪定。《觀無量壽佛經》：“出定入定，恒聞妙法。行者所聞，出定之時，憶持不捨。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
[卷第十二　二十二國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv442602" key="442602"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv442603" key="442603"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00953','1244307',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P953</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001611"><b>大唐西域記卷第十二</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>二十二國</span> </p><p> <span>漕矩吒國　弗栗恃<a class="zhuhao" href="#9551" id="9545">〔1〕</a>薩儻那國</span> </p><p> <span>安呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#9552" id="9546">〔2〕</a>囉<a class="zhuhao" href="#9553" id="9547">〔3〕</a>縛國　闊悉多國</span> </p><p> <span>活國　瞢健<a class="zhuhao" href="#9554" id="9548">〔4〕</a>國</span> </p><p> <span>阿利尼國　曷<a class="zhuhao" href="#9555" id="9549">〔5〕</a>邏胡國</span> </p><p> <span>訖栗瑟摩國　鉢利曷國</span> </p><p> <span>呬摩呾羅國　鉢鐸<a class="zhuhao" href="#9556" id="9550">〔6〕</a>創那國</span> </p><p> <span>淫薄健國　屈</span> <span class="font12 zhu">居勿反</span> <span>浪拏國</span> </p><p> <span>達摩悉鐵帝國　尸棄尼國</span> </p><p> <span>商彌國　朅盤陁國</span> </p><p> <span>烏鎩國　佉沙國</span> </p><p> <span>斫句迦國　瞿薩旦那國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9545" id="9551">〔1〕</a>《中本》恃作持。《慈恩傳》弗栗恃三字作佛栗氏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9546" id="9552">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》呾作咀，形近而訛。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》作呾。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00954','1244307',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P954</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9547" id="9553">〔3〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》囉並作羅。《慈恩傳》囉作羅，縛下有婆字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9548" id="9554">〔4〕</a>原本健作楗，《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並健。按下本文亦然，今從改，俾前後一律。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》亦作健。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9549" id="9555">〔5〕</a>原本曷作遏，《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》並作曷。按下本文亦然，今從改，俾前後一律。《方志》作遏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9550" id="9556">〔6〕</a>《慈恩傳》無鐸字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
大流沙以東行程
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152722" key="1152722"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 大流沙以東行程 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152723" key="1152723"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01030','1384940',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1030</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001762"><b>大流沙以東行程</b></p><p> <span>從此東行，入大流沙<a class="zhuhao" href="#10330" id="10319">（一）</a>。沙則流漫，聚散隨風，人行無<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01031','1384940',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1031</span></i>迹，遂多迷路。四遠<a class="zhuhao" href="#10325" id="10320">〔1〕</a>茫茫，莫知所指，是以往來者<a class="zhuhao" href="#10326" id="10321">〔2〕</a>聚遺骸以記之。乏水草，多熱風。風起則人畜惛迷<a class="zhuhao" href="#10327" id="10322">〔3〕</a>，因以成病。時聞歌嘯，或聞號<a class="zhuhao" href="#10328" id="10323">〔4〕</a>哭，視聽之間，怳然不知所<a class="zhuhao" href="#10329" id="10324">〔5〕</a>至，由此屢有喪亡，蓋鬼魅之所致也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10320" id="10325">〔1〕</a>《中本》遠下有共字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10321" id="10326">〔2〕</a>原本無者字，今據《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。《石本》往來二字作往者，脱一來字，猶存者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10322" id="10327">〔3〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》迷作遂，屬下讀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10323" id="10328">〔4〕</a>《中本》號作蹄，乃啼之誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10324" id="10329">〔5〕</a>《趙城本》無所字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10319" id="10330">（一）</a>大流沙：卽今<span class="zhuanming">塔克拉瑪干沙漠</span>。《法顯傳》中關於此地有下述描寫：“沙河中多有惡鬼﹑熱風，遇則皆死，無一全者，上無飛鳥，下無走獸……唯以死人枯骨爲標識耳。”</span> </p><p> <span>行四百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">覩貨<a class="zhuhao" href="#10334" id="10331">〔1〕</a>邏故<a class="zhuhao" href="#10335" id="10332">〔2〕</a>國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10336" id="10333">（一）</a>。國久空曠，城皆荒蕪。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10331" id="10334">〔1〕</a>原本覩貨二字作都字，今從《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01032','1384940',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1032</span></i>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。《建本》作都貨二字。《慈恩傳》亦云：“又行四百餘里至<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>故國。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10332" id="10335">〔2〕</a>《建本》無故字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10333" id="10336">（一）</a>覩貨邏故國：<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>，<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文作Toxrï（<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>《回鶻文玄奘傳譯本殘卷》，頁29），<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>考定爲現在的<span class="zhuanming">安得悦</span>（Ende-re），<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>在此地發掘時，廢址城牆内出土有<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>文書，城市住居遺址發現有<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">開元</span>七年（719年）的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文文書，寺院遺址出土有許多<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字體以及<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文﹑<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文文書（《古代和闐》，頁417以下）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>此處所提到的<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>故國一名隨同本世紀初在<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>發現所謂的“吐火羅”語文獻，早已引起國内外學者的注意和討論，發表了大量的論文，目前尚無令人信服的結論，看來這個地名的遺留似與古代<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span>人的西遷有關。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東行六百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">折摩馱那故國</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">沮末</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10339" id="10337">〔1〕</a>地也<a class="zhuhao" href="#10340" id="10338">（一）</a>。城郭巋然，人煙斷絶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10337" id="10339">〔1〕</a>原本沮末二字作湼末；《建本》﹑《中本》作濕末；《慈恩傳》作沮沫；《方志》作呾末，呾是咀之訛，咀沮同音。<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>謂“湼末爲沮末之誤，《漢書·西域傳》作且末。”<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>説同。按其説是也，今從改。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01033','1384940',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1033</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10338" id="10340">（一）</a>折摩馱那故國卽沮末地也：<span class="zhuanming">折摩馱那</span>，<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文作Sar-madan（見<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，頁29）和闐文作Calmadana，<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻作Čar一čhen或Ćerćen，《突厥語辭典》作Cärćän，《漢書》作<span class="zhuanming">且末</span>，《洛陽伽藍記》作<span class="zhuanming">左末</span>，《隋書》作且末，《新唐書》卷四三下載<span class="zhuanming">賈耽</span>記《入四夷道》作<span class="zhuanming">播仙鎮</span>。《元史》作<span class="zhuanming">闍里輝</span>（“輝”當爲“󲥶”字之誤）﹑<span class="zhuanming">闍鄽</span>，<span class="zhuanming">明</span>代行紀中作<span class="zhuanming">址昌</span>，<span class="zhuanming">清代</span>作<span class="zhuanming">車爾成</span>，現爲<span class="zhuanming">且末縣</span>，<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語稱之爲Čerčen。古代<span class="zhuanming">鄯善</span>國名似與此有關。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於<span class="zhuanming">且末</span>古城當今何地，大多數學者主張卽今縣治。此外，<span class="zhuanming">謝彬</span>謂在今<span class="zhuanming">且末縣</span>城南（微偏西）十五里許之古城廢墟（<span class="zhuanming">謝彬</span>《新疆遊記》，頁263）。<span class="zhuanming">陶保廉</span>認爲在<span class="zhuanming">卡牆</span>（按卽<span class="zhuanming">且末</span>）西北古城。（<span class="zhuanming">陶保廉</span>《辛卯侍行記》卷五，頁48）<span class="zhuanming">法人</span><span class="zhuanming">格倫那爾</span>（Grenard）謂在<span class="zhuanming">且末</span>東北方一百二十里之<span class="zhuanming">塔他浪莊</span>（Tartrang）（《亞洲高原科學考查記》）。</span> </p><p> <span>復<a class="zhuhao" href="#10343" id="10341">〔1〕</a>此東北行千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">納縛波故國</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span>地也<a class="zhuhao" href="#10344" id="10342">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10341" id="10343">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》復作從。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10342" id="10344">（一）</a>納縛波故國卽樓蘭地也：<span class="zhuanming">納縛波</span>，古代<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻作<span class="song">Nob</span><span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文作Nop（見<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>上引書，頁29）。《馬可波羅遊記》作Lop，卽今之<span class="zhuanming">婼羌縣</span>，<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語稱之爲Charq1iq（現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>的<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01034','1384940',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1034</span></i>Lop縣則指<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>東之<span class="zhuanming">洛甫縣</span>，Lopnor縣指<span class="zhuanming">庫爾勒</span>專區的<span class="zhuanming">尉犁縣</span>。）關於此名的來源似與<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初居住在當地的<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>（窣利）人活動有關，<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語na，wa十âpa，意爲“新水”，<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>語訛作Nob，再轉爲<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語的Lop。<span class="zhuanming">米蘭</span>出土的<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>文書中有Nob-chen和Nob-chung，卽大小Nob之分（《沙州圖經》有大小<span class="zhuanming">鄯善</span>），前者應指今之<span class="zhuanming">婼羌</span>，後者指<span class="zhuanming">米蘭</span>。<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">納縛波</span>可能是該地的梵文化名稱Navapa之音譯，來源於梵文nava-pura，意爲“新城”。我們認爲如果“納縛波”真是一個梵文名稱的話，那麽其原文更可能是Navāp（nava十ap），意爲“新水”，與<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語同；讀音也與“納縛波”對應。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此地在<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代爲<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭國</span>，後改<span class="zhuanming">鄯善國</span>。五世紀時亡於<span class="zhuanming">吐谷渾</span>，<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>時置<span class="zhuanming">鄯善郡</span>。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>初年有<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">粟特亞那</span>）大首領<span class="zhuanming">康艷典</span>率胡人東來在此建<span class="zhuanming">石城鎮</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span><span class="zhuanming">鄯善</span>的考訂，中外學者説法不一。<span class="zhuanming">瑞典</span><span class="zhuanming">斯文赫定</span>在<span class="zhuanming">羅布泊</span>之北，北緯40°30′，東經89°45＇發現一座古城，認爲卽<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span>之古都。後<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>在其地發現的<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>文木簡上寫的Kro-raina，卽爲<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span>之對音。<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span>，回鶻文作Lulan（<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>上引書頁29）。<span class="zhuanming">法國</span><span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>認爲“據《漢書》卷九十六上所誌之國原名<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span>，至（公元前）七十七年時，更名其國爲<span class="zhuanming">鄯善</span>。國名既改，國都必遷……由是觀之則<span class="zhuanming">斯文赫定</span>所發見<span class="zhuanming">羅布泊</span>北岸之廢城，似非<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span><span class="zhuanming">鄯善</span>之都城也。”但接着<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>氏提出<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>之<span class="zhuanming">伊循城</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">鄯善</span>都城説，亦似不妥。（見<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>《西域南海史地考證譯叢》七編，頁44—45），<span class="zhuanming">陶保廉</span>認爲“<span class="zhuanming">卡克里克莊</span>（按卽<span class="zhuanming">諾羌</span>）古<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span>也。”“<span class="zhuanming">卡克里克</span>，古城周十五里。《新唐書·地志》：<span class="zhuanming">七屯城</span>西八十里<span class="zhuanming">石城鎮</span>，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">樓蘭國</span>，亦名<span class="zhuanming">鄯善</span>。<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>《西域記》：……<span class="zhuanming">納縛波國</span>卽古<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span>也。”（見《辛卯<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01035','1384940',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1035</span></i>侍行記》卷五）此外，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>氏在其《樓蘭鄯善問題》一文中對此有更詳盡的考證，他最後説：“<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span><span class="zhuanming">鄯善</span>的北界很遠，而他的都城好像始終在<span class="zhuanming">羅布泊</span>南。”（《西域南海史地考證論著彙輯》，頁35）</span> </p><p> <span>推表山川，考採境壤，詳國俗之剛柔，繫水土之風氣，動静無常，取捨不同，事難窮驗，非可仰<a class="zhuhao" href="#10350" id="10345">〔1〕</a>説。隨所遊至，略書梗㮣，舉其聞見<a class="zhuhao" href="#10351" id="10346">〔2〕</a>，記諸慕<a class="zhuhao" href="#10352" id="10347">〔3〕</a>化。斯故<a class="zhuhao" href="#10353" id="10348">〔4〕</a>日入已來，咸沐惠澤；風行所及，皆仰至德；混同天下，一之宇内，豈徒單車出使<a class="zhuhao" href="#10354" id="10349">（一）</a>，通驛萬里者哉！</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10345" id="10350">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》仰並作抑。《異本》作押，疑亦抑之音訛。《金陵本》作臆，乃據《大正藏本》校語而誤。今所見舊本無有作臆者，不可從。《趙城本》作仰，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10346" id="10351">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》聞見二字作見聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10347" id="10352">〔3〕</a>《古本》慕訛作暴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10348" id="10353">〔4〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》故並作固，二字古通用。《石本》﹑《趙城本》作國，當是固之訛字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01036','1384940',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1036</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10349" id="10354">（一）</a>單車出使：《史記》卷七七《魏公子列傳》：“（<span class="zhuanming">晉鄙</span>）舉手視公子曰：今吾擁十萬之衆，屯於境上，國之重任。今單車來代之，何如哉？”《漢書》卷八九《循吏傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">遂</span>單車獨行至府。”《李陵答蘇武書》：“足下昔以單車之使。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三十、迦羅臂拏迦邑及舍利子故里
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152725" key="1152725"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 三十、迦羅臂拏迦邑及舍利子故里 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152726" key="1152726"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00765','1384820',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P765</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001288"><b>三十﹑迦羅臂拏迦邑及舍利子故里</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>迎佛東南，行二十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">迦羅臂拏迦邑</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8076" id="8073">（一）</a>，中有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，是尊者<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>本生<a class="zhuhao" href="#8075" id="8074">〔1〕</a>故里，井今尚在。傍有窣堵波，尊者於此寂滅，其中則有遺身舍利。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8074" id="8075">〔1〕</a>《中本》生下有城字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8073" id="8076">（一）</a>迦羅臂拏迦邑：<span class="zhuanming">迦羅臂拏迦</span>，<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原作梵文Kālapināka，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>作Kalapināka，<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">赤沼</span>作Kāḷapinā-ka，<span class="zhuanming">水谷</span>真成作*kālapiṇāka，<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>本生地，卽<span class="zhuanming">那羅聚落</span>的别名，見《法顯傳》：“……到<span class="zhuanming">那羅聚落</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>本生村。<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>還於此村中般泥洹，卽此處起塔，今亦現在。從此西行一由延到<span class="zhuanming">王舍新城</span>。”據考證此地卽現今Sārichak。H.Śāstrī認爲在《大事》（Mahāvastu）中稱<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00766','1384820',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P766</span></i><span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>生地爲Nālandāgrāmaka，卽是<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀</span>之别名。</span> </p><p> <span>尊者大婆羅門種，其父高才博識，深鑒精微，凡諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#8091" id="8077">〔1〕</a>典籍，莫不究習。其妻感夢，具告夫曰：“吾昨宵<a class="zhuhao" href="#8092" id="8078">〔2〕</a>寐，夢感異人，身被鎧甲，手執金剛，摧破諸山，退立一山之下。”夫曰：“夢甚善。汝當生男，達學貫世，摧諸論師，破其宗致，唯不如一人，爲作弟子。”果而有娠，母忽聰明，高論劇談，言無屈滯。尊者年始八歲，名擅四方，其性淳質，其心慈悲，朽<a class="zhuhao" href="#8093" id="8079">〔3〕</a>壞結縛，成就智慧。與<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>少而相友，深厭塵俗，未有所歸。於是與<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>於<span class="zhuanming">珊闍耶</span>外道所<a class="zhuhao" href="#8094" id="8080">〔4〕</a>而修習焉。乃相謂曰：“斯非究竟之理，未能窮苦際<a class="zhuhao" href="#8101" id="8081">（一）</a>也。各求明導，先嘗甘露，必同其味。”時大阿羅漢<span class="zhuanming">馬勝</span>執持應器，入城乞食。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>見其威儀閑雅，卽而問曰：“汝師是誰？”曰：“<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種太子厭世出家，成等正覺，是我師也。”<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>曰：“所説何法，可得聞乎？”曰：“我初受教，未達深義。”<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>曰：“願説所聞！”<span class="zhuanming">馬勝</span>乃隨宜演説，<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8095" id="8082">〔5〕</a>聞已，卽證初果，遂與其徒二百五十人往詣佛所。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>遥見，指告衆曰：“我弟子中智慧第一。”至已頂禮，願從佛法。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告曰：“善來，比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#8096" id="8083">〔6〕</a>！”聞是語時，戒品<a class="zhuhao" href="#8102" id="8084">（二）</a>具足。過半月後，聞佛爲<span class="zhuanming">長爪梵志</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8103" id="8085">（三）</a>説法，聞餘論<a class="zhuhao" href="#8097" id="8086">〔7〕</a>而感悟，遂證羅漢之果。其後<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>承佛告寂滅期，展轉相語，各懷悲感。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>深增戀仰，不忍見佛入般湼槃，遂請<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>，先入寂滅。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告曰：“宜知是時。”告謝門人，至本生里，侍者沙彌遍告城邑。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00767','1384820',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P767</span></i><span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8098" id="8087">〔8〕</a>及其<a class="zhuhao" href="#8099" id="8088">〔9〕</a>國人，莫不風馳，皆悉雲會。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>廣爲説法，聞已而去。於後夜分，正意繫心，入滅盡定，從定<a class="zhuhao" href="#8100" id="8089">〔10〕</a>起已而寂滅焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#8104" id="8090">（四）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8077" id="8091">〔1〕</a>《中本》諸作厥。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8078" id="8092">〔2〕</a>原本宵作霄。《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作宵，今從改。《干禄字書》列宵霄二字云：“上夜，下雲霄。俗作霄，非也。”是<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時俗書宵霄不分。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8079" id="8093">〔3〕</a>原本朽作𣏓，今從《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》改。《徑山本》作㱙，同。《一本》作巧，乃形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8080" id="8094">〔4〕</a>原本無所字。今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8082" id="8095">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無子字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8083" id="8096">〔6〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字作苾芻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8086" id="8097">〔7〕</a>《中本》論作語。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8087" id="8098">〔8〕</a>《中本》無王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8088" id="8099">〔9〕</a>《中本》無其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8089" id="8100">〔10〕</a>《徑山本》定作後。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8081" id="8101">（一）</a>苦際：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲“苦”爲四諦之一。苦際，苦的邊際，此指苦的終極原因。《法華經》卷一《序品》：“若人遭苦，厭老病死，爲<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00768','1384820',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P768</span></i>説湼槃，盡諸苦際。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8084" id="8102">（二）</a>戒品：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>戒律的品類，指五戒﹑十善戒﹑具足戒等。《梵網經》卷下：“常作如是信，戒品已具足。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8085" id="8103">（三）</a>長爪梵志：梵文作Dīrghanakhabrahmācārin，<span class="zhuanming">長爪</span>其名，梵志，外道之謂，<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>的舅父，曾往<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>遊學，後皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，見《撰集百緣經》卷十﹑《長爪梵志請問經》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8090" id="8104">（四）</a>而寂滅焉：關於<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>先於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世的宗教傳説，見《增一阿含經》卷十八﹑《月光菩薩經》﹑《賢愚因緣經》卷五等，而《根本説一切有部毗奈耶雜事》卷十八則載<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>“尊者濟度親屬及諸大衆，生浄信已，於日初分上昇虚空，放大光明，現諸神變，入無餘依妙湼槃界”，與諸經的記載稍有不同，《西域記》所傳聞，似本此。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦羅臂拏<a class="zhuhao" href="#8107" id="8105">〔1〕</a>迦邑</span>東南四五里，有窣堵波，是尊者<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>門人入湼槃處。或曰：<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>在世時，有三拘胝</span> <span class="font12 zhu">拘胝<a class="zhuhao" href="#8108" id="8106">〔2〕</a>者，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言億。</span> <span>大阿羅漢同於此地無餘寂滅。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8105" id="8107">〔1〕</a>原本拏作挐，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。上文亦作拏，此不應參差。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8106" id="8108">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》胝作矩。按正文作胝，注不當異，矩字誤。卷十《伊爛拏鉢伐多國》<span class="zhuanming">二百億比丘</span>條亦作拘胝，可證。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
記讚
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152730" key="1152730"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 記讚 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152731" key="1152731"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01036','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1036</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001773">記讚</p><p> <span>記讚<a class="zhuhao" href="#10387" id="10355">〔1〕</a>曰：大矣哉，法王之應世也！靈化潛運，神道虚通。盡形識<a class="zhuhao" href="#10403" id="10356">（一）</a>於沙界<a class="zhuhao" href="#10404" id="10357">（二）</a>，絶起謝<a class="zhuhao" href="#10405" id="10358">（三）</a>於塵劫。形識盡，雖<a class="zhuhao" href="#10388" id="10359">〔2〕</a>應生而不生；起謝<a class="zhuhao" href="#10389" id="10360">〔3〕</a>絶，示寂滅而無滅。豈實<span class="zhuanming">迦維</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10406" id="10361">（四）</a>降神，娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#10390" id="10362">〔4〕</a>羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#10407" id="10363">（五）</a>潛化而已。固知應物効靈，感緣垂迹，嗣種刹利<a class="zhuhao" href="#10408" id="10364">（六）</a>，紹胤<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>，繼域中之尊，擅方外之道。於是捨金輪而臨制法界，摛玉毫<a class="zhuhao" href="#10391" id="10365">〔5〕</a>而光撫含生。道洽十方<a class="zhuhao" href="#10409" id="10366">（七）</a>，智周萬物，雖出希夷<a class="zhuhao" href="#10410" id="10367">（八）</a>之外，將庇視聽之中。三轉法輪<a class="zhuhao" href="#10411" id="10368">（九）</a>於大千，一音<a class="zhuhao" href="#10412" id="10369">（一○）</a>振<a class="zhuhao" href="#10392" id="10370">〔6〕</a>辯於羣有，八萬門<a class="zhuhao" href="#10413" id="10371">（一一）</a>之區别，十二部<a class="zhuhao" href="#10414" id="10372">（一二）</a>之綜要。是以聲教之所霑被，馳騖福林<a class="zhuhao" href="#10415" id="10373">（一三）</a>；風軌之所鼓扇，載驅壽域<a class="zhuhao" href="#10416" id="10374">（一四）</a>。聖賢之業盛矣，天人之義備矣！然<a class="zhuhao" href="#10393" id="10375">〔7〕</a>忘動寂於堅固之林<a class="zhuhao" href="#10417" id="10376">（一五）</a>，遺去來於幻化之境，莫繼乎有待，匪遂乎無物。尊者<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>妙選應真，將報佛恩，集斯法寶。《四含》總其源流，三藏括其樞要。雖部執<a class="zhuhao" href="#10394" id="10377">〔8〕</a>兹興，而大寶斯在。越<a class="zhuhao" href="#10395" id="10378">〔9〕</a>自降生，洎乎潛化，聖迹千變，神瑞萬殊。不盡之靈逾顯，無爲之教<a class="zhuhao" href="#10418" id="10379">（一六）</a>彌新，備存經誥，詳著記傳。然尚羣言紛<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01037','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1037</span></i>糺，異議舛<a class="zhuhao" href="#10396" id="10380">〔10〕</a>馳，原始要終，罕能正説。此指事之實録，尚衆論之若斯。況正法幽玄，至理冲邈，研覈奥旨，文多<a class="zhuhao" href="#10397" id="10381">〔11〕</a>闕<a class="zhuhao" href="#10398" id="10382">〔12〕</a>焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#10399" id="10383">〔13〕</a>。是以前修令德，繼軌逸<a class="zhuhao" href="#10400" id="10384">〔14〕</a>經之學；後進英彦，踵武缺簡之文。大義鬱而未彰，微言闕而無問<a class="zhuhao" href="#10401" id="10385">〔15〕</a>。法教流漸，多歷年所，始自<span class="zhuanming">炎漢</span>，迄于聖代。傳譯盛業，流美聯暉。玄道未攄，真宗猶昧。匪聖教之行藏，固王化之由致。我大<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>臨訓天下，作孚海外，考聖人之遺則，正先王之舊典。闡兹像教，鬱爲大訓，道不虚行，弘在明德。遂使三乘奥義，鬱於千載之下；十力遺靈，閟於萬里之外。神道<a class="zhuhao" href="#10402" id="10386">〔16〕</a>無方，聖教有寄，待緣斯顯，其言信矣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10355" id="10387">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》讚並作贊，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10359" id="10388">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》盡雖二字並倒置。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10360" id="10389">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》謝下並有雖字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10362" id="10390">〔4〕</a>《建本》娑作婆，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10365" id="10391">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》毫作豪，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10370" id="10392">〔6〕</a>《中本》音振二字互倒置。依駢對例，則“振音”爲長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10375" id="10393">〔7〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》然下有後字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10377" id="10394">〔8〕</a>《徑山本》執作帙，非。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01038','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1038</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10378" id="10395">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》越並作粤，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10380" id="10396">〔10〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》舛作互。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10381" id="10397">〔11〕</a>《趙城本》多字空缺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10382" id="10398">〔12〕</a>《中本》多闕二字作闕如。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10383" id="10399">〔13〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》焉下有知字。《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》焉下有如字，屬下讀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10384" id="10400">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》逸並作譯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10385" id="10401">〔15〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《異本》問作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10386" id="10402">〔16〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》道作通。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10356" id="10403">（一）</a>形識：形，形色，卽形體與色相。識，識知，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>作爲心的異名，了别之義。形識，卽識身，猶言身心。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10357" id="10404">（二）</a>沙界：如同<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>沙數的世界。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10358" id="10405">（三）</a>起謝：卽起滅，事物因緣和合而生起，因緣離散則滅謝。《圓覺經》：“生死湼槃，同於起滅，妙覺圓照，離於華翳。”《維摩經》卷中：“應作是念，但以衆法，合成此身，起唯法起，滅唯法滅。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10361" id="10406">（四）</a>迦維：<span class="zhuanming">迦維羅衛城</span>（<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵</span>）的略稱，見本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵國</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10363" id="10407">（五）</a>娑羅：卽娑羅雙樹的略稱，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世處，見本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span>注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10364" id="10408">（六）</a>刹利：卽刹帝利之略，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>第二級種姓，見前注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10366" id="10409">（七）</a>十方：佛經稱東﹑西﹑南﹑北﹑東南﹑西南﹑東北﹑西北﹑上﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01039','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1039</span></i>下，爲十方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10367" id="10410">（八）</a>希夷：指道空虚寂静，不可致詰。《老子》：“視之不見曰夷，無聲曰希。”<span class="zhuanming">河上公</span>注：“無色曰夷，無聲曰希。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10368" id="10411">（九）</a>三轉法輪：<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在<span class="zhuanming">鹿野苑</span>對五比丘講述苦﹑集﹑滅﹑道的四諦時，示以四諦之所在，勸以修行，並以自身爲證。示﹑勸﹑證爲三轉法輪。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>譯有《佛説三轉法輪經》一卷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10369" id="10412">（一○）</a>一音：同一聲音，指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的説法。《維摩經》卷上《佛國品》：“佛以一音演説法，衆生隨類各得解。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10371" id="10413">（一一）</a>八萬門：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲衆生煩惱極多（八萬四千），爲了消除這些煩惱，所講的佛法也極多（八萬四千）。《勝鬘經》：“攝受正法廣大義者，則是無量，得一切佛法，攝八萬四千法門。”《法華經》卷四《見寶塔品》：“若持八萬四千法藏，十二部經，爲人演説。”<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人言其多，常以八萬四千爲舉，例如，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>建八萬四千塔，故此非實數。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10372" id="10414">（一二）</a>十二部：指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的一切經，以其文體進行分類，分爲十二部，詳見《智度論》卷三三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10373" id="10415">（一三）</a>福林：福德的樹林。<span class="zhuanming">王融</span>《法門頌啟》：“驅率土於福林，入蒼黔於正術。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10374" id="10416">（一四）</a>壽域：指人民能够享受太平長壽的地域。《漢書》卷二二《禮樂志》：“驅一世之民，濟之仁壽之域。”<span class="zhuanming">顔師古</span>注：“言以仁道治之，皆得其性，則壽考也。域，界也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10376" id="10417">（一五）</a>堅固之林：卽娑羅樹林。《翻譯名義集》卷三：“娑羅，此云堅固。北遠云：冬夏不改，故名堅固。”此指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>湼槃處的娑羅林。見前注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10379" id="10418">（一六）</a>無爲之教：此指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01040','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1040</span></i><p> <span>夫<span class="zhuanming">玄奘法師</span>者，疏<a class="zhuhao" href="#10469" id="10419">〔1〕</a>清流於<span class="zhuanming">雷澤</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10501" id="10420">（一）</a>，派洪源於<span class="zhuanming">嬀<a class="zhuhao" href="#10470" id="10421">〔2〕</a>川</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10502" id="10422">（二）</a>。體上德之禎祥，蕰中和之淳粹，履道合<a class="zhuhao" href="#10471" id="10423">〔3〕</a>德，居貞葺<a class="zhuhao" href="#10472" id="10424">〔4〕</a>行。福樹曩因，命偶昌運。拔迹俗塵，閑居學肆，奉先師之雅訓，仰前哲之令德。負笈從學，遊方請<a class="zhuhao" href="#10473" id="10425">〔5〕</a>業，周流<span class="zhuanming">燕</span><span class="zhuanming">趙</span>之地，歷覽<span class="zhuanming">魯</span><span class="zhuanming">衛</span>之郊<a class="zhuhao" href="#10474" id="10426">〔6〕</a>，背<span class="zhuanming">三河</span>而入<span class="zhuanming">秦中</span>，步<span class="zhuanming">三蜀</span>而抵<span class="zhuanming">吴會</span>。達學髦彦，遍効<a class="zhuhao" href="#10475" id="10427">〔7〕</a>請益之勤；冠世英賢，屢申求法之志。側聞餘論，考厥衆謀，競黨專門之義，俱嫉異道之學。情發討源，志存詳考。屬四海之有截，會八表之無虞，以<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>三年仲秋朔旦，褰裳遵路，杖錫遐征。資皇化而問道，乘冥祐而孤遊，出<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">石門</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10503" id="10428">（三）</a>之阨，踰<span class="zhuanming">凌山</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>之險。驟移灰管<a class="zhuhao" href="#10504" id="10429">（四）</a>，達于<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。宣國風於殊俗，喻大化於異域。親承梵學，詢謀哲人。宿疑則覽文明發，奥旨則博問高才，啓靈府<a class="zhuhao" href="#10505" id="10430">（五）</a>而究理，廓神衷而體道，聞所未聞，得所未得，爲道場之益友，誠法門之匠人<a class="zhuhao" href="#10506" id="10431">（六）</a>者也。是知道風昭<a class="zhuhao" href="#10476" id="10432">〔8〕</a>著，德行高明，學蕰三冬<a class="zhuhao" href="#10507" id="10433">（七）</a>，聲馳萬里。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學人，咸仰盛德，既曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#10477" id="10434">〔9〕</a>經笥<a class="zhuhao" href="#10508" id="10435">（八）</a>，亦稱法將。小乘學徒，號<span class="zhuanming">木叉提婆</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10509" id="10436">（九）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">解脱天</span>。</span> <span>大乘法衆，號<span class="zhuanming">摩訶耶<a class="zhuhao" href="#10478" id="10437">〔10〕</a>那提婆</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10510" id="10438">（一○）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">大乘天</span>。</span> <span>斯乃高其德而傳徽號，敬其人而<a class="zhuhao" href="#10479" id="10439">〔11〕</a>議嘉名。至若三輪<a class="zhuhao" href="#10480" id="10440">〔12〕</a>奥義<a class="zhuhao" href="#10511" id="10441">（一一）</a>，三請微言<a class="zhuhao" href="#10512" id="10442">（一二）</a>，深究源流，妙窮枝葉，奐<a class="zhuhao" href="#10481" id="10443">〔13〕</a>然慧悟，怡然理順，質疑之義，詳諸别録。既而精義通玄，清風載扇，學已博矣，德已盛矣。於是乎歷覽山川，徘徊郊邑。出<span class="zhuanming">茅城</span>而入<span class="zhuanming">鹿菀</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10482" id="10444">〔14〕</a>，遊<span class="zhuanming">杖林</span>而憩<span class="zhuanming">雞園</span>，迴眺<span class="zhuanming">迦維</span>之國，流目<span class="zhuanming">拘尸</span>之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01041','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1041</span></i>城。降生故基，與川原而膴膴<a class="zhuhao" href="#10483" id="10445">〔15〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#10513" id="10446">（一三）</a>；潛靈舊<a class="zhuhao" href="#10484" id="10447">〔16〕</a>趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#10485" id="10448">〔17〕</a>，對郊阜而茫茫。覽神迹而增懷，仰玄風而永歎，匪唯麥秀悲<span class="zhuanming">殷</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10514" id="10449">（一四）</a>；黍離愍<span class="zhuanming">周</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10515" id="10450">（一五）</a>而已。是用詳<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>之故事，舉<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之茂實，頗採風壤，存<a class="zhuhao" href="#10486" id="10451">〔18〕</a>記異説。歲月遄邁，寒暑屢遷，有懷樂土，無忘返迹。請得<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>肉舍利一百五十粒；金佛像一軀，通光座高尺有六寸，擬<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">前正覺山</span>龍窟<a class="zhuhao" href="#10487" id="10452">〔19〕</a>影像；金佛像一軀，通光座高三尺三寸，擬<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯國</span><span class="zhuanming">鹿野菀</span>初轉法輪像；刻檀佛像一軀，通光座高尺有五寸，擬<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌國</span><span class="zhuanming">出愛王</span>思慕<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>刻檀寫真像<a class="zhuhao" href="#10488" id="10453">〔20〕</a>；刻檀佛像一軀，通光座高二尺九寸，擬<span class="zhuanming">劫比他國</span><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>自天宫降履寶階像；銀佛像一軀，通光座高四尺，擬<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">鷲峯山</span>説《法花》等經像；金佛像一軀，通光座高三尺五寸，擬<span class="zhuanming">那揭羅曷國</span>伏毒龍所留影像；刻檀佛像一軀，通光座高尺有三寸，擬<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>巡城行化像；大乘經二百二十四部；大乘論一百九十二<a class="zhuhao" href="#10489" id="10454">〔21〕</a>部；上座部經律論一十四<a class="zhuhao" href="#10490" id="10455">〔22〕</a>部；大衆部經律論一十五部<a class="zhuhao" href="#10491" id="10456">〔23〕</a>；三彌底部<a class="zhuhao" href="#10516" id="10457">（一六）</a>經律論一十五部；彌沙塞部經律論二十二部；迦葉臂耶部經律論一十七部；法密部經律論四十二部；説一切有部經律論六十七部；《因<a class="zhuhao" href="#10492" id="10458">〔24〕</a>論》三十六部；《聲論》一十三部；凡五百二十夾<a class="zhuhao" href="#10493" id="10459">〔25〕</a>，總六百五十七部。將弘至教，越踐畏途，薄言旋軔<a class="zhuhao" href="#10494" id="10460">〔26〕</a>，載馳歸駕<a class="zhuhao" href="#10495" id="10461">〔27〕</a>。出<span class="zhuanming">舍衛</span>之故國，背<span class="zhuanming">伽耶</span>之舊郊，踰<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>之危隥<a class="zhuhao" href="#10496" id="10462">〔28〕</a>，越沙磧之險路。十九年春正月，達於京邑，謁帝<span class="zhuanming">雒陽</span>。肅承明詔，載令宣譯。爰召學人，共成勝業。法雲再蔭<a class="zhuhao" href="#10497" id="10463">〔29〕</a>，慧日重明，<span class="zhuanming">黄圖</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10517" id="10464">（一七）</a>流<span class="zhuanming">鷲山</span>之化，<span class="zhuanming">赤<a class="zhuhao" href="#10498" id="10465">〔30〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#10518" id="10466">（一八）</a>縣</span>演<span class="zhuanming">龍宫</span>之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01042','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1042</span></i>教，像運之興，斯爲盛矣。法師妙窮梵學，式賛<a class="zhuhao" href="#10499" id="10467">〔31〕</a>深經，覽文如已，轉音猶響。敬順聖旨，不加文飾。方言不通，梵語無譯，務存陶冶<a class="zhuhao" href="#10500" id="10468">〔32〕</a>，取正典謩，推而考之，恐乖實矣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10419" id="10469">〔1〕</a>《中本》疏下有於字，涉下於字而衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10421" id="10470">〔2〕</a>《石本》嬀作潙。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10423" id="10471">〔3〕</a>《古本》合作含。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10424" id="10472">〔4〕</a>原本葺作𦲭，今從《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慧琳音義》改。《古本》訛作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503eoyb.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>。《干禄字書》有𦂝緝二字云：“上俗下正。諸與緝同聲者準此。”葺之作𦲭正是其例。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10425" id="10473">〔5〕</a>《石本》請作清，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10426" id="10474">〔6〕</a>《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》郊並作邦。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10427" id="10475">〔7〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》効作效。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10432" id="10476">〔8〕</a>《中本》昭作照。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10434" id="10477">〔9〕</a>《石本》曰作目。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10437" id="10478">〔10〕</a>《徑山本》耶作邪。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10439" id="10479">〔11〕</a>《中本》無而字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10440" id="10480">〔12〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》三輪二字作五時；《一本》作三轉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10443" id="10481">〔13〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》奐作渙；《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作煥。通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10444" id="10482">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》菀作苑，下同。按菀﹑苑同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10445" id="10483">〔15〕</a>《慧琳音義》膴膴作瞴瞴，云：“從目，《韻英》云：小合眼<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01043','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1043</span></i>也。”按膴膴出《詩·大雅·緜》“<span class="zhuanming">周</span>原膴膴”，<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>説非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10447" id="10484">〔16〕</a>《建本》舊作餘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10448" id="10485">〔17〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》趾作址。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10451" id="10486">〔18〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》存作在。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10452" id="10487">〔19〕</a>《古本》﹑《異本》窟下有留字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10453" id="10488">〔20〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無刻檀寫真像五字。按《慈恩傳》及《開元釋教録》亦有此五字。《中本》真下有容字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10454" id="10489">〔21〕</a>原本無二字，今從《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《開元釋教録》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10455" id="10490">〔22〕</a>《慈恩傳》一十四作一十五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10456" id="10491">〔23〕</a>《慈恩傳》無大衆部經律論一十五部十字，《開元釋教録》有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10458" id="10492">〔24〕</a>《慈恩傳》因下有明字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10459" id="10493">〔25〕</a>《石本》夾作篋。按《慈恩傳》亦作夾，同此。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10460" id="10494">〔26〕</a>《徑山本》軔作輛，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10461" id="10495">〔27〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》駕作焉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10462" id="10496">〔28〕</a>《中本》隥作隆，疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10463" id="10497">〔29〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》蔭作陰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10465" id="10498">〔30〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》縣作懸，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10467" id="10499">〔31〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》贊並作讚。下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10468" id="10500">〔32〕</a>原本冶作治，今從《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01044','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1044</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10420" id="10501">（一）</a>雷澤：《史記》卷一《五帝本紀》：“<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>耕<span class="zhuanming">歷山</span>，<span class="zhuanming">歷山</span>之人皆讓畔；漁<span class="zhuanming">雷澤</span>，<span class="zhuanming">雷澤</span>上人皆讓居。”據《通志·氏族略》二，<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>，<span class="zhuanming">嬀</span>姓，而<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>姓自<span class="zhuanming">嬀</span>姓分出，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>俗姓<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>，故云“疏清流於<span class="zhuanming">雷澤</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10422" id="10502">（二）</a>嬀川：指<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>姓，《書經·堯典》：“釐降二女於<span class="zhuanming">嬀納</span>。”《史記》卷三六《陳𣏌世家》：“<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>爲庶人時，<span class="zhuanming">堯</span>妻之二女，居於<span class="zhuanming">嬀汭</span>，其後因爲氏姓。”<span class="zhuanming">春秋</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">陳國</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">嬀</span>姓。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10428" id="10503">（三）</a>石門：《西域記》卷三<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>條記：“從此（<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>）復還<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>北界，渡<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>，東南行二百餘里，度大石門。”石門可能卽指此。又《慈恩傳》卷二：“法師初入其（<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>國）境，至石門，彼國西門也。”這與《西域記》卷三<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>條所説“四境負山，山極陗峻，雖有門徑，而復隘狹，自古鄰敵無能攻伐”是一致的。此處石門或者也指<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>國之西門要隘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10429" id="10504">（四）</a>灰管：一作灰琯或葭灰，據《後漢書·律曆志》，係古代候驗節氣變化的器具，將蘆葦莖中薄膜燒成灰，置於十二樂管的玉管内，到某一節氣，則中律的樂管内灰卽飛出。此指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>途中經歷多年到達<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10430" id="10505">（五）</a>靈府：卽心。《莊子·德充符》：“不可入於靈府。”<span class="zhuanming">成玄英</span>疏：“靈府者，精神之宅，所謂心也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10431" id="10506">（六）</a>匠人：匠人原指木工，見《考工記》。法門之匠人，指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>中的巨匠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10433" id="10507">（七）</a>三冬：三年，此泛指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>研學多年。《漢書》卷六五《東方朔傳》：“年十三學書，三冬，文史足用。”<span class="zhuanming">顔師古</span>注引<span class="zhuanming">如淳</span>曰：“貧子冬日乃得學書。”<span class="zhuanming">俞樾</span>《古書疑義舉例》卷三：“三冬亦卽三歲也。學書三歲而足用，故下云‘十五學擊劍’也。注者不知其舉<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01045','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1045</span></i>小名以代大名，乃泥冬字爲説，云‘貧子冬日乃得學書’，失其旨矣。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10435" id="10508">（八）</a>經笥：置經書的竹箱，喻學問淵博。《晉書·裴秀傳贊》：“<span class="zhuanming">巨鹿</span>（<span class="zhuanming">裴秀</span>）自然，亦云經笥。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10436" id="10509">（九）</a>木叉提婆：梵文Mokṣadeva音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">解脱天</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10438" id="10510">（一○）</a>摩訶耶那提婆：梵文Mahāyānadeva音譯，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">大乘天</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10441" id="10511">（一一）</a>三輪奥義：指佛教義理。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10442" id="10512">（一二）</a>三請微言：指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的法教。據《法華經》卷一《方便品》，<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>因<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>的三次請求才説《法華經》。“<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>：汝已慇勤三請，豈得不説？”又卷五《壽量品》云：“是時菩薩大衆<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>爲首，合掌白佛言，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>，唯願説之，我等當信受佛語。如是三白已，復言唯願説之，我等當信受佛語。爾時<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>知諸菩薩三請不止，而告之言，汝等諦聽。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10446" id="10513">（一三）</a>膴膴：《詩經·大雅·緜》：“<span class="zhuanming">周</span>原膴膴。”<span class="zhuanming">毛</span>傳：“美也”。<span class="zhuanming">鄭</span>箋：“<span class="zhuanming">周</span>之原地，在<span class="zhuanming">岐山</span>之南，膴膴然肥美。”此指<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>土地肥沃，山川美好。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10449" id="10514">（一四）</a>麥秀悲殷：《史記》卷三八《宋微子世家》載，<span class="zhuanming">殷</span>亡，<span class="zhuanming">箕子</span>朝<span class="zhuanming">周</span>，過<span class="zhuanming">殷墟</span>，感宫室毁壞而生禾黍。<span class="zhuanming">箕子</span>傷感作《麥秀》之詩云：“麥秀漸漸兮，禾黍油油。彼狡童兮，不與我好兮。”又見《樂府詩集》卷五七，作《傷𣪘操》。此與下句均指<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史的興廢，佛跡有的湮没。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10450" id="10515">（一五）</a>黍離愍周：黍離，《詩經·王風》篇名。<span class="zhuanming">周</span>室東遷，大夫行役經過<span class="zhuanming">宗周</span>，見宗廟宫室盡爲禾黍，閔<span class="zhuanming">周</span>室的顛覆，徬徨不忍去，而作此詩。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01046','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1046</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10457" id="10516">（一六）</a>三彌底部：三彌底，梵文Sammatīya音譯，卽小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>正量部。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10464" id="10517">（一七）</a>黄圖：<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>以前有古地理書《三輔黄圖》，撰人不詳，記<span class="zhuanming">秦</span><span class="zhuanming">漢</span>時期三輔（京畿地區）情況及舊迹。後有以<span class="zhuanming">黄圖</span>代指<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>宫殿者。<span class="zhuanming">杜甫</span>《哭韋大夫之晉詩》：“臺閣黄圖裏，簪裾紫蓋邊。”<span class="zhuanming">黄圖</span>流<span class="zhuanming">鷲山</span>之化，此處指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的影響深入皇宫之内，與下文“<span class="zhuanming">赤縣</span>演龍宫之教”相對。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10466" id="10518">（一八）</a><span class="zhuanming">赤縣</span>：卽赤縣<span class="zhuanming">神州</span>，古代<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的别稱。亦簡稱<span class="zhuanming">赤縣</span>或<span class="zhuanming">神州</span>，見《史記》卷七四《孟子荀卿列傳》。</span> </p><p> <span>有搢紳先生動色相趣<a class="zhuhao" href="#10533" id="10519">〔1〕</a>，儼然而進曰：“夫<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之爲國也，靈聖之所降集，賢懿之所挺生，書稱天書，語爲天語。文辭婉密，音韻循環，或一言貫多義，或一義綜多言，聲有仰揚，調裁清濁。梵文深致，譯寄明人，經旨冲<a class="zhuhao" href="#10534" id="10520">〔2〕</a>玄，義資盛德。若其裁以筆削，調以宫商，實所未安，誠非讜論。傳經深旨，務從易曉。苟不違本，斯則爲善。文過則艶，質甚則野。讜而不文，辯而不質，則可無大過矣，始可與言譯也。<span class="zhuanming">李老</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10541" id="10521">（一）</a>曰：‘美言者則不信，信言者則不美’。<span class="zhuanming">韓子</span>曰：‘理正者直其言，言飾者昧其理’。是知垂訓範物，義本玄同，庶袪<a class="zhuhao" href="#10535" id="10522">〔3〕</a>蒙滯，將存利喜。違本從文，所害滋甚。率由舊章，法王之至誡<a class="zhuhao" href="#10536" id="10523">〔4〕</a>也。”緇素僉曰：“俞<a class="zhuhao" href="#10537" id="10524">〔5〕</a>乎，斯言讜矣。昔<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>在位聽訟<a class="zhuhao" href="#10542" id="10525">（二）</a>，文辭有與人共者，弗獨有也。至於修《春秋》，筆則筆，削則削，<span class="zhuanming">游</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">夏</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10543" id="10526">（三）</a>之徒，<span class="zhuanming">孔</span>門文學，嘗不能贊<a class="zhuhao" href="#10538" id="10527">〔6〕</a>一辭<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01047','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1047</span></i>焉。法師之譯經，亦猶是也。非如<span class="zhuanming">童壽</span><span class="zhuanming">逍遥</span>之集文<a class="zhuhao" href="#10544" id="10528">（四）</a>，任<span class="zhuanming">生</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">肇</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">融</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">叡</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10545" id="10529">（五）</a>之筆<a class="zhuhao" href="#10539" id="10530">〔7〕</a>。况乎园<a class="zhuhao" href="#10540" id="10531">〔8〕</a>方爲圓之世，斵彫從朴之時，其可增損聖旨，綺藻經文者歟<a class="zhuhao" href="#10546" id="10532">（六）</a>？”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10519" id="10533">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》趣並作趨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10520" id="10534">〔2〕</a>《石本》冲作中，《中本》作仲。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10522" id="10535">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》袪作法，訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10523" id="10536">〔4〕</a>原本誡作誠，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。《建本》至誠二字作所誠，誠亦當作誡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10524" id="10537">〔5〕</a>原本俞作渝，《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《金陵本》作俞。按“俞乎”亦見本卷“<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩國</span>”條，語氣相同，是也。今從改。《古本》作尔。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10527" id="10538">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》賛作替。按此語本《史記·孔子世家》，替字非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10530" id="10539">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》筆下有消字；《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》有削字。消蓋削之訛。《趙城本》同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10531" id="10540">〔8〕</a>《徑山本》园作圓，非。园同刓，“刓方爲圓”見《楚辭·懷沙》。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10521" id="10541">（一）</a>李老：指<span class="zhuanming">老子</span><span class="zhuanming">李耳</span>，引文見《老子》第八十一章。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10525" id="10542">（二）</a>聽訟：出《論語》，<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>曰：“聽訟吾猶人也，必也使無訟乎。”此指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的譯文如老吏斷獄，没有游移之辭。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01048','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1048</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10526" id="10543">（三）</a>游夏：“指<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>門人<span class="zhuanming">子游</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">子夏</span>。”“<span class="zhuanming">游</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">夏</span>之徒不能贊一辭焉”，見《論語》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10528" id="10544">（四）</a>童壽逍遥之集文：指<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>在<span class="zhuanming">逍遥園</span>翻譯佛經。<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>（Kumārajīva，公元344—413年）意譯<span class="zhuanming">童壽</span>，祖籍<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，生於<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>，幼出家，初學小乘，後習大乘。<span class="zhuanming">後秦</span><span class="zhuanming">弘始</span>三年（公元401年）<span class="zhuanming">姚興</span>遣人迎至<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">逍遥園</span>集其弟子八百餘人譯經。譯出《大品般若》﹑《小品般若》﹑《法華》﹑《維摩》﹑《阿彌陀》﹑《金剛》等經和《中》﹑《百》﹑《十二門》﹑《大智度》等論，共七十四部，三百八十四卷，現存五十三部，系統地介紹了大乘空宗的學説。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10529" id="10545">（五）</a>生肇融叡：指<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>的門徒<span class="zhuanming">竺道生</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">僧肇</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道融</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">僧叡</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10532" id="10546">（六）</a>况乎园方爲圓之世……綺藻經文者歟：這是指佛典的翻譯。《出三藏記集》卷一：“自<span class="zhuanming">前漢</span>之末，經法始通，譯音胥訛，未能明練。……是以義之得失由乎譯人，辭之質文繫於執筆。或善胡義而不了<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>旨，或明<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文而不曉胡意，雖有偏解，終隔圓通。”园方爲圓之世，斵彫從朴之時，指翻譯經文的“圓鑿方枘”，<span class="zhuanming">宋玉</span>《九辯》：“圓鑿而方枘兮，吾固知其齟齬而難入。”《宋高僧傳》卷三《後論》云：“初則梵客<span class="zhuanming">華</span>僧，聽言揣意，方圓共鑿，金石難和，捥配世間，擺名三昧，咫尺千里，覿面難通。次則彼曉<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>談，我知梵説，十得八九，時有差違。”佛典經<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>的翻譯，始有較好的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文譯本。但<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>的翻譯，手執梵本，口自傳譯，文字典麗，往往有“雖得大意，殊隔文體”之病。《出三藏記集》卷八載<span class="zhuanming">僧叡</span>《思益經序》云：“詳聽<span class="zhuanming">什</span>公傳譯其名，翻覆展轉，意似未盡，良由未備<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>言名實之變故也。”所以<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>認爲“其可增損聖旨（指佛經原旨），綺藻經文者歟？”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01049','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1049</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>遠承輕舉之胤，少懷高蹈之節，年方志學<a class="zhuhao" href="#10602" id="10547">（一）</a>，抽簪革服<a class="zhuhao" href="#10603" id="10548">（二）</a>，爲<span class="zhuanming">大總持寺</span><span class="zhuanming">薩婆多部</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10604" id="10549">（三）</a><span class="zhuanming">道岳法師</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10605" id="10550">（四）</a>弟子。雖遇匠石<a class="zhuhao" href="#10606" id="10551">（五）</a>，朽木難彫<a class="zhuhao" href="#10607" id="10552">（六）</a>，幸入法流，脂膏不潤。徒<a class="zhuhao" href="#10581" id="10553">〔1〕</a>飽食而終日，誠面牆<a class="zhuhao" href="#10608" id="10554">（七）</a>而卒歲。幸藉時來，屬斯嘉會，負䴏<a class="zhuhao" href="#10582" id="10555">〔2〕</a>雀之資，廁鵷鴻<a class="zhuhao" href="#10583" id="10556">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#10609" id="10557">（八）</a>之末。爰命庸才，撰<a class="zhuhao" href="#10584" id="10558">〔4〕</a>斯方志。學非博古，文無麗藻，磨鈍勵朽，力疲曳蹇。恭承志記，倫<a class="zhuhao" href="#10585" id="10559">〔5〕</a>次其文，尚書給筆札而撰録焉。淺智褊能，多所闕漏。或有盈辭，尚無<a class="zhuhao" href="#10586" id="10560">〔6〕</a>刊落。昔<span class="zhuanming">司馬子長</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10610" id="10561">（九）</a>，良史之才也，序《太<a class="zhuhao" href="#10587" id="10562">〔7〕</a>史公書》，仍父子繼業，或名<a class="zhuhao" href="#10588" id="10563">〔8〕</a>而不字，或縣而不郡。故曰一人之精，思繁文重，蓋不暇也。其況下愚之智，而能詳備哉？若其風土習俗之差，封疆物産之記，性智區品，炎凉節候，則備寫優薄，審存根實。至於胡戎姓氏，頗稱其國。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>風化，清濁羣分，略書梗㮣，備如前序。賓儀﹑嘉禮﹑户口﹑勝兵，染衣之士，非<a class="zhuhao" href="#10589" id="10564">〔9〕</a>所詳記。然佛以神通接物，靈化垂訓，故曰神道洞玄，則理絶人區，靈化幽顯，則事出天外。是以諸佛降祥之域，先聖流美之墟，略舉遺靈，粗申記注。境路盤<a class="zhuhao" href="#10590" id="10565">〔10〕</a>紆，疆埸<a class="zhuhao" href="#10591" id="10566">〔11〕</a>廻互，<a class="zhuhao" href="#10592" id="10567">〔12〕</a>行次卽書，不存<a class="zhuhao" href="#10593" id="10568">〔13〕</a>編比。故諸<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>無分境壤，散書國末，略指封域。書行者，親<a class="zhuhao" href="#10594" id="10569">〔14〕</a>遊踐也；舉至者，傳聞記也。或直書其事，或曲暢其文。優而柔之，推而述之，務從實録，進誠皇極。二十<a class="zhuhao" href="#10595" id="10570">〔15〕</a>年<a class="zhuhao" href="#10596" id="10571">〔16〕</a>秋七月，絶筆殺青<a class="zhuhao" href="#10611" id="10572">（一○）</a>。文成油素<a class="zhuhao" href="#10612" id="10573">（一一）</a>，塵黷聖鑒，詎稱天規<a class="zhuhao" href="#10613" id="10574">（一二）</a>！然則冒遠窮遐，寔資朝<a class="zhuhao" href="#10597" id="10575">〔17〕</a>化；懷奇<a class="zhuhao" href="#10598" id="10576">〔18〕</a>纂異，誠賴皇靈。逐日八荒，匪專<span class="zhuanming">夸父</span>之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01050','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1050</span></i>力<a class="zhuhao" href="#10614" id="10577">（一三）</a>；鑿空千里，徒聞<span class="zhuanming">博望</span>之功。<span class="zhuanming">鷲山</span>徙於中州，<span class="zhuanming">鹿苑</span>掩於外囿<a class="zhuhao" href="#10599" id="10578">〔19〕</a>，想千載如目擊，覽万里若躬遊。夐古之所不聞，前載之所未記。至德燾覆，殊俗來王<a class="zhuhao" href="#10600" id="10579">〔20〕</a>，淳風遐扇，幽荒無外。庶斯地志，補闕《山經》，頒左<a class="zhuhao" href="#10601" id="10580">〔21〕</a>史之書事，備職方之遍舉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10553" id="10581">〔1〕</a>原本徒作從，今從《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10555" id="10582">〔2〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》䴏作󱺏。按䴏卽燕字，燕雀常用語，當是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10556" id="10583">〔3〕</a>《古本》鴻作䳍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10558" id="10584">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》撰作僎，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10559" id="10585">〔5〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》倫並作論。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10560" id="10586">〔6〕</a>《中本》無作有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10562" id="10587">〔7〕</a>《中本》太作大，大讀作太。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10563" id="10588">〔8〕</a>《中本》名作多，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10564" id="10589">〔9〕</a>《中本》非上有乃字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10565" id="10590">〔10〕</a>《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》盤作槃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10566" id="10591">〔11〕</a>《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》埸作場，《金陵本》作塲，與場同。按《音釋》作埸，音亦，則諸本作場或塲者誤也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10567" id="10592">〔12〕</a>《趙城本》互作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503scnm.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，卽互字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10568" id="10593">〔13〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》存並<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01051','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1051</span></i>作在。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10569" id="10594">〔14〕</a>《中本》親下有自字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10570" id="10595">〔15〕</a>《中本》二十誤倒作十二。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10571" id="10596">〔16〕</a>《慧琳音義》皇極二十年云：“卽<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十年。所言皇極，言皇帝御極已二十年也。”如其言，則此五字連讀。按皇極見於《尚書·洪範》，僞《孔傳》云：“皇，大；極，中也。凡立事當用大中之道”，非言皇帝御極也。皇極既指大中之道，亦可代表皇帝，此當讀皇極斷句，猶言進御陛下，而二十年則爲<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>年數，上文“十九年春正月”亦不冠年號，蓋皆蒙前“<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>三年仲秋朔旦”句而省也。<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>之説未然。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10575" id="10597">〔17〕</a>《建本》朝作胡。朝字爲長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10576" id="10598">〔18〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》奇作荒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10578" id="10599">〔19〕</a>原本囿作國，今從《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慧琳音義》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10579" id="10600">〔20〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》王作至，《中本》作往。按王讀如往，作動詞用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10580" id="10601">〔21〕</a>《趙城本》史作右。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10547" id="10602">（一）</a>年方志學：此用《論語》“十五而有志於學”，連下句指<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>在十五歲時出家。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10548" id="10603">（二）</a>抽簪革服：抽簪，指削髮。簪，古人束髮用“簪”來插定髮髻；革服，指换上僧衣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10549" id="10604">（三）</a>薩婆多部：梵文原名Sarvāstivāda，卽説一切有部，見前注。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01052','1384941',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1052</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10550" id="10605">（四）</a>道岳法師：俗姓<span class="zhuanming">孟</span>，<span class="zhuanming">河南</span><span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>人，<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">大業</span>八年住<span class="zhuanming">大總持寺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>曾向他問學，生平詳見《續高僧傳》卷十三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10551" id="10606">（五）</a>匠石：用匠石削堊事，卽請教。匠石此指<span class="zhuanming">道岳</span>法師。《莊子·徐無鬼》：“<span class="zhuanming">郢</span>人堊漫其鼻端，若蠅翼，使匠石斫之。匠石運斤成風，聽而斫之，盡堊而鼻不傷，<span class="zhuanming">郢</span>人立不失容。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10552" id="10607">（六）</a>朽木難彫：語出《論語》，此爲<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>自謙之詞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10554" id="10608">（七）</a>面牆：喻己之不學，亦<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>自謙之詞。《書經·周官》“不學牆面”。<span class="zhuanming">孔安國</span>傳：“人而不學，其猶正牆面而立。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10557" id="10609">（八）</a>鵷鴻：指鵷雛與鴻鵠，鵷雛，傳説中與鸞鳳同類的鳥。《莊子·秋水》：“夫鵷雛發於<span class="zhuanming">南海</span>而飛於<span class="zhuanming">北海</span>，非梧桐不止，非練實不食，非醴泉不飲。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10561" id="10610">（九）</a>司馬子長：卽<span class="zhuanming">司馬遷</span>，字<span class="zhuanming">子長</span>，著《史記》，又名《太史公書》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10572" id="10611">（一○）</a>殺青：指書籍寫定。《後漢書》卷六四《吴祐傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">恢</span>欲殺青簡以寫經書。”<span class="zhuanming">李賢</span>注：“以火炙簡令汗，取其青易書，復不蠹，謂之殺青。亦謂汗簡。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10573" id="10612">（一一）</a>油素：精白的絹，古人作書畫之用。<span class="zhuanming">揚雄</span>《答劉歆書》：“<span class="zhuanming">雄</span>常把三寸弱翰，齎油素四尺，以問其異語。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10574" id="10613">（一二）</a>天規：卽天軌﹑天路。《漢書》卷八七上《揚雄傳》上：“惟天軌之不辟兮，何純絜而離紛。”<span class="zhuanming">顔師古</span>注：“天軌，猶言天路。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10577" id="10614">（一三）</a>逐日入荒匪專夸父之力：卽<span class="zhuanming">夸父</span>追日，見《山海經·海外北經》﹑《列子·湯問》。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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毗羅删拏國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152738" key="1152738"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 毗羅删拏國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152739" key="1152739"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00414','1384704',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P414</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000678">毗羅删拏國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">毗羅删拏國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4591" id="4586">（一）</a>周二千餘里。國大都城周十餘里。氣序土宜同<span class="zhuanming">堊醯掣呾邏國</span>。風俗猛暴，人知學藝，崇信外道，少敬佛法。伽藍二所，僧徒三百<a class="zhuhao" href="#4589" id="4587">〔1〕</a>人，並皆習學大乘法<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00415','1384704',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P415</span></i>教<a class="zhuhao" href="#4590" id="4588">〔2〕</a>。天祠五所，異道雜居。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4587" id="4589">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》百下有餘字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4588" id="4590">〔2〕</a>《石本》無教字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4586" id="4591">（一）</a>毘羅删拏國：《慈恩傳》卷二作“毘羅那拏國”。<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Vīrāśāna；<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>還原爲Vīrasana；<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原爲Vilaśāṇa或Bhilasana；<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>構擬作viraṣaṇa或bhiraṣaṇa。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>最初比定爲<span class="zhuanming">迦利河</span>（Kālinadī）西岸﹑<span class="zhuanming">卡爾散那</span>（Karsāna）以南四<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里﹑<span class="zhuanming">艾塔</span>（Etah）以北八<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">亞特蘭傑克拉</span>（Atrañjikhera）大廢墟，後來又根據<span class="zhuanming">毘羅删拏</span>原音推定爲現代<span class="zhuanming">艾塔</span>（Etah）縣的<span class="zhuanming">比爾沙爾</span>（Bilsar，又讀Bilasand），都感文獻不足，尚待進一步研究。</span> </p><p> <span>大城中故伽藍内，有窣堵波，基雖傾圮，尚百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此七日説《藴界處經》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4595" id="4592">（一）</a>之所。其側則<a class="zhuhao" href="#4594" id="4593">〔1〕</a>有過去四佛座及經行遺迹斯在。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4593" id="4594">〔1〕</a>《異本》無則字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4592" id="4595">（一）</a>藴界處經：按今梵﹑<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文《藏經》中無此經。《釋迦方志》卷上云：“佛曾於此七日，説藴界法”。似卽指此。説藴界處之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00416','1384704',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P416</span></i>法，卽<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>對於宇宙現象的分析分爲五藴﹑十二處﹑十八界，略稱爲藴﹑處﹑界。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南<a class="zhuhao" href="#4598" id="4596">〔1〕</a>行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">劫比他國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊謂<a class="zhuhao" href="#4599" id="4597">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">僧迦舍國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4596" id="4598">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》東南二字作東。《珠林》作東南，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4597" id="4599">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》謂作曰。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三十三、其他佛説法遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152742" key="1152742"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 三十三、其他佛説法遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152743" key="1152743"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00774','1384825',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P774</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001306"><b>三十三﹑其他佛説法遺迹</b></p><p> <span>孤山<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像東南行四十餘里，至一伽藍，僧徒五十餘人，並學小乘法教。伽藍前有大窣堵波，多有靈異，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00775','1384825',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P775</span></i>佛昔於此爲<span class="zhuanming">梵天王</span>等七日説法。其側則有過去三佛坐<a class="zhuhao" href="#8194" id="8193">〔1〕</a>及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8193" id="8194">〔1〕</a>三佛坐，《方志》作四佛行坐跡。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍東北行七十餘里，<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>南，至大聚落，人民殷盛，有數天祠，並窮彫飾。東南不遠有大窣堵波，佛昔於此一宿説法。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東入山林中，行百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">落<a class="zhuhao" href="#8201" id="8195">〔1〕</a>般<a class="zhuhao" href="#8202" id="8196">〔2〕</a>膩羅聚落</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8205" id="8197">（一）</a>，伽<a class="zhuhao" href="#8203" id="8198">〔3〕</a>藍前有大窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建<a class="zhuhao" href="#8204" id="8199">〔4〕</a>，佛昔於此三月説法。此北二三里有大池，周三十餘里，四色蓮花<a class="zhuhao" href="#8206" id="8200">（二）</a>四時開發。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8195" id="8201">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》落作洛。《中本》作治，洛之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8196" id="8202">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》般作殷，形近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8198" id="8203">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》伽上有其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8199" id="8204">〔4〕</a>《古本》建下有也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8197" id="8205">（一）</a>落般膩羅聚落：般，<span class="zhuanming">元</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">明</span>本俱作殷；<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>據此還原此名爲Rohinīla；<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>據<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>本作般，還原爲Lāvaṇīla；但因此字含義<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00776','1384825',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P776</span></i>不明，他猜測梵文原文爲Lavaṇanīla。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲Rajjāna。目前頗難確定其是非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8200" id="8206">（二）</a>四色蓮花：指紅蓮花（梵文padma）﹑青蓮花（梵文utpa-la）﹑黄蓮花（梵文kumuda）﹑白蓮花（梵文puṇḍarīka）。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東入大山林中，行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏鉢伐多國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014502glne.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
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重印後記
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152746" key="1152746"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 重印後記 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152747" key="1152747"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-M00003','1384946',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P3</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001844"><b>重印後記</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">季羡林</span> </p><p> <span>《大唐西域記校注》，1985年出版，1990年重印，前後共印9200册。對於這樣一部非常專門甚至有些冷僻的學術著作來説，這一個數字已經是非常可觀的了。現在對此書的需求日益增多，而此書在書籍市場上早已絶迹。中華書局決定重印，無疑是十分正確的。</span> </p><p> <span>此書曾多次獲奬，今年又獲1994年國家圖書奬。國内外學者對此書亦多所贊譽。但是，“如人飲水，冷暖自知”。此書的優點與不足之處，我們校注者是完全清楚的。當年參加注釋工作的學者已有二人謝世。有關地区的考古發掘工作日新月異，我們國内的青年學者脱穎而出者，頗不乏人。我們正準備重新組織力量，對注釋從頭做起，把最新的考古結果與中外學者的最新研究成果，悉納入注釋中，使此書真正能與時代同步。因此，這一次重印不做大的改動，不過聊以解燃眉之急而已。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">1994.5.<span class="song">27</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
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劫比他國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152749" key="1152749"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 劫比他國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152750" key="1152750"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00416','1384705',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P416</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000684">劫比他國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">劫比他<a class="zhuhao" href="#4605" id="4600">（一）</a>國</span>周二千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。氣序土宜，同<span class="zhuanming">毗羅删拏國</span>。風俗淳和，人多學藝。伽藍四所，僧徒千餘人，並學小乘正部量法。天祠十所，異道雜居，同共遵<a class="zhuhao" href="#4603" id="4601">〔1〕</a>事<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4604" id="4602">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4601" id="4603">〔1〕</a>《石本》遵作尊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4602" id="4604">〔2〕</a>現行本《大唐西域記》此處有闕文，現據《方志》及《珠林》三十八引補二十七字。二書所載文字全同，當是本諸<span class="zhuanming">奘</span>《記》：“皆作天像，其狀人根，形甚長偉。俗人不以爲惡，謂諸衆生從天根生<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00417','1384705',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P417</span></i>也。”（《釋迦方志》及《法苑珠林》）按崇拜生殖器之風習各民族多有之。此<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>像奇形詭製本不足怪，與後來<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span><span class="zhuanming">黄教</span>之<span class="zhuanming">歡喜佛</span>比，性質或相類似。今本脱去，殆是後來僧徒嫌其瀆褻而删之。<span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>並時，得見初本，猶存其舊。餘詳拙作《大唐西域記闕文考》。又卷七《婆羅痆斯國》下記<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>祠，《方志》亦有天根之文，與此類似，疑同是闕文。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4600" id="4605">（一）</a>劫比他國：梵文Kapitha。原註：“舊謂<span class="zhuanming">僧迦舍</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">僧迦舍</span>，梵文Saṃkāśya，巴利文Samkassa。此名《雜阿含經》卷十九作<span class="zhuanming">僧伽舍</span>，《增一阿含經》卷二十八作<span class="zhuanming">僧伽尸</span>，《法顯傳》作<span class="zhuanming">僧伽施</span>，《阿育王經》卷三作<span class="zhuanming">僧柯奢</span>。《悟空行記》作<span class="zhuanming">泥嚩韈多</span>（Devāvatāra），意卽“天下處”，卽神話中所謂<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>及<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>自三十三天下降塵世之處。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲現今<span class="zhuanming">北方邦</span><span class="zhuanming">法魯迦巴德</span>（Farrukhābād）<span class="zhuanming">縣</span>的Sankīsa村，此地位於<span class="zhuanming">庫達爾柯特</span>（Kudārkot）以北<span class="song">36</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，<span class="zhuanming">阿里甘傑</span>（Aligañji）東南<span class="song">40</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>不同意這一比定，他認爲應在<span class="zhuanming">艾塔</span>縣東北角距<span class="zhuanming">巴梯亞里</span>（Patiālī）數<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，（Watters：Оn Yuan Chwang’s Trave1s in India，Vol.II.p.338），但他未舉出其任何論據。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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伊爛拏鉢伐多國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152753" key="1152753"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 伊爛拏鉢伐多國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152754" key="1152754"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00778','1384826',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P778</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001312">伊爛拏鉢伐多國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏鉢伐多<a class="zhuhao" href="#8232" id="8225">〔1〕</a>國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8236" id="8226">（一）</a>周三千餘里。國大都城北臨<a class="zhuhao" href="#8233" id="8227">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，周二十餘里。稼穡滋植，花菓具繁。氣序和暢，風俗淳質。伽藍十餘所，僧徒四千餘人，多學小乘正量部<a class="zhuhao" href="#8234" id="8228">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8237" id="8229">（二）</a>法。天祠二十餘所，異道雜居。近有鄰王，廢其國君，以大都城持施衆僧，於此城中建二伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#8238" id="8230">（三）</a>，各減千僧，並學小乘教説一切有部<a class="zhuhao" href="#8235" id="8231">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8225" id="8232">〔1〕</a>伊爛拏鉢伐多，《慈恩傳》﹑《續傳》作伊爛拏。按梵文一説作Īraṇa-parvata，義爲荒山。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00779','1384826',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P779</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8227" id="8233">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》臨並作路。按《方志》作臨，同此本。依義臨字爲長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8228" id="8234">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》正量部法四字作一切有部義，蓋據後來僧學（見下文）而言。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8231" id="8235">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》於此段文字下有校語云：“都城下二句誤倒，當正。”蓋謂“國大都城，北臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，周二十餘里”三句，當以周二十里句移於“都城”下，而北臨（《徑山本》誤作路）<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>句移於後也。然《方志》亦如此，於文無窒礙，校語不足憑。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8226" id="8236">（一）</a>伊爛拏鉢伐多國：<span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏鉢伐多</span>，<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Hiraṇya-parvata，義云金山；<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>不同意此説，認爲應爲Īraṇaparvata，義云荒山，因爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>並没有關於該國産金的任何記載。《慈恩傳》卷三簡稱<span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏國</span>。該國地望多數學者一致認爲卽今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">比哈爾邦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">孟格爾</span>（Monghyr），其領域自Lakṣmīsarai直抵Sultanganj，北臨<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>；又從Pārśvanāth山西端直抵Barakar與Dāmudā兩河匯合處爲其南界。古名Modāgiri，見於大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》，又稱Mudgalagiri。十一世紀稱爲Mungiri（Alberuni’s India，I，p.200）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8229" id="8237">（二）</a>小乘正量部：正量部見本書卷四<span class="zhuanming">堊醯掣呾邏國</span>條下注。《慈恩傳》卷三稱此國多學“小乘説一切有部義”，兩種記載究竟哪個正確，尚難斷定。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記載的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的部派的分佈，大體以説一切有部盛行於西北<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>和<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>一帶，正量部則盛行於<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>的西部和南部。參閲本書<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>所撰《前言》，見本書頁67—85。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00780','1384826',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P780</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8230" id="8238">（三）</a>近有鄰王……建二伽藍：此“鄰王”似指<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span><span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>。詳見本書卷五<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>注。關於這兩個伽藍，《慈恩傳》卷三有所記載：“近有鄰王，廢其國君，以都城施僧，於中並建二寺，各有千僧，有二大德，一名<span class="zhuanming">怛他揭多毱多</span>（原注：<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>云<span class="zhuanming">如來密</span>），二名<span class="zhuanming">羼底僧訶</span>（原注：<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>云<span class="zhuanming">師子忍</span>），俱善薩婆多部。又停一年，就讀《毗婆娑》﹑《順正理》等。”案：薩婆多部卽説一切有部。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、大伽藍三寶階及其傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152757" key="1152757"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 劫比他國 &gt; 一、大伽藍三寶階及其傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152758" key="1152758"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00417','1384706',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P417</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000687"><b>一﹑大伽藍三寶階及其傳説</b></p><p> <span>城東<a class="zhuhao" href="#4623" id="4606">〔1〕</a>二十餘里，有大伽藍，經製輪奐，工窮剞劂。聖形尊<a class="zhuhao" href="#4624" id="4607">〔2〕</a>像，務極莊嚴。僧徒數百人，學正量部法。數萬淨人宅居其側。伽藍大垣内有三寶階<a class="zhuhao" href="#4633" id="4608">（一）</a>，南北列，東面下<a class="zhuhao" href="#4625" id="4609">〔3〕</a>，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00418','1384706',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P418</span></i>是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>自<span class="zhuanming">三十三天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4634" id="4610">（二）</a>降還<a class="zhuhao" href="#4626" id="4611">〔4〕</a>所也<a class="zhuhao" href="#4627" id="4612">〔5〕</a>。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>起自<span class="zhuanming">勝林</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4628" id="4613">〔6〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#4635" id="4614">（三）</a>，上昇天宫<a class="zhuhao" href="#4636" id="4615">（四）</a>，居<span class="zhuanming">善法堂</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4637" id="4616">（五）</a>，爲母説法。過三月已，將欲下降，<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4638" id="4617">（六）</a>乃縱神力，建立寶階。中階黄金，左水精，右白銀。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>起<span class="zhuanming">善法堂</span>，從諸天衆，履中階而下。<span class="zhuanming">大梵王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4639" id="4618">（七）</a>執白拂，履銀階而右侍；<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>持寶蓋，蹈水精階而左侍。天衆凌虚，散花讚德。數百年前猶有階級，逮至今時，陷没已盡。諸國君王悲慨不遇，疊<a class="zhuhao" href="#4629" id="4619">〔7〕</a>以塼石，飾以珍寶，於其故基，擬昔寶階。其高七十餘尺，上起精舍<a class="zhuhao" href="#4630" id="4620">〔8〕</a>，中有石佛像，而左右之階，有<span class="zhuanming">釋</span><span class="zhuanming">梵</span>之像，形擬厥初，猶爲下势。傍有石柱高七十餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建<a class="zhuhao" href="#4631" id="4621">〔9〕</a>。色紺光潤，質堅密理。上作師子蹲踞向階，彫鏤奇形。周其方面，隨人罪福，影現<a class="zhuhao" href="#4632" id="4622">〔10〕</a>柱中。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4606" id="4623">〔1〕</a>原本東作西，今從《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》引改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4607" id="4624">〔2〕</a>《中本》形尊二字互倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4609" id="4625">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》東面下三字作面東西下四字；《方志》及《珠林》作東西下地四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4611" id="4626">〔4〕</a>原本無所字，《古本》﹑《石本》有所字。有之義足，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4612" id="4627">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》校記云：“還也，疑還地。”按也上有所字，也字不誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4613" id="4628">〔6〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》勝林二字作逝多林三字，並夾注云：“卽<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00419','1384706',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P419</span></i><span class="zhuanming">祇陀林</span>。”按<span class="zhuanming">逝多林</span>，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">勝林</span>，見卷六<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4619" id="4629">〔7〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》疊作壘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4620" id="4630">〔8〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》精舍下重精舍二字，屬下讀。《中本》舍下有精字，精下當脱舍字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4621" id="4631">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》建下並有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4622" id="4632">〔10〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》現作出。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4608" id="4633">（一）</a>三寶階：卽三道寶階，指下文所説佛自<span class="zhuanming">忉利天</span>下降時，<span class="zhuanming">帝釋天</span>所造成的步階。<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》：“三道寶階塔，在<span class="zhuanming">中天王</span>住城西七日程，在兩<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>間。”關於三寶階的宗教傳説，參見《摩訶摩耶經》﹑《佛昇忉利天爲母説法經》﹑《神道足無極變化經》﹑《雜阿含經》卷十九﹑《增一阿含經》卷二八等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4610" id="4634">（二）</a>三十三天：卽<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>神話中的天堂，又稱<span class="zhuanming">忉利天</span>，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲係欲界的第二天，在<span class="zhuanming">須彌山</span>頂上。中央爲<span class="zhuanming">帝釋天</span>，<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>所居。四方有四峯，各峯有八天，故并稱三十三天。見《佛地經論》卷五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4614" id="4635">（三）</a>勝林：梵文Jetavana的意譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">祇洹</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">祇樹</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">祇陀林</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">逝多林</span>，<span class="zhuanming">逝多太子</span>的林園。《中阿含經》卷四十三：“佛遊<span class="zhuanming">舍衞國</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">勝林給孤獨園</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4615" id="4636">（四）</a>天宫：梵文Devapura意譯，音譯爲<span class="zhuanming">提婆補羅</span>或<span class="zhuanming">泥縛補羅</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4616" id="4637">（五）</a>善法堂：<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>的講堂。《俱舍論》卷十一：<span class="zhuanming">須彌山</span>“外面南角有善法堂，三十三天時集於彼。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00420','1384706',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P420</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4617" id="4638">（六）</a>天帝釋：卽<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>神話中的天老爺<span class="zhuanming">因陀羅</span>（Indra），<span class="zhuanming">忉利天</span>的主持者；又名Śakra，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>，釋卽由Śakra而來的音譯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4618" id="4639">（七）</a>大梵王：卽<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>神話中的創世大神<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>（Brahman）。號稱<span class="zhuanming">大梵天王</span>，名<span class="zhuanming">尸棄</span>，爲<span class="zhuanming">娑婆世界</span>之主。《法華經》卷一《序品》：“<span class="zhuanming">娑婆世界</span>主<span class="zhuanming">梵天王</span><span class="zhuanming">尸棄</span><span class="zhuanming">大梵</span>。”常在佛的右邊，手持白拂，與<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>相對。</span> </p><p> <span>寶階側不遠，有窣堵波，是過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。其側窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此澡浴。其側精舍，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>入定之處。精舍側有大石基，長五十步，高七尺，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>經行之處，足所履迹，皆有蓮花之文。基左右各有小窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>之所建也。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、伊爛拏山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152761" key="1152761"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 伊爛拏鉢伐多國 &gt; 一、伊爛拏山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152762" key="1152762"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00780','1384827',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P780</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001315"><b>一﹑伊爛拏山</b></p><p> <span>大城側臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，有<span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8242" id="8239">（一）</a>，含吐煙霞，蔽虧日月，古今仙聖<a class="zhuhao" href="#8241" id="8240">〔1〕</a>繼踵棲神。今有天祠，尚遵遺則。在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>亦嘗居此，爲諸天人廣説妙法。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8240" id="8241">〔1〕</a>《方志》仙聖作古來五通仙。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8239" id="8242">（一）</a>伊爛拏山：近人考定卽Monghyr以東三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的Pirpahar山。該地以風景優美並有温泉而出名。根據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>描繪的情況，“含吐煙霞，蔽虧日月”，表明是一座活火山。該地温泉頗多，小孤山附近的温泉温度很高，這是火山地區的特徵，1934年一月該地曾發生強烈地震，造成重大損失，這更證明<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載的正確。</span> </p><p> <span>大城南有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此三月説法，其傍則有過去<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00781','1384827',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P781</span></i>三佛坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、蓮花色尼見佛處及傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152765" key="1152765"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 劫比他國 &gt; 二、蓮花色尼見佛處及傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152766" key="1152766"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00420','1384707',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P420</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000690"><b>二﹑蓮花色尼見佛處及傳説</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">釋</span><span class="zhuanming">梵</span><span class="zhuanming">窣堵波</span>前，是<span class="zhuanming">蓮花色苾蒭尼</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4657" id="4640">（一）</a>欲先見佛，化作轉輪王處。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>自<a class="zhuhao" href="#4651" id="4641">〔1〕</a>天宫還<span class="zhuanming">贍部州</span>也<a class="zhuhao" href="#4652" id="4642">〔2〕</a>，時<span class="zhuanming">蘇部底</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4658" id="4643">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">善現</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">須扶提</span>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">須菩提</span>，譯曰<span class="zhuanming">善吉</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4653" id="4644">〔3〕</a>，皆訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#4654" id="4645">〔4〕</a>。</span> <span>宴坐石室，竊自思曰：“今佛還降，人天導從，如我今者何所宜行？嘗聞佛説，知諸法空<a class="zhuhao" href="#4659" id="4646">（三）</a>，體諸法性<a class="zhuhao" href="#4660" id="4647">（四）</a>。是則以慧眼觀法身<a class="zhuhao" href="#4661" id="4648">（五）</a>也。”時<span class="zhuanming">蓮華色苾蒭尼</span>欲初見佛，化爲轉輪王，七寶導<a class="zhuhao" href="#4655" id="4649">〔5〕</a>從，四兵警衛，至<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>所，復苾蒭尼。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>告曰：“汝非初見。夫善現<a class="zhuhao" href="#4656" id="4650">〔6〕</a>者，觀諸法空，是見法身。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00421','1384707',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P421</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4641" id="4651">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》自下並有在字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4642" id="4652">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》校記云：“州也，疑州地。”非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4644" id="4653">〔3〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》吉下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4645" id="4654">〔4〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4649" id="4655">〔5〕</a>《石本》導作遵。疑道之誤，道與導通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4650" id="4656">〔6〕</a>《崇本》現作見。按以上文“初見”及下“見法身”推之，似作見爲是。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4640" id="4657">（一）</a>蓮花色苾蒭尼：又作<span class="zhuanming">優鉢羅比丘尼</span>，優鉢羅，梵文Utpa-la，譯爲青蓮花或紅蓮花。<span class="zhuanming">蓮花色</span>梵名Utpalavarṇā。關於此女皈依佛的故事，參見《五分律》卷四﹑《智度論》卷十一﹑《毘奈耶雜事》卷三十二等。《法顯傳》載：“時<span class="zhuanming">優鉢羅比丘尼</span>卽自心念，今日國王﹑臣民皆當迎佛，我是女人，何由得先見佛？卽以神足，化作轉輪聖王，最前禮佛。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4643" id="4658">（二）</a>蘇部底：梵文Subhūti音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">須菩提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">須扶提</span>，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">善現</span>或<span class="zhuanming">善吉</span>，又稱<span class="zhuanming">空生</span>，傳説是<span class="zhuanming">舍衞城</span>長者<span class="zhuanming">鳩留</span>（Kuru）之子，爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>十大弟子之一，號稱“解空第一”。《增一阿含經》卷六引其語云：“法法自生，法法自滅，法法自動，法法自息。”“法法相亂，法法自息，法能生法。”“如是一切所有皆歸於無。無我﹑無人﹑無壽﹑無命﹑無士﹑無夫﹑無像﹑無男﹑無女。”爲以後大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>説諸法性空所本。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00422','1384707',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P422</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4646" id="4659">（三）</a>法空：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲色心之諸法都是因緣和合所幻生的，並無實體，故謂“法空”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4647" id="4660">（四）</a>法性：又名實相真如，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所指事物内在的本質，或指宇宙萬有的本體。我國大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的天台宗﹑法相宗﹑三論宗﹑華嚴宗，根據本宗的宗旨，對於“法性”各有不同的解釋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4648" id="4661">（五）</a>法身：法身的解釋，小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>和大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>説法不同。小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲佛是由他的形體和道德品質相結合的。其形體稱爲生身，其道德品質稱爲法身。而大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>則有三身之説，它認爲絶對真理是佛的法身。《大乘義章》卷十八：“言法身者，解有兩義。一顯本法性，以成其身，名爲法身；二以一切諸功德法而成身，故名爲法身。”此外，它以體證真如的智慧爲佛的報身，教化世間的尊勝儀容爲佛的應身。</span> </p><p> <span>聖迹垣内，靈異相繼。其大窣堵波東南有一池龍，恒護聖迹，既有冥衛，難以輕犯。歲久自壞，人莫能毁。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南<a class="zhuhao" href="#4665" id="4662">〔1〕</a>行減二百里，至<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<a class="zhuhao" href="#4666" id="4663">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">曲女城國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#4667" id="4664">〔3〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4662" id="4665">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》東南作西北；《慈恩傳》及《方志》亦然，《珠林》作北字。按<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">劫比他國</span>東南方，作東南是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4663" id="4666">〔2〕</a>《石本》無言字，疑脱去。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4664" id="4667">〔3〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》境下並有也字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、小孤山佛遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152769" key="1152769"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 伊爛拏鉢伐多國 &gt; 三、小孤山佛遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152770" key="1152770"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00784','1384828',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P784</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001323"><b>三﹑小孤山佛遺迹</b></p><p> <span>國西界<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8294" id="8283">〔1〕</a>南，至小孤山<a class="zhuhao" href="#8295" id="8284">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8302" id="8285">（一）</a>，重巘嶜崟<a class="zhuhao" href="#8296" id="8286">〔3〕</a>，昔佛於此三月安居，降<span class="zhuanming">薄句羅藥叉</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8303" id="8287">（二）</a>。山東南巖下大石，上有佛坐跡，入石寸餘，長五尺二寸，廣二尺一寸。其上則建窣堵波焉。次南石上則有佛置捃稚<a class="zhuhao" href="#8297" id="8288">〔4〕</a>迦<a class="zhuhao" href="#8304" id="8289">（三）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">卽澡瓶<a class="zhuhao" href="#8298" id="8290">〔5〕</a>也，舊曰軍持，訛略也。</span> <span>跡，深寸餘，作八<a class="zhuhao" href="#8299" id="8291">〔6〕</a>出花文<a class="zhuhao" href="#8300" id="8292">〔7〕</a>。佛坐跡東南不遠，有<span class="zhuanming">薄句羅藥叉</span>脚跡，長尺五六寸，廣七八寸，深減二寸。藥叉跡後有石佛坐像，高六七尺。次西不遠，有佛經行之處。其山頂上有藥叉故室。次北有佛足跡，長尺有八寸，廣餘<a class="zhuhao" href="#8301" id="8293">〔8〕</a>六寸，深可半寸。其跡上有窣堵波。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔日降伏藥叉，令不殺人食肉，敬受佛戒，後得生天。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8283" id="8294">〔1〕</a>原本無河字，今從《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8284" id="8295">〔2〕</a>《方志》孤山下有“長一里餘”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8286" id="8296">〔3〕</a>《音釋》﹑《隨函録》崟作岑，同。《慧琳音義》作崟，同今本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8288" id="8297">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》稚作穉，同。《慧琳音義》作君稚迦。《音釋》捃稚下云：“别云君遲。”譯文無定字，取其音諧而已。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8290" id="8298">〔5〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》澡瓶作澡罐。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8291" id="8299">〔6〕</a>《中本》無八字；《異本》八作入，並非。《方志》及《珠林》三<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00785','1384828',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P785</span></i>十九亦作八出，同今本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8292" id="8300">〔7〕</a>《徑山本》文作󵸼，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8293" id="8301">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》餘作於；《徑山本》作可。按《方志》此句作闊六寸餘，《珠林》作闊六寸許，則《記》文餘字爲合。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8285" id="8302">（一）</a>小孤山：《釋迦方志》卷下稱爲“孤山”：“國西界<span class="zhuanming">殑（伽）河</span>南岸，孤山長一里餘。”先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定此山爲一個稱爲“大天”（Mahādeva）的丘陵，後<span class="zhuanming">瓦德爾</span>（Wadell）提出異議，認爲此山是<span class="zhuanming">孟格爾</span>西南二十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>南岸七<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">烏爛</span>（Uren）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>。該處曾發掘出佛像，碑文及佛寺遺址等。見<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>《印度古代地理》頁722，<span class="zhuanming">馬宗達</span>所加注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8287" id="8303">（二）</a>薄句羅藥叉：<span class="zhuanming">薄句羅</span>，梵文作Vakkula，Vakula，Bakkula，Bakula，Vatkula，巴利文作Bakkula，Bākula，Vakkula。此藥叉名見於《孔雀王咒經》，其住地在<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>。（參見S.Lévi：Le Catalogue geographigue des Yakṣa dans la Mahā-MāyūrīJ.A.；<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯《大孔雀經藥叉名録輿地考》）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8289" id="8304">（三）</a>捃稚迦：梵文kuṇḍikā，kuṇḍika音譯，意譯爲水瓶﹑澡瓶﹑浄瓶﹑澡罐等，爲僧衆十八物之一，其種類與用法，詳見《南海寄歸内法傳》卷一“水有二瓶”條。</span> </p><p> <span>此西有温泉六七所，其水極熱。國南界大山林中，多諸野象，其形偉大。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00786','1384828',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P786</span></i><p> <span>從此順<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>南岸，東行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">瞻波國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、無垢友故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152773" key="1152773"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 秣底補羅國 &gt; 三、無垢友故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152774" key="1152774"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00403','1384700',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P403</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000656"><b>三﹑無垢友故事</b></p><p> <span>菴没羅林側有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">毗末羅密<a class="zhuhao" href="#4498" id="4484">〔1〕</a>多羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4510" id="4485">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">無垢友</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4499" id="4486">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>之遺身。論師<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4500" id="4487">〔3〕</a>國</span>人也，於説一切有部而出家焉。博綜衆經，研究異論，遊<span class="zhuanming">五印度國</span>，學三藏玄文，名立業成，將歸本國。途次<span class="zhuanming">衆賢論師</span>窣堵波也，拊<a class="zhuhao" href="#4501" id="4488">〔4〕</a>而歎曰：“惟論師雅量清高<a class="zhuhao" href="#4502" id="4489">〔5〕</a>，抑揚大義，方欲挫異部，立本宗業<a class="zhuhao" href="#4503" id="4490">〔6〕</a><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00404','1384700',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P404</span></i>也，如何降<a class="zhuhao" href="#4504" id="4491">〔7〕</a>年不永！我<span class="zhuanming">無垢友</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4505" id="4492">〔8〕</a>猥承末學，異時慕義，曠代懷德。<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>雖没，宗學尚傳。我盡所知，當製<a class="zhuhao" href="#4506" id="4493">〔9〕</a>諸論，令<span class="zhuanming">贍<a class="zhuhao" href="#4507" id="4494">〔10〕</a>部洲</span>諸學人等，絶大乘稱，滅<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>名，斯爲不朽<a class="zhuhao" href="#4508" id="4495">〔11〕</a>，用盡宿心。”説是語已，心發狂亂，五舌重出<a class="zhuhao" href="#4511" id="4496">（二）</a>，熱血流涌。知命必終，裁書悔曰：“夫大乘教者，佛法之中究竟説也。名味泯絶，理致幽玄。輕以愚昧，駮斥先進，業報皎然，滅身宜矣。敢告學人，厥鑒斯在。各慎爾志，無得懷疑！”大地爲震，命遂終焉。當其死處，地陷爲坑。同旅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4509" id="4497">〔12〕</a>焚屍，收骸旌建。時有羅漢見而歎曰：“惜哉！苦哉！今此論師任情執見，毁惡大乘，墮無間獄！”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4484" id="4498">〔1〕</a>《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》密作蜜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4486" id="4499">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》友作稱。按<span class="zhuanming">毗摩羅詰</span>，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">無垢稱</span>，見卷七《吠舍釐國》。此作“毗末羅蜜多羅”，不同。故譯爲“無垢友”（毗摩羅與毗末羅爲同字）。稱字恐誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4487" id="4500">〔3〕</a>《中本》羅作邏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4488" id="4501">〔4〕</a>《慧琳音義》拊作撫。云：“《説文》從付作拊，亦通用，非本字也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4489" id="4502">〔5〕</a>《石本》高作亮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4490" id="4503">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》業作義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4491" id="4504">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》降作隆，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4492" id="4505">〔8〕</a>《徑山本》校記云：“友字疑誤。”按<span class="zhuanming">無垢友</span>自名，不誤，校<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00405','1384700',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P405</span></i>記非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4493" id="4506">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》製作制，可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4494" id="4507">〔10〕</a>《石本》贍作瞻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4495" id="4508">〔11〕</a>原本朽作杇，今從《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4497" id="4509">〔12〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》旅並作侣。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4485" id="4510">（一）</a>毗末羅密多羅：梵文Vimalamitra音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">無垢友</span>，《慈恩傳》卷二誤作<span class="zhuanming">無垢稱</span>。此論師生平不詳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4496" id="4511">（二）</a>五舌：據《大乘法教》卷三十三，五舌爲佛﹑法﹑慧﹑天﹑肉。但此云“五舌重出”，五舌何指，猶待考定。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三十一、帝釋窟
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152777" key="1152777"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 三十一、帝釋窟 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152778" key="1152778"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00769','1384821',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P769</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001294"><b>三十一﹑帝釋窟</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>門人窣堵波東行三十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">因陁羅勢羅窶</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8122" id="8109">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">訶山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8133" id="8110">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">帝釋窟</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8123" id="8111">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span>其山巖谷杳冥，花林蓊鬱。嶺有兩峰<a class="zhuhao" href="#8124" id="8112">〔3〕</a>，岌然特起。西峰<a class="zhuhao" href="#8125" id="8113">〔4〕</a>南巖間，有大石室，廣而不高，昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>嘗<a class="zhuhao" href="#8126" id="8114">〔5〕</a>於中止，時<a class="zhuhao" href="#8127" id="8115">〔6〕</a><span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>以四十二疑事畫<a class="zhuhao" href="#8128" id="8116">〔7〕</a>石請問<a class="zhuhao" href="#8134" id="8117">（二）</a>，佛爲演釋，其迹猶在<a class="zhuhao" href="#8129" id="8118">〔8〕</a>。今作此像，擬昔聖儀，入中禮敬者，莫不肅然敬<a class="zhuhao" href="#8130" id="8119">〔9〕</a>懼。山巖<a class="zhuhao" href="#8131" id="8120">〔10〕</a>上有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。東峰上有伽藍，聞諸土<a class="zhuhao" href="#8132" id="8121">〔11〕</a>俗曰：其中僧衆，或於夜分，望見西峰石室佛像前，每有燈炬，常爲照燭。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8109" id="8122">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》窶作寠，同，下同。《石本》作窣，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8111" id="8123">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》窟下並有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8112" id="8124">〔3〕</a>《中本》兩峯二字作雨岑。雨當是兩之誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8113" id="8125">〔4〕</a>《中本》峯作岑。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8114" id="8126">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》嘗作常，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8115" id="8127">〔6〕</a>原本時下重時字，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》删。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8116" id="8128">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》及《翻譯集》引畫作書。《石本》作盡，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8118" id="8129">〔8〕</a>《中本》在作存。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00770','1384821',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P770</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8119" id="8130">〔9〕</a>原本敬作驚，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8120" id="8131">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》巖作嶺。《方志》亦作嶺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8121" id="8132">〔11〕</a>《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》土作士，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8110" id="8133">（一）</a>因陁羅勢羅窶訶山：<span class="zhuanming">因陁羅勢羅窶訶</span>，梵文Indraśai-laguhā音譯，巴利文Indasālaguhā，樹名。此山因窟前有因陀羅勢羅樹而得名。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>東六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的<span class="zhuanming">吉里也克山</span>（Giriyek），卽《法顯傳》中的<span class="zhuanming">小孤石山</span>：“從此東南行九由延，至一<span class="zhuanming">小孤石山</span>，山頭有石室，石室南向，佛坐其中。”但<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>所記距離與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>相差頗遠。此説待考。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8117" id="8134">（二）</a>天帝釋以四十二疑事畫石請問：《法顯傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>將天樂般遮彈琴樂佛處。<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>以四十二事問佛，一一以指畫石，畫跡故在，此中亦有僧伽藍。”其記載與《西域記》同。其傳説又見《長阿含經》卷十，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒多以此作爲繪畫﹑雕刻的題材。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十二畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152781" key="1152781"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 二十二畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152782" key="1152782"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01115','1384942',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1115</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001839">二十二畫</p><p> <span>疊軫序1/4/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>靃靡7/560/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>襲冠帶序1/10/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>巖間石室2/259/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>顩鉢羅衣2/179/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、摩裕羅城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152785" key="1152785"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 秣底補羅國 &gt; 四、摩裕羅城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152786" key="1152786"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00405','1384701',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P405</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000659"><b>四﹑摩裕羅城</b></p><p> <span>國西北境<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>東岸有<span class="zhuanming">摩裕<a class="zhuhao" href="#4520" id="4512">〔1〕</a>羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4521" id="4513">〔2〕</a>城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4526" id="4514">（一）</a>，周二十餘里，居人殷盛。清流交帶，出鍮石﹑水精寶器。去城不遠，臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，有大天祠，甚多靈異。其中<a class="zhuhao" href="#4522" id="4515">〔3〕</a>有池，編石爲岸，引<span class="zhuanming">殑伽</span>水爲浦<a class="zhuhao" href="#4523" id="4516">〔4〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>人謂之<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河門</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4527" id="4517">（二）</a>，生福滅罪之所<a class="zhuhao" href="#4524" id="4518">〔5〕</a>。常有遠方數百千人集此澡濯。樂善諸王建立福舍，備珍羞，儲醫藥，惠施鰥寡<a class="zhuhao" href="#4525" id="4519">〔6〕</a>，周給孤獨。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00406','1384701',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P406</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4512" id="4520">〔1〕</a>《崇本》裕作格。按各本皆作裕，《方志》﹑《慧琳音義》亦同，格當是裕之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4513" id="4521">〔2〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（摩裕羅）梵語也，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>云孔雀。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4515" id="4522">〔3〕</a>《石本》無中字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4516" id="4523">〔4〕</a>原本浦作補，今據《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4518" id="4524">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》所作處。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4519" id="4525">〔6〕</a>《新麗本》原書寡作󵾚，《京大本》改從《宋本》，以下同。按󵾚字亦見<span class="zhuanming">北魏</span>《司馬景和妻墓誌》，卽寡字也。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4514" id="4526">（一）</a>摩裕羅城：摩裕羅是梵文Mayūra的音譯，意卽“孔雀”。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲現今<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>運河頭的<span class="zhuanming">摩耶補羅</span>（Māyāpura）的廢址卽往昔的<span class="zhuanming">摩裕羅城</span>。雖然<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>指責説這一廢址在<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>西岸，而非東岸，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載不符；但<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>已經説明，千餘年間<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>河道可能改變，這一解釋是有理由的，我們贊同<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>的比定。又《慈恩傳》未載<span class="zhuanming">摩裕羅城</span>，表明<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>並未親履該地，本段記載係得自傳聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4517" id="4527">（二）</a>殑伽河門：梵文Gaṅgādvāra；又稱Haridvār，意卽<span class="zhuanming">訶利</span>（<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>，<span class="zhuanming">毗濕奴</span>）之門，因據<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代傳説，<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>是從<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>足下流出的。此地今名<span class="zhuanming">哈爾德瓦</span>（Hardwar），在北緯29度58分，東經78度09分地方，現屬<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北方邦。</span> </p><p> <span>從此北行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#4530" id="4528">〔1〕</a>羅吸摩補羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#4531" id="4529">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00407','1384701',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P407</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4528" id="4530">〔1〕</a>《石本》婆作波，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4529" id="4531">〔2〕</a>北印度境，《慈恩傳》及《方志》作“中印度境”。按自本卷<span class="zhuanming">波理夜呾羅國</span>入<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境，至此已歷五國，後文<span class="zhuanming">瞿毗霜那國</span>以下並爲<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>國，此似當爲<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>國。然以下文“此國境北大<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span><span class="zhuanming">中</span>”云云觀之，則又應在<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。疑此國幅員較廣，界於二者之間，故或云北或云中也。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1.雁窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152789" key="1152789"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 三十一、帝釋窟 &gt; 1.雁窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152790" key="1152790"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00770','1384822',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P770</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001297">1.雁窣堵波</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">因陁羅勢羅窶訶山</span>東峰伽藍前有窣堵波，謂<span class="zhuanming">亘</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8143" id="8135">〔1〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">許贈反</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">娑</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8144" id="8136">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8150" id="8137">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">雁</span>。</span> <span>昔此伽藍，習翫小乘。小乘漸教也，故開<a class="zhuhao" href="#8145" id="8138">〔3〕</a>三淨之食。而此伽藍遵而不墜。其後三淨，求不時獲。有比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#8146" id="8139">〔4〕</a>經行，忽見羣雁飛翔，戲言曰：“今日衆僧中食不充，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00771','1384822',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P771</span></i>摩訶薩埵宜知是時。”言聲未絶<a class="zhuhao" href="#8147" id="8140">〔5〕</a>，一雁退飛，當其僧前，投身自殞<a class="zhuhao" href="#8148" id="8141">〔6〕</a>。比丘見已，具白衆僧，聞者悲感，咸相謂曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>設法，導誘隨機，我等守愚，遵行漸教。大乘者，正理也，宜改先執，務從聖旨。此雁垂誡，誠爲<a class="zhuhao" href="#8149" id="8142">〔7〕</a>明導，宜旌厚德，傳記終古。”於是建窣堵波，式昭遺烈，以彼死雁，瘞其下焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8135" id="8143">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》亘作僧。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8136" id="8144">〔2〕</a>《音釋》娑作婆。《翻譯集》云：“僧娑，或亘娑。”《徑山本》此下校注云：“闕，疑，末補伽藍。”按上文已言伽藍，此獨謂塔名，不必再綴伽藍字。《慈恩傳》亦同此。《徑山本》説非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8138" id="8145">〔3〕</a>《中本》開作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8139" id="8146">〔4〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字作苾芻，下同。《慈恩傳》作檢校人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8140" id="8147">〔5〕</a>《石本》絶作終。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8141" id="8148">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》殞作殪，《慧琳音義》﹑《音釋》及《翻譯集》亦同，音“翳計反”與“於計反”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8142" id="8149">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》誠爲二字作爲誠，《翻譯集》引亦同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8137" id="8150">（一）</a>亘娑：梵文haṃsa音譯，卽雁。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十三畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152793" key="1152793"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 二十三畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152794" key="1152794"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01115','1384943',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1115</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001840">二十三畫</p><p> <span>黳玉12/992/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>鑠迦羅阿迭多9/754/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>顯揚聖教論5/471/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>顯揚真宗説藴界處2/227/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>鷲峯（見姞栗陁羅矩吒山）</span> </p><p> <span>鷲臺（見姞栗陁羅矩吒山）</span> </p><p> <span>鷲嶽序2/27/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>觀世音（見阿縛盧枳低伊濕伐羅）</span> </p><p> <span>觀自在（見阿縛盧枳低伊濕伐羅）</span> </p><p> <span>觀世自在（見阿縛盧枳低伊濕伐羅）</span> </p><p> <span>觀自在菩薩1/143/19，8/652/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>觀自在菩薩像9/774/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>觀自在菩薩立像9/760/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
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婆羅吸摩補羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152797" key="1152797"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 婆羅吸摩補羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152798" key="1152798"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00407','1384702',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P407</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000663">婆羅吸摩補羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅吸摩補羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4537" id="4532">（一）</a>周四千餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#4535" id="4533">〔1〕</a>，山周四境。國大都城周二十餘里。居人殷盛，家室富饒。土地沃壤，稼穡時播。出鍮石﹑水精。氣序微寒，風俗剛猛，少學藝，多逐利。人性獷烈，邪正雜<a class="zhuhao" href="#4536" id="4534">〔2〕</a>信。伽藍五所，僧徒寡少。天祠十餘所，異道雜居。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4533" id="4535">〔1〕</a>《新唐書·西域傳》作“緜地四千里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4534" id="4536">〔2〕</a>《中本》雜作親。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4532" id="4537">（一）</a>婆羅吸摩補羅國：<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Brahmapura，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲在現今<span class="zhuanming">迦爾瓦爾</span>（Garhwal）和<span class="zhuanming">古冒恩</span>（Kumaon）地區；又此國<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00408','1384702',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P408</span></i>領域“周四千餘里”，還應包括<span class="zhuanming">阿羅迦難陀</span>（Alakananda）與<span class="zhuanming">迦爾納里河</span>（Karṇāli）之間全部山岳地帶。又<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>認爲“從此北行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">婆羅吸摩補羅國</span>。”一句中的“北行”爲“東北行”之誤。但<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>不同意這一看法，認爲該句的“此”乃指<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>，因爲《慈恩傳》未載<span class="zhuanming">摩裕羅城</span>，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>既未親至該地，不能以它爲出發點。我們贊同<span class="zhuanming">瓦</span>氏意見。此國國都卽<span class="zhuanming">哈爾德瓦</span>東北70公里的<span class="zhuanming">斯里納加爾</span>（Śrinagar，北緯30度12分，東經78度47分。）</span> </p><p> <span>此國境北<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>中<a class="zhuhao" href="#4548" id="4538">〔1〕</a>，有<span class="zhuanming">蘇伐剌拏瞿呾羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4554" id="4539">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">金氏</span>。</span> <span>出上黄金，故以名焉。東西長，南北狹，卽<span class="zhuanming">東女國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4555" id="4540">（二）</a>也。世以女爲王，因以女稱國<a class="zhuhao" href="#4549" id="4541">〔2〕</a>。夫亦爲王，不知政事。丈夫唯<a class="zhuhao" href="#4550" id="4542">〔3〕</a>征伐田種而已<a class="zhuhao" href="#4551" id="4543">〔4〕</a>。十宜宿麥<a class="zhuhao" href="#4552" id="4544">〔5〕</a>，多畜羊馬。氣候寒烈人性躁暴。東接<span class="zhuanming">吐<a class="zhuhao" href="#4553" id="4545">〔6〕</a>蕃國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4556" id="4546">（三）</a>，北接<span class="zhuanming">于闐國</span>，西接<span class="zhuanming">三波訶國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4557" id="4547">（四）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4538" id="4548">〔1〕</a>《西域傳》云：“北<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">東女</span>也。”《通典》卷一九三云：“<span class="zhuanming">女國</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>之南。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4541" id="4549">〔2〕</a>原文此二句作“世以女稱國”五字。《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》作“世以女爲王因以女稱國”十字，今從補。《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》同《古本》等，但稱字作爲。《通典》云：“其國代以女爲國王。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4542" id="4550">〔3〕</a>《中本》唯作唯從二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4543" id="4551">〔4〕</a>《釋帖》十六引“男子不親國事，唯務羊馬”，蓋約引其<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00409','1384702',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P409</span></i>文耳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4544" id="4552">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》“宿麥”校記云：“宿字疑粟誤。”<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“非是。《漢書·武帝紀》‘勸民種宿麥’。<span class="zhuanming">師古</span>曰：‘歲冬種之，經歲乃熟，故云宿麥。’”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4545" id="4553">〔6〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》吐作土。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4539" id="4554">（一）</a>蘇伐剌瞿呾羅國：梵文Suvarṇa-gotra，前一字意卽黄金，後一字有氏族﹑家族等含義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4540" id="4555">（二）</a>東女國：此國<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>未親至，得自傳聞。<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》記載：“又一月過程，<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，東有一小國，名<span class="zhuanming">蘇跋那具怛羅</span>，屬<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃國</span>所管，衣著與<span class="zhuanming">北天</span>相似，言音卽别，土地極寒也。”《新唐書》卷二二一上《西域傳》上則稱：“<span class="zhuanming">東女</span>亦曰<span class="zhuanming">蘇伐剌拏瞿咀</span>（按“咀”應作“呾”）<span class="zhuanming">羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">羌</span>别種也，<span class="zhuanming">西海</span>亦有女自王，故稱‘東’别之。東與<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">黨項</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">茂州</span>接，西屬<span class="zhuanming">三波訶</span>，北距<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>，東南屬<span class="zhuanming">雅州</span><span class="zhuanming">羅女蠻</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">白狼夷</span>。東西行盡九日，南北行盡二十日。有八十城，以女爲君，居<span class="zhuanming">康延川</span>。”所記東西與南北距離與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記“東西長，南北狹”不同。另外，<span class="zhuanming">克什米爾</span>古籍中也有該國北方隔山有<span class="zhuanming">女國</span>（Strīrājya）的記載。近代有些學者對此國作過一些考證。一般認爲<span class="zhuanming">東女國</span>是古代<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>西北部地區的一個小國，尚處於母系氏族制度時期，地理位置應在今<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>以北，<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>以南，<span class="zhuanming">拉達克</span>以東。《新唐書》所稱“東南屬<span class="zhuanming">雅州</span>”等失之過於偏東。參見<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>：《馬可波羅注》，Ⅱ，<span class="zhuanming">女國</span>條，<span class="zhuanming">巴黎</span>，1963，第696頁—718頁；<span class="zhuanming">山口瑞鳳</span>：《東女國與白蘭——rlaṅs與sbraṅ氏》，《東洋學報》54.4，1971。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00410','1384702',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P410</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4546" id="4556">（三）</a>吐蕃國：今我國<span class="zhuanming">西藏自治區</span>。參見<span class="zhuanming">王忠</span>《新唐書吐蕃傳箋證》，科學出版社，1958年版。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4547" id="4557">（四）</a>三波訶國：卽<span class="zhuanming">秣邏娑國</span>，見本卷<span class="zhuanming">屈露多國</span>條<span class="zhuanming">秣邏娑國</span>注。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4559" id="4558">〔1〕</a>東南行四百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">瞿毗霜那國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4558" id="4559">〔1〕</a>原本無國字，今從《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》補。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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2.鴿伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152801" key="1152801"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 三十一、帝釋窟 &gt; 2.鴿伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152802" key="1152802"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00772','1384823',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P772</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001300">2.鴿伽藍</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">因陁羅勢羅窶訶</span>山東北，行百五六十里，至<span class="zhuanming">迦布德迦</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">鴿</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8164" id="8151">（一）</a>。僧徒二百餘人，學説一切有部。伽藍東有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。昔佛於此，爲諸大衆一宿説法<a class="zhuhao" href="#8158" id="8152">〔1〕</a>。時有羅者，於此林中網捕羽族，經<a class="zhuhao" href="#8159" id="8153">〔2〕</a>日不獲，遂作是言：“我惟薄福，恒爲弊事。”來至佛所，揚言唱曰：“今日<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此説法，令我網捕都無所得，妻孥飢餓，其計安出<a class="zhuhao" href="#8160" id="8154">〔3〕</a>？”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>告曰：“汝應蕰<a class="zhuhao" href="#8161" id="8155">〔4〕</a>火，當與汝食。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>是時化作大鴿，投火而死。羅者持歸，妻孥共食。其後重往佛所，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>方便攝化，羅者聞法，悔過自新<a class="zhuhao" href="#8162" id="8156">〔5〕</a>，捨家修學，便證聖果，因名所建爲<span class="zhuanming">鴿伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8163" id="8157">〔6〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8152" id="8158">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》法下並有佛説法三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8153" id="8159">〔2〕</a>原本經作一，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》引並作經，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8154" id="8160">〔3〕</a>《古本》出作在，《翻譯集》同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8155" id="8161">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》蕰作緼；《翻譯集》作煴，並音近通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8156" id="8162">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》新作斯。悔過下斷句，自斯二字屬下讀，亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8157" id="8163">〔6〕</a>《明南本》此下有舍利五色而葬其下八字。《徑山本》亦有<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00773','1384823',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P773</span></i>此八字，爲小注。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8151" id="8164">（一）</a>迦布德迦伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">迦布德迦</span>，梵文Kapotaka音譯，意譯鴿。此伽藍在“<span class="zhuanming">因陁羅勢羅窶訶山</span>東北行百五六十里”，今考定在Bihār，似以北行五六十里爲當。鴿王本生故事，見《六度集經》卷六﹑《智度論》卷十一等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十四畫以上
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152805" key="1152805"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 二十四畫以上 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152806" key="1152806"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01115','1384944',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1115</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001841">二十四畫以上</p><p> <span>鬭諍（見羯利王）</span> </p><p> <span>靈府12/1044/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01116','1384944',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1116</span></i><p> <span>靈臺序2/21/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>㲲布2/179/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>鬱金2/182/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>鬱多羅僧1/124/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>鬱頭藍子7/575/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140145433vb0.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
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瞿毗霜那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152809" key="1152809"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 瞿毗霜那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152810" key="1152810"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00410','1384703',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P410</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000669">瞿毗霜那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞿毗霜那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4561" id="4560">（一）</a>周二千餘里。國大都城周十四五里，崇峻險固。居人殷盛。花林池沼，往往相間。氣序土宜，同<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅</span>。風俗淳質，勤學好福，多信外道，求現在樂。伽藍二所，僧衆百餘人，並皆習學小乘法教。天祠三十餘所，異道雜居。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4560" id="4561">（一）</a>瞿毘霜那國：<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Goviśana，<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>從之；<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>還原爲Goviśāna；<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>則認爲Govisanna更爲接近<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>音譯；<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00411','1384703',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P411</span></i><span class="zhuanming">勞</span>（B.C.Law）還原爲Govisanā；<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>構擬作goviṣana或govi-ṣāna。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定此國首都爲現今<span class="zhuanming">卡昔浦爾</span>（Kāshipur或Kashī-pur，北緯78度57分，東經29度13分）以東一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的<span class="zhuanming">烏賈因</span>（Ujain）村附近的古城堡遺址所在地，並認爲<span class="zhuanming">瞿毘霜那國</span>領域包括現代的<span class="zhuanming">卡昔浦爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拉姆浦爾</span>（Rāmpur）﹑<span class="zhuanming">比利畢特</span>（Pilibhit）三地區，卽東起<span class="zhuanming">拉姆·恒伽</span>（Rām Gaṅgā），西至<span class="zhuanming">加格拉</span>（Ghāgra），南抵<span class="zhuanming">巴雷利</span>（Bareilly）之間的這片地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又據《西域記》，行經這前後幾國的行程順序爲：<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅</span>→<span class="zhuanming">婆羅吸摩補羅</span>→<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅</span>→<span class="zhuanming">瞿毗霜那</span>→<span class="zhuanming">堊醯掣呾羅</span>。《釋迦方志》所記與此相同。但據《慈恩傳》則爲：<span class="zhuanming">婆羅吸摩補羅</span>→<span class="zhuanming">（堊）醯掣怛羅</span>→<span class="zhuanming">毘羅那（删）拏</span>→<span class="zhuanming">劫比他</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>大城側故伽藍中，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，高二百餘尺。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此一月説諸法要。傍有過去四佛坐及經<a class="zhuhao" href="#4565" id="4562">〔1〕</a>行遺迹之<a class="zhuhao" href="#4566" id="4563">〔2〕</a>處。其側<a class="zhuhao" href="#4567" id="4564">〔3〕</a>有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪二窣堵波，各高一丈餘。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4562" id="4565">〔1〕</a>《石本》經下衍一經字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4563" id="4566">〔2〕</a>原本無之字，今從《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》補。依其他同例皆有之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4564" id="4567">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》側下並有則字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00412','1384703',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P412</span></i><p> <span>自此東南行四百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">堊醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#4570" id="4568">〔1〕</a>掣呾邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#4571" id="4569">〔2〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4568" id="4570">〔1〕</a>《新麗本》原書堊醯二字作惡䤈，《京大本》從《宋本》改之，次同。《石本》作堊󵾘。《慈恩傳》無堊字。《方志》作堊䤈，《慧琳音義》同，云：“（䤈）音馨雞反。”《隨函録》作惡󵾘。説詳目録校記。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4569" id="4571">〔2〕</a>《石本》邏作羅，次同。《方志》亦作羅。《慈恩傳》呾邏二字作怛羅。並通用。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三十二、孤山觀自在像
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152813" key="1152813"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 三十二、孤山觀自在像 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152814" key="1152814"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00773','1384824',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P773</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001303"><b>三十二﹑孤山觀自在像</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦布德迦<a class="zhuhao" href="#8179" id="8165">〔1〕</a>伽藍</span>南二三里至孤山，其山<a class="zhuhao" href="#8180" id="8166">〔2〕</a>崇峻，樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#8181" id="8167">〔3〕</a>林鬱茂，名花清流，被崖<a class="zhuhao" href="#8182" id="8168">〔4〕</a>緣<a class="zhuhao" href="#8183" id="8169">〔5〕</a>壑。上多精舍靈廟，頗極剞劂<a class="zhuhao" href="#8184" id="8170">〔6〕</a>之工。正中精舍有<a class="zhuhao" href="#8185" id="8171">〔7〕</a><span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像<a class="zhuhao" href="#8190" id="8172">（一）</a>，軀量雖小，威神感<a class="zhuhao" href="#8186" id="8173">〔8〕</a>肅，手執蓮華，頂戴佛像。常有數人<a class="zhuhao" href="#8187" id="8174">〔9〕</a>，斷食要心，求見菩薩。七日，二七日，乃至一月，其有感者，見<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>妙相莊嚴，威光赫奕，從像中出，慰喻其人。昔南海<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8191" id="8175">（二）</a>清旦以鏡照面，不見其身，乃覩<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>多羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#8192" id="8176">（三）</a>林中小山上有此菩薩像。王深感慶，圖以營求。既至此山，寔唯肖似，因建<a class="zhuhao" href="#8188" id="8177">〔10〕</a>精舍，興諸供養。自<a class="zhuhao" href="#8189" id="8178">〔11〕</a>後諸王，尚想遺風，遂於其側建立精舍靈廟，香花伎樂，供養不絶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8165" id="8179">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》德作路。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》並無下迦字。按上文與此全同。《翻<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00774','1384824',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P774</span></i>譯集》亦云：“迦布德迦，或迦逋，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言鴿。”則路字不合；下迦字則可省，梵文kapotaka亦作kapota。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8166" id="8180">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》其山二字作山甚。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8167" id="8181">〔3〕</a>《舊麗本》樹作嶮，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8168" id="8182">〔4〕</a>《中本》崖作岸，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8169" id="8183">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》緣並作注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8170" id="8184">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》劂作𠜾，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8171" id="8185">〔7〕</a>《慈恩傳》有下有刻檀二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8173" id="8186">〔8〕</a>《舊麗本》及《感應録》引感作盛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8174" id="8187">〔9〕</a>《慈恩傳》數人作數十人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8177" id="8188">〔10〕</a>《感應録》引建下有立字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8178" id="8189">〔11〕</a>《感應録》自作其。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8172" id="8190">（一）</a>觀自在菩薩像：亦見《慈恩傳》卷三。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>曾以花鬘禮讚，以三願乞求。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8175" id="8191">（二）</a>僧伽羅國王：見本書卷十一<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>條及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8176" id="8192">（三）</a>多羅：梵語tāla音譯，又作哆羅，爲高大喬木，學名Borassus flabelliformis。亦見本書卷十一<span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅國</span>條。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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附：玄奘《大唐西域記》中的“四十七言”問題
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv226345" key="226345"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 附：玄奘《大唐西域記》中的“四十七言”問題 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152816" key="1152816"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01117','1384945',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1117</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001842">附：玄奘《大唐西域記》中的“四十七言”問題</p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">羡林案：本書頁182—185，對原文“詳其文字，梵天所製，原始垂則，四十七言”的註釋，總起來看是正確的。但是，“四十七言”究竟指的是哪一些字母？註釋稍欠準確。我曾寫過一篇短文，討論此事。現附印於此，以供參考。</span> </p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p><p> <span>《大唐西域記》卷2“印度總述”談到印度文字，玄奘寫道：</span> </p><p> <span>詳其文字，梵天所製，原始垂則，四十七言。遇物合成，隨事轉用，流演枝派，其源浸廣。因地隨人，微有改變，語其大較，未異本源。而中印度特爲詳正，辭調和雅，與天同音，氣韻清亮，爲人軌則。鄰境異國，習謬成訓，競趨澆俗，莫守淳風。</span> </p><p> <span>“四十七言”，就是47個字母。字母不過是字母而已，有什麽奇怪的呢？我們校注這部書時，掉以輕心，没有仔細探討，就把梵文現有的字母——元音14個，輔音33個——一古腦都抄上了。14＋33＝47，這還能有什麽問題？其余中外注釋家，情況也差不多。水谷真成也是抄的現在的梵文字母表，總共47個字母，而且注明：ṃ和ḥ<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01118','1384945',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1118</span></i>不包括在裏面<a class="zhuhao" href="#10688" id="10683">〔1〕</a>。足立喜六在他的注中談到12摩多（元音），35體文（輔音），但是没有説明是哪幾個<a class="zhuhao" href="#10689" id="10684">〔2〕</a>。Thomas Watters認爲，10個元音符號，再加上anusvāra（ṃ）和visarga（ḥ），共12個，再加上35個輔音，構成了47個字母。但是，哪些是10個元音符號，哪些又是35個輔音，他没有説明<a class="zhuhao" href="#10690" id="10685">〔3〕</a>。總之，都没有真正搔着痒處。看來這個問題看似微末，實極重要，很有進一步探討的必要。</span> </p><p> <span>最近半年多以來，我對印度悉曇産生了興趣，閲讀了不少古今中外僧人和學者的文章。我越是深入鑽研，便越覺得裏面問題多，而且還決不是微末細節，它牽涉到佛教的一些重大問題。我在這裏力求簡單明了，只談47個字母問題，與此有牽涉的問題暫不深入涉及，只像蜻蜓點水似地一點而過。</span> </p><p> <span>在古代印度﹑中國和日本，梵文究竟有多少字母，是一個争論劇烈分歧極大的大問題。我在下面列舉幾種説法：</span> </p><p> <span>字母數目主張者</span> </p><p> <span>42言　慧均﹑僧正﹑《華嚴經》﹑《大般若》；</span> </p><p> <span>46言　《方廣大庄嚴經·示書品》；</span> </p><p> <span>49言　《大正大藏經》，84，373b；</span> </p><p> <span>50言　《大般湼槃經》﹑《金剛頂》﹑《大日經·字輪品》﹑《文殊問經》﹑《次第記》﹑《吉藏疏》；</span> </p><p> <span>51言　《字紀》；</span> </p><p> <span>52言　《慧遠疏》；《裴家》</span> </p><p> <span>在此專談47言説。《大正大藏經》，84，369c：“劫初之時，世無法教。梵王下來，授以此悉曇章，根源四十七言。”同上，370b引《大唐西域記》之言。同上，372a：“故知般若菩提所傳南天祖承摩醯首羅者，是大梵王製四十七言者是也。”同上，372c又引《大唐西域記》之言。同上，373a：“此中劫初梵天垂軌，唯有四十七言。”同上，374a：“《<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01119','1384945',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1119</span></i>母釋義》云：根原四十七言。”類似的説法還多得很，不必再引用了。總之，47言説是最为流行的也是最有權威的説法，玄奘如此説，決非偶然<a class="zhuhao" href="#10691" id="10686">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p><p> <span>为什麽對字母的數目竟有這樣大的分歧意見呢？問題的關鍵大體有二，一是元音數目，二是輔音數目。這二者又與下面三個問題有關：一，四個流音元音ṛṝ1ī是否計算在元音之内？二，aṃ（庵）和ah（痾）是否計算在元音之内？三，-llaṃ（藍）和kṣa（乞叉）是否計算在輔音之内？</span> </p><p> <span>爲了答復這些問題，我先引《大正大藏經》，84，372c中的一段話：</span> </p><p> <span>《字紀》云：悉曇，天竺文字也。《西域記》云：梵王所創，原始垂則，四十七言。又云：其始曰悉曇，而韻有六，長短兩分，字十有二。將冠下章之首，對聲呼而發韻，聲合韻而字生焉。卽阿</span> <span class="font12 zhu">上聲短呼</span> <span>﹑阿</span> <span class="font12 zhu">平聲長呼</span> <span>等是也。其中有紇里二合等四文，悉曇有之，非生字所用，今略也。其次體文三十有五，通前悉曇，四十七言明矣。聲之所發，則牙﹑齒﹑舌﹑喉﹑脣等，合於（原作干字，誤——羡林注）宫商。其文各五。遍口之聲，文有十也。文列阿（a）等十二，迦（ka）等五五，野（ya）等十字，乃以藍（1laṃ）字加乞叉（kṣa）上，而除紇哩（ṛ）紇梨（ṝ）﹑哩（ḷ）﹑梨（ī）四字。</span> </p><p> <span>現在對這段引文稍加解釋。“悉曇”本來是字母的意思，這裏似乎專指元音。“冠下章之首，對聲呼而發韻”，指的是把元音同輔音配合起來，比如輔音之首的k配上元音之首的a（阿），就成了ka。前一個“阿”字指短a，第二個“阿”字指長ā。“紇里等四文”指的是四流音ṛṝḷī，因爲“非生字所用”，故略去。“體文”是輔音，牙﹑齒﹑舌﹑喉﹑脣，每係列五個，共25個，再加“遍口之聲”10個，輔音共35個，加上元音12個，總共47個字母，卽所謂47言。什麽是“遍口<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01120','1384945',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1120</span></i>之聲”呢？《大正大藏經·悉曇藏》2，382c説：</span> </p><p> <span>後九字有野（ya）﹑羅（ra）﹑󵾷（la）字，先從喉腭舌發，然後遍口；嚩（va）﹑舍（śa）﹑灑（ṣa）﹑娑（sa）﹑訶（ha）字，先從脣齒舌腭喉發，然後遍口。“其乞叉（kṣa）字先從喉發，然後遍口。”</span> </p><p> <span>再加上一個11aṃ，成爲10個。</span> </p><p> <span>上面引的這一段話，解釋47言已經非常清楚了。但是，問題却遠比這復雜得多。</span> </p><p> <span>我先引一段唐代慧琳《一切經音義》（見《大正大藏經》，54，470c）的話：</span> </p><p> <span>此經（按指《大般湼槃經》）是北凉小國玄始四年歲次乙卯，當東晉義熙十一年（415），曇無讖法師於姑臧依龟兹國胡本文字翻譯。此經遂與中天音㫖不同，取舍差别，言十四音，錯之甚矣。誤除暗（aṃ）惡（aḥ）兩聲，錯取魯留盧娄（ṛṝḷī）爲數，所以言其十四。未審如何用此翻字。龟兹與中天相去隔遠，又不承師訓，未解用中天文字，所以乖違，故有斯錯。哀哉！已經三百八十餘年，竟無一人能正此失！</span> </p><p> <span>這一段話，同上面第一段《悉曇藏》引文，寫的時間不同，地點不同，但是談的問題却基本相同，這就是aṃ和aḥ的存廢問題，四流音元音的取不取問題。差别之處在於，第一段話講到llaṃ和kṣa，這裏没有講，二者可以互相補充。最大的差别是，這裏講到“中天音旨”，講到“師訓”，而第一段没有。據我看，“中天音旨”是一個重要關鍵，慧琳之所以大呼“哀哉”，怒氣衝衝，形於楮墨之間，其原因就在這裏。</span> </p><p> <span>因此，我在這裏必須把“中天音旨”交待明白。“中天”指的是“中天竺”，也就是中印度。印度虔誠的佛教徒認爲，中天是神聖之地，歷代的佛都誕生在這裏。但是，印度和尚也是有派系的，並不<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01121','1384945',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1121</span></i>都是中天派。根據《悉曇三密鈔》（見《大正大藏經》，84，721b）卷上之上的介紹，派系分野大體如下：</span> </p><p> <span>中天　龍樹　龍智　善无畏　金剛智　不空　真諦　義净　慧果　全雅　大師　一行　難陀　全真　宗睿　慈恩　慈覺　智澄</span> </p><p> <span>東天　僧睿　慧均　日照三藏</span> </p><p> <span>南天　智廣　寶月</span> <span class="font12 zhu">青龍寺</span> <span>　大師　傳教　慈覺</span> </p><p> <span>西天</span> </p><p> <span>北天　健馱羅國喜多迦文</span> </p><p> <span>胡地　慧遠傳牟尼三藏胡地十二章，根本五十二字，大日五十字加siddham（悉曇）二字，亦爲三十六章。</span> </p><p> <span>先要解釋幾句：名單中有印度和尚，也有中國和尚。名單很不全。間有“跨派分子”，如大師和慈覺，跨中﹑南兩派。玄奘屬於中天派，自在意中。慧琳當然也屬此派。曇无讖的系屬不明，根據慧琳的口氣，似屬胡地一派。無論如何，二人不是一派。因此，慧琳才大發雷霆。</span> </p><p> <span>這些派系之間，當然有許多争論的問題。他們之間的主要分歧，似在發音方面。我在這裏暫不細談。談到“誤除”二字﹑“錯取”四字的問題，同一派系也似乎有不同的意見，不能以此爲確定派系的標準。反正慧琳與曇无讖在這一點上針鋒相對，是非常明確的。玄奘對中天文字大肆吹嘘，關鍵也似在發音。什麽“特爲詳正”，什麽“辭調和雅，與天同音，氣韻清亮”，更是確指發音。</span> </p><p> <span>大家也許對同是唐代高僧﹑又與玄奘同屬中天派的義淨感興趣。我現在介紹一下他的看法：</span> </p><p> <span>《道暹記》云：今據義凈三藏《寄歸傳》云：阿（a）等十六皆是聲韻，向余字上配之，凡一一字便有十六之别；迦（ka）等五<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01122','1384945',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1122</span></i>五，野（ya）等八字，更有藍（l1aṃ）乞叉（kṣa），末後二字不入其數，總有三十三字，皆有十六之别。然今當今時俗始教童蒙，多以不道頡里（ṛ）一字﹑蹊梨（ṝ）一字﹑里（ḷ）一字﹑離（ī）一字四字；所以但有十二之殊。若有十六者，亦成無過，以其四韻用處不多，是以義皆不存。（《大正大藏經》，84，373a）</span> </p><p> <span>義淨的説法比較活：四字存也可以，不存也可以。11aṃ和kṣa則不計算在内。照他的説法，無論如何也凑不成四十七言，所以我不能遵循。</span> </p><p> <span>我在上面已經説過，47個字母決非微末小節，但是它牽涉的面太廣，我的論述只能簡而再簡。《大唐西域記》是一部非常重要的書，我們應當徹底地瞭解其内容。有什麽東西作梗，我們就該清除什麽東西。47個字母具體指的是哪些個，我們也必須弄清楚。我現在根據上面的論述，列出玄奘所説的47言：</span> </p><p> <span>元音12個<a class="zhuhao" href="#10692" id="10687">〔5〕</a>：a ā i ī u ū e ai o au aṃ aḥ</span> </p><p> <span>輔音35個：喉音　k kh g gh ṅ</span> </p><p> <span>腭音　c ch j jh ñ</span> </p><p> <span>舌（頂）音ṭ ṭh ḍ ḍh ṇ</span> </p><p> <span>齒音　t th d dh <span class="song">n</span></span> </p><p> <span>脣音　p ph b bh <span class="song">m</span></span> </p><p> <span>遍口音（超聲）10個　y r 1 v ś ṣ s h llaṃ kṣ<span class="song">a</span></span> </p><p> <span>總共47個字母。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">（原刊於《文史知識》1991年第1期）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10683" id="10688">〔1〕</a>《大唐西域記》，《中國古典大係》22，昭和47年，頁63。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10684" id="10689">〔2〕</a>《大唐西域記の研究》，昭和17年，法藏館，上卷，頁139—140。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10685" id="10690">〔3〕</a>On Yuan Chwang＇s Travels in India629—645A.D.，L-ondon 1904，PP.153—154。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01123','1384945',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1123</span></i><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10686" id="10691">〔4〕</a>上面引用的，都不求全。如有興趣，請參閲《大正大藏經》，84，日僧安然的《悉曇藏》﹑日僧净的《悉曇三密鈔》，還有其他日本僧人的大量著作。還可以參閲近人著作：饒宗頤：《中印文化關繫史論集·語文篇》，1990年，香港中文大學；日本馬淵和夫：《日本韻學史の研究》；W.S.Allen，Phone-tics in Ancient India等等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10687" id="10692">〔5〕</a>主張12元音説者，中國僧人中大有人在；而且在唐以前已有。這裏不詳細敍述。請參閲饒宗頤先生上引書以及日僧安然《悉曇藏》等書。因爲多次出現，無法寫出卷數﹑頁數。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、陳那與因明論
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152818" key="1152818"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 案達羅國 &gt; 二、陳那與因明論 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152819" key="1152819"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00836','1384850',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P836</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001412"><b>二﹑陳那與因明論</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">所行羅漢伽藍</span>西南，行二十餘里，至孤山。山嶺<a class="zhuhao" href="#8697" id="8679">〔1〕</a>有石窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8710" id="8680">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">童<a class="zhuhao" href="#8698" id="8681">〔2〕</a>授</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span>於此作《因明論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#8711" id="8682">（二）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">陳那菩薩</span>者，佛去世後，承風染衣，智願廣大，慧力深固，愍世無依，思弘聖教。以爲因明之論，言深理廣，學者虚功，難以成業。乃匿迹幽巖，棲神寂定，觀述作之利害，審文義之繁約。是時巖谷震響，煙雲變采，山神捧菩薩<a class="zhuhao" href="#8699" id="8683">〔3〕</a>高數百尺，唱如是言：“昔<span class="zhuanming">佛世尊</span>善權<a class="zhuhao" href="#8712" id="8684">（三）</a>導物，以慈悲心，説《因明論》，綜括妙理，深究<a class="zhuhao" href="#8700" id="8685">〔4〕</a>微言。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅，大義泯絶。今者<span class="zhuanming">陳那菩薩</span>福智悠遠，深達聖旨，因明之論，重弘兹日。”菩薩乃放大光明，照燭幽昧<a class="zhuhao" href="#8701" id="8686">〔5〕</a>。時此<a class="zhuhao" href="#8702" id="8687">〔6〕</a>國王深生尊敬，見此光明相，疑入金剛定，因請菩薩證無生果<a class="zhuhao" href="#8703" id="8688">〔7〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8713" id="8689">（四）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>曰：“吾入定觀<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00837','1384850',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P837</span></i>察，欲釋深經，心期正覺，非願無生果也。”王曰：“無生之果，衆聖欣<a class="zhuhao" href="#8704" id="8690">〔8〕</a>仰。斷三界欲，洞三明智，斯盛事也，願疾證之！”<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>是時心悦王請，方欲證受無學聖果。時<a class="zhuhao" href="#8705" id="8691">〔9〕</a><span class="zhuanming">妙吉祥菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8714" id="8692">（五）</a>知而惜焉，欲相警誡，乃彈指悟之而告曰：“惜哉，如何捨廣大心，爲狹劣志，從獨善之懷，棄兼濟之願！欲爲善利，當廣傳説<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>所製《瑜伽師地論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#8706" id="8693">〔10〕</a>，導誘後學，爲利甚大。”<span class="zhuanming">陳那菩薩</span>敬受指誨，奉以周旋。於是覃<a class="zhuhao" href="#8707" id="8694">〔11〕</a>思沈研，廣因明論。猶恐學者懼其文微辭約也，乃舉其大義，綜其微言，作《因明<a class="zhuhao" href="#8708" id="8695">〔12〕</a>論》，以導後進。自兹已後，宣暢《瑜伽》盛業，門人有知當世<a class="zhuhao" href="#8709" id="8696">〔13〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8679" id="8697">〔1〕</a>《古本》嶺作巖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8681" id="8698">〔2〕</a>原本無童字，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》補。《慈恩傳》只作授，同此本。按<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>乃音譯省稱，梵文爲Dignāga，或翻爲<span class="zhuanming">域龍</span>或<span class="zhuanming">大域龍</span>（Mahā-dignāga），乃義譯（nāga爲龍）。<span class="zhuanming">童授</span>義不合，疑有誤。本書卷三<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>有<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅邏多論師</span>（Kumāralabdha），注云：“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">童受</span>。”卷十二<span class="zhuanming">朅盤陀國</span>記作<span class="zhuanming">童受論師</span>，乃是一人，但不作“陳那”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8683" id="8699">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">窺基</span>《因明論疏》卷一菩薩下有足字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8685" id="8700">〔4〕</a>《古本》究作窮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8686" id="8701">〔5〕</a>《因明論疏》幽昧作機感。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8687" id="8702">〔6〕</a>《中本》時此二字作此時。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8688" id="8703">〔7〕</a>《因明論疏》無生果作無學果。下同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00838','1384850',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P838</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8690" id="8704">〔8〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》欣並作攸，《因明論疏》亦同。但欣字亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8691" id="8705">〔9〕</a>《中本》無時字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8693" id="8706">〔10〕</a>《因明論疏》下有“匡正頽綱，可制因明”句，似與下文更相應。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8694" id="8707">〔11〕</a>《中本》覃作潭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8695" id="8708">〔12〕</a>原本明作門，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。《慈恩傳》亦作因明論，《因明論疏》作因明正理門論。按上文云“廣因明論”，此不當復云“作因明論”，似以《論疏》之言爲是。但諸本皆如此，姑仍其舊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8696" id="8709">〔13〕</a>《徑山本》無門人有知當世六字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8680" id="8710">（一）</a>陳那：梵文作Dignāga，巴利文作Dinna，俗語作Diṇṇa，意譯<span class="zhuanming">域龍</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">大域龍</span>。約五世紀末至六世紀初佛學兼因明學大師。<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>利用<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>所原有的因明之學，創爲五支作法，作爲論辯教理之用，稱爲古因明。其後，<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>對古因明作了改革，創爲三支作法，爲新因明的創始者。<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>著作，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文譯本有《因明正理門論》一卷﹑《觀所緣緣論》一卷﹑《觀總相論頌》一卷﹑《掌中論》一卷﹑《取因假設論》一卷﹑《無相思塵論》一卷﹑《解捲論》一卷。據説戲劇Kundamālā也爲<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>所作。詳見<span class="zhuanming">宇井伯壽</span>《陳那著作的研究》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8682" id="8711">（二）</a>因明論：全名《因明正理門論》，一卷，<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>著，有<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>和<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>二種譯本。此書爲改革古因明論而作，古因明論傾向於歸納論式，此則歸納與演繹兼用，在因明學理論上作出了重大的貢獻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8684" id="8712">（三）</a>善權：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>方便的異名，卽因人而異，善巧的權略。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00839','1384850',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P839</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8689" id="8713">（四）</a>無生果：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>以聲聞果十智的第十稱爲無生智，指阿羅漢的修持已斷三界的煩惱，並證知我身更不受生於三界，實卽求得所謂湼槃之理，而無生滅，因而了知無生之理，以破生滅的煩惱。無生智果卽無生果。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8692" id="8714">（五）</a>妙吉祥菩薩：卽<span class="zhuanming">文殊菩薩</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>從此林野中南行千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">亦謂<span class="zhuanming">大安達邏國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8716" id="8715">〔1〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8715" id="8716">〔1〕</a>安達邏三字古本作案達羅。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
九、得眼林
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152822" key="1152822"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 九、得眼林 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152823" key="1152823"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00504','1384730',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P504</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000830"><b>九﹑得眼林</b></p><p> <span>伽藍西北三四里，至<span class="zhuanming">得眼林</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5399" id="5391">（一）</a>，有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>經行之迹，諸聖習定之所，並樹封記，建窣堵波。昔此國羣盗五百，横行邑里，跋扈城國。<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>捕獲已，抉<a class="zhuhao" href="#5396" id="5392">〔1〕</a>去其眼，棄於深林。羣盗苦逼，求哀稱佛。是時<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在<span class="zhuanming">逝多精舍</span>，聞悲聲，起慈心，清風和暢，吹<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>藥，滿其眼已，尋得復明。而見<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>在其前住，發菩提心<a class="zhuhao" href="#5400" id="5393">（二）</a>，歡喜頂禮，投<a class="zhuhao" href="#5397" id="5394">〔2〕</a>杖而去，因植<a class="zhuhao" href="#5398" id="5395">〔3〕</a>根焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5392" id="5396">〔1〕</a>《中本》抉作掘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5394" id="5397">〔2〕</a>《中本》投作授，非。《方志》﹑《珠林》作捨杖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5395" id="5398">〔3〕</a>《石本》植下有善字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00505','1384730',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P505</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5391" id="5399">（一）</a>得眼林：梵文Āptanetravana的意譯；又名Andhava-na，云<span class="zhuanming">晝闇園</span>。《法顯傳》：“精舍西北四里，有林名曰<span class="zhuanming">得眼</span>。本有五百盲人，依精舍住此。佛爲説法，盡還得眼。盲人歡喜，刺杖著地，頭面作禮。杖遂生長大，世人重之，無敢伐者，遂成爲林，是故以<span class="zhuanming">得眼</span>爲名。”亦見《增一·阿含經》卷三三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5393" id="5400">（二）</a>菩提心：菩提，梵文bodhi音譯，意譯爲道或覺。菩提心卽尋求所謂正覺的心意。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
馱那羯磔迦國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152826" key="1152826"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 馱那羯磔迦國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152827" key="1152827"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00839','1384851',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P839</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001416">馱那羯磔迦國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8725" id="8717">（一）</a>周六千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8726" id="8718">（二）</a>周四十餘里。土地膏腴，稼穡殷盛。荒野多，邑居少。氣序温<a class="zhuhao" href="#8722" id="8719">〔1〕</a>暑，人貌釐<a class="zhuhao" href="#8723" id="8720">〔2〕</a>黑。性猛烈，好學藝。伽藍鱗次，荒蕪已甚，存者二十餘所。僧徒千餘人，並多習學大衆部法<a class="zhuhao" href="#8724" id="8721">〔3〕</a>。天祠百餘所，異道寔多。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8719" id="8722">〔1〕</a>《中本》温作濕。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8720" id="8723">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》釐作黧，通用，説見前。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00840','1384851',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P840</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8721" id="8724">〔3〕</a>大衆部法，《磧砂本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《章校本》均作大乘部法。案“部”一般指部派，部派<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>屬小乘，大衆部是其中重要部派之一。大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>一般不稱部。故此處應是“大衆部法”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8717" id="8725">（一）</a>馱那羯磔迦國：<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦</span>，讀如Dhānakaţaka，梵文名Dhānyakataka，<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>（Amarāvatī）出土的巴利文碑銘作Dhaṃñakaṭaka，<span class="zhuanming">納昔克</span>（Nāsik）出土的俗語碑銘作Dhanakaṭaka，<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span><span class="zhuanming">多羅那他</span>《印度佛教史》作Bras-spuns（積穀，卽梵文Dhānyaka-ṭaka意譯）。其地域在<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>河口兩岸地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">公元四世紀初至六世紀中葉時，這一地區爲<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅</span>的<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王朝</span>的領土。此後<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其王朝</span>日益强盛，七世紀<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>王<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍</span>（Pulakeśin）<span class="zhuanming">二世</span>擊敗<span class="zhuanming">拔羅婆</span>王<span class="zhuanming">馬亨德拉拔摩</span>（Mahendravarman）<span class="zhuanming">一世</span>。公元630年<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>之弟<span class="zhuanming">毘濕奴伐彈那</span>（Viṣṇuvardha-na）據<span class="zhuanming">瓶耆羅城</span>而獨立，創立<span class="zhuanming">東遮婁其</span>王朝，此時<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>與<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦</span>均受其統治，故後者又稱爲<span class="zhuanming">大案達羅國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>卽於此時到達該地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8718" id="8726">（二）</a>國大都城：關於<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦城</span>的比定，有<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>（Amarāvatī）及<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達</span>（Bezwada）兩種説法。先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>南岸<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>（Amarāvatī）大塔以西一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">馱羅尼廓吒</span>（Dhāraṇīkoṭṭa）附近。<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>持不同意見，他比定爲<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>北岸的<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達</span>（Bezwada）。<span class="zhuanming">布爾吉斯</span>（Burgess）則認爲<span class="zhuanming">大案達羅國</span>的都城在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時代爲<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達</span>，前此則爲其以西約十八<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>南岸的Dhāraṇīkoṭṭa。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>贊同<span class="zhuanming">費氏</span>的意見，<span class="zhuanming">英國</span><span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>也都同意這一説法。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00841','1384851',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P841</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu">主張<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達</span>説的人，如<span class="zhuanming">塞維爾</span>（Sewell），根據<span class="zhuanming">鮑司威爾</span>的報告（J.A.C.Boswell′s Report to the Madras Government，In-dian Antiquary I.151.186.374），認爲<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達市</span>東方山上的石窟爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記的<span class="zhuanming">弗婆勢羅僧伽藍</span>（Pūrvaśailasaṃghārāma，<span class="zhuanming">東山寺</span>）的遺址，而該市西方山上的石窟廢墟爲<span class="zhuanming">阿伐羅勢羅僧伽蘭</span>（Avaraśailasaṃghārāma，<span class="zhuanming">西山寺</span>）的遺址，并認爲該市附近的<span class="zhuanming">翁大威力</span>（Undavalli）<span class="zhuanming">石窟</span>殿堂卽是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>下文所記的“城南不遠有大山巖，<span class="zhuanming">婆毗吠伽</span></span> <span class="font12 xiaozhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">清辯</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>住<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛宫</span>待見<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>成佛之處。”又<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>認爲有名的<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達</span>的大窣堵波爲<span class="zhuanming">西山寺</span>。<span class="zhuanming">布爾吉斯</span>則認爲這是<span class="zhuanming">東山寺</span>。但在1881年據實地調查結果，發現<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達</span>附近出土文物及遺址都是<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>的，并非<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的。而且前述該市東﹑西兩山上的石窟，經鑑定爲石坑廢墟，并非寺院遺址。因此比定<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦城</span>的説法難於成立。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">反之，近代的史學研究爲比定該城是<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>的説法提供不少有力支持：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一﹑碑銘方面如<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>巴利文碑銘﹑<span class="zhuanming">納昔克</span>俗語碑銘﹑<span class="zhuanming">馬伊達伏魯</span>（Mayīdavolu）和<span class="zhuanming">希羅訶吒羯利</span>（Hīrahaḍaga1li）銅版刻銘等表明<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦城</span>在<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>南岸。<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>石柱銘文記述<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王朝</span>的<span class="zhuanming">喜鎧</span>（Nandīvarman）<span class="zhuanming">一世</span>曾於公元六世紀上葉在<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦城</span>皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達城</span>則在<span class="zhuanming">克里希那</span>河北岸，又是<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>盛行之地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">二﹑<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯佛典也可證明此城在河南岸，如<span class="zhuanming">北凉</span>時<span class="zhuanming">曇無讖</span>譯的《大方等無想經》第六：“以方便故，我湼槃已，七百年後是<span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>有一小國，名曰<span class="zhuanming">無明</span>，彼國有河，名曰<span class="zhuanming">黑闇</span>，南岸有城，名曰<span class="zhuanming">熟穀</span>，其城有王，名曰<span class="zhuanming">等乘</span>。”上引文中的“<span class="zhuanming">無明</span>”（Andhya）似是<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00842','1384851',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P842</span></i>（Āndhra）的誤譯；“<span class="zhuanming">黑闇</span>”卽<span class="zhuanming">克里希那</span>（Kṛṣṇa）河名的意譯；“<span class="zhuanming">熟穀</span>”卽<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦</span>（Dhānyakaṭaka）城名的意譯；“<span class="zhuanming">等乘</span>”卽統治<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>達五世紀之久的王朝名稱<span class="zhuanming">娑多婆漢那</span>（Sātavāhana）的意譯。據此，該城必在<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>的南岸，而不可能是北岸的<span class="zhuanming">柏兹瓦達</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三﹑有名的<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>大塔正當<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦城</span>以東，其附近發現古代文物不少。《西域記》中雖無關於這一窣堵波的記載，《慈恩傳》卷四却描繪過該寺藝術特色：“此國先王爲佛造立，窮<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>之規式，盡林泉之秀麗，天神保護，賢聖遊居。”“<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>之規式”指<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>化的藝術風格，現在這個大塔的建築和雕刻都呈現出顯著的混合<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>風格的<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>（Gandhāra）藝術色彩，這正與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載相符。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">四﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>以西一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里有Dhāraṇīkoṭṭa古城遺址，其殿堂背負城郭，雄據<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>岸，這也與《西域記》下文所述<span class="zhuanming">東</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">西山寺</span>的“奠川通徑，疏崖峙閣，長廊步簷，枕巖接岫”的描繪相符。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">五﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底城</span>東南二<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里有大山丘，發現過不少古代文物，頗符合本書“城南不遠有大山巖”和《慈恩傳》卷四“城南不遠有一大石山”這兩項記載。（參看<span class="zhuanming">高桑駒吉</span>《大唐西域記東南印度諸國の研究》，一五六一一七○頁）綜上所述，我們也贊同比定該國都城在今<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>城附近。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十、故城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152830" key="1152830"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 十、故城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152831" key="1152831"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00505','1384731',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P505</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000833"><b>十﹑故城</b></p><p> <span>大城西北六十餘里有故城，是賢劫中人壽二萬歲時<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>本生城<a class="zhuhao" href="#5404" id="5401">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#5406" id="5402">（一）</a>也。城南有窣堵波，成正覺已初見父處。城北有窣堵波，有<a class="zhuhao" href="#5405" id="5403">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>全身舍利，並<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5401" id="5404">〔1〕</a>《中本》生城二字互倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5403" id="5405">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》有上有中字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5402" id="5406">（一）</a>迦葉波佛本生城：<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>見本書卷一注。其本生城，《摩訶僧祇律》卷二三作<span class="zhuanming">都夷</span>聚落。《法顯傳》云：“城西五十里到一邑，名<span class="zhuanming">都維</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">迦葉佛</span>本生處。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00506','1384731',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P506</span></i><p> <span>從此東南行五百餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#5410" id="5407">〔1〕</a>，至<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">迦毗</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5411" id="5408">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">羅衛國</span>，訛<a class="zhuhao" href="#5412" id="5409">〔3〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5407" id="5410">〔1〕</a>五百餘里，《慈恩傳》作“八百餘里”，《續僧傳·玄奘傳》作“將七百里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5408" id="5411">〔2〕</a>原本無毗字，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》，《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》及《翻譯集》亦有，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5409" id="5412">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》訛下並有也字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、東山西山二僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152834" key="1152834"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 馱那羯磔迦國 &gt; 一、東山西山二僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152835" key="1152835"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00842','1384852',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P842</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001419"><b>一﹑東山西山二僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>城東據山有<span class="zhuanming">弗婆勢羅</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">東山</span></span> <span>。<span class="zhuanming">僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8739" id="8727">（一）</a>，城西據山有<span class="zhuanming">阿伐羅勢羅</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">西山</span></span> <span>。<span class="zhuanming">僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8740" id="8728">（二）</a>，此國先王爲佛建焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#8734" id="8729">〔1〕</a>。奠<a class="zhuhao" href="#8735" id="8730">〔2〕</a><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00843','1384852',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P843</span></i>川通徑，疏崖峙閣，長廊步簷<a class="zhuhao" href="#8736" id="8731">〔3〕</a>，枕巖接岫，靈神警衞，聖賢遊息。自佛寂滅，千年之内，每歲有千凡夫僧同入安居。其解<a class="zhuhao" href="#8737" id="8732">〔4〕</a>安居日，皆證羅漢，以神通力，凌虚而去。千年之後，凡聖同居。自百餘年，無復僧侣。而山神易形，或作犲狼，或爲猨狖，驚恐行人，以故空荒，閴<a class="zhuhao" href="#8738" id="8733">〔5〕</a>無僧衆。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8729" id="8734">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》焉作刹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8730" id="8735">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》奠作鑿。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8731" id="8736">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》步簷二字作廣廡。《古本》簷作檐，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8732" id="8737">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》其解二字並作罷字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8733" id="8738">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》閴作門。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8727" id="8739">（一）</a>弗婆勢羅僧伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">弗婆勢羅</span>，梵文Pūrvaśaila音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">東山</span>。該寺被比定爲<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>（Amarāvatī）西南之著名大塔的所在地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8728" id="8740">（二）</a>阿伐羅勢羅僧伽蘭：<span class="zhuanming">阿伐羅勢羅</span>，梵文Avaraśaila音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">西山</span>。該寺被比定在<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>西方一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的<span class="zhuanming">馱羅尼廓吒</span>（Dhāraṇīkoṭṭa）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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劫比羅伐窣堵國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152838" key="1152838"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 劫比羅伐窣堵國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152839" key="1152839"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00506','1384732',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P506</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000837">劫比羅伐窣堵國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5426" id="5413">（一）</a>周四千餘里。空<a class="zhuhao" href="#5420" id="5414">〔1〕</a>城十數，荒蕪已甚。王城頽圮，周量不詳。其内宫城周十四五里，壘甎而成，基址<a class="zhuhao" href="#5421" id="5415">〔2〕</a>峻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5422" id="5416">〔3〕</a>固。空荒久遠，人里稀曠。無大君長，城各立主。土地良沃，稼穡時播。氣序無𠍴<a class="zhuhao" href="#5423" id="5417">〔4〕</a>，風俗和暢。伽藍故基千有餘所，而宫城之側有一伽藍。僧徒三十<a class="zhuhao" href="#5424" id="5418">〔5〕</a>餘人，習學<a class="zhuhao" href="#5425" id="5419">〔6〕</a>小乘正量部教。天祠兩所，異道雜居。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00507','1384732',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P507</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5414" id="5420">〔1〕</a>《石本》空作宫，疑形音相近之誤。《方志》亦作空城。《慈恩傳》作“都城千餘里”，疑有誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5415" id="5421">〔2〕</a>原本作跡，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》作趾，《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作址。址﹑趾相通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5416" id="5422">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》峻作󵾢，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5417" id="5423">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》𠍴作愆。按𠍴乃愆之俗字，見《干禄字書》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5418" id="5424">〔5〕</a>原本十作千，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》並作十，《方志》亦作“寺僧三十餘”，今據正。按此國“人里稀曠，”一寺豈容有三千僧？千字必誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5419" id="5425">〔6〕</a>《石本》無學字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5413" id="5426">（一）</a>劫比羅伐窣堵國：梵文Kapilavastu，巴利文Kapilavat-tthu，又名Kapilapura，Kapilāhvayapura。音譯<span class="zhuanming">迦毗羅衞</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦維羅閲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦維羅衞</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦惟羅越</span>，<span class="zhuanming">迦毗羅拔兜</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦毗羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦夷羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦維</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦比羅婆修斗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦尾攞縛娑多</span>；意譯<span class="zhuanming">蒼城</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">蒼住處</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">黄赤城</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">黄頭居城</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">赤澤國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">妙德城</span>等。公元前六世紀前後，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>人口日益興旺﹑繁衍於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北境與<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>南境一帶地方。傳説<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">日族</span>英雄<span class="zhuanming">喬答摩</span>（Gautama）所建立。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>時代正值<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>强盛時期，該族有人口約百萬，分居十城，<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>的故鄉<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅城</span>（Kapila-nagara）位列諸城之首。據《普曜經》載，該城是一大城市，到處是園林﹑街衢與市場，并有城門四座，有高塔俯瞰全城，城中有議事廳，處理一切行政與法律事務。又據《佛所行讚》載，此城有許多拱門及高塔，四<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00508','1384732',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P508</span></i>周爲美麗而高峻的臺地所環繞。别的許多佛典也提到此城的殷富。據近代在<span class="zhuanming">藍毗尼</span>（Lumbinī）<span class="zhuanming">園</span>遺址上所發現<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石柱上的所謂<span class="zhuanming">魯明台</span>（Rummindei）銘文記載，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>曾親到該地瞻仰，并於佛誕生處樹立石柱以資紀念。此後數世紀中<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵</span>急劇衰微，五世紀初<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>到該地巡禮時，已是“城中都無王民，甚丘荒，止有衆僧﹑民户數十家而已。”到<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時，往昔<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>聚居的地方，僅留下“空城十數，荒蕪已甚。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之後約八﹑九十年，<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>也來此巡禮，他的《往五天竺國傳》稱：“<span class="zhuanming">迦毗耶羅國</span>，卽佛本生城，無憂樹見在，彼城已廢，有塔無僧，亦無百姓，此城最居北，林木荒多，道路足賊。”就更爲荒蕪了。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於此城地望，也有幾種不同的比定。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>最初比定爲臨近<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>的<span class="zhuanming">巴斯底</span>（Bastī）<span class="zhuanming">縣</span>南部的<span class="zhuanming">那加爾卡斯</span>（Nagar Khas），以後他又放棄舊説，認爲<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅城</span>遺址應在<span class="zhuanming">布依拉</span>（Bhuila）<span class="zhuanming">湖</span>畔<span class="zhuanming">曼蘇爾那加爾</span>（Mansurnagar）地方。1895年A.Führer在<span class="zhuanming">廓拉喀浦爾</span>（Gorakhapur）北部，<span class="zhuanming">烏斯卡</span>（Uska）車站西北<span class="song">38</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里<span class="zhuanming">尼格里伐</span>（Niglīva）村南一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里<span class="zhuanming">尼迦里池</span>（NigālīSāgar）地方發現<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石柱，柱上銘文係用婆羅謎字體書寫的俗語，經由<span class="zhuanming">胡爾奇</span>（Hultzsch）考定銘文，確證該地爲<span class="zhuanming">藍毗尼園</span>遺址，爲劫<span class="zhuanming">比羅城</span>地望的考證提供了有力支持。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>傾向於比定故城遺址爲<span class="zhuanming">巴斯底縣</span>北部的<span class="zhuanming">比普拉瓦</span>（Piprāwā）。<span class="zhuanming">戴維支</span>（Rhys Davids）則比定爲<span class="zhuanming">提勞拉柯特</span>（Tilaura Kot）。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學者<span class="zhuanming">穆克吉</span>（P.C.Mukherji）贊同這一比定。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">根據國外近年的報導，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>考古學家從一九七一年至七四年間在<span class="zhuanming">北方邦</span><span class="zhuanming">巴斯底縣</span>（Bastī）的<span class="zhuanming">比普拉瓦</span>（Piprāwā）重新進行了發掘，出土有<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的窣堵波﹑公元前五—四世紀的舍利壺等文物。最重要的是在這裏出土了公元前後時期的封泥（sealings）五<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00509','1384732',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P509</span></i>十多枚，其中約四十枚上面刻有婆羅謎體的Kapilavastu的字樣，還有一個蓋上刻有同樣字樣的罐子。因此，發掘者認爲，這就是<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵</span>的真正故址。參見K.M.Srivastava：Kapilavastu and Its Precise Location，載West and East，vol.29，nobs.1—4，pp.61—74，1979，Rome。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、清辯故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152842" key="1152842"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 馱那羯磔迦國 &gt; 二、清辯故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152843" key="1152843"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00843','1384853',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P843</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001422"><b>二﹑清辯故事</b></p><p> <span>城南不遠有大山巖，<span class="zhuanming">婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#8757" id="8741">〔1〕</a>毗吠伽</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8758" id="8742">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8770" id="8743">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<a class="zhuhao" href="#8759" id="8744">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">清辯</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8760" id="8745">〔4〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00844','1384853',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P844</span></i>師</span>住<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛宫</span>待見<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>成佛之處。論師雅量弘遠，至德深邃，外示<span class="zhuanming">僧佉</span>之服，内弘<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>之學，聞<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">護法菩薩</span>宣揚法教，學徒數千，有懷談議，杖錫而往。至<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐城</span>，知<span class="zhuanming">護法菩薩</span>在菩提樹，論師乃命門人曰：“汝行詣菩提樹<span class="zhuanming">護法菩薩</span>所，如我辭曰：‘菩薩宣揚遺教，導誘迷徒，仰德虚心，爲日已久，然以宿願未果，遂乖禮謁。菩提樹者，誓不空見，見當有證，稱天人師。’”<span class="zhuanming">護法菩薩</span>謂其使曰：“人世如幻，身命若浮，渴<a class="zhuhao" href="#8761" id="8746">〔5〕</a>日勤誠，未遑談議。”人信往復，竟不會見。論師既還本土，静而思曰：“非<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>成佛，誰决我疑？”於<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像前誦《隨心陀羅尼》<a class="zhuhao" href="#8771" id="8747">（二）</a>，絶粒飲水，時歷三歲。<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>乃現妙<a class="zhuhao" href="#8762" id="8748">〔6〕</a>色身，謂論師曰：“何所志乎？”對曰：“願留此身，待見<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>！”<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>曰：“人命危脆，世間浮幻，宜修勝善，願生<span class="zhuanming">覩史多天</span>，於斯禮覲，尚速待<a class="zhuhao" href="#8763" id="8749">〔7〕</a>見。”論師曰：“志不可奪，心不可貳<a class="zhuhao" href="#8764" id="8750">〔8〕</a>。”菩薩曰：“若然者，宜往<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span>城南山巖<span class="zhuanming">執金剛神</span>所，至誠誦持《執金剛陀羅尼》<a class="zhuhao" href="#8772" id="8751">（三）</a>者，當遂此願。”論師於是往而誦焉。三歲之後，神乃謂曰：“伊何所願，若此勤勵？”論師曰：“願留此身，待見<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>。<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>指<a class="zhuhao" href="#8765" id="8752">〔9〕</a>遣來請，成我願者，其在神乎？”神乃授秘方而謂之曰：“此巖石内有<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛宫</span>，如法行<a class="zhuhao" href="#8766" id="8753">〔10〕</a>請，石壁當開。開卽入中，可以待見<a class="zhuhao" href="#8767" id="8754">〔11〕</a>。”論師曰：“幽居無覩，詎知佛興？”<span class="zhuanming">執金剛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8768" id="8755">〔12〕</a>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>出世，我當相報。”論師受命，專精誦持，復歷三歲，初無異想，呪芥子以擊石巖壁，豁而洞開。是時百千萬衆觀覩忘返，論師跨其户而告<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00845','1384853',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P845</span></i>衆曰：“吾久祈請，待見<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>，聖靈警祐，大願斯遂。宜可入此，同見佛興。”聞者怖駭，莫敢履户，謂是毒蛇之窟，恐喪身命。再三告<a class="zhuhao" href="#8769" id="8756">〔13〕</a>語，唯有六人從入。論師顧謝時衆，從容而入。入之既已，石壁還合。衆皆怨嗟，恨前言之過也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8741" id="8757">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集》引婆作波。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8742" id="8758">〔2〕</a>《古本》及《慈恩傳》伽作迦。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8744" id="8759">〔3〕</a>原本唐言二字誤倒，今據諸本正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8745" id="8760">〔4〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》三十九清辯二字作明辯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8746" id="8761">〔5〕</a>《異本》渴作竭，疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8748" id="8762">〔6〕</a>《中本》無妙字。《方志》﹑《珠林》亦只作色身。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8749" id="8763">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》待並作得。據下文待字爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8750" id="8764">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》貳作裁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8752" id="8765">〔9〕</a>《明南本》指作提。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8753" id="8766">〔10〕</a>《珠林》行作祈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8754" id="8767">〔11〕</a>《翻譯集》引待見二字作見也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8755" id="8768">〔12〕</a>《中本》剛下有神字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8756" id="8769">〔13〕</a>《一本》告作苦。《方志》﹑《珠林》告語作顧命。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8743" id="8770">（一）</a>婆毘吠伽：梵文Bhāviveka音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">清辯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">明辯</span>或<span class="zhuanming">分别明</span>，六世紀時<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span><span class="zhuanming">秣剌耶山</span>刹帝利族人，曾至<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>聽聞習<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00846','1384853',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P846</span></i>學大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的各種經典和<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>的學説，後到<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>傳教，繼<span class="zhuanming">覺護</span>（Buddhapālita）爲上首，對《中論》學説作了進一步的發揮，宣揚大乘空宗的教理。據云<span class="zhuanming">清辯</span>擁有門人弟子千人。其著作<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文譯本有《大乘掌珍論》二卷，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯；《般若燈論釋》十五卷，<span class="zhuanming">波羅頗蜜多羅</span>譯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8747" id="8771">（二）</a>隨心陀羅尼：梵名Mahākāruṇikacittadhāraṇī，又名爲《千手千眼觀音大士大悲心陀羅尼》，卽所謂《千手經》，實際卽過去民間所通行的《大悲咒》。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">伽梵達</span>譯本一卷，作《千手千眼觀世音菩薩廣大圓滿無礙大悲心陀羅經》。其别譯有<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">智通</span>的《千眼千臂觀世音菩薩陀羅尼神咒經》二卷，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">菩提流支</span>的《千手千眼觀世音菩薩姥陀羅尼身經》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8751" id="8772">（三）</a>執金剛陀羅尼：梵文Vajrapāṇidhāraṇī譯名，疑卽指漢譯《金剛場陀羅尼經》（Vajramantradhāraṇī），一卷，<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">闍那崛多</span>譯，説一切善惡之法盡是陀羅尼。</span> </p><p> <span>自此西南行千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">珠<a class="zhuhao" href="#8774" id="8773">〔1〕</a>利耶國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8773" id="8774">〔1〕</a>《古本》珠作殊。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
胡寔健國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152846" key="1152846"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 胡寔健國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152847" key="1152847"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00126','1384611',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P126</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000233">胡寔健國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">胡寔健國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1786" id="1785">（一）</a>東西五百餘里，南北千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。多山川，出善馬。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1785" id="1786">（一）</a>胡寔健國：<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語作Gūzgānān，<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語作Jūzjān。據《世界疆域志》，<span class="zhuanming">胡寔健</span>爲地區名，而非城市名。（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯註，原文第23節，注釋頁328﹑329。）<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span><span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理志》及八世紀僞托Moses Xorenači撰<span class="zhuanming">亞美尼亞</span>文《波斯地志》都提及此地出善馬，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記“多山川，出善馬”相符。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">胡寔健</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">木鹿</span>/<span class="zhuanming">馬里</span>（Muru/Merv）與<span class="zhuanming">縛喝</span>/<span class="zhuanming">巴里黑</span>之間。Āb-i Qayṣār與Āb-i Safīd兩河流經其境，兩河均發源於Band-i Turkistān北坡，遇沙而伏。</span> </p><p> <span>西北至<span class="zhuanming">呾剌健國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
鋭秣陁國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152850" key="1152850"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 鋭秣陁國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152851" key="1152851"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00125','1384610',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P125</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000229">鋭秣陁國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鋭秣陁國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1782" id="1779">（一）</a>東西五六十<a class="zhuhao" href="#1781" id="1780">〔1〕</a>里，南北百餘里。國大都城周十餘里。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1780" id="1781">〔1〕</a>《石本》無十字。《方志》十作百。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1779" id="1782">（一）</a>鋭秣陁國：<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">鋭秣陁</span>爲Zumathān之對音，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00126','1384610',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P126</span></i>位於<span class="zhuanming">烏滸水</span>以南，<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span><span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>山麓，見<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》頁227。方位待考。</span> </p><p> <span>西南<a class="zhuhao" href="#1784" id="1783">〔1〕</a>至<span class="zhuanming">胡寔健國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1783" id="1784">〔1〕</a>《方志》南下有“行三百里”四字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、小川澤僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152854" key="1152854"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 梵衍那國 &gt; 二、小川澤僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152855" key="1152855"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00132','1384615',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P132</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000252"><b>二﹑小川澤僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">卧像伽藍</span>東南行二百餘里，度<span class="zhuanming">大<a class="zhuhao" href="#1861" id="1841">〔1〕</a>雪山</span>，東至小川澤，泉池澄鏡，林樹青<a class="zhuhao" href="#1862" id="1842">〔2〕</a>葱。有僧伽藍，中有佛齒及劫初<a class="zhuhao" href="#1871" id="1843">（一）</a>時獨覺<a class="zhuhao" href="#1872" id="1844">（二）</a>齒，長餘五寸<a class="zhuhao" href="#1863" id="1845">〔3〕</a>，廣減四寸。復有<span class="zhuanming">金輪王</span>齒，長三寸，廣二寸。<span class="zhuanming">商諾迦縛娑</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1864" id="1846">〔4〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1873" id="1847">（三）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">商那和修</span>，訛也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">大阿羅漢</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1874" id="1848">（四）</a>所持鐵鉢，量可八九升。凡三賢聖遺物，並以黄金緘封。又有<span class="zhuanming">商諾迦縛娑</span>九條僧伽胝衣，絳赤色，設諾迦<a class="zhuhao" href="#1865" id="1849">〔5〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1875" id="1850">（五）</a>草皮之所績成也。<span class="zhuanming">商諾迦縛娑</span>者<a class="zhuhao" href="#1866" id="1851">〔6〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1876" id="1852">（六）</a>弟子也，在先身中，以設諾迦草衣於<a class="zhuhao" href="#1867" id="1853">〔7〕</a>解安居日持施衆僧。承<a class="zhuhao" href="#1868" id="1854">〔8〕</a>兹福力，於五百<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00133','1384615',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P133</span></i>身<a class="zhuhao" href="#1877" id="1855">（七）</a>中陰<a class="zhuhao" href="#1878" id="1856">（八）</a>生陰<a class="zhuhao" href="#1879" id="1857">（九）</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1869" id="1858">〔9〕</a>恒服此衣。以最後身<a class="zhuhao" href="#1870" id="1859">〔10〕</a>，從胎俱出，身既漸長，衣亦隨廣。及<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>之度出家也，其衣變爲法服，及受具戒，更變爲九條僧伽胝。將證寂滅，入邊際定<a class="zhuhao" href="#1880" id="1860">（一○）</a>，發智願力，留此袈裟，盡<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>遺法。法盡之後，方乃變壞，今已少損，信有徵矣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1841" id="1861">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無大字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1842" id="1862">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》無青字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1845" id="1863">〔3〕</a>餘五寸，《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》作“五寸餘”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1846" id="1864">〔4〕</a>《石本》娑作沙，通用。《異本》及《珠林》三十八引作婆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1849" id="1865">〔5〕</a>《中本》迦下有諾字，涉上諾字而衍。《方志》無迦字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1851" id="1866">〔6〕</a>《敦甲本》無者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1853" id="1867">〔7〕</a>《敦甲本》於作作，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1854" id="1868">〔8〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》承作依。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1858" id="1869">〔9〕</a>五百身中陰生陰，《方志》作“五百中陰身生”。《珠林》引作“五百世來於中陰身生”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1859" id="1870">〔10〕</a>《敦甲本》無身字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1843" id="1871">（一）</a>劫初：劫，梵文kalpa，巴利文kappa，又譯作劫波，指通常不能以年月日時來計算的漫長的時間概念，故又譯作大時。劫初，指成劫之初，卽此世界形成之初，泛指渺茫極古的原始時代。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00134','1384615',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P134</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1844" id="1872">（二）</a>獨覺：梵文pratyeka-buddha的意譯，又作緣覺，音譯辟支佛。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲在上古無佛之世，已修行成功覺悟而離生死的，謂之獨覺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1847" id="1873">（三）</a>商諾迦縛娑：梵文Śāṇakavāsa，Śāṇakavāsī，巴利文Sā-navāsī，譯作<span class="zhuanming">商那和修</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">舍那和修</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">舍那婆私</span>等，爲<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>弟子，因傳説他出世時著設諾迦衣，故名。又見《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷四○：“其子生時以奢搦迦衣裹身而出，因卽名爲奢搦迦。”又詳見《阿育王傳》卷五《商那和修本緣》。按，奢搦迦卽設諾迦，見下設諾迦註。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1848" id="1874">（四）</a>阿羅漢：梵文Arhat，巴利文Arahan，又譯作羅漢，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂修得小乘果的人。小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所理想的最高果位爲阿羅漢。其含義有三説：一殺賊，卽斷除貪﹑嗔﹑癡等煩惱（小乘以煩惱爲賊，阿羅義爲賊，漢卽殺義）；二應供，應受衆生供養；三無生，不受生死輪迴。詳見《翻譯名義集》卷一《三乘通號篇》。這些解釋，大都屬於民衆字源學，科學上是没有根據的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1850" id="1875">（五）</a>設諾迦：梵文Śāṇaka，巴利文及俗語皆爲Sāna，音譯又作奢那﹑舍那﹑娑那，卽大麻。其纖維可以織衣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1852" id="1876">（六）</a>阿難：梵文Ānanda，又譯<span class="zhuanming">阿難陀</span>，意譯爲歡喜﹑慶喜。傳説是<span class="zhuanming">斛飯王</span>之子，<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>之弟，於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>則爲堂弟，侍從<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>二十五年，受持一切佛法，在所謂十大弟子中以“多聞第一”著稱。詳見《中阿含經》第八《侍者經》﹑《大智度論》卷三等。但在佛經中<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>有三人，一爲<span class="zhuanming">阿難陀</span>，意爲歡喜，一爲<span class="zhuanming">阿難跋陀</span>（Ānanda-bhadra）意爲喜賢，一爲<span class="zhuanming">阿難娑伽</span>（Āndndasāgara），意謂歡喜海。此指第一人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1855" id="1877">（七）</a>五百身：卽五百世。五百舉其成數，泛言多。佛經中每<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00135','1384615',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P135</span></i>舉五百之數，指其較多。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1856" id="1878">（八）</a>中陰：又作中有，《佛説五王經》云：“人死之時，不知精神趣向何道，未得生處，並受中陰之形。”中陰，指此身死後，還未托生前的階段所受的陰形，亦卽現生與當生中間的果報。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的宗教迷信，認爲“命終之人在‘中陰’中，身如小兒”（《灌頂經》卷十一），它以七天爲一期而生於本處。若在七日末了，仍未得生緣，則更續中陰七天，這樣以七天爲一期，最長的到第七期之終，必然往生於一處。因此，這七七四十九天期間稱爲中陰，到後來世俗就演變成爲七七追薦的法事。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1857" id="1879">（九）</a>生陰：一名生有，指於諸趣結生的一刹那，卽誕生。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1860" id="1880">（一○）</a>入邊際定：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>以所謂悟得“真理”稱之爲“入”。邊際，指窮極萬物。定，卽襌定，卽心得於一處，止息身﹑口﹑意三業。這句話意謂悟得宇宙萬物的道理而心體寂静，定於一事。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東行<a class="zhuhao" href="#1883" id="1881">〔1〕</a>入<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，踰越<span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1884" id="1882">〔2〕</a>，至<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1881" id="1883">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無行字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1882" id="1884">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》“黑嶺”作“黑山”。《釋帖》二十一引嶺亦作山。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
藍摩國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152858" key="1152858"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 藍摩國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152859" key="1152859"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00526','1384737',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P526</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000875">藍摩國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#5634" id="5631">〔1〕</a>摩國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5636" id="5632">（一）</a>空荒歲久，疆埸無紀<a class="zhuhao" href="#5635" id="5633">〔2〕</a>，城邑丘墟，居人稀曠。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5631" id="5634">〔1〕</a>《珠林》三十八引藍摩作󵾦摩。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5633" id="5635">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》紀字有校記云：“紀作圮，非，今正。”按今所見諸本無作圮者，不知其何據。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5632" id="5636">（一）</a>藍摩國：梵文Rāma（grāmā），巴利文Rāma（gāma）。grāma，gāma義云：村社﹑聚落。又譯<span class="zhuanming">羅摩伽</span>，<span class="zhuanming">藍莫</span>。據《法顯傳》記載：“從佛本生處東行五由延，有國名<span class="zhuanming">藍莫</span>。”這與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>從<span class="zhuanming">臘伐尼林</span>東行二百餘里的記載大體相近，與《慈恩傳》卷三所記的“從此（<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵國</span>）東行荒林五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">藍摩國</span>。”却相差很遠。關於此地的比定也有幾種不同説法。如：<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定的<span class="zhuanming">德奥迦利</span>（Deokali），<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">恭達克</span>（Gundak）河西岸的<span class="zhuanming">尼奇勞爾</span>（Nichlaul）。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>境内<span class="zhuanming">廓拉克浦爾</span>（Gorakhpur）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00527','1384737',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P527</span></i>的<span class="zhuanming">達磨烏里</span>（Dharmaurī——東經83度52分，北緯27度26分）。目前<span class="zhuanming">勞</span>氏（B.C.Law）及大多數學者所同意的比定是<span class="zhuanming">拉姆浦爾</span>·<span class="zhuanming">德奥里亞</span>（Rampur Deoriya），該地在<span class="zhuanming">奥德</span>的<span class="zhuanming">巴斯提</span>（Bastī）縣，從前是<span class="zhuanming">柯里亞</span>（Koliya，舊譯“拘利”）族的居留地。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>時代<span class="zhuanming">柯里亞族</span>居住在<span class="zhuanming">藍摩</span>與<span class="zhuanming">提婆達訶</span>（Devadaha）兩處，該族人與<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>人曾因共同使用<span class="zhuanming">羅希尼</span>（Rohinī）河水灌溉土地而長期存在糾紛。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>調解這場糾紛的經過見巴利文《本生經》（Jātaka，Cowell刊本，I，327；IV，207）等佛典。<span class="zhuanming">羅希尼河</span>據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲現今的<span class="zhuanming">羅衛河</span>（Rowai或Rohwaini），它是一條在Gorakhpur流入Rāpti河的小河。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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秣羅矩吒國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152862" key="1152862"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 秣羅矩吒國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152863" key="1152863"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00857','1384858',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P857</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001440">秣羅矩吒國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣羅矩吒國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8831" id="8823">（一）</a>周五千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8832" id="8824">（二）</a>周四十餘里。土田舃<a class="zhuhao" href="#8828" id="8825">〔1〕</a>鹵，地利不滋。海渚諸珍，多聚此國。氣序炎熱，人多釐<a class="zhuhao" href="#8829" id="8826">〔2〕</a>黑。志性剛烈，邪正兼崇。不尚遊藝，唯善逐利。伽藍故基，寔多餘址，存者既少，僧徒亦寡。天祠數百，外道甚衆，多露形之徒也<a class="zhuhao" href="#8830" id="8827">〔3〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8825" id="8828">〔1〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》及《慧琳音義》﹑《明南本音釋》舄作潟。《徑山本》作瀉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8826" id="8829">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》釐作黧，同，説見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8827" id="8830">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》也作此，屬下讀。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8823" id="8831">（一）</a>秣羅矩吒國：<span class="zhuanming">秣羅矩吒</span>，梵文Malakūṭa音譯，來源於<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>語Malaikoṭṭa或Malaikuṛṛam。<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>語malai義云“山”﹑“丘”；koṭṭa義云“地方”﹑“地帶”；kuṛṛam義云“區域”。上文原注該國“亦謂<span class="zhuanming">枳秣羅國</span>”。<span class="zhuanming">枳秣羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>認爲是<span class="zhuanming">科摩林</span>（Comorin）<span class="zhuanming">角</span>附近的聖河Kumāri或Kumārikā（皆<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>名稱）的同義詞。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>行抵<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼</span>後，卽因故改變海行赴<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>的原定計劃，折向西北赴<span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅國</span>巡禮，并未親臨<span class="zhuanming">秣羅矩吒國</span>。《慈恩傳》卷四：“自此<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00858','1384858',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P858</span></i>國（指<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼國</span>）界三千餘里聞有<span class="zhuanming">秣羅矩吒國</span>。”本書上文“自此南行三千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">秣羅矩吒國</span>”雖然是把<span class="zhuanming">秣羅矩吒</span>國作爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>親踐之地，但“三千餘里”與實際情況相差太遠，若非傳聞之誤，不至於如此。因此本條係根據傳聞所記，不够精確，這就給此國的考訂增加了困難。目前較爲可信的考定是此國卽<span class="zhuanming">潘底亞</span>（Pā-ṇḍya），或其國土中的主要部分，因<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記情況與方向﹑里程均與此國大體相符。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人<span class="zhuanming">艾耶</span>并認爲<span class="zhuanming">秣羅矩吒</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>文碑銘中的Malaināḍu（Aiyer，K.V.Subrahmanya，Historical Sketches of An-cient Deccan，<span class="zhuanming">馬德拉斯</span>，1917，Vol.I.pp.119—121）。此國是<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>古國，其名見於<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>摩崖勅銘第二﹑第十三﹑及《摩訶婆羅多》等古籍。其領域在<span class="zhuanming">印度半島</span>南端，<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾納德邦</span><span class="zhuanming">科佛里河</span>（Kā-verī）及<span class="zhuanming">韋蓋河</span>（Vaigāi）流域。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時來我國的<span class="zhuanming">金剛智</span>（Vajrabodhi）卽此國人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8824" id="8832">（二）</a>國大都城：卽<span class="zhuanming">潘地亞</span>國都<span class="zhuanming">馬杜拉</span>（Madurā），在<span class="zhuanming">韋蓋河</span>右岸，是一古城。其名早見於《羅摩衍那》。該城寺院甚多，現在寺院中最大而有名的爲<span class="zhuanming">吉祥天女</span>（Mīnākṣī，卽Lakṣmī）<span class="zhuanming">廟</span>。古城又稱爲<span class="zhuanming">南馬杜拉</span>（Dakṣiṇa-Madurā），以别於新城。</span> </p><p> <span>城東不遠，有故伽藍，庭宇荒蕪，基址尚在，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>弟<span class="zhuanming">大帝</span>之所建也。其東有窣堵波，崇基已陷，覆鉢猶存，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建立。在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此説法，現大神通，度無量衆，用彰聖迹，故此標建。歲久彌神，祈<a class="zhuhao" href="#8835" id="8833">〔1〕</a>願或<a class="zhuhao" href="#8836" id="8834">〔2〕</a>遂。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8833" id="8835">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00859','1384858',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P859</span></i>本》祈並作所。《方志》作祈願，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8834" id="8836">〔2〕</a>《明南本》或作咸。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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梵衍那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152866" key="1152866"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 梵衍那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152867" key="1152867"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00129','1384614',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P129</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000244">梵衍那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">梵衍那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1823" id="1811">（一）</a>東西二千餘里，南北三百餘里，在<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>之<a class="zhuhao" href="#1818" id="1812">〔1〕</a>中也。人依山谷，逐<a class="zhuhao" href="#1819" id="1813">〔2〕</a>勢邑居。國大都城據崖跨谷，長六七里，北背高巖。有宿麥，少花果。宜畜牧，多羊馬。氣序寒烈，風<a class="zhuhao" href="#1820" id="1814">〔3〕</a>俗剛獷。多衣皮褐，亦其所宜。文字風教，貨幣<a class="zhuhao" href="#1821" id="1815">〔4〕</a>之用，同<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>，語言少異，儀貌大同。淳信之心，特甚鄰國，上自三寶，下至百神，莫不輸誠竭心宗敬。商估往來者，天神現徵祥，示祟變，求福德。伽藍數十所<a class="zhuhao" href="#1822" id="1816">〔5〕</a>，僧徒數千人，宗學小乘説出世部<a class="zhuhao" href="#1824" id="1817">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1812" id="1818">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》無<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00130','1384614',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P130</span></i>之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1813" id="1819">〔2〕</a>《中本》逐作遂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1814" id="1820">〔3〕</a>《中本》風作國。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1815" id="1821">〔4〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《酬本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》幣作弊，形近而譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1816" id="1822">〔5〕</a>《慈恩傳》數十所作“十餘所”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1811" id="1823">（一）</a>梵衍那國：Bāmīyān係從梵語形式*Bāmiyana，中世<span class="zhuanming">波斯語</span>Bāmīkān變化而來。（<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>《中國載籍中之梵衍那》，載《西域南海史地考証譯叢》一編，頁8）《魏書》卷九七作<span class="zhuanming">范陽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》作<span class="zhuanming">犯引</span>，《隋書》卷六七《裴矩傳》和《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">帆延</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">望衍</span>，《唐會要》卷三七作<span class="zhuanming">失范延</span>，似均爲别譯。其國境據《新唐書》卷二二一下，“西北與<span class="zhuanming">護時健</span>接，東南距<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>，西南<span class="zhuanming">訶達羅支</span>，與<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>連境。地寒，人穴處，王治<span class="zhuanming">羅爛城</span>，有大城四五。水北流入<span class="zhuanming">烏滸河</span>。”其國都則爲今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>首都<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾</span>西部約一百五十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的<span class="zhuanming">巴米揚</span>（Bāmīyān）城。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1817" id="1824">（二）</a>説出世部：梵文Lokottaravādin意譯，一作盧俱多婆拖部，小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>十八部派之一。《部執異論》作出世説部。據云當佛滅後二百年從根本大衆部分出，其基本論點認爲世間諸法都是虚妄的，假有的，而出世法則爲實體，故名出世部。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、佛舍利窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152870" key="1152870"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 藍摩國 &gt; 一、佛舍利窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152871" key="1152871"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00527','1384738',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P527</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000878"><b>一﹑佛舍利窣堵波</b></p><p> <span>故城東南有甎窣堵波，高減百尺。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>入寂滅已，此國先王分得舍利，持歸本國，式遵<a class="zhuhao" href="#5638" id="5637">〔1〕</a>崇建。靈異間起，神光時燭。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5637" id="5638">〔1〕</a>《石本》遵作尊。</span> </p><p> <span>窣堵波側有一清池，龍每出遊，變形蛇服<a class="zhuhao" href="#5651" id="5639">〔1〕</a>，右旋<a class="zhuhao" href="#5652" id="5640">〔2〕</a>宛轉，繞窣堵波。野象羣行，採花以散，冥<a class="zhuhao" href="#5653" id="5641">〔3〕</a>力警察，初無間替。昔<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之分建窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#5662" id="5642">（一）</a>也，七國所建，咸已開發，至<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00528','1384738',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P528</span></i>於此國，方欲興功<a class="zhuhao" href="#5654" id="5643">〔4〕</a>，而此池龍恐見陵<a class="zhuhao" href="#5655" id="5644">〔5〕</a>奪，乃變作婆羅門，前叩象曰：“大王情流佛法，廣樹福田，敢請紆駕，降臨我宅<a class="zhuhao" href="#5656" id="5645">〔6〕</a>”。王曰：“爾家安在，爲近遠乎？”婆羅門曰：“我此池之龍王也，承大王欲建勝福，敢來請謁！”王受其請，遂入龍宫。坐久之<a class="zhuhao" href="#5657" id="5646">〔7〕</a>，龍進<a class="zhuhao" href="#5658" id="5647">〔8〕</a>曰：“我惟惡業，受此龍身，供養舍利，冀消罪咎。願王躬往，觀而禮敬。”<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>見已，懼<a class="zhuhao" href="#5659" id="5648">〔9〕</a>然謂曰：“凡諸供養之具，非人間所有也。”龍曰：“若然者，願無廢毁<a class="zhuhao" href="#5660" id="5649">〔10〕</a>！”<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>自度力非其疇<a class="zhuhao" href="#5661" id="5650">〔11〕</a>，遂不開發。出池之所，今有封記。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5639" id="5651">〔1〕</a>變形蛇服，《方志》及《珠林》三十八作“龍變爲蛇”。《慈恩傳》則云：“龍數變身爲人”，不同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5640" id="5652">〔2〕</a>《石本》旋下有遊字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5641" id="5653">〔3〕</a>《石本》冥作寘，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5643" id="5654">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》功並作工。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5644" id="5655">〔5〕</a>《石本》陵作󱭮，卽淩字，與陵通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5645" id="5656">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》宅並作室。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5646" id="5657">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》之下並有間字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5647" id="5658">〔8〕</a>《石本》進下有諫字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5648" id="5659">〔9〕</a>《古本》懼作瞿，《明南本》﹑《明北本》作戄。懼﹑瞿﹑戄三字<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00529','1384738',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P529</span></i>通用。《宋本》﹑《酬本》作霍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5649" id="5660">〔10〕</a>《石本》毁作敗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5650" id="5661">〔11〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》疇並作儔，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5642" id="5662">（一）</a>無憂王之分建窣堵波：參見本書卷九<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陀竹園</span>條。佛湼槃後八王分取舍利各建窣堵波，其八國爲：<span class="zhuanming">拘尸國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波婆國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">遮羅頗國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">羅摩伽國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">毘留提國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦維羅衞國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">毗舍離國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span>。參見《長阿含經》卷四。關於<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>取七國舍利在全國建八萬四千塔的傳説，參見《阿育王傳》卷一。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、秣剌耶山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152874" key="1152874"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 秣羅矩吒國 &gt; 一、秣剌耶山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152875" key="1152875"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00859','1384859',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P859</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001444"><b>一﹑秣剌耶山</b></p><p> <span>國南濱海，有<span class="zhuanming">秣剌耶山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8858" id="8837">（一）</a>，崇崖峻嶺，洞谷深澗。其中則有白<a class="zhuhao" href="#8849" id="8838">〔1〕</a>檀香樹﹑栴檀你婆樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#8859" id="8839">（二）</a>。樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#8850" id="8840">〔2〕</a>類白檀<a class="zhuhao" href="#8851" id="8841">〔3〕</a>，不可以别，唯於盛夏，登高遠瞻<a class="zhuhao" href="#8852" id="8842">〔4〕</a>，其有<a class="zhuhao" href="#8853" id="8843">〔5〕</a>大蛇縈者，於是知之。猶其木性涼冷，故蛇盤也。既望見已，射箭爲記，冬蟄之後，方乃採伐<a class="zhuhao" href="#8854" id="8844">〔6〕</a>。羯布羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#8855" id="8845">〔7〕</a>香樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#8860" id="8846">（三）</a>，松身異葉，花菓斯别。初採既濕，尚未有香，木乾之後，循<a class="zhuhao" href="#8856" id="8847">〔8〕</a>理而析，其中有香，狀若雲母，色如冰雪，此所謂龍腦香也<a class="zhuhao" href="#8857" id="8848">〔9〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8838" id="8849">〔1〕</a>《中本》白下有槁字。槁字疑檀字之誤書而衍者，《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》三十九並作白檀香樹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8840" id="8850">〔2〕</a>原本樹字不重，今從《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8841" id="8851">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》檀作楊。按檀字爲是。此樹與白檀並生，以其類似，故下文云“不可以别”。若似白楊，則何難判别？</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8842" id="8852">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》瞻並作矚。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8843" id="8853">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》無有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8844" id="8854">〔6〕</a><span class="zhuanming">法</span>人<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>注云：“檀香，梵文名作Sarpahridaya tcha-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00860','1384859',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P860</span></i>ndana，猶言心部藏蛇檀香。蓋<span class="zhuanming">秣利耶山</span>所有此類樹木常爲蛇類巢穴之標記。樹榦罅裂處，殆爲蛇類棲身之所。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8845" id="8855">〔7〕</a>羯布羅，《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》同，唯《珠林》作羯薩羅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8847" id="8856">〔8〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慧琳音義》四十三引循作修。依文義循字爲是。修字或作脩與󲈋，與循形近，故循或誤爲修也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8848" id="8857">〔9〕</a>《酉陽雜俎·木篇》云：“龍腦香樹出<span class="zhuanming">婆利國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">婆利</span>呼爲固不婆律。亦出<span class="zhuanming">波斯國</span>。樹高八九丈，大可六七圍。葉圓而背白，無花實。其樹有肥有瘦。瘦者有婆律膏香。一曰：瘦者出龍腦香，肥者出婆律膏也。”婆利與秣羅對轉音近，不審爲一國否？</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8837" id="8858">（一）</a>秣剌耶山：<span class="zhuanming">秣剌耶</span>，梵文Malaya音譯，卽<span class="zhuanming">西高止山</span>從<span class="zhuanming">尼爾山</span>（Nilgiris）直抵<span class="zhuanming">科摩林角</span>（Cape Comorin）那段稱爲<span class="zhuanming">卡爾達蒙</span>（Cardamon）的山脈。有人認爲此山卽《本生經》（Jātaka V，162）中所記的<span class="zhuanming">旃陀迦</span>（Candaka）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>。此山名見於《廣博本集》（Bṛ-hat-saṃhitāXIV，11）。《慧琳音義》卷二十六：“<span class="zhuanming">摩羅耶山</span>，亦云<span class="zhuanming">摩羅延</span>，摩羅此云垢也，耶此云除也，山在<span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>境，因國爲名。其山多白旃檀香，入者香潔，故云<span class="zhuanming">除垢</span>也。”此山以盛産檀香樹而著稱。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>文學作品中，愛用來自<span class="zhuanming">秣剌耶山</span>的風比喻香風。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8839" id="8859">（二）</a>栴檀你婆樹：栴檀你婆，梵文candaneva音譯。又名烏洛迦栴檀，梵文名uragasāra-candana（義云“蛇衛栴檀”）或ura-gahṛdaya-candana（義云“蛇心栴檀”）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8846" id="8860">（三）</a>羯布羅香樹：羯布羅，梵文karpūra音譯，巴利文kappūra，又譯作劫布羅。卽樟腦樹。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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大雪山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152878" key="1152878"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 揭職國 &gt; 大雪山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152879" key="1152879"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00128','1384613',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P128</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000240"><b>大雪山</b></p><p> <span>東南入<span class="zhuanming">大<a class="zhuhao" href="#1803" id="1797">〔1〕</a>雪山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1808" id="1798">（一）</a>，山谷高深，峰巖危險，風雪相繼，盛夏合<a class="zhuhao" href="#1804" id="1799">〔2〕</a>凍，積雪彌谷<a class="zhuhao" href="#1805" id="1800">〔3〕</a>，蹊<a class="zhuhao" href="#1806" id="1801">〔4〕</a>徑難涉。山神鬼魅，暴縱妖<a class="zhuhao" href="#1807" id="1802">〔5〕</a>祟。羣盗横行，殺害爲務。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1797" id="1803">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無大字。按《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》均作“大雪山”。《新唐書·西域傳》作“雪山”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1799" id="1804">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》合作含。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1800" id="1805">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《中本》無谷字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1801" id="1806">〔4〕</a>原本蹊作溪。《石本》作傒，《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》作蹊。蹊字義長，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1802" id="1807">〔5〕</a>《慧琳音義》妖作𡝩，同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00129','1384613',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P129</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1798" id="1808">（一）</a>大雪山：<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>從<span class="zhuanming">揭職國</span>東南越過<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>，從Khulm河沿岸，通過溪谷和險阻的峯麓，經過Aq-Ribat而稍南進入<span class="zhuanming">梵衍那國</span>。經<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>的艱危情況，見《慈恩傳》卷二。</span> </p><p> <span>行六百餘里，出<span class="zhuanming">覩<a class="zhuhao" href="#1810" id="1809">〔1〕</a>貨邏國</span>境，至<span class="zhuanming">梵衍那國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1809" id="1810">〔1〕</a>覩原作都，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作覩，音同通用。今改從前後一致，下同。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、沙彌伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152882" key="1152882"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 藍摩國 &gt; 二、沙彌伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152883" key="1152883"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00529','1384739',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P529</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000882"><b>二﹑沙彌伽藍</b></p><p> <span>窣堵波側不遠，有一伽藍，僧衆尠矣，清肅皎然，而以沙彌總任衆務。遠方僧至，禮遇彌隆，必留三日，供養四事。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#5672" id="5663">〔1〕</a>曰：昔有苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5673" id="5664">〔2〕</a>同志相召，自遠而至，禮窣堵波。見諸羣象相趨往來，或以牙芟草，或以鼻灑水，各持異花，共爲供養。時衆見已，悲歎感懷。有一苾芻便捨具戒，願留供養，與衆辭曰：“我惟多福，濫迹僧中，歲月亟<a class="zhuhao" href="#5674" id="5665">〔3〕</a>淹，行業無紀。此窣堵波有佛舍利，聖德冥通，羣象踐灑。遺身此地，甘<a class="zhuhao" href="#5675" id="5666">〔4〕</a>與同群。得畢餘齡，誠爲幸矣！”衆告之曰：“斯盛事也，吾等垢重，智不謀此。隨時自愛，無虧勝業！”亦既離羣，重申<a class="zhuhao" href="#5676" id="5667">〔5〕</a>誠願，歡然獨居，有終焉之志。於是葺茅<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00530','1384739',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P530</span></i>爲宇，引流成池，採掇時花，灑掃瑩域<a class="zhuhao" href="#5677" id="5668">〔6〕</a>，綿<a class="zhuhao" href="#5678" id="5669">〔7〕</a>歷歲序，心事無怠<a class="zhuhao" href="#5679" id="5670">〔8〕</a>。鄰國諸王聞而雅尚，競捨財寶，共建伽藍。因而勸請，屈知僧務。自爾相踵，不泯元功，而以沙彌總知僧事<a class="zhuhao" href="#5680" id="5671">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5663" id="5672">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》先志二字作耆舊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5664" id="5673">〔2〕</a>《石本》苾芻二字作比丘，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5665" id="5674">〔3〕</a>《古本》亟作遂，《石本》作遂，乃遂之草書耳。《慧琳音義》云：“亟，俗字也，正體作苟；或從革作󰴱。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5666" id="5675">〔4〕</a>《或本》甘作冀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5667" id="5676">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》申並作伸，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5668" id="5677">〔6〕</a>《石本》域作城，疑域之形誤。《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》域並作飾。《舊麗本》作拭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5669" id="5678">〔7〕</a>《石本》綿作懸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5670" id="5679">〔8〕</a>原本怠作殆，從《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5671" id="5680">（一）</a>以沙彌總知僧事：關於此沙彌伽藍的由來，《法顯傳》記云：“此中荒蕪，無人灑掃。常有羣象，以鼻取水灑地，取雜花香而供養塔。諸國有道人來，欲禮拜塔，遇象大怖；依樹自翳，見象如法供養。道人大自悲感：此中無有僧伽藍可供養此塔，乃令象灑掃。道人卽捨大戒，還作沙彌；自挽草木，平治處所，使得浄潔，勸化國<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00531','1384739',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P531</span></i>王作僧住處，已爲寺主。今現有僧住。此事在近。自爾相承至今，恆以沙彌爲寺主。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
揭職國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152886" key="1152886"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 揭職國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152887" key="1152887"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00127','1384612',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P127</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000237">揭職國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">揭職國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1796" id="1789">（一）</a>東西五百餘里，南北三百餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#1793" id="1790">〔1〕</a>。國大都城周四五<a class="zhuhao" href="#1794" id="1791">〔2〕</a>里。土地磽确<a class="zhuhao" href="#1795" id="1792">〔3〕</a>，陵阜連屬。少花果，多菽麥。氣序寒烈，風俗剛猛。伽藍十餘所，僧徒三百餘人，並學小乘教説一切有部。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1790" id="1793">〔1〕</a>《新唐書·西域傳》云：“幅員準千里。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1791" id="1794">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》五下有十字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00128','1384612',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P128</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1792" id="1795">〔3〕</a>《中本》無确字，《音釋》亦作“磽确”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1789" id="1796">（一）</a>揭職國：Gachi或Gaz音譯，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>《梵衍那考補注》註三：“此國名尚未得其原名，揭職二字對音似是Karčik或Kačik，與Gachi或Gaz，對音皆不合。”（《西域南海史地考証譯叢》五編，頁12）或云在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>之<span class="zhuanming">達拉哈斯</span>（Darrah Gaz）；此地何在，目前尚缺乏有力的考証依據。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、霫蔽多伐剌祠城及阿路猱山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152890" key="1152890"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 迦畢試國 &gt; 三、霫蔽多伐剌祠城及阿路猱山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152891" key="1152891"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00146','1384619',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P146</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000269"><b>三﹑霫蔽多伐剌祠城及阿路猱山</b></p><p> <span>城南四十餘里至<span class="zhuanming">霫</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">胥立反<a class="zhuhao" href="#1973" id="1959">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">蔽多伐剌祠城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1982" id="1960">（一）</a>，凡地大震，山崖崩墜，周此城界無所動摇。<span class="zhuanming">霫蔽多伐剌祠城</span>南三十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">阿路猱</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">奴高反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1983" id="1961">（二）</a>，崖嶺峭<a class="zhuhao" href="#1974" id="1962">〔2〕</a>峻，巖谷杳冥。其峰每歲增高數百尺，與<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1984" id="1963">（三）</a><span class="zhuanming">䅳</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">士句反，<a class="zhuhao" href="#1975" id="1964">〔3〕</a>下同。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">那呬羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#1976" id="1965">〔4〕</a>山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1985" id="1966">（四）</a>髣髴相望，便卽崩墜。聞諸土<a class="zhuhao" href="#1977" id="1967">〔5〕</a>俗曰：初<span class="zhuanming">䅳那天神</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1986" id="1968">（五）</a>自遠而至，欲止此山，山神震恐<a class="zhuhao" href="#1978" id="1969">〔6〕</a>，摇蕩谿谷。天神曰：“不欲相舍<a class="zhuhao" href="#1979" id="1970">〔7〕</a>，故此<a class="zhuhao" href="#1980" id="1971">〔8〕</a>傾動，少垂賓主，當盈財寶。吾今往<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span><span class="zhuanming">䅳那<a class="zhuhao" href="#1981" id="1972">〔9〕</a>呬羅山</span>，每歲至我受國王大臣祀獻之時，宜相屬望。”故<span class="zhuanming">阿路猱山</span>增高既已，尋卽崩墜。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1959" id="1973">〔1〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》“𦙃立”作“蘇立”。《石本》及《隨函録》作𦲭立。按𦙃卽胥，今改作胥，下同。󱘃從胥聲。胥與蘇同屬心紐，可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1962" id="1974">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》峭作陗。《異本》作險。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1964" id="1975">〔3〕</a>士句反，《異本》士作上。上與士聲紐同，可通用。《慧琳音義》音“士于反”。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00147','1384619',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P147</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1965" id="1976">〔4〕</a>䅳那呬羅，《敦甲本》䅳作󵾑，乃䅳之俗字；呬作縊，下同。《隨函録》呬亦作縊。《慧琳音義》作“<span class="zhuanming">䅳羅那呬</span>”云：“（呬）馨異反。梵語。有本作‘租羅那縊’，音伊計反，梵語訛轉也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1967" id="1977">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《酬本》土作士，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1969" id="1978">〔6〕</a>原本恐作怒，今從《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1970" id="1979">〔7〕</a>《敦甲本》舍作捨，本可通用，但此文作“息止”解，舍字爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1971" id="1980">〔8〕</a>《敦甲本》無此字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1972" id="1981">〔9〕</a>《中本》那下多縊字。按縊乃呬之或作，見上引《慧琳音義》。此疑是呬之旁注，而併入正文。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1960" id="1982">（一）</a>霫蔽多伐剌祠城：<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>（Stanislas Julien）將此城名還原作梵文Sphītavaras，<span class="zhuanming">聖·馬丁</span>（Saint Martin）還原作Śvetavā-ras，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>（Thomas Watters）指出他們都把漢文的“祠”字還原作“s”是不對的，因爲漢文“祠”字從不用來譯音，而應按其意思來理解。他主張，<span class="zhuanming">霫蔽多伐剌</span>應還原爲śvetavat-ālaya。śvetavat是大神<span class="zhuanming">因陀羅</span>的一個稱號，義爲“乘白象者”；ālaya義云“處所”﹑“住所”等；全名義譯當作“因陀羅宫”或“因陀羅寺”。（<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>譯《西域記》，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，1904年，頁126）。按此説，則“祠”字係原文ālaya之重譯，而“祠”字在本書中概作外道寺院之稱，正適合於<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>大神<span class="zhuanming">因陀羅</span>。然而，以<span class="zhuanming">霫蔽多伐剌</span>爲Śvetavatālaya之對音，雖勝於<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>與<span class="zhuanming">聖·馬丁</span>之説，恐怕仍不全對，因爲兩者的音節數目明顯地不相符合。<span class="zhuanming">霫蔽多伐剌</span>也許是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北部的一個俗語名詞（或者就是<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00148','1384619',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P148</span></i>Śvetavat-ālaya的俗語化）的譯音，而不是一個標準的梵文名詞的譯音。<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>贊同<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>的意見，并指出該城在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>東南Begrām南約十二公里處，遺址尚存。（<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注：《大唐西域記》，1971年版，頁52。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1961" id="1983">（二）</a>阿路猱山：梵名Aruṇācala，由aruṇa（義云“赤色”﹑“太陽”）和ācala（義云“山”）兩字組成。《翻譯名義集》第三譯aruṇa爲<span class="zhuanming">阿樓那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿盧那</span>。此山在著名的<span class="zhuanming">蓋拉莎山脈</span>（Kailāsa）以西；而<span class="zhuanming">蓋拉莎</span>山脈則在北面與<span class="zhuanming">拉達克</span>（Ladakh）山脈平行，兩者相距約五十公里（B.C.Law：Historical Geography of Ancient India，1976，頁66，87—88）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1963" id="1984">（三）</a>漕矩吒國：梵語Jāguḍa之對音，其意殆指鬱金香。本書卷十二有專條，《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》下亦有專條。都城古稱<span class="zhuanming">鶴悉那</span>，Ghazni或Ghaznīn，今譯<span class="zhuanming">加兹尼</span>或<span class="zhuanming">哥疾寧</span>，在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>首都<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾</span>以南155公里自<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾</span>至<span class="zhuanming">坎大哈</span>途中處。詳見本書卷十二<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span>條下各注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1966" id="1985">（四）</a>䅳那呬羅山：梵名Śunā-śīra，śīra（義云“山”，）在俗語裏常讀作hīra，<span class="zhuanming">䅳那呬羅</span>爲Śunā-hīra的對音（<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注：《大唐西域記》，1971年版，頁52）。<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>認爲呬羅是梵文hiraṇya（義云“黄金”）的音譯之略（《大唐西域記の研究》，卷一，頁102）。案本書卷第六<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span>條於<span class="zhuanming">阿恃多伐底河</span>下有注曰：“……典言謂之<span class="zhuanming">尸賴拏伐底河</span>，譯曰<span class="zhuanming">有金訶</span>。”“<span class="zhuanming">尸賴拏伐底</span>卽梵文Hiraṇya-vatī之對音。”據此，hiraṇya的譯音應是尸賴拏，而不是呬羅。因爲同一個作者在同一部書裏似不可能對同一個字採用兩種差别明顯的譯法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據本書卷第十二<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span>條，此山<span class="zhuanming">爲漕矩吒</span>國之南界，當在今<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00149','1384619',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P149</span></i><span class="zhuanming">加兹尼</span>東北，見該條原文及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1968" id="1986">（五）</a>䅳那天神：見本書卷十二<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒</span>國<span class="zhuanming">䅳那天</span>條注。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、釋迦爲太子時傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152894" key="1152894"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 劫比羅伐窣堵國 &gt; 一、釋迦爲太子時傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152895" key="1152895"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00509','1384733',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P509</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000840"><b>一﹑釋迦爲太子時傳説</b></p><p> <span>宫城内有故基，<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5445" id="5427">（一）</a>正殿也，上建精舍，中作王像。其側<a class="zhuhao" href="#5437" id="5428">〔1〕</a>不遠有故基，<span class="zhuanming">摩訶摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#5438" id="5429">〔2〕</a>耶</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">大術</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5439" id="5430">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">夫人</span>寢殿也，上建精舍，中作夫人<a class="zhuhao" href="#5440" id="5431">〔4〕</a>之像。其側<a class="zhuhao" href="#5441" id="5432">〔5〕</a>精舍，是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦菩薩</span>降神母胎處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5446" id="5433">（二）</a>，中作菩薩降神之像。上座部<a class="zhuhao" href="#5442" id="5434">〔6〕</a>菩薩以嗢呾羅頞沙荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#5443" id="5435">〔7〕</a>月三十日夜降神母胎，當此五月十五日。諸部則以此月二十三日夜降神<a class="zhuhao" href="#5444" id="5436">〔8〕</a>母胎，當此五月八日。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5428" id="5437">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》其側二字作次北。《方志》及《珠林》作其側，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5429" id="5438">〔2〕</a>《石本》脱摩字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5430" id="5439">〔3〕</a>《翻譯集》引術下有“或云大幻”四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5431" id="5440">〔4〕</a>《中本》脱人字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5432" id="5441">〔5〕</a>《石本》側下有有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5434" id="5442">〔6〕</a>《石本》部下有曰字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5435" id="5443">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00510','1384733',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P510</span></i>荼並作茶。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“嗢呾羅頞沙荼月，梵文作uttara-āṣāḍha，以作荼爲是。”按<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初不用茶字，詳見前，諸作茶者多涉形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5436" id="5444">〔8〕</a>原本降下無神字，《古本》﹑《石本》並有，依上下文例言，有之爲是，今據補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5427" id="5445">（一）</a>浄飯王：又作<span class="zhuanming">白浄王</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵國</span>王，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>之父。梵文名Śuddhodana，義云“浄飯”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5433" id="5446">（二）</a>釋迦菩薩降神母胎處：<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>之母，卽<span class="zhuanming">浄飯王</span>妃<span class="zhuanming">摩訶摩耶</span>（Mahāmāyā）夫人，māyā意謂“術，不可思議之力”，故意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">大術</span>，亦稱<span class="zhuanming">摩耶夫人</span>。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><span class="zhuanming">提婆陀訶</span>（Devadaha）<span class="zhuanming">城善覺王</span>之女，參見本書卷四注。關於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>降生的傳説，見《普曜經》卷二﹑《佛本行集經》卷七等，記載頗多。佛前生居<span class="zhuanming">兜率天</span>，從空中乘六牙白象降神於睡眠中的<span class="zhuanming">摩耶夫人</span>右脇而入胎。這一神話傳説成了<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>雕刻和繪畫的素材，流傳頗廣。今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">加爾各答</span>博物館所藏的Amarāvatī的欄楯浮雕，卽其中早期的著名<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>藝術作品之一。</span> </p><p> <span>菩薩降神東北有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">阿私多仙</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5457" id="5447">（一）</a>相太子處。菩薩誕靈之日，嘉祥輻湊。時<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span>召諸相師而告之曰：“此子生也，善惡何若？宜悉乃心<a class="zhuhao" href="#5453" id="5448">〔1〕</a>，明言以對。”曰：“依先聖之記，考吉祥之<a class="zhuhao" href="#5454" id="5449">〔2〕</a>應，在家作轉輪聖<a class="zhuhao" href="#5455" id="5450">〔3〕</a>王，捨家當成等正覺。”是時<span class="zhuanming">阿私多仙</span>自遠而至，叩門請見。王甚慶悦，躬迎禮敬，請就寶座，曰：“不意大仙今日降顧。”仙曰：“我在天宫，安居宴坐，忽見諸天群從蹈舞<a class="zhuhao" href="#5456" id="5451">〔4〕</a>。我時問言：‘何悦豫之甚<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00511','1384733',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P511</span></i>也’？曰：‘大仙當知，贍部洲中，<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種淨飯王第一夫人今産太子，當證三菩提<a class="zhuhao" href="#5458" id="5452">（二）</a>，圓明一切智’。我聞是語，故來瞻仰。所悲朽耄，不遭聖化。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5448" id="5453">〔1〕</a>原本心作正，《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作心，今據正。心與正行書相近而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5449" id="5454">〔2〕</a>《石本》祥之二字互倒，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5450" id="5455">〔3〕</a>《石本》無聖字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5451" id="5456">〔4〕</a>《中本》舞下有悦字，疑涉下文悦字而衍。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5447" id="5457">（一）</a>阿私多仙：梵文Asita音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">阿夷</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿私陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿私吒</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿斯陀</span>等。意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">不白</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">無比</span>或<span class="zhuanming">端嚴</span>。傳説是具有五神通﹑出入<span class="zhuanming">三十三天</span>的大仙。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>誕生，由<span class="zhuanming">藍毗尼花園</span>（Lumbinī）還宫，<span class="zhuanming">浄飯王</span>召<span class="zhuanming">阿私多</span>來看相。參見《佛本行集經》卷七至卷十及《佛所行讚》卷一﹑《瑞應本起經》卷上等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5452" id="5458">（二）</a>三菩提：梵文sambodhi音譯，意譯爲正等覺或等正覺。亦卽<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂的斷煩惱障而證湼槃的一切智和斷所知障而知諸法的一切種智，是具有最高智慧﹑覺悟而成正道之謂。</span> </p><p> <span>城南門有窣堵波，是太子與諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>角<a class="zhuhao" href="#5470" id="5459">〔1〕</a>力擲象之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5479" id="5460">（一）</a>。太子伎藝多能，獨拔倫匹。<span class="zhuanming">淨飯大王</span>懷慶將返，僕夫馭象，方欲出城。<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>素負强力，自外而入，問馭者曰：“嚴<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00512','1384733',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P512</span></i>駕此象，其誰欲乘？”曰：“太子將<a class="zhuhao" href="#5471" id="5461">〔2〕</a>還，故往奉馭。”<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>發憤引象，批其顙，蹴<a class="zhuhao" href="#5472" id="5462">〔3〕</a>其臆<a class="zhuhao" href="#5473" id="5463">〔4〕</a>，僵仆塞路，杜絶行途，無能轉移，人衆填塞。<span class="zhuanming">難陁</span>後至而問之曰：“誰死此象？”曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#5474" id="5464">〔5〕</a>：“<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>。”卽曳之避<a class="zhuhao" href="#5475" id="5465">〔6〕</a>路。太子至，又問曰：“誰爲不善，害<a class="zhuhao" href="#5476" id="5466">〔7〕</a>此象耶？”曰：“<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>害以杜門，<span class="zhuanming">難陁</span>引之開徑<a class="zhuhao" href="#5477" id="5467">〔8〕</a>。”太子乃舉象高擲，越度城塹。其象墮地，爲大深坑，土<a class="zhuhao" href="#5478" id="5468">〔9〕</a>俗相傳爲象墮坑也。其側精舍中作太子像。其側又有精舍，太子妃寢宫也，中作<span class="zhuanming">耶輸陁羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5480" id="5469">（二）</a>，并有<span class="zhuanming">羅怙羅</span>像。宫側精舍作受業之像，太子學堂故基也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5459" id="5470">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北方》﹑《徑山本》角並作觕，同。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》作觕力。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5461" id="5471">〔2〕</a>《中本》將上有遊字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5462" id="5472">〔3〕</a>《酬本》蹴作蹤，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5463" id="5473">〔4〕</a>《古本》臆作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140145039pl5.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>。<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503dikq.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>疑胸之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5464" id="5474">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》曰上有御者二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5465" id="5475">〔6〕</a>《中本》避作僻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5466" id="5476">〔7〕</a>《石本》害下有死字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5467" id="5477">〔8〕</a>原本徑作俓，今從《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。俓爲徑之俗作。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5468" id="5478">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》土並作士。依本書他例，作土爲是。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00513','1384733',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P513</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5460" id="5479">（一）</a>太子與諸釋角力擲象之處：<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>，指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>族人。這一傳説又見《因果經》卷二﹑《普曜經》卷三﹑《方廣大莊嚴經》卷四﹑《佛本行集經》卷十三等。它已成爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>雕刻和繪畫的素材。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5469" id="5480">（二）</a>耶輸陁羅：梵文Yaśodharā音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">耶維檀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">耶戍達羅</span>。意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">名聞</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">華色</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">持譽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">具稱</span>等。據説是<span class="zhuanming">拘利城</span>主<span class="zhuanming">善覺王</span>之女，一説爲<span class="zhuanming">迦毘羅</span>城的執杖大臣之女，爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>當太子時的正妃，<span class="zhuanming">羅怙羅</span>的生母。她於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>成道後第五年隨<span class="zhuanming">摩訶波闍婆提</span>及五百<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>女出家爲比丘尼。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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珠利耶國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152898" key="1152898"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 珠利耶國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152899" key="1152899"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00846','1384854',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P846</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001426">珠利耶國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">珠利耶國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8781" id="8775">（一）</a>周二千四五百里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8782" id="8776">（二）</a>周十餘里。土野空曠，藪澤荒蕪，居户寡少，羣盗公行。氣序温暑，風<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00847','1384854',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P847</span></i>俗奸宄<a class="zhuhao" href="#8779" id="8777">〔1〕</a>，人性獷烈，崇信外道。伽藍頽毁，粗有僧徒。天祠數十所，多露形外道也<a class="zhuhao" href="#8780" id="8778">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8777" id="8779">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》宄作兇。《中本》作穴，當是宄之形訛。《慧琳音義》作宄，同此本，音軌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8778" id="8780">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》無也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8775" id="8781">（一）</a>珠利耶國：<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>，梵文Colya的譯音，又作Coḍa，Coḷa，Cola，Choḷa，<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>文名Śōla。其領域在<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>東岸<span class="zhuanming">佩内爾</span>（Penner）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>下游，自<span class="zhuanming">貢土爾</span>（Guntur）以南至<span class="zhuanming">吠拉爾</span>（Vellar）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>之間地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>的古代歷史，至今仍渺茫難考。但其國名早見於<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>摩崖敕銘第二，稱Coḷa在其帝國範圍之外，第十三稱該國<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>流行，并見於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古籍如<span class="zhuanming">波儞尼</span>《八章書》（Aṣṭādhyāyī4.1.175）﹑《羅摩衍那》（精校本Ⅳ，40，13）﹑《廣博本集》（Bṛhatsaṃhitā XIV，13）﹑《大史》（Mahāvaṃsa）等書。古籍中Coḷa一字既作種族名，又作地名，指Coḷa王朝所統治的區域，例如<span class="zhuanming">迦旃衍那</span>（Kātyāyana）的《釋補》（Vārttikā）；<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>文獻中一般用來自<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>語的Coḷa，<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理學》中作Sora，顯然是來自<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>語的Śōḷa。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8776" id="8782">（二）</a>國大都城：關於<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>都城和<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>國的地望的考證都是十分困難的。最初<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>考訂<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>卽Cola（Colya），卽《宋史》中<span class="zhuanming">注輦</span>（Colamaṇḍala），卽現今的Coromandel，這在對音上<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00848','1384854',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P848</span></i>是無問題的。可是<span class="zhuanming">注輦</span>的國都爲Uraiyūr（梵文Uragapura），在<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅</span>以南，而且是一個比較大的國家，因此有人如<span class="zhuanming">拉森</span>（Lassen）認爲本書在材料編排方面有誤差，此國應排在<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼國</span>之後。但核對《慈恩傳》及《釋迦方誌》，<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>排在<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼</span>之前，證明本書對此國的編排并無差錯。又本書中的<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>只是一個周二千四百五十里的小國，其國都只是周十餘里，居民少，盗賊多的小城市。又據《慈恩傳》卷四記載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到達<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅城</span>以後，就因故（詳後）改變原計劃，折向西北，赴<span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅</span>，并未南下而至<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾納德</span>（Cola的根據地）。所以唯一合理的解釋只能是此國是<span class="zhuanming">注輦</span>人的一個小領地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>都城的地望，先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>根據本書中所記的里程，比定爲<span class="zhuanming">卡爾努爾</span>（Karnūl），并謂在<span class="zhuanming">卡爾努爾</span>城垣之下卽爲古城<span class="zhuanming">朱羅</span>（Jora，Jarampur）的遺跡，認爲Jora卽<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>的對音。繼後<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>提出不同意見，認爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>南行的目的是取海道赴<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>，他不直接向南取道沿海平坦而易於通行的道路，反而向西南越過<span class="zhuanming">東高止山</span>，走迂迴而又險阻難行的路是不合理的，因此他比定爲<span class="zhuanming">佩内爾河</span>口的<span class="zhuanming">内洛爾</span>（Nellore）<span class="zhuanming">城</span>。此外<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>根據本書中“氣序温暑”等描繪，比定爲更西的<span class="zhuanming">朱達帕赫</span>（Cuddapah）<span class="zhuanming">城</span>，該城三面環山，以氣候酷暑﹑瘴氣流行著稱。在上述三種説法中，我們贊同<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>的意見。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>的説法的弱點在於：第一，所選路線不合理，已如前述；第二﹑Jorampur的古名爲Johārpuram，以Johār和Jora對<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>不妥當；第三﹑Cola是<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>語（<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>語應爲Cōda）。<span class="zhuanming">卡爾努爾</span>是通行<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>語的地方，該地出土的古代碑銘也絶大多數爲<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>文，以<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>語來爲該地命名也是不合理的。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00849','1384854',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P849</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>单純以地方狹小，氣候酷熱，强盗成羣，以及該地所發現的某些Cola王的碑銘作依據（V.Smith，The Early History of India.p.483），而比定爲<span class="zhuanming">珠達帕赫</span>，論據更爲薄弱。至於<span class="zhuanming">内洛爾</span>，它不僅位於沿海平坦易行的大道上，而且正處于<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦城</span>與<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅城</span>兩者之間，與本書所記<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span>“西南（《慈恩傳》作“南”）行千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶國</span>”，後者“南入林野中行千五六百里，至<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼國</span>”的方位與里程大體相合。<span class="zhuanming">内洛爾</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">佩内爾河</span>南岸交通要道上，是<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>與<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>諸王朝争奪之地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據<span class="zhuanming">大嶺</span>（Mahākūṭa，在Bādāmi附近）題銘記載，<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>王<span class="zhuanming">詰利諦伐摩</span>（Kīrtivarman 567—597 A.D.）於公元590年征服Vaṅga﹑Aṅga﹑Kaliṅga﹑Vattura﹑Magadha……Pandya，Dramila﹑Colya諸國（Indian Antiquary，Vol XlX，p.7），本書的<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>卽其中Colya一字對音，卽Cola。此國<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其王</span><span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>於609年擊敗<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王</span><span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅伐摩一世</span>，而奪得該地。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>巡禮該地時雖然已爲後者奪回，但該地的居民大多數仍然是<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span><span class="zhuanming">注輦</span>人（Telugu Cola），所以仍稱爲<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>城東南不遠，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔嘗於此處現大神通，説深妙法，摧伏外道，度諸天人<a class="zhuhao" href="#8784" id="8783">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8783" id="8784">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》天人二字作人天。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、曷邏怙羅僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152902" key="1152902"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 迦畢試國 &gt; 二、曷邏怙羅僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152903" key="1152903"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00144','1384618',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P144</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000266"><b>二﹑曷邏怙羅僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>大城東南三十餘里，至<a class="zhuhao" href="#1947" id="1935">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">曷邏怙羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#1948" id="1936">〔2〕</a>僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1956" id="1937">（一）</a>，傍有窣堵波，高百餘尺，或至齋日，時燭光明。覆鉢勢上石隙<a class="zhuhao" href="#1949" id="1938">〔3〕</a>間，流出<a class="zhuhao" href="#1950" id="1939">〔4〕</a>黑香油。静夜中時聞音樂之聲。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#1951" id="1940">〔5〕</a>曰：昔此國大臣<span class="zhuanming">曷邏怙羅</span>之所建也。功既成已，於夜夢中，有人告曰：“汝所建立窣堵波，未有舍利<a class="zhuhao" href="#1957" id="1941">（二）</a>。明旦有獻上者，宜從王請。”旦入朝進請曰：“不量庸眛，敢有願求！”王曰：“夫何所欲？”對曰：“今日<a class="zhuhao" href="#1952" id="1942">〔6〕</a>有<a class="zhuhao" href="#1953" id="1943">〔7〕</a>先獻者，願垂恩賜！”王曰：“然。”<span class="zhuanming">曷邏怙羅</span>佇立宫門，瞻望所至。俄有一人持舍利瓶，大臣問曰：“欲何<a class="zhuhao" href="#1954" id="1944">〔8〕</a>獻上？”曰：“佛舍利。”大臣曰：“吾爲爾守，宜先白王。”<span class="zhuanming">曷邏怙羅</span>恐王珍貴舍利，追悔前恩，疾往伽藍，登窣堵波，至誠所感，其石覆鉢<a class="zhuhao" href="#1958" id="1945">（三）</a>自開，安置舍利，已而疾出，尚<a class="zhuhao" href="#1955" id="1946">〔9〕</a>拘衣襟。王使逐之，石已掩矣。故其𨻶間流黑香油。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1935" id="1947">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無至字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1936" id="1948">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》羅<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00145','1384618',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P145</span></i>作邏，但下文又或作羅。此本亦前後參差，曷或作遏（《敦甲本》均作曷），邏羅互異，此類字音同，本可通用，今從初文改正（《金陵本》如此），以歸畫一，以後不再出校。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1938" id="1949">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》隙作隟，隙之異字，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1939" id="1950">〔4〕</a>《敦甲本》無出字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1940" id="1951">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》“先志”作“耆舊”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1942" id="1952">〔6〕</a>原本無日字，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》增。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1943" id="1953">〔7〕</a>《敦甲本》無有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1944" id="1954">〔8〕</a>原本欲何二字作何欲，今從《敦甲本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1946" id="1955">〔9〕</a>《敦甲本》尚作上。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1937" id="1956">（一）</a>曷邏怙羅僧伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">曷邏怙羅</span>，梵語Rāhula的音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">羅云</span>，<span class="zhuanming">羅芸</span>，<span class="zhuanming">羅喉羅</span>，人名。這裏的<span class="zhuanming">曷邏怙羅</span>係<span class="zhuanming">伽畢試</span>國大臣，不是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的兒子<span class="zhuanming">曷羅喉羅</span>（<span class="zhuanming">羅怙羅</span>）。此伽藍的遺址在Begrām的東南地方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1941" id="1957">（二）</a>舍利：梵文śarīra，本義爲身體，又指遺骨﹑骨灰。《翻譯名義集》卷五《名句文法篇》：“舍利，新云室利羅，或設利羅，此云骨身，又云靈骨，卽所遺骨分，通名舍利。《光明》云，此舍利者是戒﹑定﹑慧之所薰修，甚難可得，量上福田……《法苑》明三種舍利；一是骨，其色白也。二是髮舍利，其色黑也。三是肉舍利，其色赤也。菩薩﹑羅漢皆有三種。若佛舍利，椎擊不破，弟子舍利，椎試卽碎。”《魏書》卷一一四《釋老志》：“佛既謝世，香木焚尸，靈骨分碎，大小<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00146','1384618',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P146</span></i>如粒，擊之不壞，焚之不燋，或有光明神驗，胡言謂之舍利。弟子收奉，置之寶瓶，竭香花，致敬慕。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1945" id="1958">（三）</a>覆鉢：指覆鉢狀的塔身，參見本卷<span class="zhuanming">縛喝國</span><span class="zhuanming">提謂城</span>及<span class="zhuanming">波利城</span>條。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、太子踰城處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152906" key="1152906"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 劫比羅伐窣堵國 &gt; 二、太子踰城處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152907" key="1152907"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00513','1384734',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P513</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000847"><b>二﹑太子踰城處</b></p><p> <span>城東南隅有一精舍，中作太子乘白馬凌虚之像，是踰城處也。城四門外各有精舍，中作老﹑病﹑死人﹑沙門之像<a class="zhuhao" href="#5484" id="5481">（一）</a>，是太子遊觀，覩相增懷<a class="zhuhao" href="#5483" id="5482">〔1〕</a>，深厭塵俗，於此感悟，命僕迴駕。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5482" id="5483">〔1〕</a>《石本》增懷二字作壞增，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5481" id="5484">（一）</a>作老病死人沙門之像：關於<span class="zhuanming">悉達多</span>太子遊四門見老﹑病﹑死人﹑沙門的傳説，經論記載甚多，參見《佛本行集經》卷十四﹑《長阿含經》﹑《方廣大莊嚴經》卷五﹑《五分律》卷十五﹑《因果經》卷二等等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、提婆遺事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152910" key="1152910"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 珠利耶國 &gt; 一、提婆遺事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152911" key="1152911"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00849','1384855',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P849</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001430"><b>一﹑提婆遺事</b></p><p> <span>城西不遠，有故伽藍，<span class="zhuanming">提婆菩薩</span>與羅漢論議之處。初，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00850','1384855',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P850</span></i><span class="zhuanming">提婆菩薩</span>聞此伽藍有<span class="zhuanming">嗢呾羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8793" id="8785">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">上</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿羅漢</span>，得六神通，具八解脱，遂來遠尋，觀其風範。既至伽藍，投羅漢宿。羅漢少欲知足<a class="zhuhao" href="#8790" id="8786">〔1〕</a>，唯置一牀。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>既至，無以爲席，乃聚落葉，指令就坐。羅漢入定，夜分方出。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>於是陳疑請决，羅漢隨難爲釋，<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>尋聲重質，第七轉已，杜口不酬，竊運神通力，往<span class="zhuanming">覩史多天</span>請問<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>。<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>爲釋，因而告曰：“彼<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>者，曠劫修行，賢劫之中，當紹佛位，非爾所知，宜深禮敬。”如彈指頃<a class="zhuhao" href="#8791" id="8787">〔2〕</a>，還復本座。乃復抑揚妙義，剖析微言。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>謂曰：“此<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>聖智之釋也，豈仁者所能詳究哉？”羅漢曰：“然，誠<a class="zhuhao" href="#8792" id="8788">〔3〕</a>如來旨<a class="zhuhao" href="#8794" id="8789">（二）</a>。”於是避席禮謝，深加敬歎。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8786" id="8790">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》少欲知足四字作所居之處。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8787" id="8791">〔2〕</a>原本頃訛作項，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8788" id="8792">〔3〕</a>原本無誠字，今據《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8785" id="8793">（一）</a>嗢呾羅：梵文Uttara音譯，意譯上或勝，又音譯<span class="zhuanming">優多羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鬱多羅</span>，羅漢名。此羅漢之名及事迹僅見於本書。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8789" id="8794">（二）</a>誠如來旨：意思是確如你所説。此句中“如來”二字，<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>翻譯爲“如來佛”的“如來”（<span class="zhuanming">日</span>譯本頁334），誤。《洛陽伽<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00851','1384855',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P851</span></i>藍記》卷五記<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>到<span class="zhuanming">烏場國</span>，國王問：“卿是日出處人也？”<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>答：“我國東界，有大海水，日出其中，實如來旨。”語句與意思同此。</span> </p><p> <span>從此南入林野中行千五六百里，至<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、質子伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv954299" key="954299"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 迦畢試國 &gt; 一、質子伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152913" key="1152913"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00138','1384617',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P138</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000259"><b>一﹑質子伽藍</b></p><p> <span>大城東<a class="zhuhao" href="#1912" id="1901">〔1〕</a>三四里，北山下有大伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#1920" id="1902">（一）</a>，僧徒三百餘人，並學小乘法教。聞諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#1913" id="1903">〔2〕</a>先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#1914" id="1904">〔3〕</a>曰：昔<span class="zhuanming">健馱<a class="zhuhao" href="#1915" id="1905">〔4〕</a>邏國</span><span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1921" id="1906">（二）</a>威被鄰國，化洽遠方，治兵廣地，至<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>東，<span class="zhuanming">河西</span>蕃維，畏威送質<a class="zhuhao" href="#1916" id="1907">〔5〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1922" id="1908">（三）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>既得質子，特加禮命，寒暑改<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00139','1384617',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P139</span></i>舘，冬居<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>諸國<a class="zhuhao" href="#1917" id="1909">〔6〕</a>，夏還<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>，春秋止<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>。故質子三時住處，各建伽藍。今此伽藍，卽夏居之所建也。故諸屋壁圖畫質子，容貌服飾，頗同<span class="zhuanming">中<a class="zhuhao" href="#1918" id="1910">〔7〕</a>夏</span>。其後得還本國，心存故居，雖阻山川，不替供養。故今僧衆每至入安居﹑解安居，大興法會，爲諸質子祈福樹善，相繼不絶，以至于今<a class="zhuhao" href="#1919" id="1911">〔8〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1901" id="1912">〔1〕</a>《中本》東字下有行字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1903" id="1913">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》“聞諸”作“文之”，文乃音訛。《石本》諸作之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1904" id="1914">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《古本》﹑《石本》“先志”作“耆舊”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1905" id="1915">〔4〕</a>原本馱作馱，各本皆作䭾。按䭾乃俗字，正字作馱，見《干禄字書》。今改從正字，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1907" id="1916">〔5〕</a>《古本》質下有子字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1909" id="1917">〔6〕</a>《敦甲本》冬誤作久，無諸字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1910" id="1918">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《異本》﹑《酬本》中作東。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1911" id="1919">〔8〕</a><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“《慈恩傳》卷二《迦畢試國》條記此寺名<span class="zhuanming">沙落迦</span>，相傳云是<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>天子子質於此時作也。‘沙洛迦’或云是‘疏勒’對音，非是。疑卽《梵語千字文》之娑囉誐，義爲洛。《景教碑》之‘洛陽’，<span class="zhuanming">敍利亞</span>文作Sarag，卽娑囉誐，卽沙落迦也。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1902" id="1920">（一）</a>北山下有大伽藍：卽<span class="zhuanming">質子伽藍</span>，其地今當地人稱作<span class="zhuanming">小<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00140','1384617',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P140</span></i>山</span>，命名爲<span class="zhuanming">力士山</span>，在該地的三個遺址之一，居於北麓的是Shoto-rak寺，出土的摩崖石刻還呈現<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>式的佛像雕刻。參見<span class="zhuanming">樋口隆康</span>《阿富汗斯坦的古代美術》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1906" id="1921">（二）</a>迦膩色迦王：梵名Kaniṣka，<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>國王。<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>見本書卷二<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>條及註。關於<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>之統治年代，歷史學家們説法不一。案：研究<span class="zhuanming">貴霜王朝</span>的最大問題是<span class="zhuanming">貴霜王朝</span>的年代學問題，因爲這個朝代的君主的在位起迄年份與歷史科學上已知的紀年體無法排列對比，1874年<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>學者<span class="zhuanming">托瑪斯</span>首先提出<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>的年代問題。迄今討論<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>的年代這一著名難題的著作和文章達數百種，值得注意的主張不下數十種，有公元前57﹑公元前9﹑公元後43﹑60—65﹑78﹑103﹑110—115﹑125﹑128﹑130﹑144﹑225—232﹑248﹑278年等説。（參看<span class="zhuanming">斯塔維斯基</span>《貴霜統治下的大夏》，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>，1977年，第14—15頁）。二次世界大戰前，V.<span class="zhuanming">斯密斯</span>﹑W.W.<span class="zhuanming">塔爾恩</span>等人主張的公元後78年説爲較多人所接受。五十年代，發掘Begram的<span class="zhuanming">法國</span>考古學家R.Ghirshman提出144—152年爲<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>在位年代説，引起了人們的重視。1960年4月，各國歷史學家﹑錢幣學家﹑古文書學家﹑考古學家曾在<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>召開了<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>在位年代問題討論會。（參看A.L.Basham編Papers on the Da-te of Kanishka，<span class="zhuanming">萊頓</span>，1968年）這次學術會議也没有解決這一著名的君主在位年代之謎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>在位期間國勢強盛，其王國領有北部<span class="zhuanming">花剌子模</span>（<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>），南到<span class="zhuanming">温德亞山</span>（<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>）的廣大地區。首都<span class="zhuanming">布路沙布羅</span>（今<span class="zhuanming">白沙瓦</span>），發展商業，並與我國﹑<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>貿易。<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>王皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，據傳曾舉行第四次佛典結集，遣名僧到國外傳教。（參見<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>條注）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1908" id="1922">（三）</a>河西蕃維畏威送質：本書此條對<span class="zhuanming">質子伽藍</span>的由來作了<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00141','1384617',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P141</span></i>説明。《慈恩傳》卷二：“有一小乘寺名<span class="zhuanming">沙落迦</span>。相傳云是昔<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>天子子質於此時作也。其寺僧言：‘我寺本<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>天子兒作，今從彼來，先宜過我寺。’……遂卽就停。”關於質子事又見本書卷四<span class="zhuanming">至那僕底國</span>。惟遍查<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">魏</span>載籍，從未見有<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>天子兒爲質於外國的。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>人著作，僅此一見。<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>認爲，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>雖是傳説流行之地，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>雖是有聞必録的人，此種傳説必有所本。<span class="zhuanming">羽溪了諦</span>根據<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>《解説西域記》的提示加以考証，以<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載比對《後漢書·西域傳》所云<span class="zhuanming">安帝元初</span>中，<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>王<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>以舅<span class="zhuanming">臣磐</span>有罪徙於<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span>，<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span>王親愛之之説，提出：“今以此兩記録相對照，此大伽藍之名<span class="zhuanming">沙落迦</span>，據<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>之見解，此<span class="zhuanming">中</span>文名詞之意味，非卽Sercica，蓋<span class="zhuanming">疏（沙）勒</span>卽Salaka，之對音也。《後漢書》所謂<span class="zhuanming">月氏王</span>者與《西域記》所謂<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>相當。《後漢書》所謂<span class="zhuanming">臣磐</span>者與《西域記》質子相當。”（<span class="zhuanming">羽溪了諦</span>《西域之佛教》第二章《大月氏國之佛教》，<span class="zhuanming">賀昌羣</span><span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯本，<span class="zhuanming">商務</span>1956年版，頁90—91）<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>全本其説，著《迦膩色迦王時代之漢質子》。（《西域南海史地考証論著彙輯》，頁97-101）其於<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>在位年代取<span class="zhuanming">符舍</span>（Foucher）《希臘與佛教參合的藝術》（頁505）之説，以牽合《後漢書·班超傳》<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span>用兵西域事，并以爲“沙落迦”卽“疏勒”異譯，疑<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所聞建“沙落迦”等的質子，卽《後漢書·疏勒傳》的<span class="zhuanming">臣磐</span>。而<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>認爲“《後漢書》明言<span class="zhuanming">臣磐</span>有罪，徒居<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span>，《西域記》明言質子，二者有所不同。<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>主張《慈恩傳》中的‘沙落迦’卽爲<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>異譯顯誤。”“<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在《西域記》卷十二里記到<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>，稱爲<span class="zhuanming">佉沙國</span>……於<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>的國名以及文字等等知道得很清楚。他到<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">沙落迦寺</span>挂過單，同寺院的僧人交談過，聽到僧人提及本寺歷史。如其<span class="zhuanming">沙落迦</span>卽是<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>，他爲什麽一字不提，而另出<span class="zhuanming">沙落迦</span>之名？……<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>引《梵語千字文》的<span class="zhuanming">娑羅誐</span>之<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯作洛，證以《景教<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00142','1384617',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P142</span></i>碑》的Sarag卽是<span class="zhuanming">娑羅誐</span>，卽指<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>。《梵語千字文》之<span class="zhuanming">娑羅誐</span>也就是《西域記》中的<span class="zhuanming">沙落迦</span>，在古音上以及《西域記》的記載上都很通順，用不着繞灣兒。《後漢書·西域傳·疏勒傳》所記<span class="zhuanming">臣磐</span>徙謫<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span>一事，用不着與<span class="zhuanming">沙落迦寺</span>比傅。”（<span class="zhuanming">夏鼐</span>《中巴友誼歷史》註〔12〕引，載《考古》1965年7期）<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>所論似較允當。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍佛院東門南大神王像右足下，坎地藏寶，質子之所藏也。故其銘曰：“伽藍朽<a class="zhuhao" href="#1925" id="1923">〔1〕</a>壞，取以修治。”近有邊王貪婪<a class="zhuhao" href="#1926" id="1924">〔2〕</a>凶暴，聞此伽藍多藏珍寶，驅逐僧徒，方事發掘。神王冠中鸚鵡鳥像，乃奮羽驚鳴，地爲震動。王及軍人，僻易僵仆，久而得起，謝咎以歸。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1923" id="1925">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無朽字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1924" id="1926">〔2〕</a>貪婪，《慧琳音義》云：“（婪）或從心作惏，又作𢛓，音同，訓義一也。”</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍北<a class="zhuhao" href="#1930" id="1927">〔1〕</a>嶺上有數石室，質子習定之處也，其中多藏雜寶。其側有銘，藥叉<a class="zhuhao" href="#1932" id="1928">（一）</a>守衛。有欲開發取中寶者，此藥叉神變現異形，或作<a class="zhuhao" href="#1931" id="1929">〔2〕</a>師子，或作蟒蛇﹑猛獸﹑毒蟲，殊形震怒，以故無人敢得攻發。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1927" id="1930">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無北字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00143','1384617',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P143</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1929" id="1931">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》無作字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1928" id="1932">（一）</a>藥叉：梵文Yakṣa音譯，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>謂：“舊曰夜叉，訛也”。藥叉，又譯作夜叉﹑夜乞叉﹑閲叉等。據<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注《大唐西域記》（頁108）之説，舊譯夜叉的“夜”想是從*diǎg→ia變化而來，故<span class="zhuanming">六朝</span>音作夜，到<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代則變成iak。一。tṣ’a（藥叉），<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的西北方言讀作“夜”，而<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>學的是標準梵文，故讀作“藥”。藥叉，原指<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>神話中的一種半神的小神靈，是財神的隨從，總的説來是比較和善可親的，比如<span class="zhuanming">迦梨陀娑</span>的《雲使》中的藥叉就是這樣。隨着<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>東傳，藥叉也傳到了<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，但形象變得可惡，成了所謂“八部鬼衆”之一。它勇健輕捷﹑噉人﹑多作暴惡之事。《翻譯名義集》卷二《八部篇》：“夜叉，此云勇健。亦云暴惡，舊云閲叉。”案藥叉的含義衆説不一，今猶未定。但這裏云“藥叉守衞”，似指《大日經疏》卷五所謂的<span class="zhuanming">毘沙門天王</span>所管理的﹑以護衆生界的夜叉八大將，亦卽寺院的護法守衞神。</span> </p><p> <span>石室西二三里大山嶺上，有<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1934" id="1933">（一）</a>像。有人至誠願見者，菩薩從其像中出妙色身，安慰行者。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1933" id="1934">（一）</a>觀自在菩薩：<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>是梵文Avalokiteśvara的意譯，音譯作<span class="zhuanming">阿縛盧枳低濕伐邏</span>。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>宗教傳説謂是與西方<span class="zhuanming">彌陀</span>四菩薩的最初法菩薩同體的。又通常爲<span class="zhuanming">阿彌陀佛</span>的左脇侍，同<span class="zhuanming">阿彌陀佛</span>及其右脇侍<span class="zhuanming">大勢至</span>合稱西方三聖。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳説他爲救苦難衆生，但<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00144','1384617',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P144</span></i>能念其名號，卽尋聲往救，并因種種根器的不同而示視三十二種應化形像。因此，我國流行的<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>塑像和畫像中，亦有作女人像的，到<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>代以後，民間就訛轉成爲女性了。參閲本書卷三<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span><span class="zhuanming">阿縛盧枳低濕伐羅</span>注。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、太子坐樹陰處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152915" key="1152915"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 劫比羅伐窣堵國 &gt; 四、太子坐樹陰處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152916" key="1152916"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00516','1384735',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P516</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000855"><b>四﹑太子坐樹陰處</b></p><p> <span>城東北四十餘里有窣堵波，是太子坐樹陰，觀耕田<a class="zhuhao" href="#5504" id="5503">（一）</a>，於此習定而得離欲。<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span>見太子坐樹陰入寂定，日光廻照，樹影不移，心知靈聖，更深珍敬。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5503" id="5504">（一）</a>太子坐樹陰觀耕田：此傳説並見於《因果經》卷二﹑《佛本行集經》卷十二﹑《普曜經》卷三﹑《方廣大莊嚴經》卷四等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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達羅毗荼國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152919" key="1152919"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 達羅毗荼國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152920" key="1152920"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00851','1384856',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P851</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001433">達羅毗荼國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8806" id="8795">（一）</a>周六千餘里。國大都城號<span class="zhuanming">建<a class="zhuhao" href="#8802" id="8796">〔1〕</a>志補羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8807" id="8797">（二）</a>，周三十餘里。土地沃壤<a class="zhuhao" href="#8803" id="8798">〔2〕</a>，稼穡豐盛。多花菓，出寶物。氣序温暑，風俗勇烈。深篤信義，高尚博識，而語言文字，少異<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8808" id="8799">（三）</a>。伽藍百餘所，僧徒萬餘人，皆<a class="zhuhao" href="#8804" id="8800">〔3〕</a>遵學上座部法。天祠八十餘所，多露形外道也<a class="zhuhao" href="#8805" id="8801">〔4〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，數遊此國，説法度人，故<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>於諸聖跡，皆建窣堵波。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8796" id="8802">〔1〕</a>原作逮，《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》並作建。下同。建與逮形相似，今梵語作Kāñcīpura，則從建讀音。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8798" id="8803">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》壤作潤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8800" id="8804">〔3〕</a>《中本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》皆上有並字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8801" id="8805">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》也作昔，屬下讀。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00852','1384856',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P852</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8795" id="8806">（一）</a>達羅毗荼國：<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼</span>，梵文Draviḍa，佛典中又作<span class="zhuanming">達羅鼻荼</span>，<span class="zhuanming">達里鼻荼</span>，<span class="zhuanming">達羅比吒</span>，<span class="zhuanming">達利鼻荼</span>。<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文Draviḍa一字指今<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>（Tamil）地區，一般認爲Draviḍa與Tamil兩字基本上同義，既指種族又指地域。此名見於《摩訶婆羅多》﹑《薄迦梵往世書》（Bhāgavata-Purāṇa，Ⅳ，28，30；ⅷ，4﹑7；Ⅸ，1，2）﹑《廣博本集》（XIV，19）及<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>經典《廣博儀軌疏》（Bṛhatkalpa-bhāṣya I，Vr.1，1231）等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">其領域在今<span class="zhuanming">安得拉邦</span>南部﹑<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾納德邦</span>北部，以<span class="zhuanming">帕拉爾河</span>流域爲中心，北抵<span class="zhuanming">佩内爾</span>（Penner）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>，南至<span class="zhuanming">南阿爾柯提</span>（South Arcot）的東海岸地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">這一地區是<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王朝</span>的根據地，關於<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>人的起源，至今仍然是一個疑案。某些梵文文獻及<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>的銘文，説<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>人源出於<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>（Parthia或Pahlava），以後自<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>移居<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>，逐漸南下，佔領<span class="zhuanming">建志城</span>而建立<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王朝</span>。這種認爲Pallava卽Pahla-va或Parthia的説法目前已爲學術界所抛棄。不少學者主張該族爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>土著，但其古代歷史則尚待進一步研究。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">根據現有資料，<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>的確切可靠的歷史只能開始於公元後第三世紀末﹑四世紀初。在<span class="zhuanming">貢土爾</span>（Guntur）<span class="zhuanming">縣</span>所發現的銅板勅銘文雖然提到過一位定都於<span class="zhuanming">建志城</span>的國王，其領土遠到<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>畔。但該銘文中没有記載年代，也未提該國王的名字，目前還難於考證。而據<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>的圓柱銘刻記載，在<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的國王<span class="zhuanming">三謨陀羅笈多</span>（Samudragupta）所征服的諸王中，已有<span class="zhuanming">建志</span>國王<span class="zhuanming">毗濕奴瞿拔</span>（Viṣṇugopa）的名字。又根據<span class="zhuanming">阿馬拉瓦底</span>的銘刻，於公元437年（<span class="zhuanming">塞迦</span>紀年359年）卽位的<span class="zhuanming">獅鎧</span>（Siṃhavarman）虔信<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。該地<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00853','1384856',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P853</span></i>石柱銘文所提到<span class="zhuanming">建志城</span>的諸王中有皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，并以Buddha爲名的國王<span class="zhuanming">覺鎧</span>（Buddhavarman）。在<span class="zhuanming">建志城</span>出土的勅銘中又有關於該國王舉行馬祭的記載，等等。由此可以推知：大約公元三世紀下半葉，佛教已在此地流行；四世紀下半葉<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王朝</span>已相當强大，領域也大爲擴張。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">自六世紀中葉起，至753年止，<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王朝</span>與<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其王朝</span>爲争奪<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>的霸權而進行過二百餘年的鬥争。七世紀初<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>王<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅伐摩一世</span>（Mahendravarman1，約600—630A.D.）曾爲<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>王<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>所擊敗，而其子<span class="zhuanming">那羅僧伽伐摩一世</span>（Narasiṃ-havarman I，約630—約668）卽位不久，卽爲其父雪耻，擊潰<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>大軍，甚至可能親自殺死<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>，奪回北方失地，並一度佔領<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>的首都<span class="zhuanming">波陀密</span>（Bādāmi）。此時<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>威震<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>諸國。<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅伐摩</span>父子對建築與雕刻藝術頗爲鼓勵。當時在南﹑北<span class="zhuanming">阿爾柯提</span>（Arcot）﹑<span class="zhuanming">欽勒普特</span>（Chīngleput）﹑<span class="zhuanming">特里奇諾玻利</span>（Trichinopoly）等地開鑿了不少石窟寺，建立了許多窣堵波，如<span class="zhuanming">摩摩羅普羅</span>（Māmallapuram）有名的“七寶塔”就是其一，塔是用一整塊大圓石鑿成。石窟寺的浮彫十分繁富絢麗，<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>的建築與雕刻是“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>藝術學派中最重要，最有興味的一派”。這時文學也很發達，有些學者認爲《野人與有修》（Kirātārjunīya）的作者﹑著名詩人<span class="zhuanming">日輝</span>（Bhāravi）就是其宫廷文人，杰出的梵文文藝理論家和作家<span class="zhuanming">曇丁</span>（Daṇḍin）也是<span class="zhuanming">那羅僧伽伐摩二世</span>的宫廷文人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">那羅僧伽伐摩二世</span>曾與我國建立友好關係，并受<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>册封。《舊唐書》卷一九八《西戎傳》：“（<span class="zhuanming">開元</span>）八年（公元720年），<span class="zhuanming">南天竺國</span>遺使獻五色能言鸚鵡。其年，<span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>國王<span class="zhuanming">尸利那羅僧伽</span>（Śrīna-rasiṃha，下文作<span class="zhuanming">尸利那羅僧伽寶多枝摩</span>Śrīnarasiṃhapotavarman，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00854','1384856',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P854</span></i>公元695—722，卽<span class="zhuanming">那羅僧伽伐摩二世</span>），請以戰象及兵馬討<span class="zhuanming">大食</span>及<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>等，仍求有及名其軍，<span class="zhuanming">玄宗</span>甚嘉之，名軍爲<span class="zhuanming">懷德軍</span>。九月，<span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>王<span class="zhuanming">尸利那羅僧伽寶多枝摩</span>爲國造寺，上表乞寺額。敕以<span class="zhuanming">歸化</span>爲名賜之。十一月，遣使册<span class="zhuanming">〔尸〕利那羅〔僧〕伽寶多〔枝摩</span>〕爲<span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>國王，遣使來朝。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>巡禮<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼國</span>時，正當<span class="zhuanming">那羅僧伽伐摩一世</span>在位這段時期。七世紀時<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>統治下的<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼</span>正是稱雄於<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>的大國。據<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>文獻Toṇḍamaṇḍalaśadakam記載，此國所轄有廿四州，目前這些古地名大部分已考出。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8797" id="8807">（二）</a>國大都城號建志補羅：<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅</span>，梵文Kāñcīpura音譯，來源於<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼</span>語Kachchippedu，Kāñcipeḍu。此城卽今<span class="zhuanming">馬德拉斯</span>西南四十三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里<span class="zhuanming">帕拉爾河</span>北岸的<span class="zhuanming">康契維臘姆</span>（Conjeeveram），《漢書·地理志》稱作<span class="zhuanming">黄支</span>。此名早見于<span class="zhuanming">波檀闍利</span>的《大疏》，以及《薄迦梵往世書》等古籍。它是<span class="zhuanming">注輦</span>人的故都，後來成爲<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王朝</span>的國都。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">建志城</span>自古以來就是宗教徒巡禮的聖地，有<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">貝拿勒斯</span>之稱；城東部稱爲<span class="zhuanming">濕婆建志</span>（Śiva-Kāñci），城西稱爲<span class="zhuanming">毗濕奴建志</span>（Viṣṇu-Kāñci）。此地的<span class="zhuanming">迦摩克希</span>（Kāmākṣī）<span class="zhuanming">寺</span>尤其出名，<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>在此地也很盛行。本書稱此地“多露形外道”，露形外道卽指<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>中的天衣派。它又是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的學術中心之一，瑜伽行宗十大論師中的<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>就生於此地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">建志城</span>歷代興建的壯麗寺院甚多，如<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅伐摩</span>所造的七塔就是其一。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的建築物後來雖然遭受嚴重破壞，<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>的許多寺院的遺址至今尚存。這些建築與雕塑大多瑰麗雄偉，富於<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>藝術特色，爲考古學家及藝術家所讚賞。近代在此地發現出土的銘刻也相當豐富。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00855','1384856',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P855</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">建志城</span>又是<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>的海運中心之一，和<span class="zhuanming">南亞</span>及<span class="zhuanming">東亞</span>各國有海上交通。早在<span class="zhuanming">西漢</span>時<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>使者就曾到達此地。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到<span class="zhuanming">建志城</span>就是爲了想從此地出發，海行赴<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>，却因發生意外事件而改變原計劃，折向西北，赴恭<span class="zhuanming">建那補羅國</span>。見《慈恩傳》卷四。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>卽根據《慈恩傳》卷四“<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅城</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>之海口，向<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>水路三日行到”一段，對<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定<span class="zhuanming">康契維臘姆</span>提出異議，主張<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅城</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">那伽鉢亶那</span>（Nagapatam）。但是<span class="zhuanming">費氏</span>所依靠的只是<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>的《慈恩傳》這一段的<span class="zhuanming">法</span>文譯本，而這段譯文并不精確，容易滋生誤解。<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>據此而且僅從“水路三日行”等着想，并未考慮其他史事，就認定鄰近而且正對着<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>的大海港<span class="zhuanming">那伽鉢亶那</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅</span>，這樣立論未免片面，我們不表贊同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8799" id="8808">（三）</a>語言文字少異中印度：<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼國</span>使用<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼</span>語系<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>（Tamil）文，與<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>語系諸語言完全不同。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在此所説的“少異<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>”似指官方及學術界所使用的梵文，也説明此地與<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>政治﹑文化交流的頻繁。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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迦畢試國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152923" key="1152923"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 迦畢試國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152924" key="1152924"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00135','1384616',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P135</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000256">迦畢試國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1897" id="1885">（一）</a>周四千餘里，北背<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，三陲<a class="zhuhao" href="#1893" id="1886">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1898" id="1887">（二）</a>。國大都城周十餘里。宜穀麥，多果木。出善馬﹑鬱金香。異<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00136','1384616',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P136</span></i>方奇貨，多聚此國。氣序風寒，人性暴獷，言辭鄙褻<a class="zhuhao" href="#1894" id="1888">〔2〕</a>，婚姻雜亂。文字大同<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>，習俗語言，風教頗異。服用毛㲲，衣兼皮褐。貨用金錢﹑銀錢及小銅錢，規矩模樣，異於諸國。王，<span class="zhuanming">窣<a class="zhuhao" href="#1895" id="1889">〔3〕</a>利</span>種也，有智略，性勇烈，威懾鄰境，統十餘國。愛育百姓，敬崇三寶，歲造丈八尺銀佛像，兼設無遮大會，周給貧窶，惠施鰥寡。伽藍百餘所，僧徒六千餘人，並多習學大乘法教。窣堵波﹑僧伽藍崇高弘敞，廣博嚴淨。天祠數十所，異道千餘<a class="zhuhao" href="#1896" id="1890">〔4〕</a>人，或露形<a class="zhuhao" href="#1899" id="1891">（三）</a>，或塗灰<a class="zhuhao" href="#1900" id="1892">（四）</a>，連絡髑髏，以爲冠鬘。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1886" id="1893">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》陲並作垂，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1888" id="1894">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》褻作媟。《慧琳音義》作褺云：“《西域記》於褺（當作褻）與此執下從衣作褺，一也。言鄙褺不分明也，與隣近北方諸胡邊方鄙陋也。”《音釋》亦作褻，云：“正作媟，狎也，慢也。”所釋與此文似不洽，<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>釋爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1889" id="1895">〔3〕</a>原本窣利作刹利，今從《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》改。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺傳》<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>條云：‘此國土人是胡王。及兵馬<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>衣著言音飲食與<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅國</span>少異。’按<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試</span>，七世紀末始爲<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>所滅。<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>云‘其國土人是胡’，則《西域記》<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span>本及<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>古本謂‘其王<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>種也’，作‘窣利’，不作‘刹利’，的有所本也。”按上文“素葉城”條云：“自<span class="zhuanming">素葉水城</span>至<span class="zhuanming">羯霜那國</span>，地名<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>，人亦<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00137','1384616',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P137</span></i>謂焉。”此處作“窣利”是。若作“刹利”，乃<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>四族姓之一“刹帝利”之舊譯（見卷二“印度總述”内），與此不侔矣，今正。《慈恩傳》亦誤作“刹利”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1890" id="1896">〔4〕</a>《敦甲本》無餘字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1885" id="1897">（一）</a>迦畢試國：公元前五至四世紀作Kāpiśī。古代<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>之<span class="zhuanming">阿契米尼王朝</span><span class="zhuanming">大流士大帝</span>摩崖碑作Kāpiśa-Kāpiš（Kapis意爲城，鎮），Pliny《自然史》作Capissa（Ⅵ，23，25）；Eucratides貨幣銘文作Kavişiye nagara devata，意爲<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試</span>城之神。（A.K.Narain：The Indo-Greeks，牛津，1957年，圖版Ⅳ，8）<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>籍又作<span class="zhuanming">迦臂施</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦毘試</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦卑試</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">劫比舍也</span>（梵文*Kapiśaya）等。其地在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>境内之Begram，<span class="zhuanming">貴霸王</span><span class="zhuanming">丘就却</span>（Kujula-Kadphises）伸張勢力於此地，至<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>時爲<span class="zhuanming">貴霸帝國</span>之夏都，Begram卽Bāgh-i-Alam，意爲古都之墟。<span class="zhuanming">薩珊王朝</span>時淪爲<span class="zhuanming">薩珊</span>之附庸，<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>入侵後又受<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>統治，百年後重又落入<span class="zhuanming">薩珊</span>及<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span>之下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">Begram位於<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾</span>以北62公里，北<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>，西Paghmān山脉，東南爲低地所包圍的盆地。故《西域記》云：“北背<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，三陲<span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span>。”1927年<span class="zhuanming">法國</span>學者對Begram進行了廣泛的發掘調查，在<span class="zhuanming">貴霜王朝</span>的宫殿遺址發現了從公元一世紀到五世紀的大量貨幣和無數美術工藝品，証明<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所謂“異方奇貨，多聚此國”決非誇張。此地發掘工作由<span class="zhuanming">法國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>繼續到七十年代。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1887" id="1898">（二）</a>黑嶺：《慈恩傳》作<span class="zhuanming">黑山</span>，<span class="zhuanming">波斯語</span>作Siyah-Koh，爲<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>東境的<span class="zhuanming">錫雅柯山</span>的意譯。卽在<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>中部東西走向的山脉，東北連<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>，疑爲<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>文獻的Paropamisoa。當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>和<span class="zhuanming">中<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00138','1384616',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P138</span></i>亞</span>的“胡族”，以此嶺劃分境界。<span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span>據云是夏季山不積雪的意思。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1891" id="1899">（三）</a>露形：卽露形外道，亦卽<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的天衣（Digambara卽裸體）派。<span class="zhuanming">伐彈摩那大雄</span>通常被認爲是耆那教的創始者（實爲大教長之一），生平不詳，公元前六世紀期間生於古<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">吠舍離</span>附近，屬於刹帝利種姓，三十歲以後雲遊各地，極度苦修，四十二歲悟道，其門徒稱爲<span class="zhuanming">耆那</span>（情慾勝利者）<span class="zhuanming">教</span>徒或<span class="zhuanming">尼犍多</span>（從塵世的束縛中得解脱者）。<span class="zhuanming">伐彈摩那</span>其後三十年在<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">安伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦彌濕羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拘薩羅</span>等地宣揚教義，老死於<span class="zhuanming">白婆</span>。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>和<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>互相對立，各自宣揚教義，招收門徒，著述經典，論釋宗教哲學，均有浩如烟海的文獻。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>約在公元一世紀末（一云公元前三世紀）分裂爲天衣派與白衣派（梵文Śvetāmbara），均傳至今。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的許多著作對古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>哲學尤其是邏輯學有重要貢獻。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>徒所寫的大量非經典著作，如史詩﹑小説﹑戲劇等，對<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的語言學﹑天文學﹑文學和政治科學的發展都有一定貢獻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1892" id="1900">（四）</a>塗灰：卽塗灰外道（梵文Pāṃśupata），一名<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>外道，崇拜<span class="zhuanming">摩醯濕伐羅</span>（梵文Maheśvara，即<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>），認爲他是世界的創造者和主宰者，這一教派以牛和男根爲其神體的象徵。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、釋迦證法歸見父王處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152927" key="1152927"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 劫比羅伐窣堵國 &gt; 六、釋迦證法歸見父王處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152928" key="1152928"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00518','1384736',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P518</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000862"><b>六﹑釋迦證法歸見父王處</b></p><p> <span>城南三四里尼拘律樹林<a class="zhuhao" href="#5550" id="5535">（一）</a>，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建<a class="zhuhao" href="#5546" id="5536">〔1〕</a>也，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>成正覺已還國見父王爲説法處。<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span>知<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>降魔軍已，遊行化導，情懷渴仰，思得禮敬。乃命使請<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>曰：“昔期成佛，當還本生。斯言在耳，時來降趾。”使至佛所，具宣王意。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>告曰：“却後七日，當還本生。”使臣還以<a class="zhuhao" href="#5547" id="5537">〔2〕</a>白王，<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span>乃告命臣庶灑掃衢路，儲積花香，與諸群臣四十里外佇駕奉迎。是時<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>與大衆俱，八金剛周衛，四天王前導，<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>與<span class="zhuanming">欲界天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5551" id="5538">（二）</a>侍左，<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>與<span class="zhuanming">色界天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5552" id="5539">（三）</a>侍右，諸苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5548" id="5540">〔3〕</a>僧列在其後。維佛在衆，如月映星，威神動三界，光明踰七曜<a class="zhuhao" href="#5553" id="5541">（四）</a>，步虚空，至本<a class="zhuhao" href="#5549" id="5542">〔4〕</a>生國。王與從臣禮敬已畢，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00519','1384736',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P519</span></i>俱共還國，止<span class="zhuanming">尼拘盧陁僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5554" id="5543">（五）</a>。其側不遠，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於大樹下東面而坐受姨母金縷袈裟<a class="zhuhao" href="#5555" id="5544">（六）</a>。次此窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此度八王子及五百<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5556" id="5545">（七）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5536" id="5546">〔1〕</a>《石本》建上有所字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5537" id="5547">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》以並作已，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5540" id="5548">〔3〕</a>《石本》苾芻作比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5542" id="5549">〔4〕</a>原本無本字，據《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5535" id="5550">（一）</a>尼拘律樹林：梵文nyagrodha，巴利文爲nigrodha，多根樹，卽榕樹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5538" id="5551">（二）</a>欲界天：欲界，梵文kāmadhātu意譯，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>指具有淫欲和食欲的有情世界，爲三界之一。天，卽神。<span class="zhuanming">欲界天</span>，指欲界之神。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5539" id="5552">（三）</a>色界天：色界，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>指有形質的世界，凡四禪十八天，此指色界諸神。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5541" id="5553">（四）</a>七曜：《穀梁傳·序》：“七耀（曜）爲之盈縮”。其注曰：“日月五星（水﹑火﹑木﹑土﹑金五星）皆照天下，故謂之七曜。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5543" id="5554">（五）</a>尼拘盧陁僧伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文Nyagrodhasaṅghārāma，尼拘盧陁又譯作尼拘律，卽尼拘律樹林中的僧伽藍（寺）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5544" id="5555">（六）</a>坐受姨母金縷袈裟：佛姨母，見前注。《智度論》卷二<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00520','1384736',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P520</span></i>二：“復有<span class="zhuanming">摩訶憍曇彌</span>（按卽佛姨母），以金色上下寶衣奉佛，佛知衆僧堪能受用，告<span class="zhuanming">憍曇彌</span>，以此上下衣與衆僧。”參見《佛説分别布施經》。又見《本書》卷九<span class="zhuanming">鷄足山</span>條：“姨母所獻金縷袈裟，<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>成佛，留以傳付。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5545" id="5556">（七）</a>度八王子及五百釋種處：八王子卽<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>八人，據《四分律》卷四爲<span class="zhuanming">阿那律</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">跋提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">難提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">金毘羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">難陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">跋難陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿難陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">提婆達</span>八人以及<span class="zhuanming">優波離</span>。據《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》卷九載其次五百<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>子亦出家。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、護法遺事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152931" key="1152931"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 達羅毗荼國 &gt; 一、護法遺事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152932" key="1152932"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00855','1384857',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P855</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001436"><b>一﹑護法遺事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">建志補羅城</span>者，卽<span class="zhuanming">達磨波羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8817" id="8809">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span>本生之城。菩薩此國大臣之長子也，幼懷雅量，長而弘遠，年方弱冠，王姬下降。禮筵之夕，憂心慘悽，對佛像前殷懃<a class="zhuhao" href="#8814" id="8810">〔1〕</a>祈請。至誠所感，神負遠遁，去此數百里，至山伽藍，坐佛堂中。有僧開户，見此少年，疑其盜也，更詰問之。菩薩具懷指告，因請出家。衆咸驚異，遂允其志。王乃宣命，推求遐<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00856','1384857',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P856</span></i>邇，乃知菩薩神負遠塵。王之知也<a class="zhuhao" href="#8815" id="8811">〔2〕</a>，增深敬異。自染衣已，篤學精勤，令問<a class="zhuhao" href="#8816" id="8812">〔3〕</a>風範，語在前記<a class="zhuhao" href="#8818" id="8813">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8810" id="8814">〔1〕</a>《舊麗本》懃作對，涉上對字而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8811" id="8815">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》之知也三字作既知之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8812" id="8816">〔3〕</a>《明南本》﹑《徑山本》問作聞。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8809" id="8817">（一）</a>達磨波羅：梵文Dharmapāla音譯，意譯作<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法護</span>，人名。見前注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8813" id="8818">（二）</a>語在前記：參見本書卷五<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌國</span>條﹑卷八﹑卷九﹑及本卷<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span>條。《慈恩傳》卷四又云：“（<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>）爾後專精正法，遂能究通諸部，閑於著述，乃造聲明雜論二萬五千頌，又釋《廣百論》﹑《唯識論》及因明數十部，並盛宣行。”</span> </p><p> <span>城南不遠，有大伽藍，國中聰叡，同類萃止。有窣堵波，高百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此説法，摧伏外道，廣度人天。其側則有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p><p> <span>自此南行三千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">秣羅矩吒<a class="zhuhao" href="#8821" id="8819">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">亦謂<span class="zhuanming">枳<a class="zhuhao" href="#8822" id="8820">〔2〕</a>秣羅國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8819" id="8821">〔1〕</a>《古本》吒作多，次同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00857','1384857',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P857</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8820" id="8822">〔2〕</a>《古本》枳作招吒二字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十三畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152935" key="1152935"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十三畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152936" key="1152936"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01106','1244404',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1106</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001830">十三畫</p><p> <span>新（見納縛僧伽藍）</span> </p><p> <span>與（見尸毗迦王）</span> </p><p> <span>義府10/827/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>疏勒（見佉沙國）</span> </p><p> <span>雌黄序2/25/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>蒲萄2/216/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>虞舜1/34/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>業報1/152/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>圓滿（見布剌拏）</span> </p><p> <span>傳燈8/662/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>雷澤12/1044/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>毁讟7/611/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>楞伽經（見䮚迦經）</span> </p><p> <span>維摩詰（見毗摩羅詰）</span> </p><p> <span>聞二百億（見室縷多頻設底拘胝）</span> </p><p> <span>備有千頌2/264/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>誠如來旨10/850/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>聖迹百數9/758/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>當試四歲6/546/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>鼠壤墳12/1019/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>睒摩菩薩（卽商莫迦菩薩）</span> </p><p> <span>置如來頂骨2/231/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>慎那弗呾羅論師11/934/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>普門陁羅尼7/598/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>馱那羯磔迦國10/840/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>睠西海而咨嗟序1/7/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>瑞表恆星…千載序1/5/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>夢彰佩日…萬里序1/5/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>禁咒3/272/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>禁咒藏9/742/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>慈力3/287/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>慈氏菩薩3/297/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>塗灰1/138/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>塗身以灰7/560/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>蓮花中生5/455/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>蓮花色苾芻尼4/421/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>瑜伽師地論5/454/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01107','1244404',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1107</span></i><p> <span>瑜伽師地釋論11/934/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>經行2/196/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>經部3/306/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>經笥12/1045/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>經部本師12/988/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>經藏石室序1/5/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>福水4/396/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>福田2/210/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>福舍4/354/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>福林12/1039/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>福地4/390/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>窣利1/73/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>窣堵波1/104/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>窣禄勤那國4/393/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>窣堵利瑟那國1/86/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>窣菟黎濕伐羅11/937/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>鉢伐多國11/933/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>鉢利曷國12/968/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>鉢露羅國3/299/1112/982/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>鉢邏耶伽國5/459/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>鉢鐸創那國12/971/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>鉢邏闍鉢底6/486/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>鉢羅笈菩提山8/667/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>鉢曇摩羅伽大寶11/882/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>鉢羅犀那恃多王6/485/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十四釋
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152939" key="1152939"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十四釋 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152940" key="1152940"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01107','1244405',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1107</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001831">十四釋</p><p> <span>聚沙序2/19/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>静言11/883/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>頗胝1/41/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>榱梠2/175/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>漸教1/53/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>壽域12/1039/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>惡趣3/294/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>褐剌縭衣2/179/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>廢獄寬刑8/631/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>颯秣建國1/88/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>墮羅鉢底10/804/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>像化之迹東歸序2/15/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>管弦伎樂特善諸國1/56/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>蔡愔訪道摩騰入洛序1/5/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>裳服褊急…繒綵絡額1/75/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>漢封（見至那僕底國）</span> </p><p> <span>漢日天種（見至那提婆瞿呾羅）</span> </p><p> <span>滿胄王（見補剌拏伐摩王）</span> </p><p> <span>滿慈子（見布剌拏梅呾麗衍尼<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01108','1244405',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1108</span></i>弗呾羅）</span> </p><p> <span>漕利國（見漕矩吒國）</span> </p><p> <span>漕矩吒國1/148/11，12/955/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>説有我人5/478/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>説無我人5/477/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>閻牟那河4/393/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>閻牟那洲10/805/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>朅盤陁國12/983/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>朅䶩濕伐羅11/936/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>廣百論5/462/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>廣博仙人9/715/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>廣説獻土之因8/633/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>隨類得解2/195/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>隨心陀羅尼10/846/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>隨其星建以標月名2/170/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>僧伽胝1/124/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>僧伽梨（見僧伽胝）</span> </p><p> <span>僧知事2/196/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>僧祇支（見僧卻崎）</span> </p><p> <span>僧卻崎1/124/18，2/180/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>僧伽舍國（見劫比他國）</span> </p><p> <span>僧伽羅國11/866/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>僧訶補羅3/313/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>僧伽跋陀羅3/343/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>僧伽羅國王9/774/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>語在前記10/856/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言少異12/972/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言有異12/979/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言别異12/981/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>語異諸國12/1004/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>語異中印度11/945/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言少同中印度11/949/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言少異中印度10/796/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言微異中印度11/936/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言風調頗有異焉10/818/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言風調異中印度10/813/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言雖異大同印度3/271/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言辭調異中印度10/835/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言文字少異中印度10/855/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言去就……轉而相生1/103/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>語言…頗與中印度異焉10/821/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十一畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152943" key="1152943"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十一畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152944" key="1152944"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01099','1244402',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1099</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001828">十一畫</p><p> <span>雁（見亘婆）</span> </p><p> <span>雪山序1/7/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>發行（見折利呾羅城）</span> </p><p> <span>密行5/455/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>寂定3/272/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>頂骨1/155/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>焉耆（見阿耆尼國）</span> </p><p> <span>理教2/195/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>康國（見颯秣建國）</span> </p><p> <span>曹國（見劫布呾那國）</span> </p><p> <span>涼臺序1/6/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>淑慝2/197/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>猖獗7/575/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>常叡（見杜魯婆跋吒）</span> </p><p> <span>椎髮7/560/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>蛇藥（見薩裒殺他地僧伽藍）</span> </p><p> <span>渡大河10/793/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>徙多河1/42/20，12/984/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>得眼林6/505/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>悉達多（見薩婆曷剌他悉陀太子）</span> </p><p> <span>斛飯王6/495/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>菆摩衣2/179/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>開方便門7/611/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>眼多碧緑12/975/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>笯赤建國1/81/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01100','1244402',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1100</span></i><p> <span>麥秀悲殷12/1045/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>堅固之林12/1039/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>健馱邏國2/233/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>淫薄健國12/972/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>梯山而奉賮序1/10/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>救火窣堵波6/543/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>麻射僧伽藍12/1023/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>奢羯羅故城4/354/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>躭摩栗底國10/806/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>彫檀立佛像12/1029/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>貨利習彌伽國1/97/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>控華渚而開源序2/18/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>基歷山而聳構序2/18/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>堊醯掣呾邏國4/412/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>捨身北有窣堵波3/318/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>屠釣倡優魁膾除糞2/175/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>野象猛獸羣遊千數10/788/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>假種王田六税其一2/211/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>習學大乘上座部法8/694/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>捺地迦葉波事火之處8/665/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>梅呾麗耶菩薩受戒成佛記處7/566/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>從此南行千二三百里至三摩呾吒國10/801/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>菀（見烏仗那國）</span> </p><p> <span>菀十洲序1/8/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>黄屋序2/26/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>黄圖12/1046/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>族姓2/197/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>族姓子5/463/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>欲界天6/519/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>欲其匾遞也1/57/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>兜術陀（見覩史多天）</span> </p><p> <span>兜率陀（見覩史多天）</span> </p><p> <span>過去三佛7/565/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>過去四佛2/238/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>曼殊室利4/384/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>曼殊師利（見曼殊室利）</span> </p><p> <span>殑伽河1/42/5，4/393/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>殑伽河門4/406/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>清辯（見婆毗吠伽）</span> </p><p> <span>清泠水1/42/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>清心釋累之訓出離生死之教2/45/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>第一有天9/705/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>第一有定9/705/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>第四百年3/335/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>菴没羅女7/592/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01101','1244402',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1101</span></i><p> <span>菴没羅果2/212/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>菴弭羅果2/212/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>梵志師2/245/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>梵豫王7/596/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>梵衍那國1/130/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>恭御城1/80/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>恭御陀國10/817/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>恭建那補羅11/887/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>鹿野序1/9/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>鹿園1/124/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>鹿野伽藍7/562/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>鹿救生處6/544/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>菩提心6/505/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>菩提樹1/123/23，8/667/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>菩提樹伽藍3/311/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>菩薩受已執而前進8/680/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>設諾迦1/134/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>設賞迦王5/433/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>設多圖盧國4/375/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>設賞迦王毁壞佛法6/555/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>執師子〔國〕4/396/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>執金剛神3/276/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>執金剛陀羅尼10/846/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>執金剛躄地處6/547/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>商彌國12/980/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>商那和修（見商諾迦縛婆）</span> </p><p> <span>商林伽藍3/346/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>商莫迦菩薩2/255/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>商諾迦縛婆1/134/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆尼5/434/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆藪天11/906/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆羅門1/152/22，2/163/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆羅門（見族姓）</span> </p><p> <span>婆毘吠伽10/845/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆羅門邑11/906/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆羅痆河7/561/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆藪盤豆（見伐蘇畔度菩薩）</span> </p><p> <span>婆羅痆斯國7/559/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆羅阿迭多王4/360/19，9/756/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆羅犀那大嶺12/960/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆羅吸摩補羅國4/407/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>婆羅羯羅伐摩拘摩羅10/798/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>國志3/326/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（屈支國）1/56/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（磔迦國）4/353/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（屈露多國）4/373/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（阿耆尼國）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01102','1244402',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1102</span></i>1/50/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（僧伽羅國）11/868/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（摩訶剌侘國）11/893/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（摩臘婆國）11/901/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（伐臘毗國）11/913/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（蘇剌侘國）11/918/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（擲枳陀國）11/926/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（摩醯濕伐邏補羅國）11/927/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（阿軬荼國）11/946/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（伐剌拏國）11/949/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（三摩呾吒國）10/802/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（奔那伐彈那國）10/792/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（迦摩縷波國）10/796/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（烏荼國）10/813/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（恭御陀國）10/818/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（羯𩜁伽國）10/820/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（馱那羯磔迦國）10/840/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（憍薩羅國）10/823/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（珠利耶國）10/847/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（秣羅矩吒國）10/858/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（那揭羅曷國）2/221/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城（恭建那補羅國）11/889/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>國爲龍護遂雄鄰境3/324/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城西臨大河3/323/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城周十四五里3/314/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>國大都城號建志補羅10/854/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、納縛僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152947" key="1152947"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 縛喝國 &gt; 一、納縛僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152948" key="1152948"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00117','1384609',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P117</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000215"><b>一﹑納縛僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>城外西南有<span class="zhuanming">納縛</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言新<a class="zhuhao" href="#1667" id="1651">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1680" id="1652">（一）</a>，此國先王之所建也。<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>北<a class="zhuhao" href="#1668" id="1653">〔2〕</a>作論諸師，唯此伽藍美業不替。其佛像則瑩<a class="zhuhao" href="#1669" id="1654">〔3〕</a>以名珍，堂宇乃飾<a class="zhuhao" href="#1670" id="1655">〔4〕</a>之奇寶，故諸國君長利之以攻劫。此伽藍素有<span class="zhuanming">毘沙門天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1681" id="1656">（二）</a>像，靈鑒可恃，冥加守衞。近<a class="zhuhao" href="#1671" id="1657">〔5〕</a><span class="zhuanming">突厥</span><span class="zhuanming">葉護可汗</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1682" id="1658">（三）</a>子<span class="zhuanming">肆葉護可汗</span>傾其部落，率其戎旅，奄襲伽藍，欲<a class="zhuhao" href="#1672" id="1659">〔6〕</a>圖珍寶。去此不遠，屯軍野次。其夜夢見<span class="zhuanming">毘沙門天</span>曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#1673" id="1660">〔7〕</a>：“汝<a class="zhuhao" href="#1674" id="1661">〔8〕</a>有何力，敢壞伽藍？”因以長戟貫徹胸<a class="zhuhao" href="#1675" id="1662">〔9〕</a>背。可汗驚悟<a class="zhuhao" href="#1676" id="1663">〔10〕</a>。便苦<a class="zhuhao" href="#1677" id="1664">〔11〕</a>心痛，遂告群屬所夢咎徵，馳請衆僧，方伸<a class="zhuhao" href="#1678" id="1665">〔12〕</a>懺謝，未及<a class="zhuhao" href="#1679" id="1666">〔13〕</a>返命，已從殞没。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1651" id="1667">〔1〕</a>《中本》無新字。《徑山本》有新字，但卷尾校記云：“縛下空行作闕。”按《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》亦作：“此云新”，則本文無闕也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1653" id="1668">〔2〕</a>大雪山北，《方志》云：“寺在雪山北。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1654" id="1669">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》瑩作營；《方志》作鎣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1655" id="1670">〔4〕</a>《石本》飾作餝，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1657" id="1671">〔5〕</a>《敦甲本》無近字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1659" id="1672">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》無欲字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1660" id="1673">〔7〕</a>《敦甲本》無曰字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1661" id="1674">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》汝下有戟字，蓋涉下文而衍。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00118','1384609',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P118</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1662" id="1675">〔9〕</a>原本胸作𦙄，今從通行字改，下同。《敦甲本》胸作心。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1663" id="1676">〔10〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》悟作寤，悟爲寤之借字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1664" id="1677">〔11〕</a>《敦甲本》苦作若。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1665" id="1678">〔12〕</a>《石本》伸作申，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1666" id="1679">〔13〕</a>《敦甲本》及作乃，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1652" id="1680">（一）</a>納縛僧伽藍：納縛，梵文nava音譯，意爲新。《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷上<span class="zhuanming">玄照</span>傳：“過<span class="zhuanming">縛渴羅</span>到<span class="zhuanming">納婆毗訶羅</span>（<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>云<span class="zhuanming">新寺</span>），覩<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>澡罐及諸聖跡。”毗訶羅卽梵文vihāra的音譯，意爲寺院，與僧伽藍同義。<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>地理書稱這一寺院爲Nau-Vihār，也記載了遺跡和佛像。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1656" id="1681">（二）</a>毘沙門天：梵名Vaiśravaṇa-deva，又名<span class="zhuanming">多聞天</span>，四天王之一，原爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>國土的守護神，保護北方。所謂四天王（我國稱四大金剛），東方守護神爲<span class="zhuanming">持國天</span>，西方守護神爲<span class="zhuanming">廣目天</span>，南方守護神爲<span class="zhuanming">增長天</span>，北方爲<span class="zhuanming">多聞天</span>。<span class="zhuanming">縛喝國</span>位在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北面，故祀<span class="zhuanming">毘沙門天</span>。<span class="zhuanming">毘沙門天</span>（<span class="zhuanming">多聞天</span>）在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>中則演變爲護法的天神，兼爲施福之神。見《法華義疏》。傳至<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>，又成爲<span class="zhuanming">于闐國</span>守護神。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1658" id="1682">（三）</a>葉護可汗：<span class="zhuanming">葉護可汗</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span>由盛而衰時期的統治者，生平詳見《舊唐書》卷一九四下，《新唐書》卷二二五下等，並參見<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>《西突厥史料》。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍内南佛堂中，有佛澡罐<a class="zhuhao" href="#1694" id="1683">〔1〕</a>，量可斗<a class="zhuhao" href="#1695" id="1684">〔2〕</a>餘。雜色炫燿<a class="zhuhao" href="#1696" id="1685">〔3〕</a>，金石難名。又有佛牙<a class="zhuhao" href="#1702" id="1686">（一）</a>，其長寸餘，廣八九分，色黄<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00119','1384609',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P119</span></i>白，質光淨。又有佛掃帚<a class="zhuhao" href="#1697" id="1687">〔4〕</a>，迦奢草<a class="zhuhao" href="#1703" id="1688">（二）</a>作也，長餘二尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#1698" id="1689">〔5〕</a>，圍可七寸，其把<a class="zhuhao" href="#1699" id="1690">〔6〕</a>以雜寶飾之。凡此三物，每至六齋<a class="zhuhao" href="#1704" id="1691">（三）</a>，法俗咸<a class="zhuhao" href="#1700" id="1692">〔7〕</a>會，陳設供養，至誠所感，或<a class="zhuhao" href="#1701" id="1693">〔8〕</a>放光明。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1683" id="1694">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》罐作灌。《音釋》亦作灌，云：“亦作鑵。”按《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》並作罐，當以此字爲正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1684" id="1695">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》及《方志》斗並作升。《珠林》三十八亦作升。《慈恩傳》則作“二斗餘”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1685" id="1696">〔3〕</a>《慧琳音義》燿字云：“從光從火，作焳非也。”蓋謂或從光作耀，或從火作燿。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1687" id="1697">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《酬本》及《慈恩傳》帚作箒。《慧琳音義》云：“（帚）或從竹作箒，俗字也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1689" id="1698">〔5〕</a>餘二尺，《慈恩傳》作“三尺餘”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1690" id="1699">〔6〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》把作柄。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1692" id="1700">〔7〕</a>《敦甲本》俗咸作侣成。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1693" id="1701">〔8〕</a>《中本》或作咸。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1686" id="1702">（一）</a>佛牙：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒相傳<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>火化時，全身都化爲細粒形的舍利（骨灰），其中牙齒不損，謂佛牙舍利。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1688" id="1703">（二）</a>迦奢草：迦奢，梵語kāśa音譯，學名Saccharum Spont-aneum，一種茅草，常作坐具等用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1691" id="1704">（三）</a>六齋：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒認爲每月的八日﹑十四日﹑十五日﹑二十三日﹑二十九日﹑三十日這六天，是四天王伺察人間善惡和惡鬼窺伺<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00120','1384609',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P120</span></i>人間的日子，故須諸事謹慎，過了正午就斷絶一切食物，稱爲六齋日，見《摩訶般若經》卷十四。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍北有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，金剛<a class="zhuhao" href="#1708" id="1705">（一）</a>泥<a class="zhuhao" href="#1707" id="1706">〔1〕</a>塗，衆寶厠飾。中有舍利，時燭靈光。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1706" id="1707">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》泥作埿。按《廣韻》上平聲《齊韻》泥下有埿字云：“塗也。俗。”是埿爲泥之俗字。以下同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1705" id="1708">（一）</a>金剛：梵文vajra，音譯跋折羅，卽金剛石。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>之金剛常喻堅貞不壞。此處“金剛泥塗”則指以金剛石爲窣堵波裝飾。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍西南有一精廬，建立已來，多歷年所。遠方輻湊<a class="zhuhao" href="#1716" id="1709">〔1〕</a>，高才類聚，證四果<a class="zhuhao" href="#1720" id="1710">（一）</a>者，難以詳舉。故諸羅漢將入湼槃<a class="zhuhao" href="#1717" id="1711">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1721" id="1712">（二）</a>，示現神通，衆所知識<a class="zhuhao" href="#1722" id="1713">（三）</a>，乃有建立諸窣堵波，基跡<a class="zhuhao" href="#1718" id="1714">〔3〕</a>相鄰，數百餘矣。雖證聖果，終無神變，蓋亦千計，不樹封記。今僧徒百<a class="zhuhao" href="#1719" id="1715">〔4〕</a>餘人，夙夜匪懈，凡聖難測。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1709" id="1716">〔1〕</a>《慧琳音義》湊作輳云：“輻輳，轂也。有從水作湊者，誤也。”《音釋》亦作輳。按湊﹑輳通用，相習已久。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00121','1384609',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P121</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1711" id="1717">〔2〕</a>原本槃作󵾐，各本皆作槃，󵾐乃異體字。此本湼槃並作湼󵾐，今俱改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1714" id="1718">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》跡作址。《中本》作趾，趾與址通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1715" id="1719">〔4〕</a>《敦甲本》脱百字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1710" id="1720">（一）</a>四果：指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒修習到“聖果”的四個階段：一﹑須陀洹果（Srotāpanna-phala），又譯作預流果，指凡夫初入“聖道”，斷盡三界的見惑；二﹑斯陀含果（Sakṛdāgāmin-pha1a），又譯作娑羯利陀伽彌果，義譯作一來果，指進而已悟斷欲界九地思惑中的前六品；三﹑阿那含果（Anāgami-phala），又譯作不還果，指已悟斷欲界九地思惑中的後三品；四﹑阿羅漢果（Arhat-phala），指已斷盡一切見思二惑，上至非想處，達到聲聞極乘果的，從此永入湼槃，不來生三界，見《增一阿含經》卷二十。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1712" id="1721">（二）</a>湼槃：梵文Nirvāṇa，巴利文Nibbāna。又譯作泥洹，泥畔，湼槃那等。意譯爲滅，滅度﹑寂滅﹑不生﹑無爲﹑安樂﹑解脱等等，或稱作Parinirvāṇa。湼槃爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的所謂最高境界。它含有滅絶一切欲望和獲得一種完全平静狀態的的意思。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世稱爲湼槃，後來把高僧的逝世，也稱爲湼槃或入滅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1713" id="1722">（三）</a>知識：這裏指朋友，謂我知其心而識其貌的人。佛經有“皆是大羅漢，衆所知識”的話。故其人善，爲善友善知識，其人惡，則爲惡友惡知識。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十二畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152951" key="1152951"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十二畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152952" key="1152952"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01103','1244403',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1103</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001829">十二畫</p><p> <span>胾2/215/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>嬀川12/1044/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>超日（見毘訖羅摩阿迭多王）</span> </p><p> <span>渙那（見瞿薩旦那國）</span> </p><p> <span>寒林9/746/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>游夏12/1048/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>塔婆（見窣堵波）</span> </p><p> <span>象堅（見比羅娑洛山）</span> </p><p> <span>棠梨11/909/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>舄鹵2/165/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>遍照（見毘盧折那）</span> </p><p> <span>揵槌1/153/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>敬播序1/11/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>葱嶺序1/7/15，12/964/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>飲光部3/273/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>酢米餅12/1017/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>葷陀菜2/214/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>喝捍國1/93/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>最勝子（見慎那弗呾羅）</span> </p><p> <span>愉漫國1/107/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>然燈佛2/222/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>朝霞衣4/354/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>揭職國1/128/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>喜增（見曷利沙伐彈那）</span> </p><p> <span>越五踰三1/34/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>斯五聖迹2/231/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>結加趺坐8/677/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>傍有石柱7/590/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>單車出使12/1036/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>報受象身3/346/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>異姓稱尊2/201/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>道岳法師12/1052/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>極爲一拜2/207/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>寫（瀉）瓶有寄10/826/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>絶粒七日2/207/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>寔資冥福2/209/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>黍離愍周12/1045/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>遂建窣堵波7/586/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>富闍蘇彌羅7/603/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>落般膩羅聚落9/775/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>遊道而聚德星序2/19/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>絡多末知僧伽藍10/810/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>博望鑿空…昆明道閉序1/4/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>黑月9/728/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01104','1244403',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1104</span></i><p> <span>黑嶺1/46/18，1/137/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>景胄序2/19/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>景落8/658/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>解脱8/687/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>解脱天（見木叉提婆）</span> </p><p> <span>葉河1/83/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>葉護可汗1/118/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>喬答摩（見喬答摩大沙門）</span> </p><p> <span>喬答摩大沙門6/494/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>尊足山（見屈屈吒播陁山）</span> </p><p> <span>尊者傷愍遂分其身9/737/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>嗢呾羅10/850/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>嗢呾羅犀那王2/291/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>遏邏闍補羅國3/350/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>遏部多石窣堵波3/288/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>湼槃1/121/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>湼槃僧（見泥縛些那）</span> </p><p> <span>湼槃般那6/534/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>須達（見蘇達多）</span> </p><p> <span>須抉提（見蘇部底）</span> </p><p> <span>須跋陀羅（見蘇跋陁羅）</span> </p><p> <span>補羅稽舍11/894/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>補剌拏伐摩王8/672/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>補歰波祇釐僧伽藍10/814/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>衆賢（見僧伽跋陀羅）</span> </p><p> <span>衆賢論師4/403/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>衆事分毗婆沙論3/344/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>衆事分阿毘達磨論2/252/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>童子（見拘摩羅）</span> </p><p> <span>童受論師12/988/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>童授（見陳那）</span> </p><p> <span>童壽逍遥之集文12/1048/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>達磨多羅（見達磨呾邏多）</span> </p><p> <span>達磨波羅10/856/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>達麗羅川3/297/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>達磨呾邏多2/252/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>達羅毗荼國10/852/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>達摩悉鐵帝國12/975/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>善吉（見蘇部底）</span> </p><p> <span>善現（見蘇部底）</span> </p><p> <span>善來9/763/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>善施（見蘇達多）</span> </p><p> <span>善逝10/829/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>善賢（見蘇跋陁羅）</span> </p><p> <span>善權10/838/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>善德堂4/419/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>勝因1/152/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>勝受（見室利邏多論師）</span> </p><p> <span>勝林4/419/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01105','1244403',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1105</span></i><p> <span>勝軍（見鉢邏犀那恃多王﹑闍耶犀那）</span> </p><p> <span>勝密（見室利毱多）</span> </p><p> <span>勝義諦8/658/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>勝義諦論4/364/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>鄔波釐4/384/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>鄔波毱多4/386/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>鄔波索迦9/709/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>鄔波斯迦9/709/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>鄔陀衍那王5/469/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>鄔波第鑠論3/337/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>鄔闍衍那國11/923/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>跋達羅果2/212/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>跋虜沙城2/256/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>跋禄迦國1/66/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>跋陀羅縷支11/906/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>跋禄羯呫婆國11/898/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>跋始婆僧伽藍10/793/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>跋邏末羅耆釐山10/832/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>提婆〔菩薩〕4/396/6，8/647/11，5/462/4，10/826/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>提澌2/192/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>提謂城1/123/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>提婆達多6/495/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>提婆犀那4/400/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>提婆設摩5/477/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>提那跋外道11/941/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>提婆達多於此入定9/732/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>提婆達多遥擲擊佛處9/726/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>無常5/446/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>無著2/235/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>無勝（見阿恃多伐底河）</span> </p><p> <span>無餘3/345/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>無上法9/709/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>無生果10/839/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>無垢友（見毗末羅密多羅）</span> </p><p> <span>無垢稱（見毗摩羅詰）</span> </p><p> <span>無間獄4/363/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>無憂王1/157/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>無所刑戮2/204/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>無爲之教12/1039/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>無遮大會1/132/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>無熱惱池6/492/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>無憂花樹6/524/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>無學之果7/589/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>無學有學3/336/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>無所有處定7/576/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>無憂王之所建也7/590/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>無云律論絓是佛經<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01106','1244403',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1106</span></i>2/196/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>無憂王作地獄之處11/924/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>無憂王之分建窣堵波6/529/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>無憂王以如來湼槃之後第一百年3/328/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
九畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152955" key="1152955"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 九畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152956" key="1152956"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01094','1244400',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1094</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001826">九畫</p><p> <span>俞10/829/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>括地序1/1/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>科防2/196/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>亭育5/439/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>准陁6/538/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>軍持（見捃稚迦）</span> </p><p> <span>突厥1/59/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>活國12/963/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>段食12/994/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>思惟2/196/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>指鬘（見鴦窶利摩羅）</span> </p><p> <span>星曆（見殊底色迦長者）</span> </p><p> <span>面牆12/1052/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>契吒國11/909/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01095','1244400',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1095</span></i><p> <span>昭怙釐1/61/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>負座竪8/659/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>施鹿林7/571/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>施無厭（見那爛陁）</span> </p><p> <span>荀氏八龍序2/23/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>斫句迦國12/998/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>故宅基址7/592/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>勃迦夷城12/1016/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>珂咄羅國1/111/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>耐秣陁河11/898/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>弭秣賀國1/90/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>枳秣羅國（見秣羅矩吒國）</span> </p><p> <span>建揵椎聲8/643/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>洩瑟知林9/711/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>郁鄯多山11/919/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>重閣三層2/175/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>持蜜奉佛4/387/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>毒龍石窟5/472/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>洛護羅國4/374/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>既癭且尰4/373/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>貞觀三年序1/9/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>背玄灞而延望序2/25/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>紇露悉泯健國1/114/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>爲中國之河流云1/42/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>姞栗陁羅矩吒山9/726/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>矩奢揭羅補羅城9/718/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>宣令遠近召集聖哲3/335/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>並皆習學大乘法教10/814/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>荅秣蘇伐那僧迦藍4/369/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>神府序2/22/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>神經序1/6/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>染衣3/346/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>染其牙齒2/180/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>南山9/738/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>南北異學序2/24/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>信度河1/42/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>信度國11/929/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>胡椒國11/908/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>胡寔健國1/126/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>珊闍耶9/763/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>珊尼羅闍川3/285/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>故伽藍3/343/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>故曰極微也2/168/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>修多羅藏（見素呾纜藏）</span> </p><p> <span>修發通定4/400/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>前正覺山（見鉢羅笈菩提山）</span> </p><p> <span>前建石柱高七十餘尺7/563/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>香山1/41/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>香象之文序2/25/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01096','1244400',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1096</span></i><p> <span>香象侍母處9/702/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>城東南百餘里有大河12/1025/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>城西二百餘里至大山12/994/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>城北十二三里有窣堵波3/304/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>帝日（見鑠迦羅阿迭多）</span> </p><p> <span>帝猷序2/15/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>帝釋窟（見因陀羅勢羅窶訶山）</span> </p><p> <span>帝軒提象序2/18/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>浄人2/196/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>浄名（見毗摩羅詰）</span> </p><p> <span>浄信8/658/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>浄居天6/533/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>浄飯王6/510/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>是佛在昔作忍辱仙3/274/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>是身如響是身如泡10/829/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>是習定比丘自害證果之處9/733/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>是外道執雀於此問佛生死之事9/760/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>是如來在昔爲聞半頌之法於此捨身命焉3/279/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>曷邏胡國12/967/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>曷勞落迦城12/1029/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>曷利沙伐彈那5/432/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>曷邏闍伐彈那5/433/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>曷羅闍姞利呬城9/743/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>曷邏怙羅僧伽藍1/145/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>室利差呾羅10/804/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>室利訖栗多底（見佉沙國）</span> </p><p> <span>室利邏多論師5/451/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>室羅伐悉底國6/482/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>室縷多頻設底拘胝苾蒭10/781/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>室利毱多以火坑毒飯欲害佛處9/723/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>毘陀（見四吠陀論）</span> </p><p> <span>毘沙門天1/118/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>毘舍離國（見吠舍釐國）</span> </p><p> <span>毘奈耶藏9/741/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>毘流離王（見毘盧擇迦王）</span> </p><p> <span>毘婆沙論2/250/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>毘提訶洲1/38/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>毘播奢河4/353/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>毘盧擇迦王3/292/23，6/501/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>毘摩羅詰經7/589/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>毘訖羅摩阿迭多王2/250/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01097','1244400',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1097</span></i><p> <span>毗奈耶4/385/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗布羅山9/730/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗那耶藏（見毘奈耶藏）</span> </p><p> <span>毗舍佉母6/500/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗摩天女2/260/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗摩天祠2/261/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗摩羅詰7/591/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗羅摩羅11/922/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗羅删拏國4/415/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗末羅蜜多羅4/405/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗沙門天神所12/1009/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗盧折那阿羅漢12/1011/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>毗盧擇迦王陷身入地獄處6/504/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152959" key="1152959"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152960" key="1152960"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01097','1244401',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1097</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001827">十畫</p><p> <span>倳11/872/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>凌山1/68/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>振旦序2/25/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>陳那10/838/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>哥利（見羯利王）</span> </p><p> <span>純陁（見准陁）</span> </p><p> <span>浹辰2/231/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>高昌1/47/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>殺青12/1052/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>候律序1/9/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>馬鳴（見阿濕縛窶沙菩薩）</span> </p><p> <span>破僧6/496/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>起謝12/1038/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>鬼子母2/254/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>脇尊者2/236/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>捕喝國1/94/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>唯識論5/471/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>泰初日月序2/21/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>珠利耶國10/847/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>栗呫婆子7/599/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>奚素突厥1/107/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>案達羅國10/833/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>狼揭羅國11/937/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>留影而去8/667/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>般橠娑菓2/213/21，10/792/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>栴檀你婆樹10/860/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>殊底色迦長者9/747/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>書奏而承朗月序2/19/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>軒轅垂衣之始1/34/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>莊嚴大乘經論5/454/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>逝多林給孤獨園6/490/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01098','1244401',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1098</span></i><p> <span>都城東南有小水池7/615/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>家族三人舅氏二人7/575/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>容貌麤鄙文身緑晴12/997/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>逐日八荒匪專夸父之力12/1052/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>真如序1/6/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>真際9/713/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>浮杯序2/23/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>浮圖（見窣堵波）</span> </p><p> <span>訖利多3/327/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>訖栗瑟摩國12/968/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>莫訶河9/705/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>莫醯河11/918/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>耆婆（見時縛迦大醫）</span> </p><p> <span>耆闍崛山（見姞栗陁羅矩吒山）</span> </p><p> <span>旃檀2/181/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>旃荼羅3/311/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>部執序2/24/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>部執峯峙2/195/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>海交11/907/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>海畔有城10/862/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>瓶耆羅10/835/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>瓶瀉之多聞序2/22/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>秦王天子5/439/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>秦王破陣樂5/439/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>俱舍雹論4/403/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>俱昏荼僧伽藍4/392/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>索訶世界1/37/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>索建地羅論師3/344/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>時有五百餓鬼來至此佛所5/448/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>時縛迦大醫於此爲佛建説法堂9/724/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>素葉水城2/71/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>素呾纜藏3/337/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>唐捐2/267/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>唐堯1/34/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>唐言月2/163/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>師子牀2/176/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>師子覺（見佛陀僧訶）</span> </p><p> <span>師子之座5/434/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>納衣3/337/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>納縛僧伽藍1/118/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>納縛提婆矩羅城5/447/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>納縛波故國卽樓蘭地也12/1033/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>娑羅12/1038/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>娑羅林6/541/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>娑多婆訶10/826/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>娑羅覩邏邑2/263/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01099','1244401',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1099</span></i><p> <span>娑摩若僧伽藍12/1021/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>秣剌耶山10/860/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>秣菟羅國4/379/12，7/603/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>秣羅娑國4/374/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>秣底補羅國4/397/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>秣羅矩吒國10/857/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏荼（見烏仗那國）</span> </p><p> <span>烏場（見烏仗那國）</span> </p><p> <span>烏荼國10/813/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏鍛國12/991/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏仗那國3/271/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏波毱多11/930/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏剌尸國3/320/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏耆延王7/597/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏談跋羅3/349/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏曇跋羅果2/213/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏鐸迦漢荼城2/261/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>烏仗那國舊都也3/297/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十七畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152963" key="1152963"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十七畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152964" key="1152964"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01111','1244408',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1111</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001834">十七畫</p><p> <span>鴿（見伽布德迦）</span> </p><p> <span>豁旦（見瞿薩旦那國）</span> </p><p> <span>濡首（見曼殊室利）</span> </p><p> <span>薰風序2/14/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>龜兹（見屈支國）</span> </p><p> <span>壖垣8/651/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>藁街序1/8/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>氈褐1/52/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01112','1244408',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1112</span></i><p> <span>髾髮7/567/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>罽賓（見迦濕彌羅國）</span> </p><p> <span>濫波〔國〕1/102/22，2/219/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>藪斗波（見窣堵波）</span> </p><p> <span>離車子（見栗呫婆子）</span> </p><p> <span>聲明論2/263/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>韓若國7/603/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>擲枳陁國11/925/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>鍱腹之誇序2/23/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>螺髻梵志9/765/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>臂多勢羅國11/944/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>鞠和衍那國1/108/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>總以此國持施衆僧3/331/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>濕吠多補羅僧伽藍7/605/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>縱壑駢鱗培風齊翼序2/19/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>鍮石1/131/16，2/217/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>鍮婆（見窣堵波）</span> </p><p> <span>檀林序2/20/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>檀捨5/435/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>鞞鐸佉1/158/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>鞞索迦國5/476/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>藍摩國6/526/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>藍勃盧山3/290/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>雜集藏9/742/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>雜阿毘達磨論2/252/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>彌沙塞部5/455/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>彌多羅尼子（見布剌拏梅呾麗衍尼弗呾羅）</span> </p><p> <span>雞林序2/27/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>雞園（見屈屈吒阿濫摩僧伽藍）</span> </p><p> <span>雞足山（見屈屈吒播陁山）</span> </p><p> <span>優填王（見鄔陀衍那王）</span> </p><p> <span>優婆塞（見鄔波索迦）</span> </p><p> <span>優波提舍論（見鄔波第鑠論）</span> </p><p> <span>瞿曇（見喬答摩）</span> </p><p> <span>瞿師羅（見具史羅長者）</span> </p><p> <span>瞿陀尼洲1/38/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿折羅國11/920/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿波羅龍2/226/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿伽梨苾芻6/496/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿毗霜那國4/410/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿拏鉢剌婆4/399/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿室𩜁伽山12/1013/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿薩旦那國12/1002/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿那末底菩薩8/653/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿沙大阿羅漢3/311/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞿波阿羅漢作聖教要實論5/478/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十八畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152967" key="1152967"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十八畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152968" key="1152968"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01113','1244409',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1113</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001835">十八畫</p><p> <span>霧市序2/22/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>襜衣2/179/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>斷髮7/560/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>繩牀1/152/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>釐波多7/603/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>羹中總煑8/642/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>臘伐尼園6/521/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>鎮杜迦果2/213/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>證非想定7/575/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>臨帶兩河12/999/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>鞮羅擇迦伽藍8/651/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>覆鉢1/146/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>覆燾1/152/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>曠劫3/294/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>曠野鬼7/586/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞻波國10/786/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞻博迦花5/461/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>䮚迦山11/884/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>䮚迦經11/884/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>藴界處經4/415/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>藴識懷靈序1/1/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>醫那鉢呾羅龍王6/553/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>醫羅鉢呾羅龍王池3/302/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十五畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152971" key="1152971"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十五畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152972" key="1152972"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01109','1244406',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1109</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001832">十五畫</p><p> <span>寮10/832/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>槧序1/10/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>藥叉1/143/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>潁川序2/18/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>談天序1/1/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>億耳（見室縷多頻設底拘胝）</span> </p><p> <span>瞋毒1/152/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>墳素序2/19/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>熱海（見大清池）</span> </p><p> <span>斲輪序2/22/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>輪鐸7/574/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>磔迦國4/353/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>增上慢人3/337/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>慧日淪影序2/15/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>練若苾芻5/434/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>鋭秣陁國1/125/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>閹豎乘權序1/6/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>稽疆那國11/950/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>彈多落迦山2/259/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>窶盧播陁山（見屈屈吒播陁山）</span> </p><p> <span>醉象於此馴伏而前9/720/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>德光（見瞿拏鉢剌婆）</span> </p><p> <span>德慧（見瞿那末底菩薩）</span> </p><p> <span>賢劫2/227/14，2/238/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>賢愛（見跋陀羅縷支）</span> </p><p> <span>赭堊2/197/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>赭時國1/183/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>影堅（見頻毗婆羅王）</span> </p><p> <span>影覆精舍6/498/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞢健國12/965/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>瞢揭釐城3/273/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>闍維（見湼疊般那）</span> </p><p> <span>闍耶犀那9/713/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>闍爛達羅國4/371/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>䅳那天12/958/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>䅳那天神1/149/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>䅳那呬羅山1/148/24，12/958/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>憍奢耶衣2/179/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>憍賞彌國5/466/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>憍薩羅國7/603/9，10/823/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>諸天1/38/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>諸苾芻著亟縛屣11/947/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>諸獼猴奉佛蜜處7/591/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>諸蒙世禄移居雪山東北沙磧之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01110','1244406',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1110</span></i>中3/312/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>覩史多天3/298/14，4/400/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>覩貨邏故國12/1032/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>覩貨邏國故地1/101/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>羯利王3/273/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>羯尼迦樹9/719/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>羯𩜁伽國10/819/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>羯霜那國1/73/9，1/98/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>羯布羅香樹10/860/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>羯若鞠闍國5/424/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>羯蠅揭羅國（見羯朱嗢祇邏國）</span> </p><p> <span>羯朱嗢祇邏國5/438/11，10/789/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>羯羅拏蘇伐剌那10/808/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩那婆9/765/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩伽陀（見摩揭陁國）</span> </p><p> <span>摩竭提（見摩揭陁國）</span> </p><p> <span>摩竭魚8/683/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩裕羅城4/406/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩愉伽藍3/281/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩揭陁國8/620/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶剌侘11/892/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶瞻波10/805/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶提婆3/330/1，7/601/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩臘婆國11/900/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶至那國5/438/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶娑羅邑7/584/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩醯因陁羅8/637/22，11/879/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩醯邏矩羅4/359/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶耶那提婆12/1045/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶伐那伽藍3/280/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶摩耶夫人6/509/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶毗訶羅住部11/879/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶菩提僧伽藍8/694/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩醯濕伐羅補羅國11/927/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩沓婆者祖僧佉之法8/657/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶摩耶夫人哭佛之處6/550/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>摩訶薩埵王子於此投身𩚅餓烏檡3/318/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十六畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152975" key="1152975"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 十六畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152976" key="1152976"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01110','1244407',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1110</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001833">十六畫</p><p> <span>墼2/175/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>誾林（見答秣蘇伐那僧伽藍）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01111','1244407',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1111</span></i><p> <span>隱軫2/165/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>齓齒1/155/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>膴膴12/1045/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>樹提迦（見殊底色迦長者）</span> </p><p> <span>興瞿草12/956/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>舊王伽藍1/155/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>餐和飲澤序1/10/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>闊悉多國12/962/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>薄句羅藥叉10/785/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>學小乘正量部法7/560/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>盧醯呾迦窣堵波3/287/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>獨覺1/134/1，7/564/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>獨角仙人2/260/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>鴦輸伐摩7/614/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>鴦輸利摩羅6/488/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>踰繕那2/166/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>踰城出家時亦不定6/534/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>縛芻河1/42/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>縛喝國1/115/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>縛伽浪國1/113/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>戰遮6/497/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>戰主國7/581/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>戰達羅鉢剌婆3/305/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>頻婆娑羅（見頻毗娑羅王）</span> </p><p> <span>頻毗娑羅王8/628/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>頻毗娑羅王迎見佛處9/764/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>龍王1/151/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>龍池序1/7/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>龍象序2/20/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>龍宫之奥序1/5/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>龍猛菩薩10/826/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>薩婆多部12/1051/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>薩縛達多王3/281/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>薩他泥濕伐羅國4/388/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>薩裒殺地僧伽藍3/285/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>薩婆曷剌他悉陀太子7/572/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
烏荼國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152979" key="1152979"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 烏荼國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152980" key="1152980"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00812','1384840',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P812</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001376">烏荼國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烏荼國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8493" id="8485">（一）</a>周七千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8494" id="8486">（二）</a>周二十餘里。土地膏腴，穀稼茂盛。凡諸菓實，頗大諸國。異草名花，難以稱述。氣序温暑，風俗獷烈，人貌魁悟，容色釐<a class="zhuhao" href="#8491" id="8487">〔1〕</a>黮，言辭風調，異<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8495" id="8488">（三）</a>。好學不倦，多信佛法。伽藍百餘所，僧徒萬餘人，並皆習學大乘法教<a class="zhuhao" href="#8496" id="8489">（四）</a>。天祠五十所，異道雜居。諸窣堵波凡十餘所，並是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>説法之處，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也<a class="zhuhao" href="#8492" id="8490">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8487" id="8491">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00813','1384840',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P813</span></i>本》及《音釋》釐並作黧。《慧琳音義》作黧云：“俗字也。亦作釐。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8490" id="8492">〔2〕</a>《中本》無也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8485" id="8493">（一）</a>烏荼國：<span class="zhuanming">烏荼</span>，梵文作Uḍra﹑Oḍḍa﹑Oḍra，<span class="zhuanming">泰魯古</span>語Oḍhrulu，<span class="zhuanming">坎納勒斯</span>語Oḍḍaru。其地據考訂爲今<span class="zhuanming">奥里薩</span>（Orissa＜Oḍra-deśa）<span class="zhuanming">邦</span>的北部。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8486" id="8494">（二）</a>國大都城：關於<span class="zhuanming">烏荼國</span>首都所在，各家考訂異説很多。先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">各塔克</span>（Cuttack，古名Kataka），位置雖然與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記大體相似，但該城建立較晚，七世紀後才發展成爲一大城市，在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>當時不可能成爲首都。繼後<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>比定爲Midnapur，這也不適當。因爲<span class="zhuanming">費氏</span>未曾發現《西域記》本卷中一些國家排列順序錯亂，不明白<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>抵<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底</span>後卽轉向西南而赴<span class="zhuanming">烏荼</span>。他仍以<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐刹那國</span>條中的“西南行七百餘里”作爲計算距離的根據，因此，他所推算出的地方是在<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底國</span>的Midnapur，其錯誤是明顯的。其後<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>比定爲Yajapur，立論還欠充實。再後<span class="zhuanming">高桑駒吉</span>考訂爲<span class="zhuanming">布巴湼斯瓦爾</span>（Bhubaneswar）以南七<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處<span class="zhuanming">陀武里</span>（Dhauli）<span class="zhuanming">村</span>，該地古名<span class="zhuanming">托莎里</span>（Tosali），<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理志》稱爲<span class="zhuanming">多莎拉</span>（Dosara），附近山丘上刻着有名的<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>的<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>敕諭Asva-tama摩崖刻銘至今尚存。<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>征服<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>之後，曾派一王子駐守此地，以便統治。史實與遺跡均符合<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記“諸窣堵波凡十餘所，并是如來説法之處，無憂王之所建也”。<span class="zhuanming">高桑氏</span>的考證是對的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8488" id="8495">（三）</a>言辭風調異中印度：今<span class="zhuanming">奥里薩</span>西北部居民爲<span class="zhuanming">塔勒依達</span>族人，故形貌﹑風俗﹑言語異<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>。見Cunningham：A.G.I.p.<span class="song">586</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00814','1384840',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P814</span></i>的記載。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8489" id="8496">（四）</a>並皆習學大乘法教：<span class="zhuanming">烏荼國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>頗盛，其國王<span class="zhuanming">吉祥自在清浄師子王</span>曾手書梵文《華嚴經》，於<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">德宗</span><span class="zhuanming">貞元</span>十一年（795年）獻于<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>，<span class="zhuanming">貞元</span>十四年（798年）<span class="zhuanming">般若</span>譯成<span class="zhuanming">漢文</span>四十卷，可知該地大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的興盛。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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鞞索迦國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152983" key="1152983"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 鞞索迦國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152984" key="1152984"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00475','1384720',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P475</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000778">鞞索迦國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鞞索迦國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5148" id="5145">（一）</a>周四千餘里。國大都城周十六里。穀稼殷盛，花果具繁。氣序和暢，風俗淳質，好學不倦，求福不回。伽藍二十餘所，僧衆<a class="zhuhao" href="#5147" id="5146">〔1〕</a>三千餘人，並學小乘正量部法。天祠五十餘所，外道甚多。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00476','1384720',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P476</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5146" id="5147">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》衆並作徒。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5145" id="5148">（一）</a>鞞索迦國：梵文構擬作Viṣaka，Viṣāka。關於此國的考證，異説紛紜，莫衷一是。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲此國卽《法顯傳》中的<span class="zhuanming">沙祗</span>（Sāketa），在現今<span class="zhuanming">奥德</span>（Oudh）地方。但<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>認爲其里程與方位均與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記不符。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>認爲在現今的<span class="zhuanming">畢塞浦爾</span>（Biseipur）。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>則認爲應在<span class="zhuanming">悉多浦爾</span>（Sitapur）以南二十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，<span class="zhuanming">古瑪蒂河</span>畔的聖地<span class="zhuanming">尼姆卡爾</span>（Nimkhar，北緯27度20分，東經80度35分）。上述各説都待進一步研究，無可作爲定論。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、補歰波祇釐僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152987" key="1152987"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 烏荼國 &gt; 一、補歰波祇釐僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152988" key="1152988"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00814','1384841',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P814</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001379"><b>一﹑補歰波祇釐僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>國西南境大山中，有<span class="zhuanming">補歰<a class="zhuhao" href="#8502" id="8497">〔1〕</a>波祇釐僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8506" id="8498">（一）</a>。其石窣堵波極多靈異，或至齋日，時燭<a class="zhuhao" href="#8503" id="8499">〔2〕</a>光明。故諸淨信，遠近咸會，持妙花蓋，競修供養。承露盤<a class="zhuhao" href="#8504" id="8500">〔3〕</a>下，覆鉢勢上，以花蓋笴，置之便住，若󵾬<a class="zhuhao" href="#8505" id="8501">〔4〕</a>石之吸針也。此西北山伽藍中有窣堵波，所異同前。此二窣堵波者，神鬼所建，靈奇若斯。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8497" id="8502">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》歰並作澀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8499" id="8503">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》燭作放。《方志》亦作放。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8500" id="8504">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》盤並作槃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8501" id="8505">〔4〕</a>《音釋》及《方志》󵾬作磁，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8498" id="8506">（一）</a>補歰波祇釐僧伽藍：梵文Puṣpagirisaṅghārāma，意<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00815','1384841',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P815</span></i>卽“花山寺”。據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>考訂，在今<span class="zhuanming">布巴湼斯瓦爾市</span>以西約四<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的<span class="zhuanming">庫爾德</span>（Khurdā）地方的<span class="zhuanming">坎德山</span>（Khandagiri）。下述“西北山”卽<span class="zhuanming">烏陀耶山</span>（Udayagiri）。兩山間<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>遺跡很多，最古的洞窟如<span class="zhuanming">烏陀耶山</span>的<span class="zhuanming">拉尼貢巴</span>（Rānikumpha）<span class="zhuanming">窟</span>，約鑿成於公元前二世紀，銘刻也相當豐富。最古銘文可追溯到公元前二世紀中葉，對<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span><span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>諸國的古史研究極有價值。Report of the Archaeo-lagical Survey for 1902—3（Ca！cutta 1904）一書對此有詳細記載。The Imperial Gazetteers of India（New edition，Vo1.XV，p.239 ff）也有簡要記載。學者們大都認爲這些洞窟原係<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>寺院，後來雖然經過<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>徒的破壞與改建，但仍有顯著的遺跡可尋。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、大城附近諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152991" key="1152991"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 鞞索迦國 &gt; 一、大城附近諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152992" key="1152992"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00476','1384721',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P476</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000781"><b>一﹑大城附近諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span>城南<a class="zhuhao" href="#5159" id="5149">〔1〕</a>道左有大伽藍，昔<span class="zhuanming">提婆設摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#5163" id="5150">（一）</a>阿羅漢</span>於此造《識身論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#5164" id="5151">（二）</a>，説無我人<a class="zhuhao" href="#5165" id="5152">（三）</a>；<span class="zhuanming">瞿波阿羅漢</span>作《聖教要實論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#5166" id="5153">（四）</a>，説有我人<a class="zhuhao" href="#5167" id="5154">（五）</a>。因此法執<a class="zhuhao" href="#5168" id="5155">（六）</a>，遂深諍論。又是<span class="zhuanming">護法菩薩</span>於此七日中，摧伏小乘一百論師。伽藍側有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔日六年於此説法導化。説法側有奇樹，高六七尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#5160" id="5156">〔2〕</a>，春秋遞代，常無增減，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔嘗淨齒<a class="zhuhao" href="#5161" id="5157">〔3〕</a>，棄其遺枝，因植根柢，繁茂至今。諸邪見人及外道衆競來殘伐，尋生如故。其側不遠，有過去四佛座及經行<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00477','1384721',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P477</span></i>遺迹之所，復有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪窣堵波。靈基連隅，林沼交映<a class="zhuhao" href="#5162" id="5158">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5149" id="5159">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》南作東南。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5156" id="5160">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》三十八引六七尺三字並作七十尺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5157" id="5161">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》齒下並有木字。《傳》云：“昔佛因浄齒木棄其餘枝。”齒木詳見<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>《南海寄歸内法傳·朝嚼齒木篇》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5158" id="5162">〔4〕</a>《石本》映作影。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5150" id="5163">（一）</a>提婆設摩：梵文Devaśarman音譯，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">天寂</span>或<span class="zhuanming">賢寂</span>，約爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世後四世紀時人，小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>説一切有部的論師，著有《阿毘達磨識身足論》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5151" id="5164">（二）</a>識身論：《慈恩傳》卷三作《識身足論》，<span class="zhuanming">提婆設摩</span>著，爲説一切有部所謂的“六足論”之一，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯爲《阿毘達磨識身足論》十六卷，<span class="zhuanming">大乘光</span>筆受。此論的主旨卽所謂“説無我人”，見下條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5152" id="5165">（三）</a>説無我人：梵文anātman意譯，又作非我。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲常一的實體，具有主宰作用的爲我：它在於人身認爲有這一實體，稱爲“人我”它對於“法界”（或指宇宙整體現象）認爲有這一實體的稱爲“法我”；它認爲自己有此實體，稱爲“自我”；它對於其他事物認爲都是獨立存在的實體，稱爲“他我”。所謂“無我人”，則認爲人身不外是色（形質）﹑受（感覺）﹑想（觀念）﹑行（行動）﹑識（意識）五藴集合而成的，是故人身實際上並無一個自我的實體。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00478','1384721',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P478</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5153" id="5166">（四）</a>瞿波阿羅漢作聖教要實論：<span class="zhuanming">瞿波</span>，梵文Gopa音譯，著有《聖教要實論》，其主旨“説有我人”，與《識身論》的“説無我”論點不同，引起争論。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5154" id="5167">（五）</a>説有我人：此説認爲五藴和合的我身，具有六根（眼﹑耳﹑鼻﹑舌﹑身﹑意）的身相，在諸趣結生，還是具體而“有”的。不過這個我身，只是六根的集合，是假象，雖有我，我仍是虚妄的。如果凡夫濫計五藴爲我，强立主宰以引生煩惱﹑造種種之業，那就大錯了。它與“説無我人”，從現象上看不同，而實質上並無二致。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5155" id="5168">（六）</a>法執：法，指佛的一切説教，包括理論﹑規範以至一切現象的﹑本體的﹑物質的﹑精神的事物。然而，“法”的本身也是“因緣和合”所構成的假象，如幻如化，是“無自性”的。如果，固執着“法”有實性的，則一切的所知障從此“法執”而産生。所以大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的修證，須破除“二執”，由“我執”而産生煩惱障，由“法執”而産生所知障。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">舍衞</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5171" id="5169">〔1〕</a>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#5172" id="5170">〔2〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5169" id="5171">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》衛下並有國字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5170" id="5172">〔2〕</a>《釋帖》二十一引此下又有“具足應云<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐城悉底國</span>，此云<span class="zhuanming">豐德</span>；一解脱德，理事無異；二名稱德，世出世間名稱遠故；三財寶德，世法二財皆具足故；四曰色塵德，物景豐滿故。”《翻譯集·諸<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00479','1384721',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P479</span></i>國篇》引作“<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>，舊訛云<span class="zhuanming">舍衛</span>，此云<span class="zhuanming">聞物</span>，寶物多出此城；亦翻<span class="zhuanming">豐德</span>，一具財寶，二妙五欲，三饒多聞，四豐解脱。”二書相較，詳略雖異，大體則相似，皆引《西域記》，疑今本有脱文也。</span> </p><p> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014430qf9g.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00480','1384721',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P480</span></i><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014430aslt.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p></div></div></div>
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二、折利呾羅城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152995" key="1152995"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 烏荼國 &gt; 二、折利呾羅城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1152996" key="1152996"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00815','1384842',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P815</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001382"><b>二﹑折利呾羅城</b></p><p> <span>國東南境臨大海濱，有<span class="zhuanming">折利呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#8513" id="8507">〔1〕</a>羅城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8518" id="8508">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">發行</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8514" id="8509">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span>周二十餘里。入海商人﹑遠方旅客，往來中止之路也。其城堅峻，多諸奇寶。城外鱗次有五伽藍，臺閣崇高，尊像工麗。南去<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>二萬餘里，静夜遥望，見彼國佛牙窣堵波上寶珠<a class="zhuhao" href="#8515" id="8510">〔3〕</a>，光明離<a class="zhuhao" href="#8516" id="8511">〔4〕</a>然<a class="zhuhao" href="#8517" id="8512">〔5〕</a>，如明炬之懸燭也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8507" id="8513">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》呾作怛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8509" id="8514">〔2〕</a>原本行作杵，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》三十九改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8510" id="8515">〔3〕</a>《方志》作“鉢曇摩羅伽寶”，注云：“寶大如升，卽琥<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00816','1384842',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P816</span></i>珀也。”此佛牙窣堵波上寶珠，亦見本書卷十一<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>四佛牙精舍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8511" id="8516">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》離下並重離字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8512" id="8517">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》無然字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8508" id="8518">（一）</a>折利呾羅城：<span class="zhuanming">折利呾羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Caritra。先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲Caritrapura，指現今<span class="zhuanming">浦里</span>（Puri）<span class="zhuanming">城</span>。此地爲一重要海港，城外有高大的窣堵波五座。城附近有著名的<span class="zhuanming">世主</span>（Jaga-nnātha）<span class="zhuanming">廟</span>，并有<span class="zhuanming">世主</span>及其姊妹未成形體的神像（僅有軀干，不具頭手），一般認爲這是倣傚<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的佛﹑法﹑僧三寶而塑造的象徵性神像。該城的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>遺跡還多，尚待進一步發掘。也有人認爲<span class="zhuanming">浦里</span>是原來有名的供奉佛牙的地方，如此種種都與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載吻合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">繼後，<span class="zhuanming">瓦德爾</span>（Waddell）考證，認爲此城在<span class="zhuanming">馬亨納底</span>（Mahā-nadī）河沿岸﹑<span class="zhuanming">各答克</span>下游十五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處；<span class="zhuanming">馬亨納底河</span>三角洲有該河的舊河床，至今仍名爲Charitatola。又在該段河岸最高點，正對<span class="zhuanming">肯德拉浦拉運河</span>水閘處，有一<span class="zhuanming">南德拉</span>（Nendra）<span class="zhuanming">村</span>，村外還有古代港口遺址可尋，雖然經千餘年來滄海桑田的變化，目前該處已成爲一大沙洲，但此處按方向與距離計算，均與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載相合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">以上兩説各有所長，孰是孰非，尚待進一步的研究。</span> </p><p> <span>自此西南大林中行千二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">恭御陁國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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赤鄂衍那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152999" key="1152999"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 赤鄂衍那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153000" key="1153000"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00105','1384600',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P105</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000182">赤鄂衍那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">赤鄂衍那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1586" id="1581">（一）</a>東西四百餘里，南北五百餘里。國大都城周十餘里。伽藍五所<a class="zhuhao" href="#1584" id="1582">〔1〕</a>，僧徒尠少<a class="zhuhao" href="#1585" id="1583">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1582" id="1584">〔1〕</a>《中本》所作百，非。《方志》亦作“五所”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1583" id="1585">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》無少字。《慧琳音義》云：“正作尠，亦作鮮。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00106','1384600',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P106</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1581" id="1586">（一）</a>赤鄂衍那國：<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>比定爲《新唐書》的<span class="zhuanming">石汗那</span>，相當<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>—<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語之Čaγāniyān/Ṣaγāniyan。（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，<span class="zhuanming">柏林</span>，1901年，頁226）；《册府元龜》卷九七一作<span class="zhuanming">支汗那</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此地當Surkhan河上游，今名Dih-i nau＝Denau，意爲新村。（<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《蒙古入侵時期的突厥斯坦》，1977年，<span class="zhuanming">英</span>文第4版，頁72—74）</span> </p><p> <span>東至<span class="zhuanming">忽<a class="zhuhao" href="#1588" id="1587">〔1〕</a>露摩國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1587" id="1588">〔1〕</a>《方志》忽作忿，疑形之誤。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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鑊沙國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153003" key="1153003"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 鑊沙國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153004" key="1153004"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00110','1384604',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P110</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000196">鑊沙國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鑊沙國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1608" id="1607">（一）</a>東西三百餘里，南北五百餘里。國大都城周十六七里。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1607" id="1608">（一）</a>鑊沙國：《新唐書》卷四十三下《地理志》七下：“<span class="zhuanming">高附</span>（Ka-bul）都督府，以<span class="zhuanming">骨咄</span>（Khottal）﹑<span class="zhuanming">施</span>（Shah＝王）<span class="zhuanming">沃沙城</span>置”。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>比定此<span class="zhuanming">沃沙</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">鑊沙</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻中Wakhsh之對音（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁237注3﹑頁299）。其地當在Wakhsh水或Surkhāb水上之Lāwakand。Lāwakand，在今Kurgan-Tübe以西十公里處，可能是Kaun-Tepe。（<span class="zhuanming">别列尼茨基</span>等《中亞中世紀城市》頁181表6，頁92）</span> </p><p> <span>東至<span class="zhuanming">珂咄羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1610" id="1609">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1609" id="1610">〔1〕</a>《新唐書·西域傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">骨咄</span>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">呵咄羅</span>。”《中本》珂誤作河。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五、舍利弗與目連試神通處及諸佛迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153007" key="1153007"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 五、舍利弗與目連試神通處及諸佛迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153008" key="1153008"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00491','1384726',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P491</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000804"><b>五﹑舍利弗與目連試神通處及諸佛迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">給孤獨園</span>西北有小窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#5262" id="5255">〔1〕</a>子</span>運神通力舉<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>衣帶不動之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5267" id="5256">（一）</a>。昔佛在<span class="zhuanming">無熱惱池</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5268" id="5257">（二）</a>，人天咸集，唯<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>不時從會。佛命<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅</span>往召來集，<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅</span>承命而往。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>方<a class="zhuhao" href="#5263" id="5258">〔2〕</a>補護法衣，<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>今<a class="zhuhao" href="#5264" id="5259">〔3〕</a>在<span class="zhuanming">無熱惱池</span>，命我召爾。”<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>曰：“且止，須我補竟<a class="zhuhao" href="#5265" id="5260">〔4〕</a>，與子偕行。”<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅</span>曰：“若不速行，欲運神力舉爾石室，至大會所。”<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>乃解衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#5266" id="5261">〔5〕</a>帶置地曰：“若舉此帶，我身或動。”時<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅</span>運大神通，舉帶不動，地爲之震。因以神足還詣佛所，見<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>已在會坐。<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅</span>俛而歎曰：“乃今以知神通之力不如智慧之力矣！”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00492','1384726',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P492</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5255" id="5262">〔1〕</a>《石本》羅作邏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5258" id="5263">〔2〕</a>原本無方字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有方字，有之義足，據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5259" id="5264">〔3〕</a>《中本》今下有者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5260" id="5265">〔4〕</a>《石本》竟下有衣字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5261" id="5266">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》無衣字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5256" id="5267">（一）</a>没特伽羅子運神通力舉舍利子衣帶不動之處：<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>十大弟子中<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>（<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>）號稱“智慧第一”，<span class="zhuanming">目犍連</span>（<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅</span>）號稱“神通第一”，此“乃今以知神通之力不如智慧之力矣”的傳説，並見《增一阿含經》卷二九﹑《智度論》卷四五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5257" id="5268">（二）</a>無熱惱池：卽<span class="zhuanming">阿耨達池</span>，梵名Anavatapta，巴利文作Anotatta，一名<span class="zhuanming">無熱池</span>，見本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">阿那婆答多池</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span>舉帶窣堵波側不遠有井，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，汲充佛用。其側有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利。經行之迹，説法之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5270" id="5269">〔1〕</a>，並樹旌表，建窣堵波。冥祇警衞，靈瑞間起，或鼓天樂，或聞神香。景福之祥，難以備敍。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5269" id="5270">〔1〕</a>中有如來舍利經行之迹説法之處，《方志》及《珠林》三十八引此文作“不遠井塔，佛所汲用。又（《珠林》又下有有字）<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>與佛經行道説法之處”。二書雖櫽括引文，但“舍利弗”句似不誤。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00493','1384726',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P493</span></i>疑此文本作“中有如來舍利。如來﹑舍利弗經行之迹説法之處，……”因如來舍利四字重複，敚去，後來又以弗字爲衍文而删之。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、跋邏末羅耆釐山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153011" key="1153011"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 憍薩羅國 &gt; 三、跋邏末羅耆釐山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153012" key="1153012"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00829','1384847',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P829</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001403"><b>三﹑跋邏末羅耆釐山</b></p><p> <span>國西南三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">跋邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#8647" id="8631">〔1〕</a>末羅耆釐山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8661" id="8632">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">黑蜂</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8648" id="8633">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span>岌然特起，峯巖陗<a class="zhuhao" href="#8649" id="8634">〔3〕</a>險，既無崖谷，宛如全<a class="zhuhao" href="#8650" id="8635">〔4〕</a>石。<span class="zhuanming">引正王</span>爲<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00830','1384847',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P830</span></i><span class="zhuanming">龍猛菩薩</span>鑿此山中，建立伽藍。去山十數里，鑿開孔道，當其山下，仰鑿疏石。其中則長廊步簷<a class="zhuhao" href="#8651" id="8636">〔5〕</a>，崇臺重閣。閣有五層，層有四院，並建精舍，各鑄金像，量等佛身，妙窮工思。自餘莊嚴，唯飾金寶。從山高峯，臨注飛泉，周流重閣，交帶廊廡，踈寮<a class="zhuhao" href="#8662" id="8637">（二）</a>外穴，明燭中宇。初，<span class="zhuanming">引正王</span>建此伽藍也，人力疲竭，府庫空虚，功猶未半，心甚憂慼。<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>謂曰：“大王何故若有憂負<a class="zhuhao" href="#8652" id="8638">〔6〕</a>？”王曰：“輒運大心，敢樹勝福，期之永固<a class="zhuhao" href="#8653" id="8639">〔7〕</a>，待至<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>。功績未成，財用已竭，每懷此恨，坐而待旦。”<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>曰：“勿憂。崇福勝善，其利不窮，有興<a class="zhuhao" href="#8654" id="8640">〔8〕</a>弘願，無憂不濟。今日還宫，當極歡樂。後晨出遊，歷覽山野，已而至此，平議營建。”王既受誨，奉以周旋，<span class="zhuanming">龍猛菩薩</span>以神妙藥，滴諸大石，並變爲金。王遊見金，心口相賀，迴駕至<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>所，曰：“今日畋<a class="zhuhao" href="#8655" id="8641">〔9〕</a>遊，神鬼所惑，山林之中，時見金聚。”<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>曰：“非鬼惑也，至誠所感，故有此金。宜時取用，濟成勝業。”遂以營建，功畢有餘。於是五層之中，各鑄四大金像，餘尚盈積，充諸帑<a class="zhuhao" href="#8656" id="8642">〔10〕</a>藏。招集千僧，居中禮誦。<span class="zhuanming">龍猛菩薩</span>以<span class="zhuanming">釋迦佛</span>所宣教法及諸菩薩所演述論，鳩集部别，藏在其中。故上第一層唯置佛像及諸經論；下第五層居止淨人資産什物；中間三層僧徒所舍。聞諸先志曰：<span class="zhuanming">引正王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8657" id="8643">〔11〕</a>營建已畢，計工人所食鹽價，用九拘胝</span> <span class="font12 zhu">拘胝者，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言億。</span> <span>金錢。其後僧徒忿諍，就王平議。時諸淨人更相謂曰：“僧徒諍起，言議相乖。凶人伺隙<a class="zhuhao" href="#8658" id="8644">〔12〕</a>，毁壞伽藍。”於是重關<a class="zhuhao" href="#8659" id="8645">〔13〕</a>反拒，以擯僧徒。自爾已來，無復僧衆。遠矚山巖，莫知門徑，時引善<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00831','1384847',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P831</span></i>醫方者入中療疾，蒙面入出，不識其路<a class="zhuhao" href="#8660" id="8646">〔14〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8631" id="8647">〔1〕</a>《中本》跋邏二字作默羅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8633" id="8648">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》蜂並作峯。《續傳》及《珠林》三十九作黑蜂，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8634" id="8649">〔3〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》陗作峭，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8635" id="8650">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》及《方志》全作金。依文義全字爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8636" id="8651">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《隨函録》簷並作檐。《音釋》作檐，云：“與簷字同。”《中本》作擔，亦檐之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8638" id="8652">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》負作色。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8639" id="8653">〔7〕</a>《舊麗本》固作因，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8640" id="8654">〔8〕</a>《徑山本》興作此。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8641" id="8655">〔9〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》畋作田，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8642" id="8656">〔10〕</a>《中本》帑作努，誤。《音釋》云：“帑音儻。”帑與努音形並異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8643" id="8657">〔11〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》脱正字。《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》無王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8644" id="8658">〔12〕</a>《音釋》隙作隟，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8645" id="8659">〔13〕</a>原本關作閣，今從《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《異本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8646" id="8660">〔14〕</a>《續傳》云：“古老相傳，盡初結集並現存在。雖外佛法屢遭誅殄，而此一山住持無改。近有僧來，於彼夏坐，但得持誦，不許持出，具陳此事。但路幽阻難可尋問。”《珠林》三十九所載同。疑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00832','1384847',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P832</span></i>爲《記》文之佚者。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8632" id="8661">（一）</a>跋邏末羅耆釐山：梵文Bhrāmara-giri，意卽<span class="zhuanming">黑蜂山</span>。關於此山的傳説，除《西域記》外，《法顯傳》及<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》上也有類似記載。三者的記載内容大體上相同，分歧之處是：1.<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>所記樓爲三重；2.<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>誤<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>；3.<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>所記此山之寺名爲<span class="zhuanming">波羅越</span>（Pārāvata，義云鴿）。可能是傳聞中將parvata（山）誤作pārāvata的緣故。因爲<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span><span class="zhuanming">多羅那他</span>《印度佛教史》稱<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>所住的這座山爲<span class="zhuanming">吉祥山</span>（Śrīparvata）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於此山的所在，<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>認爲卽前述的<span class="zhuanming">德瓦拉</span>（Dewālā）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>和<span class="zhuanming">文賈莎尼</span>（Winjhāsanī）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>中的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>寺院遺址，其理由顯然不充分。其次<span class="zhuanming">布爾吉</span>比定爲卽現今<span class="zhuanming">馬尼克杜爾格</span>（Manikdurg）以南二百五十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里﹑<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>南岸的<span class="zhuanming">吉祥山</span>（Śrī-śailam），認爲不僅山名與<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>文獻中所記的Śrīparvata一致，而且山形及山中古老的寺院遺址也與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記相合，但是距離似較<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記過遠。近年有人比定爲<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>中流右岸的<span class="zhuanming">龍樹山</span>（Nāgārjunakoṇḍa）古寺院遺址。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8637" id="8662">（二）</a>寮：窗。<span class="zhuanming">左思</span>《魏都賦》：“皦日籠光於綺寮。”</span> </p><p> <span>從此大林中南行九百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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鞠和衍那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153015" key="1153015"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 鞠和衍那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153016" key="1153016"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00108','1384603',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P108</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000193">鞠和衍那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鞠和衍那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1605" id="1603">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1606" id="1604">（一）</a>東西二百餘里，南北三百餘里。國大都城周十餘里。伽藍三所，僧徒百餘人。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1603" id="1605">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》不重此“鞠和衍那國”五字，直承上文。《敦甲本》則有之。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1604" id="1606">（一）</a>鞠和衍那國：<span class="zhuanming">鞠和衍那</span>當爲梵語*Kuvāyāna，<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>—<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語Quwādhiyān，Qabādhiyān的對音。（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁226注1）今名作Qawadīan或Qobadian。《新唐書·地理志》<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00109','1384603',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P109</span></i>作<span class="zhuanming">久越得健</span>，《酉陽雜俎》卷十作<span class="zhuanming">俱德健</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">故址在<span class="zhuanming">呾蜜</span>（Tirmidh）之東，Kāfirnihān河下游之Qobadian，今改名爲<span class="zhuanming">米高揚格勒</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">1877年，這里發現了舉世爲之震驚的著名窖藏，通稱“<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>之寶藏”，計有極其珍貴的金器銀器一百七十餘件，大部分爲<span class="zhuanming">阿契米尼王朝</span>貴族世家及當地神廟之遺物。這批珍寶流入<span class="zhuanming">布哈拉</span>，輾轉經<span class="zhuanming">白沙瓦</span>及<span class="zhuanming">拉瓦爾品第</span>市場而歸<span class="zhuanming">英國博物館</span>收藏。參看<span class="zhuanming">達勒吞</span>（O.M.Dalton）：《烏滸河之寶》，第三版，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，1964年；<span class="zhuanming">施蘭貝爾熱</span>（D.Schlumberger）：《希臘化之東方》，<span class="zhuanming">巴黎</span>，1970年，頁170—171；<span class="zhuanming">斯塔維斯基</span>（Б.Я.Cтaвиcкий）：《貴霜治下的大夏》，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>，1977年，頁8。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">本世紀五十年代起，Qobadian成爲考古學界羣起注意之中心，古代居民點有兩個遺址，從公元前7—5世紀開始實行大規模灌溉。公元前7—4世紀的文化層被稱爲Qobadian I，主要在Kala-i mir，出土陶器與<span class="zhuanming">馬里</span>的Giaur-kala，<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>/Afrasiab﹑<span class="zhuanming">巴里黑</span>/Bactria出土者類似。公元前3—2世紀的文化層被稱爲Qo-badian Ⅱ，位於Qei-kobad-shoh，這是一層堡壘的故址，其<span class="zhuanming">哥林斯</span>（Corinth）式殿堂建築説明這一文化期深受<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>文化影響。公元前一世紀至公元後一世紀之Qobadian Ⅲ相當於<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>-<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>王國時期；這一文化期以流行灰陶﹑小型人物象﹑小動物雕象爲特徵。公元後二世紀爲Qobadian Ⅳ，相當於<span class="zhuanming">貴霜</span>王<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>在位時期，以紅陶爲特徵。到公元後三至四世紀最後文化期，陶器之外，還有錢幣出土，這大概是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所見<span class="zhuanming">鞠和衍那</span>/<span class="zhuanming">久越得健</span>的故址。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">Qobadian地區的土塚，明顯地分爲游牧部落墓葬和<span class="zhuanming">貴霜</span>時期定居人口墓葬。這表明公元後四至五世紀<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>/<span class="zhuanming">悒怛</span>人南渡<span class="zhuanming">阿姆<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00110','1384603',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P110</span></i>河</span>之前已到達此地。</span> </p><p> <span>東至<span class="zhuanming">鑊沙國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、伽藍附近三坑傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153019" key="1153019"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 六、伽藍附近三坑傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153020" key="1153020"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00493','1384727',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P493</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000808"><b>六﹑伽藍附近三坑傳説</b></p><p> <span>伽藍後不遠，是外道梵志殺婬女以謗佛處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5283" id="5271">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>十力無畏<a class="zhuhao" href="#5284" id="5272">（二）</a>，一切種智<a class="zhuhao" href="#5285" id="5273">（三）</a>，人天宗仰<a class="zhuhao" href="#5279" id="5274">〔1〕</a>，聖賢遵<a class="zhuhao" href="#5280" id="5275">〔2〕</a>奉。時諸外道共相議曰：“宜行詭詐，衆中謗辱。”乃誘雇婬女，詐爲聽法，衆所知已，密而殺之，埋屍樹側，稱怨告王。王<a class="zhuhao" href="#5281" id="5276">〔3〕</a>命求訪，於<span class="zhuanming">逝多園</span>得其屍焉。是時外道高聲唱言：“<span class="zhuanming">喬答摩大沙門</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5286" id="5277">（四）</a>常稱戒忍，今私此女，殺而滅口<a class="zhuhao" href="#5282" id="5278">〔4〕</a>。既婬既殺，何戒何忍？”諸天空中隨聲唱曰：“外道凶人，爲此謗耳。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5274" id="5279">〔1〕</a>《古本》仰作敬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5275" id="5280">〔2〕</a>《石本》遵作尊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5276" id="5281">〔3〕</a>《中本》無王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5278" id="5282">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》滅口作緘口。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5271" id="5283">（一）</a>外道梵志殺婬女以謗佛處：婬女卽指妓女，此婬女名<span class="zhuanming">孫陀利</span>（巴利語Sundarī），外道欲誹謗佛，使<span class="zhuanming">孫陀利</span>常到佛處聽法，後殺之埋於<span class="zhuanming">祇洹精舍</span>，揚言<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>與女私通，故殺以滅口。這一傳説據云是<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>住在<span class="zhuanming">祇洹精舍</span>第二十年的事，也是所謂<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>所受十難之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00494','1384727',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P494</span></i>一。並見《六度集經》﹑《修行本起經》卷一﹑《孫陀利宿緣經》﹑《經律異相》卷四十﹑巴利文《本生經》第二八五等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5272" id="5284">（二）</a>十力無畏：十力﹑無畏，各書説法不一。據《智度論》卷二五，佛具有所謂的十力﹑四無所畏。十力是：堅深牢固力﹑不捨一切衆生力﹑具足大悲力﹑大精進力﹑禪定力﹑具足智慧力﹑不厭生死力﹑無生法忍力﹑得解脱力﹑具足無礙智力。四無所畏是：在衆説法無所畏，隨應説法無所畏，不見是相在大衆中説法無所畏，能斷疑惑在大衆中説法無所畏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5273" id="5285">（三）</a>一切種智：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂三智之一。《智度論》卷二七：“一切智是聲聞<span class="zhuanming">辟支佛</span>事，道智是諸菩薩事，一切種智是佛事。”故“一切種智”指佛的智慧，它圓明通達，能以一種之智，知一切諸佛的道法，又能知一切衆生種種因緣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5277" id="5286">（四）</a>喬答摩大沙門：指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>。<span class="zhuanming">喬答摩</span>，亦作<span class="zhuanming">瞿曇</span>，梵文Gautama音譯，巴利文Gotama。<span class="zhuanming">喬答摩</span>本係一婆羅門仙人名稱，它是按照當時刹帝利貴族的習慣從《梨俱吠陀》讚歌的作者（所謂仙人）那裏借來的。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍東百餘步有大深坑，是<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5295" id="5287">（一）</a>欲以毒藥害佛，生身陷入地獄處。<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">天授</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">斛飯王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5296" id="5288">（二）</a>之子也，精勤十二年，已誦持八萬法藏<a class="zhuhao" href="#5297" id="5289">（三）</a>。後爲利故，求學神通，親近惡友，共相議曰：“我相三十<a class="zhuhao" href="#5298" id="5290">（四）</a>，減佛未幾。大衆圍繞，何異<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>。”思惟是已，卽事破僧<a class="zhuhao" href="#5299" id="5291">（五）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>奉佛指告，承佛威神，説法誨喻，僧復和合<a class="zhuhao" href="#5300" id="5292">（六）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>惡心不捨，以惡毒藥置指爪中，欲因作禮以傷<a class="zhuhao" href="#5294" id="5293">〔1〕</a>害佛。方行<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00495','1384727',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P495</span></i>此謀，自遠而來，至於此也，地遂坼焉，生陷地獄。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5293" id="5294">〔1〕</a>《石本》以傷作傷以，誤倒。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5287" id="5295">（一）</a>提婆達多：梵文Devadatta音譯，舊譯<span class="zhuanming">調達</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">天授</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span>弟<span class="zhuanming">斛飯王</span>之子，<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>之兄，於佛爲堂兄弟。傳説他曾修行十二年，誦八萬法，得五神通，在<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>的支持下，欲大張其教權，因與佛有宿怨，與之對立，以破壞佛法爲事。實際上<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>與佛持不同的見解，另立教團，與當時的所謂六師外道相同。關於<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>陷害佛的傳説，並見《增一阿含經》卷四七﹑《十誦律》卷二六﹑三七，《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》卷十八及《智度論》卷十四等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5288" id="5296">（二）</a>斛飯王：梵文Droṇodana意譯，爲<span class="zhuanming">浄飯王</span>之弟，卽<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>之叔父。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5289" id="5297">（三）</a>八萬法藏：卽八萬四千法藏之略。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲衆生有八萬四千煩惱之病，故<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>爲説八萬四千之經典。《法華經》卷四《見寶塔品》：“若持八萬四千法藏，十二部經，爲人演説。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5290" id="5298">（四）</a>我相三十：大人物有特殊的“相”，是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>固有的信仰，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經典對此比<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>和<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>更爲强調。據《三十二相經》﹑《智度論》卷八八等所載，凡具有三十二大人相的，在家爲輪王，出家則獲無上正覺。而<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>具有三十二相，《法界次第初門》卷下之下：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>應化之體現此三十二相，以表法身衆德圓極。使見者愛敬，知有勝德可崇，人天中尊衆聖之王，故現三十二相也。”<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00496','1384727',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P496</span></i><span class="zhuanming">後漢</span>時譯出的《修行本起經》已有三十二相之名，但不具體。較晚的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯佛經，例如《太子瑞應本起經》﹑《普曜經》﹑《長阿含經》﹑《中阿含經》﹑《過去現在因果經》等等，則詳舉三十二相的内容。不過其次序因<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>宗派之不同而不同，兹不具引。“我相三十”，<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>自謂已具三十相，故云“何異<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5291" id="5299">（五）</a>破僧：一指破法輪僧，卽與<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>的教法對立，從中分裂<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教團；二破羯磨（業行）僧，卽破和合僧。是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>内部以所謂“邪方便”，使一味的聞法衆乖離，作破壞僧衆團結之事。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>視破僧爲五逆重罪之一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5292" id="5300">（六）</a>和合：梵文saṅgha（僧伽），意譯爲和合，卽有組織的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教團，凡比丘三人以上在一起，持同一戒行，行同一佛法，使之理和﹑事和，團結在一起。</span> </p><p> <span>其南復有大坑，<span class="zhuanming">瞿伽梨<a class="zhuhao" href="#5305" id="5301">〔1〕</a>苾芻</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5306" id="5302">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#5308" id="5303">（一）</a>毁謗<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，生身陷入地獄<a class="zhuhao" href="#5307" id="5304">〔3〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5301" id="5305">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》引梨作離。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5302" id="5306">〔2〕</a>《石本》苾芻作比丘，次同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5304" id="5307">〔3〕</a>《中本》獄下有處字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5303" id="5308">（一）</a>瞿伽梨苾芻：梵名Kokālika，又作<span class="zhuanming">高迦離伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孤迦梨迦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孤迦利迦</span>等。《寶積經》卷二譯作“<span class="zhuanming">俱迦利</span>”，注曰：“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">惡時者</span>”。《智度論》卷一三譯作“<span class="zhuanming">俱伽離</span>”，稱他是<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>的弟子，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00497','1384727',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P497</span></i>誹謗<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">目犍連</span>等。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞿伽梨</span>陷坑南八百餘步，有大深坑，是<span class="zhuanming">戰遮</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5316" id="5309">（一）</a>婆羅門女毁謗<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，生身陷入地獄地處。佛爲人天説諸法要，有外道弟子遥見<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>，大衆恭敬，便自念曰：“要於今日辱<span class="zhuanming">喬答摩</span>，敗其善譽，當令我師獨擅芳聲。”乃懷繫木盂，至<span class="zhuanming">給孤獨園</span>，於大衆中揚聲唱曰：“此説法人與我私通，腹中之子，乃<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種也。”邪見者莫不信然，貞固者知爲訕<a class="zhuhao" href="#5313" id="5310">〔1〕</a>謗。時<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>欲除疑故，化爲白鼠，齧斷盂系<a class="zhuhao" href="#5314" id="5311">〔2〕</a>。系斷之聲，震動大衆，凡諸見聞，增深喜悦。衆中一人起持木盂，示彼女曰：“是汝兒耶？”是時也，地自開坼，全身墜<a class="zhuhao" href="#5315" id="5312">〔3〕</a>陷，入<span class="zhuanming">無間獄</span>，具受其殃。凡此三坑，洞無崖底。秋夏霖雨，溝池泛溢，而此深坑嘗無水止。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5310" id="5313">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》訕作誹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5311" id="5314">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》系作糸，次同，俗譌寫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5312" id="5315">〔3〕</a>《石本》無墜字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5309" id="5316">（一）</a>戰遮：梵文Ciñcā音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">栴闍</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">栴遮</span>。《法顯傳》作<span class="zhuanming">栴遮摩那</span>（Ciñcāmānavikā），婆羅門女名，其誹謗<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>的傳説，詳見本書本文，參見《生經》卷一﹑《經律異相》卷四十五﹑巴利文《本生經》第472﹑巴利文《法句經》等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
案達羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153023" key="1153023"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 案達羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153024" key="1153024"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00832','1384848',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P832</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001406">案達羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8671" id="8663">（一）</a>周三千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里，號<span class="zhuanming">瓶<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00833','1384848',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P833</span></i>耆羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8672" id="8664">（二）</a>。土地良<a class="zhuhao" href="#8669" id="8665">〔1〕</a>沃，稼穡豐盛。氣序温暑，風俗猛暴。語言辭調異<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8673" id="8666">（三）</a>，至於文字，軌則大同<a class="zhuhao" href="#8674" id="8667">（四）</a>。伽藍二十餘所，僧徒三千餘人。天祠三十餘所，異道寔<a class="zhuhao" href="#8670" id="8668">〔2〕</a>多。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8665" id="8669">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》良作潤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8668" id="8670">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》寔作亦。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8663" id="8671">（一）</a>案達羅國：<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>，梵文Āndhra的音譯，現代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">安得拉邦</span>以<span class="zhuanming">海德拉巴德</span>（Hyderabad）爲中心的一帶地方。古代的<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>的領域隨國勢盛衰而有相當大的變化。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>當時所指的<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">文耆</span>（Veṅgī）王國（詳以下注），其領域在<span class="zhuanming">哥達瓦里河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>之間的地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>有名古國，其發祥地爲現今<span class="zhuanming">特蘭加那</span>（Tela-ngana，在<span class="zhuanming">哥達瓦里</span>與<span class="zhuanming">克里希那</span>兩河之間）以北﹑以東及以南地帶。該國名早見於《他氏梵書》（Aitareya Brāhmaṇa Ⅶ.18）﹑《摩訶婆羅多》﹑《羅摩衍那》等古籍及<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>摩崖敕銘第十三。公元前四世紀末﹑三世紀初，<span class="zhuanming">塞琉古</span>王朝派至<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>的使節<span class="zhuanming">麥加斯忒尼</span>對<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>也有所記載，見於<span class="zhuanming">普林尼</span>《博物志》。據稱在<span class="zhuanming">月護王</span>（Candragupta）時，<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>是僅次於<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>的強國，境内有城池堅固的都市三十個，並有一支由步兵十萬﹑騎兵兩千﹑戰象千頭所組成的強大軍隊，稱雄<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>。<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>一度臣服。<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>死後，公元前三世紀時，<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">希穆伽</span>（Simuka）叛<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>而獨立，建立了有名的<span class="zhuanming">娑多婆漢那</span>（Sātavāhana）王朝，統治達五世紀<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00834','1384848',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P834</span></i>之久。其第二代國王<span class="zhuanming">克里希那</span>逐步向西擴張，佔領半島南部現今<span class="zhuanming">馬哈拉施特拉邦</span>直達<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯海</span>岸邊及<span class="zhuanming">中央邦</span>絶大部分地區。<span class="zhuanming">克里希那</span>的擴張政策曾引起該國與<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>的<span class="zhuanming">巽伽王朝</span>及<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">伽爾吠拉</span>（Kharvela）間的戰争。公元前二世紀末，<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>人在與<span class="zhuanming">火天友</span>（Agnimitra）等的戰争中取得最後勝利，<span class="zhuanming">火天友</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">巽伽</span>王<span class="zhuanming">華友</span>（Puṣpamitra）長子。公元後一世紀中葉，<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>文學藝術十分繁榮。此後<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>與佔領<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>三角洲的<span class="zhuanming">塞種</span>人（Saka）﹑<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>（Pallava）人等發生過多次戰争。<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>人大都獲勝。在海運發展方面<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>人也有相當大的成就，與<span class="zhuanming">埃及</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>均有海上交通。近年在<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>故地出土的大量古代錢幣中，就有不少鏤刻船像的錢幣，足以證明此點。在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上該國也是一個重要地方。有名的<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>就曾在此地傳佈大衆部的教義，其中的<span class="zhuanming">東山住</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">西山住</span>等部一直在此國及其南部之<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span>盛行，爲此後大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的産生提供了基地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">公元後三世紀時，<span class="zhuanming">娑多婆漢那王朝</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">伊克蘇瓦古</span>（Ikṣvāku）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>所推翻。三世紀末，後者又爲<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅</span>的<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王朝</span>所滅。<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>人將<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>南岸併入其領土，而<span class="zhuanming">哥達瓦里河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>之間的地區，則爲獨立的<span class="zhuanming">文耆王國</span>所統治，繼又歸屬<span class="zhuanming">莎楞伽耶那</span>（Śālaṅkāyana）與<span class="zhuanming">毘濕奴孔汀</span>（Viṣṇukuṇḍin）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>。從公元七世紀初起，<span class="zhuanming">文耆王國</span>這一地區爲<span class="zhuanming">東遮婁其</span>（Chālukya）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>所統治達四百年之久。<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>人對建築﹑雕塑等藝術極爲鼓勵。他們開鑿了不少的石窟寺，有名的<span class="zhuanming">阿旃陀石窟</span>，據説就是<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>時代的成就。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>就是在<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>政權的全盛時期來巡禮<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>的。那時，該地是<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>的政治活動中心。<span class="zhuanming">東遮婁其</span>統治這段時期，在<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>地區的歷史上佔有重要地位，其統治時間不僅長而穩定，而<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00835','1384848',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P835</span></i>且在文學藝術方面也取得不少偉大成就。<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>文的《摩訶婆羅多》就是這段時期完成的，獨特的<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>文字也在這時形成。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8664" id="8672">（二）</a>號瓶耆羅：<span class="zhuanming">瓶耆羅</span>，梵文作Veṅgī，Veṅgīpura，<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>文作Veṅgiura。<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>的疆域和首都均幾經變遷，因此各家考證的分歧不小。先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>根據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記里程，比定<span class="zhuanming">艾爾甘德爾</span>（Elgandel），這不僅與<span class="zhuanming">瓶耆羅</span>的對音不合，<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>計算里程的座標也不可靠，這一説法已爲現代學者所不取。目前大多數人同意<span class="zhuanming">高桑駒吉</span>氏所比定的地方，卽以現今<span class="zhuanming">艾洛爾</span>（Ellore—Eluru）西北六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處Pedda（大）Vegī及Cinna（小）Vegi兩村附近﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩亨德拉</span>（Mahe-ndra）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>與<span class="zhuanming">摩湼魯</span>（Manneru）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>之間的地方爲《西域記》中的<span class="zhuanming">瓶耆羅</span>所在地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8666" id="8673">（三）</a>語言辭調異中印度：<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>地處<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span><span class="zhuanming">安得拉邦</span>，其語言今屬於<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼</span>語系中的<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>（Telugu）語。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8667" id="8674">（四）</a>至於文字軌則大同：其文字和屬<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>系統的古代<span class="zhuanming">卡那拉</span>文字（Hala-Kannara）基本相同。當<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>至此國時，其文化大體同於<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>文化未被消滅，故本書的記載如實。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
愉漫國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153027" key="1153027"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 愉漫國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153028" key="1153028"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00107','1384602',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P107</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000190">愉漫國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">愉漫國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1602" id="1599">（一）</a>東西四百餘里，南北百餘里。國大都城周十六七里。其王<span class="zhuanming">奚素<a class="zhuhao" href="#1601" id="1600">〔1〕</a>突厥</span>也。伽藍二所，僧徒寡少。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1600" id="1601">〔1〕</a>《中本》奚素作素奚，誤倒。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1599" id="1602">（一）</a>愉漫國：《新唐書·地理志》：“<span class="zhuanming">天馬都督府</span><span class="zhuanming">解蘇國</span><span class="zhuanming">數瞞城</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00108','1384602',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P108</span></i>置。”此<span class="zhuanming">數瞞</span>當是<span class="zhuanming">愉漫</span>。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>稱<span class="zhuanming">愉漫</span>之王爲<span class="zhuanming">奚素突厥</span>，<span class="zhuanming">奚素</span>與<span class="zhuanming">解蘇</span>當是同名異譯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">愉漫</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">數瞞</span>在<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻中作Shūmān，屢見<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理著作中。（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注第25條﹑33條，第353頁注釋）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">愉漫</span>常與<span class="zhuanming">忽露摩</span>並提（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁226），其地當在Kafirnihān河上游，故址在今<span class="zhuanming">杜尚别</span>附近。（<span class="zhuanming">别列尼茨基</span>等《中亞中世紀城市》，第180頁）。</span> </p><p> <span>西南臨<span class="zhuanming">縛蒭河</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">鞠和衍那國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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七、影覆精舍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153031" key="1153031"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 七、影覆精舍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153032" key="1153032"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00498','1384728',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P498</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000817"><b>七﹑影覆精舍</b></p><p> <span>伽藍東六七十步有一精舍<a class="zhuhao" href="#5321" id="5317">〔1〕</a>，高六十餘尺，中有佛像，東面而坐。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此與諸外道論議。次東有天祠，量等精舍。日旦流光，天祠之影不<a class="zhuhao" href="#5322" id="5318">〔2〕</a>蔽精舍。日將落照，精舍之陰遂覆天祠<a class="zhuhao" href="#5323" id="5319">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#5324" id="5320">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5317" id="5321">〔1〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》三十八引精舍下有“名曰影覆”四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5318" id="5322">〔2〕</a>《感應録》上引不下有能字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5319" id="5323">〔3〕</a>《感應録》引祠下有影覆矣三字，不辭，疑涉下文“影覆”而誤衍。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5320" id="5324">（一）</a>精舍之陰遂覆天祠：據《法顯傳》記載：“其道東有外道天寺，名曰<span class="zhuanming">影覆</span>。與論議處精舍夾道相對，亦高六丈許。所以名<span class="zhuanming">影覆</span>者，日在西時，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>精舍影則映外道天寺。日在東時，外道天寺影則北映，終不得映佛精舍也。外道常遣人守其天寺，掃灑﹑燒香﹑然燈供養。至明旦，其燈輒移在佛精舍中。婆羅門恚言：‘諸沙門取我燈，自供養佛。’爲爾不止。婆羅門於是夜自伺候，見其所事天神持燈繞佛精舍三帀，供養佛已，忽然不見。婆羅門乃知佛神大，卽捨家入道。傳云近有此事。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00499','1384728',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P499</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">影覆精舍</span>東三四里有窣堵波，是尊者<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>與外道論議處。初<span class="zhuanming">善施長者</span>買<span class="zhuanming">逝多太子</span>園，欲爲<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>建立精舍，時尊者<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>隨長者而瞻揆，外道六師<a class="zhuhao" href="#5329" id="5325">（一）</a>求角<a class="zhuhao" href="#5328" id="5326">〔1〕</a>神力。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>隨事攝化，應物降伏<a class="zhuhao" href="#5330" id="5327">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5326" id="5328">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》角並作觕，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5325" id="5329">（一）</a>外道六師：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>以“契合真理”自居，稱爲“内學”；又認爲其他宗教或學派均“心遊道外”，名爲“外道”。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>約在奥義書時代的末期，這時異説繁多，争論不休，在<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境較佔勢力的約有六個學派，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>稱爲外道六師或六師外道：一﹑<span class="zhuanming">富蘭那迦葉</span>（Pūraṇa-kāśyapa），卽<span class="zhuanming">富蘭那師</span>，認爲一切諸法的斷滅﹑性空及世事皆出偶然，是没有因果的，因此否定人倫道德；二﹑<span class="zhuanming">末伽梨拘舍梨子</span>（Maskarī-gośālīputra），一稱<span class="zhuanming">末伽梨師</span>，以爲人生的苦樂都起於自然﹑並非因緣所生，崇尚奇異苦行，認爲淫樂無害﹑精進無功，是宿命論者；三，<span class="zhuanming">删闍耶毘羅胝子</span>（Sañjayī-vairaṭīputra），一稱<span class="zhuanming">删闍夜師</span>，認爲萬事不可捉摸，採取不可知主義，而立或然主義，持懷疑論，謂雖不求道，在經生死劫數之間，苦際自盡，修行有以解脱；四﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿耆多翅舍欽婆羅</span>（Ajitakeśa-kambala），一稱<span class="zhuanming">阿耆多翅舍師</span>，認爲“受四大取命終者，地大還歸地，水還歸水，火還歸火，風還歸風，皆悉敗壞，諸根歸空”（《長阿含經》卷十八），爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>樸素唯物<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00500','1384728',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P500</span></i>論順世外道的先河，亦主張苦行爲得道之因；五﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦鳩馱迦旃延</span>（Kakuda-kātyāyana），一稱<span class="zhuanming">迦鳩馱師</span>，認爲人身乃由地﹑水﹑火﹑風﹑苦﹑樂及命（靈魂）七種原素積聚而成；又以爲諸法的有相﹑無相，應物而見有相或無相，是無因論的感覺論者；六﹑<span class="zhuanming">尼乾陀若提子</span>（Nigrantha-jñātiputra），一稱<span class="zhuanming">尼犍陀師</span>，説人生爲過去因緣所支配，承認世界﹑靈魂的相對常住，賴苦行得解脱，爲<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的開山祖。以上六種外道各有十五種流派，再加上六師，共爲九十六種外道。佛經中有一些地方講到外道六師的學説，例如《根本説一切有部毘奈耶》卷一三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5327" id="5330">（二）</a>舍利子隨事攝化應物降伏：關於<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>降伏外道的傳説，見《衆許摩訶帝經》卷十二。</span> </p><p> <span>其側精舍前，建窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此摧諸外道，又受<span class="zhuanming">毗舍佉母</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5332" id="5331">（一）</a>請。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5331" id="5332">（一）</a>毗舍佉母：梵文名Viśākhā，巴利文作Visākhā。<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底城</span><span class="zhuanming">彌伽羅</span>（Migāra）<span class="zhuanming">長者</span>之母。<span class="zhuanming">彌伽羅</span>誤作<span class="zhuanming">彌羅伽</span>（mṛga），鹿之謂，故有<span class="zhuanming">鹿母</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鹿子母</span>之稱。她皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">逝多林</span>的東北三四里處建立精舍，請<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>説法，名<span class="zhuanming">東園精舍</span>（Pūrvārāma），又稱<span class="zhuanming">鹿母講堂</span>。《中阿含經》卷四九：“一時佛遊<span class="zhuanming">舍衛國</span>，在於<span class="zhuanming">東園</span><span class="zhuanming">鹿子母堂</span>。”又見卷六及《雜阿含經》卷二。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、阿折羅羅漢伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153035" key="1153035"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 案達羅國 &gt; 一、阿折羅羅漢伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153036" key="1153036"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00835','1384849',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P835</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001409"><b>一﹑阿折羅羅漢伽藍</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瓶耆羅城</span>側不遠，有大伽藍，重閣層臺，製窮剞劂。佛像聖容，麗極工思。伽藍前有石窣堵波，高數<a class="zhuhao" href="#8677" id="8675">〔1〕</a>百尺，並<span class="zhuanming">阿折羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8678" id="8676">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">所行</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿羅漢</span>之所建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8675" id="8677">〔1〕</a>原本無數字。據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00836','1384849',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P836</span></i>《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8676" id="8678">（一）</a>阿折羅：梵文Ācāra音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">所行</span>。羅漢名，與本書卷十一<span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘國</span>條的<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>人﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿旃陀窟</span>的開創者同名，是否同一人則不明。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">所行羅漢伽藍</span>西南不遠，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此説法，現大神通，度無量衆。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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忽露摩國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153039" key="1153039"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 忽露摩國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153040" key="1153040"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00106','1384601',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P106</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000186">忽露摩國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">忽露摩國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1593" id="1589">（一）</a>東西百餘里，南北三百餘里。國大都城周十餘里。其王<span class="zhuanming">奚素突厥</span>也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1594" id="1590">（二）</a>。伽藍二<a class="zhuhao" href="#1592" id="1591">〔1〕</a>所，僧徒百餘人。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1591" id="1592">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》二作三。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1589" id="1593">（一）</a>忽露摩國：<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>與<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>（Chavannes）皆比定爲Kharūn。（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁226；<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>《西突厥史料》<span class="zhuanming">中</span>譯本，頁251—252；）<span class="zhuanming">雅忽比</span>《諸國志》作，Akharūn或Kharūn，並謂此城與<span class="zhuanming">愉漫</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00107','1384601',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P107</span></i>（Shūmān）一度共同組成一國，受<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>統治。這一記載與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載相同。參看<span class="zhuanming">愉漫</span>條。其地當在今<span class="zhuanming">杜尚别</span>附近。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1590" id="1594">（二）</a>奚素突厥：<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>謂：“661年所置西域府州中有<span class="zhuanming">天馬都督府</span>，以<span class="zhuanming">解蘇國</span><span class="zhuanming">數瞞城</span>置。<span class="zhuanming">解蘇</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">奚素</span>，<span class="zhuanming">數瞞</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">愉漫</span>也。”（《西突厥史料》<span class="zhuanming">中</span>譯本，頁175）</span> </p><p> <span>東至<span class="zhuanming">愉</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1597" id="1595">〔1〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">朔俱反<a class="zhuhao" href="#1598" id="1596">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">漫國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1595" id="1597">〔1〕</a>愉，《敦甲本》作瑜，《石本》作榆，下同。按愉﹑瑜﹑榆三字同音，譯文無定字，可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1596" id="1598">〔2〕</a>朔俱反，《方志》朔作用。按愉字在《廣韻》上平聲《虞韻》“羊朱切”下，《敦煌切韻》（第三種）同。無朔俱反音。用與羊並屬喻紐，可互用。朔字不諧，疑爲用字之訛，但各本如此，不輒改。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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八、毗盧擇迦王傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153043" key="1153043"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 八、毗盧擇迦王傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153044" key="1153044"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00501','1384729',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P501</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000823"><b>八﹑毗盧擇迦王傳説</b></p><p> <span>受請窣堵波南，是<span class="zhuanming">毗盧<a class="zhuhao" href="#5346" id="5333">〔1〕</a>擇<a class="zhuhao" href="#5347" id="5334">〔2〕</a>迦王</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">毗琉<a class="zhuhao" href="#5348" id="5335">〔3〕</a>離王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5349" id="5336">〔4〕</a>，訛也。</span> <span>興甲兵誅<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種至此見佛歸兵之處。<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦王</span>嗣位之後，追怨前辱，興甲兵，動大衆，部署已畢，申<a class="zhuhao" href="#5350" id="5337">〔5〕</a>命方行。時有苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5351" id="5338">〔6〕</a>聞以<a class="zhuhao" href="#5352" id="5339">〔7〕</a>白佛。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>於是坐枯樹下，<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦王</span>遥見<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>，下乘禮敬，退立<a class="zhuhao" href="#5353" id="5340">〔8〕</a>言曰：“茂樹扶疎，何故不坐？枯株<a class="zhuhao" href="#5354" id="5341">〔9〕</a>朽蘖<a class="zhuhao" href="#5355" id="5342">〔10〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#5358" id="5343">（一）</a>，而乃遊止？”<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告曰：“宗族者，枝葉也。枝葉將危，庇蔭<a class="zhuhao" href="#5356" id="5344">〔11〕</a>何<a class="zhuhao" href="#5357" id="5345">〔12〕</a>在？”王曰：“<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>爲宗親耳，可以迴駕。”於是覩聖感懷，還軍返國。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5333" id="5346">〔1〕</a>《中本》盧作慮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5334" id="5347">〔2〕</a>原本擇作釋，《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》釋並作擇，今據改，下同。《方志》﹑《珠林》及《翻譯集》引則作釋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5335" id="5348">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》琉並作流。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5336" id="5349">〔4〕</a>原本王作主，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》並作王。《珠林》亦然，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5337" id="5350">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》申並作伸，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5338" id="5351">〔6〕</a>《石本》苾芻作比丘。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00502','1384729',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P502</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5339" id="5352">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》以作已，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5340" id="5353">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》立作而。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5341" id="5354">〔9〕</a>《石本》株作林。株與上文枯樹相應，林字義遜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5342" id="5355">〔10〕</a>原本朽作𣏓，非，今從諸本正。《明北本》﹑《徑山本》蘖作葉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5344" id="5356">〔11〕</a>《徑山本》蔭作廕，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5345" id="5357">〔12〕</a>《中本》何下有異字，疑衍。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5343" id="5358">（一）</a>朽蘖：枯朽的樹枝。蘖，樹杈枝。《尚書·盤庚上》：“若顛木之有由蘖。”</span> </p><p> <span>還軍之側，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>女被戮處。<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦王</span>誅<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>克勝，簡五百女充實宫闈<a class="zhuhao" href="#5368" id="5359">〔1〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>女憤恚，怨言不遜，詈其王“家人之子也。”王聞發怒，命令誅戮。執法者奉王教，刖<a class="zhuhao" href="#5369" id="5360">〔2〕</a>其手足，投諸阬穽。時諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>女含苦稱佛。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>聖鑒<a class="zhuhao" href="#5370" id="5361">〔3〕</a>，照其苦毒，告命苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5371" id="5362">〔4〕</a>，攝衣而往，爲諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>女説微<a class="zhuhao" href="#5372" id="5363">〔5〕</a>妙法，所謂羈纏五欲<a class="zhuhao" href="#5374" id="5364">（一）</a>，流轉三途<a class="zhuhao" href="#5375" id="5365">（二）</a>，恩愛别離，生死長遠。時諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>女聞佛指誨，<a class="zhuhao" href="#5373" id="5366">〔6〕</a>遠塵離垢，得法眼淨<a class="zhuhao" href="#5376" id="5367">（三）</a>，同時命終，俱生天上。時<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>化作婆羅門，收骸火葬，後人記焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5359" id="5368">〔1〕</a>《中本》闈作閣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5360" id="5369">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》刖作刑。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00503','1384729',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P503</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5361" id="5370">〔3〕</a>《古本》鑒作監，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5362" id="5371">〔4〕</a>《石本》苾芻作比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5363" id="5372">〔5〕</a>《中本》無微字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5366" id="5373">〔6〕</a>原本無女字，《石本》有之，義長，今據補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5364" id="5374">（一）</a>五欲：指色﹑聲﹑香﹑味﹑觸五欲境（塵），是人生欲念煩惱所起的根本，不得解脱，故云“羈纒五欲”；</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5365" id="5375">（二）</a>三途：指地獄﹑餓鬼﹑畜生，又指火﹑刀﹑血。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5367" id="5376">（三）</a>法眼浄：謂以智慧能分明見得“真諦”。《維摩經》卷一《佛國品》：“遠塵離垢，得法眼淨。”</span> </p><p> <span>誅<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>女窣堵波側不遠，有大涸池，是<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦王</span>陷身<a class="zhuhao" href="#5384" id="5377">〔1〕</a>入地獄處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5390" id="5378">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>觀<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>女已，還<span class="zhuanming">給孤獨園</span>，告諸苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5385" id="5379">〔2〕</a>：“今<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦王</span>却後七日，爲火所燒。”王聞佛記<a class="zhuhao" href="#5386" id="5380">〔3〕</a>，甚<a class="zhuhao" href="#5387" id="5381">〔4〕</a>懷惶懼。至第七日，安樂無危。王用歡慶，命諸宫女往至池<a class="zhuhao" href="#5388" id="5382">〔5〕</a>側，娱遊樂飲。猶懼火起，鼓棹清流，隨波泛濫。熾焰飈<a class="zhuhao" href="#5389" id="5383">〔6〕</a>發，焚輕舟，墜王身，入<span class="zhuanming">無間獄</span>，備受諸苦。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5377" id="5384">〔1〕</a>《石本》陷身二字作生身陷三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5379" id="5385">〔2〕</a>《石本》苾芻作比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5380" id="5386">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》記作説。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5381" id="5387">〔4〕</a>《中本》甚作其。其讀作綦，與甚同義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5382" id="5388">〔5〕</a>原本池作河，《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00504','1384729',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P504</span></i>本》並作池。按上文云“大涸池”，以池字爲長，今從正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5383" id="5389">〔6〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（飈）或從三犬作猋音。有從三焱作飈也。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5378" id="5390">（一）</a>毗盧擇迦王陷身入地獄處：參見《增一阿含經》卷二六﹑《毗琉璃王經》﹑《根本説一切有部毗奈耶雜事》卷七﹑八﹑九。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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縛喝國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153047" key="1153047"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 縛喝國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153048" key="1153048"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00115','1384608',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P115</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000212">縛喝國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">縛喝國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1650" id="1643">（一）</a>東西八百餘里，南北四百餘里，北臨<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>。國大都城周二十餘里，人皆謂之<span class="zhuanming">小王舍城</span>也。其城雖固，居人甚少。土地所産，物類尤多，水陸諸花，難以備舉。伽藍百有<a class="zhuhao" href="#1647" id="1644">〔1〕</a>餘所，僧徒三<a class="zhuhao" href="#1648" id="1645">〔2〕</a>千餘人，並<a class="zhuhao" href="#1649" id="1646">〔3〕</a>皆習學小乘法教。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1644" id="1647">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1645" id="1648">〔2〕</a>《方志》三作二。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1646" id="1649">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》並作普。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1643" id="1650">（一）</a>縛喝國：古<span class="zhuanming">大夏國</span>（Bactria）都城Bactra﹑Baktra之對音。古<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span><span class="zhuanming">大流士大帝</span>（公元前522—486年）Behistun磨崖碑作BāKtriš；<span class="zhuanming">瑣羅亞斯德教</span>古經Avesta中兩處提及此城，均作Bαχδ<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431on4z.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>（Zend，1，7和8）。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>考證，在<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>（Hindu-Kush）以北的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒中，δr的發音有轉化爲1的情況，而t與d（δ）又可交替，因而Baχδiš轉化爲Bαχl，Bahl及Balχ。從中世紀<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>—<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>地理文獻中直至今日，此地名作Balkh。關於<span class="zhuanming">亞美尼亞</span>語﹑古<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語﹑中古<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語﹑<span class="zhuanming">敍利亞</span>語中Bactra，Baktra，Baχtris，Baχ1等各種寫法，見<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁87—88；關於<span class="zhuanming">希羅多德</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">斯特拉波</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波里比烏斯</span>等<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span><span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>古典作家中關於Bactra/Balh的記載，見<span class="zhuanming">斯塔維<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00116','1384608',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P116</span></i>斯基</span>：《貴霜治下的大夏》，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>，1977年，頁88—89；關於<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻中與此地有關的記載，見P.Schwarz：Bemerkungen zu den arabischen Nachrichten über Balkh，載於Oriental Studies in Honour of C.E.Pavry，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，1933年，頁434—443。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">《史記》﹑《後漢書》稱此城爲<span class="zhuanming">藍氏</span>，《漢書》爲<span class="zhuanming">監氏</span>。據學者們考證，<span class="zhuanming">馬其頓</span>之<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大大帝</span>東征至此，建城名<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大里亞</span>（Ale-xandria）。<span class="zhuanming">蘭氏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">監氏</span>當是這一名稱的譯音。參看Les Indo-scythes，JA，1897年，頁106；<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁88；<span class="zhuanming">塔爾恩</span>（W.W.Tarn）《希臘人在大夏和印度》，<span class="zhuanming">劍橋</span>，1951年，第2版，頁106。《魏書》卷一○二《西域傳》作<span class="zhuanming">薄提城</span>，《北史》作<span class="zhuanming">薄羅</span>，《續高僧傳》卷二《達摩笈多傳》作<span class="zhuanming">薄怯羅</span>。此外，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>籍中還有<span class="zhuanming">縛叱</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拔底延</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">縛底耶</span>等譯法。<span class="zhuanming">薄提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">縛叱</span>顯然爲Bāxtriš的對音，<span class="zhuanming">薄羅</span>爲Balh/Balkh的對音，至於<span class="zhuanming">拔底延</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">縛底延</span>，近年<span class="zhuanming">日</span>人<span class="zhuanming">内田吟風</span>提出爲Patiyan的對音，意爲“王城”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此城爲<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>王國的都城，自古聞名於世。其崇拜的女神爲Anaitis。它不僅是<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>王國的政治宗教中心，而且也是<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>的商業中心。<span class="zhuanming">斯特拉波</span>《地理志》（Ⅺ，11，2）又稱此城爲Zariaspa，這可能是<span class="zhuanming">拜火教</span>寺廟Azar-i-Asp的約音，説明此地也受到<span class="zhuanming">薩珊</span>王朝的影響。<span class="zhuanming">貴霜</span>王朝時期，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>大盛，行小乘法，爲<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>以北地區的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>中心，有<span class="zhuanming">小王舍城</span>之稱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">其故址在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>境内Mazār-i-Sharīf以西23公里處，主要廢墟名Bala-Hissar，面積約150公頃。考古發掘平面圖見<span class="zhuanming">施蘭貝爾熱</span>（D.Schlumbergcr）：La Prospection archéologique de Bactres，載Syria雜誌，第26卷，1949年。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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室羅伐悉底國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153051" key="1153051"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153052" key="1153052"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00481','1384722',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P481</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000787">室羅伐悉底國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5186" id="5175">（一）</a>周六千餘里。都<a class="zhuhao" href="#5181" id="5176">〔1〕</a>城荒頓<a class="zhuhao" href="#5182" id="5177">〔2〕</a>，疆埸無紀。宫城故基周二十<a class="zhuhao" href="#5183" id="5178">〔3〕</a>餘里。雖多荒圮<a class="zhuhao" href="#5184" id="5179">〔4〕</a>，尚有居人。穀稼豐，氣序和。風俗淳質，篤學好福。伽藍數百，圮壞良多。僧徒寡少<a class="zhuhao" href="#5185" id="5180">〔5〕</a>，學正量部。天祠百所，外道甚多。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5176" id="5181">〔1〕</a>《中本》都上有國大二字；《石本》都上有大字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00482','1384722',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P482</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5177" id="5182">〔2〕</a>《中本》﹑《金陵本》頓作頽；餘本並作頓。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“頓亦有壞義，見《左傳·襄公四年注》。本書卷五‘憍賞彌國’條有傾頓荒蕪之語，義應同此也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5178" id="5183">〔3〕</a>《石本》十作千，當訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5179" id="5184">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》圮作地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5180" id="5185">〔5〕</a>《石本》寡作寘。按寡之俗字󵾠，與寘形近易誤。《方志》作“僧徒少”，與此同。《慈恩傳》作“僧徒數千”。以數百寺有數千僧，爲數固少也。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5175" id="5186">（一）</a>室羅伐悉底國：<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>是梵文Śrāvastī的對音；巴利文Sāvatthī。舊譯<span class="zhuanming">舍衛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">室羅筏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">舍婆提</span>。此地本係<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>首都，卽<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>所謂<span class="zhuanming">拘薩羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">舍衛城</span>。<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅</span>是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代的十六大國之一。此國以<span class="zhuanming">薩羅踰</span>（Sarayū）河爲界，一分爲二，<span class="zhuanming">舍衛城</span>所在的稱爲<span class="zhuanming">北憍薩羅</span>（Uttara Kosala），以别於<span class="zhuanming">南憍薩羅</span>（Dakṣiṇa Kosala——見本書卷十）。<span class="zhuanming">北憍薩羅</span>最早的國都爲<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁</span>（Ayodhyā），然後爲<span class="zhuanming">沙祇</span>（Śāketa），最後爲<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>這一名稱的來源，有不同的傳説。據<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>大注疏家<span class="zhuanming">覺音</span>（Budhaghosa）記載，此地原是賢者<span class="zhuanming">舍衛陀</span>（Savattha）的住地，本係宗教活動場所，日後逐漸發展爲一城市，因此而得名。另一説是凡人類生活所需之物，此地無不具有，因此命名爲Sāvatthi（sabbaṃ—atthi，義云“一切有”）。《毗濕奴往世書》則稱此城因係由<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉塔</span>（Śrāvasta，或Śrāvastaka）王所修建而得名。據《摩訶婆羅多》稱，<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉塔</span>係<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐</span>（Śrāva）之子，<span class="zhuanming">幼駒</span>（Yuvanāśva）<span class="zhuanming">王</span>之孫。此外，梵文文學作品《戒日王傳》（Harṣacaritam）提到其國<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00483','1384722',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P483</span></i>王<span class="zhuanming">聞鎧</span>（Śrutavarman），《故事海》（Kathāsaritsāgaram）提到其國王<span class="zhuanming">天軍</span>（Devasena），《十公子傳》（Daśakumāracaritam）提到其國王<span class="zhuanming">法增</span>（Dharmavardhana）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">在佛典中<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>更是有名的地方，<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>在此地度過廿五年，在這裏宣揚過許多重要的教義。<span class="zhuanming">祇洹精舍</span>（Jetavana）等<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>中心也在此地。在<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的歷史上，<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>也是一個十分重要的地方，該教稱呼<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">明月城</span>（Candrapurī，Candrikā-purī）。兩位著名的<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>師尊，<span class="zhuanming">生主</span>（Sambhavanātha）和<span class="zhuanming">月光主</span>（Candraprabhānātha）就誕生於此地。<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅</span>（Kapila）聖者曾來此地問道求學，<span class="zhuanming">克敵王</span>（Jitaśatru）之子<span class="zhuanming">跋陀羅</span>（Bhadra）遊方時在此地出家爲僧，以後得成正果。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>主<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>也常來此地，並在這裏度過一個雨安居。古代<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>也是盛行<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>﹑研習《吠陀》等經典的重要地方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">阿契羅伐替</span>（Aciravatī）河畔，通<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>以及西南方各處的三條重要商道在此地會合，是<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>的商業中心之一，各類貨物的集散地，市場繁榮，人口衆多，商旅如雲，極盛時該城居民多達五萬七千户。據《方廣大莊嚴經》記載，<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>是一個冠蓋雲集之地，王孫公子﹑貴胄將相，彼來此往，絡繹不絶。屋宇整潔，街道平直，以便巡邏，城分三重，有王城及内外城，城門在四個以上。佛湼槃後五百年間，關於<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底城</span>無任何文獻可考，此城在政治上與商業上的衰微就開始於這一時期，其具體原因不詳。自<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>在世時直至十二世紀中葉的一千八百年中，此城在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒心目中始終不失其重要性。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>雖有盛衰，<span class="zhuanming">祇洹精舍</span>等聖迹仍是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒朝拜中心。五世紀<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>到達此地時，城内雖然僅有二百餘户，但“繞<span class="zhuanming">祇洹精舍</span>，有十八僧<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00484','1384722',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P484</span></i>伽藍，盡有僧住處，唯一處空。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>至此地時，已是城郭荒頽﹑伽藍圮毁，滿目荒凉了。由於當地文獻缺乏，<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>僧侣記載又復彼此矛盾，這都爲此城地望的考證造成不少困難。先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定<span class="zhuanming">拉普提</span>（Rāpti）河南岸的<span class="zhuanming">沙赫特</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">馬赫特</span>（Sāheṭh﹑Māheṭh）二村爲<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>遺址。二村在現今<span class="zhuanming">北方邦</span><span class="zhuanming">奥德</span>境内<span class="zhuanming">貢達</span>（Gonda）與<span class="zhuanming">巴赫雷奇</span>（Bahraich）二縣的邊界上，遺址呈半月形。該地曾出土有巨大佛像，像上銘文中卽有<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>字樣。Māheṭh爲王城遺址，Sāheṭh爲<span class="zhuanming">祗洹精舍</span>遺址。上世紀末<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>人<span class="zhuanming">霍依</span>（W.Hoey）曾在該遺址進行考古發掘，出土有大量<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>雕刻及碑銘與少量<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>及<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>遺物，均爲<span class="zhuanming">康</span>氏説法提供有力佐證。但<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>提出反駁，比定<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底城</span>的遺址爲<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>南部邊界的<span class="zhuanming">卡朱拉</span>（Khajūrā），卽<span class="zhuanming">巴拉浦爾</span>（Bālāpur）以北，<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾甘吉</span>（Nepālganj）附近。照他的比定，則<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>所記由<span class="zhuanming">沙祗</span>“南行八由延到<span class="zhuanming">拘薩羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">舍衛城</span>”，應改爲“東北行十八由延。”這與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>及佛典上記載均顯然矛盾。如《摩訶僧祇律》卷十一，<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>命<span class="zhuanming">優波離</span>赴<span class="zhuanming">沙祇多</span>（Śāketa）時，佛問<span class="zhuanming">優波離</span>：“汝幾日可得往還？”<span class="zhuanming">優波離</span>白佛言：“<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>，計去二日，停二日，來二日，都計六宿，可得往返。”可見由此城與<span class="zhuanming">沙祇</span>僅距離二日路程，這與<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>所記八由延（約合<span class="song">56</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里或三百二十<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>里）還大體吻合。如改爲十八由延，（按每由延合<span class="song">40</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>里計）計折合<span class="song">720</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>里，這決非兩天所能到達的距離。此外無任何考古學上的發現能爲<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>的説法提供證據，因此在目前情況下，我們認爲<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>的比定是較爲合理的。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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恭御陁國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153055" key="1153055"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 恭御陁國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153056" key="1153056"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00817','1384843',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P817</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001385">恭御陁國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">恭御陁國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8528" id="8519">（一）</a>周千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8529" id="8520">（二）</a>周二十餘里，濱近海隅，山阜隱軫<a class="zhuhao" href="#8525" id="8521">〔1〕</a>。土地墊濕<a class="zhuhao" href="#8526" id="8522">〔2〕</a>，稼穡時播。氣序温暑，風俗勇烈。其形偉，其貌黑，粗有禮義，不甚欺詐。至於文字，同<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>，語言風調，頗有異焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#8530" id="8523">（三）</a>。崇敬外道，不信佛法。天祠百餘所，異道萬餘人。國境之内，數十小城，接山嶺，據海交，城既堅峻，兵又敢勇<a class="zhuhao" href="#8527" id="8524">〔3〕</a>，威雄隣境，遂無强敵。國臨海濱，多有奇寶，螺貝珠璣，斯爲貨用。出大青象，超乘致遠。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8521" id="8525">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》隱軫二字作嶾嶙；《金陵本》作隱嶙。按隱軫﹑嶾嶙並爲叠韻連緜詞。隱軫亦作殷軫，《淮南子·兵略訓》“士卒殷軫”。《高注》：“多盛貌。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8522" id="8526">〔2〕</a>《方志》墊濕作熱溼。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8524" id="8527">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》敢勇二字作勇敢。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8519" id="8528">（一）</a>恭御陁國：最初關於此國的原名考訂，有Konyodha﹑Kongudha﹑Konyadha等不同説法，後經<span class="zhuanming">基爾霍恩</span>（Kielhorn）根據<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00818','1384843',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P818</span></i>古代碑銘考定爲Koṅgoda（-maṇḍala）（Epigraphia Indica，Ⅵ，136），遂成定論。其地卽今<span class="zhuanming">奥里薩邦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">甘賈姆</span>（Ganjam）<span class="zhuanming">縣</span>北部，位於<span class="zhuanming">奇爾加</span>（Chilka）<span class="zhuanming">湖</span>畔，面臨<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉灣</span>，背負<span class="zhuanming">東高止山</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8520" id="8529">（二）</a>國大都城：最初<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>認爲此國都城應在<span class="zhuanming">各答克</span>（Cu-ttack）與<span class="zhuanming">阿斯加</span>（Aska）之間<span class="zhuanming">布巴涅斯瓦</span>爾附近，理由是該處<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>大勅諭碑至今尚存，但地距海甚遠，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記“濱近海隅”不合。後來經<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">高桑駒吉</span>考定爲現今<span class="zhuanming">甘賈姆市</span>西北十八<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">喬羯吒</span>（Jaugaḍa——北緯19°33′，東經84°50′）地方，<span class="zhuanming">甘賈姆市</span>在<span class="zhuanming">魯昔古里亞河</span>（Rushi-Kulya）右岸距河口四﹑五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，位於<span class="zhuanming">奇爾加湖</span>東南端，其西北的<span class="zhuanming">喬羯吒</span>在湖南岸，附近山巒起伏，不僅地理情況與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記相符，而且該處刊有<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span><span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁迦</span>勅諭的摩崖刻銘至今尚在。附近一帶出土了大量古錢，文面雖然大都磨損，但與<span class="zhuanming">貴霜王朝</span>貨幣極其相似。此外還出土有不少古陶瓶﹑古瓦及牆基等物，足以證明是一古城遺址。<span class="zhuanming">甘賈姆縣</span>境内相當於<span class="zhuanming">恭御陁國</span>領域中相似的古城遺址，僅有兩處，另一處爲該縣北部<span class="zhuanming">貢蘇爾</span>（Goomsur）的<span class="zhuanming">凱莎拉帕勒</span>（Keśarapalle），該地也曾出土大量文物，有金幣﹑金像及古堡遺址，但是距海較遠，不如<span class="zhuanming">喬羯吒</span>更符合<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載。因此我們傾向於<span class="zhuanming">高桑氏</span>的考證。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8523" id="8530">（三）</a>語言風調頗有異焉：現今該地通行<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼</span>語系的<span class="zhuanming">坎德語</span>（Khand，又名Kuī），與<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>（Telugu）語頗爲相近。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西南入大荒野，深林巨木，干霄蔽日，行千四五百里，至<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">力甑反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">伽國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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忽懔國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153059" key="1153059"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 忽懔國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153060" key="1153060"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00114','1384607',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P114</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000209">忽懔國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">忽懔國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1640" id="1639">（一）</a>周八百餘里。國大都城周五六里。伽藍十餘所，僧徒五百餘人。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1639" id="1640">（一）</a>忽懔國：此卽Khulm。其遺址在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>境内的Tāsh-Qurghān北郊。</span> </p><p> <span>西至<span class="zhuanming">縛喝國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1642" id="1641">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00115','1384607',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P115</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1641" id="1642">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》喝下有羅字。《方志》縛作嚩。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、指鬘捨邪處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153063" key="1153063"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 二、指鬘捨邪處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153064" key="1153064"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00487','1384723',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P487</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000795"><b>二﹑指鬘捨邪處</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">善施長者</span>宅側有大窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">鴦窶利摩羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5220" id="5211">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<a class="zhuhao" href="#5216" id="5212">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">指鬘</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">央掘摩羅</span>，訛也。</span> <span>捨邪之處。<span class="zhuanming">鴦窶利摩羅</span>者，<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底</span>之凶人也，作害生靈，爲暴城國，殺人取指，冠首爲鬘。將欲害母，以充指數。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>悲愍，方<a class="zhuhao" href="#5217" id="5213">〔2〕</a>行導化。遥見<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>，竊自喜曰：“我今生天必矣。先師有教，遺言在兹，害佛殺母，當生<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>。”謂其母曰：“老今且止，先當害彼大沙門。”尋卽<a class="zhuhao" href="#5218" id="5214">〔3〕</a>杖<a class="zhuhao" href="#5219" id="5215">〔4〕</a>劍往逆<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於是徐行而退，凶人<span class="zhuanming">指鬘</span>疾驅不逮。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>謂曰：“何守鄙志，捨善本，激惡源？”時<span class="zhuanming">指鬘</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00488','1384723',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P488</span></i>聞誨，悟所行非，因卽歸命，求入法中。精勤不怠，證羅漢果。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5212" id="5216">〔1〕</a>《石本》言作云。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5213" id="5217">〔2〕</a>《石本》方下有便字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5214" id="5218">〔3〕</a>《石本》卽作善，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5215" id="5219">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》杖作拔。《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作仗。仗﹑杖通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5211" id="5220">（一）</a>鴦窶利摩羅：梵文Aṅgulimāla音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">指鬘</span>，又傳説係<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>的宰相<span class="zhuanming">奇角</span>之子，名<span class="zhuanming">無惱</span>（<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>名Ahiṃsaka）。其父母囑咐某婆羅門爲之教育，而婆羅門之妻乘夫不在，迫其苟合，爲<span class="zhuanming">無惱</span>所却，並曉以大義。婆羅門之妻因羞惱而怨怒，乃誣告於夫。婆羅門憚<span class="zhuanming">無惱</span>之父身爲宰相，遂生陰謀，教<span class="zhuanming">無惱</span>以生<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>的秘法，《增一阿含經》卷三十一：“又師語我言，此是大祠，獲大果報，能取千人殺以指作鬘者果其所願。如此之人命終之後，生善處天上，設取所生母及沙門<span class="zhuanming">瞿曇</span>，殺者當生<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>上。”但最後受<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>的教誨，悔悟皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。並見《央掘魔羅經》﹑《雜阿含經》卷三十八﹑《賢愚經》卷十一等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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羯韣伽國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153067" key="1153067"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 羯蚿伽國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153068" key="1153068"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00819','1384844',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P819</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001388">羯𩜁伽國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8538" id="8531">（一）</a>周五千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8539" id="8532">（二）</a>周二十餘里。稼穡時播，花果具繁<a class="zhuhao" href="#8536" id="8533">〔1〕</a>，林藪聯綿，動數百里。出青野象，隣國所奇。氣序暑熱，風俗躁暴，性多狷獷，志存信義。言語輕捷，音調質正，辭旨風則，頗與<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>異<a class="zhuhao" href="#8537" id="8534">〔2〕</a>焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#8540" id="8535">（三）</a>。少信正法，多遵外道。伽藍十餘所，僧徒五百餘人，習學大乘上座部法。天祠百餘所，異道甚衆，多是尼乾之徒也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8533" id="8536">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》具繁二字作繁滋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8534" id="8537">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》異焉二字作殊異。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8531" id="8538">（一）</a>羯𩜁伽國：<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>，梵文Kaliṅga音譯，又譯<span class="zhuanming">迦陵伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦陵誐</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">葛令葛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦陵</span>。它是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>東部沿海的一個著名國家，其領域隨國勢盛衰而有所變遷。大抵北起<span class="zhuanming">馬亨納底</span>河，南抵<span class="zhuanming">哥達瓦里河</span>，背負<span class="zhuanming">東高止山</span>，面臨<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>灣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">古代<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>有名的强國，<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>的《八章書》（IV，1，170）和<span class="zhuanming">波檀闍利</span>（Patañjali）的《大疏》（Mahābhāṣya，3，2，2，p.191）都提到此國。早期佛典如《島史》（Dīpavaṃsa）﹑《大史》（Mahāvaṃ-sa）﹑《中部》（Majjhimanikāya）和《長部》（Dīghanikāya）也曾提到此國，稱其國都爲<span class="zhuanming">檀塔補羅</span>（Dantapura）。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00820','1384844',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P820</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu">公元前四世紀末，<span class="zhuanming">塞流古</span>一世派往<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>的使節<span class="zhuanming">麥加斯忒尼</span>（Megasthenes）也提到此國，稱其軍隊强大，有步兵六萬，騎兵一千，象軍七百。此外<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>古典作家如<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">普林尼</span>的著作中也都提到此國。當時<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>是<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>最強大的國家。公元前261年該國對<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>的征服，曾進行極其勇猛頑强的抵抗。據<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>碑銘第十三稱：“<span class="zhuanming">天愛善見王</span>陛下於卽位之第八年征服<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>，俘虜十五萬，受戮十萬，（傷﹑病）而死者數倍於此……<span class="zhuanming">天愛王</span>因征服<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>而深自悔恨……。”其中所列數字雖不一定十分精確，戰鬥之激烈可以想見。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">其他<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古籍如史詩《摩訶婆羅多》﹑《廣博本集》等也都有關於此國的記載。《政事論》中稱該國以産象著稱，佛經中也稱讚此國所産的細布。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8532" id="8539">（二）</a>國大都城：<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>的首都曾幾度遷徙。關於該國的故都以及<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>巡禮時該國都城的問題，異説頗多。先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定<span class="zhuanming">哥達瓦里河</span>下游東岸之Rājamahendri（今名Rajahmundry）爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>巡禮時該國的首都，卽佛典中的<span class="zhuanming">檀塔補羅</span>（Dantapura，意爲“牙城”。據説<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>圓寂後不久，右犬牙卽供奉於該城），因爲據佛典記載，此城位於大河北岸，<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>内除<span class="zhuanming">哥達瓦里河</span>外，别無更大河流，<span class="zhuanming">克里希納河</span>雖遼闊，但不在此國境内。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">其後<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>又根據對音，比定<span class="zhuanming">瓦姆沙達拉河</span>口（Vamsadhara）的<span class="zhuanming">伽陵迦巴丹</span>（Kaliṅgapatam）爲<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>首都，繼後<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">馬宗達</span>又以<span class="zhuanming">甘賈姆縣</span>南部的<span class="zhuanming">伽陵迦城</span>（Kaliṅganagara）卽現今的<span class="zhuanming">穆卡陵迦姆</span>（Mukhaliṅgam）爲古代<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>國都。再後<span class="zhuanming">高桑駒吉</span>又根據當地某些銘文及古史比定前者附近﹑古代的<span class="zhuanming">莎拉巴里</span>（Sārapallī）卽現代的<span class="zhuanming">斯里迦古藍</span>（Srīkakulam）爲此國首都。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00821','1384844',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P821</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">甘賈姆縣</span>内各地，近代發掘出土的古代文物和古城遺址雖多，確鑿可靠的文獻資料仍然十分缺乏。因此，在目前情況下，要判定上述各種異議孰是孰非是十分困難的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8535" id="8540">（三）</a>言語……頗與中印度異焉：目前該地區通行<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼</span>語系的<span class="zhuanming">泰盧固</span>語。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>，在昔之時氓<a class="zhuhao" href="#8544" id="8541">〔1〕</a>俗殷盛，肩摩轂擊，舉袂成帷。有五通仙棲巖養素，人或陵觸，退失神通，以惡呪術殘害國人，少長無遺，賢愚俱<a class="zhuhao" href="#8545" id="8542">〔2〕</a>喪，人煙斷絶，多歷年所。頗漸遷居，猶未充實，故今此國人户尚少<a class="zhuhao" href="#8546" id="8543">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8541" id="8544">〔1〕</a>原本氓作民，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音義》﹑《隨函録》改。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>人避<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>諱，例應改字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8542" id="8545">〔2〕</a>《明北本》俱作得，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8543" id="8546">（一）</a>此國人户尚少：本段中五通仙的神話，有人認爲是暗示<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>的征討，這種看法有一定道理。<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>地處<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>東海岸<span class="zhuanming">東高止山</span>與<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉灣</span>之間的一條狹長而又較平坦的地帶，爲南北<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>間天然通衢，容易受到來自北方的侵略，内亂外患是該國人口減少的原因之一。其次<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>各處航運發展較早，我國<span class="zhuanming">西漢</span>王朝的使者曾到達<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>的港口。稍後，<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span><span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>與<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>的海上交<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00822','1384844',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P822</span></i>通也很頻繁。至今<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>語言中的大米﹑孔雀﹑檀香等字大都來源於<span class="zhuanming">達羅毘荼</span>語。<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>海運尤其發達，古代銘文稱航海是王子的必修課之一。在公元最初幾個世紀，該國人就横過<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉灣</span>，遠航<span class="zhuanming">下緬甸</span>及<span class="zhuanming">東南亞</span>各地。在外患嚴重的情況下，向外移遷的人更多。我國《新唐書》中稱<span class="zhuanming">爪哇</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">訶陵</span>，據近代研究，此字卽是Kaliṅga的對音。古代<span class="zhuanming">爪哇</span>文獻中Klīng一字泛指一切外國人，近代<span class="zhuanming">印尼</span>及<span class="zhuanming">馬來亞</span>還稱<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人爲Kling，這都足以説明<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>人移殖海外之多。這應是該國人口減少的另一原因。</span> </p><p> <span>城南不遠有窣堵波，高百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，傍有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p><p> <span>國境北垂<a class="zhuhao" href="#8549" id="8547">〔1〕</a>大山嶺上，有石窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#8550" id="8548">（一）</a>，高百餘尺，是劫初時人壽無量歲有獨覺於此入寂滅焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8547" id="8549">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》垂作乘；《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作陲。乘是垂之形訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8548" id="8550">（一）</a>大山嶺上有石窣堵波：大山嶺或卽<span class="zhuanming">馬亨德拉山</span>（Mahe-ndragiri），這是歷史上有名的山嶺。該地文物古跡，在近代陸續有所發現。本段中所記的高百餘尺的石塔遺址，至今尚存。並發現有一些銘文，以梵文及<span class="zhuanming">泰米爾</span>文記敍<span class="zhuanming">注輦</span>王朝Rājendra Chola一世的戰績。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00823','1384844',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P823</span></i><p> <span>自此西北山林中行千八百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
縛伽浪國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153071" key="1153071"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 縛伽浪國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153072" key="1153072"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00113','1384606',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P113</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000205">縛伽浪國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">縛伽浪國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1636" id="1635">（一）</a>東西五十餘里，南北二百餘里。國大都城周十餘里。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1635" id="1636">（一）</a>縛伽浪國.<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>比定之爲Baghlan（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁219）。此名亦經<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>佚名作者《世界疆域志》﹑<span class="zhuanming">比魯尼</span>Canon著録。其地位於<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>以南之Doshi河中游，今Kunduz西南約60公里，由Surkhāb及<span class="zhuanming">安呾羅縛</span>組成。</span> </p><p> <span>南至<span class="zhuanming">紇露悉泯健國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、逝多林給孤獨園
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153075" key="1153075"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 三、逝多林給孤獨園 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153076" key="1153076"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00488','1384724',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P488</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000798"><b>三﹑逝多林給孤獨園</b></p><p> <span>城南五六里有<a class="zhuhao" href="#5232" id="5221">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">逝多林</span>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">勝林</span>，舊曰<span class="zhuanming">祇陁</span>，訛也。</span> <span>是<span class="zhuanming">給孤<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00489','1384724',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P489</span></i>獨園</span>，<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>大臣<span class="zhuanming">善施</span>爲佛建精舍。昔爲伽藍，今已荒廢。東門左右各建石柱，高七十餘尺。左柱鏤輪相於其端，右柱刻牛形於其上，並<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。室宇傾圮，唯餘故基，獨一甎室巋然獨在<a class="zhuhao" href="#5233" id="5222">〔2〕</a>。中有佛像<a class="zhuhao" href="#5234" id="5223">〔3〕</a>。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昇<span class="zhuanming">三十三天</span>爲母説法之後，<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>聞<span class="zhuanming">出愛王</span>刻檀像佛，乃造此像。<span class="zhuanming">善施長者</span>仁而聰敏，積而能散，拯<a class="zhuhao" href="#5235" id="5224">〔4〕</a>乏濟貧，哀孤恤老，時美其德，號<span class="zhuanming">給孤獨</span>焉。聞佛功德，深生尊敬，願建精舍，請佛降臨，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>命<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>隨瞻揆焉。唯太子<span class="zhuanming">逝多</span>園地爽<a class="zhuhao" href="#5236" id="5225">〔5〕</a>塏。尋詣太子，具以情告。太子戲言<a class="zhuhao" href="#5237" id="5226">〔6〕</a>：“金遍<a class="zhuhao" href="#5238" id="5227">〔7〕</a>乃賣。”<span class="zhuanming">善<a class="zhuhao" href="#5239" id="5228">〔8〕</a>施</span>聞之，心豁如也，卽出藏金，隨言布地。有少未滿，太子請留曰：“佛誠良田，宜植善種。”卽於空地建立精舍，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>卽之，告<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：“園地<span class="zhuanming">善施</span>所買，林樹<span class="zhuanming">逝多</span>所施，二人同心，式崇功業。自今已去<a class="zhuhao" href="#5240" id="5229">〔9〕</a>，應謂此地<span class="zhuanming">爲逝多林<a class="zhuhao" href="#5241" id="5230">〔10〕</a>給孤獨園</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5242" id="5231">（一）</a>。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5221" id="5232">〔1〕</a>《石本》無有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5222" id="5233">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》在作存。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5223" id="5234">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》三十八引佛像二字作金像。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5224" id="5235">〔4〕</a>《異本》拯作賑。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5225" id="5236">〔5〕</a>《石本》爽作文󵾡二字。疑先誤作文字，後改爲󵾡字而未將文字塗去。爽字或作𠁊（見《干禄字書》），󵾡殆爲𠁊之俗作。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5226" id="5237">〔6〕</a>《石本》言作云。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00490','1384724',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P490</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5227" id="5238">〔7〕</a>《中本》遍下有竪字，疑衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5228" id="5239">〔8〕</a>《石本》善上有明字，疑衍文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5229" id="5240">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》及《翻譯集》引去並作來。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5230" id="5241">〔10〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》林並作樹。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5231" id="5242">（一）</a>逝多林給孤獨園：<span class="zhuanming">逝多</span>，梵文jeta（＜jetṛ）音譯，意爲<span class="zhuanming">勝者</span>。<span class="zhuanming">逝多林</span>舊譯<span class="zhuanming">祇陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">逝多林</span>（Jetavana），意卽<span class="zhuanming">勝林</span>。<span class="zhuanming">逝多林給孤獨園</span>，梵文Jetavanānāthapiṇḍikārāma，又譯<span class="zhuanming">祇園精舍</span>，<span class="zhuanming">祇洹精舍</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、龍猛與提婆
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153079" key="1153079"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 憍薩羅國 &gt; 一、龍猛與提婆 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153080" key="1153080"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00824','1384845',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P824</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001397"><b>一﹑龍猛與提婆</b></p><p> <span>城南不遠，有故伽藍，傍有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>曾於此處現大神通，摧伏外道。後<span class="zhuanming">龍猛菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8586" id="8555">（一）</a>止此伽藍。時此國王號<span class="zhuanming">娑多婆訶</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8587" id="8556">（二）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">引正</span>。</span> <span>珍敬<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>，周衞門廬。時<span class="zhuanming">提婆菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8588" id="8557">（三）</a>自<span class="zhuanming">執師子國</span>來求論義<a class="zhuhao" href="#8573" id="8558">〔1〕</a>，謂門者曰：“幸爲通<a class="zhuhao" href="#8574" id="8559">〔2〕</a>謁！”時門者遂爲<a class="zhuhao" href="#8575" id="8560">〔3〕</a>白<a class="zhuhao" href="#8576" id="8561">〔4〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>雅知其名，盛滿鉢水，命弟子曰：“汝持是水，示彼<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>見水，默而投針。弟子持鉢，懷疑而返。<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>曰：“彼何辭乎？”對曰：“默無所説，但投針於水而已。”<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>曰：“智矣哉，若人也！知幾其神，察微亞聖，盛德若此，宜速命入。”對曰：“何謂也？無言妙辯，斯之是歟<a class="zhuhao" href="#8577" id="8562">〔5〕</a>！”曰：“夫水也者<a class="zhuhao" href="#8578" id="8563">〔6〕</a>，隨器方圓，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00825','1384845',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P825</span></i>逐<a class="zhuhao" href="#8579" id="8564">〔7〕</a>物清濁，彌漫<a class="zhuhao" href="#8580" id="8565">〔8〕</a>無間，澄湛莫測。滿而示之，比我學之智<a class="zhuhao" href="#8581" id="8566">〔9〕</a>周也。彼乃投針，遂窮其極<a class="zhuhao" href="#8582" id="8567">〔10〕</a>。此非常人，宜速召進。”而<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>風範，懍然肅物，言談者皆伏抑首。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>素挹風徽<a class="zhuhao" href="#8583" id="8568">〔11〕</a>，久希請益，方欲受業，先騁機神，雅懼威嚴<a class="zhuhao" href="#8584" id="8569">〔12〕</a>，昇堂辟<a class="zhuhao" href="#8585" id="8570">〔13〕</a>坐，談玄永日，辭義清高。<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>曰：“後學冠世，妙辯光前，我惟衰耄，遇斯俊彦，誠乃寫瓶有寄<a class="zhuhao" href="#8589" id="8571">（四）</a>，傳燈不絶，法教弘揚，伊人是賴。幸能前席，雅談玄奥。”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>聞命，心獨自負，將開義府<a class="zhuhao" href="#8590" id="8572">（五）</a>，先遊辯囿，提振辭端，仰視質義。忽覩威顔，忘言杜口，避坐引責，遂請受業。<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>曰：“復坐。今將授子至真妙理，法王誠教。”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>五體投地，一心歸命，曰：“而今而後，敢聞命矣！”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8558" id="8573">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》義作議。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8559" id="8574">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》通作道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8560" id="8575">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》爲下並有入字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8561" id="8576">〔4〕</a>《中本》白下有焉字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8562" id="8577">〔5〕</a>斯之是歟，《金陵本》作其在是歟。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8563" id="8578">〔6〕</a>《中本》無者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8564" id="8579">〔7〕</a>《中本》逐作遂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8565" id="8580">〔8〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》漫作滿。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8566" id="8581">〔9〕</a>《中本》之智二字作智之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8567" id="8582">〔10〕</a>《徑山本》極作厎。《慈恩傳》作底。厎，極﹑底之誤。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00826','1384845',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P826</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8568" id="8583">〔11〕</a>《中本》風徽二字作徽風。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8569" id="8584">〔12〕</a>《舊麗本》嚴訛作戰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8570" id="8585">〔13〕</a>《古本》辟作避；《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作僻。並通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8555" id="8586">（一）</a>龍猛菩薩：見本書卷八頁646注（一）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8556" id="8587">（二）</a>娑多婆訶：<span class="zhuanming">娑多婆訶</span>，梵文Sātavāha音譯，又作Sāta-vāhana，《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四譯作<span class="zhuanming">娑多婆漢那</span>。梵文vāha或vāhana義云“乘騎”，Sātavāhana義云“以娑多（Sāta）爲乘騎者”。傳説中的<span class="zhuanming">娑多婆訶王</span>幼時曾以一個名叫<span class="zhuanming">娑多</span>（Sāta）的乾達婆（gandharva，一種小神仙）爲坐騎，故名。梵文vāha（-na）也有“牽引”﹑“引導”之義，sāta又云“歡樂”﹑“喜悦”。原注“唐言引正”中的“引”字爲vāha的意譯無誤，但以“正”字譯“娑多”（sāta），其根據不詳。<span class="zhuanming">南憍薩羅國</span>的史料甚少，本書的記載十分珍貴。據考訂，此<span class="zhuanming">娑多婆訶王</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">喬答彌普德拉</span>·<span class="zhuanming">娑多迦爾尼</span>（Gautamīputra Sātakarṇi），或者是他的繼承人<span class="zhuanming">喬答彌普德拉</span>·<span class="zhuanming">耶奇涅娑多迦爾尼</span>（Gautamīputra Yajñasātakarṇi）。見R.C.Majumdar和A.D.Pusalker主編，HCIP.Vol.3，p.218。Sātavāhana又是<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>的一個王朝名稱，該王朝的興衰，詳<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8557" id="8588">（三）</a>提婆菩薩：見本書卷四頁396注（三）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8571" id="8589">（四）</a>寫瓶有寄：寫瓶，卽瀉瓶。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>典籍多以瓶水喻譬佛法。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的師徒傳法，以瀉瓶水於瓶爲喻。北本《大般涅槃經》卷四十：“<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>事我二十餘年……持我説十二部經，一經其耳，曾不再問，如寫瓶水，置之一瓶。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00827','1384845',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P827</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8572" id="8590">（五）</a>義府：《左傳》<span class="zhuanming">僖</span>二十七年：“詩書，義之府也。”<span class="zhuanming">梁元帝</span>《侍中吴平光侯墓誌》：“學兼義府，談均理窟。”此指<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>將以所懷學識，見聞於世。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
珂咄羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153083" key="1153083"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 珂咄羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153084" key="1153084"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00111','1384605',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P111</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000199">珂咄羅國</p><p> <span>珂咄羅國<a class="zhuhao" href="#1612" id="1611">（一）</a>東西千餘里，南北千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1611" id="1612">（一）</a>珂咄羅國：<span class="zhuanming">伊斯塔赫里</span>及<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>佚名作者《世界疆域志》均作Khuttalān（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注，頁359。）《隋書》作<span class="zhuanming">珂咄</span>，《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">骨咄</span>，《册府元龜》卷九九九作<span class="zhuanming">骨咄</span>。其地在Wakhsh/Surkhāb河以東至Panj河之地。其主城在今<span class="zhuanming">杜尚</span>别市東南125公里之Kulāb。</span> </p><p> <span>東<a class="zhuhao" href="#1614" id="1613">〔1〕</a>接<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>至<span class="zhuanming">拘謎</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">莫閇反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">陁國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1613" id="1614">〔1〕</a>《方志》東作南。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
四、如來洗病比丘處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153087" key="1153087"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 四、如來洗病比丘處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153088" key="1153088"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00490','1384725',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P490</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000801"><b>四﹑如來洗病比丘處</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">給孤獨園</span>東北有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>洗<a class="zhuhao" href="#5249" id="5243">〔1〕</a>病苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5250" id="5244">〔2〕</a>處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5254" id="5245">（一）</a>。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>之在世也，有病苾芻含苦獨處。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>見而問曰：“汝何所苦？汝何獨居？”曰：“我性踈嬾<a class="zhuhao" href="#5251" id="5246">〔3〕</a>，不耐看病，故今嬰疾<a class="zhuhao" href="#5252" id="5247">〔4〕</a>，無人瞻視。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>是時愍而告曰：“善男子，我今看汝。”以手拊摩，病苦皆愈。扶出户外，更易敷蓐<a class="zhuhao" href="#5253" id="5248">〔5〕</a>，親爲盥洗，改着新衣。佛語苾芻：“當自勤勵。”聞誨感恩，心悦身豫。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5243" id="5249">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》洗作洒。洗﹑洒通用，見《干禄字書》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5244" id="5250">〔2〕</a>《石本》苾芻作比丘，次同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00491','1384725',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P491</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5246" id="5251">〔3〕</a>《古本》嬾作懶，同。《石本》作䠭。《集韻》有䠭字，義不同，此或借用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5247" id="5252">〔4〕</a>《石本》疾作病。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5248" id="5253">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》蓐並作褥，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5245" id="5254">（一）</a>如來洗病苾芻處：此一傳説並見《四分律》卷二八﹑《增一阿含經》卷四十﹑《大毗婆沙論》卷十一﹑《生經》卷三等。而《增一阿含經》則作<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>在<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>竹園之事。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、龍猛自刎故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153091" key="1153091"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 憍薩羅國 &gt; 二、龍猛自刎故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153092" key="1153092"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00827','1384846',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P827</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001400"><b>二﹑龍猛自刎故事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">龍猛菩薩</span>善閑藥術，飡<a class="zhuhao" href="#8611" id="8591">〔1〕</a>餌養生，壽年數百，志貌不衰。<span class="zhuanming">引正王</span>既得妙藥，壽亦數百。王有稚子，謂其母曰：“如我何時得嗣王位？”母曰：“以今觀之，未有期也。父王年壽已數百歲，子孫老終者蓋亦多矣。斯皆<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>福力所加，藥術所致。菩薩寂滅，王必殂<a class="zhuhao" href="#8612" id="8592">〔2〕</a>落。夫<span class="zhuanming">龍猛菩薩</span>智慧弘遠，慈悲深厚，周給羣有，身命若遺。汝宜往彼，試從乞頭。若遂此志<a class="zhuhao" href="#8613" id="8593">〔3〕</a>，當果所願。”王子恭承母命，來至伽藍，門者驚<a class="zhuhao" href="#8614" id="8594">〔4〕</a>懼<a class="zhuhao" href="#8615" id="8595">〔5〕</a>，故<a class="zhuhao" href="#8616" id="8596">〔6〕</a>得入焉。時<span class="zhuanming">龍猛菩薩</span>方讚誦經行，忽見王子，佇而<a class="zhuhao" href="#8617" id="8597">〔7〕</a>謂曰：“今夕何因<a class="zhuhao" href="#8618" id="8598">〔8〕</a>，降跡<a class="zhuhao" href="#8619" id="8599">〔9〕</a>僧坊？若危若懼，疾驅而<a class="zhuhao" href="#8620" id="8600">〔10〕</a>至。”對曰：“我承慈母餘論，語及行捨之士，以爲含生寶命，經語<a class="zhuhao" href="#8621" id="8601">〔11〕</a>格言，未有輕捨報身，施諸求欲。我慈母曰：‘不然。十方<span class="zhuanming">善逝</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8622" id="8602">〔12〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8628" id="8603">（一）</a>﹑三世<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，在昔發心，逮乎證果，勤求佛道，修習戒忍，或投身𩚅<a class="zhuhao" href="#8623" id="8604">〔13〕</a>獸，或割肌救鴿，<span class="zhuanming">月光王</span>施婆羅門頭，<span class="zhuanming">慈力王</span>飲餓藥叉血，諸若此類，羌<a class="zhuhao" href="#8624" id="8605">〔14〕</a>難備舉。求之先覺，何代無人。’今<span class="zhuanming">龍猛菩薩</span>篤斯高志，我有所求，人頭爲用，招募累歲，未之有捨。欲行暴劫殺，則罪累尤多，虐害無辜，穢德彰顯。惟菩薩修習聖道，遠期佛果，慈霑有識，惠及無<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00828','1384846',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P828</span></i>邊，輕生若浮，賤<a class="zhuhao" href="#8625" id="8606">〔15〕</a>身如朽，不違本願，垂允所求！”<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>曰：“俞<a class="zhuhao" href="#8626" id="8607">〔16〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8629" id="8608">（二）</a>，誠哉是言也！我求佛聖果，我學佛能捨，是身如響，是身如泡<a class="zhuhao" href="#8630" id="8609">（三）</a>，流轉四生，去<a class="zhuhao" href="#8627" id="8610">〔17〕</a>來六趣，宿契弘誓，不違物欲。然王子，有一不可者，其將若何？我身既終，汝父亦喪，顧斯爲意，誰能濟之？”<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>徘徊顧視，求所絶命，以乾茅葉自刎其頸，若利劒斷割，身首異處。王子見已，驚奔而去。門者上白，具陳始末。王聞哀感，果亦命終。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8591" id="8611">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》飡作餐，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8592" id="8612">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》殂作徂，通用。《音釋》作殂，云：“作徂，誤。”未允。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8593" id="8613">〔3〕</a>《中本》志下有者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8594" id="8614">〔4〕</a>原本驚作敬，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8595" id="8615">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》懼作走。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8596" id="8616">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》故作遂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8597" id="8617">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》佇而二字作忙然。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8598" id="8618">〔8〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》因作夕。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8599" id="8619">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》跡並作趾。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00829','1384846',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P829</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8600" id="8620">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》而並作來。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8601" id="8621">〔11〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》語作誥；《中本》作詰，亦誥之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8602" id="8622">〔12〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》逝作遊，誤。<span class="zhuanming">善逝</span>乃<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>十種通號之一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8604" id="8623">〔13〕</a>《中本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》𩚅作飼。《音釋》作𩚅云：“亦作飼。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8605" id="8624">〔14〕</a>《舊麗本》羌作善；《古本》﹑《中本》作差；《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作尤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8606" id="8625">〔15〕</a>《徑山本》賤作視。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8607" id="8626">〔16〕</a>《中本》俞作爾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8610" id="8627">〔17〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》去並作往。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8603" id="8628">（一）</a>善逝：梵文Sugata的意譯，又意譯<span class="zhuanming">好去</span>，音譯<span class="zhuanming">修伽陀</span>，佛的十種通號之一。見《翻譯名義集》卷一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8608" id="8629">（二）</a>俞：同“然”。《書·堯典》：“帝曰：‘俞’”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8609" id="8630">（三）</a>是身如響，是身如泡：《金剛經》：“一切有爲法，如夢幻泡影，如露亦如電，應作如是觀。”此指人生之無常。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
高達族
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153095" key="1153095"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 1　社會發展的階段 &gt; 高達族 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153096" key="1153096"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00057','1243887',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P57</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000016">高達族</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>和<span class="zhuanming">阿薩姆</span>曾經包括在<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>帝國之内。<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>帝國一衰落，<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>也分成了幾個國家。約在公元五二五年，<span class="zhuanming">鴛伽國</span>（Vaṅga）建立。這些事實多半是由碑銘來證明的，其他歷史資料非常少。因此對這一地區的詳細情況，我們到現在還是不十分清楚的。</span> </p><p> <span>到了七世紀上半，這裏出了一個國王名叫<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦</span>。對於這個人我們所知甚少。他屬於哪一族，也不清楚。他簡直像是一個篲星，一霎時發出耀眼的光芒，立刻就又消逝了。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對於這位國王有相當詳盡的記述。《大唐西域記》卷六，<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span>：“其後<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>毁壞佛法，衆僧絶侣，歲月驟淹，而婆羅門每懷懇惻。”卷八，<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span>：“近<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>者，信受外道，毁嫉佛法，壞僧伽藍，伐菩提樹，掘至泉水，不盡根柢，乃縱火焚燒，以甘蔗汁沃之，欲其燋爛，絶滅遺萌。”在這裏，<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>是一個仇視佛法的國王。《大唐西域記》卷五，<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>，講到他謀害<span class="zhuanming">王增</span>的情況。在這裏，他又是一個陰謀家。他定都於<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那</span>（Karṇasuvarṇa金耳，今<span class="zhuanming">穆爾<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00058','1243887',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P58</span></i>希達巴德</span>Murshidābād附近），窮兵黷武，四出征討，吞併了<span class="zhuanming">奥里薩</span>，他同<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>打仗，勝負不分，一直到公元六一九年，他還是氣焰萬丈。<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>起兵復仇。他的死年不詳，大概在公元六三七年以前不久。當時<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>還在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。死後<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>所併。</span> </p><p> <span>根據《大唐西域記》的記載，當時在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北部﹑西部和北部，還有幾個比較大的國家。<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>是一個大國，被<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>置於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>範圍之外，但是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境内却有幾個國家役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>，比如<span class="zhuanming">濫波國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">那揭羅曷國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏國</span>等。<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>“往者役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>，近又附庸<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>也有許多屬國：<span class="zhuanming">茂羅三部盧國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>是一個大國，屬國有：<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">烏剌尸國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">半笯蹉國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍補羅國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>是<span class="zhuanming">西印</span>大<span class="zhuanming">國</span>，有<span class="zhuanming">契吒國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿難陁補羅國</span>作爲屬國。<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>也是<span class="zhuanming">西北印</span>大國，有屬國：<span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">臂多勢羅國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿軬荼國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
普西亞布蒂王朝
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152425" key="1152425"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 1　社會發展的階段 &gt; 普西亞布蒂王朝 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153098" key="1153098"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00058','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P58</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000017">普西亞布蒂王朝</p><p> <span>五世紀末或六世紀初，乘<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>騷亂之際，在<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅</span>建立了<span class="zhuanming">普西亞布蒂</span>王朝（Puṣyabhūti）。初期的歷史，我們不十分清楚。到了<span class="zhuanming">波羅羯羅伐彈那</span>（<span class="zhuanming">光增</span>）自加尊號曰“至高無上統治者大王中之王”（Paramabhaṭṭāraka Mahārājādhirāja）。領土包括整個<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>。他死於公元六○六年。他的兒子<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍伐彈那</span>（Rājya-vardhana，意思是<span class="zhuanming">王增</span>）時代，因爲有了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載，歷史就豁然開朗。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>説：</span> </p><p> <span>“今王，本吠奢種也，字<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">（<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">喜增</span>）。</span> <span>君臨有土，二世三王。父字<span class="zhuanming">波羅羯羅伐彈那</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">（<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">光增</span>）。</span> <span>兄字<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍伐彈那</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">（<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">王增</span>）。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">王增</span>以長嗣位，以德治政。時<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span><span class="zhuanming">羯羅<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00059','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P59</span></i>拏蘇伐剌那</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">（<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">金耳</span>）。</span> <span>國<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">（<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">月）</span>。</span> <span>每謂臣曰：‘鄰有賢主，國之禍也。’於是誘請，會而害之。人既失君，國亦荒亂。時大臣<span class="zhuanming">婆尼</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">（<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">辯了</span>）。</span> <span>職望隆重，謂僚庶曰：‘國之大計，定於今日。先王之子，亡君之弟，仁慈天性，孝敬因心，親賢允屬，欲以襲位。於事何如？各言爾志。’衆咸仰德，嘗無異謀。於是輔臣執事咸勸進曰：‘王子垂聽：先王積功累德，光有國祚。嗣及<span class="zhuanming">王增</span>，謂終壽考；輔佐無良，棄身讎手，爲國大耻，下臣罪也。物議時謡，允歸明德。光臨土宇，克復親讎，雪國之耻，光父之業，功孰大焉？幸無辭矣！’王子曰：‘國嗣之重，今古爲難，君人之位，興立宜審。我誠寡德，父兄遐棄，推襲大位，其能濟乎？物議爲宜，敢忘虚薄？’”<a class="zhuhao" href="#318" id="317">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#317" id="318">〔1〕</a>《大唐西域記》卷五。</span> </p><p> <span>下面講到，他到<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像前去祈請。菩薩允許他卽王位。“卽襲王位，自稱曰王子，號<span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">（<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">戒日</span>）。</span> <span>”<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>史籍裏也有關於他的記載。《舊唐書》卷一九八説：“當<span class="zhuanming">武德</span>中，其國大亂。其嗣王<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>練兵聚衆，所向無敵。象不解鞍，人不釋甲。居六載，而四<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>之君，皆北面以臣之。威勢遠振，刑政甚肅。”《新唐書》卷二二一上説：“<span class="zhuanming">武德</span>中，國大亂。王<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多</span>——引者）勒兵，戰無前。象不弛鞍，士不釋甲。因討四<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>，皆北面臣之。”</span> </p><p> <span>兩個《唐書》所記相同。可見<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>確實統一了<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>，成爲<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝以後的一個大國。同<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載完全一致。</span> </p><p> <span>此時<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>林立的國家中，出現了兩個聯盟：一個是<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>與<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>的聯盟，一個是<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅</span>與<span class="zhuanming">穆克里</span>的聯盟。這兩個聯盟是兩股敵對的力量。<span class="zhuanming">穆克里王</span><span class="zhuanming">伽羅訶伐摩</span>（Grahavarman）娶</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00060','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P60</span></i> <span><span class="zhuanming">波羅羯羅伐彈那</span>之女<span class="zhuanming">曷羅闍室利</span>（Rājyaśrī）。<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>的<span class="zhuanming">金耳國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦</span>突然率兵襲擊<span class="zhuanming">穆克里</span>首都，殺死<span class="zhuanming">伽羅訶伐摩</span>，俘虜了<span class="zhuanming">曷羅闍室利</span>。她的哥哥<span class="zhuanming">王增</span>立刻率騎兵一萬，敗<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>軍。然後率軍赴<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>，路上爲<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦</span>所殺。殘兵回<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅</span>（公元六○六年）。上面我們已經談過，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>説出于<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦</span>的詭計，但不一定可靠。<span class="zhuanming">王增</span>既死，其弟<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>（<span class="zhuanming">喜增</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>）卽位。《釋迦方志》卷上説：</span> </p><p> <span>“號<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>，吠奢姓。初欲登位，<span class="zhuanming">殑伽</span>岸有<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>像，乃請之，告曰：‘汝本此林蘭若比丘。<span class="zhuanming">金耳月王</span>既滅佛法，王當重興；愍物在懷，方王五境。慎勿昇師子座及稱大王號也。’王乃共<span class="zhuanming">童子王</span>，<a class="zhuhao" href="#322" id="319">〔1〕</a>平殄外道<span class="zhuanming">月王</span>（<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦</span>——羡林）徒衆。又約嚴令：有啖肉者，當截舌；殺生者，當斬手。乃與寡妹共知國事。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#323" id="320">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">喜增</span>聽到消息説他妹妹已被釋放，遁入<span class="zhuanming">文底耶</span>大森林中。正當她要投火自焚的時候，她哥哥趕到救了她。關於這一位<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>的妹妹，《大唐西域記》裏没有提到。但是上面引用的《釋迦方志》提到了她。《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷五也講到了她：</span> </p><p> <span>“王有妹，聰慧利根，善正量部義。坐於王後，聞法師序大乘，宗塗奥曠，小教局淺，夷然歡喜，稱讚不能已。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#324" id="321">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>這裏講的更仔細，連她崇信哪個宗派都提到了。關於正量部的問題，我們下面再談。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#319" id="322">〔1〕</a>卽<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>（Kāmarūpa）<span class="zhuanming">王拘摩羅王</span>（Kumāra），亦名<span class="zhuanming">婆塞羯羅伐摩</span>（Bhāskara-varman，意思就是“日胄”）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#320" id="323">〔2〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五一，頁九五七下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#321" id="324">〔3〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四七中。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>同<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>和<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span><span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>都見過面，而且有了很</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00061','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P61</span></i> <span>深厚的友誼。他在《大唐西域記》裏對這一件事，有詳盡的記載，見同書卷五<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對於同兩位國王的會見以及<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>大會，都描繪得非常生動，可見這一件事給他留下的印象之深。</span> </p><p> <span>關於<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>大會，《大唐故三藏玄奘法師行狀》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“王曰：‘師論太好。在此諸師，並皆信伏。恐餘國小乘外道，尚守愚迷。望於<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>，爲師作一會。命<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>沙門婆羅門外道等，發顯大乘，使其改耶（邪？）從正。不亦大哉。’是日發敕，普告集<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>，觀<span class="zhuanming">支那</span>法師論。自冬初而進至藹（臘）月，方到會場。四方沙門婆羅門外道等，藴義洽聞之輩，到者數千人。王先令造殿，容千餘人。於中安尊像，陳香花音樂。設食行施訖，請法師昇座，標舉論宗。命諸衆征擊，竟十八日，無一人敢問。王讚嘆，施法師銀錢三萬，金錢一萬，上㲲衣一百具。又令大臣將法師袈裟，巡衆告唱云：‘<span class="zhuanming">支那</span>法師論勝，十八日來，無敢問，並宜知之。’諸衆歡喜。爲法師各立美號。大乘衆號爲摩<span class="zhuanming">訶那（耶）那提婆</span>，此云<span class="zhuanming">大乘天</span>。小乘者號爲<span class="zhuanming">木叉提婆</span>，此此（應作“云”——引者）<span class="zhuanming">解脱天</span>。燒香散花，禮敬而去。自是德音遐振。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#329" id="325">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷五，關於這一次大會記載得更爲詳細。<a class="zhuhao" href="#330" id="326">〔2〕</a>《釋迦方志》卷上也有記載。<a class="zhuhao" href="#331" id="327">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>但是<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>舉行大會，除了<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>之會外，還有<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽</span>無遮大會。在《大唐故三藏玄奘法師行狀》里，只有一句話的敍述：“王留更觀七十五日大施。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#332" id="328">〔4〕</a>在《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》裏却</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00062','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P62</span></i> <span>敍述得很詳盡：</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#325" id="329">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二一七下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#326" id="330">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二四七中—二四八上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#327" id="331">〔3〕</a>同上書，卷五一，頁九五七下—九五八上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#328" id="332">〔4〕</a>同上書，卷五○，頁二一七下。</span></p><p> <span>“法師先以辭<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀</span>諸德及取經像訖，罷論竟至十九日，辭王欲還。王曰：‘弟子嗣承宗廟，爲天下主，三十餘年。常慮福德不增廣，法（往）因不相續，以故積集財寶，於<span class="zhuanming">鉢羅耶伽國</span>兩河間，立大會場。五年一請<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>沙門婆羅門及貧窮孤獨，爲七十五日無遮大施。已成五會。今欲作第六會。師何不暫看隨喜。’法師報曰：‘菩薩爲行福慧雙修，智人得果不忘其本。王尚不悋珍財，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>豈可辭少停住，請隨王去！’王甚喜。至二十一日，發引向<span class="zhuanming">鉢羅耶伽國</span>就大施場。<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>在北，<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那</span>河在南，俱從西北東流至此國而會。其二河合處，西有大墠，周圍十四五里。平坦如鏡。自昔諸王皆就其地行施，因號施場焉。相傳云：若於此地施一錢，勝餘處施百千錢。由是古來共重。王敕於墠上建施場，竪蘆爲籬，面各千步。中作草堂數十間，安貯衆寶，皆金﹑銀﹑真珠﹑紅頗梨寶﹑帝青珠﹑大青珠等。其傍又作長舍數百間，貯憍奢耶衣﹑斑㲲衣﹑金銀錢等。籬外别作造食處。於寶庫前更造長屋百餘行，似此京邑肆行。一一長屋可坐千餘人。先是王敕告<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>沙門﹑外道﹑尼乾﹑貧窮﹑孤獨，集施場受施。亦有因法師<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>會不歸便往施所者。十八國王亦便逐王行。比至會場，道俗到者五十餘萬人。<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>營<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>北岸，<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>王<span class="zhuanming">杜魯婆跋吒</span>營合河西，<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅王</span>營<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那</span>河南花林側，諸受施人營<span class="zhuanming">跋吒王</span>西。辰旦其<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>與<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅王</span>乘船軍，<span class="zhuanming">跋吒王</span>從象軍。各整儀衞，集會場所。十八國諸王，以次陪列。初一日於施場草殿内安<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>像，布施上寶上衣及美饌，作樂散花，至日晚歸營。第二日，安<span class="zhuanming">日天</span>像，施寶及衣半於初日。第三日安<span class="zhuanming">自在天</span>像，施如<span class="zhuanming">日天</span>。第四<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00063','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P63</span></i>日施僧，僧萬餘人百行俱坐。人施金錢百文，珠一枚，㲲衣一具及飲食香花，供養訖而出。第五番施婆羅門。二十餘日方遍。第六番施外道，十日方遍。第七番遍施遠方求者，十日方遍。第八番施諸貧窮孤獨者，一月方遍。至是五年所積，府庫俱盡。唯留象馬兵器，擬征暴亂，守護宗廟。自餘寶貨及在身衣服，瓔珞﹑耳璫﹑臂釧﹑寶鬘﹑頸珠﹑髻中明珠，總施無復孑遺。一切盡已，從其妹索鹿弊衣著。禮十方佛踊躍歡喜。合掌言曰：‘某比來積集財寶，常懼不入堅牢之藏，今得貯福田中，可謂入藏矣。願某生生常具財法等施衆生。成十自在，滿二莊嚴。’會訖諸王各持諸寶錢物，於諸衆邊贖王所施。瓔珞﹑髻珠﹑御服等，還將獻王。經數日，王衣服及上寶等服用如故。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#334" id="333">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#333" id="334">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四八中—二四九上。</span> </p><p> <span>《大唐西域記》卷五裏面也敍述了這次大會，並且描繪了大施場的情況。他講到“大施場東合流口，日數百人自溺而死。”這對於了解當時的社會情況很有幫助。</span> </p><p> <span>總起來看，儘管當時<span class="zhuanming">北印</span>小國林立，但是<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>確實可以算是一個盟主，有點像<span class="zhuanming">春秋</span><span class="zhuanming">戰國</span>時<span class="zhuanming">齊桓</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">晉文</span>一類的國王。他的領土包括<span class="zhuanming">東旁遮普</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">北方邦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">比哈爾邦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">西孟加拉</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">奥里薩</span>；<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">西旁遮普</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">古扎拉特</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拉吉普坦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波</span>都保持獨立。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在《大唐西域記》裏描述他的戰績説：</span> </p><p> <span>“遂總率國兵，講習戰士。象軍五千，馬軍二萬，步軍五萬，自西徂東，征伐不臣。象不解鞍，人不釋甲，於六年中，臣五<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span>這一些描述雖然有一點誇大，但基本上是可靠的。還有一點在這裏順便講一講。我在上面引的《舊唐書》和《新唐書》關於<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>的</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00064','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P64</span></i> <span>敍述，有些地方，是直接抄襲《大唐西域記》的。</span> </p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p><p> <span>上面談了當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的政治形勢，現在再談一談社會情況和經濟情況。</span> </p><p> <span>社會情況，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在《大唐西域記》中有比較詳盡的描述。他談到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的名稱﹑疆域﹑數量﹑歲時﹑宫室﹑衣飾﹑饌食﹑文字﹑教育﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>﹑族姓﹑兵術﹑刑法﹑致敬﹑病死﹑賦税﹑物産等等方面，其中關於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的和經濟的，我們在下面再談。其餘的原書具在，我也不詳細探討。我只想選出一點我認爲值得談的談一下，這就是族姓。</span> </p><p> <span>族姓，我們現在通稱爲種姓。我們都知道，種姓制度是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>特有的﹑至少是特别發達的一種社會等級制度。在幾千年的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史上有極大的作用和影響，一直到今天仍然如此。但是這個制度並不是一成不變的。我們在這裏不能詳細討論。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>説：“一曰婆羅門，浄行也，守道居貞，潔白其操。二曰刹帝利，王種也，奕世君臨，仁恕爲志。三曰吠奢，商賈也，貿遷有無，逐利遠近。四曰戍陀羅，農人也，肆力疇隴，勤身稼穡。”（《大唐西域記》卷二）但是，從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>種姓的發展來看，婆羅門不總是浄行，刹帝利不總是王種，吠奢（吠舍）不總是商賈，戍陀羅（首陀羅）也並不總是農人，這裏面有一個演變的過程。在公元前二千紀末期或一千紀初期，種姓剛剛系統化的時候，吠舍大概是物質財富生産者，特别是農民﹑牧人或者商人。首陀羅大概是手工業者和其他爲前三個種姓服役的人。到了公元前幾世紀，情況變化不大。這種明確的四個種姓職業的劃分大概是出於婆羅門之手，目的是想把這種制度永久化﹑固定化，以保留自己的特權。但是，社會中實際分工情況却不是這樣。根據職業劃分的清規戒律早已爲事實所粉碎。在這四個種姓裏面，變動最<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00065','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P65</span></i>大的是吠舍和首陀羅。特别是吠舍這個種姓更是很不固定的。佛經中關於種姓的記載多如過江之鯽。但排列順序却與婆羅門教截然不同。他們總是把<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>出身的刹帝利排在首位。這是完全可以理解的。至於吠舍，連這個名字出現的次數都不多。它總是爲居士﹑長者所代替。所謂居士﹑長者以商人爲多。吠舍這個種姓的這種情況，繼續發展下來。到了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時期，在有些著名作家的著作中，這個名稱幾乎消失不見了。比如在<span class="zhuanming">檀丁</span>的著作中，吠舍這個詞兒不見了，代之以vaṇij（商人），好像在這個時期第三個種姓主要是商人。<a class="zhuhao" href="#337" id="335">〔1〕</a>商人的地位更加提高了。</span> </p><p> <span>就在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的《大唐西域記》中雖然四個種姓仍然井然俱在，他説吠舍是“商賈也，貿遷有無，逐利遠近”，這與<span class="zhuanming">檀丁</span>的著作是相適應的；但是種姓却是混亂不堪。大名鼎鼎的<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>，並非出身刹帝利，而是出身吠舍。還有一些國王出身首陀羅。比如《大唐西域記》卷四<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>的國王。《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》裏説：“遇一婆羅門耕地。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#338" id="336">〔2〕</a>可見婆羅門也有變成農民的。這個現象是“古已有之”的，不過“於今爲烈”而已。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#335" id="337">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">古普塔</span>：《檀丁時代的社會和文化》（D.K.Gupta：Society and Culture in the Time of Daṇḍin）<span class="zhuanming">德里</span>，1972年，P.205。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#336" id="338">〔2〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二三一下。</span> </p><p> <span>在經濟方面，<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝與<span class="zhuanming">孔雀</span>王朝大不相同。<span class="zhuanming">孔雀</span>王朝强迫首陀羅定居下來，從事農業勞動。國家壟斷了金屬生産。國家參與生産和貿易，需要大量的流通的貨幣。<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝則是鼓勵在新開墾的土地上建立農村公社，收實物地租，不再使用武力强迫首陀羅定居。因爲疆域遼闊，使用武力是不可能的，而且没有開墾的土地很多，也不容易把採集食品的野蠻部落從他們土地上趕走。只</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00066','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P66</span></i> <span>能利用宗教伴隨着貿易深入蠻區，把土地私有制和在種姓制度掩護下的社會階級結構帶到那裏去。國家制止地方酋長的戰争，抗禦蠻族入侵，管理灌溉工作，調整貿易，巡邏商路。這些都通過臣屬的封建官吏或省長來執行。自給自足的農村公社的增漲削弱了商品的生産，貿易衰退，許多大城市衰落，貿易集中到港口城市。在朝廷上却有新的豪華的揮霍。<a class="zhuhao" href="#341" id="339">〔1〕</a>政權衰退時，文藝往往發達。<span class="zhuanming">迦梨陀娑</span>所以出現在這個時代，是有其規律的。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>去的時候，正值<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝全盛時代。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>在《佛國記》中有一段描繪當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>情況的記載，其中有這樣兩句話：“王之侍衞﹑左右，皆有供禄。”<span class="zhuanming">高善必</span>從這段話裏得出的結論是：“官吏還没有得到封建的權利和權力。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#342" id="340">〔2〕</a>我不知道這個結論是怎樣得來的。如果説，因爲有“供禄”（俸錢）就不算是封建，那麽我們可以拿<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><span class="zhuanming">唐代</span>的情況來對比一下。<span class="zhuanming">唐代</span>是<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>封建主義高度發展的時代。爲皇帝服務的官僚們都有俸錢（供禄）。著名詩人<span class="zhuanming">元稹</span>的著名的詩篇《三遣悲懷》中説：“今日俸錢過十萬，與君營奠復營齋。”（見《元氏長慶集》卷九）但是，同時這些官僚們也有田地，他們也是地主。不能説，在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，因爲官僚有供禄就是還没有得到封建的權利和權力。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#339" id="341">〔1〕</a>參閲高善必：《印度史研究導論》第二八○頁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#340" id="342">〔2〕</a>同上書，第二七九頁。</span> </p><p> <span>此外，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在《大唐西域記》卷二有一段描繪<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>當時經濟情況的非常重要的記載：</span> </p><p> <span>“户不籍書，人無徭課。王田之内，大分爲四：一充國用，祭祀粢盛；二以封建輔佐宰臣；三賞聰叡碩學高才；四樹福田，給諸異道。所以賦斂輕薄，徭税儉省，各安世業，俱佃口分。</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00067','1243888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P67</span></i> <span>假種王田，六税其一。”</span> </p><p> <span>這一段話把當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的土地制度講得非常具體﹑準確。其中有兩句話：“各安世業，俱佃口分”，過去都完全被理解錯了。外國《大唐西域記》的翻譯者和注釋者没有一個人譯得對﹑注釋得對的。按<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>朝的均田法：男丁十八歲以上給田一頃，其中十分之二是永業，十分之八爲口分。“永業”就是“世業”。當時的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>土地制度，不可能同<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>朝完全一樣。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也可能是借用<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>現成的名稱。但是，很可能，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>土地所有者一部分田地是世襲的，一部分是臨時的。也可能有一部分人佔有世襲的田地，而另一部分人則是臨時租佃的或國家分配的。這個問題有待於進一步的探討。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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耶輸達曼
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153101" key="1153101"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 1　社會發展的階段 &gt; 耶輸達曼 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153102" key="1153102"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00056','1243885',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P56</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000014">耶輸達曼</p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">曼達索</span>，有一個<span class="zhuanming">耶輸達曼王</span>，曾打敗過<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴王</span><span class="zhuanming">摩醯羅矩羅</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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穆克里族
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153105" key="1153105"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 1　社會發展的階段 &gt; 穆克里族 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153106" key="1153106"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00056','1243886',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P56</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000015">穆克里族</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">穆克里族</span>在<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>流域上游建立了一個强大的王國。領地囊括<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00057','1243886',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P57</span></i>今天的北方邦等地，首都是<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>。《大唐西域記》卷五對這座城市也有生動的描繪：“其長二十餘里，廣四五里。城隍堅峻，臺閣相望，花林池沼，光鮮澄鏡。異方奇貨，多聚於此。居人豐樂，家室富饒。花果具繁，稼穡時播。氣序和洽，風俗淳質。”可見這裏風光之美，貿易之興隆，人民之富庶。這個王族的成員征服了摩揭陀的部分地區。有一些成員自加尊號曰“大王中之王”（Mahārājādhirāja）。他們的統治一直擴展到<span class="zhuanming">伽耶</span>地區。他們也成功地抗禦了<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>的侵擾。另一方面，他們也同後期<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝又鬥争，又聯盟，約在七世紀初覆亡。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
後期笈多
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152421" key="1152421"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 1　社會發展的階段 &gt; 後期笈多 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153108" key="1153108"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00055','1243883',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P55</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000012">後期笈多</p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝根據地的那些省份里出現了一系列的統治者。除了一個以外，他們的名字都以“笈多”這個字收尾。史學家因此稱之爲後期<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝。但是他們是否真正是<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王族的後裔，現在還説不清楚。他們是否從一開始就統治<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀</span>，現在也還説不清楚。反正他們後來統治了<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀</span>。有人甚至説，他們的統治一直<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00056','1243883',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P56</span></i>擴大到<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>（Mālwā）地區，直到<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>時期才結束。這個世系出了幾個很有力量的大王，打過許多勝仗。在五﹑六世紀的混戰中，後期<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝有時參加到這一邊，有時又參加到那一邊，在混戰中苟延殘喘。公元五○○——五七○年之間，最後的大王<span class="zhuanming">幼日王</span>曾成功地抵禦了<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>的入侵，打敗了<span class="zhuanming">摩醯羅矩羅</span>（Mahirakula，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯爲“大族”，是Toramāṇa之子），把他俘虜，又釋放了。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對於這件事有比較詳盡的敍述。公元六五○——六七○年，還有人自稱皇帝，並與<span class="zhuanming">穆克里族</span>結盟。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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屈浪拏國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153111" key="1153111"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 屈浪拏國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153112" key="1153112"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00973','1384917',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P973</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001667">屈浪拏國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">屈浪拏國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9751" id="9743">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，周二千餘里。土地山川，氣序時候，同<span class="zhuanming">淫薄健國</span>。俗無法度<a class="zhuhao" href="#9748" id="9744">〔1〕</a>，人性鄙暴，多不營福，少信佛法。其貌醜弊，多服氈褐。有山巖中多出金精<a class="zhuhao" href="#9752" id="9745">（二）</a>，琢析<a class="zhuhao" href="#9749" id="9746">〔2〕</a>其石，然後得之。伽藍既少，僧徒亦寡。其王淳質，敬崇<a class="zhuhao" href="#9750" id="9747">〔3〕</a>三寶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9744" id="9748">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》度並作則。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9746" id="9749">〔2〕</a>原本析作折，《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》並作析，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9747" id="9750">〔3〕</a>《中本》崇作宗。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9743" id="9751">（一）</a>屈浪拏國：《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">俱蘭</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">俱羅弩</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">俱爛那</span>，當是<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻中之Kurān（<span class="zhuanming">伊斯塔赫里</span>書，頁289，行14，頁298，行11），<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>認爲當讀作Kurān。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據<span class="zhuanming">烏德</span>（Wood）書，Kokcha河上游有地，名Kurān；按<span class="song">Garm</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00974','1384917',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P974</span></i>省有一區盛産天青石（Lapis Lazuli），該區名Kuran，這一情況符合十一世紀波斯佚名作者《世界疆域志》中的記載。（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注，頁365，368—9）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9745" id="9752">（二）</a>多出金精：案此地自古已來以盛産金精著稱，與近代調查勘察所得相同。見<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>，前引書，頁339（地圖）。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北，登山入谷，途路艱險，行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">達摩悉鐵帝國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">亦名<span class="zhuanming">鎮偘</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9755" id="9753">〔1〕</a>，又謂<span class="zhuanming">護蜜</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9756" id="9754">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9753" id="9755">〔1〕</a>《古本》鎮偘二字作鍭偘，《石本》作鑊偘，《中本》作護侣，《金陵本》作鑊侃，《方志》作護侃。餘本及《音釋》同此。偘﹑侃同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9754" id="9756">〔2〕</a>《中本》又謂護蜜四字作人護謁窟，大訛。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》蜜作密。《徑山本》無小注八字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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梅特臘卡
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153115" key="1153115"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 1　社會發展的階段 &gt; 梅特臘卡 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153116" key="1153116"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00056','1243884',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P56</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000013">梅特臘卡</p><p> <span>在紛紛獨立的小國中，最先挺身出來反對<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝的是<span class="zhuanming">梅特臘卡</span>部落。他們在<span class="zhuanming">索拉什特立</span>（Saurāṣṭra，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯爲“蘇剌侘”）建立了一個王國，還包括<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>在内，定都於<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毘</span>。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在《大唐西域記》卷十一中描繪這座城市説：“居人殷盛，家室富饒，積財百億者乃有百餘室矣。遠方奇貨，多聚其國。”又説：“今王，刹帝利種也，卽昔<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span><span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多王</span>之侄，今<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span><span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多王</span>之子婿，號<span class="zhuanming">杜魯婆跋吒</span>。”這一座城市後來在七世紀結束時成爲商業﹑貿易﹑文化﹑學術的中心。八世紀五○—七五年之間這個小王國被<span class="zhuanming">信德</span>的<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>人推翻。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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達摩悉鐵帝國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153120" key="1153120"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 達摩悉鐵帝國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153121" key="1153121"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00974','1384918',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P974</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001671">達摩悉鐵帝國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">達摩悉鐵帝國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9765" id="9757">（一）</a>在兩山間，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，東西千五六百餘里，南北廣四五里，狹則不踰一里<a class="zhuhao" href="#9762" id="9758">〔1〕</a>。臨<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>，盤紆曲折，堆阜高下，沙石流漫，寒風凄烈。唯<a class="zhuhao" href="#9763" id="9759">〔2〕</a>植麥豆，少樹林，乏花菓。多出善馬，馬形雖小而耐馳涉。俗無禮義，人性獷暴，形貌鄙陋，衣服氈褐。眼<a class="zhuhao" href="#9764" id="9760">〔3〕</a>多碧緑<a class="zhuhao" href="#9766" id="9761">（二）</a>，異於諸國。伽藍十餘所，僧徒寡少。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00975','1384918',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P975</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9758" id="9762">〔1〕</a>南北廣四五里狹則不踰一里，《方志》作“南北減百里或狹不踰十里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9759" id="9763">〔2〕</a>《明北本》﹑《徑山本》唯作雖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9760" id="9764">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本》眼作服。按《慈恩傳》亦作眼，服乃形之訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9757" id="9765">（一）</a>達摩悉鐵帝國：此名曾被還原爲梵文Dharmasthiti。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>主張這不是該地真實名稱，此名多半出自<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語之*Dar-iMastit，意爲“Mastit/Mastuj門”（《伊蘭考》，頁225）。這個地區基本上就是<span class="zhuanming">瓦罕</span>（同上，頁223），在<span class="zhuanming">瓦罕</span>之南，<span class="zhuanming">乞特拉爾</span>東北約九十公里處。<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>同意<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>的主張，並認爲此説已成定論。（<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>《西突厥史料》<span class="zhuanming">法</span>文本，頁164，注4，<span class="zhuanming">中</span>譯本頁150，注3）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">瓦罕</span>，《後漢書》作<span class="zhuanming">休密</span>，爲<span class="zhuanming">月氏</span>五翖侯之一；《洛陽伽蘭記》作<span class="zhuanming">鉢和</span>，《魏書》稱<span class="zhuanming">伽倍</span>之國都<span class="zhuanming">和墨城</span>一曰<span class="zhuanming">鉢和</span>，亦曰<span class="zhuanming">胡密</span>；《續高僧傳》卷二《達摩笈多傳》作<span class="zhuanming">達摩悉須多</span>；<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》作<span class="zhuanming">胡密</span>；《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">護密</span>，<span class="zhuanming">鑊偘</span>。關於<span class="zhuanming">瓦罕</span>的史地概況，參看<span class="zhuanming">摩根斯蒂恩</span>（Morgenstierne）《印度伊朗邊境語言》（Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages）Ⅱ。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9761" id="9766">（二）</a>眼多碧緑：據後世旅行家的記載，此地居民確是“眼多碧緑”，但形貌鄙陋與否，則是審美問題，無一定標準。據<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>《西域考古記》（A.Stein，On Ancient Central Asian Tracks，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，1933）稱<span class="zhuanming">鄂本篤</span>於1602年至<span class="zhuanming">鑊偘</span>，與當地人相處，都爲碧眼金髮，和<span class="zhuanming">法藍<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00976','1384918',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P976</span></i>達兹</span>人相似。又謂“<span class="zhuanming">鑊偘</span>人，整個民族的人容貌都很美觀，面龎修整，大都碧眼金髮，除會講特殊的土語外，他們都説<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三　六、七世紀的印度
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152407" key="1152407"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153123" key="1153123"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00054','1243881',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P54</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000010">三　六﹑七世紀的印度</p><p> <span>現在再談<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>方面的情況。這裏包括三個方面：1，社會發展的階段；2，佛教的發展與衍變；3，統治者對宗教的態度。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、昏馱多城伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153126" key="1153126"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 達摩悉鐵帝國 &gt; 一、昏馱多城伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153127" key="1153127"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00976','1384919',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P976</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001674"><b>一﹑昏馱多城伽藍</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">昏<a class="zhuhao" href="#9778" id="9767">〔1〕</a>馱多城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9787" id="9768">（一）</a>，國之都也。中有伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#9788" id="9769">（二）</a>，此國先王之所建立，疏崖奠谷，式建堂宇。此國之先，未被<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，但事邪神，數百年前，肇弘法化。初，此國王愛子嬰疾，徒究醫術，有加無瘳。王乃躬往天祠，禮<a class="zhuhao" href="#9779" id="9770">〔2〕</a>請求救。時彼祠<a class="zhuhao" href="#9780" id="9771">〔3〕</a>主爲神下語，必當痊復，良無他慮。王聞喜慰，廻駕而歸。路逢沙門，容止可觀，駭其形服，問所從至。此沙門者，已證聖果，欲弘佛法，故此儀形，而報王曰：“我<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>弟子，所謂苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#9781" id="9772">〔4〕</a>也。”王既憂心，卽先問曰：“我子嬰疾，生死未分。”沙門曰：“王先靈可起，愛子難濟。”王曰：“天<a class="zhuhao" href="#9782" id="9773">〔5〕</a>神謂<a class="zhuhao" href="#9783" id="9774">〔6〕</a>其不死，沙門言其當終，詭俗之人，言何可信？”遲至宫中，愛子已死。匿不發喪，更問神主<a class="zhuhao" href="#9784" id="9775">〔7〕</a>，猶<a class="zhuhao" href="#9785" id="9776">〔8〕</a>曰：“不死，疹疾當瘳。”王便發怒，縛神主而數曰：“汝曹羣居長惡，妄行威福。我子已死，尚云當瘳。此而謬惑，孰不可忍？宜戮神主，殄滅靈廟。”於是殺神主，除神像，投<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>。迴駕而還，又遇沙門，見而敬悦，稽首謝曰：“曩無明導，佇足邪途，澆弊雖久，沿革在兹。願能垂顧，降臨居室！”沙門受請，隨至中宫。葬子既已，謂沙門曰：“人世糾紛，生死流轉。我子嬰疾，問其<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00977','1384919',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P977</span></i>去留，神而妄言，當必痊<a class="zhuhao" href="#9786" id="9777">〔9〕</a>差。先承指告，果無虚説。斯則其法可奉，唯垂哀愍，導此迷徒！”遂請沙門揆度伽藍，依其規矩，而便建立。自爾之後，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>方隆。故伽藍中精舍，爲羅漢建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9767" id="9778">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》昏上並有<span class="zhuanming">尸棄尼國</span>四字。按此寺不在<span class="zhuanming">尸棄尼國</span>，《慈恩傳》亦無此四字，誤衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9770" id="9779">〔2〕</a>《古本》禮作祀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9771" id="9780">〔3〕</a>《中本》祠上有祀字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9772" id="9781">〔4〕</a>《建本》苾芻作比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9773" id="9782">〔5〕</a>《石本》天作夫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9774" id="9783">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》謂並作詳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9775" id="9784">〔7〕</a>《中本》主作王，非。下文均作神主。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9776" id="9785">〔8〕</a>《建本》猶上有神字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9777" id="9786">〔9〕</a>《中本》痊作疾。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9768" id="9787">（一）</a>昏馱多城：<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>佚名作者《世界疆域志》作Khamdādh。（頁26﹑15，又121﹑364﹑366）其地在<span class="zhuanming">瓦罕</span>山谷中<span class="zhuanming">潘扎水</span>（Āb-i Panja）南岸沖積扇上之Khandūd，這一比定已爲學者們所接受。（<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>《西域考古圖記》，I，頁64；<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>《亞洲腹地考古圖記》，Ⅱ，頁866）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00978','1384919',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P978</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9769" id="9788">（二）</a>中有伽藍：著成于公元十世紀的<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>文佚名作者《世界地疆域志》（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯</span>基譯注本）§26.15説：“Khamdādh是有<span class="zhuanming">鑊偘</span>人（Vakhīs）的偶像寺院的地方。那裏還有少數的<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>人。左岸有<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>人占領的城堡。”該書的記載約後於《西域記》三個世紀，説明當地當時尚有寺院，足見<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>云“中有伽藍”之説正確。其遺址的發掘，見<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>《西域考古圖記》，I，頁60-71；《亞洲腹地考古圖記》，頁866。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍大精舍中有石佛像，像上懸金銅圓蓋，衆寶莊嚴。人有旋繞，蓋亦隨轉，人止<a class="zhuhao" href="#9791" id="9789">〔1〕</a>蓋止，莫測靈鑒。聞諸耆舊曰：或云<a class="zhuhao" href="#9792" id="9790">〔2〕</a>聖人願力所持，或謂機關祕術所致。觀其堂宇，石壁堅峻，考厥衆議，莫知實録。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9789" id="9791">〔1〕</a>《中本》人止作人出，形近而訛。《慈恩傳》作人停。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9790" id="9792">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》無或云二字。</span> </p><p> <span>踰此國大山北，至<span class="zhuanming">尸棄尼國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1　社會發展的階段
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152416" key="1152416"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 1　社會發展的階段 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153129" key="1153129"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00054','1243882',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P54</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000011"><b>1　社會發展的階段</b></p><p> <span>一般研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史的學者，特别是<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span>的學者，大都認爲，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>封建社會到了公元後六﹑七世紀才開始形成。<a class="zhuhao" href="#316" id="315">〔1〕</a>我認爲，這個看法是有問題的。許多歷史事實證明，隨着土地私有制的出現，農奴和地主的矛盾形成了，在生産中農業所佔的比重逐漸超過了牧畜業，生産力因而大大地提高，從公元前五﹑六世紀起，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>就開始向封建社會過渡。到了六世紀末七世紀初，也就是<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><span class="zhuanming">隋</span>末<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初的時代，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>正處在封建社會高度發展的階段。政治上比較統一，經濟上很繁榮，對外關係加强了，在土地方面，出現了大規模開墾的情況，只是到了後期，政治上才又開始分崩離析，經濟﹑貿易又開始</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00055','1243882',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P55</span></i> <span>衰退。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>封建社會的高度發展，既不能用<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>社會發展的情況來衡量，也不能用<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的情況來衡量。在普遍規律的指導下，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>社會自有其發展的特點。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#315" id="316">〔1〕</a>關於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>封建社會形成的問題，是當前<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史學界討論的中心題目之一。意見是五花八門的。有的學者幹脆否認<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>曾有過封建社會。有的學者承認<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>有過封建社會，但在起源的時間上看法有分歧。之所以發生這樣的情況，重要的原因之一就是對封建主義的理解不同。可參閲<span class="zhuanming">高善必</span>：《印度史研究導論》（D.D.Kosambi：Introduction to the Study of Indian History）<span class="zhuanming">孟買</span>，1956年。<span class="zhuanming">慕奇亞</span>：《印度歷史上有過封建主義嗎？》（Harbans Mukhia：Was there Feuda1ism in Indian History）1979年第四十届<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史學大會，中世紀史組主席致詞。<span class="zhuanming">洽</span>：《早期印度封建主義：一個編史學的批判》（D.N.Jha：Early Indian Feudalism：a Historiographical Critique）同上，古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>組主席致詞。<span class="zhuanming">巴拉拉瑪穆爾提</span>：《佛教哲學》（Y.Balaramamoorty，Buddhist Philosophy），<span class="zhuanming">夏爾瑪</span>：《佛陀教義的幾個方面》（Ram Bilas Shar-ma：Some Aspects of the Teaching of Buddha）。最後二文都見於《用馬克思主義研究佛教》（Buddhism The Marxist Approach）。</span></p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史總的發展趨勢來看，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>當時正處在由合到分的過渡階段。世界各國的歷史都表明了一個共同的現象：分久必合，合久必分。在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史上，外族的入侵往往引起分合的變化。公元前四世紀，<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span><span class="zhuanming">馬其頓</span><span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>大王入侵<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>以後，結果結束了長期分的局面，産生了比較統一的<span class="zhuanming">孔雀</span>王朝（合）。公元後五﹑六世紀<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>族入侵<span class="zhuanming">北印</span>，又在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>社會裏促成了一個轉折點，繼<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>之後，從公元三二○年起比較大規模地統一了<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝，被稱做<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史上的“黄金時代”。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>去的時候，正是<span class="zhuanming">旃荼羅笈多二世</span>（<span class="zhuanming">超日王</span>）在位的時候。他提倡文學藝術。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代最偉大的詩人<span class="zhuanming">迦梨陀娑</span>可能就生活在他的朝廷上。對於<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>（<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>）的入侵，<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>也成功地抵擋了一陣子。但是<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝漸漸又衰落下來，到了六世紀中葉終於崩潰。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>社會又開始分了。<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>史學家<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>稱之爲社會方面的一次革命。統一的大帝國從内部瓦解了，<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>各地又紛紛獨立，出現了不少小國，互相攻伐，連年征戰，造成了整個<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>分崩離析﹑動蕩不安的局面。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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2　佛教的發展與衍變
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152429" key="1152429"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 2　佛教的發展與衍變 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153138" key="1153138"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00067','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P67</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000018"><b>2　佛教的發展與衍變</b></p><p> <span>從宗教，特别是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>發展的情況來看，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>留學<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的時期是一個具有關鍵性的轉變時期。從<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>時代起，<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>開始同化正在變化中的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，大乘萌芽於公元前三世紀<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>時代。到了公元後二﹑三世紀，所謂空宗的學説才開始建立。又過了約二百年，到了四﹑五世紀，所謂有宗的理論才形成。大乘的出現標志着<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的發展，但同時也孕育着衰亡的因素。小乘不承認<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>的一些儀式﹑惡習，而大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>則逐漸承認下來。這是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>衰落的朕兆之一。到了後來，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>被承認爲<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>十大化身之一，被請進了<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>的神殿，然而<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>也隨之而逐漸消失了。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>於七世紀二十年代末到了<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，四十年代初才回國。他周游<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>各地，對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>和其他<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>教派有細緻周密的觀察。他在《大唐西域記》卷二對當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有一個概括的論述。他説：</span> </p><p> <span>“部執峰峙，諍論波騰，異學專門，殊途同致。十有八部，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00068','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P68</span></i>各擅鋒鋭；大小二乘，居止區别。”</span> </p><p> <span>這裏講的是部派的分歧。下面又講到：</span> </p><p> <span>“講宣一部，乃免僧知事；二部，加上房資具；三部，差侍者祗承；四部，給浄人役使；五部，則行乘象輿；六部，又導從周衞。”</span> </p><p> <span>可見僧伽内部，待遇已大相懸殊。這是社會上封建等級制在僧伽内部的反映。</span> </p><p> <span>在以後漫游<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>各地時，他又隨時隨地記述<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>和其他教派的情況，從中可以看出當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>與“異道”（多半是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>教）勢力分佈的情況，也可以看出<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>内部大小乘勢力消長和宗派分佈的情況。爲了醒目起見，先列表如下：<a class="zhuhao" href="#345" id="343">〔1〕</a></span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛教</span> </p> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>異道</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>國名（城名）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧徒</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宗派</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信徒（異道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>北印度</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>濫波國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>那揭羅曷國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雖多（“諸窣堵波荒蕪圮壞”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘人</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>健馱邏國<a class="zhuhao" href="#346" id="344">〔2〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘所（“摧殘荒廢，蕪漫蕭條”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百數</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>迦膩色迦王伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>減少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>布色羯羅伐底城</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>故迦藍（“庭宇荒凉”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>跋虜沙城</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>其側伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>東門外一伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>毗摩天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>山南伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>鮮少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>烏仗那國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>舊有一千四百（“多</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>昔一萬八</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十有餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#343" id="345">〔1〕</a>當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境外的國家不列入；只提伽藍，没有僧徒人數和所遵教派的不列入；只提外道天祠，没有佛徒人數和宗派，無從對比，也不列入。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#344" id="346">〔2〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》作<span class="zhuanming">健陀邏</span>。《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二三三下。</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛教</span> </p> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>異道</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>國名（城名）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧徒</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宗派</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信徒（異道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00069','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P69</span></i> <p> <span>已荒蕪”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千，今漸減少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>鉢露羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數千人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>學無專習</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>呾叉始羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雖多（“荒蕪已甚”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>捨頭窣堵波伽藍（“庭宇荒凉”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>減少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧訶補羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>空無僧侣</span> </p> <p> <span>久絶僧侣</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>石窣堵波東伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>孤山伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>烏剌尸國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>傍有伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="4" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>迦濕彌羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#349" id="347">〔1〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“外道天祠，特留意焉。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛牙伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>故伽藍（“蕪漫良甚”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三十餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大衆部伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘大衆部<a class="zhuhao" href="#350" id="348">〔2〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>半笯蹉國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所（“並多荒圮”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>城北伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>少有</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>曷邏闍補羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>一所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>磔迦國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>故城僧伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>至那僕底國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>八所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>答秣蘇伐那僧伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>説一切有部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#347" id="349">〔1〕</a>《大唐西域記》没有説明。《續高僧傳·玄奘傳》説：“僧徒五千，多小乘學。”《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁四四九上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#348" id="350">〔2〕</a>據《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》：當時衆中有大乘學僧，薩婆多學僧和僧祇部學僧。可見這裏也有人崇信説一切有部。</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛教</span> </p> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>異道</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>國名（城名）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧徒</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宗派</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信徒（異道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00070','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P70</span></i> <p> <span>闍爛達羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#353" id="351">〔1〕</a>國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五百餘人（塗灰）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>屈露多國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>多學大乘，少習諸部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>中印度</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>設多圖盧國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十所（“庭宇荒凉”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>鮮少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>波理夜呾羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>八所（“傾毁已甚”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>秣兔羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>兩千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>薩他泥濕伐羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>七百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>窣禄勤那國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>多學小乘，少習余部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>秣底補羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>八百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>説一切有部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>德光伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#354" id="352">〔2〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>婆羅吸摩補羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>瞿毗霜那國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>堊醯掣呾羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>九所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百餘人（事自在天，塗灰）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>毗羅删拏國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>劫比他國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>四所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#351" id="353">〔1〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》作闍爛達那。《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二三二中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#352" id="354">〔2〕</a>玄奘在這裏借<span class="zhuanming">無垢友</span>的故事來宣揚大乘。</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛教</span> </p> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>異道</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>國名（城名）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧徒</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宗派</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信徒（異道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00071','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P71</span></i> <p> <span>城東大伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>羯若鞠闍國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>萬餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數千餘人</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>納縛提婆矩羅城</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘説一切有部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>阿踰陁國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三千餘人<a class="zhuhao" href="#358" id="355">〔1〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>阿耶穆佉國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>鉢邏耶伽國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>兩所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>實多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>憍賞彌國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所（“傾頓荒蕪”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>實多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>迦奢布羅城</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>故伽藍（“惟餘基址”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>鞞索迦國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>室羅伐悉底國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百（“圮壞良多”）逝多林（“昔爲伽藍，今已荒廢”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少<a class="zhuhao" href="#359" id="356">〔2〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>劫比羅伐窣堵國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>故基千有餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宫側伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三十餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>兩所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>藍摩國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>一伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>鮮矣</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>拘尸那揭羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>婆羅痆斯國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三千餘人<a class="zhuhao" href="#360" id="357">〔3〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>萬餘人（事自在天）</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#355" id="358">〔1〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》作“數千人”。《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二三三下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#356" id="359">〔2〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》作“數千”。《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二三四下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#357" id="360">〔3〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》作“二千餘人”。《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二三五下。</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛教</span> </p> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>異道</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>國名（城名）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧徒</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宗派</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信徒（異道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00072','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P72</span></i> <p> <span>鹿野伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>一千五百人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>戰主國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>減千人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>摩訶娑羅邑</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數伽藍（“雖多傾毁”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>尚有</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="3" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>吠舍釐國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百（“多已圮壞，存者三五”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>稀少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居（露形之徒）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宫城西北一伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>寡少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>濕吠多補羅僧伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>弗栗恃國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>減千人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>實衆</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>尼波羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍﹑天祠（“接堵連隅”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>其數不詳</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="6" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>摩揭陁國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>萬有餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>實多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“伽藍﹑天祠及窣堵坡，餘址數百，存者二三”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>屈屈吒阿濫摩僧伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>德慧伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>摩訶菩提僧伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>減千人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘上座部<a class="zhuhao" href="#363" id="361">〔1〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>那爛陀僧伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數千<a class="zhuhao" href="#364" id="362">〔2〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#361" id="363">〔1〕</a>《釋迦方志》卷下，（《大正大藏經》，卷五一，頁九六三中）《續高僧傳》卷四（同上書，卷五○，頁四五一上），皆作“大乘上座部”。參閲季羡林：“關於大乘上座部的問題”，《中國社會科學》，1981年第5期。頁一八五—一九八。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#362" id="364">〔2〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》：“僧徒主客常有萬人”。（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二三七中）又説：“聞寺西三踰繕那有<span class="zhuanming">低羅擇迦寺</span>，有出家大德名<span class="zhuanming">般若跋陀羅</span>，本<span class="zhuanming">縛羅鉢底國</span>人，於薩婆多部出家。”（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四四上）</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛教</span> </p> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>異道</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>國名（城名）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧徒</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宗派</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信徒（異道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00073','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P73</span></i> <p> <span>迦布德迦伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>説一切有部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>孤山東南伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伊爛拏鉢伐多國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>四千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#370" id="365">〔1〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>各減千僧</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘説一切有部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>瞻波國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十所（“多有傾毁”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>羯朱嗢祗羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>六七所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>奔那伐彈那國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>東印度</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>迦摩縷波國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“宗事天神，不信佛法”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數萬</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三摩呾吒國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>上座部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居（露形尼乾）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>耽摩栗底國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二千餘人<a class="zhuhao" href="#371" id="366">〔2〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>實多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>烏荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#372" id="367">〔3〕</a>國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所<a class="zhuhao" href="#373" id="368">〔4〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>萬餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#374" id="369">〔5〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#365" id="370">〔1〕</a>《大唐西域記》卷十：“近有鄰王廢其國君，以大都城持施衆僧，於此城中建二伽藍。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#366" id="371">〔2〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》：“三百餘人”。（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四○下。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#367" id="372">〔3〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》作“茶”。（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四一上。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#368" id="373">〔4〕</a>《大唐西域記》卷十還説到：“諸窣堵波凡十餘所”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#369" id="374">〔5〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》：“伽藍百餘所，僧徒萬餘人，學大乘法”。到了後面，講到<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>“自征<span class="zhuanming">恭御陀</span>，行次<span class="zhuanming">烏茶國</span>。其國僧皆小乘學，不信大乘，謂爲空花外道，非佛所説。”這顯然是有矛盾的。（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四一上—二四四下。）</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛教</span> </p> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>異道</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>國名（城名）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧徒</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宗派</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信徒（異道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00074','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P74</span></i> <p> <span>折利呾羅城</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>恭御陀國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“崇敬外道，不信佛法”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>萬餘人</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>南印度</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>羯𩜁伽國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘上座部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚衆（尼乾）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>憍薩羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>減萬人<a class="zhuhao" href="#378" id="375">〔1〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>七十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>案達羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>實多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>䭾那羯磔迦國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所（“伽藍鱗次，荒蕪已甚”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#379" id="376">〔2〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>實多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>珠利耶國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>頽毁</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>粗有</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>（露形外道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>達羅毗荼國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>萬餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>上座部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>八十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>（露形外道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>秣羅矩吒國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>存者既少</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>亦寡</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚衆（露形）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧伽羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二萬餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘上座部<a class="zhuhao" href="#380" id="377">〔3〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="2" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>恭建那補羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>萬餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>王宫城側有大伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>摩訶剌侘國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百數</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>跋禄羯呫婆國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘上座部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>摩臘婆國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二萬餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>實衆（塗灰）</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#375" id="378">〔1〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》：“萬人”。（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四一上。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#376" id="379">〔2〕</a>同上書：二僧“善解大衆部三藏。”（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四一中。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#377" id="380">〔3〕</a>《大唐西域記》卷十一：“<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>至後二百餘年，各擅專門，分成二部：一曰摩訶毗訶羅住部，斥大乘，習小教。二曰阿跋耶祗釐住部，學兼二乘，弘演三藏。”《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》：“遵行大乘及上座部教。”（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四二下。）《釋迦方志》下：“僧二萬餘人，上座部也。”（《大正大藏經》，卷五一，頁九六七上。）參閲Watters：On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India，Ⅱ.234—5。</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛教</span> </p> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>異道</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>國名（城名）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧徒</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宗派</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信徒（異道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00075','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P75</span></i> <p> <span>阿吒釐國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“宗事天神”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>契吒國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>衆多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伐臘毗國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>六千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>實多</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>西印度</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>阿難陀補羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>減千人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>蘇剌侘國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘上座部<a class="zhuhao" href="#383" id="381">〔1〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>瞿折羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>一所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘説一切有部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>鄔闍衍那國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十所（“多已圮壞，存者三五”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>擲枳陀國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十（“多信外道，少敬佛法”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>少有</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>摩醯濕伐羅補羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“宗教外道，不信佛法”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>（塗灰之侣）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信度國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>萬餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>茂羅三部盧國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所（“多已圮壞，少有僧徒，學無專習”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>少有</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>無專習</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>八所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>鉢伐多國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#384" id="382">〔2〕</a></span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>雜居</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#381" id="383">〔1〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》：缺。（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四三中。）《釋迦方志》下：“上座部也”。（《大正大藏經》卷五一，頁九六七下。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#382" id="384">〔2〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》：“城側有大伽藍，百餘僧皆學大乘。”“法師因停二年，就學《正量部根本阿毗達摩》及《攝正法論》﹑《教實論》。”（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四三下—二四四上。）</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="3" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>佛教</span> </p> </td><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>異道</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>國名（城名）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伽藍</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>僧徒</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>宗派</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>天祠</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>信徒（異道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00076','1243889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P76</span></i> <p> <span>阿點婆翅羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>八十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>十所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>（塗灰外道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>狼揭羅國（役屬波剌斯國）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>百餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>六千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大小二乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>（塗灰外道，其徒極衆）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>波剌斯國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二三</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數百</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>説一切有部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>甚多</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>（提那跋外道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>臂多勢羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>（塗灰外道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>阿軬荼國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二十餘所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>二千餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>小乘正量部</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>（塗灰外道）</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伐剌拏國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>數十（“荒圮已多”）</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>三百餘人</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>大乘</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>五所</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>（塗灰外道）</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span>我想根據上面這一個表，探討以下的幾個問題：</span> </p><p> <span>a.<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>與外道力量的對比</span> </p><p> <span>b.<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>内部大小乘力量的對比</span> </p><p> <span>c.<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>部派分佈的情況</span> </p><p> <span>d.<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>日漸衰微的趨勢</span> </p></div></div></div>
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a.佛教與外道力量的對比
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152434" key="1152434"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 2　佛教的發展與衍變 &gt; a.佛教與外道力量的對比 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153140" key="1153140"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00076','1243890',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P76</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000019">a.佛教與外道力量的對比</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>是一個非常細心的觀察家。他對宗教現象觀察得記録得特别細緻。他所到之處，不管停留時間多麽短暫，他對當時各宗教力量的對比都詳加記録。可惜“十餘所”﹑“千餘所”﹑“數十”等數字太多，無法加以詳細的統計。粗粗一看，也可以看到<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>與外道，有的地方是勢均力敵，有的地方一方佔優勢。看來外道的力量並不小。在外道中，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>有幾個地方特别提到事<span class="zhuanming">自在天</span>（<span class="zhuanming">濕婆</span>）的塗灰之侣，還有露形的尼乾，也就是<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的天衣派。可見<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>和<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00077','1243890',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P77</span></i><span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>等佛教徒眼中的所謂外道在當時是有相當大的力量的。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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鉢利曷國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153143" key="1153143"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 鉢利曷國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153144" key="1153144"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00968','1384913',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P968</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001653">鉢利曷國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鉢利曷國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9714" id="9711">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，東西百<a class="zhuhao" href="#9713" id="9712">〔1〕</a>餘里，南北三百餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。土宜風俗，大同<span class="zhuanming">訖栗瑟摩國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9712" id="9713">〔1〕</a>《中本》百上有二字。《方志》亦作百餘里，同此。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9711" id="9714">（一）</a>鉢利曷國：Pārghar之對音（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，234頁）。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00969','1384913',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P969</span></i>據<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>佚名作者《世界疆域志》，Pārghar/Pārkhar在<span class="zhuanming">珂咄羅</span>境内。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">今地圖上Talaqān正北<span class="zhuanming">烏滸河</span>北岸及曲部最北端各有一地名Pārghar，地當Pārghar河（卽今Kchi-Surkhab河）注入<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>處（<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《蒙古入侵時期的突厥斯坦》，<span class="zhuanming">英</span>文第四版，頁68—69）。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">訖栗瑟摩國</span>，踰山越川，行三百餘里，至呬<span class="zhuanming">摩呾羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#9716" id="9715">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9715" id="9716">〔1〕</a>《中本》羅作邏。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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b.佛教內部大小乘力量的對比
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153147" key="1153147"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 2　佛教的發展與衍變 &gt; b.佛教內部大小乘力量的對比 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153148" key="1153148"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00077','1243891',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P77</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000020">b.佛教內部大小乘力量的對比</p><p> <span>我先根據上面的表做一個簡略的統計，以當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境内各“國”或城，或伽藍爲單位，崇信大乘的有：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">濫波國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>兩個伽藍</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烏剌尸國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>一個伽藍</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">屈露多國</span>，“多學大乘，少習諸部”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">毗羅删拏國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">戰主國</span>數伽藍</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>一伽藍</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烏荼國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#386" id="385">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏國</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#385" id="386">〔1〕</a>據《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷四：“法師在其國逢二僧：一名<span class="zhuanming">蘇部底</span>，二名<span class="zhuanming">蘇利耶</span>，善解大衆部三藏。法師因就停數月，學大衆部根本阿毗達摩等論。彼亦依法師學大乘諸論。”（《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四一中—下。）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00078','1243891',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P78</span></i><p> <span>崇信小乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#388" id="387">〔1〕</a>的有：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#387" id="388">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>：《大唐西域記》把<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span>（<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>）歸入大衆部。（見同書第四一九頁）但根據《大唐西域記》：“僧徒千餘人，並多習學大乘部法。”此國似應歸大乘。但<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>表中却未列入。（見同書第四一七頁）《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》中有二僧善解大衆部三藏的記載。參閲本書頁七七注〔1〕。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>三個伽藍</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>一伽藍，小乘大衆部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>一伽藍</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">至那僕底國</span>一伽藍，小乘説一切有部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">波理夜呾羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">窣禄勤那國</span>，“多學小乘，少習餘部”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>，小乘説一切有部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞿毗霜那國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">堊醯掣呾羅國</span>，小乘正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">劫比他國</span>，小乘正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>三伽藍，小乘説一切有部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿耶穆佉國</span>，小乘正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>國</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鞞索迦國</span>，小乘正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>，小乘正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵國</span>，小乘正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯國</span>，小乘正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">戰主國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>一伽藍，小乘正量部</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00079','1243891',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P79</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>一伽藍，説一切有部</span> </p><p> <span>一伽藍，小乘</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏鉢伐多國</span>，正量部</span> </p><p> <span>二伽藍，説一切有部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞻波國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯朱嗢祗羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>，上座部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>，正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼國</span>，上座部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>，正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿難陁補羅</span>國，正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅國</span>，説一切有部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>，正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅國</span>，正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">波剌斯國</span>，説一切有部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">臂多勢羅國</span>，正量部</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿軬荼國</span>，正量部</span> </p><p> <span>崇信大小二乘的有：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">闍爛達羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣兔羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">奔那伐彈那國</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00080','1243891',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P80</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">契吒國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#390" id="389">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">狼揭羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span>没有説明的或“學無專習”的有：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">那揭羅曷國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鉢露羅國</span>，“學無專習”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">半笯蹉國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍補羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">至那僕底國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">設多圖盧國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅吸摩補羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">藍摩國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">耽摩栗底國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">珠利耶國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣羅矩吒國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">擲枳陀國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">茂羅三部盧國</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#389" id="390">〔1〕</a>參閲本書第七五頁注〔2〕。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00081','1243891',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P81</span></i><p> <span>不管<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>觀察多麽仔細，在當時的情況下，有些數字説不清楚，是完全可以理解的。因此，我們要想作一個十分精密的統計，是不可能的。粗略地看一看：崇信大乘的“國”或伽藍共有十六個；崇信小乘的有三十七個；崇信大小二乘的有十二個；没有説明或“學無專習”的有十七個。至於信徒人數則無法統計。從單位數字看來，大﹑小二乘五<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>都有，而小乘的力量，要比大乘强大得多。有一種情況值得注意：在一些“國”内，大小二乘都有；有一句話涵義不太清楚：“大乘﹑小乘，兼功習學”（<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁國</span>），“大小二乘，兼功習學”（<span class="zhuanming">契吒國</span>），這是指的一個人呢，還是一個地方，看來專指一個地方的可能性更大一些，不是一個人既學小乘，又學大乘。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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呬摩呾羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153151" key="1153151"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 呬摩呾羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153152" key="1153152"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00969','1384914',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P969</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001657">呬摩呾羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">呬摩呾羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9725" id="9717">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，周三千餘里。山川邐迤，土地沃壤，宜穀稼，多宿麥。百卉滋茂，衆菓具繁。氣序<a class="zhuhao" href="#9722" id="9718">〔1〕</a>寒烈，人性暴急，不識罪福。形貌鄙陋，舉措威儀，衣氈皮褐，頗同<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。其婦人首冠木角<a class="zhuhao" href="#9726" id="9719">（二）</a>，高三尺餘，前有兩岐<a class="zhuhao" href="#9723" id="9720">〔2〕</a>，表夫父母。上岐表父，下岐表母，隨先喪亡，除去一岐。舅姑俱没<a class="zhuhao" href="#9724" id="9721">〔3〕</a>，角冠全棄。其先强國，王，<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種也，<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>之西，多見臣伏。境鄰<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>，遂染其俗，又爲侵掠，自守其境。故此國人流離異域，數十堅城，各别立主。穹廬毳帳，遷徙往來。西接<span class="zhuanming">訖栗瑟摩國</span>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00970','1384914',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P970</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9718" id="9722">〔1〕</a>《趙城本》序作宇。誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9720" id="9723">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》岐作歧，下同，通用。《音釋》作歧。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9721" id="9724">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》没並作殁，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9717" id="9725">（一）</a>呬摩呾羅國：本書卷三<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span><span class="zhuanming">呬摩呾羅王</span>下有原注“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>下”，當是梵文Himatala的音譯。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>疑是Hēmatāla之對音，可能是梵文對Hephthal＝嚈噠一字之轉寫（《伊蘭考》，頁239）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9719" id="9726">（二）</a>其婦人首冠木角：《洛陽伽藍記》卷五載<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠國</span>王妃“頭帶一角，長八尺，奇長三尺，以玫瑰五色裝飾其上……自餘大臣妻皆隨，傘頭亦似有角”，故當地“婦人首冠木角”，疑爲<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>的風俗習慣。《魏書》卷一○二《西域傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">大月氏</span>之種類也。”“風俗與<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>略同。其俗兄弟共一妻。夫無兄弟者，其妻戴一角帽；若有兄弟者，依其多少之數，更加角焉。衣服類加以纓絡，頭皆剪髮。”</span> </p><p> <span>東谷<a class="zhuhao" href="#9730" id="9727">〔1〕</a>行二<a class="zhuhao" href="#9731" id="9728">〔2〕</a>百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">鉢鐸<a class="zhuhao" href="#9732" id="9729">〔3〕</a>創那國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9727" id="9730">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》無東字。《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無谷字，《慈恩傳》亦作東行，無谷字。《石本》﹑《趙城本》作東谷行，同此本。《方志》自<span class="zhuanming">鉢鐸創那國</span>至<span class="zhuanming">呬摩<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00971','1384914',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P971</span></i>呬那國</span>作“山谷西行二百餘里。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9728" id="9731">〔2〕</a>《古本》二作三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9729" id="9732">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》無鐸字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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鉢鐸創那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153155" key="1153155"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 鉢鐸創那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153156" key="1153156"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00971','1384915',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P971</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001661">鉢鐸創那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鉢鐸創那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9736" id="9733">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，周二千餘里。國大都城據山崖<a class="zhuhao" href="#9735" id="9734">〔1〕</a>上，周六七里。山川邐迤，沙石彌漫。土宜菽麥，多蒲陶﹑胡桃﹑梨﹑柰等果。氣序寒烈，人性剛猛，俗無禮法，不知學藝。其貌鄙陋，多衣氈褐。伽藍三四所，僧徒寡少。王性淳質，深信三寶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9734" id="9735">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》崖上有爲固二字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9733" id="9736">（一）</a>鉢鐸創那國：卽今日之<span class="zhuanming">巴達哈商</span>（Badakhshān）地方，《高僧傳》作<span class="zhuanming">波多叉拏</span>。其範圍基本上等於<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>上游Panj河及Kokcha河流佈地區。<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>認爲，<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>（Hīndu-Kush/<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什</span>）之北有城亦名Badakhshān，當是《魏書》之<span class="zhuanming">跋底延</span>﹑《北史》之<span class="zhuanming">弗敵沙</span>，其城在今<span class="zhuanming">法札巴德</span>（Fayzābād）之東，爲昔日<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">大月氏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>之故城，與後日<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>南同名之國有别。近年日人<span class="zhuanming">内田吟風</span>主張<span class="zhuanming">拔底延</span>與<span class="zhuanming">薄提</span>/<span class="zhuanming">薄底延</span>同爲Padiyan之對音，意爲“都城”。（<span class="zhuanming">内田吟風</span>：《吐火羅國史考》，《東方學會創立二十五周年東方學論集》，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00972','1384915',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P972</span></i>1972，頁96﹑97。）</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南山谷中行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">淫薄健國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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淫薄健國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153159" key="1153159"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 淫薄健國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153160" key="1153160"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00972','1384916',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P972</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001664">淫薄健國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">淫薄健國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9741" id="9737">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，周千餘里。國大都城周十餘里。山嶺連屬，川田隘狹。土地所産，氣序所宜，人性之差，同<span class="zhuanming">鉢鐸創那</span>，但言語少異<a class="zhuhao" href="#9742" id="9738">（二）</a>。王性苛<a class="zhuhao" href="#9740" id="9739">〔1〕</a>暴，不明善惡。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9739" id="9740">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《趙城本》苛作奇。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9737" id="9741">（一）</a>淫薄健國：當是Yamgān或Hamakān，位於Kokcha河流域，該河自Jarm以上之上游舊名Yamgān或Hamakān。<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>考定其地爲上游流經<span class="zhuanming">瞢健</span>（Munjān）﹑下游稱Jarm河的河流中段地區（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《烏滸水與那密水考》，頁47；<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾基斯</span>《世界疆域志》譯注，頁368）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9738" id="9742">（二）</a>言語少異：今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>東北部所使用的語言，總稱爲<span class="zhuanming">東伊朗語</span>，還保存些古代的語言的特點，但位于Kokcha流域的<span class="zhuanming">淫薄健國</span>的語言則爲Munji方言，故與<span class="zhuanming">鉢鐸創那</span>的語言又有些不同。見<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注《大唐西域記》，頁378。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00973','1384916',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P973</span></i><p> <span>從此東南，踰嶺越谷，峽路危險，行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">屈</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">居勿反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">浪拏國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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阿利尼國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153163" key="1153163"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 阿利尼國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153164" key="1153164"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00965','1384910',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P965</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001642">阿利尼國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿利尼國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9696" id="9691">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，帶<a class="zhuhao" href="#9694" id="9692">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>兩岸<a class="zhuhao" href="#9695" id="9693">〔2〕</a>，周<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00966','1384910',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P966</span></i>三百餘里。國大都城周十四五里。土宜風俗，大同<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9692" id="9694">〔1〕</a>《建本》帶作滯。《方志》作帶，同此。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9693" id="9695">〔2〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》岸作崖。《方志》作岸，同此。崖當是字形之訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9691" id="9696">（一）</a>阿利尼國：<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>將<span class="zhuanming">阿利尼</span>比定爲Ārhan或Ārhang，並謂Ārhan卽Hazrät Imām（見《伊蘭考》，頁233）。按Ārhan爲<span class="zhuanming">烏滸水</span>上著名渡口。<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>根據<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>文獻記載，指出Ārhan與Hazrät Imām實爲兩地，不能等同爲一（<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《蒙古入侵時期的突厥斯坦》，1977年，<span class="zhuanming">英</span>文第四版，頁69，注7）；<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>援引<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>地理家<span class="zhuanming">伊斯塔赫里</span>（Iṣṭakhrī）書中有關段落，修正<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>之説，指出Ārhan實際位于Hazrät-Imām附近（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注，頁359—360）。</span> </p><p> <span>東至<span class="zhuanming">曷邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#9698" id="9697">〔1〕</a>胡國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9697" id="9698">〔1〕</a>《方志》曷邏二字作遏羅。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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曷邏胡國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153167" key="1153167"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 曷邏胡國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153168" key="1153168"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00966','1384911',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P966</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001646">曷邏胡國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">曷邏胡國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9700" id="9699">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，北臨<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>，周二百餘<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00967','1384911',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P967</span></i>里。國大都城周十四五里。土宜風俗，大同<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9699" id="9700">（一）</a>曷邏胡國：<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>將<span class="zhuanming">曷邏胡</span>擬音爲Rāhula，至於<span class="zhuanming">曷邏胡</span>/Rāhula之方位，<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>根據<span class="zhuanming">阿利尼</span>之旁有Rāwan的記載，將<span class="zhuanming">曷邏胡</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>以北之Rāwan（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>上引書，頁237）。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">瞢健國</span>東踰峻嶺，越洞谷，歷數川<a class="zhuhao" href="#9702" id="9701">〔1〕</a>城，行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">訖栗瑟摩國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9701" id="9702">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》川作州，疑訛。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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訖栗瑟摩國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153171" key="1153171"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 訖栗瑟摩國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153172" key="1153172"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00967','1384912',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P967</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001649">訖栗瑟摩國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">訖栗瑟摩國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9708" id="9703">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，東西千<a class="zhuhao" href="#9706" id="9704">〔1〕</a>餘里，南北三百餘里。國大都城周十五六里。土宜風俗，大同<span class="zhuanming">瞢健國</span>，但其人性暴，愚<a class="zhuhao" href="#9707" id="9705">〔2〕</a>惡有異。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9704" id="9706">〔1〕</a>原本千作十，《古本》﹑《中本》﹑《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》並作千，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9705" id="9707">〔2〕</a>《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00968','1384912',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P968</span></i>本》並無愚字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9703" id="9708">（一）</a>訖栗瑟摩國：<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>比定爲Kishm（《伊蘭考》，頁217﹑231﹑238）。Kishm亦爲注入Kokcha河之河流名稱（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注，頁33）。此地當是在Fayzābād與Talaqān之間，沿Kokcha河之村鎮。</span> </p><p> <span>北<a class="zhuhao" href="#9710" id="9709">〔1〕</a>至<span class="zhuanming">鉢利曷國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9709" id="9710">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》北上並有東字。《方志》作北，同此本。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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2　西行求法前在國内的學習準備階段
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153175" key="1153175"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 五　關於玄奘 &gt; 2　西行求法前在國内的學習準備階段 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153176" key="1153176"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00104','1243898',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P104</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000027"><b>2　西行求法前在國内的學習準備階段</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>費了很大勁，才出了家。出家后，歷游各地，遍訪名師問學。根據《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》和《續高僧傳》所載，他訪問過的老和尚一共有十三位：<span class="zhuanming">景</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">嚴</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">空</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧景</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道基</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">寶暹</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道震</span>（<span class="zhuanming">振</span>）﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧休</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道深</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道岳</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法常</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">僧辯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄會</span>。他跟這些老師學習過的佛典有：《湼槃經》﹑《攝大乘論》﹑《阿毗曇論》﹑《迦延》（《迦旃延阿毗曇》）﹑《婆沙》﹑《雜心》﹑《成實論》﹑《俱舍論》。可見<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的佛學是上承<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>緒統，研究了早已流行的毗曇﹑湼槃﹑成論之學，也研究了新興的法</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00105','1243898',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P105</span></i> <span>相唯識學（《攝大乘論》爲王），這和他以後佛學研究方向和赴<span class="zhuanming">印</span>求法的目的都有聯繫。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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3　西行求法的動機
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153179" key="1153179"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 五　關於玄奘 &gt; 3　西行求法的動機 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153180" key="1153180"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00105','1243899',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P105</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000028"><b>3　西行求法的動機</b></p><p> <span>這問題我們上面已經有所涉及，這裏再深入地談一談。自<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時起，<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和尚就争論所謂佛性的問題：凡人能不能成佛？什麽時候成佛？經過什麽階段﹑通過什麽手續纔能成佛？對我們説來，這種荒誕不經的問題，毫無意義。但是對大多數佛徒説來，在欺騙老百姓方面，這却是絶頂重要的問題。</span> </p><p> <span>關於這個問題，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>小乘﹑大乘，都各有答覆。大乘空﹑有，也各有答覆。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在國内已經接觸到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>新興的大乘有宗。他大概對這一宗派發生了興趣。《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“法師既遍謁衆師，備飡其説，詳考其理，各擅宗塗；驗之聖典，亦隱顯有異；莫知適從，乃誓遊西方，以問所惑，并取《十七地論》，以釋衆疑，卽今之《瑜伽師地論》也”。<a class="zhuhao" href="#415" id="413">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>《瑜伽師地論》是大乘有宗最重要的經典。他到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>去的主要目的是尋求學習大乘《瑜伽論》。《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》説他到了<span class="zhuanming">屈支國</span>，遇到一個大德僧名叫<span class="zhuanming">木叉毱多</span>。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>問他：“此有《瑜伽論》不？”<span class="zhuanming">毱多</span>説這是邪見書，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>説：</span> </p><p> <span>“《婆沙》《俱舍》，本國已有。恨其理疎言淺，非究竟説。所以故來欲學大乘瑜伽論耳。又《瑜伽》者，是後身菩薩<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>所説，今謂邪書，豈不懼無底在（抂）坑乎？”<a class="zhuhao" href="#416" id="414">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>到了<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>以後，曾對<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>説：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#413" id="415">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二二二下。《大唐故三藏玄奘法師行狀》完全一樣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#414" id="416">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二二六下。<span class="zhuanming">支那内學院</span>本作：“豈不惧無底枉坑乎？”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00106','1243899',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P106</span></i><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>遠尋佛法，爲聞《瑜伽師地論》。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#420" id="417">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>他又對<span class="zhuanming">戒賢法師</span>説：</span> </p><p> <span>“從<span class="zhuanming">支那國</span>來，欲依師學《瑜伽論》。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#421" id="418">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>《續高僧傳·玄奘傳》<a class="zhuhao" href="#422" id="419">〔3〕</a>説法相同。可見<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>去求學的目的是非常清楚的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#417" id="420">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二四七上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#418" id="421">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二三六下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#419" id="422">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁四五二上。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>想解決佛性問題，爲什麽找到瑜伽宗，也就是有宗呢？爲什麽不找<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">帝婆</span>的空宗呢？從<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>發展的歷史來看，小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>聲言必須經過累世修行，積累功德，然後纔能成佛。這就需要個人的艱苦努力。結果有些人望而却步。天國入門券賣得這樣貴，不利於麻痹人民。在封建初期小國林立時還能勉强對付。但到了封建大帝國建成，它就失掉了服務的資格，必須及時改變。大乘空宗應運而起，它不要求累世修行，只須歸依三寶﹑禮拜<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，就能達到目的。這是對一般老百姓的説法。對義學高僧則講一套“空”的道理。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所服膺的是大乘有宗，與空宗表面上稍有不同。所謂“有”，並不是承認物質世界的存在，並不是不講空。否則就有承認物質世界的可能或嫌疑。但是空宗空得太厲害，什麽都空了，物質世界固然空掉了，可是連真如﹑佛性﹑湼槃，甚至比湼槃更高的東西也都空掉。這不但對麻痹老百姓不利，而且對宗教家本身，好像也斷絶了奔頭。有宗在承認我法兩空的同時，在否認物質世界的同時，小心翼翼地保護着“真如佛性”的“有”。這是有其隱蔽的目的的。就拿成佛的問題來説吧，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>和他創立的法相宗，既反對小乘那樣把天國的入門券賣得太貴，也反對大乘空宗那樣連天國都要</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00107','1243899',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P107</span></i> <span>空掉。他追隨<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>瑜伽行者派的學説，堅持五種姓的主張，就是説，人們對佛理的接受與實踐是各不相同的，他反對<span class="zhuanming">道生</span>主張的﹑有《湼槃經》作根據的一切衆生皆有佛性的説法。《瑜伽師地論》《楞伽經》《攝論》都是講種姓的，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>和法相宗也堅持此點。在<span class="zhuanming">窺基</span>的著作中，特别是在《法華經》的注解中，他們的觀點當然完全相同。<a class="zhuhao" href="#425" id="423">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>這種説法與當時流行在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的各宗的説法都不相同，因此招致了許多非議。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>雖然在成佛的道路上多少設置下了一些障礙，但是他在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>尋求解決佛性問題的結果却是：在當世卽可成佛。從他自己的經歷中也可以看出這一點。在他臨終的時候，《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“至十六日，如從夢覺，口云：‘吾眼前有白蓮華大於槃，鮮浄可愛。’十七日，又夢見百千人，形容偉大，俱著錦衣，將諸綺繡及妙花珍寶裝法師所卧房宇。以次裝嚴遍翻經院内外，爰至院後山嶺林木，悉竪幡幢。衆彩間錯，并奏音樂。門外又見無數寶輿，輿中香食美果，色類百千。並非人中之物，各各擎來供養於法師。法師辭曰：‘如此珍味，證神通者方堪得食。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>未階此位，何敢輒受。’雖此推辭而進食不止。侍人謦欬，遂爾開目，因向寺主<span class="zhuanming">慧德</span>具説前事。法師又云：‘<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>一生以來所修福慧，准斯相貌欲似功不唐捐。信如（知）佛教因果並不虚也。’”<a class="zhuhao" href="#426" id="424">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>這顯然就是成佛的意思。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>大概自己相信，他這一死就湼槃成佛了。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#423" id="425">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>，《中國佛學源流略講》第一九○頁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#424" id="426">〔2〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二七六下—二七七上。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五　關於玄奘
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153183" key="1153183"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 五　關於玄奘 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153184" key="1153184"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00102','1243896',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P102</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000025">五　關於玄奘</p><p> <span>我們在上面簡略地論述了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>西行求法的歷史背景，其中包括<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>情況﹑<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>情況和<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>交通的情況。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>離開<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>求法的時候，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的傳播至少有了六七百年的歷史，很多重要的佛典已經譯成<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文，有的甚至有不止一個譯本。翻譯組織已經形成了一個比較固定的體系。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00103','1243896',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P103</span></i>義也已有了很大的發展，<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>僧侣已經能够自己創造新的宗派，形成了<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>化的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。禪宗甚至可以説幾乎完全是<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的創造。它實際上已經走向<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的反面。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>寺院已經有了自己獨立的經濟。大和尚成了僧侣地主，同世俗地主有矛盾，同時又剥削壓迫僧伽中的勞動者。統治者對宗教的態度是崇尚道教，有時三教並用，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>並不特别受到重視。</span> </p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>方面，封建社會達到了相當高度的發展。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>已經分解成爲小乘和大乘，小乘的許多宗派漸趨合併，大乘空﹑有兩宗都已出現。外道勢力非常强大，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>已呈現出由盛至衰的情況。<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>兩國的交通空前頻繁，文化交流達到空前的高潮。</span> </p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>活動的時期，<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>兩國的情況大體上就是這樣。</span> </p><p> <span>綜觀<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的一生，無論是在佛經翻譯方面，還是在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義的發展方面，他都作出了劃時代的貢獻，他在這兩方面都成了一個轉折點。這一點我們在上面已經有所論述。現在我們再談一談<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>個人的一些情況，其中包括：1.<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的家世；2.西行求法前在國内的學習準備階段；3.西行求法的動機；4.在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的活動；5.回國后的情況；6.在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>哲學方面理論與實踐的矛盾；7.翻譯<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>因明可能産生的影響。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1　玄奘的家世
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153187" key="1153187"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 五　關於玄奘 &gt; 1　玄奘的家世 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153188" key="1153188"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00103','1243897',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P103</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000026"><b>1　玄奘的家世</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">魏晉</span><span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>一直到<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>許多義學高僧都出身于名門大族的儒家家庭。<a class="zhuhao" href="#408" id="407">〔1〕</a>他們家學淵源，文化水平高，對玄學容易接受。他們中有些人世家地位逐漸降低，命運乖舛，因此就轉入<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>以求安慰。</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00104','1243897',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P104</span></i> <span>玄學與佛學有某些類似之處，二者互相影響，互相抄襲。儒家出身受過玄學熏陶的和尚很容易接受<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義。《高僧傳》和《續高僧傳》有不少這樣的例子，這裏不一一列舉。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#407" id="408">〔1〕</a>參閲<span class="zhuanming">侯外廬</span>主編：《中國思想通史》第四卷（上），第一四三頁等。</span></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的情況很相似。《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷一説：</span> </p><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">太丘</span>長<span class="zhuanming">仲弓</span>之后。曾祖<span class="zhuanming">欽</span>，<span class="zhuanming">后魏</span><span class="zhuanming">上黨</span>太守。祖<span class="zhuanming">康</span>，以學優仕<span class="zhuanming">齊</span>，任國子博士，食邑<span class="zhuanming">周南</span>，子孫因家，又爲<span class="zhuanming">緱氏</span>人也。父<span class="zhuanming">慧</span>，英傑有雅操，早通經術。形長八尺，美眉明目，褒衣博帶，好儒者之容，時人方之<span class="zhuanming">郭有道</span>。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#411" id="409">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>《續高僧傳·玄奘傳》也説：</span> </p><p> <span>“祖<span class="zhuanming">康</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北齊</span>國子博士。父<span class="zhuanming">慧</span>，早通經術。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#412" id="410">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#409" id="411">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二二一中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#410" id="412">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁四四六下。</span> </p><p> <span>可見<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>出身于一個儒學世家；他不但學過《孝經》，而且是個孝子，他“備通經典，而愛古尚賢。非雅正之籍不觀；非聖哲之風不習”，完全是儒學家風。同後代由于貧窮而出家當和尚的情況是完全不同的。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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3.統治者對宗教的態度
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152438" key="1152438"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 3.統治者對宗教的態度 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153190" key="1153190"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00087','1243894',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P87</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000023"><b>3.統治者對宗教的態度</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的統治者，同<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的以及世界各國的統治者一樣，總是想方設法利用宗教，爲鞏固自己的統治服務。因爲所有的宗教都有可供利用之處，所以<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>統治者大都不專信一種宗教，在<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>歷史上專門虔信一種宗教的，象<span class="zhuanming">梁武帝</span>那樣達到愚信程度的統治者是比較少的。拿<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史來説，被<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒大肆宣揚的所謂“弘法大王”<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>，實際上也是兼收並蓄的，他大力宣揚的<span class="zhuanming">達磨</span>，並不是專指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，他也並不是專門虔信<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，只是到了晚年纔有所偏重而已。另一個所謂“弘法大王”<span class="zhuanming">貴霜</span>王朝的<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>的情況也差不多。佛徒之所以大肆宣揚他們，不過是一種一厢情願的作法，目的是想給自己臉上貼金而已。繼<span class="zhuanming">孔雀</span>王朝而起的<span class="zhuanming">巽加</span>王朝，是專門崇信<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>的。連<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>統治者也都信奉<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>的濕婆派。</span> </p><p> <span>到了<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝興起，情況改變不大。我們不能説<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>時期是婆羅門的<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>復活時期。<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>諸帝多半崇信<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>，尤其是濕婆派。但是他們對其他宗教也抱寬容態度。這個時期是<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>向<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>轉變的時期，是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>走下坡路的時期。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的《大唐西域<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00088','1243894',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P88</span></i>記》提供了充分的證據。宗教領域内，除了一神教外，最突出的特點是崇拜多種多樣的神。公元前一些時候，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。公元一﹑二世紀，大乘傳遍了整個<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>，甚至傳到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>一帶。但是在大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的傳播中，已埋伏下衰亡的種子。大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>接受了<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>的一些宗教儀式，一些惡習，有時簡直同<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>無所差别。從五﹑六世紀起，<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>開始同化正在轉變中的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>也就逐漸改變性質了。在宗教史上，一個宗教把敵對宗教主神拉入自己的神殿，從而消融對方的例子，是可以找見的。</span> </p><p> <span>這時期的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>統治者，同以前的統治者一樣，對宗教持所謂“寬容”的態度。比如<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>大肆宣揚的<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>祖宗是崇拜太陽神的。<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>對宗教的態度，在卽位初期，是一個<span class="zhuanming">濕婆</span>的崇拜者。只是到了晚年，可能在他那個<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的妹妹<span class="zhuanming">曷羅闍室利</span>影響之下，傾向于<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。他同<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的來往和友誼，也可能對他的宗教信仰有了影響。據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>《大唐西域記》的記載：<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>在卽王位之前，到<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>邊上的<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>菩薩像前去禱告，菩薩告訴他，“勿昇師子之座，勿稱大王之號”。他就自稱爲“王子”。他對于<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>非常尊敬。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也對他大肆吹嘘<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>。這可能是歷史事實；但是，由於《大唐西域記》是寫給<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>看的，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>這樣作未必没有阿諛奉承的用意。但是<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>同<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>一樣，並不專信<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。《大唐西域記》卷五説：“每於行宫日修珍饌，飯諸異學，僧衆一千，婆羅門五百。”可見他仍然供養婆羅門，只是和尚比婆羅門多一倍而已。在<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>大會上，雖然“<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>之服，執寶蓋以左侍，<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>作<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>之儀，執白拂而右侍”，抬着<span class="zhuanming">如來佛</span>的金像，奏樂游行。但是在布施食品的時候，他仍然忘不掉婆羅門：“以珍味饌諸沙門﹑婆羅門。”他還没有忘記請來了五百婆羅門。雖然據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載，婆羅門出於嫉妒，曾<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00089','1243894',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P89</span></i>放火燒大臺，連他這皇帝陛下都想殺害，又雇惡人行刺，他也只不過把五百婆羅門遷出<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>而已。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以一個虔誠的佛徒，對<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>信佛不無誇大，然而也只能寫到這個程度。這是過去<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>許多明王的例行作法，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>也並非例外。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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闊悉多國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153193" key="1153193"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 闊悉多國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153194" key="1153194"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00962','1384906',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P962</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001630">闊悉多國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">闊悉多國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9666" id="9659">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，周减千里<a class="zhuhao" href="#9663" id="9660">〔1〕</a>。國大都城周十餘里。無大君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。山多川狹，風而且寒<a class="zhuhao" href="#9664" id="9661">〔2〕</a>。穀稼豐，花菓盛。人情獷暴，俗無法度。伽藍三所，僧徒尠<a class="zhuhao" href="#9665" id="9662">〔3〕</a>少。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9660" id="9663">〔1〕</a>周减千里，《古本》作周减三千里五字；《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作周三千餘里五字；《石本》作周千里三字。《趙城本》及《方志》作周减千里，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9661" id="9664">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》風而且寒四字作而且風寒。《方志》作極甚風寒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9662" id="9665">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》尠作尟，俗字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9659" id="9666">（一）</a>闊悉多國：<span class="zhuanming">闊悉多</span>，今稱Khost。此國在<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>東北部<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>上游支流Khost河流域。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西北，踰山越谷，度諸城邑，行三百餘里，至<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00963','1384906',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P963</span></i><span class="zhuanming">活國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四　唐初中印交通的情況
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv402021" key="402021"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 四　唐初中印交通的情況 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153196" key="1153196"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00089','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P89</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000024">四　唐初中印交通的情況</p><p> <span>我們在上面談了<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>兩方面的政治﹑經濟﹑宗教等方面的情況。現在我們再談一談兩國之間六﹑七世紀交通的情況。</span> </p><p> <span>在整個延續了幾千年的<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>交通史上，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初是交通最頻繁﹑來往最密切的時代。上承<span class="zhuanming">先秦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">魏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>的古老傳統，下啓中<span class="zhuanming">晚唐</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">元</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">明</span>的繼承和發展。稱之爲<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>交通史上的高峰，是完全當之無愧的。</span> </p><p> <span>爲了醒目起見，我在下面列一個年表似的東西，一目了然，比逐段敍述更好一點。我這個年表，上限是<span class="zhuanming">唐高祖</span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>元年（公元六一八年），下限是<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>統治的結束<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>四年（公元七○四年），共有將近九十年的時間。<a class="zhuhao" href="#400" id="399">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">高祖</span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>元年（公元六一八年）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>二年（公元六一九年）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>，送來寶帶﹑金鎖﹑水精醆﹑頗黎狀若酸棗。（《新唐書》卷二二一上《西域列傳》上）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#399" id="400">〔1〕</a>列這個表時，除了自己搜集的資料外，曾參閲<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>：《玄奘年壽考證》《大公報在港復刊三十周年紀念文集》；<span class="zhuanming">范文瀾</span>：《唐代佛教》附<span class="zhuanming">張遵騮</span>：《隋唐五代佛教大事年表》1979年；<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>：《王玄策事輯》，見《清華學報》第八卷，第一期，一九三二年十二月；<span class="zhuanming">柳詒徵</span>：《王玄策事輯》，見《學衡》第三十九期，一九二五年三月；<span class="zhuanming">耿引曾</span>：《古代中印關係大事表》（未出版）。現在重新發表，又經<span class="zhuanming">耿引曾</span>同志補充，<span class="zhuanming">李錚</span>同志核對。謹致謝忱。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00090','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P90</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>九年（公元六二六年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">波頗</span>賷梵經至<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>。（《續高僧傳》卷三《波頗傳》；《辯正論》卷四）</span> </p><p> <span>太宗<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>元年（公元六二七年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>西行赴<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>求經（據<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二年（公元六二八年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>離<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>（據<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>三年（公元六二九年）：</span> </p><p> <span>詔沙門<span class="zhuanming">波頗</span>於<span class="zhuanming">興善寺</span>譯經。（《續高僧傳》卷三《波頗傳》；《辯正論》卷四。）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>四年（公元六三○年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>抵<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>（據<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>六年（公元六三二年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">波頗</span>譯諸經畢，敕各寫十部散流海内。太子染患，下敕迎<span class="zhuanming">頗</span>入内一百餘日。（《續高僧傳》卷三《波頗傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>七年（公元六三三年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">波頗</span>卒於<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>。（《波頗傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>抵<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>。（《佛祖歷代通載》卷一一，《大正大藏經》卷四九，頁五六九上。）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十一年（公元六三七年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>遣使獻名馬。遣果毅<span class="zhuanming">何處羅拔</span>等厚齎賜其國，並撫尉<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>。（《舊唐書》卷一九八；《新唐書》卷二二一上）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十三年（公元六三九年）：</span> </p><p> <span>有婆羅門僧將“佛齒”來。（《資治通鑒》卷一九五）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十四年（公元六四○年）：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00091','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P91</span></i><p> <span>五月，<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>遣使送方物入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢三》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>著《會宗論》。秋末晤<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>（據<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十五年（公元六四一年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>（<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>）遣使至<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>，以後數遣使來，並贈郁金香及菩提樹等。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>命<span class="zhuanming">梁懷璥</span>持節撫慰。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢三》；《舊唐書》卷一九八《天竺傳》；《新唐書》卷二二一上《天竺傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>於<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>舉行無遮大會七十五日，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>參加，會後返國（據<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十六年（公元六四二年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烏茶</span>，一曰<span class="zhuanming">烏伏</span>（仗）<span class="zhuanming">那</span>，亦曰<span class="zhuanming">烏萇</span>，（《大唐西域記》卷三作“<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那</span>”）王<span class="zhuanming">達摩因陁訶斯</span>遣使者獻龍腦香璽書優答。（《全唐文》卷九九九，《新唐書》卷二二一上）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>發<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>，入<span class="zhuanming">祇羅國</span>。（《佛祖歷代通載》卷一一。）</span> </p><p> <span>三月，<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>遣使獻褥特鼠。（《舊唐書》卷一九八，《新唐書》卷二二一上，又見《全唐文》卷九九九）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十七年（公元六四三年）：</span> </p><p> <span>遣<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>使西域，游歷百餘國。（《佛祖統紀》卷三九）十二月至<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span>。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十八年（公元六四四年）：</span> </p><p> <span>三﹑四月間<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>抵<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>，上表<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>（據<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十九年（公元六四五年）：</span> </p><p> <span>正月七日，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>抵<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>，三月住<span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>譯經，奉敕撰《大唐西域記》（據<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>）。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00092','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P92</span></i><p> <span>正月二十七日，<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>於<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>登<span class="zhuanming">耆闍崛山</span>勒銘。二月十一日於<span class="zhuanming">摩伽陀國</span><span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提寺</span>立碑。（《法苑珠林》卷二九，《全唐文》卷二六二）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十年（公元六四六年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">章求拔國</span>國王<span class="zhuanming">羅利多菩伽</span>因<span class="zhuanming">悉立國</span>遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。<span class="zhuanming">悉立國</span>在<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>西南，<span class="zhuanming">章求拔國</span>又居<span class="zhuanming">悉立</span>西南四山之西山，與<span class="zhuanming">東天竺</span>接。<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>討<span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">章求拔</span>發兵有功，由是遣使不絶。（《新唐書》卷二二一上《西域列傳》上）</span> </p><p> <span>五月，<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>遣使送方物入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>《大唐西域記》成。（《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷六）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>歸國。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">那揭</span>（<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>《佛國記》作“那揭”，《大唐西域記》卷二作“那揭羅<span class="zhuanming">曷國</span>”）遣使者貢方物。（《新唐書》卷二二一上）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二（一本作“一”）十年：</span> </p><p> <span>西國有五婆羅門來到京師，善能音樂﹑祝術﹑雜戲﹑截舌﹑抽腸﹑走繩續斷。（《法苑珠林》卷七六，《大正大藏經》卷五三，頁八五九下。）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十一年（公元六四七年）：</span> </p><p> <span>三月，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>令詳録外國送來的珍果﹑草木及諸雜物，中有<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>送來的俱物頭花，其花丹白相似，而香遠聞；有西蕃胡國所産石蜜，<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>貴之。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span>以<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>爲正使，<span class="zhuanming">蔣師仁</span>爲副使，再使<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。（《新唐書》作“二十二”年）。時<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>死，國大難，發兵拒<span class="zhuanming">玄策</span>。<span class="zhuanming">玄策</span>發<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00093','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P93</span></i><span class="zhuanming">泥婆羅</span>之兵，俘其王<span class="zhuanming">阿羅那順</span>歸<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>。《大唐故三藏法師行状》説：“<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>之末，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>果崩，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>饑荒。”（見《大正大藏經》卷五○，頁二一七上。）時間恐有誤。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀</span>遣使者自通於天子，獻波羅樹，樹類白楊。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>遣使取熬糖法，卽詔<span class="zhuanming">揚州</span>上諸蔗，拃瀋如其劑，色味愈西域遠甚。（《新唐書》卷二二一上《摩揭陀》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>自西域還，奏稱<span class="zhuanming">東天竺</span><span class="zhuanming">童子王</span>（Kumāra）請譯《老子》，乃命<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>翻譯。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>又譯《起信論》爲梵文。（《集古今佛道論衡》丙，《續高僧傳》卷四《玄奘傳》）</span> </p><p> <span>“有<span class="zhuanming">伽没路國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#402" id="401">〔1〕</a>，其俗開東門以向日。<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>至，其王發使貢以奇珍異物及地圖，因請<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>像及《道德經》。”（《舊唐書》卷一九八。參閲《新唐書》卷二二一上）這同上面講的一定是一件事。（據《宋高僧傳》卷二七《含光傳》“係曰：……又<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>西域求易《道經》。）詔僧道譯<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>爲梵。二教争菩提爲道，紛拏不已，中輟。”（《大正大藏經》卷五○，頁八七九下）可見翻譯並没有搞成。《釋迦方志》卷上：“然<span class="zhuanming">童子王</span>刹帝利姓，語使人<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>曰：‘上世相承四千年。先人神聖，從<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>地飛來，王於此土。’”（《大正大藏經》卷五一，頁九五八上）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#401" id="402">〔1〕</a>卽《大唐西域記》中的“迦摩縷波國”。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十二年（公元六四八年）：</span> </p><p> <span>正月，<span class="zhuanming">烏長</span>遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span>三月，<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（同上）</span> </p><p> <span>五月<span class="zhuanming">玄策</span>獻俘闕下。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>以天竺方士<span class="zhuanming">那邏邇娑婆寐</span>（Nārāyaṇasvāmin）來京師。</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00094','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P94</span></i> <span>（《舊唐書》卷一九八，《新唐書》卷二二一上，《唐會要》卷一○○）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>議狀：沙門不應拜俗。（<span class="zhuanming">彦悰</span>《集沙門不應拜俗等事》卷四。）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十三年（公元六四九年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>卒。《唐會要》卷五二，《識量》下：<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>餌<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>胡僧長生之藥，暴疾崩。（胡僧指的就是<span class="zhuanming">那邏邇娑寐</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#404" id="403">〔1〕</a>。參閲《舊唐書》卷八四《郝處俊傳》）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#403" id="404">〔1〕</a>《新唐書》卷二二一上，《舊唐書》卷一九八，均作“那邏邇娑婆寐”。</span> </p><p> <span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道生</span>經<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>至<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>。（《大唐西域求法高僧傳》上）</span> </p><p> <span>貞觀中（公元六四一年至六四九年間）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄照</span>經<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>由<span class="zhuanming">文成公主</span>送往<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>。（《大唐西域求法高僧傳》上）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>二年（公元六五一年）</span> </p><p> <span>十二月，<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>遣使送來褥池鼠。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>三年（公元六五二年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span><span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">智光</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧天</span>等遣沙門<span class="zhuanming">法常</span>來<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>致<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>書，並贈白㲲一雙。（《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷七，《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二六一上中。）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">無極高</span>至<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>。（《宋高僧傳》卷二；《佛祖統紀》卷三九。）</span> </p><p> <span>十月，<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>四年（公元六五三年）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00095','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P95</span></i><p> <span>十一月，<span class="zhuanming">曹國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>並嗣主新立，各遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>五年（公元六五四年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">法常</span>返國，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>附書分致<span class="zhuanming">智光</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧天</span>。（《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷七，《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二六一下。）</span> </p><p> <span>四月，<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">曹國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅國</span>遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>六年（公元六五五年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">那提</span>（<span class="zhuanming">福生</span>）來<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>。（《續高僧傳》卷四，《玄奘傳》附傳）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">佛陀多羅</span>於<span class="zhuanming">白馬寺</span>譯《圓覺經》。（《佛祖統紀》卷三九）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>元年（公元六五六年）：</span> </p><p> <span>敕<span class="zhuanming">那提</span>往<span class="zhuanming">昆侖</span>諸國採藥。（《續高僧傳》卷四，《玄奘傳》附傳；《開元釋教録》卷九）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>在<span class="zhuanming">安福門</span>飲酒歡樂，有胡人持刀自刺，以爲幻戲。<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>令“如聞在外有婆羅門胡等，每於戲處，乃將劍刺肚，以刀割舌，幻惑百姓，極非道理。宜並遣發還蕃，勿令以往。仍約束邊州，若更有此色，並不須遣入朝”。（《太平御覽》卷七三七《方術部》十八《幻》，引自《唐書》）（查《舊唐書》卷二九《音樂志》二﹑《新唐書》卷二二《禮樂志》十二均記<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>下令，禁止“自斷手足，刳剔腸胃”的<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>伎入境。）</span> </p><p> <span>四月，<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>親臨<span class="zhuanming">安福門</span>，觀<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>迎御製並書<span class="zhuanming">慈恩寺</span>碑文。僧徒甚多，行<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>儀式。（《舊唐書》卷四《高宗本紀》上）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>二年（公元六五七年）：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00096','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P96</span></i><p> <span>命<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>送佛袈裟至<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>。（《法苑珠林》卷一六；《册府元龜》卷四六）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>欲放還<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>方士<span class="zhuanming">那延娑婆寐</span>，<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>諫阻。<span class="zhuanming">娑婆寐</span>竟死於<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>。（《册府元龜》卷四六《帝王部·智識》；《資治通鑒》卷二○○《唐紀》十六）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>三年（公元六五八年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>撰《中天竺國圖》，此據《歷代名畫記》，但此時<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>尚在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，恐無暇撰述。</span> </p><p> <span>訪<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>國俗（《舊唐書》卷一九八），以其地爲<span class="zhuanming">修鮮都督府</span>。（《新唐書》卷二二一上）</span> </p><p> <span>八月，<span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>屬國<span class="zhuanming">千私弗</span>國王<span class="zhuanming">法陁拔底</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">舍利君國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">失利提婆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩臘王</span><span class="zhuanming">施婆羅地多</span>並遣使送方物入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。汎海累月，方達<span class="zhuanming">交州</span>。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>四年（公元六五九年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>到<span class="zhuanming">婆栗闍國</span>（vṛjji）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>五年（公元六六○年）：</span> </p><p> <span>九月二十七日<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>到<span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提寺</span>立碑。</span> </p><p> <span>十月一日，<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span><span class="zhuanming">菩提寺</span>主<span class="zhuanming">戒龍</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>設大會。<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>歸國。（《酉陽雜俎》卷一八，《法苑珠林》卷五二）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>元年（公元六六一年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>進<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>所得佛頂舍利。（《佛祖統紀》卷三九）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">王名遠</span>進《西域圖記》。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>初，授<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">修鮮</span>等十一州諸軍事兼<span class="zhuanming">修鮮</span>都督。（《舊唐書》卷一九八）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>二年（公元六六二年）：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00097','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P97</span></i><p> <span>五月，大集文武官僚議致敬事，非致敬者有<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>。（《廣弘明集》卷二五）</span> </p><p> <span>五月，<span class="zhuanming">于弗國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩臘國</span>遣使送方物入唐。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）（<span class="zhuanming">于弗國</span>可能卽<span class="zhuanming">千私弗國</span>。）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>三年（公元六六三年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>第四次赴<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>。<a class="zhuhao" href="#406" id="405">〔1〕</a>（《大唐西域求法高僧傳》《玄照傳》）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#405" id="406">〔1〕</a>根據烈維：《迦膩色迦與王玄策》的假定。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">那提</span>返<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>。（《佛祖統紀》卷三九）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">麟德</span>元年（公元六六四年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>卒。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">麟德</span>二年（公元六六五年）：</span> </p><p> <span>命<span class="zhuanming">玄照</span>往<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌囉國</span>取長年婆羅門<span class="zhuanming">盧迦逸多</span>。（《大唐西域求法高僧傳》上）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武皇后</span>赴東岳封禪。<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">烏長</span>等國使臣相從。（《唐會要》卷七）</span> </p><p> <span>司天台太史令<span class="zhuanming">瞿曇羅</span>上經緯曆。（《新唐書》卷二十六曆志二）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">乾封</span>三年（公元六六八年）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">五天竺</span>皆遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（《新唐書》卷二二一上《西域列傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">總章</span>元年（公元六六八年）：</span> </p><p> <span>以<span class="zhuanming">烏茶國</span>婆羅門<span class="zhuanming">盧伽阿逸多</span>爲懷化大將軍，並令其合“長年藥”。（《舊唐書》卷八四《郝處俊傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">咸亨</span>元年（公元六七○年）：</span> </p><p> <span>三月，<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>遣使入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">咸亨</span>二年（公元六七一年）：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00098','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P98</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">義净</span>出。（《宋高僧傳·義净傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">咸亨</span>三年（公元六七二年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>贈<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>廷方物。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">咸亨</span>四年（公元六七三年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">義净</span>自<span class="zhuanming">室利佛逝</span>至<span class="zhuanming">東天竺</span>。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四：“<span class="zhuanming">咸亨</span>四年二月八日，方達<span class="zhuanming">耽摩立底國</span>。”（《大正大藏經》卷五四，頁二三三中。）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">咸亨</span>五年﹑<span class="zhuanming">上元</span>元年（公元六七四年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">義净</span>抵<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">儀鳳</span>四年（公元六七九年）：</span> </p><p> <span>五月，<span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">地婆訶羅</span>（<span class="zhuanming">日照</span>）表請翻譯所齎經夾。（《宋高僧傳》卷二《日照傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">佛陀波利</span>禮拜<span class="zhuanming">五台</span>。（《宋高僧傳》卷二《日照傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">永淳</span>元年（公元六八二年）：</span> </p><p> <span>十二月，<span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>送方物入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>。（《舊唐書》卷五《高宗本紀》下）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弘道</span>元年（公元六八三年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">菩提流志</span>來<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。（《宋高僧傳》卷三《菩提流志傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武則天</span><span class="zhuanming">垂拱</span>三年（公元六八七年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">日照</span>卒。（《華嚴經傳記》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">永昌</span>元年（公元六八九年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">義净</span>自<span class="zhuanming">室利佛逝國</span>初返<span class="zhuanming">廣州</span>。因經本尚闕，所將梵本並在<span class="zhuanming">佛逝</span>，遂於其年十一月一日重返<span class="zhuanming">佛逝</span>。（《大唐西域求法高僧傳》下）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">天授</span>二年（公元六九一年）（《舊唐書》卷一九八作“二年”，《册府元<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00099','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P99</span></i>龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三作“三年”）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">五天竺</span>國皆遣使來：“<span class="zhuanming">東天竺</span>王<span class="zhuanming">摩羅枝摩</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">西天竺</span>王<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>王<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其拔羅婆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">北天竺</span>王<span class="zhuanming">婁其那那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>王<span class="zhuanming">地婆西那</span>，並來朝獻。”（《舊唐書》卷一九八）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">天授</span>三年（公元六九二年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">義净</span>返<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>。（《大唐西域求法高僧傳》下）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">天授</span>三年<span class="zhuanming">長壽</span>元年（公元六九二年）：</span> </p><p> <span>九月，<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>遣使朝貢。（《册府元龜》卷九七○《外臣部·朝貢》三）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">長壽</span>二年（公元六九三年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">北天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">阿儞真那</span>（<span class="zhuanming">寶思惟</span>）敕於<span class="zhuanming">天宫寺</span>安置。（《宋高僧傳》卷三《寶思惟傳》；《佛祖統紀》卷三九）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">菩提流支</span>上所譯《寶雨經》。（《宋高僧傳》卷三《菩提流支傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">慧智</span>於東都<span class="zhuanming">授記寺</span>譯《觀世音頌》。（《宋高僧傳》卷二《慧智傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">證聖</span>元年﹑<span class="zhuanming">天册萬歲</span>元年（公元六九五年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">義净</span>還至<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>。（《宋高僧傳》卷一《義净傳》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">神功</span>二年﹑<span class="zhuanming">聖曆</span>元年（公元六九八年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞿曇羅</span>上光宅歷。（《舊唐書》卷三二《曆志》一）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">聖曆</span>二年（公元六九九年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">北天竺</span>婆羅門<span class="zhuanming">李元諂</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">新羅</span>僧<span class="zhuanming">明曉</span>譯《不空絹索陀羅尼經》一卷。（《續古今譯經圖記》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">聖曆</span>三年﹑<span class="zhuanming">久視</span>元年（公元七○○年）：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">實叉難陀</span>又共<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">彌陀山</span>（<span class="zhuanming">寂友</span>）等譯《大乘<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00100','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P100</span></i>入楞伽經》。（《宋高僧傳》卷二《實叉難陀傳》）</span> </p><p> <span>七月，<span class="zhuanming">武后</span>至<span class="zhuanming">三陽宫</span>，有胡僧邀看葬舍利，<span class="zhuanming">狄仁傑</span>諫止。（《唐會要》卷二七）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">長安</span>四年（公元七○四年）：</span> </p><p> <span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">義净</span>於<span class="zhuanming">東都</span><span class="zhuanming">少林寺</span>立戒壇，並自製銘。（《金石萃編》卷七○《少林寺戒壇銘》）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">實叉難陀</span>還<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>。（《宋高僧傳》卷二《實叉難陀傳》）</span> </p><p> <span>在整個<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>文化交流史上，九十年不能算是一個很長的時間，然而就在不算長的時間裏，<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>兩國幾乎年年都有來往，而且内容還非常豐富。其中有政治上的來往，比如<span class="zhuanming">梁懷璥</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>等等的奉使；有貿易上的互通有無，古代所謂“進貢”，往往是貿易往來的另一種形式；有文化的交流，每一次往來都或多或少與文化有關；有宗教的往還，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>繼續傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，比如大乘有宗比較系統地傳入；甚至還有科技方面的互相學習，熬糖法就是一個很好的例子，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>醫學傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>也屬於這一類。在<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的眼科在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>似乎特别著名，許多詩人的集子中保留了不少關於這方面的詩歌。比如在《劉夢得文集》卷第七《送僧詩》中有一首《贈眼醫婆羅門僧》的詩：</span> </p><p> <span>三秋傷望遠，終日泣途窮，</span> </p><p> <span>兩目今先暗，中年已老翁。</span> </p><p> <span>看朱漸成碧，羞日不禁風，</span> </p><p> <span>師有金篦術，如何爲發矇。</span> </p><p> <span>可見一斑。這樣的詩在<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>人集子中還可以找到一些。另外就是“長年藥”，就是“長生不老的藥”，這當然是一種迷信，但初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>許多皇帝，都相信這玩意兒；連英明如<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>者都不例外，可見其影響<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00101','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P101</span></i>之大。</span> </p><p> <span>在這裏，特别值得注意的是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>。他對<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>文化交流起了很大的作用，我們下面還要談到他，這裏就不再詳細談了。</span> </p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>交通的道路方面，從初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>起開闢了一個新階段。簡略地説，在初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>以前，陸路是最重要的道路。由海路來往的比較少。但是，到了初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>，由於航海技術的突飛猛進，走海路的和尚一下子多了起來。此外，陸路還有一條道路，就是經過<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>去。這一條路過去走的人非常少。到了初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>時代，走這一條路的和尚也多了起來，這主要是由於政治方面的原因。<span class="zhuanming">文成公主</span>嫁到<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>去，一方面把<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>内地的文化帶到了<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>，加强了<span class="zhuanming">漢藏</span>兩個民族的互相學習，互相了解。另一方面，又給到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>去留學的和尚創造了條件。我們可以拿<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>著《大唐西域求法高僧傳》作一個典型的例子來分析一下。根據<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>學者<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>譯注《大唐西域求法高僧傳》（<span class="zhuanming">東京</span>，<span class="zhuanming">昭和</span>十七年，第九頁）的統計，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初往<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>求學的和尚所走的道路情況如下：</span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014420xy3o.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> 往路　 　 陸路　23人　 海路　40人　 不明　2人　 　 歸路　 　 陸路　10人　 海路　9人　 不明　5人　 </span></p><p> <span>這充分可以證明我在上面提到的那種情況。</span> </p><p> <span>至於初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>交通的另一個特點：走<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>路，這在《大唐西域求法高僧傳》裏有足够的例證可以説明。<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>（同上書，頁五）列舉了這一條路的地名：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00102','1243895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P102</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">尼波羅</span>道　<span class="zhuanming">鄯城</span>（<span class="zhuanming">大散關</span>·<span class="zhuanming">四川</span>）→<span class="zhuanming">多彌道</span>→<span class="zhuanming">蘇昆</span>→<span class="zhuanming">拉里</span>→<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>→<span class="zhuanming">小羊同</span>→<span class="zhuanming">呾倉法關</span>→<span class="zhuanming">末上加三鼻關</span>→<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅</span>→<span class="zhuanming">毗舍離</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>至於走這一條道路的人，有以下幾個和尚：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄照</span>侍者<span class="zhuanming">慧輪</span>　<span class="zhuanming">金府</span>→流沙→<span class="zhuanming">速利</span>→<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>→<span class="zhuanming">睹貨羅</span>→<span class="zhuanming">雪嶺</span>→<span class="zhuanming">香池</span>→<span class="zhuanming">葱阜</span>→<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>→<span class="zhuanming">闍闌陀國</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道希</span>　流沙→<span class="zhuanming">雪嶺</span>→<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄太</span>　<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>→<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅</span>→<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道方</span>　沙磧→<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道生</span>　<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>　歸途：<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">末底僧訶</span>與<span class="zhuanming">師鞭</span>　歸途：<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄會</span>　歸途：<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅</span></span> </p><p> <span>復有二人　在<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span>在短時間内這樣多的人走<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅</span>道，是空前的，也是絶後的。之所以走這條路，同<span class="zhuanming">文成公主</span>到<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>有密切關係。《玄照傳》説：“蒙文成公主送往北天”。可見一斑。之所以以後不再走了，其原因見於<span class="zhuanming">玄會</span>條最後的夾注：“<span class="zhuanming">泥波羅</span>既有毒藥，所以到彼多亡。”“毒藥”指的是什麽東西？我們不清楚。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
活國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153199" key="1153199"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 活國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153200" key="1153200"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00963','1384907',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P963</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001633">活國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">活國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9675" id="9667">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地也，周二<a class="zhuhao" href="#9672" id="9668">〔1〕</a>千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。無别君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。土<a class="zhuhao" href="#9673" id="9669">〔2〕</a>地平坦，穀稼時播，草木榮茂，花菓具<a class="zhuhao" href="#9674" id="9670">〔3〕</a>繁。氣序和暢，風俗淳質，人性躁烈。衣服氈褐。多信三寶，少事諸神。伽藍十餘所<a class="zhuhao" href="#9676" id="9671">（二）</a>，僧徒數百人，大小二乘兼功綜習。其王<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>也，管<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>已南諸小國，遷徙鳥居，不常其邑。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9668" id="9672">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》二並作三。《趙城本》及《方志》作二，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9669" id="9673">〔2〕</a>《新麗本》原書土訛作上﹑《京大本》從《宋本》等改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9670" id="9674">〔3〕</a>《石本》具作豐；《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作異。《建本》作具，同此本。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9667" id="9675">（一）</a>活國：<span class="zhuanming">玉爾</span>考定其爲Warwālīz（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁231；《烏滸水與那密水考》，頁44）。<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>佚名作者《世界疆域志》及<span class="zhuanming">比魯尼</span>撰《Canon》均作Valvālij。<span class="zhuanming">比魯尼</span>稱：“Valvālij，<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>之都城，昔爲<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>/<span class="zhuanming">挹呾</span>之地。”《慈恩傳》卷二稱：<span class="zhuanming">統葉護</span>（Ton-yabϒu）可汗長子<span class="zhuanming">呾度設</span>（Tardu šad）設治于此。由此可見，<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>先後爲<span class="zhuanming">吐火<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00964','1384907',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P964</span></i>羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>統治之地。按Warwālīz/Va1vālīj，《舊唐書·地理志》作<span class="zhuanming">遏换城</span>，《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">阿緩城</span>。其地在Doshī河與Tālaqān河匯合處，今<span class="zhuanming">昆都士</span>（Qunduz）附近。（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注，頁209﹑340）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9671" id="9676">（二）</a>伽藍十餘所：關於<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>寺院遺跡，<span class="zhuanming">日本京都大學</span>對此地進行了考古發掘，略見<span class="zhuanming">水野清一</span>著《興都庫什南北的佛教遺跡》，載于《文明的十字路》，頁139。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
c.佛教部派分佈的情況
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153203" key="1153203"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 2　佛教的發展與衍變 &gt; c.佛教部派分佈的情況 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153204" key="1153204"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00081','1243892',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P81</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000021">c.佛教部派分佈的情況</p><p> <span>在大乘方面大概是空﹑有兩宗都有，因爲有些地方没有明確説明，無法統計。至於小乘，大家都知道，部派是非常多的，《異部宗輪論》共記述了十八部。但是這個數目並不是固定的。而且部派的名稱也異常複雜，時有異名同部的現象。我們在這裏不詳細去談。根據《大唐西域記》的記載，提名的基本上共有四部，統計如下：</span> </p><p> <span>〔1〕上座部</span> </p><p> <span>〔2〕大衆部</span> </p><p> <span>〔3〕説一切有部<a class="zhuhao" href="#392" id="391">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>〔4〕正量部</span> </p><p> <span>崇奉上座部的是：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>（東）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#391" id="392">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">義淨</span>作根本説一切有部。説一切有部以論藏爲本位。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00082','1243892',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P82</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼國</span>（南）</span> </p><p> <span>崇奉大衆部的是：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>（北）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span>（南）</span> </p><p> <span>崇奉説一切有部的是：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">至那僕底國</span>（北）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏鉢伐多國</span>（中）<a class="zhuhao" href="#394" id="393">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦布德迦伽藍</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅國</span>（西）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">波剌斯</span>（西）</span> </p><p> <span>崇奉正量部的是：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">堊醯掣呾羅國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">劫比他國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿耶穆佉國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鞞索迦國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#393" id="394">〔1〕</a>卽《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷三的<span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏國</span>。《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》説：在這裏流行的是小乘説一切有部。但是在《大唐西域記》中却説，流行的是小乘正量部。接着又説：“近有鄰王廢其國君，以大都城持施衆僧，於此城中建二伽藍，各減千僧，並學小乘教説一切有部。”看來這裏基本上是宗正量部，只有這兩個伽藍學説一切有部。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00083','1243892',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P83</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>（東）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>（南）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>（南）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿難陀補羅國</span>（西）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>（西）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅國</span>（西）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">臂多勢羅國</span>（西）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿軬荼國</span>（西）</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏鉢伐多國</span>（中）</span> </p><p> <span>總起來看，上座部流行於南方和東方。大衆部流行於北方和中部。説一切有部流行於北方﹑中部和西方。正量部流行於中部﹑南方﹑東方和西方，而以中部和西方爲主。</span> </p><p> <span>小乘部派既然那樣多，爲什麽當時在印度只有四個部派流行呢？看樣子恐怕是部派雖多，有的徒有其名，未必有多少信徒。在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時代，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>流行的除了大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>外，小乘就只有以上四部。《大唐西域記》還記有説出世部，但那是在<span class="zhuanming">梵衍那</span>，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>不把它算在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境内。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載正確不正確呢？其他方面的記載都證明了，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的觀察是正確的。最有力的旁證，就是晚於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>幾十年到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>在《南海寄歸内法傳》的敍述。他説：</span> </p><p> <span>諸部流派，生起不同，西國相承，大綱唯四。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">一阿離耶莫訶僧祗尼迦耶。唐云聖大衆部，分出七部，三藏各有十萬頌。唐譯可成千卷。二阿離耶悉他陛攞尼迦耶。唐云聖上座部，分出三部，三藏多少同前。三阿離耶慕攞薩婆悉底婆拖尼迦耶。唐云聖根本説一切有部，分出四部，三藏多少同前。四阿離耶三蜜栗底尼迦耶。唐云聖正量部，分出四部，三藏三十萬頌。然而部執所傳，多有同異。且依現<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00084','1243892',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P84</span></i>事言其十八，分爲五部，不聞於西國耳。</span> <span>其間離分出没，部别名字，事非一致，如餘所論，此不繁述。故<span class="zhuanming">五天</span>之地，及<span class="zhuanming">南海</span>諸洲，皆云四種尼迦耶。然其所欽處有多少：<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀</span>，則四部通習，有部最盛；<span class="zhuanming">羅荼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">信度</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">西印度國名</span> <span>則少兼三部，乃正量尤多；北方皆全有部，時逢大衆；南面則咸遵上座，餘部少存；東裔諸國雜行四部</span> <span class="font12 zhu">從那爛陀東行五百驛，皆名東裔。乃至盡窮，有大黑山，計當土蕃南畔。傳云：是蜀川西南，行可一月餘，便達斯嶺。次此南畔，逼近海涯，有室利察呾羅國。次東南有郎迦戍國。次東有社和鉢底國。次東極至臨邑國。並悉極尊三寶，多有持戒之人，乞食杜多是其國法。西方見有，實異常倫。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">師子洲</span>並皆上座，而大衆斥焉。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>分成許多部派，由來已久。至遲在佛滅度後約一百年，原始<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>就分化成上座和大衆兩部。最初的原因可能是在律規之争，但是後來也涉及到教義。</span> </p><p> <span>公元前四世紀時，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有三個中心：東方是<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>，流行的是大衆部；中部是<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>，流行的是上座部；西方是<span class="zhuanming">秣兔羅</span>，流行的是説一切有部。<a class="zhuhao" href="#396" id="395">〔1〕</a>到了七世紀<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時代，情況顯然有了變化。説一切有部流行於北部﹑中部﹑西部，變化不大。但上座部和大衆部却有了很大的變化。原在中部的上座部向東方和南方發展。原在東部的大衆部則向北方﹑中部和南方發展。這個變化對於研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史是非常有意義的。在流行的四個部派中，從數量上來看，正量部流行的區域更爲廣闊。連<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>的妹妹<span class="zhuanming">曷羅闍室利</span>信奉的也是正量部，可見它的影響之大。這些問題，以後當專文討論，這裏就不</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00085','1243892',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P85</span></i> <span>再詳説了。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#395" id="396">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">般特</span>（G.C.Pande）：《佛教起源之研究》（Studies in the Origins of Bud-dhism），<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>，1957年，第559頁，注8。參閲<span class="zhuanming">孔策</span>（Edward Conze）：《佛教》（Buddhism），<span class="zhuanming">牛津大學</span>，1951年，第66—67頁。<span class="zhuanming">杜德</span>（N.Dutt）：《早期寺院佛教》（Early Monastic Buddhism），<span class="zhuanming">加爾各答</span>，1945年，第二卷第29頁。</span></p><p> <span>在這裏特别值得提出來的是大乘上座部問題。提到大乘上座部的有五個地方：一﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提僧伽藍</span>；二﹑<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>；三﹑<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>；四﹑<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆國</span>；五﹑<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘國</span>。這裏就出了問題：一般説，只有小乘才講上座部﹑大衆部，大乘是没有這種説法的。這裏出了大乘上座部，究竟是什麽原因呢？關於這個問題，請參閲拙文“關於大乘上座部的問題”，《中國社會科學》，1981年第5期，頁一八五—一九八。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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葱嶺
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153207" key="1153207"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 活國 &gt; 葱嶺 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153208" key="1153208"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00964','1384908',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P964</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001636"><b>葱嶺</b></p><p> <span>從此東入<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9684" id="9677">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>者，據<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>中，南接<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>，北至<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">千泉</span>，西至<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>，東至<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9681" id="9678">〔1〕</a>，東西南北各數千里。崖嶺數百重，幽谷險峻，恒積冰雪，寒風勁烈。多<a class="zhuhao" href="#9682" id="9679">〔2〕</a>出葱<a class="zhuhao" href="#9683" id="9680">〔3〕</a>，故謂<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>，又以山崖葱翠，遂以名焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9678" id="9681">〔1〕</a>《續傳》作“南接<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，北至<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>，東漸<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩</span>，西極<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>”，稍異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9679" id="9682">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》多上有地字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9680" id="9683">〔3〕</a>《建本》葱下有<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503bwjl.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>字。<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503d103.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>疑是蒜之譌字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9677" id="9684">（一）</a>葱嶺：見本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span>東行百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">瞢健國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
d.佛教日漸衰微的趨勢
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153211" key="1153211"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 三　六、七世紀的印度 &gt; 2　佛教的發展與衍變 &gt; d.佛教日漸衰微的趨勢 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153212" key="1153212"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00085','1243893',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P85</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000022">d.佛教日漸衰微的趨勢</p><p> <span>最後我們再把早於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>二百多年的<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>《佛國記》的記載同《大唐西域記》對比一下：</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>《佛國記》</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>《大唐西域記》</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>那揭羅曷國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“邊有寺，寺中有七百餘僧。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“崇敬佛法，少信異道。伽藍雖多，僧徒寡少，諸窣堵波荒蕪圮壞。”</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>醯羅城</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“精舍門前，朝朝恒有賣花香人<a class="zhuhao" href="#398" id="397">〔1〕</a>。凡欲供養，種種買焉。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“諸欲見如來頂骨者，税一金錢。”</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>健馱邏國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“此國人多小乘學”惠生：“而國王好殺，不信佛法。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>烏仗那國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“佛法甚盛。……凡有五百僧伽藍，皆小乘學。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“崇重佛法，敬信大乘。”</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>達麗羅川</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“亦有衆僧，皆小乘學。”</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>秣兔羅國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“經歷諸寺甚多，僧衆萬數。過是諸處已，到一國。國名摩</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“好修冥福，崇德尚學。伽藍二十余所，僧徒二千余人。”</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#397" id="398">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五一，頁八五八下。</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>《佛國記》</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>《大唐西域記》</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00086','1243893',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P86</span></i> <p> <span>頭羅，有遥捕那河。河邊左右有二十僧伽藍，可有三千僧，佛法轉盛。凡沙河已西天竺諸國，國王皆篤信佛法。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>劫比他國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“此處僧及尼，可有千人，皆同衆食，雜大小乘學。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“（城東伽藍）僧徒數百人。”</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>羯若鞠闍國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“有二僧伽藍，盡小乘學。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“邪正二道，信者相半。伽藍百餘所，僧徒萬餘人，大小二乘，兼功習學。”</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>憍賞彌國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“今故有衆僧，多小乘學。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“伽藍十餘所，傾頓荒蕪。僧徒三百人，學小乘教。”</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>劫比羅伐窣堵國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“城中都無王民，甚坵荒。只有衆僧，民户數十家而已。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“伽藍故基千有餘所，而宫城之側有一伽藍，僧徒三十餘人，習學小乘正量部教。”</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>耽摩栗底國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“有二十四僧伽藍，盡有僧住。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“伽藍十餘所，僧衆千餘人。”</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>伐剌拏國</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“亦有三千許僧，皆小乘學。”</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span>“邪正兼崇，不好學藝。伽藍數十，荒圮已多。僧徒三百餘人，並學大乘法教。”</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span>從以上這個簡短的對比中，我們可以看出：</span> </p><p> <span>一﹑<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>的情況説明，在<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>時代那裏還是“皆小乘學”，而到了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時期則變爲“敬信大乘”。<span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏國</span>的情況説明，原來“皆小乘學”，後來則是“並學大乘法教”。<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>的情況説明，原來“盡小乘學”，後來則是“大小二乘，兼功習學”。大乘在某一些地區逐漸擠掉小乘的痕迹昭然可見。</span> </p><p> <span>二﹑<span class="zhuanming">那揭羅曷國</span>：<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>説：“邊有寺，寺中有七百餘僧”，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00087','1243893',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P87</span></i>説：“伽藍雖多，僧徒寡少”。<span class="zhuanming">秣兔羅國</span>：<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>説：“河邊左右有二十餘僧伽藍，可有三千僧”。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則説：“僧伽二十餘所，僧徒二千餘人”。<span class="zhuanming">劫比他國</span>：<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>説：“此處僧及尼，可有千人”。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則説：“僧徒數百人”。<span class="zhuanming">耽摩栗底國</span>：<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>説：“有二十四僧伽藍，盡有僧住”。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則説：“伽藍十餘所，僧衆千餘人”。<span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏國</span>：<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>説：“亦有三千許僧”。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則説：“僧徒三百餘人”。以上幾個例子説明，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時代僧徒減少了。换句話説：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>逐漸衰微了。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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瞢健國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153215" key="1153215"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞢健國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153216" key="1153216"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00965','1384909',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P965</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001639">瞢健國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞢健國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9690" id="9685">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩<a class="zhuhao" href="#9688" id="9686">〔1〕</a>貨邏國</span>故地也，周四百餘里。國大都城周十五六里<a class="zhuhao" href="#9689" id="9687">〔2〕</a>。土宜風俗，大同<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>。無大君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9686" id="9688">〔1〕</a>《建本》覩作都。下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9687" id="9689">〔2〕</a>《方志》十五六里四字作十六里三字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9685" id="9690">（一）</a>瞢健國：<span class="zhuanming">瞢健</span>爲Mundzān/Munjān/Mungān之對音，惟<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>認爲此地故址不應簡單地從今日之Mungān或Munjān尋求，而應從今日之Khānābād或Talaqān一帶尋求。（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁217﹑226；<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注，頁367﹑368）。</span> </p><p> <span>北至<span class="zhuanming">阿利尼國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、崇奉䅳那天
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv442618" key="442618"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 漕矩吒國 &gt; 一、崇奉䅳那天 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv442619" key="442619"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00957','1384902',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P957</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001616"><b>一﹑崇奉䅳那天</b></p><p> <span>天祠數十，異道雜居，計<a class="zhuhao" href="#9605" id="9593">〔1〕</a>多外道，其徒極盛，宗事<span class="zhuanming">䅳</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9606" id="9594">〔2〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">鋤句<a class="zhuhao" href="#9607" id="9595">〔3〕</a>反，下同<a class="zhuhao" href="#9608" id="9596">〔4〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">那天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9615" id="9597">（一）</a>。其天<a class="zhuhao" href="#9609" id="9598">〔5〕</a>神昔自<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span><span class="zhuanming">阿路猱山</span>徙居此國南界<span class="zhuanming">䅳那呬羅山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9616" id="9599">（二）</a>中，作威作福，爲暴爲惡<a class="zhuhao" href="#9610" id="9600">〔6〕</a>。信求者遂願，輕蔑<a class="zhuhao" href="#9611" id="9601">〔7〕</a>者招殃，故遠近宗仰，上下祗懼。隣國異俗君臣僚庶，每歲嘉辰，不期而會，或賷金銀奇寶，或以牛<a class="zhuhao" href="#9612" id="9602">〔8〕</a>馬馴畜，競興貢奉，俱伸<a class="zhuhao" href="#9613" id="9603">〔9〕</a>誠素。所以金銀布地<a class="zhuhao" href="#9614" id="9604">〔10〕</a>，羊馬滿谷，無敢覬覦。唯修施奉，宗事外道，克心苦行。天神授其呪術，外道遵行多効，治療疾病，頗蒙痊愈。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9593" id="9605">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》計作但。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>以計多外道爲九十六種外道之一，其説無據，疑非。計爲數計，其義自通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9594" id="9606">〔2〕</a>《建本》䅳作󵾲，《宋本》﹑《資福本》及《音釋》作󵾳，是䅳之俗字。《方志》作䅦，疑字或作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503lzz6.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，形似而訛。<span class="zhuanming">䅳那天神</span>已見卷一《迦畢試國》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9595" id="9607">〔3〕</a>原本鋤句二字作錫苟，《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作鋤句。《音釋》作助句，同。《趙城本》作錫句。卷一《迦畢試國》䅳下作士句反。按《廣韻·虞<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00958','1384902',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P958</span></i>韻》仕于切紐有䅳字，鋤﹑助與仕字同聲紐，可通用，錫當是鋤之形訛，今據改。惟苟﹑句與于不同韻部，疑此字有讀作去聲入遇韻者，韻書或失收之。又按《集韻·尤韻》󰮅尤切紐亦有䅳字，則句讀鈎音，可合，但聲紐又不相諧。今從《建本》等校字，不强作斷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9596" id="9608">〔4〕</a>《中本》同下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9598" id="9609">〔5〕</a>《中本》無天字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9600" id="9610">〔6〕</a>《中本》爲暴爲惡四字作爲兇爲暴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9601" id="9611">〔7〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》蔑作懱，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9602" id="9612">〔8〕</a>《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》牛並作羊。下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9603" id="9613">〔9〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》伸並作申，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9604" id="9614">〔10〕</a>《趙城本》地作施。按布地與下句滿谷相對，施字非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9597" id="9615">（一）</a>䅳那天：梵文Śuna音譯，<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>天神之一，意譯福樂。此天性猛烈，信奉者予福，不信者予禍。《隋書》卷八三《西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">漕國</span>條：“其俗淫祠，<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>山有<span class="zhuanming">順</span>天神者，儀制極華，金銀鍱爲屋，以銀爲地，祠者日有千餘人”，似指<span class="zhuanming">䅳那天</span>。<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>文獻中記載的Zunbīl也極可能與Zūn或Zhūn卽<span class="zhuanming">䅳那神</span>有關。參見<span class="zhuanming">博斯沃斯</span>（C.E.Bosworth）爲<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>撰《蒙古入侵時期的突厥斯坦》第4版（1977年）的增注（頁xix，補頁216，注5）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9599" id="9616">（二）</a>䅳那呬羅山：見本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試圖</span><span class="zhuanming">阿路猱山</span>條<span class="zhuanming">䅳那呬羅山</span>注。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00959','1384902',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P959</span></i><p> <span>從此北行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">弗栗<a class="zhuhao" href="#9618" id="9617">〔1〕</a>恃薩儻那國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9617" id="9618">〔1〕</a>《中本》栗作票，形近而訛。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
弗栗恃薩儻那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153219" key="1153219"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 弗栗恃薩儻那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153220" key="1153220"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00959','1384903',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P959</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001620">弗栗恃薩儻那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃薩儻那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9625" id="9619">（一）</a>東西二千餘里，南北千餘里。國大都城號<span class="zhuanming">護苾那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9626" id="9620">（二）</a>，周二十餘里。土宜風俗，同<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span>，語言有異。氣序寒勁，人性獷<a class="zhuhao" href="#9623" id="9621">〔1〕</a>烈。王，<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>種也，深信三寶，尚學遵<a class="zhuhao" href="#9624" id="9622">〔2〕</a>德。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9621" id="9623">〔1〕</a>《中本》獷作󵾴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9622" id="9624">〔2〕</a>《石本》遵作導。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9619" id="9625">（一）</a>弗栗恃薩儻那國：語義不明，學術界就此國方位問題尚無定論。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9620" id="9626">（二）</a>國大都城號護苾那：方位不明。一説在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span><span class="zhuanming">喀布爾</span>以北之Hupiān/Opian（<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>書，<span class="zhuanming">德里</span>重印版，1979，頁29）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
婆羅犀那大嶺
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153223" key="1153223"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 弗栗恃薩儻那國 &gt; 婆羅犀那大嶺 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153224" key="1153224"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00959','1384904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P959</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001623"><b>婆羅犀那大嶺</b></p><p> <span>從此國東北，踰山涉川，越<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>邊城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9638" id="9627">〔1〕</a>小邑，凡數<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00960','1384904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P960</span></i>十所，至<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅犀那<a class="zhuhao" href="#9639" id="9628">〔2〕</a>大嶺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9647" id="9629">（一）</a>。嶺極崇峻，危隥<a class="zhuhao" href="#9640" id="9630">〔3〕</a>𢼨傾<a class="zhuhao" href="#9648" id="9631">（二）</a>，蹊徑盤迂，巖<a class="zhuhao" href="#9641" id="9632">〔4〕</a>岫迴互。或入深谷，或上高崖<a class="zhuhao" href="#9642" id="9633">〔5〕</a>，盛夏合<a class="zhuhao" href="#9643" id="9634">〔6〕</a>凍，鑿冰而度。行經三日，方至嶺上。寒風凄烈，積雪彌谷，行旅經涉，莫能佇足。飛隼翺翔，不能越<a class="zhuhao" href="#9644" id="9635">〔7〕</a>度，足趾步履，然後翻飛，下望諸山，若觀培塿。<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>中，斯嶺特高。其巔<a class="zhuhao" href="#9645" id="9636">〔8〕</a>無樹，唯多石峰，攢立藂<a class="zhuhao" href="#9646" id="9637">〔9〕</a>倚，森然若林。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9627" id="9638">〔1〕</a>原本無城字，《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9628" id="9639">〔2〕</a>《方志》那作羅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9630" id="9640">〔3〕</a>《中本》隥作蹬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9632" id="9641">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》巖作崖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9633" id="9642">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》崖作巖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9634" id="9643">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》合作含。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9635" id="9644">〔7〕</a>《中本》無越字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9636" id="9645">〔8〕</a>《古本》巔作嶺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9637" id="9646">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》藂作叢，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9629" id="9647">（一）</a>婆羅犀那大嶺：疑指今Khāwak山口。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9631" id="9648">（二）</a>危隥𢼨傾：形容山嶺險阻，通行困難。隥，同墱，石級；𢼨，重累。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00961','1384904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P961</span></i><p> <span>又三日行，方得下嶺，至<span class="zhuanming">安呾羅縛<a class="zhuhao" href="#9650" id="9649">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9649" id="9650">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》縛下有婆字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
安呾羅縛國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153227" key="1153227"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 安呾羅縛國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153228" key="1153228"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00961','1384905',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P961</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001627">安呾羅縛國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">安呾羅縛國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9657" id="9651">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地<a class="zhuhao" href="#9655" id="9652">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#9658" id="9653">（二）</a>，周三千餘里。國大都城周十四五里。無大君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。山阜連屬，川田隘<a class="zhuhao" href="#9656" id="9654">〔2〕</a>狹。氣序寒烈，風雷凄勁。豐稼穡，宜花菓。人性獷暴，俗無綱紀，不知罪福，不尚習學，唯修神祠，少信佛法。伽藍三所，僧徒數十，然皆遵習大衆部法。有一窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9652" id="9655">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》地下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9654" id="9656">〔2〕</a>《建本》隘作溢，形訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9651" id="9657">（一）</a>安呾羅縛國：卽本書卷一之<span class="zhuanming">安呾邏縛國</span>。爲<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語Andarāb之對音，今Khāwak山口以西的Doshī河一帶仍稱Andarāb。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00962','1384905',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P962</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9653" id="9658">（二）</a>覩貨邏國故地：見本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地總述條及注。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西北，入谷踰嶺，度諸小城，行四百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">闊悉多國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
伐剌拏國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153231" key="1153231"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 伐剌拏國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153232" key="1153232"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00948','1384900',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P948</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001605">伐剌拏國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9526" id="9519">（一）</a>周四千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9527" id="9520">（二）</a>周二十餘里。居人殷盛，役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>。地多山林，稼穡時播。氣序微寒，風俗獷烈。性急<a class="zhuhao" href="#9524" id="9521">〔1〕</a>暴，志鄙弊，語言少同<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9528" id="9522">（三）</a>。邪正兼崇，不好學藝。伽藍數十，荒圮已多。僧徒三百餘人，並學大乘法教<a class="zhuhao" href="#9525" id="9523">〔2〕</a>。天祠五所，多塗灰外道也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9521" id="9524">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》急並作忍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9523" id="9525">〔2〕</a>並學大乘佛教，《方志》作大小並學。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00949','1384900',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P949</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9519" id="9526">（一）</a>伐剌拏國：<span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏</span>，梵文Varṇu音譯。據《慈恩傳》卷五記載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>從<span class="zhuanming">阿軬荼國</span>東北至<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>，然後渡<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>至<span class="zhuanming">茂羅三部盧國</span>，再經<span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多國</span>回<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>，此後才從<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>“西北行一月餘日，經數國至<span class="zhuanming">闍爛達羅國</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>王都……西行二十餘日至<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>……如此復二十餘日山澗中行……如是二十餘日行至<span class="zhuanming">呾叉尸羅國</span>……又西北行三日至<span class="zhuanming">信度大河</span>，（渡河後）西北行一月餘日至<span class="zhuanming">藍波國</span>……復正南行十五日至<span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏國</span>。”以這段記載的順序行程﹑方向和實際的地理相對比，頗爲難解。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏</span>一名早見於<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>《八章書》（Ⅳ.2，103；Ⅳ.3，93）（參考V.S.Agrawala：India as Known to Pāṇini，p.44），其地望<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">古瑪爾</span>（Guma1）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>中游的<span class="zhuanming">伐奈</span>（Vaneh）；<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">庫臘姆</span>（Kuram）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>畔的<span class="zhuanming">班努</span>（Bannu——在今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span>），卽《法顯傳》上的<span class="zhuanming">跋那國</span>。我們認爲以<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>的意見爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9520" id="9527">（二）</a>國大都城：卽上述的<span class="zhuanming">班努</span>，該城地當要衝，扼守着<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span>北部重鎮<span class="zhuanming">白沙瓦</span>通向南部的要道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9522" id="9528">（三）</a>語言少同中印度：<span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏國</span>使用<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語的最東端的<span class="zhuanming">布什圖</span>（Pushto）語。再往東卽爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>語的西方方言。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>云“語言少同<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>”，正説明當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>語西北方言的使用範圍。此地是兩種語言的邊緣地帶，而以<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安語</span>的西北方言爲主。</span> </p><p> <span>城南不遠有故伽藍，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此説法，示教利喜<a class="zhuhao" href="#9539" id="9529">（一）</a>，開悟含生。其側有過去四佛座及經行遺迹之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#9535" id="9530">〔1〕</a>。聞諸土俗曰：從此國西接<span class="zhuanming">稽疆那<a class="zhuhao" href="#9536" id="9531">〔2〕</a>國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9540" id="9532">（二）</a>，居大山間。川<a class="zhuhao" href="#9537" id="9533">〔3〕</a>别立<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00950','1384900',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P950</span></i>主，無大君長，多羊﹑馬。有善馬者，其形姝<a class="zhuhao" href="#9538" id="9534">〔4〕</a>大，諸國希種，鄰境所寶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9530" id="9535">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》處作所。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9531" id="9536">〔2〕</a>稽疆那，《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》疆並作薑。《方志》無稽字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9533" id="9537">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》間川二字並作川間。《古本》﹑《趙城本》作間川，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9534" id="9538">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》姝作殊。按諸本多作姝，《音釋》亦同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9529" id="9539">（一）</a>示教利喜：《法華經》卷三《化城喻品》：“示教利喜，令發阿耨多羅三藐三菩提心。”據《智度論》卷五四，示，指示人之好醜﹑善不善﹑應行與不應行；教，教言，使人捨惡行善；利，指説法引導，令得大利益；喜，讚美其所做善行，使其心喜。這是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>説教“開悟含生”的方法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9532" id="9540">（二）</a>稽疆那國：此爲傳説之國，考訂頗爲困難。<span class="zhuanming">雷諾</span>（Rei-naud）及<span class="zhuanming">艾利約爾</span>（H.Elior）認爲卽<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>史家的Kykānān國，一名Kykan，在今Chāl地方。<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">班努</span>以西的<span class="zhuanming">瓦齊利斯坦</span>（Waziristan），位於<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span>與<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>接壤的山區中。上述兩者都只能姑備一説。</span> </p><p> <span>復此西北踰大山，涉廣川，歷小城邑，行二千餘里，出<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00951','1384900',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P951</span></i><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#9543" id="9541">〔1〕</a>，至<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">亦謂<span class="zhuanming">漕利國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9544" id="9542">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9541" id="9543">〔1〕</a>《方志》<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境三字作<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境四字，下又有“入胡俗境”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9542" id="9544">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》國下有也字。《方志》小注云：“亦曰早利”。</span> </p><p> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014502ycyb.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00952','1384900',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P952</span></i><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014502vwju.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p></div></div></div>
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漕矩吒國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv442614" key="442614"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 漕矩吒國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv442615" key="442615"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00954','1384901',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P954</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001613">漕矩吒國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9587" id="9557">（一）</a>周七千<a class="zhuhao" href="#9575" id="9558">〔1〕</a>餘里。國大都城號<span class="zhuanming">鶴悉那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9588" id="9559">（二）</a>，周三十餘里；或都<span class="zhuanming">鶴薩羅城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9589" id="9560">（三）</a>，城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9576" id="9561">〔2〕</a>周三十餘里。並堅峻險固也。山川隱軫<a class="zhuhao" href="#9577" id="9562">〔3〕</a>，疇壟爽<a class="zhuhao" href="#9578" id="9563">〔4〕</a>塏。穀稼時播，宿麥滋豐。草木扶疎，花菓茂盛，宜鬱金香，出興瞿草<a class="zhuhao" href="#9590" id="9564">（四）</a>，草生<span class="zhuanming">羅摩印度川</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9591" id="9565">（五）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">鶴薩羅城</span>中踊<a class="zhuhao" href="#9579" id="9566">〔5〕</a>泉流派，國人利之，以<a class="zhuhao" href="#9580" id="9567">〔6〕</a>溉田也。氣序寒烈，霜雪繁多。人性輕躁，情多詭詐。好學藝，多技術，聰<a class="zhuhao" href="#9581" id="9568">〔7〕</a>而不明，日誦數万言。文字言辭<a class="zhuhao" href="#9582" id="9569">〔8〕</a>，異於<a class="zhuhao" href="#9583" id="9570">〔9〕</a>諸國<a class="zhuhao" href="#9592" id="9571">（六）</a>。多飾虚談，少成事實。雖祀百神，敬崇三寶。伽藍數百所，僧徒萬餘人<a class="zhuhao" href="#9584" id="9572">〔10〕</a>，並皆習<a class="zhuhao" href="#9585" id="9573">〔11〕</a>學大乘法教。今王淳信，累葉承統，務<a class="zhuhao" href="#9586" id="9574">〔12〕</a>興勝福，敏而好學。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建窣堵波十餘所。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00955','1384901',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P955</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9558" id="9575">〔1〕</a>《建本》千作十，誤。《方志》亦作七千餘里。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9561" id="9576">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》無城字。《趙城本》有，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9562" id="9577">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》隱軫二字作嶾嶙。《趙城本》作隱軫，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9563" id="9578">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》爽並作塽，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9566" id="9579">〔5〕</a>《石本》校書﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》踊並作涌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9567" id="9580">〔6〕</a>《中本》無以字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9568" id="9581">〔7〕</a>原本聰作聽，《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作聰，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9569" id="9582">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》辭並作詞，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9570" id="9583">〔9〕</a>《徑山本》於作乎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9572" id="9584">〔10〕</a>《方志》作“寺有百數，僧徒數萬”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9573" id="9585">〔11〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無習字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9574" id="9586">〔12〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》務作𥍦。𥍦字不見字書，當是務之訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9557" id="9587">（一）</a>漕矩吒國：<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒</span>，梵文Jāguḍa之對音，其意殆指郁金香，此地在僞托Moses Xorenac‘i撰<span class="zhuanming">亞美尼亞</span>文《波斯地誌》中作Zuplastan，亦作Zāwulistān。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>推斷此地名出於<span class="zhuanming">鉢羅婆</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00956','1384901',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P956</span></i>語之*Zāpulistān（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁16﹑39）。<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">謝䫻國</span>，彼自呼云<span class="zhuanming">社護羅薩他那</span>（Jawulasthāna）”；《玄應音義》作<span class="zhuanming">闍烏荼婆</span>（顯爲娑字之訛）<span class="zhuanming">他那</span>，當爲此字對音。<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠人</span>於五世紀末據有Kabul至Kandahar地區，稱之爲Jawuda。<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻中作Zābul，又作Zābulistān；參看《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》下<span class="zhuanming">謝䫻</span>條：“<span class="zhuanming">謝䫻</span>居<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>西南，本名<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒</span>（Za-bulistan），或曰<span class="zhuanming">漕矩</span>（Zabul）。”《隋書》簡稱作<span class="zhuanming">漕國</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9559" id="9588">（二）</a>國大都城號鶴悉那：《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》下<span class="zhuanming">謝䫻</span>條稱“其王居<span class="zhuanming">鶴悉那城</span>”。<span class="zhuanming">鶴悉那</span>，Ghazni或Ghaznīn，今譯<span class="zhuanming">加兹尼</span>或<span class="zhuanming">哥疾寧</span>，爲今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>首都<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾</span>以南155公里自<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾</span>至<span class="zhuanming">坎大哈</span>途中要地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9560" id="9589">（三）</a>鶴薩羅城：其地當在今Helmund河流域。或比定其爲今Guzar城（<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>《古代印度地理》，<span class="zhuanming">德里</span>重印版，1979，頁33—34）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9564" id="9590">（四）</a>興瞿草：梵文作hiṅgu，學名Asa Foetida，係辛蒜之類植物，可供食用。<span class="zhuanming">勞費爾</span>《中國伊朗編》阿魏條有較詳的考述。《玄應音義》卷十八稱作“興渠”，注云：“出<span class="zhuanming">闍烏荼娑他那國</span>。彼土人常所食者也。此方相傳，以爲蕓薹，非也。”《宋高僧傳》卷二九《慧日傳》作興渠，云：“迴至<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>，方得見也。根粗如細蔓菁而白，其臭如蒜。彼國人種取根食也。”案<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>戒律僧尼禁食五辛菜蔬，名爲五葷。《梵網經》卷下：“若佛子不得食五辛，大蒜﹑革葱﹑慈葱﹑蘭葱﹑興蕖是五種一切食中不得食。若故食者，犯輕垢罪。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9565" id="9591">（五）</a>羅摩印度川：疑指今Helmund河。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9571" id="9592">（六）</a>文字言辭異於諸國：案<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span>在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時爲<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span>所統治。《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》云：“國中有<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">吐<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00957','1384901',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P957</span></i>火羅</span>種人雜居。”<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》云：“土人是胡，王及兵馬，卽是<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。”按此地長時間内有多種民族出入，因而文字言辭有異諸國。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十八、拘理迦邑及目連故里
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153235" key="1153235"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十八、拘理迦邑及目連故里 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153236" key="1153236"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00762','1384818',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P762</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001282"><b>二十八﹑拘理迦邑及目連故里</b></p><p> <span>伽藍西南行八九里，至<span class="zhuanming">拘理迦邑</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8054" id="8041">（一）</a>，中有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，是尊者<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>本生故里。傍有窣堵波，尊者於此入無餘湼槃，其中則有遺身舍利。尊者大婆羅門種，與<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>少爲親友。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>以才明見貴，尊者以精鑒延譽，才智相比，動止必俱，結要終始，契同去就。相與厭俗，共求捨<a class="zhuhao" href="#8049" id="8042">〔1〕</a>家，遂師<span class="zhuanming">珊闍<a class="zhuhao" href="#8050" id="8043">〔2〕</a>耶</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8055" id="8044">（二）</a>焉。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>遇<span class="zhuanming">馬勝阿羅漢</span>，聞法悟聖，還爲尊者重述，聞而悟法，遂證初果。與其徒二百五十人俱到佛所，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>遥見，指告衆曰：“彼來者，我弟子中神足第一。”既至佛所，請入法中。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告曰：“善來<a class="zhuhao" href="#8056" id="8045">（三）</a>，比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#8051" id="8046">〔3〕</a>！淨修梵行，得離苦際。”聞是語時，鬚髮<a class="zhuhao" href="#8052" id="8047">〔4〕</a>落，俗裳變，戒品<a class="zhuhao" href="#8053" id="8048">〔5〕</a>淨，威儀調順。經七日，結漏盡，證羅漢果，得神通力。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00763','1384818',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P763</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8042" id="8049">〔1〕</a>《中本》捨作出。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8043" id="8050">〔2〕</a>《中本》闍作閣。按下文<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>故里一節中作闍。梵文作Sañjaya，闍字爲是。《音釋》亦作闍，音蛇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8046" id="8051">〔3〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字作苾芻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8047" id="8052">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》髮下有墮字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8048" id="8053">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》品下並有清字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8041" id="8054">（一）</a>拘理迦邑：<span class="zhuanming">拘理迦</span>，梵文Kolika，又譯<span class="zhuanming">拘離迦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">俱利迦</span>。卽<span class="zhuanming">目連</span>本生故里，見《佛本行集經》卷四七，也有人認爲是<span class="zhuanming">目連</span>的名號，如《慧琳音義》卷六；“<span class="zhuanming">採菽氐</span>，古譯梵語，云<span class="zhuanming">大目乾連</span>，訛略不正，正梵語云<span class="zhuanming">摩訶没特伽羅</span>（Mahāmaudgalyāyana），<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>云<span class="zhuanming">大採菽氐</span>，俗云<span class="zhuanming">菉豆子</span>，古仙人號也。<span class="zhuanming">目乾連</span>是此仙種，亦名<span class="zhuanming">俱利迦</span>，或名<span class="zhuanming">拘隸多</span>，或云<span class="zhuanming">俱律陀</span>，皆一人之號。”此地卽現今Jagdishpur。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8044" id="8055">（二）</a>珊闍耶：梵文﹑巴利文作Sañjaya，全稱梵文Sañjaya-vairaṭīputra，巴利文Sañjayavelaṭṭhiputta；譯作<span class="zhuanming">珊闍夜毗羅𦝉子</span>，六師外道之一，關於<span class="zhuanming">目連</span>皈<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>事，見《佛本行集經》卷四八，參見前注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8045" id="8056">（三）</a>善來：梵文svāgata意譯，音譯莎揭哆，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>僧衆歡迎來人之辭。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三：“西方寺衆多爲制法，凡見新來，無論客舊及弟子﹑門人﹑舊人，卽須迎前唱莎揭哆，譯曰善來。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十二、尼壤城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153239" key="1153239"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 十二、尼壤城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153240" key="1153240"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01030','1384939',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1030</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001759"><b>十二﹑尼壤城</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">媲摩川</span>東入沙磧，行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">尼<a class="zhuhao" href="#10314" id="10309">〔1〕</a>壤<a class="zhuhao" href="#10315" id="10310">〔2〕</a>城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10318" id="10311">（一）</a>，周三四里，在大澤中。澤地熱<a class="zhuhao" href="#10316" id="10312">〔3〕</a>濕，難以履涉。蘆草荒茂，無復途徑。唯趣城路，僅得通行，故往來者莫不由此城焉。而<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那</span>以爲東境之關防<a class="zhuhao" href="#10317" id="10313">〔4〕</a>也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10309" id="10314">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》尼作泥。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10310" id="10315">〔2〕</a>原本壤作攘，今從《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10312" id="10316">〔3〕</a>《趙城本》熱作墊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10313" id="10317">〔4〕</a>《中本》防作妨。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10311" id="10318">（一）</a>尼壤城：<span class="zhuanming">尼壤</span>，<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>文獻中作Nina。<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文作Uϒay（見<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，第29頁），卽<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代之<span class="zhuanming">精絶國</span>（＝<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>文獻中的Cad，ota？），遺址在今<span class="zhuanming">民豐縣</span>（現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語稱Niya）北六十五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的沙漠中，據<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>勘查，現存遺址南北延伸達二十五公里，東西約七公里，出土有大量<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>文獻。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十九、頻毗娑羅王迎佛遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153243" key="1153243"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十九、頻毗娑羅王迎佛遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153244" key="1153244"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00764','1384819',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P764</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001285"><b>二十九﹑頻毗娑羅王迎佛遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>故里東行三四里，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>迎見佛處<a class="zhuhao" href="#8070" id="8057">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>初證佛果，知<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>人心渴仰，受<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>請，於晨朝時着衣持鉢，與千比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#8065" id="8058">〔1〕</a>左右圍繞，皆是耆舊螺髻梵志<a class="zhuhao" href="#8071" id="8059">（二）</a>，慕法染衣，前後羽<a class="zhuhao" href="#8066" id="8060">〔2〕</a>從，入<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>。時<span class="zhuanming">帝釋天王</span>變<a class="zhuhao" href="#8067" id="8061">〔3〕</a>爲摩那婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#8072" id="8062">（三）</a>，首冠螺髻，左手執金瓶，右手持寶杖，足蹈空虚<a class="zhuhao" href="#8068" id="8063">〔4〕</a>，離地四指，在大衆中前導佛路。時<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">頻毗<a class="zhuhao" href="#8069" id="8064">〔5〕</a>娑羅王</span>與其國内諸婆羅門﹑長者﹑居士百千萬衆，前後導從，出<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>奉迎聖衆。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8058" id="8065">〔1〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字作苾芻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8060" id="8066">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》羽並作翼。《中本》作明，疑羽之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8061" id="8067">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》變下並有身字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8063" id="8068">〔4〕</a>《中本》蹈空虚三字作踊虚空。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8064" id="8069">〔5〕</a>《中本》毗作婆。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8057" id="8070">（一）</a>頻毗娑羅王迎見佛處：此傳説又見《根本説一切有部毗<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00765','1384819',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P765</span></i>奈耶破僧事》卷七。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8059" id="8071">（二）</a>螺髻梵志：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代相傳<span class="zhuanming">梵天王</span>留頂髮，結成螺形，稱爲螺結，一作螺髻。梵志多效作螺結，稱爲螺髻仙人，或編髮梵志，見《象頭精舍經》﹑《伽耶山頂經》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8062" id="8072">（三）</a>摩那婆：梵文mānava音譯，又作摩納婆等，略作摩納，意譯儒童﹑年少或年少淨行。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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八、文字
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153247" key="1153247"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 八、文字 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153248" key="1153248"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00182','1243981',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P182</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000311"><b>八﹑文字</b></p><p> <span>詳其文字<a class="zhuhao" href="#2364" id="2349">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>所製，原始垂則，四十七言<a class="zhuhao" href="#2358" id="2350">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2365" id="2351">（二）</a>。遇<a class="zhuhao" href="#2359" id="2352">〔2〕</a>物合成，隨事轉用，流演枝派，其源浸廣。因地隨人，微有改變，語其大較，未異本源。而<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>特爲詳正<a class="zhuhao" href="#2366" id="2353">（三）</a>，辭調和雅，與天<a class="zhuhao" href="#2360" id="2354">〔3〕</a>同音<a class="zhuhao" href="#2361" id="2355">〔4〕</a>，氣韻清亮<a class="zhuhao" href="#2362" id="2356">〔5〕</a>，爲人軌則。鄰境異國，習謬成訓，競趨<a class="zhuhao" href="#2363" id="2357">〔6〕</a>澆俗，莫守淳風。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2350" id="2358">〔1〕</a>原本言下有也字，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無之，《翻譯集》引亦然，今據删。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2352" id="2359">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》遇作寓，《金陵本》從之。《慧琳音義》亦作寓，云：“音遇。《韻詮》云：‘寓，寄也。’”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2354" id="2360">〔3〕</a>《中本》天上有梵字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2355" id="2361">〔4〕</a>《翻譯集序》引同音作音同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2356" id="2362">〔5〕</a>《中本》亮作高，疑形之譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2357" id="2363">〔6〕</a>原本趨作趍，今從通行字改，下同。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》趨作欲。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2349" id="2364">（一）</a>文字：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代關于文字的創造者，有幾種不同的傳<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00183','1243981',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P183</span></i>説：一，<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>説，認爲是<span class="zhuanming">大梵天</span>（Brahman）所創造，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒和<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>徒都有贊同此説法的。二，龍宫説，認爲古代諸佛所傳的經典都保存在龍宫中，所有大乘經典都是從龍宫中取出的。三，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>説，《文殊師利問經》卷上《字母品第十四》，就是這種説法。四，<span class="zhuanming">大日如來</span>説，《大日經》中就有這種説法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>字母最古的要算<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>流域文字，本世紀三十年代考古學家在<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>流域<span class="zhuanming">信德</span>（Sind）省的<span class="zhuanming">莫亨焦</span>·<span class="zhuanming">達羅</span>（Mohenjo Daro）及<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普省</span>的<span class="zhuanming">哈拉巴</span>（Harappā）地方發掘出几個古城遺址，證明早在公元前2800—2200年間，<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>流域已有高度發展的文明出現，該地出土的文物中有印章約八百枚，印章上所刻的文字，除少量像形文字外，多數似乎是會意字或拼音符號。字跡清晰的符號已著録的有四百餘個，雖然有過不少人研究，但至今還没有人能識讀這種文字，<span class="zhuanming">捷克</span>人<span class="zhuanming">赫羅兹尼</span>（Hrozny）曾試讀，據稱曾取得某些進展，（見<span class="zhuanming">赫氏</span>所著的《印度﹑西亞及克里特古代史》）。現在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>國内外都有人聲稱，已讀通此種文字。但都没有得到大多數專家學者的承認。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">其次，有文獻可考的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>最早的文字爲<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>字（Kharoṣṭhī）和<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字（Brāhmī）兩種，有名的<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>銘刻就使用過這兩種文字。<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>字自右向左讀，源出于<span class="zhuanming">亞拉美</span>（Aramaic）文字，大約在公元前六世紀傳入<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span><span class="zhuanming">阿契美尼王朝</span>統治下的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北部。通行于<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北的<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>（Gandhāra）和我國<span class="zhuanming">新疆境</span>内的<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>等地。公元一世紀<span class="zhuanming">貴霜王朝</span>統治時期上述地區<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>字仍然十分流行（近几十年我國<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>境内發現過不少<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>文書），此後逐漸消失而爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字所取代。<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字是絶大多數<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>銘文所使用的字體，由左向右讀（也有極少數銘文例外），有不少人認爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字源出于<span class="zhuanming">塞姆</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00184','1243981',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P184</span></i>族字母，由兩河流域傳入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，但也有不少人認爲是從<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>文字演變而來。繼<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字母之後，公元四至五世紀，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北方流行<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>體（Gupta）六世紀出現了所謂<span class="zhuanming">悉曇</span>字（Siddhamātṛkā我國保留的梵文碑銘以及<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>所藏古代梵本多用這種字體），<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>訪問<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>時，這種字母仍然流行。但在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北部及西部已開始出現天城字（Devanāgarī），<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>近代各種字母都由此演變而來，今天<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>及<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>大部地區刊行古籍也使用這種字母，<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>及<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>各地則還使用本地字母刊行梵文古典作品。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2351" id="2365">（二）</a>四十七言：指梵文所用的四十七個字母，梵文原稱Saṃskṛta。其一般分類如下：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一，元音（Mātā，舊譯“摩多”，<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>的《大唐西域記の研究》以“摩多”的原字爲Mātrā是錯誤的。此字爲音樂的節拍，或發一個短元音所需的時間）十四個，其中有：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">單元音10個：a，ā，i，ī，u，ū，ṛ，ṝ，ḷ，ī。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">双元音4個：e，ai，o，au。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">二﹑輔音（Vyañjanam，舊譯“體文”）三十三個，根據發音部位和發音方法又分：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">喉音　k，kh，g，gh，ṅ</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">顎音　c，ch，j，jh，ñ</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">舌音　ṭ，ṭh，ḍ，ḍh，ṇ</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">齒音　t，th，d，dh，<span class="song">n</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">唇音　p，ph，b，bh，<span class="song">m</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">半元音　y，r，l，<span class="song">v</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">噝音　ś，ṣ，<span class="song">s</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">氣音　<span class="song">h</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00185','1243981',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P185</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此外還有兩個輔助音，卽送氣音ḥ（舊譯“止聲”，visarga）和鼻化音ṃ（舊譯“隨韻”，anusvāra），它不是輔音，不能在元音前與元音拼合，只能附在元音後面。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四“西方學法”條所説“本有四十九字”就是加上後兩者的緣故。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2353" id="2366">（三）</a>中印度特爲詳正：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>地區遼闊，語言複雜，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>語音爲最純正，視之爲標準語。</span> </p><p> <span>至於記言書事，各有司存，史誥摠稱謂尼羅蔽荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#2370" id="2367">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2372" id="2368">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言青<a class="zhuhao" href="#2371" id="2369">〔2〕</a>藏。</span> <span>善惡具舉，災祥備著。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2367" id="2370">〔1〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》荼作茶。按茶荼同字，但茶字始見於<span class="zhuanming">中唐</span>以後，説見<span class="zhuanming">顧炎武</span>《日知録》卷七及《唐韻正》。本書爲<span class="zhuanming">初唐</span>著作，自以作荼爲是，作茶者後人所改耳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2369" id="2371">〔2〕</a>原本青作清，《石本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作青，《翻譯集》同，今據改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2368" id="2372">（一）</a>尼羅蔽荼：梵語nīlapiṭa音譯，意卽“青藏”，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代史册﹑官方文書記録的總稱，類似我國史誥。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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瞿薩旦那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153251" key="1153251"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153252" key="1153252"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01001','1384930',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1001</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001721">瞿薩旦那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10051" id="10031">（一）</a>周四千餘里，沙磧太<a class="zhuhao" href="#10042" id="10032">〔1〕</a>半，壤土隘狹，宜穀稼，多衆菓。出󵾵毹細氈，工紡績絁<a class="zhuhao" href="#10043" id="10033">〔2〕</a>紬，又産白玉﹑黳玉。氣序和暢，飄風飛埃。俗知禮義，人性温恭，好學典藝，博達技能。衆庶富樂，編户安業。國尚樂音<a class="zhuhao" href="#10044" id="10034">〔3〕</a>，人好歌儛<a class="zhuhao" href="#10045" id="10035">〔4〕</a>。少服毛褐氈裘，多衣絁紬白㲲。儀形有體<a class="zhuhao" href="#10046" id="10036">〔5〕</a>，風則有<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01002','1384930',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1002</span></i>紀。文字憲章，聿遵<a class="zhuhao" href="#10047" id="10037">〔6〕</a><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，微改<a class="zhuhao" href="#10048" id="10038">〔7〕</a>體勢，粗<a class="zhuhao" href="#10049" id="10039">〔8〕</a>有沿革。語異諸國<a class="zhuhao" href="#10052" id="10040">（二）</a>，崇<a class="zhuhao" href="#10050" id="10041">〔9〕</a>尚佛法。伽藍百有餘所，僧徒五千餘人，並多習學大乘法教。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10032" id="10042">〔1〕</a>《中本》及《華嚴鈔》五十八引太作大。《方志》亦作太。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10033" id="10043">〔2〕</a>《中本》絁作絹。按《慈恩傳》作絁，下文亦作絁紬，絁字當是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10034" id="10044">〔3〕</a>《石本》樂音二字作音樂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10035" id="10045">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》國尚樂音人好歌儛二句互倒置。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10036" id="10046">〔5〕</a>原本體作禮，《古本》﹑《建本》作體。按《慈恩傳》云：“風儀詳整”，則此作體字爲長，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10037" id="10047">〔6〕</a>原本遵作尊，《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》並作遵，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10038" id="10048">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》微改二字作雖存。《慈恩傳》此句作“微有改耳”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10039" id="10049">〔8〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》粗作頗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10041" id="10050">〔9〕</a>《華嚴鈔》引崇作宗。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10031" id="10051">（一）</a>瞿薩旦那國：《史記》作<span class="zhuanming">于窴</span>，《漢書》﹑《後漢書》﹑《魏書》﹑《梁書》﹑《周書》﹑《隋書》﹑《舊唐書》﹑《新唐書》﹑《舊五代史》﹑《新五代史》﹑《宋本》以及《法顯傳》﹑《洛陽伽藍記》﹑《續高僧傳》等皆作<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>；《西遊録》作<span class="zhuanming">五端</span>；《元祕史》作<span class="zhuanming">兀丹</span>；《元史》作<span class="zhuanming">斡端</span>，又作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01003','1384930',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1003</span></i><span class="zhuanming">怱炭</span>；卽今之<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>。<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文作udun，（見土<span class="zhuanming">古舍娃</span>《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，頁16）現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語稱爲Hotan。<span class="zhuanming">清</span>代由於某些考據家的錯誤，誤置<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>於今之<span class="zhuanming">克里雅縣</span>；遂有<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>（<span class="zhuanming">克里雅</span>）﹑<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>之分。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那</span>當爲梵文化的名稱，原文應爲Gostana（不是以前人們認爲的Kustana）。原注中的<span class="zhuanming">漢那</span>卽爲當地古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐塞</span>語文獻中的Hvamna或Hvana。<span class="zhuanming">豁旦</span>應爲<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>傳統之*Huatan＞Ho-tan（《突厥語辭典》作Hotan）。所謂“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>謂之<span class="zhuanming">屈丹</span>”當然非指梵文，而應指<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>俗語。<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>古音似爲*Ódan，<span class="zhuanming">匈奴</span>之<span class="zhuanming">于遁</span>當因其原始<span class="zhuanming">阿爾泰</span>語圓唇音諧和規律之影響變爲*Ódun。此外，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>人<span class="zhuanming">禮言</span>所著《梵語雜名》中，<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>“矯引㗚多二合曩Korttana”，也卽古代<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>碑銘《暾欲谷碑》十四行中的qortan（G.Clauson：Some Notes on the Inscription of Tonyuquq，Studia Turcica，Bu-dapest，1971，頁127—128）。<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻中通常稱<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>爲Li-yül，意爲“李國”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">至於此處<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所説的“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">地乳</span>”，當爲對梵文化名稱Gostana的解釋。過去，人們將Gostana解釋爲“大地的乳房”，實際上，在梵語中go意爲“亂牛”，Gostana當作“牛地”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>對<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>一名的含義曾作下列解釋：“總之，<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>一名的古音（公元前二世紀）當爲*Godan。到公元初又有作*Gostāna＞Gostana的，與前一名稱同時存在。二者都爲‘*Go地（國）’之意。*Go是<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>地區地名中常見的成分，如梵文化的Gomati（按卽《<span class="zhuanming">法顯傳</span>》中的<span class="zhuanming">瞿摩帝</span>，<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>地區寺院名），Gośṛṅga（按卽《西域記》中之<span class="zhuanming">瞿室𩜁伽山</span>，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>注‘<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言牛角’），*Gomasālagandha（按卽《日藏經》中之<span class="zhuanming">瞿摩娑羅香</span>）等，但目前尚不能解釋。*Go可能爲該地民族之名稱。”（《馬可波羅注》I，頁420）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01004','1384930',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1004</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10040" id="10052">（二）</a>語異諸國：近代<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span><span class="zhuanming">塔里木盆地</span>考古學上的重大發現之一，爲古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>語文的發現和解讀。十九世紀末二十世紀初以來，在<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>及其周圍地區以及<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span><span class="zhuanming">千佛洞</span>等地發現用一種古代<span class="zhuanming">婆羅米</span>文（或稱<span class="zhuanming">婆羅米</span>文<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>直體）寫成的大量寫本殘卷，是一種以前我們完全不知道的語言。開始時，人們既不懂這種語言，也不知如何稱呼它，<span class="zhuanming">德</span>人<span class="zhuanming">勞依曼</span>（Leumann）開始時稱它爲“第二種語言”（SpracheⅡ），稍後又改稱爲<span class="zhuanming">北亞利安</span>語（Nordarisch）因他認爲這種語言構成<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>—<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>）語中的第三支（除<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>和<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語外）。<span class="zhuanming">勞</span>氏關於這種語言所佔地位的觀點雖然是錯誤的，所謂<span class="zhuanming">北亞利安</span>一名也早已爲人們所抛棄，但是他首先解讀了這種語言。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">實際上這種語言爲一種<span class="zhuanming">東伊朗</span>語，它在結構上具有更多的古代<span class="zhuanming">伊朗語</span>的特點。因在詞彙方面有許多<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>語借詞，所以使得初看起來不像<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一九一四年<span class="zhuanming">挪威</span>的<span class="zhuanming">斯坦</span>·<span class="zhuanming">寇瑙</span>（Stan Konow）發表題爲《和闐語研究》的論文，（Khotan Studies，刊於Journal of the RoyalAsiatic Society）證明了這種語言爲古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>地區當地居民的語言。由於它是一種古代<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>（Saka）語，所以也稱之爲<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>—<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語，以示區别於其它<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">現存古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>—<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語文獻多屬三至十一世紀初。參看<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>（H.W.Bailey）文，載《英國王家學會會刊》（JRAS），1972年第二期，頁103。在語言方面存在方言（或時代上的）差别，據近些年來的研究，<span class="zhuanming">巴楚</span>的<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語與<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span><span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語有很大的差别，代表一種較古的語言發展階段。此外<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span><span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語本身又分爲古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>—<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語和晚期<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>—<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語兩個階段，其間差别變化很大。目前尚不見<span class="zhuanming">喀什</span><span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語文獻的發現。根據一些零散的材料，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">喀什</span>地區居民的語言也應<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01005','1384930',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1005</span></i>爲一種<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">目前刊布的古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span><span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語文獻日益增多，内容有佛經﹑醫學文獻及世俗文書等。參看<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>（H.W.Bailey），<span class="zhuanming">恩默瑞克</span>（R.Emmerick）等人刊布的文書及譯注。佛經有《金光明經》（Suvarṇaprabhāsa-sūtra）﹑《僧伽吒經》（Saṃghāṭa-sūtra）﹑《佛本生贊》（Jātaka-stava）﹑《普賢行願經》（Bhadracaryādeśanā-sūtra）﹑《金剛經》（Vajracchedi-kā-sūtra）﹑《無量壽經》（Aparimitāyus-sūtra）﹑《大般若經》（Mahā-Prajñāpāramitā-sūtra）﹑《妙門經》（Sumukha-sūtra）﹑《觀自在菩薩贊》（Avalokiteśvara-stotra）﹑《法華經》（Saddharma-puṇḍarīka-sūt-ra）等；醫學文獻有著名的《Siddhasāra》等。現存<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文的《于闐國史》等，有的學者認爲應是譯自古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>語（原文已不傳）。這裏特别要提到一些用古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>語寫成的原作詩歌。例如一位古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>詩人歌頌春天的詩（原寫本現存<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span><span class="zhuanming">列寧格勒</span>，編號爲E21），一位當時嫁到<span class="zhuanming">甘肅</span><span class="zhuanming">沙州</span>的<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>王Ṣanīra的女兒寫給其父母的懷念家鄉的詩（原寫本現存<span class="zhuanming">法國</span><span class="zhuanming">巴黎</span>，編號爲P 2027），以及其他一些抒情詩。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">用古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>語寫作的作家有<span class="zhuanming">實叉難陀</span>（Śikṣānanda）﹑<span class="zhuanming">提婆般若</span>（Devaprajña）﹑<span class="zhuanming">尉遲尸羅</span>（Vedyeśīla）等人。後者用詩歌體創作的《佛本生贊》長達六百多行，尤爲珍貴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>—<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語文獻及研究情況，詳見<span class="zhuanming">恩默瑞克</span>撰《和闐語文獻指南》（A Guide to the Literature of Khotan，Studia Phil-ologica Bhuddhica，<span class="zhuanming">東京</span>靈友會刊，1979）。關於<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span>卷子中<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>文書轉寫及譯注情況，詳見<span class="zhuanming">德萊斯登</span>（J.Dresden）《和闐文書草目》。（載Acta Iranica，Ⅻ，<span class="zhuanming">萊頓</span>，1977）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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4.迦蘭陁池及石柱
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153255" key="1153255"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十五、迦蘭陁竹園 &gt; 4.迦蘭陁池及石柱 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153256" key="1153256"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00742','1384814',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P742</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001257">4.迦蘭陁池及石柱</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">竹林精舍</span>北，行二百餘步，至<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陁池</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7894" id="7891">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔<a class="zhuhao" href="#7893" id="7892">〔1〕</a>多此説法。水既清澄，具八功德，佛湼槃後，枯涸無餘。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7892" id="7893">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》昔並作世。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7891" id="7894">（一）</a>迦蘭陁池：卽<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陁</span>竹園附近的池塘，此間有温泉，下文“池西北，行二三里”所見的窣堵波和石柱，近代考古發掘業已證實，見《印度佛跡實寫》解説頁18。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00743','1384814',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P743</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陁池</span>西北，行二三里，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也，高六十餘尺。傍有石柱，刻記立窣堵波事，高五十餘尺，上作象形<a class="zhuhao" href="#7896" id="7895">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7895" id="7896">〔1〕</a>《中本》形下有也字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、鼠壤墳傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153259" key="1153259"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 六、鼠壤墳傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153260" key="1153260"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01017','1384935',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1017</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001742"><b>六﹑鼠壤墳傳説</b></p><p> <span>王城西百五六十里，大沙磧正路中，有堆<a class="zhuhao" href="#10180" id="10165">〔1〕</a>阜，並鼠壤墳<a class="zhuhao" href="#10194" id="10166">（一）</a>也<a class="zhuhao" href="#10181" id="10167">〔2〕</a>。聞之土俗曰：此沙蹟中，鼠大如蝟，其毛則金銀異色，爲其羣之酋<a class="zhuhao" href="#10182" id="10168">〔3〕</a>長。每出穴遊止，則群鼠爲從。昔者<span class="zhuanming">匈奴</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10183" id="10169">〔4〕</a>率數十萬衆，寇掠邊城，至鼠墳側屯軍。時<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那王</span>率數萬兵，恐力<a class="zhuhao" href="#10184" id="10170">〔5〕</a>不敵，素知磧中鼠奇，而未神也。洎乎寇至，無所求救，君臣震恐，莫知圖計，苟復<a class="zhuhao" href="#10185" id="10171">〔6〕</a>設祭，焚香請<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01018','1384935',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1018</span></i>鼠，冀其有靈，少<a class="zhuhao" href="#10186" id="10172">〔7〕</a>加軍力。其夜<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那王</span>夢見大鼠曰：“敬欲相助，願早治兵。旦日合戰，必當克勝。”瞿薩旦那王知有靈祐，遂<a class="zhuhao" href="#10187" id="10173">〔8〕</a>整戎<a class="zhuhao" href="#10188" id="10174">〔9〕</a>馬，申<a class="zhuhao" href="#10189" id="10175">〔10〕</a>令將士，未明而行，長驅掩襲。<span class="zhuanming">匈奴</span>之聞也，莫不懼焉，方欲駕乘被鎧，而諸馬鞍﹑人服﹑弓弦﹑甲縺，凡厥帶系<a class="zhuhao" href="#10190" id="10176">〔11〕</a>，鼠皆齧斷。兵寇既臨，面縛受戮。於是殺其將，虜其兵，<span class="zhuanming">匈奴</span>震懾<a class="zhuhao" href="#10191" id="10177">〔12〕</a>，以爲神靈所祐也。<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那王</span>感鼠厚恩，建祠設<a class="zhuhao" href="#10192" id="10178">〔13〕</a>祭，奕世遵敬，特深珍異。故上自君王，下至黎庶，咸修祀<a class="zhuhao" href="#10193" id="10179">〔14〕</a>祭，以求福祐。行次其穴，下乘而趨，拜以致敬，祭以祈福。或衣服弓矢，或香花肴膳，亦既輸誠，多蒙福利。若無享祭，則逢災變。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10165" id="10180">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》堆譌作推。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10167" id="10181">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》也譌作九。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10168" id="10182">〔3〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》酋並作首。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10169" id="10183">〔4〕</a>《中本》奴下有王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10170" id="10184">〔5〕</a>《中本》力上有兵字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10171" id="10185">〔6〕</a>《中本》復後有苟字，疑因上苟字而衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10172" id="10186">〔7〕</a>《中本》少作小。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10173" id="10187">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》遂訛作逐。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10174" id="10188">〔9〕</a>《徑山本》戎作戒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10175" id="10189">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》申並作甲。按此字若作甲，則上戎字當從《徑山本》作戒，讀作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01019','1384935',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1019</span></i>“遂整戒馬甲”爲句。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10176" id="10190">〔11〕</a>《石本﹑《建本》﹑《中本》系作糸，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10177" id="10191">〔12〕</a>《石本》懾作懼，《建本》﹑《明北本》作攝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10178" id="10192">〔13〕</a>《趙城本》無設字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10179" id="10193">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》祀並作禮。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10166" id="10194">（一）</a>鼠壤墳：<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>指出今Piālma東十六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的Kum-rabāt-Pādshāhim Mazār，俗稱Kaptar-Mazār（鴿子墓地之意），現仍爲當地居民膜拜之所（<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>《古代和闐》，頁119—121）。此外，<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>在<span class="zhuanming">旦旦烏里克</span>遺址發現了描繪這一古老傳説故事的板畫。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十六、王舍城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153263" key="1153263"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十六、王舍城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153264" key="1153264"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00743','1384815',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P743</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001261"><b>二十六﹑王舍城</b></p><p> <span>石柱東北不遠，至<span class="zhuanming">曷羅闍姞利<a class="zhuhao" href="#7900" id="7897">〔1〕</a>呬城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7902" id="7898">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">王舍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7901" id="7899">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span>外郭已壞，無復遺堵。内城雖毁，基址猶峻，周二十餘里，面有一門。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7897" id="7900">〔1〕</a>《古本》利作梨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7899" id="7901">〔2〕</a>《珠林》三十九作“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">新王舍城</span>。”《方志》註云：“卽<span class="zhuanming">新王舍城</span>，本<span class="zhuanming">寒林</span>地，<span class="zhuanming">闍王</span>移都所築，當<span class="zhuanming">茅城</span>東北四里。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7898" id="7902">（一）</a>曷羅闍姞利呬城：<span class="zhuanming">曷羅闍姞利呬</span>，梵文Rājagṛha，巴利文Rajagaha，意譯<span class="zhuanming">王舍</span>。此指<span class="zhuanming">王舍新城</span>。一説此城爲與<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>同時代的<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>所建。一説爲據<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>記載：“新城者是<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>稱‘未生怨王’）所造。”當初修建此城的用意是爲了防禦<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>人的進攻。城的建築規模相當宏大堅固，有三十二個<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00744','1384815',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P744</span></i>城門，六十四個望樓。在<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅</span>與<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>在位時，此城十分繁榮。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>湼槃後二十八年，<span class="zhuanming">鄔陀耶</span>遷都<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>之後，<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>才逐漸失去其政治上的重要性，但在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>仍是重要聖地之一，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的第一次結集就在此地舉行。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>經常到<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>。他的幾個大弟子如<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>（Śāriputra）﹑<span class="zhuanming">優波釐</span>（Upāli）等都是在此地皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。對<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>徒，<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>也是一聖地。早期的宗教信仰如龍神和夜叉的崇拜在此地也很盛行。總之，自古以來，<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>就是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>各種宗教教派的匯集之地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之後，<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>曾到<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>巡禮，並賦詩述懷，見《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">新城在環繞舊城的五山之北，距舊城約四里。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">近代考古學界曾在<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>進行過發掘，但收獲不大。出土的文物中<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的神像及寺院遺址較多，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的却很少。</span> </p><p> <span>初，<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#7917" id="7903">〔1〕</a>羅王</span>都在<span class="zhuanming">上茆<a class="zhuhao" href="#7918" id="7904">〔2〕</a>宫城</span>也，編户之家頻遭火害<a class="zhuhao" href="#7919" id="7905">〔3〕</a>。一家縱逸，四隣罹灾。防火不暇，資産廢業<a class="zhuhao" href="#7920" id="7906">〔4〕</a>，衆庶嗟怨，不安其居。王曰：“我以不<a class="zhuhao" href="#7921" id="7907">〔5〕</a>德，下民罹患。修何德<a class="zhuhao" href="#7922" id="7908">〔6〕</a>可以禳之？”群臣<a class="zhuhao" href="#7923" id="7909">〔7〕</a>曰：“大王德化邕穆，政教明察，今兹細<a class="zhuhao" href="#7924" id="7910">〔8〕</a>民不謹，致此火灾。宜制嚴科，以清後犯。若有火起，窮究先發，罰其首惡，遷之<span class="zhuanming">寒林</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7930" id="7911">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">寒林</span>者，棄屍之所，俗謂不祥之地，人絶遊往之迹。令<a class="zhuhao" href="#7925" id="7912">〔9〕</a>遷於彼，同夫棄屍，既恥陋居，當自謹護。”王曰：“善，宜遍宣告居人<a class="zhuhao" href="#7926" id="7913">〔10〕</a>。”頃之，王宫中先自失火，謂諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#7927" id="7914">〔11〕</a>臣曰：“我其遷矣。”乃命太子監攝留事，欲清國憲，故遷居焉。時<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐王</span>聞<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>野處<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00745','1384815',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P745</span></i><span class="zhuanming">寒林</span>，整集戎旅，欲襲不虞。邊候以聞，乃建城邑，以王先舍於此，故稱<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>也。官屬士庶，咸徙<a class="zhuhao" href="#7928" id="7915">〔12〕</a>家焉。或云至<span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span>乃築此城。<span class="zhuanming">未生怨太子</span>既嗣王位，因遂都之。逮<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>遷都<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐城</span>，以<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>施婆羅門。故今城中無復凡民，唯婆羅門减千家耳<a class="zhuhao" href="#7929" id="7916">〔13〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7903" id="7917">〔1〕</a>《古本》娑作婆，誤，説見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7904" id="7918">〔2〕</a>原本無茆字，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》補。《古本》﹑《中本》作茅字，同。《音釋》亦作上茆，云：“（茆）與茅同”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7905" id="7919">〔3〕</a>《中本》遭火害三字作遇火災。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7906" id="7920">〔4〕</a>《舊麗本》無不暇資産廢業衆庶嗟怨十字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7907" id="7921">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》不並作無。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7908" id="7922">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》德上有福字。《中本》德下有業字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7909" id="7923">〔7〕</a>《古本》臣下有𧨀字。《廣韻·戈韻》有𧨀字云：“佞也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7910" id="7924">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》細作編。《中本》作佃，疑細之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7912" id="7925">〔9〕</a>原本令作今，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7913" id="7926">〔10〕</a>原本無人字，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00746','1384815',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P746</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7914" id="7927">〔11〕</a>《中本》無諸字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7915" id="7928">〔12〕</a>《一本》徙作從。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7916" id="7929">〔13〕</a>减千家耳《慈恩傳》作千餘家耳。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7911" id="7930">（一）</a>寒林：《玄應音義》卷七：“<span class="zhuanming">屍陁林</span>，正言<span class="zhuanming">尸多婆那</span>，此名<span class="zhuanming">寒林</span>，其林幽邃而寒，因以名也。在<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>側，死人多送其中，今總指棄死之處，名<span class="zhuanming">屍陀林</span>者，取彼名也。”案：屍陁，梵文Śīta音譯，義云“寒”。《法顯傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">（竹林）精舍</span>北二﹑三里，有尸摩賒那。尸摩賒那者，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>言棄死人墓田。”案：尸摩賒那，梵文śmaśāna音譯，義云“墳場”，卽“棄死人墓田”或“棄屍之所”。又《智度論》卷三：“<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>南，<span class="zhuanming">尸陀林</span>中，多諸死人，諸鷲常來噉之，還在山頭。”</span> </p><p> <span>宫城西南隅有二小伽藍，諸國客僧往來此止，是佛昔日説法之所。次此西北，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">殊<a class="zhuhao" href="#7935" id="7931">〔1〕</a>底色迦</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7936" id="7932">〔2〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">星曆</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">樹提伽</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7937" id="7933">〔3〕</a>，訛也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">長者</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7938" id="7934">（一）</a>本生故里。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7931" id="7935">〔1〕</a>原本殊作珠，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》亦作殊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7932" id="7936">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》迦並作加。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7933" id="7937">〔3〕</a>《古本》伽作迦。</span> </p>注釋：          <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00747','1384815',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P747</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7934" id="7938">（一）</a>殊底色迦長者：<span class="zhuanming">殊底色迦</span>，梵文Jyotiṣka音譯，巴利文jotika；又譯<span class="zhuanming">樹提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">殊提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">樹提伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">樹提迦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">樹提衢</span>；意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">火生</span>或<span class="zhuanming">光明</span>。原註“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">星曆</span>”，是因爲Jyotiṣka從jyotis一字而來，jyotis又可意譯爲“星曆”。<span class="zhuanming">殊底色迦長者</span>的傳説詳見《根本説一切有部毗奈耶雜事》卷二﹑卷三﹑南本《大般湼槃經》卷二八﹑《光明童子因緣經》﹑《樹提伽經》等。</span> </p><p> <span>城南門外，道左有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此説法及度<span class="zhuanming">羅怙羅</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
七、娑摩若僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153267" key="1153267"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 七、娑摩若僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153268" key="1153268"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01019','1384936',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1019</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001745"><b>七﹑娑摩若僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>王城西五六里，有<span class="zhuanming">娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#10209" id="10195">〔1〕</a>摩若僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10222" id="10196">（一）</a>，中有窣堵波，高百餘尺，甚多靈瑞，時燭神光。昔有羅漢自遠方來，止此林中，以神通力，放大光明。時王夜在重閣，遥見林中光明照曜。於是歷問，僉曰：“有一沙門自遠而至，宴坐林中，示現神通。”王遂命駕，躬徃觀察。既覩明<a class="zhuhao" href="#10210" id="10197">〔2〕</a>賢，乃心<a class="zhuhao" href="#10211" id="10198">〔3〕</a>祗敬，欽風不已，請至中宫。沙門曰：“物有所宜，志有<a class="zhuhao" href="#10212" id="10199">〔4〕</a>所在<a class="zhuhao" href="#10213" id="10200">〔5〕</a>。幽林藪澤，情之所賞，高堂邃宇，非我攸聞。”王益敬仰，深加宗<a class="zhuhao" href="#10214" id="10201">〔6〕</a>重，爲建伽藍，起窣堵波。沙門受請，遂止其中。頃<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01020','1384936',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1020</span></i>之，王<a class="zhuhao" href="#10215" id="10202">〔7〕</a>感獲舍利數百粒，甚<a class="zhuhao" href="#10216" id="10203">〔8〕</a>慶悦，竊自念曰：“舍利來應，何其晚歟？早得置之窣堵波下，豈非勝迹？”尋詣伽藍，具白沙門。羅漢曰：“王無憂也。今爲置之，宜以金銀銅鐵大石函等，以次周盛。”王命匠人，不日功畢<a class="zhuhao" href="#10217" id="10204">〔9〕</a>，載諸寶轝，送至伽藍。是時也，王宫<a class="zhuhao" href="#10218" id="10205">〔10〕</a>導從，庶僚凡百，觀送舍利者，動以萬計。羅漢乃以右手舉窣堵波，置諸掌中，謂王曰：“可以藏下也。”遂坎地安函，其功斯畢。於是下窣堵波，無所傾損。觀覩之徒，歎未曾有，信佛之心彌篤，敬法之志斯堅。王謂羣官曰：“我嘗聞佛力難思，神通難究。或分身百億，或應迹人天。舉世界於掌内，衆生無動静之想；演法性於常音，衆生有隨類之悟。斯則神力不共，智慧絶言。其靈已隱，其教猶傳。飡<a class="zhuhao" href="#10219" id="10206">〔11〕</a>和飲澤，味道欽<a class="zhuhao" href="#10220" id="10207">〔12〕</a>風，尚獲斯靈，深賴其福。勉<a class="zhuhao" href="#10221" id="10208">〔13〕</a>哉凡百，宜深崇敬。佛法幽深，於是明矣！”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10195" id="10209">〔1〕</a>《古本》娑作波。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10197" id="10210">〔2〕</a>《中本》明作聖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10198" id="10211">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》乃心二字作心乃。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10199" id="10212">〔4〕</a>原本有作其，今從《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10200" id="10213">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》在作存。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10201" id="10214">〔6〕</a>《中本》宗作崇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10202" id="10215">〔7〕</a>《中本》王下有城字。按《方志》亦云“王感舍利數百粒”，城<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01021','1384936',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1021</span></i>字誤衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10203" id="10216">〔8〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》甚上有爲字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10204" id="10217">〔9〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》畢作成。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10205" id="10218">〔10〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《趙城本》宫作官。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10206" id="10219">〔11〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》飡並作餐，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10207" id="10220">〔12〕</a>《資福本》欽作飲，形之譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10208" id="10221">〔13〕</a>《趙城本》勉誤作免。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10196" id="10222">（一）</a>娑摩若僧伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">娑摩若</span>似來自梵文Samājñā。<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻中作so-ma-ña。類似的故事也見於<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文《于闐國史》。《法顯傳》<span class="zhuanming">于闐國</span>條“其城西七八里，有僧伽藍，名<span class="zhuanming">王新寺</span>，作來八十年，經三王方成，可高二十五丈，雕文刻鏤，金銀覆上，衆寶合成。塔後作佛堂，莊嚴妙好，梁柱户扇窗牗皆以金薄。别作僧房，亦嚴麗整飾，非言可盡。”其中的<span class="zhuanming">王新寺</span>當卽此僧伽藍，<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>考訂爲今<span class="zhuanming">姚頭岡</span>西方約一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里之Somiya村。當地有一墳塚，據傳卽其遺跡。（《古代和闐》，頁223—227）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二十七、那爛陁僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153271" key="1153271"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十七、那爛陁僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153272" key="1153272"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00747','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P747</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001268"><b>二十七﹑那爛陁僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>從此北行三十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">施無厭</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7964" id="7939">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">僧伽</span>藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#7982" id="7940">（一）</a>。聞之耆舊曰：此伽藍南菴没羅林中有池，其龍名<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>，傍建伽藍，因取爲稱。從其實議<a class="zhuhao" href="#7965" id="7941">〔2〕</a>，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔修菩薩行，爲大國王，建都此地，悲愍衆生，好樂周給，時<a class="zhuhao" href="#7966" id="7942">〔3〕</a>美其德，號<span class="zhuanming">施無厭</span>。由是伽藍因以爲稱。其地本菴没羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#7967" id="7943">〔4〕</a>園，五百商人以十億金錢買以施佛。佛於此處三月説法，諸商人等亦證聖果。佛湼槃後未久，此國先王<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅阿迭<a class="zhuhao" href="#7968" id="7944">〔5〕</a>多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7983" id="7945">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">帝日</span>。</span> <span>敬重一乘，遵崇三寶，式占福地，建此伽藍。初興功也，穿傷龍身。時有善占尼乾外道見而記曰：“斯勝地也，建立伽藍，當必昌盛，爲<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>之軌則，逾千載而彌隆。後進學人，易以成業，然多歐血，傷龍故也。”其子<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7984" id="7946">（三）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">覺護</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7969" id="7947">〔6〕</a>。</span> <span>繼體承統，聿遵勝業，次此之南又建伽藍。<span class="zhuanming">呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#7970" id="7948">〔7〕</a>他<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00748','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P748</span></i>揭多毱多<a class="zhuhao" href="#7971" id="7949">〔8〕</a>王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7985" id="7950">（四）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>。</span> <span>篤修前緒，次此之東又建伽藍。<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">幼<a class="zhuhao" href="#7972" id="7951">〔9〕</a>日</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7986" id="7952">（五）</a>之嗣位也，次此東北又建伽藍。功成事畢，福會稱慶，輸誠幽顯，延請凡聖。其會也，<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>僧萬里雲集。衆坐已定，二僧後至，引上第三重閣。或有問曰：“王將設會，先請凡聖，大德何方，最後而至？”曰：“我<span class="zhuanming">至那國</span>也。和上嬰疹<a class="zhuhao" href="#7973" id="7953">〔10〕</a>，飯已方行，受王遠請，故來赴會。”問<a class="zhuhao" href="#7974" id="7954">〔11〕</a>者驚駭，遽以白王。王心知聖也，躬往問焉。遲上重閣，莫知所去。王更深信，捨國出家。出家<a class="zhuhao" href="#7975" id="7955">〔12〕</a>既已，位居僧末，心常怏怏<a class="zhuhao" href="#7976" id="7956">〔13〕</a>，懷不自安：“我昔爲王，尊居最上，今者出家，卑在衆末！”尋往白僧，自述情事。於是衆僧和合，令未受戒者以年齒爲次。故此伽藍獨有斯制。其王之子<span class="zhuanming">伐<a class="zhuhao" href="#7977" id="7957">〔14〕</a>闍羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7987" id="7958">（六）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">金剛</span>。</span> <span>嗣位之後，信心貞固，復於此西<a class="zhuhao" href="#7978" id="7959">〔15〕</a>建立伽藍。其後<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>王<a class="zhuhao" href="#7979" id="7960">〔16〕</a>此北復建大伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#7988" id="7961">（七）</a>。於是周垣峻峙，同爲一門。既歷代君王繼世興建，窮諸剞劂，誠壯觀也。<span class="zhuanming">帝日<a class="zhuhao" href="#7980" id="7962">〔17〕</a>王大<a class="zhuhao" href="#7981" id="7963">〔18〕</a>伽藍</span>者，今置佛像，衆中日差四十僧就此而食，以報施主之恩。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7939" id="7964">〔1〕</a>《中本》厭下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7941" id="7965">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》議作義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7942" id="7966">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無時字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00749','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P749</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7943" id="7967">〔4〕</a>《慈恩傳》羅下有長者二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7944" id="7968">〔5〕</a>原本迭作逸，《金陵本》﹑《慈恩傳》及《方志》逸作迭。按梵文爲Śakrāditya，則迭字爲諧。阿迭多義爲日，與“帝日”之號合，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7947" id="7969">〔6〕</a>《慈恩傳》護作密。《方志》作護，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7948" id="7970">〔7〕</a>原本呾作咀，《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》及《方志》並作呾，《慈恩傳》作怛，與呾同音。按之梵文（見下），亦當作呾，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7949" id="7971">〔8〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》無毱多二字。按梵文爲Tathāgatagu-pta，全文當有毱多二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7951" id="7972">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》幼並作幻，《方志》同。《慈恩傳》作幼，同此本。説見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7953" id="7973">〔10〕</a>《中本》疹作疾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7954" id="7974">〔11〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》問並作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7955" id="7975">〔12〕</a>《中本》出家二字不重。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7956" id="7976">〔13〕</a>《中本》怏怏作快快，當是形訛。《慧琳音義》作怏，音“央向反”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7957" id="7977">〔14〕</a>原本伐作代，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》並作伐。按梵文爲Vajra，作伐是也。今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7959" id="7978">〔15〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》西作北。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7960" id="7979">〔16〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》王下有於字；《徑山本》有于字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7962" id="7980">〔17〕</a>《明南本》﹑《徑山本》日作曰，非。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00750','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P750</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7963" id="7981">〔18〕</a>原本王大二字作本大，《舊麗本》本上有王字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》本大作王本。今從各本補王字。本大二字當爲一字，本疑大之衍文。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7940" id="7982">（一）</a>那爛陁僧伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>，梵文Nālandā音譯，又譯<span class="zhuanming">那難大</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">那難</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">施無厭</span>（na-alaṃ-dā）。梵文典籍中還有Nālanda，Nalanda及Nalendra等等不同寫法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">本書中關於此寺名稱的起源是根據佛本生故事中的傳説。在<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>的《大唐西域求法高僧傳》中記有另一説法：“此是<span class="zhuanming">室利那爛陀莫訶毗訶羅</span>（Śrī-nālanda-mahāvihāra）樣，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>譯云<span class="zhuanming">吉祥神龍大住處</span>也。西國凡唤君主及大官屬並大寺舍，皆先云室利，意取吉祥尊貴之義，<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀</span>乃是龍名，近此有龍名<span class="zhuanming">那加爛陀</span>（Nāgala-nda），故以爲號。毗訶羅（vihāra）是住處義，此云寺者，不是正翻。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>的歷史相當悠久，可以追溯到公元前六世紀，卽<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>和<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>的時代。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>經典如《儀軌經》（Kalpasūtra）等都曾提到<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀</span>，説這是<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>西北的一個富庶郊區，有許多美麗的屋舍園林；<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>教主<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>在這裏至少度過十四個雨期；並説<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>有一百多個<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>殿堂，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>殿堂更不計其數（Hermann Jacobi譯Kalpasūtra，頁64）。佛典如《大般湼槃經》（Mahāparinibbāna-Sutta）等也提到<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>。附近的<span class="zhuanming">菴没羅園</span>是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>經常到的地方。又在這附近還是<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>的生地<span class="zhuanming">那羅聚落</span>（Nālakagrāma，《普曜經》中作<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁村</span>Nālandāgrāma）。又據南傳的Nikāyasaṃgraha一書記載，第三次結集後，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>發生部派分歧，大衆部僧侣曾在<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00751','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P751</span></i><span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>集會討論，此後<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>遂被視爲説一切有部的中心。<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻如<span class="zhuanming">多羅那它</span>《印度佛教史》上也提到<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>，稱它是一地名，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>曾在此施地建寺，是爲<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>建立的開始。並稱<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>（Nāgārjuna約公元後二世紀）原先曾在此寺修業，然後成爲這裏主講。還説<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>（Āryadeva公元後四世紀）﹑<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>（Asaṅga），<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>（Vasubhandu）等都曾在此地講學。不過<span class="zhuanming">多羅那它</span>這些記載可能得自傳聞，目前有關文獻不足，也缺乏考古學上的證據。在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>遺址中至今還未發掘出任何公元後四世紀之先的銘文。目前出土的最古文物是<span class="zhuanming">三謨陀羅笈多王</span>時的銅盤，以及<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅笈多王</span>時代的貨幣。因此近代學者大都認爲此寺興建於公元五世紀之後，在此以前卽使建寺，規模也很小，不爲人們所重視。因爲五世紀初<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>在<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>巡禮時只提到<span class="zhuanming">那羅聚落</span>，而無關於此寺的任何記載。又本書上所提到的建立<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁僧伽藍</span>六院的各君王都爲五﹑六世紀時人，見以下各條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又據<span class="zhuanming">義淨</span>《大唐西域求法高僧傳》，“<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>，乃是古王<span class="zhuanming">室利鑠羯羅昳底</span>（Śrīśakrāditya）爲<span class="zhuanming">北天</span>苾芻<span class="zhuanming">曷羅社槃</span>所造。此寺初基纔餘方堵，其後代國王苗裔相承，造製宏壯。”上文中的<span class="zhuanming">鑠羯羅昳底</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">帝日</span>王，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記相合。經過多次擴建後，<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>的規模十分宏大。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">對<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>的擴建工作一直繼續了許多代。據本書載，<span class="zhuanming">帝日</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">覺護</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">如來護</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">幼日</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">金剛</span>諸王各建一院，連同<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>所建，共有六院，<span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>的《釋迦方志》則稱<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>“總有七院”。而<span class="zhuanming">義淨</span>所載是八院。《宋高僧傳》卷三《寂默傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>，周圍四十八里，九寺一門，是九天王所造。”公元六至九世紀可算是<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>的極盛時期，但十世紀時規模仍然不小。如<span class="zhuanming">范成大</span>《吴船録》所載<span class="zhuanming">繼業</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00752','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P752</span></i>行程，稱<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>：“寺之南北，各有數十寺，門皆西向。”遠在<span class="zhuanming">爪哇</span>的<span class="zhuanming">山帝</span>（Śailendra）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>的君主<span class="zhuanming">稚子天</span>（Bālaputradeva）也曾派遣使者來<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>布施並建立一僧院。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>還有十分豐富的藏書，據<span class="zhuanming">多羅那他</span>《印度佛教史》記載，一切典籍分别儲藏在<span class="zhuanming">寳彩</span>（Ratnarañjaka）﹑<span class="zhuanming">寶海</span>（Ratnasāga-ra）﹑<span class="zhuanming">寶洋</span>（Ratnodadhi）三大殿堂内。其中<span class="zhuanming">寶洋</span>高達九層。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">這一<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代的最高學府不僅規模宏大，建築壯麗，藏書豐富，更重要的是學者輩出。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的許多大師，都曾在此地講學或受業，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>留學<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的歲月也大部分在此度過。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>求學的僧徒也十分衆多，《大唐西域求法高僧傳》稱：“此寺内僧衆有三千五百人。”《續高僧傳》卷四稱：“常住僧衆四千餘人，外客道俗通及正邪乃出萬數”，此卽《慈恩傳》卷三所謂“僧徒主客常有萬人。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>研習的科目，除<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>哲學外，也兼習<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代各種學術。《慈恩傳》説：“並學大乘，兼十八部，爰至俗典﹑《吠陀》等書﹑因明﹑聲明﹑醫方﹑術數，亦俱研習。凡解經論二十部者一千餘人，三十部者五百餘人，五十部者並法師（卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>）十人……寺内講座日百餘所。學徒修習，無棄寸陰。”我國高僧除<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>外，<span class="zhuanming">玄照</span>曾在此寺學習過三年，此外如<span class="zhuanming">義淨</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧輪</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">智弘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">無行</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道希</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道生</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">大乘燈</span>以及<span class="zhuanming">新羅</span>人<span class="zhuanming">慧業</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿離耶跋摩</span>等都曾到<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>留學。<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span><span class="zhuanming">赤松德賛</span>曾禮聘<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>的大師<span class="zhuanming">寂護</span>（Śāntarakṣita）及其大弟子<span class="zhuanming">蓮華生</span>（Padmasaṃbhava）大師去<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>弘法。<span class="zhuanming">北宋</span>《繼業行紀》中亦載<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>。又<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span>所出《西天路竟》（約與<span class="zhuanming">繼業</span>同時僧人所撰）也載<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>“寺東五十里有<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>寺，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>僧在此也”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>大約毁於1200年左右（卽<span class="zhuanming">宋</span><span class="zhuanming">寧宗</span><span class="zhuanming">慶元</span><span class="zhuanming">嘉泰</span>之間）的<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00753','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P753</span></i>兵燹。據<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭教</span>史學家<span class="zhuanming">敏哈吉</span>（Minhaj-i-Siraj）在其Tabarāt-i-Nasiri一書記載，<span class="zhuanming">巴赫梯雅爾·卡爾基</span>（Bhatyār Khalji）之子<span class="zhuanming">穆罕默德</span>（Muhammad）襲擊<span class="zhuanming">跋拉</span>（Pāla）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>國土西部時，曾摧毁一學術中心<span class="zhuanming">比哈爾</span>（Bihar）——此字可能是梵文毗訶羅（vihāra寺院）的轉音，卽指<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>。他攻下該地後，就大肆刼掠，該地絶大部分居民，包括“削髮者”，一律處死，無數珍藏書籍，盡付之一炬。<span class="zhuanming">多羅那它</span>也記載<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>人征服了<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>全境，摧毁了許多寺院，<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>也遭受嚴重破壞，僧徒逃亡國外。又據<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>記載，經過這次浩劫之後，<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>曾一度爲智者<span class="zhuanming">喜賢</span>（Maditabhadra）所修復，繼後<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>大臣Kututasidha還在該地修建一寺，但不久又遭到徹底破壞，從此該寺湮没於荒煙蔓草之中，直至本世紀初始重見天日。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>的地址，據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>實測，考定爲<span class="zhuanming">巴特那縣</span>境内Rā-jgīr村（卽<span class="zhuanming">舊王舍城</span>）西北七<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">巴羅貢</span>（Baragoan）<span class="zhuanming">村</span>。該村是<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>弟子<span class="zhuanming">帝釋吉</span>（Indrabhūti）的生地，<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>徒也視爲聖地，巡禮者頗多。這與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記“三十餘里”大體相符。1861年<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>發現該遺址後，只進行了少量發掘工作。1915年在當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>政府考古局的主持下，根據《西域記》的記載，繼續從事發掘工作，至今該項工作尚待完成。目前已出土的遺址面積爲1600×<span class="song">400</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，估計古<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>遺址應在<span class="zhuanming">巴羅貢村</span>與<span class="zhuanming">舊王舍城</span>之間。目前第一及第九號遺址所出土較古的文物大都屬於<span class="zhuanming">跋拉王朝</span>後期。在現已出土的遺址上，自南至北整齊排列着八個僧院，加上其後面的小僧院和南端的兩個僧院，總共計有僧院十二個。其中究竟哪一部分是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記載的六個伽藍，目前還無法確定。一號遺址，據出土的<span class="zhuanming">提婆跋拉提婆</span>（Devapāladeva）銅盤來推<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00754','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P754</span></i>斷，應是<span class="zhuanming">爪哇</span>的<span class="zhuanming">山帝王朝</span>君主所建的伽藍。高聳的三號窣堵波屹立於遺址南端，殘留的小塔爲數不少。從這些頽圮的窣堵波與殘餘的牆基仍不難窺見當年規模的宏大雄偉。出土的精美銅像﹑銅盤﹑印章等文物，約在千件以上。<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>的公章，文曰“<span class="zhuanming">室利那爛陁摩訶毗訶羅僧伽</span>之印”，尚完整無缺，尤顯珍貴。這些珍品都陳列於<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁博物院</span>内。關於<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>發掘的詳情，除該處的年度報告之外，專書如Hirānanda Śāstrī：Nālandā and its Epigraphic Material（Memoir of the Archeological Survey of India，No.66）等均可參考。本世紀五十年代，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>政府曾在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>遺址附近修建了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>紀念堂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7945" id="7983">（二）</a>鑠迦羅阿迭多：梵文Śakrāditya的對音。<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅</span>（Śa-kra），卽<span class="zhuanming">因陀羅</span>（Indra），係古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>神話中的衆神之首，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯作<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">帝</span>；<span class="zhuanming">阿迭多</span>（āditya）義云日﹑太陽；故全名義云<span class="zhuanming">帝日</span>。據<span class="zhuanming">羅易喬杜里</span>（Raychaudhuri）考定，此人卽<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>第四代國王<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅笈多</span>一世（Kumāragupta I），其在位年代爲公元415—455年。<span class="zhuanming">羅易喬杜里</span>的理由是，一﹑該王在自己發行的銀幣上使用過<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅阿迭多</span>（Mahendrāditya）的稱號，而這個稱號與<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅阿迭多</span>的意思完全一樣（<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅</span>Mahendra義云“偉大的<span class="zhuanming">因陀羅</span>”，與<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅</span>同義。）二﹑雖然本書下文説<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅阿迭多</span>之子爲<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多</span>（Buddhagupta），然而據已知的<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的帝王世系，<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多</span>的先輩中只有其祖父（不是父親）<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅笈多一世</span>用過<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅</span>這樣一個與<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅阿迭多</span>完全同義的稱號（Ray-chaudhuri：Political History of Ancient India，Calcutta，第六版，1953，頁566，570）。<span class="zhuanming">高世</span>（A.Ghosh）指出，上述意見還可以根據<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>提供的材料來證實。（A.Ghosh：A Guide to Nālandā，Delhi，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00755','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P755</span></i>1950，頁41。）因爲<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>赴<span class="zhuanming">印</span>游學的起迄年代是公元399—413年。他寫的《法顯傳》表明，他在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>留學時，還没有<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>；後來的<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>的所在地則是該書中的“<span class="zhuanming">那羅聚落</span>”，關於這個地方他寫道：“到<span class="zhuanming">那羅聚落</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>本生村。<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>還，於此村中般泥洹，卽此處起塔。今亦現在。”可見<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>必建築於<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>訪<span class="zhuanming">印</span>之後。而<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅笈多一世</span>或<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅阿迭多</span>正是在<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>訪<span class="zhuanming">印</span>之後的四十年間執政，並始終保持着<span class="zhuanming">笈多帝國</span>繁榮昌盛的局面。因此，把他考定爲本書所説的<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>的初建者<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅阿迭多王</span>是比較可靠的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">本書關於<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>初建於“佛湼槃後未久”的説法，當系誤傳之言。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7946" id="7984">（三）</a>佛陀毱多王：<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多</span>，梵文Buddhagupta的對音。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>（Buddha）義云覺﹑覺悟了的；<span class="zhuanming">毱多</span>（gupta）義云護﹑被保護的，音譯又作笈多。此人卽<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>時期的銘文中的<span class="zhuanming">佛陀笈多</span>（Buddhagupta）（參閲Raychaudhuri：Political History of Ancient India，Calcutta，第六版，1953，頁588，注2）。他是<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅笈多一世</span>的孫子，<span class="zhuanming">補羅笈多</span>（Puragupta）的兒子，其在位年代爲公元477至大約495年（Raychaudhuri，同上書，頁593；R.C.Majumdar：CHIP，卷三，<span class="zhuanming">孟買</span>，1954，頁30﹑32）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">羅易喬杜里</span>認爲，如果<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多</span>確系<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅阿迭多</span>之子的話，那麽<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅阿迭多</span>也可能是<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多</span>的父親<span class="zhuanming">補羅笈多</span>的徽號（同上書，頁571，注1）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7950" id="7985">（四）</a>呾他揭多毱多王：<span class="zhuanming">呾他揭多毱多</span>，<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文Tathāgatagupta的對音；<span class="zhuanming">呾他揭多</span>（Tathāgata）義云如來，毱多（gupta）義云護﹑被保護的，故原書注文“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>”應爲“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">如來護</span>”。這個王的名<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00756','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P756</span></i>字僅見於本書和《慈恩傳》卷三，其歷史情況没有别的資料可參考。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">考古方面的材料證明，<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多</span>死後，幾乎同時有三個人在不同的地區自立爲<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的皇帝，這説明王室内部發生了争奪王位的鬥争。這三個人是，<span class="zhuanming">那羅辛哈笈多</span>（Narasiṃhagupta，見本書卷四<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>“<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多王</span>”註，他是<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多</span>的弟弟）﹑<span class="zhuanming">跋奴笈多</span>（Bhānugupta）和<span class="zhuanming">婆依尼耶笈多</span>（Vainyagupta）。後兩人與<span class="zhuanming">那羅辛哈笈多</span>的關係不清楚（參閲R.C.Majumdar，CHIP，卷三，孟買1954，頁33—34）。<span class="zhuanming">羅易喬杜里</span>假定本書的<span class="zhuanming">呾他揭多毱多</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">婆依尼耶笈多</span>（同前書，頁199）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7952" id="7986">（五）</a>婆羅阿迭多王：見本書卷四<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>“<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多王</span>”注。<span class="zhuanming">羅易喬杜里</span>考定他是前註所説的<span class="zhuanming">跋奴笈多</span>（同前書，頁596—7）。<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>認爲此説爲上（<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注，《大唐西域記》頁298）。而<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>則認爲他應是<span class="zhuanming">那羅辛哈笈多</span>，並且在位時間也在<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多</span>前面（V.A.Smith：Early History of India，<span class="zhuanming">牛津</span>，第四版，1924，頁329—330）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7958" id="7987">（六）</a>伐闍羅：梵文Vajra的對音，義云“金剛”。這個王的名字也僅見於本書和《慈恩傳》卷三。若依<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多王</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">那羅辛哈笈多王</span>之説，則<span class="zhuanming">伐闍羅</span>當是<span class="zhuanming">那羅辛哈笈多</span>之子和王位繼承人<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅笈多</span>三世（Kumāragupta Ⅲ，見R.C.Majumdar，CHIP.卷三，<span class="zhuanming">孟買</span>，1954，頁43）；若依<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多王</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">跋奴笈多王</span>之説，則<span class="zhuanming">伐闍羅</span>當是<span class="zhuanming">跋奴笈多</span>之子<span class="zhuanming">婆迦羅基耶</span>（Vakarakhya）（Raychaudhuri：同前書，頁597，注2）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7961" id="7988">（七）</a>中印度王此北復建大伽藍：此處<span class="zhuanming">中印度王</span>指誰，不詳。<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>認爲可能是指<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>（<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注《大唐西域記》頁298）。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00757','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P757</span></i><p> <span>僧徒數千，並俊才高學也。德重當時，聲馳異域者，數百餘矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#7996" id="7989">〔1〕</a>。戒行清白，律儀淳粹。僧有嚴制，衆咸貞素，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>諸國皆仰則焉。請益談玄，渴日不足，夙夜警誡，少長相成。其有不談三藏幽旨者，則形影自愧矣。故異域學人，欲馳聲問<a class="zhuhao" href="#7997" id="7990">〔2〕</a>，咸來稽疑，方流雅譽。是以竊名而遊，咸得禮重。殊方異域欲入談議，門<a class="zhuhao" href="#7998" id="7991">〔3〕</a>者詰難，多屈而還，學深今古，乃得入焉。於是客遊後進，詳論藝能，其退飛<a class="zhuhao" href="#7999" id="7992">〔4〕</a>者，固十七八矣。二三博物，衆中次詰，莫不挫其鋭，頽其名。若其高才博物，强識多能，明德哲人，聯暉繼軌。至如<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">護月</span>，振芳塵於遺教；<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堅慧</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8000" id="7993">〔5〕</a>，流雅譽於當時。<span class="zhuanming">光友</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8001" id="7994">〔6〕</a>之清論，<span class="zhuanming">勝友</span>之高談，<span class="zhuanming">智月</span>則風鑒明敏，<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>乃至德幽邃。若此上人，衆所知識<a class="zhuhao" href="#8002" id="7995">（一）</a>，德隆先達，學貫舊章，述作論釋，各十數部，並盛流通，見珍當世。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7989" id="7996">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》矣作人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7990" id="7997">〔2〕</a>《中本》﹑《異本》問作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7991" id="7998">〔3〕</a>《中本》門作問。按《方志》此作“守門者詰問”。則門字是也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7992" id="7999">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》飛作走。按《方志》作退飛，同此本。退飛亦見卷二“<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span><span class="zhuanming">如意論師</span>”條。走字非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7993" id="8000">〔5〕</a>《方志》堅慧作德堅。按<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堅慧</span>亦見卷十一“<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>”條。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00758','1384816',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P758</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7994" id="8001">〔6〕</a>《方志》光友作光支。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7995" id="8002">（一）</a>若此上人衆所知識：<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>學者輩出，<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>，見卷五﹑卷八注。<span class="zhuanming">護月</span>，梵文作Candragupta，與<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>同時，生平不詳，唯識十大論師之一，著《釋辯中邊論》。<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>，見卷八注。<span class="zhuanming">堅慧</span>，<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文作Sāramati，<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>人，行化於<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>，著有《究竟一乘寶性論》﹑《法界無差别論》等。<span class="zhuanming">光友</span>，梵文作Prabhāmitra，生平不詳。<span class="zhuanming">勝友</span>，梵文作Viśeṣamitra，生平不詳，<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>門人，唯識十大論師之一。<span class="zhuanming">智月</span>，梵文作Jñānacandra，生平不詳，<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>門人，唯識十大論師之一。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍四周，聖迹百數<a class="zhuhao" href="#8006" id="8003">（一）</a>，舉其二三，可略言矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#8005" id="8004">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8004" id="8005">〔1〕</a>《中本》矣作乎。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8003" id="8006">（一）</a>聖迹百數：《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷上：“此寺西南大院之外，方列大窣堵波及諸制底，數乃盈百，聖迹相連，不可稱記，金寶瑩飾，實成希有”，與本書的記載一致。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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八、麻射僧伽藍及蠶種之傳入
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153275" key="1153275"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 八、麻射僧伽藍及蠶種之傳入 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153276" key="1153276"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01021','1384937',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1021</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001748"><b>八﹑麻射僧伽藍及蠶種之傳入</b></p><p> <span>王城東南五六里，有<span class="zhuanming">麻<a class="zhuhao" href="#10236" id="10223">〔1〕</a>射僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10248" id="10224">（一）</a>，此國先王妃所立也。昔者此國未知桑蠶，聞東國有也<a class="zhuhao" href="#10237" id="10225">〔2〕</a>，命使以求。時東國君祕而不賜，嚴敕<a class="zhuhao" href="#10238" id="10226">〔3〕</a>關防，無令<a class="zhuhao" href="#10239" id="10227">〔4〕</a>桑蠶種出也。<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01022','1384937',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1022</span></i>那王</span>乃卑辭下<a class="zhuhao" href="#10240" id="10228">〔5〕</a>禮，求婚東國。國<a class="zhuhao" href="#10241" id="10229">〔6〕</a>君有懷遠之志，遂允其請。<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那王</span>命使迎婦，而誡曰：“爾致辭東國君女，我國素無絲綿桑蠶之種<a class="zhuhao" href="#10242" id="10230">〔7〕</a>，可以持來，自爲裳服。”女聞其言，密求其種，以桑蠶之子，置帽絮中。既至關防，主者遍索，唯王女帽不敢以驗<a class="zhuhao" href="#10243" id="10231">〔8〕</a>。遂入<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span>，止<span class="zhuanming">麻射伽藍</span>故地，方備儀禮，奉迎入宫，以桑蠶種留於此地。陽春告始，乃植其桑。蠶月既臨，復事採養。初至也，尚以雜葉𩚅<a class="zhuhao" href="#10244" id="10232">〔9〕</a>之。自時厥後，桑樹連陰<a class="zhuhao" href="#10245" id="10233">〔10〕</a>。王妃乃刻石爲制，不令傷殺。蠶蛾飛盡，乃得治繭。敢有犯違，明神不祐。遂爲先蠶建此伽藍。數株<a class="zhuhao" href="#10246" id="10234">〔11〕</a>枯桑，云<a class="zhuhao" href="#10247" id="10235">〔12〕</a>是本種之樹也。故今此國有蠶不殺，竊有取絲者，來年輒不宜蠶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10223" id="10236">〔1〕</a>《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》麻並作鹿。下同。《趙城本》作麻，同此本。<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>云：“有鹿射﹑庶射﹑麻射三種寫法，<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>所傳寫名作Ma-Za，應以麻射爲正。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10225" id="10237">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》也作之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10226" id="10238">〔3〕</a>《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》敕作勑，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10227" id="10239">〔4〕</a>《中本》令作命。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10228" id="10240">〔5〕</a>《中本》下作示。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10229" id="10241">〔6〕</a>《中本》無國字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10230" id="10242">〔7〕</a>《中本》種下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10231" id="10243">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》驗作撿，《徑山<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01023','1384937',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1023</span></i>本》﹑《金陵本》作檢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10232" id="10244">〔9〕</a>《明南本》𩚅誤作飲。《徑山本》作養，《金陵本》作飼。𩚅卽飼字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10233" id="10245">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》陰並作蔭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10234" id="10246">〔11〕</a>《建本》數株二字作藪林。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10235" id="10247">〔12〕</a>《中本》云上有悉字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10224" id="10248">（一）</a>麻射僧伽藍：“麻”一作“鹿”，誤，應作“麻”，<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻作Ma-Za。類似故事也見諸<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文《于闐國史》和《新唐書》卷二二一上。其遺址<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>比定今<span class="zhuanming">姚頭岡</span>東南約一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的Kum-i-Shah-īdān（《古代和闐》，頁230）。此外，<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>在<span class="zhuanming">旦旦烏里克</span>寺院遺址中也發現了描繪這一古老傳説的板畫。這個古老動人的故事説明内地<span class="zhuanming">漢族</span>人民發明養蠶繅絲的技術很早就已傳入<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span><span class="zhuanming">塔里木盆地</span>。之後又通過這裏傳到<span class="zhuanming">西亞</span>和<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>。關於蠶種的傳入<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>，據《于闐國史》云，自Vijaya-vīrya王建立<span class="zhuanming">娑摩若僧伽藍</span>以後，連續兩代没有建立伽藍。其後Vijaya-jaya王從<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>娶了一個名叫Pu-ñe-śvar（可能來源於梵文的Puṇya-īśvarā，卽福德自在的意思）的王女。那個王女在出嫁的時候暗中帶來了蠶種，飼養在名叫Ma-Za的地方了。（<span class="zhuanming">托瑪斯</span>《關於新疆的藏文文獻和文書》，I，頁110）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
1.伽藍附近諸迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153279" key="1153279"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十七、那爛陁僧伽藍 &gt; 1.伽藍附近諸迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153280" key="1153280"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00758','1384817',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P758</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001275">1.伽藍附近諸迹</p><p> <span>伽藍西不遠有精舍，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>三月止此<a class="zhuhao" href="#8017" id="8007">（一）</a>，爲諸天﹑人<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00759','1384817',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P759</span></i>廣説妙法。次<a class="zhuhao" href="#8013" id="8008">〔1〕</a>南百餘步小窣堵波，遠方比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#8014" id="8009">〔2〕</a>見佛處。昔有比丘自遠方來，至此遇見<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>聖衆，内發敬心，五體投地。便<a class="zhuhao" href="#8015" id="8010">〔3〕</a>卽發願求輪王位。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>見已，告諸衆曰：“彼比丘者，甚可愍惜。福德深遠，信心堅固，若求佛果，不久當證。今其發願，求轉輪王，於當來世，必受此報。身體投地，下至金輪，其中所有微塵之數，一一塵是一輪王報也。既耽世樂，聖果斯遠。”其南則有<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>立像<a class="zhuhao" href="#8018" id="8011">（二）</a>，或見執香爐<a class="zhuhao" href="#8016" id="8012">〔4〕</a>往佛精舍，周旋右繞。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8008" id="8013">〔1〕</a>原本無次字，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》補。《中本》亦有次字，但脱法字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8009" id="8014">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字作苾芻，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8010" id="8015">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無便字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8012" id="8016">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》爐並作鑪，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8007" id="8017">（一）</a>昔如來三月止此：《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷上：“於門南畔可二十步，有窣堵波，高百尺許，是<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>昔日夏三月安居處，<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>名<span class="zhuanming">慕攞健陀俱胝</span>，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>云<span class="zhuanming">根本香殿</span>矣。”案：<span class="zhuanming">慕攞健陀俱胝</span>，梵文Mū-lagandhakuṭī。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00760','1384817',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P760</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8011" id="8018">（二）</a>觀自在菩薩立像：在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>遺址的第十二號塔院附近發現五世紀製作的<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>立像，見<span class="zhuanming">高田修</span>《印度南海的佛教美術》頁104。但此像是否卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記載的立像，尚待考定。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像南窣堵波中，有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>三月之間剃剪髮爪，有嬰疾病，旋繞多愈。其西垣外池側窣堵波，是外道執雀於此問佛死生之事<a class="zhuhao" href="#8024" id="8019">（一）</a>。次東南垣内五十餘步，有奇樹，高八九尺，其幹兩披<a class="zhuhao" href="#8022" id="8020">〔1〕</a>。在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>嚼楊枝棄地，因植根柢，歲月雖久，初無增減。次東大精舍，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此四月説諸妙法。次北百餘步，精舍中有<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像，淨信之徒興供養者，所見不同，莫定其所。或立門側，或出簷<a class="zhuhao" href="#8023" id="8021">〔2〕</a>前。諸國法俗，咸來供養。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8020" id="8022">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》披作技；《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作枝。《方志》作披，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8021" id="8023">〔2〕</a>《中本》簷作擔，乃檐之誤。簷﹑檐同字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8019" id="8024">（一）</a>是外道執雀於此問佛死生之事：案此傳説出處不詳。《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷上：“次此西南有小制底，高一丈餘，是婆羅門執雀請問處，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>云<span class="zhuanming">雀離浮圖</span>，此卽是也。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>精舍北有大精舍，高三百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00761','1384817',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P761</span></i>迭<a class="zhuhao" href="#8030" id="8025">〔1〕</a>多王</span>之所建也。莊嚴度量及中佛像，同菩提樹下大精舍。其東北窣堵波，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此七日演説妙法。西北則<a class="zhuhao" href="#8031" id="8026">〔2〕</a>有過去四佛坐處。其南鍮石<a class="zhuhao" href="#8032" id="8027">〔3〕</a>精舍，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>之所建立，功雖未畢，然其圖量一十丈<a class="zhuhao" href="#8033" id="8028">〔4〕</a>而後成之。次東二百餘步，垣外有銅立佛像，高八十餘尺，重閣六層，乃得彌覆，昔<span class="zhuanming">滿胄<a class="zhuhao" href="#8034" id="8029">〔5〕</a>王</span>之所作也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8025" id="8030">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》迭作逸，非。按上文作迭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8026" id="8031">〔2〕</a>《中本》則作側。《方志》作卽，卽猶則也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8027" id="8032">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《音釋》石並作鉐。《方志》﹑《續傳》作石，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8028" id="8033">〔4〕</a>原本一十丈三字作十丈二字。《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《徑山本》作一十丈。《明南本》作一十文，文乃丈之形訛。今據補一字。《石本》﹑《宋本》作一十尺，尺應作丈。《慈恩傳》作十餘丈，語亦相近。《古本》作八十尺，《方志》同。《續傳》則作八丈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8029" id="8034">〔5〕</a>《古本》胄作曺，不同；《中本》﹑《方志》作曹。《慈恩傳》作胄，同此本。<span class="zhuanming">滿胄王</span>見前。曺﹑曹，形似而誤。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">滿胄王</span>銅佛像北二三里，甎精舍中有<span class="zhuanming">多羅菩薩</span>像，其量既高，其靈甚察。每歲元日，盛興供養。鄰境國王﹑大臣﹑豪族，賷妙香花，持寶旛蓋，金石遞奏，絲竹相和，七日之中，建斯法會。其垣南門内有大井，昔佛<a class="zhuhao" href="#8038" id="8035">〔1〕</a>在世，有大商<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00762','1384817',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P762</span></i>侣熱渴逼迫，來至佛所，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>指其地以<a class="zhuhao" href="#8039" id="8036">〔2〕</a>可得水。商主乃以車軸<a class="zhuhao" href="#8040" id="8037">〔3〕</a>築地，地既爲陷，水遂泉涌。飲已聞法，皆悟聖果。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8035" id="8038">〔1〕</a>原本佛在二字作在佛，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8036" id="8039">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》以作言。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8037" id="8040">〔3〕</a>《古本》軸作輪。按《方志》作軸，同今本。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十一、媲摩城彫檀佛像
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153283" key="1153283"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 十一、媲摩城彫檀佛像 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153284" key="1153284"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01026','1384938',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1026</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001756"><b>十一﹑媲摩城彫檀佛像</b></p><p> <span>戰地東行三十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">媲<a class="zhuhao" href="#10291" id="10273">〔1〕</a>摩城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10306" id="10274">（一）</a>，有彫檀立佛像<a class="zhuhao" href="#10307" id="10275">（二）</a>，高二<a class="zhuhao" href="#10292" id="10276">〔2〕</a>丈餘，甚多靈應<a class="zhuhao" href="#10293" id="10277">〔3〕</a>，時燭<a class="zhuhao" href="#10294" id="10278">〔4〕</a>光明。凡有疾病，隨其痛處，金薄帖<a class="zhuhao" href="#10295" id="10279">〔5〕</a>像，卽時痊復。虚心請願，多亦遂求。聞之土俗曰：此像，昔佛在世<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌國</span><span class="zhuanming">鄔陁衍那王</span>所作也。佛去世後，自彼凌空<a class="zhuhao" href="#10296" id="10280">〔6〕</a>至此國北<span class="zhuanming">曷勞落迦城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10308" id="10281">（三）</a>中。初<a class="zhuhao" href="#10297" id="10282">〔7〕</a>，此城人安樂富饒，深著邪見，而不珍敬。傳其自來，神而不貴。後有羅漢禮拜此像。國人驚駭，異其容服，馳<a class="zhuhao" href="#10298" id="10283">〔8〕</a>以白王。王乃下令，宜以沙土坌此異人。時阿羅漢身蒙沙土，餬<a class="zhuhao" href="#10299" id="10284">〔9〕</a>口絶糧。時有一人心甚不忍，昔常恭敬尊禮此像，及見羅漢，密以饌之。羅漢將去，謂其人曰：“却<a class="zhuhao" href="#10300" id="10285">〔10〕</a>後七日，當雨沙土，填滿此城，略無遺類。爾宜知之，早圖出計。猶其<a class="zhuhao" href="#10301" id="10286">〔11〕</a>坌我，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01027','1384938',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1027</span></i>獲斯殃耳。語已便去，忽然不見。其人入城，具告親故。或有聞者，莫不嗤笑。至第二日，大風忽發，吹去穢壤，雨雜寶滿衢路。人更駡<a class="zhuhao" href="#10302" id="10287">〔12〕</a>所告者。此人心知必然，竊開孔道，出城外<a class="zhuhao" href="#10303" id="10288">〔13〕</a>而穴之。第七日夜，宵分之後，雨沙土滿城中。其人從孔道出，東趣此國，止<span class="zhuanming">媲摩城</span>。其人纔至，其像亦來，卽此供養，不敢遷移。聞諸先記曰：<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>法盡，像入龍宫。今曷勞落迦城爲大垖<a class="zhuhao" href="#10304" id="10289">〔14〕</a>阜，諸國君王，異方豪右，多欲發掘<a class="zhuhao" href="#10305" id="10290">〔15〕</a>，取其寶物。適至其側，猛風暴發，煙雲四合，道路迷失。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10273" id="10291">〔1〕</a>《中本》及《珠林》三十八引媲作婫，疑形之訛。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《音釋》並作媲。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10276" id="10292">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》二作三。《方志》作二，同此。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10277" id="10293">〔3〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》應作異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10278" id="10294">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》燭作放。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10279" id="10295">〔5〕</a>《石本》帖作貼，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10280" id="10296">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》空作虚。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10282" id="10297">〔7〕</a>原本初下有到字，《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無之，今從删。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10283" id="10298">〔8〕</a>《中本》馳上有乃字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10284" id="10299">〔9〕</a>《音釋》餬作糊，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10285" id="10300">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》却並作從。《珠林》作却，同此本。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01028','1384938',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1028</span></i>《方志》作卻，亦却之異字爾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10286" id="10301">〔11〕</a>《中本》其下有至字。《金陵本》猶作由。按猶﹑由古通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10287" id="10302">〔12〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》駡並作詈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10288" id="10303">〔13〕</a>《中本》外作水。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10289" id="10304">〔14〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》垖作堆，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10290" id="10305">〔15〕</a>原本掘作堀，《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作掘，今從改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10274" id="10306">（一）</a>嫓摩城：<span class="zhuanming">嫓摩</span>，古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>文獻作phiṃmāṃna，見<span class="zhuanming">托瑪斯</span>和<span class="zhuanming">寇瑙</span>（S.Konow）《敦煌的兩件中世紀文書》（Two Medieval Docu-ments from Tun-Huang）頁142；<span class="zhuanming">寇瑙</span>《塞語研究》（Saka Stu-dies），頁169；古<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文作Phye-ma或bye-ma，見<span class="zhuanming">托瑪斯</span>《關於新疆的藏文文獻與文書》I，頁24；Ⅱ，頁309；中古<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>文獻作Pima，見《阿卜·杜拉夫·米撒爾·賓·木哈勒希勒行程記》，載<span class="zhuanming">費瑯</span>（G.Ferrand）《阿拉伯﹑波斯﹑突厥行紀與地理記述》（Rela-tions des voyages et Textes Géographiques arabes，persans et Turks……第Ⅰ卷，頁217）；<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文作bim（<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，頁28）；《馬可波羅遊記》作Pem（伯希和，《馬可波羅遊記注》Ⅱ，頁801，前作Pein）。關於<span class="zhuanming">嫓摩</span>一名的來源有二説。一説認爲來自梵文Bhīmā（爲<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>地方崇拜之神，卽<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>文獻中之ŚrīMahādevī<span class="zhuanming">大自在天女</span>）説（見<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>書第二卷，頁303；<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>《解説西域記》頁104；<span class="zhuanming">羽溪了諦</span>《西域之佛教》頁256）。另一説<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01029','1384938',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1029</span></i>認爲來自<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>語bye-ma（意爲“沙”），見<span class="zhuanming">白鳥庫吉</span>《西域史研究》上，頁259；斯坦因《古代和闐》頁285﹑462。根據其方位﹑距離，一些學者認爲卽《史記》之<span class="zhuanming">扞罙</span>，《漢書》之<span class="zhuanming">扞彌</span>，《後漢書》之<span class="zhuanming">拘彌</span>，《洛陽伽藍記》之<span class="zhuanming">捍𡡉</span>，《新唐書》之<span class="zhuanming">汗彌</span>（或<span class="zhuanming">達德力城</span>），《五代史》之<span class="zhuanming">紺州</span>。<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>考定爲今<span class="zhuanming">策勒縣</span>北之Uzun-Tati和Ulūgh-Ziārat地帶。關於<span class="zhuanming">嫓摩城</span>是否卽<span class="zhuanming">坎城守捉</span>問題，學界在討論中，據<span class="zhuanming">斯文赫定</span>得自<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>地區的紙質第24號<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>語<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>語雙體文書，<span class="zhuanming">嫓摩城</span>極可能就是<span class="zhuanming">坎城</span>。參看<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>輯《和闐文書》，第4卷，頁135—137（1961）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10275" id="10307">（二）</a>彫檀立佛像：類似的故事也載於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之前的《洛陽伽藍記》卷五：“從<span class="zhuanming">末城</span>西行二十二里，至<span class="zhuanming">捍𡡉城</span>，南十五里有一大寺，三百餘衆僧。有金像一軀，舉高丈六，儀容超絶，相好炳然，面恆東立，不肯西顧。父老傳云，此像本從南方騰空而來，<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>國王親見禮拜，載像歸，中路夜宿，忽然不見。遣人尋之，還來本處。卽起塔，封四百户，供灑掃，户人有患，以金箔貼像，所患處卽得除愈。”據<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>考證，在今Uzun-Tati南三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處有一當地居民認爲聖地的Ulūgh-Ziārat或Ulūgh-Mazar，或爲此寺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10281" id="10308">（三）</a>曷勞落迦城：<span class="zhuanming">曷勞落迦</span>，有的學者認爲來自古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>文raurata之梵文化形式*rauraka，-ka爲梵文語尾，也卽Krova，Kroraina（<span class="zhuanming">樓蘭</span>）（<span class="zhuanming">托瑪斯</span>和<span class="zhuanming">寇瑙</span>《敦煌的兩件中世紀文書》，頁147，注6；<span class="zhuanming">寇瑙</span>《塞語研究》，頁147），<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文作araurak（<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，頁29）。類似<span class="zhuanming">曷勞落迦城</span>堙滅之故事尚見於<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>譯《根本説一切有部毘奈耶》卷四六。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二十五、迦蘭陁竹園
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153287" key="1153287"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十五、迦蘭陁竹園 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153288" key="1153288"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00734','1384810',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P734</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001240"><b>二十五﹑迦蘭陁竹園</b></p><p> <span>山城北門行一里餘，至<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陁竹園</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7808" id="7803">（一）</a>，今有精舍，石基甎室，東闢<a class="zhuhao" href="#7806" id="7804">〔1〕</a>其户。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，多居此中，説法開化，導凡拯俗，今作<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>之像，量等<a class="zhuhao" href="#7807" id="7805">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>之身。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7804" id="7806">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》闢作開。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7805" id="7807">〔2〕</a>原本無如來之像量等六字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之。按原句義不通，今從補。《方志》作“今有等佛身像，”義亦相近。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7803" id="7808">（一）</a>迦蘭陁竹園：<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陁</span>，梵文﹑巴利文Kalandaka，又譯<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭多迦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭鐸迦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">羯嫩駄迦</span>；人名，見下文。竹園，梵文Veṇuvana，巴利文Veluvana。此園<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陁</span>初與尼犍外道，後奉佛而爲僧園。見《中本起經》上﹑《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》卷八。惟南傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>則作爲<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>贈予<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的園林。</span> </p><p> <span>初，此城中有大長者<a class="zhuhao" href="#7813" id="7809">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陁</span>，時稱豪貴，以大竹園施諸外道。及見<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，聞法淨信，追惜<a class="zhuhao" href="#7814" id="7810">〔2〕</a>竹園居彼異衆，今<a class="zhuhao" href="#7815" id="7811">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">天人師</span>無以館舍。時諸神鬼<a class="zhuhao" href="#7816" id="7812">〔4〕</a>感其誠心，斥逐外道而告之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00735','1384810',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P735</span></i>曰：“長者<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陁</span>當以竹園起佛精舍，汝宜速去，得免危厄。”外道憤恚，含怒而去。長者於此建立精舍，功成事畢，躬往請佛。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>是時遂受其施。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7809" id="7813">〔1〕</a>《中本》者下有號字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7810" id="7814">〔2〕</a>原本惜作昔，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作惜，義較長，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7811" id="7815">〔3〕</a>《中本》今作令。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7812" id="7816">〔4〕</a>《中本》神鬼作鬼神。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、毗盧折那伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153291" key="1153291"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 二、毗盧折那伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153292" key="1153292"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01009','1384931',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1009</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001729"><b>二﹑毗盧折那伽藍</b></p><p> <span>王城南十餘里，有大伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#10122" id="10103">（一）</a>，此國先王爲<span class="zhuanming">毗盧折<a class="zhuhao" href="#10114" id="10104">〔1〕</a>那</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">遍照</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿羅漢<a class="zhuhao" href="#10123" id="10105">（二）</a>建</span>也。昔者此國佛法未被，而阿羅漢自<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>至此林中，宴坐習定。時有見者，駭其容服，具以其狀上白於王。王遂躬往，觀其容止，曰：“爾何人乎，獨在幽林？”羅漢曰：“我<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>弟子，閑居習定。王宜樹福，弘讚<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，建伽藍，召僧衆。”王曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>者，有何德？有何神？而汝鳥棲，勤苦奉教。”曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#10115" id="10106">〔2〕</a>：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>慈愍四生，誘導<a class="zhuhao" href="#10116" id="10107">〔3〕</a>三界，或顯或隱，示生示滅。遵其法者，出離生死。迷其教者，羈緾<a class="zhuhao" href="#10117" id="10108">〔4〕</a>愛網。”王曰：“誠如所説，事高言議<a class="zhuhao" href="#10118" id="10109">〔5〕</a>，既云大聖，爲我現形。若<a class="zhuhao" href="#10119" id="10110">〔6〕</a>得瞻仰，當爲建立，罄心歸信，弘揚教法。”<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01010','1384931',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1010</span></i>羅漢曰：“王建伽藍，功成感應。”王苟從其請，建僧伽藍，遠近咸集，法會稱慶，而未有揵椎<a class="zhuhao" href="#10120" id="10111">〔7〕</a>扣擊召集。王謂羅漢曰：“伽藍已成，佛在何所？”羅漢曰：“王<a class="zhuhao" href="#10121" id="10112">〔8〕</a>當至誠，聖鑒不遠。”王遂禮請，忽見空中佛像下降，授王揵椎。因卽誠信，弘揚<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10124" id="10113">（三）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10104" id="10114">〔1〕</a>《古本》折作舍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10106" id="10115">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》曰上有答字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10107" id="10116">〔3〕</a>《中本》導作道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10108" id="10117">〔4〕</a>《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》緾並作纏，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10109" id="10118">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》校注云：“議字譌。”按議字自通，其説非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10110" id="10119">〔6〕</a>原本若作既，今從《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10111" id="10120">〔7〕</a>原本椎作稚，從《宋本》等改，下同，説見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10112" id="10121">〔8〕</a>原本無王字，《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，今從補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10103" id="10122">（一）</a>王城南十餘里有大伽藍：關於<span class="zhuanming">唐代</span><span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>國都問題，僅《新唐書》卷二二一上《西域傳》提到（<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>）“王居<span class="zhuanming">西山城</span>”。<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>及我國<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>氏均主張在今<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>西南二十餘里的<span class="zhuanming">姚頭岡</span>（Yotkan）<span class="zhuanming">村</span>。<span class="zhuanming">黄文弼</span>則主張在今<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>東南約二十四公里的<span class="zhuanming">什斯比爾</span>古城。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於王城南之大伽藍<span class="zhuanming">黄</span>氏除推定<span class="zhuanming">什斯比爾</span>舊城南之廢寺爲<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01011','1384931',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1011</span></i>《法顯傳》之<span class="zhuanming">瞿摩帝寺</span>外，還認爲卽爲《魏書·西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>條下“城南五十里（<span class="zhuanming">黄</span>氏説應爲十五里誤）有<span class="zhuanming">贊摩寺</span>”中之<span class="zhuanming">贊摩寺</span>。按<span class="zhuanming">贊摩寺</span>當爲<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻中的tsar-ma寺，<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>認爲今<span class="zhuanming">姚頭岡</span>東南十三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的Chalma-Kazān廢址卽其遺址（<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>《古代和闐》，頁231—235）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10105" id="10123">（二）</a>毘盧折那阿羅漢：<span class="zhuanming">毘盧折那</span>，梵文Vairocana音譯，亦作<span class="zhuanming">毗盧遮那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">毗盧舍</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">毗盧旃</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">遍照</span>。關於<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入的傳説，《洛陽伽藍記》卷五云：“<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>王不信佛法，有商胡將一比丘名<span class="zhuanming">毘盧旃</span>（案卽<span class="zhuanming">毘盧折那羅漢</span>）在城南杏樹下，向王伏罪云：‘今輒將異國沙門來在城南杏樹下。’王聞忽怒，卽往看<span class="zhuanming">毘盧旃</span>。<span class="zhuanming">旃</span>語王曰：‘如來遣我來，令王造覆盆浮圖一所’。”當卽從空而現佛真容，<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>王卽信佛造精舍的傳説。此寺《北史》卷九十七﹑《周書》卷五十作<span class="zhuanming">贊摩寺</span>。《慈恩傳》卷五謂此是<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>最初建立的伽藍。《水經·河水注》二○作<span class="zhuanming">利刹寺</span>。<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>認爲其寺遺跡，約在今Chalma-Kazān之地，并考證所謂佛像“爲<span class="zhuanming">毘盧折那</span>因欲説王而先自造之，或由其自<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>運來者，可無疑義。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10113" id="10124">（三）</a>因卽誠信弘揚佛教：據現存<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文本《于闐國授記》一書，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>似早在公元前86—76年間已傳入<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>地區。例如該書説：“<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>王Sa-nu（按卽<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那</span>之<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文譯名，意爲“地乳”）十九歲時建立<span class="zhuanming">李國</span>（按卽<span class="zhuanming">于闐國</span>），他卽位爲<span class="zhuanming">李國</span>第一代王時，佛湼槃已二百三十四年……建國後一百六十五年，當國王<span class="zhuanming">尉遲勝</span>（Vijayasambhava）卽位五年時，佛法在<span class="zhuanming">李國</span>興起。”（參見<span class="zhuanming">恩默瑞克</span>《關於和闐的藏文文獻》，頁23；<span class="zhuanming">寺本婉雅</span>《于闐國史》<span class="zhuanming">日</span>譯本，頁22），如按佛湼槃是在公元前480年到490年之間，那麽<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>建國應在公元前256年到246年之間。再除去建國後的165年和<span class="zhuanming">尉遲勝</span>卽位後的<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01012','1384931',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1012</span></i>五年，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>地區的時間，當在公元前一世紀内。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文史籍中保存有許多關於古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>地區盛行<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>和内地<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>族僧人去該地求經學法的記載。例如公元三世紀（<span class="zhuanming">三國</span><span class="zhuanming">魏</span>時）有<span class="zhuanming">朱士行</span>等人到<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>尋取大乘經典六十萬餘言（見《出三藏記集》卷七）。同書卷九在談到《賢愚經》來歷時説：“<span class="zhuanming">河西</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">釋曇學</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">威德</span>等凡有八僧，結志遊方，遠尋經典，於<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>大寺遇般遮于瑟之會，般遮于瑟者，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>言五年一切大衆集也。三藏諸學各弘法寶，説經講律，依業而教。<span class="zhuanming">學</span>等八僧隨緣分聽，於是竟習胡音，析以<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>義，精思通譯，各書所聞。還至<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>，乃集爲一部。”<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>（五世紀）在其行紀中對此更有生動的描述：“其國豐樂，人民殷盛，盡皆奉法，以法樂相娱。衆僧乃數萬人，多大乘學。……國主安頓供給<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>等於僧伽藍。僧伽藍名<span class="zhuanming">瞿摩帝</span>，是大乘寺，三千僧共犍槌食。入食堂時，威儀齊肅，次第而坐，一切寂然，器鉢無聲。……<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>等欲觀行像，停三月日。其國中十四大僧伽藍，不數小者。從四月一日，城裏便掃灑道路，莊嚴巷陌。其城門上張大幃幕，事事嚴飾。王及夫人婇女皆住其中。<span class="zhuanming">瞿摩帝</span>僧是大乘學，王所敬重，最先行像。離城三﹑四里，作四輪像車，高三丈餘，狀如行殿。七寶莊校，懸繒幡蓋。像立車中，二菩薩侍作諸天侍從，皆以金銀彫瑩，懸於虚空。像去門百步，王脱天冠，易著新衣，徙跣持花香，翼從出城迎像，頭面禮足，散花燒香。像入城時，門樓上夫人婇女遥散衆花，紛紛而下。如是莊嚴供具，車車各異。一僧伽藍，則一日行像。四月一日爲始，至十四日行像乃訖。行像訖，王及夫人乃還宫耳。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1.佛舍利窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153295" key="1153295"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十五、迦蘭陁竹園 &gt; 1.佛舍利窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153296" key="1153296"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00735','1384811',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P735</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001244">1.佛舍利窣堵波</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陁竹園</span>東有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">阿闍多<a class="zhuhao" href="#7822" id="7817">〔1〕</a>設咄<a class="zhuhao" href="#7823" id="7818">〔2〕</a>路<a class="zhuhao" href="#7824" id="7819">〔3〕</a>王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7826" id="7820">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">未生怨</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世</span>，訛略<a class="zhuhao" href="#7825" id="7821">〔4〕</a>也。</span> <span>之所建也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃之後，諸王共分舍利，<span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span>得以持歸，式遵崇建，而修供養。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之發信心也，開取舍利，建窣堵波，尚有遺餘，時燭光景。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7817" id="7822">〔1〕</a>《古本》多作哆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7818" id="7823">〔2〕</a>《珠林》三十九設咄二字作没吐，形之訛。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》亦作設咄，同此本。《音釋》咄音“丁骨反。”梵音作Ajātaśatru，與此音合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7819" id="7824">〔3〕</a>《古本》路作絡。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00736','1384811',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P736</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7821" id="7825">〔4〕</a>《中本》無略字。《慈恩傳》亦無之。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7820" id="7826">（一）</a>阿闍多設咄路王：<span class="zhuanming">阿闍多設咄路</span>，梵文Ajātaśatru的音譯，巴利文Ajātasattu；又作<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿闍多沙兜樓</span>。阿闍多（ajāta）義云未生，設咄路（śatru）義云怨敵，全名義云未生怨，卽無敵（者）。<span class="zhuanming">阿闍多設咄路</span>繼其父<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>王以後，依靠<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>優越的經濟條件，積極推行擴張政策，最後征服了<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>和<span class="zhuanming">跋耆國</span>這兩個强大的對手，從而在<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>流域的廣大地區建立了<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁帝國</span>的霸權。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、瞿室烰伽山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153299" key="1153299"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 三、瞿室錏伽山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153300" key="1153300"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01013','1384932',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1013</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001732"><b>三﹑瞿室𩜁伽山</b></p><p> <span>王城西南二十餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#10132" id="10125">〔1〕</a>，有<a class="zhuhao" href="#10133" id="10126">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">瞿室𩜁<a class="zhuhao" href="#10134" id="10127">〔3〕</a>伽山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10137" id="10128">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">牛角</span>。</span> <span>山峯兩起，巖隒<a class="zhuhao" href="#10135" id="10129">〔4〕</a>四絶，於崖谷間建一伽藍。其中佛像時燭<a class="zhuhao" href="#10136" id="10130">〔5〕</a>光明。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>曾至此處，爲諸天人略説法要<a class="zhuhao" href="#10138" id="10131">（二）</a>，懸記此地當建國土，敬崇遺法，遵習大乘。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10125" id="10132">〔1〕</a>《方志》二十餘里作十餘里。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10126" id="10133">〔2〕</a>《珠林》三十八引𩜁作稜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10127" id="10134">〔3〕</a>《中本》及《華嚴鈔》五十八引有作至。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10129" id="10135">〔4〕</a>《建本》隒作險。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10130" id="10136">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》燭作放。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10128" id="10137">（一）</a>瞿室𩜁伽山：<span class="zhuanming">瞿室𩜁伽</span>，梵文Gośṛṅga意爲<span class="zhuanming">牛角</span>。<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻作ri-Glaṅ-ru，據<span class="zhuanming">黄文弼</span>考證，此山當在<span class="zhuanming">什斯比爾</span>古城南二十里許（《塔里木盆地考古記》，頁54），而<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>則認爲在<span class="zhuanming">姚頭岡</span>西南南十一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，也卽<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>緑洲的西南端，<span class="zhuanming">喀拉喀什河</span>東岸的Ko-hmārī山，山上有當地人現仍在崇拜的<span class="zhuanming">麻札</span>和<span class="zhuanming">石窟</span>。（<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>《古代和闐》，頁187）<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>的比勘似更符合實際情況。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10131" id="10138">（二）</a>昔如來曾至此處爲諸天人略説法要：關於這種傳説的懸記（或授記，卽預言），現存<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻中有下列幾種：《牛角山懸<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01014','1384932',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1014</span></i>記》（Ri-Glaṅ-ru-luṅ-bstan-pa）﹑《僧伽伐彈那懸記》（Dgra-bcom-pa-Dge-ḥdun-ḥphel-gyi-luṅ-bstan-pa）﹑《于闐國懸記》（Liḥi-yul-gyi-luṅ-bstan-pa）﹑《于闐國史》（Li-yul-gyi-lo-rgyus）等。後兩種有<span class="zhuanming">恩默瑞克</span>氏新刊本，題作《關於和闐的藏文文獻》。除第二種外，<span class="zhuanming">日</span>譯文見於<span class="zhuanming">寺本婉雅</span>的《于闐國史》。所有四種的摘譯本見<span class="zhuanming">托瑪斯</span>的《關於新疆的藏文文獻和文書》。它們對研究古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>史具有珍貴的史料價值。其中《于闐國懸記》<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文譯本有<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">法成</span>的《釋迦牟尼如來像法滅盡之記》一卷，其寫本也已在<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span>發現（<span class="zhuanming">巴黎</span>藏<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>編號<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文卷子2139號，又載《大正新脩大藏經》第五十一卷）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">牛角山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10142" id="10139">〔1〕</a>巖有大石室，中有阿羅漢，入滅心定，待<span class="zhuanming">慈氏佛</span>，數百年間，供養無替<a class="zhuhao" href="#10143" id="10140">〔2〕</a>。近者崖崩，掩塞門徑<a class="zhuhao" href="#10144" id="10141">〔3〕</a>。國王興兵欲除崩石，卽黑蜂群飛，毒螫人衆，以故至今石門不開。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10139" id="10142">〔1〕</a>《華嚴鈔》無山字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10140" id="10143">〔2〕</a>《中本》替作贊，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10141" id="10144">〔3〕</a>《方志》作“數百年前崖崩塞户”，與此略異。《華嚴鈔》引與今本全同。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
2.阿難半身窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153303" key="1153303"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十五、迦蘭陁竹園 &gt; 2.阿難半身窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153304" key="1153304"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00736','1384812',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P736</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001247">2.阿難半身窣堵波</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span>窣堵波側窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#7829" id="7827">〔1〕</a>有尊者<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>半身舍利。昔尊者將寂滅也，去<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>，趣<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>，兩國交争，欲興兵甲。尊者傷愍，遂分其身<a class="zhuhao" href="#7830" id="7828">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁王</span>奉歸供養，卽斯勝地，式修崇建。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7827" id="7829">〔1〕</a>原本無側窣堵波四字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之。按此窣堵波乃<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>半身舍利塔，在<span class="zhuanming">未生怨王塔</span>之側，《方志》所云“東有<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>半身塔”是也。原本脱去，今補。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00737','1384812',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P737</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7828" id="7830">（一）</a>尊者傷愍遂分其身：<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>分身事，見本書卷七<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span><span class="zhuanming">濕吠多補羅僧伽藍</span>條。</span> </p><p> <span>其傍則有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>經行之處。次此不遠有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>及<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>等安居之所。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
四、地迦婆縛那伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153307" key="1153307"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 四、地迦婆縛那伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153308" key="1153308"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01014','1384933',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1014</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001736"><b>四﹑地迦婆縛那伽藍</b></p><p> <span>王城西南十餘里，有<span class="zhuanming">地迦<a class="zhuhao" href="#10149" id="10145">〔1〕</a>婆縛那</span>伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#10151" id="10146">（一）</a>，中有夾<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01015','1384933',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1015</span></i>紵<a class="zhuhao" href="#10150" id="10147">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#10152" id="10148">（二）</a>立佛像，本從<span class="zhuanming">屈支國</span>而來至止。昔此國中有臣被譴，寓居<span class="zhuanming">屈支</span>，恒禮此像。後蒙還國，傾心遥敬。夜分之後，像忽自至，其人捨宅建此伽藍。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10145" id="10149">〔1〕</a>《建本》迦作伽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10147" id="10150">〔2〕</a>《石本》作𥿾，《建本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503p3xm.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，疑並紵之俗字。《方志》夾紵作綊紵。《徑山本》有註云：“<span class="zhuanming">寒山</span>考，夾紵今稱脱沙”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10146" id="10151">（一）</a>地迦婆縛那伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">地迦婆縛那</span>，<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲梵文Dīrg-habhāvana，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原爲Tikabhāvāna，<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>傾向於改訂爲Dīrghabhavana（意爲“長宫”），但又説未見以“地迦”譯Dīrgha的用例（《古代和闐》頁225，注14）。<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>語文書ch.00268第103—4行有Ditkabanī菩薩名，<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>推斷爲此名對音，見<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>《和闐語佛教文書》，頁103。該伽藍的位置，<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>提示似在<span class="zhuanming">姚頭岡</span>西南約四<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的Bōwa-kambar。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10148" id="10152">（二）</a>夾紵：<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代的工藝所謂“乾漆法”，卽後代所謂的“脱沙”，是把原型塑土脱出，以乾漆塗成。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
3.第一結集
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153311" key="1153311"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十五、迦蘭陁竹園 &gt; 3.第一結集 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153312" key="1153312"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00737','1384813',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P737</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001250">3.第一結集</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">竹林園</span>西南行五六里，南山<a class="zhuhao" href="#7843" id="7831">（一）</a>之陰，大竹林中有大石室，是尊者<span class="zhuanming">摩訶迦葉波</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7838" id="7832">〔1〕</a>在<a class="zhuhao" href="#7839" id="7833">〔2〕</a>此與九百九十九<a class="zhuhao" href="#7840" id="7834">〔3〕</a>大阿羅漢，以<a class="zhuhao" href="#7841" id="7835">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃後，結集三藏<a class="zhuhao" href="#7844" id="7836">（二）</a>。前有故基，<span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span>爲集法藏諸大<a class="zhuhao" href="#7842" id="7837">〔5〕</a>羅漢建此堂宇。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7832" id="7838">〔1〕</a>原本無波字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》三十九亦同，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7833" id="7839">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》在作於，《徑山本》作于。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7834" id="7840">〔3〕</a>原本無九字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》並有之。《智度論》亦作九百九十九人。此脱去，今從補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7835" id="7841">〔4〕</a>原本無以字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00738','1384813',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P738</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7837" id="7842">〔5〕</a>《中本》大下有阿字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7831" id="7843">（一）</a>南山：梵文Dakṣiṇagiri意譯，指<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>南現今之<span class="zhuanming">鞞婆羅</span>（Vaibhāra）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>。其北沿卽下句中所提到的舉行第一次結集的石室，卽<span class="zhuanming">七葉窟</span>（巴利文Satta-paṇṇa-guhā，梵文Saptaparṇa-guhā），《法顯傳》稱爲<span class="zhuanming">車帝石室</span>，車帝（*chati，<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>語chatim）卽七葉樹，學名Alstonia scholaris，爲一種高二﹑三丈的常緑喬木。石室因前有七葉樹而得名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7836" id="7844">（二）</a>如來湼槃後結集三藏：此卽<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的第一次結集，見前註。關於第一次結集，頗有異説。《法顯傳》謂“山北陰中有一石室，名<span class="zhuanming">車帝</span>（案又名<span class="zhuanming">七葉窟</span>，《摩訶僧祗律》卷三三作<span class="zhuanming">刹帝山窟</span>），佛泥洹後五百阿羅漢結集經處。出經時，鋪三高座，莊嚴挍飾；<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>在左，<span class="zhuanming">目連</span>在右。五百數中，少一阿羅漢，<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉</span>爲上座。”而<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則作千人結集，一般認爲以五百人爲當。結集事跡參見《智度論》卷二﹑《摩訶僧祇律》卷三二﹑《阿育王經》卷六﹑《付法藏因緣傳》卷一﹑《阿育王傳》卷四﹑《根本説一切有部毗奈耶雜事》卷三九﹑四十﹑《四分律》卷五四﹑《五分律》卷三十﹑《善見律毘婆沙》卷一﹑巴利文Dīpavṃsa（《島史》）和Mahāvaṃsa（《大史》）等。</span> </p><p> <span>初，<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉</span>宴坐山林，忽燭<a class="zhuhao" href="#7864" id="7845">〔1〕</a>光明，又覩地震，曰：“是何祥變，若此之異？”以天眼觀，見<span class="zhuanming">佛世尊</span>於雙樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#7865" id="7846">〔2〕</a>林間入般湼槃。尋命徒屬趣<span class="zhuanming">拘尸城</span>。路逢梵志，手執天花，<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>問曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#7866" id="7847">〔3〕</a>：“汝從何來？知我大師今在何處？”梵志對曰：“我適從<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00739','1384813',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P739</span></i>彼<span class="zhuanming">拘尸城</span>來，見汝大師已入湼槃。天人大衆咸興供養，我所持花，自彼得也。”<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>聞已，謂其徒曰：“慧日淪照，世界闇<a class="zhuhao" href="#7867" id="7848">〔4〕</a>冥，善導<a class="zhuhao" href="#7868" id="7849">〔5〕</a>遐棄，衆生顛<a class="zhuhao" href="#7869" id="7850">〔6〕</a>墜！”懈怠比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7870" id="7851">〔7〕</a>更相<a class="zhuhao" href="#7871" id="7852">〔8〕</a>賀曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅，我曹安樂。若有所犯，誰能訶制？”<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>聞已，深更感傷，思集法藏，據教治犯。遂至雙樹，觀佛<a class="zhuhao" href="#7872" id="7853">〔9〕</a>禮敬。既而法王<a class="zhuhao" href="#7881" id="7854">（一）</a>去世，人天無導，諸大羅漢亦取滅度。時<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉</span>作是思惟：“承順佛教，宜集法藏。”於是登<span class="zhuanming">蘇迷盧山</span>，擊大揵椎<a class="zhuhao" href="#7873" id="7855">〔10〕</a>，唱如是言：“今<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7882" id="7856">（二）</a>將有法事，諸證果人宜時速集！”揵椎聲中，傳<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>教，遍至三千大千世界，得神通者聞皆集會。是時<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>告諸衆曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅，世界空虚，當集法藏，用報佛恩。今將集法，務從簡静，豈恃<a class="zhuhao" href="#7874" id="7857">〔11〕</a>群居，不成勝業？其有具三明﹑得六<a class="zhuhao" href="#7875" id="7858">〔12〕</a>通﹑聞持不謬﹑辯才無礙，如斯上人，可應結集。自餘果<a class="zhuhao" href="#7876" id="7859">〔13〕</a>學，各歸其居。”於是得九百九十九<a class="zhuhao" href="#7877" id="7860">〔14〕</a>人。除<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>在學地，<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉</span>召而謂曰：“汝未盡漏，宜出聖衆。”曰：“隨侍<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，多歷年所，每有法議，曾未棄遺。今將結集，而見擯斥？法王寂滅，失所依怙！”<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>告曰：“勿懷憂惱，汝親侍佛，誠復多聞，然愛惑未盡，習結未斷。”<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>辭屈而出，至空寂處，欲取無學，勤求不證。既已疲怠，便欲假寐，未及伏枕，遂證羅漢。往結集所，叩門白至。<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>問曰：“汝結盡耶？宜運神通，非門而入。”<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>承命，從鑰隙入，禮僧已畢，退而復坐。是時安居初十五日也。於是<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>揚言曰：“念哉諦聽！<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>聞持，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>稱讚，集《素呾纜</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰修多羅，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#7878" id="7861">〔15〕</a>。</span> <span>藏》。<span class="zhuanming">優波<a class="zhuhao" href="#7879" id="7862">〔16〕</a>釐</span>持律明究，衆所<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00740','1384813',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P740</span></i>知識，集《毗奈耶</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰毗那耶，訛也。</span> <span>藏》。我<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>集《阿毗達磨藏》。”雨<a class="zhuhao" href="#7880" id="7863">〔17〕</a>三月盡，集三藏訖，以<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉</span>僧中上座，因而謂之上座部焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7845" id="7864">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》燭作放。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7846" id="7865">〔2〕</a>《石本﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無樹字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7847" id="7866">〔3〕</a>《中本》曰作云。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7848" id="7867">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》闇作暗，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7849" id="7868">〔5〕</a>《中本》導作道，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7850" id="7869">〔6〕</a>《中本》顛下有倒字。按此四字句，倒墜二字當衍一字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7851" id="7870">〔7〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字作苾芻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7852" id="7871">〔8〕</a>《金陵本》相作有，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7853" id="7872">〔9〕</a>原本佛作化，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作佛。按<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>人寫經佛常作仏，與化字相近，因以致訛，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7855" id="7873">〔10〕</a>原本椎作稚。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》揵稚並作犍槌。按槌與椎同，稚乃椎之形訛，今改，下同。揵﹑犍通用。《中本》稚作推，亦椎之訛。説亦見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7857" id="7874">〔11〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》恃作特；《中本》作持；《磧砂本》﹑《徑山本》作侍。侍疑恃之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7858" id="7875">〔12〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00741','1384813',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P741</span></i>本》六下並有神字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7859" id="7876">〔13〕</a>《古本》果作異，非。果學謂證果人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7860" id="7877">〔14〕</a>原本無九字，今據諸本補，説見上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7861" id="7878">〔15〕</a>《中本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7862" id="7879">〔16〕</a>《中本》波作婆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7863" id="7880">〔17〕</a>原本雨作兩，《古本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》作雨，《中本》作雨夏二字，尤明兩爲雨之形訛，今據改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7854" id="7881">（一）</a>法王：指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>。《法華經》卷二《譬喻品》：“我爲法王，於法自在。”又卷六《藥王品》：“如佛爲諸法王。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7856" id="7882">（二）</a>王舍城：見下條<span class="zhuanming">曷羅闍姞利呬城</span>註。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">大迦葉波</span>結集西北，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>受僧訶責，不預結集，至此宴坐，證羅漢果，證果之後，方乃預焉。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>證果西行二十餘里，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，大衆部結集之處。諸學無學數百千人，不預<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉</span>結集之衆，而來至<a class="zhuhao" href="#7887" id="7883">〔1〕</a>此，更相謂曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，同一師學，法王寂滅，簡異我曹。欲報佛恩，當集法藏<a class="zhuhao" href="#7889" id="7884">（一）</a>。”於是凡聖咸會，賢<a class="zhuhao" href="#7888" id="7885">〔2〕</a>智畢萃，復集《素呾纜藏》﹑《毗奈耶藏》﹑《阿毗達磨藏》﹑《雜集藏》﹑《禁呪藏》<a class="zhuhao" href="#7890" id="7886">（二）</a>，别爲五藏。而此結集，凡聖同會，因而謂之大衆部。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7883" id="7887">〔1〕</a>《舊麗本》無至字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00742','1384813',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P742</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7885" id="7888">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》賢並作愚。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7884" id="7889">（一）</a>法藏：此指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>所説的教法。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒認爲<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>的教法含藏許多義理，泛謂八萬四千或八萬之多，故名法藏。《法華經》卷四《寶塔品》：“若持八萬四千法藏，爲人演説。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7886" id="7890">（二）</a>雜集藏禁呪藏：此二藏具體包括現存哪些經典，今不明。《雜集藏》當指三藏之外的經典。《禁呪藏》當指各種陀羅尼（呪）經。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五、勃伽夷城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153315" key="1153315"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 五、勃伽夷城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153316" key="1153316"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01015','1384934',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1015</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001739"><b>五﹑勃伽夷城</b></p><p> <span>王城西行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">勃伽夷城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10163" id="10153">（一）</a>，中有佛坐像，高七尺餘，相好允備，威肅嶷然。首戴寶冠，光明時照。聞諸土俗曰：本在<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>，請移至此。昔有羅漢，其沙彌弟子<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01016','1384934',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1016</span></i>臨命終時，求酢米餅<a class="zhuhao" href="#10164" id="10154">（二）</a>。羅漢以天眼觀，見<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span>有此味焉。運神通力，至此求獲。沙彌噉<a class="zhuhao" href="#10159" id="10155">〔1〕</a>已，願生其國。果遂宿心，得爲王子。既嗣位已，威攝<a class="zhuhao" href="#10160" id="10156">〔2〕</a>遐邇，遂踰<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，伐<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">迦彌濕羅國王</span>整集戎馬，欲禦邊寇。時阿羅漢諫王：“勿鬭兵也，我能退之。”尋爲<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那王</span>説諸法要，王初未信，尚欲興兵。羅漢遂取此王先身沙彌時衣，而以示之。王既見衣，得宿命智，與<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅王</span>謝咎交歡，釋兵而返。奉迎沙彌時所供養佛像，隨軍禮請。像至此地，不可轉移，環建伽藍，式<a class="zhuhao" href="#10161" id="10157">〔3〕</a>招僧侣，捨寶冠<a class="zhuhao" href="#10162" id="10158">〔4〕</a>置像頂。今所冠者，卽先王所施也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10155" id="10159">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》噉作啖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10156" id="10160">〔2〕</a>《古本》攝作懾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10157" id="10161">〔3〕</a>原本式作或，今從《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10158" id="10162">〔4〕</a>《趙城本》脱冠字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10153" id="10163">（一）</a>勃伽夷城：<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>認爲其原語當爲Bhagai，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>作Bhāgya，皆屬推測，恐不可靠，<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文作mirkäy（<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，頁20）<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>認爲卽《新唐書》卷四三下《地理志》“<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>西五十里有<span class="zhuanming">葦關</span>，又西經<span class="zhuanming">勃野</span>，西北渡<span class="zhuanming">繫館河</span>，六百二十里至<span class="zhuanming">郅支滿城</span>，一曰<span class="zhuanming">磧南州</span>”中的<span class="zhuanming">勃野</span>（<span class="zhuanming">斯</span>氏作<span class="zhuanming">勃海</span>），在今<span class="zhuanming">和<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01017','1384934',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1017</span></i>闐</span>與<span class="zhuanming">葉城</span>間的<span class="zhuanming">帕爾漫</span>（Piā！ma）附近。（《古代和闐》，頁117）<span class="zhuanming">黄文弼</span>認爲當在今<span class="zhuanming">皮山縣</span>東南的<span class="zhuanming">裝桂牙</span>附近，據他在<span class="zhuanming">裝桂牙</span>一帶考古發掘的報告所説：“在<span class="zhuanming">裝桂牙</span>西北約五里許<span class="zhuanming">徒諾克</span>有廢寺遺址，旁散布泥塑殘件甚多。在廢寺北四﹑五里許之<span class="zhuanming">所羅倘不果拉麻扎</span>附近，陶片散布甚廣，房舍遺跡猷存，井渠巷陌歷歷可辨，頽垣甚多，類似城牆遺跡，周廣約十餘里，可能爲古城遺址。按<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>《西域記》稱：‘王城西行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">勃加夷城</span>’，距離約略相當，……如此地遺址爲<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>之<span class="zhuanming">勃伽夷</span>城，則廟基亦卽<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那王</span>所建之伽藍。”（《塔里木盆地考古記》，頁55）此處<span class="zhuanming">黄</span>氏所説的<span class="zhuanming">裝桂牙</span>，卽今<span class="zhuanming">皮山縣</span>東南的<span class="zhuanming">藏桂巴扎</span>。據今圖由<span class="zhuanming">和田</span>至<span class="zhuanming">藏桂巴扎</span>北部遺址，距離約爲270里左右，也與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所説三百餘里數大致相符，<span class="zhuanming">黄</span>氏説似更近於事實。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10154" id="10164">（二）</a>酢米餅：據《摩訶僧祇律》卷二九，餅爲出家人可以食用的五種正食之一。酢，《説文》<span class="zhuanming">段玉裁</span>注云：“凡味之酸者皆謂之酢。”<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>曾於此地作過調查，認爲“是<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>地方一種特殊的嗜好品。”（《古代和闐》，頁118注6）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1　佛經的翻譯與翻譯組織
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv604130" key="604130"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 二　唐初的中國 &gt; 1　佛經的翻譯與翻譯組織 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv604131" key="604131"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00002','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P2</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000005"><b>1　佛經的翻譯與翻譯組織</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>是公元前傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的，具體的時間現在還無法確定。最初不是直接從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>傳來的，而是間接經過<span class="zhuanming">中央亞細亞</span>和<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>一帶的﹑有些今天名義上已經不存在的民族，如<span class="zhuanming">大月支</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">康居</span>等國傳入的。這從最初譯經者的姓名以及梵文譯音<a class="zhuhao" href="#9" id="3">〔1〕</a>中可以清楚地看到。流傳很廣的所謂<span class="zhuanming">漢明帝</span>夜夢金人﹑派人西行求法的故事，是揑造的；<span class="zhuanming">攝摩騰</span>和<span class="zhuanming">竺法蘭</span>的故事也是完全靠不住的。<a class="zhuhao" href="#10" id="4">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>初期的譯經者差不多都是從<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>一帶來<span class="zhuanming">華</span>的高僧，後來也逐漸有了從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>直接來的。到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>去留學的<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和尚最初是没有的。最早譯過來的佛經不是直接根據梵文或巴利文，而是經過<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>和<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>一帶今天已經不存在的許多古代語言轉譯過來的，比如<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>語（吐火羅語A）和<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語（吐火羅語B）等等都是。</span> </p><p> <span>因爲<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文和梵文以及<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>這些古代語言都是很難掌握的，從外國來<span class="zhuanming">華</span>的和尚想要翻譯佛經，必須同<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和尚或居士合作才能勝任。<span class="zhuanming">僧佑</span>《出三藏記集》卷一説：“或善胡義而不了<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>旨，或明<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文而不曉胡意。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#11" id="5">〔3〕</a>説的就是這種情況。《梁高僧傳》卷一《維祇難傳》説：“時<span class="zhuanming">吴</span>士共請出經。<span class="zhuanming">難</span>既未善國語，乃共其伴<span class="zhuanming">律炎</span>，譯爲<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文。<span class="zhuanming">炎</span>亦未善<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>言，頗有不盡。志存義本，辭近朴質。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#12" id="6">〔4〕</a>同卷《支樓迦讖傳》説：“（<span class="zhuanming">安</span>）<span class="zhuanming">玄</span>與沙門<span class="zhuanming">嚴佛調</span>共出《法鏡經》。<span class="zhuanming">玄</span>口譯梵文，<span class="zhuanming">佛調</span>筆受。理得音正，盡經微旨。郢匠之美，見述後代。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#13" id="7">〔5〕</a>《宋高</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00003','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P3</span></i> <span>僧傳》卷三説：“初則梵客<span class="zhuanming">華</span>僧，聽言揣意。方圓共鑿，金石難和。椀配世間，擺名三昧。咫尺千里，覿面難通。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#14" id="8">〔6〕</a>這里説的也都是這種情況。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3" id="9">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>：《浮屠與佛》，《吐火羅語的發現與考釋及其在中印文化交流中的作用》，見《中印文化關係史論文集》，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北京</span>，一九八二年，第三二三﹑九七頁。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4" id="10">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">湯用彤</span>：《兩漢魏晉南北朝佛教史》上，《永平求法傳説之考證》。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5" id="11">〔3〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五五，頁四下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6" id="12">〔4〕</a>同上書，卷五○，頁三二六中。</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7" id="13">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁三二四下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8" id="14">〔6〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁七二三上中。</span> </p><p> <span>在這樣的情況下，直譯就在所難免。比如《高僧傳》卷一《支樓迦讖傳》説：“（<span class="zhuanming">竺佛朔</span>）棄文存質，深得經意。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#21" id="15">〔1〕</a>所謂“質”，就是勉强把意思表達出來，文彩却無法兼顧。當然，在<span class="zhuanming">後漢</span><span class="zhuanming">三國</span>時代，譯經方法也並不完全整齊劃一。比如<span class="zhuanming">支謙</span>的譯文就比較接近於意譯。這在當時算是一個例外，而且他的意譯還是處在比較原始的階段，不能算是開創一代新的譯風。一直到了<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>代的<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>，情況還没有變化。《高僧傳·道安傳》説：“初經出已久，而舊譯時謬，致使深義，隱没未通。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#22" id="16">〔2〕</a>可見翻譯佛經問題之大。<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>雖然是一位很有學問而又非常虔誠的和尚，但由于自己不通梵文，也只好提倡直譯。他説：“諸出爲<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>言，便約不煩者，皆蒲陶酒之被水者也。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#23" id="17">〔3〕</a>爲了不讓蒲陶（葡萄）酒被水，只有直譯一途。在《出三藏記集》卷八《摩訶鉢羅若波羅蜜經抄序》中，他提出“五失本”﹑“三不易”的學説。他説：“前人出經，<span class="zhuanming">支讖</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">世高</span>審得胡本難繫者也。<span class="zhuanming">叉羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">支越</span>斵鑿之巧者也。巧則巧矣，懼竅成而混沌終矣。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#24" id="18">〔4〕</a>這是<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>對<span class="zhuanming">後漢</span><span class="zhuanming">三國</span>譯經的批評。在《出三藏記集》卷十《十四卷本鞞婆沙序》中，他又轉述<span class="zhuanming">趙政</span>的意見説：“昔來出經者，多嫌胡言方質，而改適今俗，此<span class="zhuanming">政</span>所不取也。何者？傳胡爲<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>，以不閑方言求知辭趣耳。</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00004','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P4</span></i> <span>何嫌文質？文質是時，幸勿易之。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#25" id="19">〔5〕</a>他自己説：“遂案本而傳，不令有損言遊字，時改倒句，余盡實録也。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#26" id="20">〔6〕</a>所有這些話都清楚表明<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>主張直譯的理論與根據。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#15" id="21">〔1〕</a>同上書卷，頁三二四中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#16" id="22">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁三五二上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#17" id="23">〔3〕</a>《出三藏記集》，卷十一，<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>《比丘大戒序》。《大正大藏經》卷五五，頁八○中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#18" id="24">〔4〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五五，頁五二下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#19" id="25">〔5〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五五，頁七三下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#20" id="26">〔6〕</a>同上。</span> </p><p> <span>在這個直譯的階段中，有許多佛經文句是從梵文原文逐字逐句譯過來的，因而異常難懂。如果不與梵文原文對照，簡直不知所云。梵<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>兩種語言，語法結構是非常不相同的。梵文不但名詞﹑代詞﹑形容詞的變格和動詞的變位異常複雜，而且詞序也同漢語完全不同，如果直譯，必然會産生詰屈聱牙的文體。這當然會影響<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義的宣傳；但是在初期階段，這情況有時是難以避免的。</span> </p><p> <span>這種直譯的風氣一直到了<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>才有了根本的改變。<span class="zhuanming">慧皎</span>《高僧傳·道安傳》説：“<span class="zhuanming">安</span>終後十六年，<span class="zhuanming">什公</span>方至。<span class="zhuanming">什</span>恨不相見，悲恨無極。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#31" id="27">〔1〕</a>可見<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>對<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>之推重。但是他們的譯風却是很不相同的。<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>“不嚴於務得本文，而在取原意。”《高僧傳》卷二《鳩摩羅什傳》中説：“<span class="zhuanming">什</span>既率多諳誦，無不究盡。轉能<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>言，音譯流便。既覽舊經，義多紕繆，皆由先度失旨，不與梵本相應。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#32" id="28">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">僧祐</span>《出三藏記集》卷一説：“逮乎<span class="zhuanming">羅什法師</span>，俊神金照；<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>僧<span class="zhuanming">融肇</span>，慧機水鏡；故能表發翰揮，克明經奥，大乘微言，於斯炳焕。”“然文過則傷艷，質甚則患野，野艷爲弊，同失經體。故知明允之匠，難可世遇矣。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#33" id="29">〔3〕</a>這里説的是，完全直譯不行，這有點“野”，只注意文筆華麗也不行，這有點“艷”。只有<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>可以做到得乎其中。《高僧傳》卷</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00005','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P5</span></i> <span>六《僧叡傳》説：“昔<span class="zhuanming">竺法護</span>出《正法華經·授決品》云：‘天見人，人見天’。<span class="zhuanming">什</span>譯經至此，乃言：‘此語與西域義同，但在言過質’。<span class="zhuanming">叡</span>曰：‘將非人天交接，兩得相見？’<span class="zhuanming">什</span>喜曰：‘實然’。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#34" id="30">〔4〕</a>這一個生動的例子，可見<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>的譯風。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#27" id="31">〔1〕</a>同上書，卷五○，頁三五四上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#28" id="32">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁三三二中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#29" id="33">〔3〕</a>同上書，卷五五，頁四下—五上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#30" id="34">〔4〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三六四中。</span> </p><p> <span>但是，如果仔細推究起來，就連這一位號稱“轉能<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>言”的<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>，也並不能<span class="zhuanming">華</span>梵兼通。《出三藏記集》卷十<span class="zhuanming">僧叡</span>《大智釋論序》説：“法師（<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>）於<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>語大格，唯識（譯）一法（往），方言殊好猶隔而未通。苟言不相喻，則情無由比。不比之情，則不可以托悟懷於文表；不喻之言，亦何得委殊塗于一致，理固然矣。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#39" id="35">〔1〕</a>這里對翻譯的困難説得非常清楚，連一代大師<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>也不能例外。外國來<span class="zhuanming">華</span>的高僧，不管他們的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文學到什麽程度，因爲他們畢竟是外國人，所以必須同<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>僧人配合協作，才能把翻譯的工作做好。這個道理是非常清楚的。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道安</span>的弟子<span class="zhuanming">慧遠</span>曾企圖折衷直譯與意譯。《出三藏記集》卷十<span class="zhuanming">慧遠</span>《大智論抄序》説：“於是静尋所由，以求其本，則知聖人依方設訓，文質殊體。若以文應質，則疑者衆；以質應文，則悦者寡。……令質文有體，義無所越。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#40" id="36">〔2〕</a>但是影響不大，不能算是開闢了一個新階段。</span> </p><p> <span>在佛經翻譯史上，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>可以説是開闢了一個新的時代。他不像<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>僧<span class="zhuanming">彦琮</span>那樣幻想廢譯，人人學梵。<span class="zhuanming">彦琮</span>説：“則應<span class="zhuanming">五天</span>正語充布<span class="zhuanming">閻浮</span>；三轉妙音並流<span class="zhuanming">震旦</span>；人人共解，省翻譯之勞，代代咸明，除疑網之失。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#41" id="37">〔3〕</a>他也深切了解翻譯中的困難與問題。他本人既通<span class="zhuanming">華</span></span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00006','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P6</span></i> <span>言，又嫻梵語，在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>留學十幾年，參加過<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>宗教哲學的大辯論，對<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>各教派，對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>中的各宗派都有深刻的研究。他懷着一腔宗教的虔誠，總結了在他以前幾百年翻譯工作的經驗，創立了一種前所未有的新的譯風。《續高僧傳·玄奘傳》説：“自前代以來，所譯經教，初從梵語倒寫本文，次乃迴之，順同此俗。然後筆人亂理文句。中間增損，多墜全言。今所翻傳，都由<span class="zhuanming">奘</span>旨，意思獨斷，出語成章；詞人隨寫，卽可披翫。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#42" id="38">〔4〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#35" id="39">〔1〕</a>同上書，卷五五，頁七五中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#36" id="40">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁七六中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#37" id="41">〔3〕</a>《續高僧傳.彦琮傳》。《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁四三八下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#38" id="42">〔4〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁四五五上。</span> </p><p> <span>這種新的譯風還表現在另外一些方面。《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷十説：“至（<span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>）五年春正月一日起首翻《大般若經》。經梵本總有二十萬頌。文既廣大，學徒每請删略，法師將順衆意，如<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>所翻，除繁去重。作此念已，於夜夢中，卽有極怖畏事，以相警誡。或見乘危履嶮，或見猛獸搏人，流汗戰慄，方得免脱，覺已驚懼。向諸衆説，還依廣翻。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#46" id="43">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>他可能做這樣的夢。但我認爲，如果真做這樣的夢的話，也只是他主觀願望的一種表現：他不贊同<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>那種删略梵文原文的做法。他主張忠實地翻譯原文全文。</span> </p><p> <span>《續高僧傳》本傳又説：“前後僧傳往<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>者，首自<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法勇</span>，終於<span class="zhuanming">道邃</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道生</span>，相繼中途，一十七返，取其通言<span class="zhuanming">華</span>梵，妙達文筌，揚導國風，開悟邪正，莫高於<span class="zhuanming">奘</span>矣。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#47" id="44">〔2〕</a>又説：“世有<span class="zhuanming">奘公</span>，獨高聯類。往還震動，備盡觀方，百有餘國，君臣謁敬。言議接對，不待譯人。披析幽旨，華戎胥悦，故<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>後譯，不屑古人。執本陳勘，頻開前失。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#48" id="45">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#43" id="46">〔1〕</a>同上書卷，頁二七五下—二七六上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#44" id="47">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁四五八下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#45" id="48">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁四五九下。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00007','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P7</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>不但畢生親自參加翻譯實踐，而且根據窮年累月積累的經驗，創立有關翻譯的理論。“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">奘法師</span>論五種不翻：一秘密故，如陀羅尼。二含多義故，如薄伽梵具六義。三此無故，如閻浮樹，中夏實無此木。四順古故，如阿耨菩提，非不可翻，而<span class="zhuanming">摩騰</span>以來常存梵音。五生善故，如般若尊重，智慧輕淺。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#51" id="49">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>近代學者對<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也有很高的評價。比如<span class="zhuanming">章太炎</span>説：“佛典自東<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>初有譯録，自<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>漸彰，猶多皮傅。<span class="zhuanming">留支</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>，術語稍密。及<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>諸師，所述始嚴栗合其本書，蓋定文若斯之難也。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#52" id="50">〔2〕</a>這種對<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的贊美，我認爲，他是當之無愧的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#49" id="51">〔1〕</a>《四部叢刊》，《翻譯名義集序》《周敦頤序》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#50" id="52">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">浙江圖書館</span>《章氏叢書》《太炎文録·别録三》《初步梵文典序》。</span> </p><p> <span>要想具體細緻地描述<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>新創的譯風，需要很多的篇幅，這里不是最適當的地方。簡而言之，我們可以説，他的譯風，既非直譯，也非意譯，而是融會直意自創新風。在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>翻譯史上達到了一個新的高峰，開闢了一個新的時代。如果允許我們借用辯證法術語來表達的話，這種發展可以説是完全合乎辯證法的規律：這是否定之否定。如果允許我們再借用<span class="zhuanming">黑格爾</span>的説法的話，這種發展可以説是符合他的三段式的：正題——反題——合題。由低級階段向高級階段發展時，高級階段保留了低級階段的某一些肯定的特點，向前發展下去，達到更高的階段。</span> </p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p><p> <span>因爲翻譯工作必須有多人協作，這就需要有一個組織。最初的組織人少，也很簡單，而且鬆散，基本上只有兩個人：一個懂梵文的爲主譯，一個通<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文的爲筆受。佛經梵文原本最初没有寫本，全憑記憶，一直到<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>時代基本上還是這樣子。所以，有時先要有一個</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00008','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P8</span></i> <span>人口誦，另外一個人或者第三個人先依其所誦寫成梵字或胡字，然後才加以翻譯。《出三藏記集》卷七，<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>《合放光光贊略解序》説：“《光贊》，<span class="zhuanming">護公</span>執胡本，<span class="zhuanming">聶承遠</span>筆受。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#58" id="53">〔1〕</a>同卷《普曜經記》説：“（<span class="zhuanming">法護</span>）手執胡本，口宣<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>言。時筆受者沙門<span class="zhuanming">康殊帛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法炬</span>。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#59" id="54">〔2〕</a>同書卷九《長阿含經序》説：“<span class="zhuanming">涼州</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">佛念</span>爲譯，<span class="zhuanming">秦國</span>道士<span class="zhuanming">道含</span>筆受。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#60" id="55">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>後來參加人數漸多，分工漸細，逐漸形成了一個組織，叫做譯場。<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>可能是最初譯場的創建者之一。《高僧傳》卷五《道安傳》説：“<span class="zhuanming">安</span>既篤好經典，志在宣法。所請外國沙門<span class="zhuanming">僧伽提婆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">曇摩難提</span>及<span class="zhuanming">僧伽跋澄</span>等，譯出衆經百餘萬言。常與沙門<span class="zhuanming">法和</span>詮定音字，詳覈文旨。新初衆經，於是獲正。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#61" id="56">〔4〕</a>這些外國沙門譯經，都是在譯場中進行的。</span> </p><p> <span>在翻譯組織方面，<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>可以説是一個過渡階段。在這時期，情況已經同<span class="zhuanming">後漢</span>有所不同了。譯經不再依靠外國僧人。<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和尚到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>去求法的人多了起來。他們歸國以後，既通梵語，又善<span class="zhuanming">華</span>言。譯起經來，自然可以避免前一階段的那種情況，既不傷文，也不傷質。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>就是一個最著名的例子。《高僧傳·法顯傳》講到他到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學習的經過。他精通梵文是不成問題的。但是他回國以後，仍然同外國和尚協作譯經。《法顯傳》説：“遂南造京師，就外國禪師<span class="zhuanming">佛馱跋陀</span>於<span class="zhuanming">道場寺</span>譯出《摩訶僧祇律》﹑《方等泥洹經》﹑《雜阿毗曇心（論）》，垂百餘萬言。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#62" id="57">〔5〕</a>這恐怕只説明，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>感到集體翻譯比個人單幹要好，譯場這樣的組織是可取的；並不像以前那樣，<span class="zhuanming">中</span></span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00009','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P9</span></i> <span><span class="zhuanming">國</span>和尚一離開外國和尚就寸步難行了。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#53" id="58">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五五，頁四八上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#54" id="59">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁四八中—下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#55" id="60">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁六三下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#56" id="61">〔4〕</a>同上書，卷五○，頁三五四上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#57" id="62">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁三三八中。</span></p><p> <span>在翻譯組織方面，<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>開闢了一個新的時代。他比<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>稍早一點。他的譯場規模非常龐大。《高僧傳·鳩摩羅什傳》説：“<span class="zhuanming">興</span>少（達）崇三寶，鋭志講集。<span class="zhuanming">什</span>既至止，仍請入<span class="zhuanming">西明閣</span>及<span class="zhuanming">逍遥園</span>，譯出衆經。……於是<span class="zhuanming">興</span>使沙門<span class="zhuanming">僧䂮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">僧遷</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法欽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道流</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道恒</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道標</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">僧叡</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">僧肇</span>等八百餘人，諮受<span class="zhuanming">什</span>旨。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#70" id="63">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">僧叡</span>《大品經序》説，譯《大品經》時，參加翻譯工作的有五百人。<a class="zhuhao" href="#71" id="64">〔2〕</a>譯《法華經》時，“於<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>大寺集四方義學沙門二千餘人，更出斯經。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#72" id="65">〔3〕</a>譯《思益經》時，“於時諮悟之僧二千餘人。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#73" id="66">〔4〕</a>譯《維摩詰經》時有義學沙門千二百人參加。<a class="zhuhao" href="#74" id="67">〔5〕</a>《續高僧傳》卷三《波頗傳》説：“昔<span class="zhuanming">苻</span><span class="zhuanming">姚</span>兩代，翻經學士乃有三千。今大<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>譯人，不過二十。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#75" id="68">〔6〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>這些記載，雖然可能稍有鋪張，但基本上是可靠的。<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>門下之盛，譯場規模之大，恐怕是空前的了。</span> </p><p> <span>譯場當然不限於上述的這一些。從《高僧傳》等書的記載中可以找到下列這一些譯場：<span class="zhuanming">東晉</span>時有<span class="zhuanming">廬山</span><span class="zhuanming">慧遠</span>的<span class="zhuanming">般若臺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>代<span class="zhuanming">富春</span>之<span class="zhuanming">陸元哲</span>宅，<span class="zhuanming">陳</span><span class="zhuanming">隋</span>間<span class="zhuanming">廣州</span>之<span class="zhuanming">制旨寺</span>。國立譯場有<span class="zhuanming">姚</span><span class="zhuanming">秦</span><span class="zhuanming">長安</span>之<span class="zhuanming">逍遥園</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北涼</span><span class="zhuanming">姑臧</span>之<span class="zhuanming">閑豫宫</span>，<span class="zhuanming">東晉</span><span class="zhuanming">建業</span>之<span class="zhuanming">道場寺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">劉宋</span><span class="zhuanming">建業</span>之<span class="zhuanming">祗洹寺</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">荆州</span>之<span class="zhuanming">辛寺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">蕭梁</span><span class="zhuanming">建業</span>之<span class="zhuanming">壽光殿</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">華林園</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">正觀寺</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">占雲館</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">扶南館</span>，<span class="zhuanming">元魏</span><span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>之<span class="zhuanming">永寧寺</span>及<span class="zhuanming">汝南王</span>宅，<span class="zhuanming">北齊</span><span class="zhuanming">鄴</span>之<span class="zhuanming">天平寺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">長安</span>之<span class="zhuanming">大興善寺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>之<span class="zhuanming">上林園</span>，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">長安</span>之<span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慈恩寺</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">玉華宫</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">薦福寺</span>等等。這</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00010','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P10</span></i> <span>都是最著名的譯場。<a class="zhuhao" href="#76" id="69">〔7〕</a></span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#63" id="70">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三三二上—中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#64" id="71">〔2〕</a>同上書，卷五五，頁五三中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#65" id="72">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁五七中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#66" id="73">〔4〕</a>同上書卷，頁五八上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#67" id="74">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁五八中。</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#68" id="75">〔6〕</a>同上書，卷五○，頁四四○中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#69" id="76">〔7〕</a>見<span class="zhuanming">梁啓超</span>：《翻譯文學與佛典》。</span> </p><p> <span>我們上面已經談到，翻譯工作到了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>手中，達到了一個新的階段。在翻譯的組織，所謂譯場方面，儘管<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>自己<span class="zhuanming">華</span>梵兼通，但仍然繼承了過去的傳統，仍然建立了譯場。從參加人數上來看，可能比<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>的譯場爲少，但是分工的細緻却超過了它。《續高僧傳》卷四説：“既承明命，返迹京師。遂召沙門<span class="zhuanming">慧明</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">靈潤</span>等以爲證義，沙門<span class="zhuanming">行友</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄賾</span>等以爲綴緝，沙門<span class="zhuanming">智證</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>等以爲録文，沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄模</span>以證梵語，沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>以定字僞。其年五月，創開翻譯《大菩薩藏經》二十卷，餘爲執筆，并删綴詞理。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#79" id="77">〔1〕</a>《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷六説：</span> </p><p> <span>三月己巳，法師自<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>還至<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>，卽居<span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>將事翻譯。乃條疏所須證義﹑綴文﹑筆受﹑書手等數，以申留守司空<span class="zhuanming">梁國公</span><span class="zhuanming">玄齡</span>。<span class="zhuanming">玄齡</span>遣所司具狀，發使<span class="zhuanming">定州</span>啟奏。令旨依所須供給，務使周備。夏六月戊戌，證義大德﹑諳解大小乘經論爲時輩所推者一十二人至，卽京<span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">靈潤</span>﹑沙門<span class="zhuanming">文備</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">羅漢寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">慧貴</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">實際寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">明琰</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">寶昌寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">法祥</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">静法寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">普賢</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法海寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">神昉</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">廓州</span><span class="zhuanming">法講寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道深</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">汴州</span><span class="zhuanming">演覺寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄忠</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">蒲州</span><span class="zhuanming">普救寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">神泰</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">綿州</span><span class="zhuanming">振響寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">敬明</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">益州</span><span class="zhuanming">多寶寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道因</span>等。又有綴文大德九人至，卽京師<span class="zhuanming">普光寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">栖玄</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">明濬</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">會昌寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">終南山</span><span class="zhuanming">豐德寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">簡州</span><span class="zhuanming">福聚寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">静邁</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">蒲州</span><span class="zhuanming">普救寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">行友</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">捿岩寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道卓</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">豳州</span><span class="zhuanming">昭仁寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">慧立</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">洛州</span><span class="zhuanming">天宫寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄則</span>等。又有字學大德一人至，卽京<span class="zhuanming">大總持寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>。又有證梵語梵文大德</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00011','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P11</span></i> <span>一人至，卽京<span class="zhuanming">大興善寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄暮</span>。目（？）餘筆受書手所司供料等並至。<a class="zhuhao" href="#80" id="78">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#77" id="79">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁四五五上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#78" id="80">〔2〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二五三下—二五四上。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>於<span class="zhuanming">大唐</span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十二年五月十五日於<span class="zhuanming">長安</span><span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>翻經院翻譯《瑜伽師地論》時有下列參加人員：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">知仁</span>筆受</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">靈雋</span>筆受</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">大總持寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道觀</span>筆受</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瑶臺寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道卓</span>筆受</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">清禪寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">明覺</span>筆受</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">大總持寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">辨（辯）機</span>證文</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">簡州</span><span class="zhuanming">福衆寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">靖邁</span>證文</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">蒲州</span><span class="zhuanming">普救寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">行友</span>證文</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">普光寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道智</span>證文</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">汴州</span><span class="zhuanming">真諦寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄忠</span>證文</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">明濬</span>正字</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">大總持寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>正字</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄謨</span>證梵語</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">文備</span>（備字原缺）證義</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">蒲州</span><span class="zhuanming">捿岩寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">神泰</span>證義</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">廓州</span><span class="zhuanming">法講寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道深</span>證義</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">寶昌寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">法祥</span>證義</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羅漢寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">慧貴</span>證義</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">寶澄寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">明琰</span>證義</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">大總持寺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">道洪</span>證義</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00012','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P12</span></i><p> <span>除了和尚以外，還有官僚參加：</span> </p><p> <span>銀青光禄大夫行太子左庶子<span class="zhuanming">高陽縣</span>開國男臣<span class="zhuanming">許敬宗</span>監閲。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">大唐</span>内常侍輕車都尉菩薩戒弟子<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>敬寫西域新翻經論。<a class="zhuhao" href="#85" id="81">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>參加人員之多，分工之細緻，可以説是已經達到很高的程度。這只是《瑜伽師地論》這一部佛經翻譯時譯場組織的情況。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>翻譯其他佛典時情況也差不多，這裏不再詳細論述了。</span> </p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>活着的時候，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>努力翻譯。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>逝世以後，他的努力並未少輟。《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》説：“（<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十三年五月）庚午帝崩於<span class="zhuanming">含風殿</span>。時秘不言，還京發喪，殯<span class="zhuanming">太極殿</span>。其日皇太子卽皇帝位於梓宫之側。踰年改元曰<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>。萬方號慟，如喪考妣。法師還<span class="zhuanming">慈恩寺</span>。自此之後，專務翻譯，無棄寸陰。每口自立程課。若晝日有事不充，必兼夜以續之。過乙之後，方乃停筆。攝經已，復禮佛行道，至三更暫眠，五更復起。讀誦梵本，朱點次弟。擬明旦所翻。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#86" id="82">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>用力之勤可以想見。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>利用那樣一個詳密的﹑能網羅天下人材的譯場組織，再加上自己驚人的努力與精力，從<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十九年二月元日至<span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>三年十月，十九年間，譯出了佛經七十五部，一千三百三十一卷<a class="zhuhao" href="#87" id="83">〔3〕</a>，每年平均七十卷，而在最後四年間（<span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>五年至<span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>三年），每年平均乃至一百七十卷。從<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>初（公元五八一年）至<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">貞元</span>五年（公元七八九年）共二百零八年，譯人五十四，譯經四百九十二部，二千七百十</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00013','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P13</span></i> <span>三卷。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>一個人就譯了七十五部，一千三百三十一卷。因此，無論從譯經的量來看，還是從質來看，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>都是空前絶後的。《大唐故三藏玄奘法師行狀》説：“今日法師，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>梵二方，言詞明達，傳譯便巧。如擎一物掌上示人，了然無殊。所以歲月未多，而功倍前哲。至如<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>稱善<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>言，譯經十有餘年，唯得二百餘卷。以此挍量，難易見矣。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#88" id="84">〔4〕</a>我想，我們都會同意這些話吧。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以後，譯場的組織繼續存在而且發展。我在這裏簡單地舉幾個例子。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#81" id="85">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷三○，頁八八一下—八八二上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#82" id="86">〔2〕</a>上書同，卷五○，頁二六○上。</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#83" id="87">〔3〕</a>這些數字，見《大唐故三藏玄奘法師行狀》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#84" id="88">〔4〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二二○中。</span> </p><p> <span>《宋高僧傳》卷三《菩提流志傳》談到<span class="zhuanming">菩提流志</span>的譯場組織的分工情況時説：“此譯場中，沙門<span class="zhuanming">思忠</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>大首領<span class="zhuanming">伊舍羅</span>等譯梵文。<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">波若屈多</span>﹑沙門<span class="zhuanming">達摩</span>證梵義。沙門<span class="zhuanming">履</span>方﹑<span class="zhuanming">宗一</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧覺</span>筆受。沙門<span class="zhuanming">深亮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">勝莊</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">塵外</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">懷迪</span>證義。沙門<span class="zhuanming">承禮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">雲觀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">神暕</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道本</span>次文。次有潤文官<span class="zhuanming">盧粲</span>學士﹑<span class="zhuanming">徐堅</span>，中書舍人<span class="zhuanming">蘇瑨</span>，給事中<span class="zhuanming">崔璩</span>，中書門下三品<span class="zhuanming">陸象先</span>，尚書<span class="zhuanming">郭元振</span>，中書令<span class="zhuanming">張説</span>，侍中<span class="zhuanming">魏知古</span>，儒釋二家，構成全美。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#92" id="89">〔1〕</a>潤文這個角色，一般都由大官，大概都是儒家來担任。儒佛合作，這可以説是譯壇的佳話吧。同書《戒法傳》説：“其本道節度使<span class="zhuanming">楊襲古</span>與<span class="zhuanming">龍興寺</span>僧請<span class="zhuanming">法</span>爲譯主。翻《十地經》，<span class="zhuanming">法</span>躬讀梵文並譯語，沙門<span class="zhuanming">大震</span>筆受，<span class="zhuanming">法超</span>潤文，<span class="zhuanming">善信</span>證義，<span class="zhuanming">悟空</span>證梵文。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#93" id="90">〔2〕</a>同書《蓮華傳》中説：“至（<span class="zhuanming">貞元</span>）十二年六月，詔於<span class="zhuanming">崇福寺</span>翻譯。<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">般若</span>宣梵文，<span class="zhuanming">洛京</span><span class="zhuanming">天宫寺</span><span class="zhuanming">廣濟</span>譯語，<span class="zhuanming">西明寺</span><span class="zhuanming">圓照</span>筆受，<span class="zhuanming">智柔</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">智通</span>綴文，<span class="zhuanming">成都府</span><span class="zhuanming">正覺寺</span><span class="zhuanming">道恒</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鑒虚</span>潤文，<span class="zhuanming">千福寺</span><span class="zhuanming">大通</span>證義。<span class="zhuanming">澄觀</span><span class="zhuanming">靈邃</span>詳定。神策軍護軍中尉<span class="zhuanming">霍仙鳴</span>左街功德使<span class="zhuanming">竇文場</span>寫進。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#94" id="91">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#89" id="92">〔1〕</a>同上書卷，頁七二○中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#90" id="93">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，卷五○，頁七二一中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#91" id="94">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁七二一中—下。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00014','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P14</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以後的偉大的翻譯家應該首推<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>。《宋高僧傳》卷一《義浄傳》談到<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>的譯場。他翻譯《金光明最勝王》等等二十部佛經時，“<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">阿儞真那</span>證梵文義，沙門<span class="zhuanming">波侖</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">復禮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧表</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">智積</span>等筆受證文。沙門<span class="zhuanming">法寶</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法藏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">德感</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">勝莊</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">神英</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">仁亮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">大儀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慈訓</span>等證義。成均太學助教<span class="zhuanming">許觀</span>監護。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#97" id="95">〔1〕</a>後面又説：“暨<span class="zhuanming">和帝</span><span class="zhuanming">神龍</span>元年乙巳，於<span class="zhuanming">東洛</span>内道場，譯《孔雀王經》。又於<span class="zhuanming">大福先</span>寺出《勝光天子香王菩薩呪》﹑《一切莊嚴王經》四部。沙門<span class="zhuanming">盤度</span>讀梵文，沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄傘</span>筆受，沙門<span class="zhuanming">大儀</span>證文，沙門<span class="zhuanming">勝莊</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">利貞</span>證義，兵部侍郎<span class="zhuanming">崔湜</span>﹑給事中<span class="zhuanming">盧粲</span>潤文正字，秘書監駙馬都尉<span class="zhuanming">楊慎交</span>監護。帝深崇釋典，特抽<span class="zhuanming">叡思</span>製《大唐龍興三藏聖教序》。又御<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>西門宣示羣官新翻之經。二年<span class="zhuanming">浄</span>隨駕歸<span class="zhuanming">雍京</span>。置飜經院於<span class="zhuanming">大薦福寺</span>居之。三年詔入内。與同飜經沙門九旬坐夏。帝以昔居房部幽厄無歸。祈念藥師，遂蒙降祉。荷兹往澤，重闡鴻猷。因命法徒，更重傳譯於<span class="zhuanming">大佛光殿</span>。二卷成文曰《藥師瑠璃光佛本願功德經》。帝御法筵手自筆受。<span class="zhuanming">睿宗</span><span class="zhuanming">永隆</span>元年庚戌，於<span class="zhuanming">大薦福寺</span>出《浴像功德經》﹑《毗柰耶雜事》﹑《二衆戒經》﹑《唯識寶生所緣釋》等二十部。<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">達磨末磨</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">拔弩</span>證梵義。<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">達磨難陀</span>證梵文。居士<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>首領<span class="zhuanming">伊舍羅</span>證梵本。沙門<span class="zhuanming">慧積</span>居士﹑中印度<span class="zhuanming">李釋迦度頗多</span>讀梵本。沙門<span class="zhuanming">文綱</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧詔</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">利貞</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">勝莊</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">愛同</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">思恒</span>證義。<span class="zhuanming">玄傘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">智枳</span>筆受。居士<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span><span class="zhuanming">瞿曇金剛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>王子<span class="zhuanming">阿順</span>證譯。修文館大學士<span class="zhuanming">李嶠</span>﹑兵部尚書<span class="zhuanming">韋嗣立</span>﹑中書侍郎<span class="zhuanming">趙彦昭</span>﹑吏部侍郎<span class="zhuanming">盧藏用</span>﹑兵部侍郎<span class="zhuanming">張説</span>﹑中書舍人<span class="zhuanming">李又</span>二十餘人，次文潤色。左僕射<span class="zhuanming">韋巨源</span>﹑右僕射<span class="zhuanming">蘇瓌</span>監護。秘書大監嗣虢<span class="zhuanming">王邕</span>同監護。<span class="zhuanming">景雲</span>二年辛亥，復於<span class="zhuanming">大薦福寺</span>譯《稱讚如來功德</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00015','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P15</span></i> <span>神呪》等經。太常卿<span class="zhuanming">薛崇嗣</span>監護。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#98" id="96">〔2〕</a>監護的和潤文正字的都是官員，有的甚至是大官。連皇帝本人都親自御法筵筆受，可見<span class="zhuanming">李</span>家王朝對翻譯是怎樣地重視。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#95" id="97">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁七一○中—下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#96" id="98">〔2〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁七一○下—七一一上。</span> </p><p> <span>從這樣的分工中，可以看到，<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>的譯場對以前的譯場組織有所繼承，又有所發展。<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>以後，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>朝譯經的和尚仍然有譯場的組織，《宋高僧傳》中有極詳細的敍述，這裏不再引用。</span> </p><p> <span>《宋高僧傳》卷三之末，<span class="zhuanming">贊寧</span>把<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>譯經的組織做了一個小結：</span> </p><p> <span>或曰：“譯場經館，設官分職，可得聞乎？”曰：“此務所司，先宗譯主，卽賫葉書之三藏明練顯密二教者充之。次則筆受者，必言通<span class="zhuanming">華</span>梵﹑學綜有空﹑相問委知，然後下筆。”<span class="zhuanming">西晉</span>僞<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>以來，立此員者，卽沙門<span class="zhuanming">道含</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄賾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">姚嵩</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">聶承遠</span>父子。至于帝王，卽<span class="zhuanming">姚興</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">梁武</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">天后</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">中宗</span>，或躬執幹，又謂爲綴文也。次則度語者，正云譯語也。傳度轉令生解，亦名傳語。如翻《顯識論》沙門<span class="zhuanming">戰陀</span>譯語是也。次則證梵本者，求其量果密能證知，能詮不差所顯無謬矣。如居士<span class="zhuanming">伊舍羅</span>證譯《毗柰耶》梵本是也。至有立證梵義一員，乃明西義得失，貴令<span class="zhuanming">華</span>語下不失梵義也。復立證禪義一員，沙門<span class="zhuanming">大通</span>充之。次則潤文一位，員數不恒。令通内外學者充之。良以筆受在其油素，文言豈無俚俗，倘不失於佛意，何妨刊而正之。故<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>譯場，則<span class="zhuanming">李嶠</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">韋嗣立</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">盧藏用</span>等二十餘人次文潤色也。次則證義。蓋證已譯之文所詮之義也。如譯《婆沙論》，<span class="zhuanming">慧嵩</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道朗</span>等三百人考正文義，<span class="zhuanming">唐復禮</span>累場充任焉。次則梵唄，法筵肇啓，梵唄前興，用作先容令生物善，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">永泰</span>中方聞此位也。次則校勘，讎對已譯之文，<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>前<span class="zhuanming">彦琮</span>復疏文義，蓋重慎之至也。次則監護大使，<span class="zhuanming">後周</span><span class="zhuanming">平高公</span></span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00016','1243876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P16</span></i> <span><span class="zhuanming">侯壽</span>爲總監檢校，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>則<span class="zhuanming">房梁公</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">奘師</span>監護。相次<span class="zhuanming">許觀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">楊慎交</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">杜行顗</span>等充之。或用僧員，則<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>以<span class="zhuanming">明穆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">曇遷</span>等十人，監掌翻譯事，詮定宗旨，其處則<span class="zhuanming">秦</span><span class="zhuanming">逍遥園</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">梁</span><span class="zhuanming">壽光殿</span><span class="zhuanming">瞻雲館</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">魏</span><span class="zhuanming">汝南王</span>宅。又<span class="zhuanming">隋煬帝</span>置翻經館，其中僧有學士之名。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>於<span class="zhuanming">廣福</span>等寺，或宫園不定。又置正字﹑字學，<span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>曾當是職。後或置或否。朝延<a class="zhuhao" href="#101" id="99">〔1〕</a>罷譯事，自<span class="zhuanming">唐憲</span><span class="zhuanming">元和</span>五年至於<span class="zhuanming">周朝</span>，相望可一百五十許歲，此道寂然。<a class="zhuhao" href="#102" id="100">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#99" id="101">〔1〕</a>原文如此，似應作“廷”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#100" id="102">〔2〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁七二四中—七二五上。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">贊寧</span>這個總結是符合實際情況的。至於<span class="zhuanming">宋朝</span>和<span class="zhuanming">宋朝</span>以後的情況，是在我討論範圍以外的，我們就不再談了。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、卑鉢羅樹及迦膩色迦王大窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153319" key="1153319"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 健馱邏國 &gt; 一、卑鉢羅樹及迦膩色迦王大窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153320" key="1153320"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00237','1243997',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P237</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000386"><b>一﹑卑鉢羅樹及迦膩色迦王大窣堵波</b></p><p> <span>城外東南八九里有卑<a class="zhuhao" href="#2861" id="2853">〔1〕</a>鉢羅樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#2865" id="2854">（一）</a>，高百餘尺，枝葉扶疎<a class="zhuhao" href="#2862" id="2855">〔2〕</a>，蔭影蒙密<a class="zhuhao" href="#2863" id="2856">〔3〕</a>。過去四佛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2866" id="2857">（二）</a>已坐其下，今猶現有四佛坐像，賢劫<a class="zhuhao" href="#2867" id="2858">（三）</a>之中九百九十六佛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2868" id="2859">（四）</a>皆當坐焉。冥祇警衞，靈鑒潛被。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>於此樹下南面而坐，告<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：“我去世後，當四百年<a class="zhuhao" href="#2864" id="2860">〔4〕</a>，有王命世，號<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>，此南不遠起窣堵波，吾身所有骨肉舍利，多集此中。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2853" id="2861">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》卑作畢。按本書卷第八<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>上“前正覺山”條作卑，與此同，他本亦有畢者。卑畢同聲紐，可通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00238','1243997',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P238</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2855" id="2862">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》疎作蔬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2856" id="2863">〔3〕</a>《中本》密誤作蜜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2860" id="2864">〔4〕</a>《洛陽伽藍記》五作“三百年”，與此異。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2854" id="2865">（一）</a>卑鉢羅樹：卑鉢羅，梵文pippala音譯。卽菩提樹，係桑科榕樹喬木，學名Ficus religiosa。相傳因<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在一卑鉢羅樹下金剛座悟道成佛。該樹便被稱爲菩提（梵文bodhi，義爲“覺”）樹，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>視爲“聖樹”。見本條下文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2857" id="2866">（二）</a>過去四佛：原指所謂出過去莊嚴劫之末的一<span class="zhuanming">毘婆尸佛</span>（Vipaṣyin），二<span class="zhuanming">尸棄佛</span>（śikhin）﹑三<span class="zhuanming">毘舍浮佛</span>（Vlśvabhū）﹑四<span class="zhuanming">拘留孫佛</span>（Krakucchanda）。但據本文云“過去四佛已坐其下，今猶現有四佛坐像。賢劫之中，九百九十六佛皆當坐焉。”據《法苑珠林》卷八“七佛部”“出時部”略謂賢劫一代分爲四時，今在住劫，故有千佛出現。三佛已往，今是第四<span class="zhuanming">釋尊</span>造法，是知《西域記》所謂“過去四佛”，指賢劫千佛中已出現的四佛，據《長阿含經》則爲<span class="zhuanming">拘樓孫</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">拘留孫</span>）﹑<span class="zhuanming">拘那含</span>（Kanaka）﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>（Kaśyapa）與<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2858" id="2867">（三）</a>賢刼：見本卷<span class="zhuanming">那曷羅曷國</span><span class="zhuanming">小石嶺影窟</span>條賢刼注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2859" id="2868">（四）</a>九百九十六佛：大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲於一時有多佛出世，故無量之世界，同時有無量之<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>出世，見《智度論》卷九。因此佛經中有五部《佛名經》，例如<span class="zhuanming">菩提流支</span>譯《佛名經》十二卷，舉一萬一千九十三尊佛。此指賢劫之中的九百九十六佛，舉其成數，言其衆多。</span> </p><p> <span>卑鉢羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#2886" id="2869">〔1〕</a>樹南有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>之所建也。<span class="zhuanming">迦膩<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00239','1243997',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P239</span></i>色迦王</span>以<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃之後第四百年，君臨膺運，統<span class="zhuanming">贍<a class="zhuhao" href="#2887" id="2870">〔2〕</a>部洲</span>，不信罪福，輕毁佛法。畋<a class="zhuhao" href="#2888" id="2871">〔3〕</a>遊草澤，遇見白兔<a class="zhuhao" href="#2889" id="2872">〔4〕</a>，王親奔逐，至此忽滅。見有牧牛小竪<a class="zhuhao" href="#2890" id="2873">〔5〕</a>於林樹間作小窣堵波，其高三<a class="zhuhao" href="#2891" id="2874">〔6〕</a>尺。王曰：“汝何所爲？”牧竪對曰：“昔<span class="zhuanming">釋迦佛</span>聖智懸記<a class="zhuhao" href="#2902" id="2875">（一）</a>，當有國王於此勝地建窣堵波，吾身舍利多聚其内。大王聖德宿殖，名符昔記，神功勝福，允屬斯辰，故我今者先相警發。”説此語已，忽然不現<a class="zhuhao" href="#2892" id="2876">〔7〕</a>。王聞是説，喜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2893" id="2877">〔8〕</a>慶增懷，自負其名大聖先記，因發正信，深敬佛法。周小窣堵波，更<a class="zhuhao" href="#2894" id="2878">〔9〕</a>建石窣堵波，欲以功力彌覆其上，隨其數量，恒出三尺。若是增高，踰四百尺。基趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#2895" id="2879">〔10〕</a>所峙，周一里半。層基五級，高一百五十尺。方乃得覆小窣堵波。王因喜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2896" id="2880">〔11〕</a>慶，復於其上更起二十五層金銅相輪<a class="zhuhao" href="#2897" id="2881">〔12〕</a>，卽以<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利一斛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2898" id="2882">〔13〕</a>而置其中，式修供養。營建纔訖，見小窣堵波在大基東南<a class="zhuhao" href="#2899" id="2883">〔14〕</a>隅下傍出其半，王心不平，便卽擲棄，遂住窣堵波第二級下石基中半現，復於本處更出小窣堵波。王乃退而歎曰：“嗟夫，人事易迷，神功難掩，靈聖所扶<a class="zhuhao" href="#2900" id="2884">〔15〕</a>，憤怒何及！”慙懼既<a class="zhuhao" href="#2901" id="2885">〔16〕</a>已，謝咎而歸。其二窣堵波今猶現在。有嬰疾病欲祈康愈者，塗香散花，至誠歸命，多蒙瘳差。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2869" id="2886">〔1〕</a>《敦乙本》羅作邏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2870" id="2887">〔2〕</a>《大本》贍作瞻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2871" id="2888">〔3〕</a>《敦乙本》﹑《中本》畋作田，通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00240','1243997',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P240</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2872" id="2889">〔4〕</a>《敦乙本》﹑《中本》兔作菟，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2873" id="2890">〔5〕</a>《石本》竪作豎，下同。竪乃豎之異寫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2874" id="2891">〔6〕</a>《大本》作三，同；校書改二。按《洛陽伽藍記》五亦作“三尺”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2876" id="2892">〔7〕</a><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>改現作見，云：“不現，諸本同，似應作不見。卷六佛子<span class="zhuanming">羅怙羅</span>説是語已，忽然不見云云，作見不作現。此亦應作見。”按本卷尾“阿羅漢……示神通事，因忽不現。”亦作現。見現通用，<span class="zhuanming">向</span>説似拘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2877" id="2893">〔8〕</a>原本喜作嘉，《敦乙本》﹑《石本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作喜，義長，今從改。嘉疑是形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2878" id="2894">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》更並作處，屬上讀。《敦乙本》作更，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2879" id="2895">〔10〕</a>《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》趾作址，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2880" id="2896">〔11〕</a>原本因喜作因嘉，《敦乙本》嘉作喜；《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作用喜，今從改嘉作喜。因與用同義，仍之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2881" id="2897">〔12〕</a>《方志》作“金銅相輪二十五重。或云四十層者，舉高五百五十尺。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2882" id="2898">〔13〕</a>《釋帖》二引作“盛佛舍利一斛矣”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2883" id="2899">〔14〕</a>《敦乙本》無南字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2884" id="2900">〔15〕</a>《明南本》﹑《徑山本》扶作持。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2885" id="2901">〔16〕</a>《中本》既作而。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2875" id="2902">（一）</a>懸記：與“授記”同，梵文vyākaraṇa的意譯，一作“記<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00241','1243997',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P241</span></i>别”，卽宗教預言。如《摩訶摩耶經》卷下的預言<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>降生等是。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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2　佛教教義的發展與宗派的形成
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv604151" key="604151"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 二　唐初的中國 &gt; 2　佛教教義的發展與宗派的形成 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv604152" key="604152"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00016','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P16</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000006"><b>2　佛教教義的發展與宗派的形成</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>以後，做爲一個外來的宗教，首要的任務就是要努力挣扎立定脚根。要想立定脚跟，必須依附於一個在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>已經流行的﹑有了基礎的宗教學説。必要時，甚至不惜做出一些僞裝，以求得蒙混過關。在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>人方面，首先信仰這個外來的宗教的並不是普通的老百姓，而是一些上層的統治階級的人物。他們對一個外來的﹑完全陌生的宗教也不能立刻了解，他們也總是拿自己固有的宗教觀念去比附。這在世界上其他宗教外傳時也是常常遇到的現象。</span> </p><p> <span>當<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>時，正是讖緯之學盛行的時候。當時一些皇室貴族，包括個别皇帝在内，比如<span class="zhuanming">東漢</span><span class="zhuanming">光武帝</span>和<span class="zhuanming">明帝</span>，都相信讖緯之學。在一般人心目中，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>也純爲一種祭祀，它的學説就是鬼神報應。他們認爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>也是一種道術，是九十六種道術之一，稱之爲<span class="zhuanming">佛道</span>或<span class="zhuanming">釋道</span>。<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">道</span>并提是當時固定的流行的提法。《後漢書·光</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00017','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P17</span></i> <span>武十王傳·楚王英傳》説：“<span class="zhuanming">楚王</span>誦<span class="zhuanming">黄</span><span class="zhuanming">老</span>之微言，尚浮屠之仁祠。”<span class="zhuanming">襄楷</span>上書説（《後漢書》卷六十下）：“聞宫中立<span class="zhuanming">黄</span><span class="zhuanming">老</span>浮屠之祠。”許多人，包括<span class="zhuanming">漢桓帝</span>在内，並祭<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">老</span>二氏。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>就在這樣的僞裝之下，在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>社會裏生了根。<span class="zhuanming">王充</span>《論衡》對於當時的學術﹑信仰﹑風習等都痛加貶斥，然而無一語及<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。可見當時<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>並不怎麽流行，在思想界裏並不佔什麽地位。</span> </p><p> <span>爲了求得生存，初期的譯經大師，如<span class="zhuanming">安世高</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">康僧會</span>之流，都乞靈於咒法神通之力，以求得震動人主和人民的視聽。一直到<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>代的<span class="zhuanming">佛圖澄</span>（三一○年至<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>）還藉此爲弘教手段。不管這些和尚自己是否相信這一套神通咒法，反正他們不能不這樣做。《高僧傳》卷九《佛圖澄傳》中多次提到<span class="zhuanming">佛圖澄</span>的神異，説得活龍活現，神乎其神。“（<span class="zhuanming">石勒</span>）召<span class="zhuanming">澄</span>問曰：‘佛道有何靈驗？’<span class="zhuanming">澄</span>知<span class="zhuanming">勒</span>不達深理，正可以道術爲徵。因而言曰：‘至道雖遠，亦可以近事爲證。’卽取應器盛水燒香呪之，須臾生青蓮花，光色曜目。<span class="zhuanming">勒</span>由此信服。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#104" id="103">〔1〕</a>從這一個小例子中可見一斑。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#103" id="104">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三八三下。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">三國</span>開始一直到<span class="zhuanming">魏</span><span class="zhuanming">晉</span>，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>又附屬於玄學。玄學是儒家封建倫理思想的另一種表現形式，它在當時是爲門閥士族地主階級服務的。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>依附上玄學，不但有能力存在下去，而且還能得到發展。玄學講什麽《周易》﹑《老》﹑《莊》﹑講什麽道。有人就用這個道同<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的般若波羅蜜多相比附，牽强附會當然難免。然而<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義却因而得到承認與發展。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>本身的教義的輸入和發展來看，最初傳到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>來的是小乘教説一切有部和禪定。這同<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>本土發展的歷史是相適應的。在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>是先有小乘，到了公元前三世紀<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>時代，才開</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00018','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P18</span></i> <span>始有大乘思想的萌芽。又到了公元後一世紀，中觀派的理論，所謂空宗（創始者爲<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>）纔開始産生。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>小乘有些部派多少還有一點唯物主義的因素。大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>則完全繼承了奥義書的唯心主義。只不過是使這種唯心主義更細緻化﹑更系統化而已。最早的《四十二章經》是否是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>佛經的譯本，還是個問題。<span class="zhuanming">漢桓帝</span><span class="zhuanming">建和</span>二年（公元一四八年）到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>來譯經的<span class="zhuanming">安世高</span>譯出了三十餘部經，主要是説一切有部的毗曇學和禪觀的理論。</span> </p><p> <span>同<span class="zhuanming">安世高</span>同時來<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>譯經的，以<span class="zhuanming">支婁迦讖</span>爲最有名。他譯的經多半屬於大乘中觀派，所謂空宗的經典。比如《道行般若經》就屬於這一宗。同時稍晚一點<span class="zhuanming">支謙</span>譯的《大明度經》就是同一部經。<span class="zhuanming">朱士行</span>西行求法，求的也是大品般若，結果在大乘盛行的<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>得到梵文《放光般若經》。這就説明，在公元二世紀的時候，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>大乘的中觀派理論已經傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。但是，這種學説並没有立刻引起注意，當然更談不到廣泛流行。時隔一百五十多年，直到<span class="zhuanming">魏</span><span class="zhuanming">晉</span>以後<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時期，才開始引起注意。原因在哪里呢？這同我們談到的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>自附於玄學，是分不開的。當時的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>理論家並没有完全忠實地按照<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>空宗的理論去理解它，而是雜揉了<span class="zhuanming">魏</span><span class="zhuanming">晉</span>玄學唯心主義的觀點，也講什麽“以無爲本”，與<span class="zhuanming">老</span><span class="zhuanming">莊</span>相混淆。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">晉</span>代的高僧<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>（公元三一二—三八五年），雖然曾説過：“先舊格義，於理多違”，實際上却並没能脱出“格義”的框框。他的弟子很多都讀儒書或<span class="zhuanming">老</span><span class="zhuanming">莊</span>之書。《高僧傳》卷五《釋曇徽傳》説：“釋<span class="zhuanming">曇徽</span>，<span class="zhuanming">河内</span>人。年十二投<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>出家。<span class="zhuanming">安</span>尚其神彩，且令讀書。二﹑三年中，學兼經史。十六方許剃髮。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#111" id="105">〔1〕</a>同上書卷五《釋道立傳》説：“少出家事<span class="zhuanming">安公</span>爲師，善《放光經》。又以<span class="zhuanming">莊</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">老</span>﹑三玄微應佛理，頗</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00019','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P19</span></i> <span>亦屬意焉。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#112" id="106">〔2〕</a>同上書卷五《釋曇戒傳》説：“居貧務學，遊心墳典。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#113" id="107">〔3〕</a>同上書卷六《慧遠傳》説：“故少爲諸生，博綜六經，尤善<span class="zhuanming">莊</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">老</span>。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#114" id="108">〔4〕</a>又説：“<span class="zhuanming">遠</span>乃引<span class="zhuanming">莊子</span>義爲連類，於是惑者曉然。是後<span class="zhuanming">安公</span>特聽<span class="zhuanming">慧遠</span>不廢俗書。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#115" id="109">〔5〕</a>同上書卷六《慧持傳》説：“釋<span class="zhuanming">慧持</span>者，<span class="zhuanming">慧遠</span>之弟也。衝默有遠量。年十四學讀書，一日所得，當他一旬。善文史，巧才製。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#116" id="110">〔6〕</a>因爲利用儒書和<span class="zhuanming">老</span><span class="zhuanming">莊</span>牽强附會來宣傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>更容易爲人們所接受，所以他就聽弟子“不廢俗書”。<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>還勸<span class="zhuanming">苻堅</span>迎<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>，爲大乘開基，他又集諸梵僧譯阿毗曇，爲小乘結束。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#105" id="111">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三五六中。</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#106" id="112">〔2〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三五六中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#107" id="113">〔3〕</a>同上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#108" id="114">〔4〕</a>同上書卷，頁三五七下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#109" id="115">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁三五八上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#110" id="116">〔6〕</a>同上書卷，頁三六一中。</span> </p><p> <span>在這個時期，由於<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>還是統一的，所以<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>還没有形成南北兩大派。到了南北朝時期，南北分裂，各自獨立，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>也因之而形成兩大派：南方重理論，偏於思辨，不重禪法，所謂“弘重義門，至於禪法，蓋蔑如也。”（《續高僧傳》卷十七《慧思傳》）<a class="zhuhao" href="#118" id="117">〔1〕</a>就是指的這個現像。盛行的佛學是《般若》﹑《三論》﹑《成論》，基本上都是大乘空宗的學説。北方重修持﹑禪定，傾向於苦行，盛行禪法與浄土的信仰，偏重戒律，並雜以陰陽方術，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代佛法的殘餘似乎流行於此，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代儒家經學的傳統也似乎比較有力；在這裏學風比較樸實，繼承了北方宗教傳統的衣鉢。這是政治上南北對立在宗教上的反映。但是南北也有互相交流的一面，禪法與義學的界限並不是絶對的。<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>之際，許多大師都主張“定慧雙開”，“禪義兼弘”，可見其中消息。總的來説，這實際上是<span class="zhuanming">魏</span><span class="zhuanming">晉</span>玄學的延續，不脱三玄的規範，並</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00020','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P20</span></i> <span>配合玄學，爲門閥士族的特權辯護。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#117" id="118">〔1〕</a>同上書卷，頁五六三下—五六四上。</span> </p><p> <span>同<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>形成了南北兩大派差不多同時，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>大乘瑜伽行者派所謂有宗也開始形成。這比起大乘的形成來要晚很多。比起中觀派所謂空宗的形成來，也晚不少。傳説這一派的創始者是<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>（Maitreya-nātha，約公元三五○—四三○年）。這個人的存在是值得懷疑的，有的學者説實有其人，有的學者則説純屬虚構。肯定是歷史人物的是<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>（約公元三九五—四七○年）和<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>（約公元四○○—四八○年）。<a class="zhuhao" href="#121" id="119">〔1〕</a>儘管這二人的生卒年月也還不清楚，但生在四﹑五世紀是没有問題的。這里特别值得提出的是，在<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>和<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>以後，這一派出了幾個著名的邏輯（因明）學者，比如<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>（六世紀）和<span class="zhuanming">法稱</span>（七世紀）。講因明，必須講因果關係，因果關係就包含着一些辯證法的因素。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>首倡的十二因緣，屬於這一類。大乘初期的創始者是反對或歪曲因緣論的。比如<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>，他不敢公然反對十二因緣，却歪曲説，十二因緣就正證明了一切事物皆非真實。有宗的這些因明學者都有勇氣承認Pramāṇa（舊譯作“量”或“形量”，認識工具），承認Pratyakṣa和Anumāna的正確性。<span class="zhuanming">法稱</span>公然説：“人類所有的成功的活動都必須以正確的知識爲前提。正確的知識有兩種：一種是知覺，一種是推理。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#122" id="120">〔2〕</a>他們的學説對<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>直接經驗Anumāna哲學産生了很大的影響。因爲瑜伽派比中觀派的建立要晚二三百年，所以傳到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>來的時間也相應地晚了。在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，傳譯介紹有宗法相唯識之學的，在南方有<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>代（公元五五七—五八九）<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>，他譯有《攝大乘論》等經典，有</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00021','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P21</span></i> <span>人就説，<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>建立了攝論宗。此外，<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>還譯了一些有關因明的論著。在北方有<span class="zhuanming">菩提流支</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">勒那摩提</span>，活動時期較<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>略早，所譯有《十地經論》等，有人又説他們創立了地論宗。仔細研究起來，在當時還只能有學派，不可能有宗派，稱之爲宗，是有點勉强的。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#119" id="121">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">陳</span><span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>譯《婆藪般豆法師傳》。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>《大唐西域記》多次提到。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#120" id="122">〔2〕</a>D.Chattopadhyaya，What is Living and What is Dead in Indian Phi losophy.<span class="zhuanming">恰托巴底亞耶</span>《印度哲學中什麽是活的？什麽是死的？》，<span class="zhuanming">新德里</span>，1976年，第57頁。</span></p><p> <span>到此爲止，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的大小乘，大乘中的空宗﹑有宗，隨着<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的發展，都介紹到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>來了。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>這些宗派之間的矛盾也與之俱來。有人説，在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>這種矛盾不激烈。這是不符合實際情況的。宗教與宗教之間的鬥争是很激烈的，但是一個宗教内部鬥争往往比對外矛盾還要激烈，這是中外宗教史上常見的現象。<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>也不能例外。首先遇到的是小乘和大乘的鬥争。<span class="zhuanming">梁</span>《高僧傳》卷四《朱士行傳》説：“（<span class="zhuanming">士行</span>）既至<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>，果得梵書正本凡九十章，遣弟子<span class="zhuanming">不如檀</span>﹑此言<span class="zhuanming">法饒</span>，送經梵本還歸<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>。未發之頃，<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>諸小乘學衆遂以白王云：‘<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>地沙門，欲以婆羅門書，惑亂正典。王爲地主，若不禁之，將斷大法。聾盲<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>地，王之咎也。’王卽不聽齎經。<span class="zhuanming">士行</span>深懷痛心，乃求燒經爲證。王卽許焉。於是積薪殿前，以火焚之。<span class="zhuanming">士行</span>臨火誓曰：‘若大法應流<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>地，經當不然。如其無護命也如何。’言已投經火中，火卽爲滅。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#125" id="123">〔1〕</a>很顯然，這一段神話是站在大乘立場上説出來的。<span class="zhuanming">僧祐</span>《出三藏記集》卷五《小乘迷學竺法度造異儀記》，記載了<span class="zhuanming">竺法度</span>“執學小乘，云無十方佛，唯禮<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>而已。大乘經典，不聽讀誦。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#126" id="124">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">僧祐</span>是站在大乘立場上的，故稱之爲“小乘迷學”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#123" id="125">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三四六中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#124" id="126">〔2〕</a>同上書，卷五五，頁四一上。</span> </p><p> <span>大小乘有矛盾，大乘空﹑有也有矛盾。最著名的﹑最有代表性的例子就是<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>與<span class="zhuanming">覺賢</span>的矛盾。<span class="zhuanming">覺賢</span>，梵名<span class="zhuanming">佛馱跋多羅</span>，或<span class="zhuanming">佛馱跋</span></span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00022','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P22</span></i> <span><span class="zhuanming">陀</span>，亦作<span class="zhuanming">佛大跋陀羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#137" id="127">〔1〕</a>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛度跋陀羅</span>。<a class="zhuhao" href="#138" id="128">〔2〕</a>他生於<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>，以禪律馳名。他遊學<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>，受業於大禪師<span class="zhuanming">佛陀斯那</span>。<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>一向是小乘薩婆多部（説一切有部）的流行地。<span class="zhuanming">梁</span>《高僧傳》卷二《佛陀跋陀羅傳》説：“常與同學<span class="zhuanming">僧伽達多</span>共遊<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#139" id="129">〔3〕</a>他在那裏受到薩婆多部的影響是很自然的。《出三藏記集》中之薩婆多部目録説：“<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>城内<span class="zhuanming">齊公寺</span>薩婆多部<span class="zhuanming">佛大跋陀羅</span>。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#140" id="130">〔4〕</a>可見他原隸説一切有部。<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">智嚴</span>到了<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>，請他同來<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。同<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>見了面。<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>宣揚的是大乘空宗，而<span class="zhuanming">覺賢</span>服膺的是大乘有宗。<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>的禪法，也與<span class="zhuanming">覺賢</span>不同。《出三藏記集》卷九《華嚴經記》説：“請<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>禪師<span class="zhuanming">佛度跋陀羅</span>手執梵文，譯胡爲<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>。沙門釋<span class="zhuanming">法業</span>親從筆受。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#141" id="131">〔5〕</a>《華嚴經》屬於大乘有宗。可見<span class="zhuanming">覺賢</span>信仰之所在。<span class="zhuanming">覺賢</span>是介紹<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>有宗入中國的最早的和尚之一。《出三藏記集》卷二講到《大方廣佛華嚴經》等十部經的翻譯時説：“<span class="zhuanming">晉安帝</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>禪師<span class="zhuanming">佛馱跋陀</span>（羅）至<span class="zhuanming">江東</span>，及<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>初於<span class="zhuanming">廬山</span>及京都譯出。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#142" id="132">〔6〕</a>同卷講到《大般泥洹》等十一部經的翻譯時説：“<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>以<span class="zhuanming">隆安</span>三年遊西域，於<span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span><span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>得胡本，歸京都，住道場寺。就<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>禪師<span class="zhuanming">佛馱跋陀</span>（羅）共譯出。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#143" id="133">〔7〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">覺賢</span>既然與<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>有這樣的矛盾，必不能融洽共處。<span class="zhuanming">梁</span>《高僧傳》本傳説：“聞<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>在<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>，卽往從之。<span class="zhuanming">什</span>大欣悦，共論法相，振發玄微，多所悟益。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#144" id="134">〔8〕</a>但是接着就説：“因謂<span class="zhuanming">什</span>曰：‘君所釋不出人</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00023','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P23</span></i> <span>意。而至高名何耶？’<span class="zhuanming">什</span>曰：‘吾年老故爾，何必能稱美談。’”<a class="zhuhao" href="#145" id="135">〔9〕</a>參閲《出三藏記集》卷十四《佛大跋陀傳》<a class="zhuhao" href="#146" id="136">〔10〕</a>這話説得很尷尬。兩人論空，意見相左。結果“遂致流言，大被謗讀，將有不測之禍。”可見問題之嚴重了。這不是兩人之間個人的問題，最根本的原因是二人的信仰空﹑有的矛盾。由於信仰而致殺身者，中外歷史不乏先例。<span class="zhuanming">覺賢</span>受迫害也就不足爲怪了。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#127" id="137">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五五，頁八九下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#128" id="138">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">湯用彤</span>：《漢魏兩晉南北朝佛教史》三○六—三○七頁。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#129" id="139">〔3〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三三四下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#130" id="140">〔4〕</a>同上書，卷五五，頁八九下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#131" id="141">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁六一上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#132" id="142">〔6〕</a>同上書卷，頁一一下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#133" id="143">〔7〕</a>同上書卷，頁一二上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#134" id="144">〔8〕</a>同上書，卷五○，頁三三五上。</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#135" id="145">〔9〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三三五上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#136" id="146">〔10〕</a>同上書，卷五五，頁一○三下。</span> </p><p> <span>儘管大﹑小有矛盾，空﹑有有矛盾。但只能説是學派之争，還不能説是宗派之争。到了<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>，南北統一了。一方面，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有了融合統一的可能性。此時不少人主張“定慧雙開”﹑“禪義兼弘”，就是這種趨勢的朕兆。但是，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>畢竟已經過了幼年期，可以説是已經成熟了。對於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教理方面的一些問題，看法越來越分歧，成見越來越深。久而久之，就形成了不少的宗派。到了此時，只有到了此時，我們才能談<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的宗派。</span> </p><p> <span>宗派的濫觴好像是在北方，而盛於南方。最初萌芽的宗派幾乎都屬於空宗。只有流傳時間極短暫的攝論宗﹑地論宗屬於有宗。這是同<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>思想的發展相一致的。空宗傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的時候，有宗還没有出現，當然更談不到傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>了。</span> </p><p> <span>談到宗派的形成，我上面已經談到，在<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時期大體上只能有學派，還不能有宗派，很多中外的佛學研究者説<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>有十宗或八宗，而且從<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時期已開始。這是不大符合實際情況的。<span class="zhuanming">梁啓超</span>《中國佛法興衰沿革説略》中提到的宗有：大乘攝論宗﹑小乘俱舍宗﹑十地宗﹑三論宗﹑法華宗﹑湼槃宗﹑天台宗﹑法相宗（唯識宗﹑慈恩宗）﹑華嚴宗﹑浄土宗﹑律宗﹑密宗﹑禪宗，有人還添上地論宗﹑攝論</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00024','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P24</span></i> <span>宗。在這些宗派中，各宗都有自己的教規。律宗不能成爲宗，浄土宗没有自己的專有理論，也不能算宗；成實﹑俱舍都只能算是學派，不是宗派；三論宗後被天台﹑禪宗所吸收，不能獨立成宗。能够成爲宗派的只有天台宗﹑華嚴宗﹑法相宗和禪宗。天台源於<span class="zhuanming">北齊</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">南陳</span>，創於<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>，流行於<span class="zhuanming">江</span><span class="zhuanming">浙</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">湖北</span>一帶，傾向於統一綜合，南方義學和北方禪定都去學習，企圖通過禪定來證悟般若。華嚴宗興起於<span class="zhuanming">陳</span><span class="zhuanming">隋</span>之間，形成於<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>時，根據地在<span class="zhuanming">終南山</span>和<span class="zhuanming">五臺山</span>。法相宗創始者爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">窺基</span>。禪宗源於<span class="zhuanming">北魏</span><span class="zhuanming">菩提達摩</span>，盛於<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>，先流行於<span class="zhuanming">庾嶺</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">廣東</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">湖南</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">江西</span>，然後遍及全國，流行時間最長，實際上已成爲一個呵佛駡祖的宗派，已成爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的對立面，簡直已經不是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>了。</span> </p><p> <span>自<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>以來，大量的佛經翻譯過來了，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>主要的經典幾乎都有了<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯本，有的經典<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯本不止有一個，而是有許多個，中外僧徒翻來覆去地翻譯。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>宗派一個個地形成，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>本身也在統治者扶持之下，流行起來了。這時在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義方面，矛盾和分歧突出出來了。大乘﹑小乘有矛盾，大乘中空宗﹑有宗又有矛盾。爲了調和和彌補理論上的分歧，加强内部的團結，各宗派都建立了判教的體係。换句話説，各宗派都根據自己的觀點﹑理論，把<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>各宗的理論加以批判﹑整理和估價。判教源於何時，現在還説不清，最早的有<span class="zhuanming">慧觀法師</span>，他曾區分頓﹑漸﹑不定三教。判教之説大概起源於<span class="zhuanming">北涼</span><span class="zhuanming">曇無讖</span>，盛行於北方，與宗派的形成關係很大。</span> </p><p> <span>在這時候，各宗派討論批判的理論問題很多，其中最突出的就是關於佛性的問題。什麽叫佛性問題呢？就是人能不能够成佛的問題。在我們看來，這個問題同<span class="zhuanming">西歐</span>中世紀<span class="zhuanming">基督教</span>神學家討論一個針尖上能够站多少天使同樣地荒誕不經，滑稽可笑。然而，在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒看來，這却是一個天大的問題。爲了麻痹善男信女，擴大自己<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00025','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P25</span></i>的地盤，鞏固自己手中的經濟，必須提出這個問題，而且必須給以回答。</span> </p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上，雖然提法不同，這個問題也是有過的。怎樣成佛？何時成佛？同在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上一樣，有許多説法。一般説起來，小乘要求比較高，也就是説，他們賣天國入門券，討價高，出手比較慳嗇。他們主張，必須累世修行，積累功德，然後才能成佛。<span class="zhuanming">後漢</span><span class="zhuanming">安世高</span>所譯的佛經大概都是這種主張。這樣做當然比較艱苦，令人望而却步。這表現了守舊派爲了維護人世間的不平等的封建等級制所進行的努力。又有人主張逐漸修行，到了一定階段，來一個飛躍，然後再修行，卽可成佛。<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>就是這樣主張。這比第一種説法容易一點，然而也還有不少的麻煩。這對於維護封建特權來説，是有好處的；然而對麻痹信徒來説，却有其不利的一方面。天國入門券如果太貴，有些人就望望然而去之了。到了<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>的大弟子<span class="zhuanming">竺道生</span>身上發生了一個巨大的變化。<span class="zhuanming">慧皎</span>《高僧傳》卷七《竺道生傳》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“於是校閲真俗，研思因果，迺立善不受報，頓悟成佛。又著《二諦論》﹑《佛性常有論》﹑《法身無色論》﹑《佛無浄土論》﹑《應有緣論》等，籠罩舊説，妙有淵旨。而守文之徒，多生嫌嫉，與奪之聲，紛然競起。又六卷《泥洹》（<span class="zhuanming">東晉</span><span class="zhuanming">義熙</span>十三年〔公元四一七年〕譯出——引者）先至京師。<span class="zhuanming">生</span>剖析經理，洞入幽微，迺説‘一闡提人皆得成佛’。於時《大本》未傳，孤明先發，獨見忤衆。於是舊學以爲邪説，譏憤滋甚。遂顯大衆，擯而遣之。……後《湼槃大本》至於<span class="zhuanming">南京</span>，果稱闡提悉有佛性，與前所説，合若符契。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#148" id="147">〔1〕</a>（參閲《出三藏記集》卷十七，内容幾乎完全</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00026','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P26</span></i> <span>一樣）</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#147" id="148">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三六六下—三六七上。</span></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">北涼</span><span class="zhuanming">曇無讖</span>譯《大般湼槃經》四十卷本，卷二二《光明遍照高貴德王菩薩品》中説：</span> </p><p> <span>“犯四重罪，謗方等經，作五逆罪，及一闡提悉有佛性。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#152" id="149">〔1〕</a>這説法與<span class="zhuanming">竺道生</span>的説法完全相同。這真是石破天驚，佛壇佳話。<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>相距萬里，而想法竟如是之相似。可見買廉價的天國入門券也是有規律可循的。麻痹信衆，維護階級利益，<span class="zhuanming">竺</span><span class="zhuanming">漢</span>相同，這也大概可以算是階級鬥争的規律吧。<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span>階級鬥争激烈，貧富懸殊，於是<span class="zhuanming">先秦</span><span class="zhuanming">兩漢</span>已經提出來的一個問題又被提出來了：人生有貴賤，人性是否也有貴賤呢？《湼槃經》解答了這個問題，可以説正是時候，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>從般若學轉到了湼槃學是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>發展的一個關鍵階段。般若和湼槃都屬於空宗，但在佛性問題上，湼槃可以説是搶先了一步。</span> </p><p> <span>其實這種想法在個别小乘經中，在大乘的《法華經》﹑《維摩詰經》已有所流露。《法華經·授學無學人記品》第九説：“悉皆與授記，未來當成佛。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#153" id="150">〔2〕</a>《常不輕菩薩品》第二十説：“我不敢輕於汝等，汝等皆當作佛。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#154" id="151">〔3〕</a>《法華經》還講到龍女成佛的故事。到了《湼槃經》只是説得更具體﹑更切實而已。但是這種學説在<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時，庶族地主還没能在政治上佔重要地位，因而還没能得到廣泛的承認。到了<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>王朝統治者有意打擊門閥士族，他們逐漸失勢，庶族地主階級靠科舉往上爬，反映在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義方面，頓悟成佛就大大流行起來，禪宗把這個學説發揚光大。淵源於<span class="zhuanming">北齊</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">南陳</span>，創於<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>，盛於<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>的天台宗的祖師爺之一的<span class="zhuanming">湛然</span>（公元七一一——七八二年）提</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00027','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P27</span></i> <span>出了“無情有性”的學説，把成佛的可能與範圍更擴大了，意思是連没有情的東西，像草木磚石都有佛性，都能成佛，進入極樂世界，人類能成佛當然更不在話下了。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#149" id="152">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷一二，頁四九三中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#150" id="153">〔2〕</a>同上書，卷九，頁三○中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#151" id="154">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁五○下—五一上。</span></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>創立的法相宗怎樣呢？</span> </p><p> <span>前面談到的各個宗派都是屬大乘空宗的。創於<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初的法相宗是屬於有宗的。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>和<span class="zhuanming">窺基</span>所想繼承的是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">無著</span>和<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>等有宗大師的衣鉢。這一派主張現實世界的一切事物都是衆多感覺經驗的集合體，都是“識”的變現。這有點像<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>唯心主義經驗論者<span class="zhuanming">貝克萊</span>（公元一六八四—一七五三年）的學説。<span class="zhuanming">列寧</span>在《唯物主義和經驗批判主義》一書中首先批判的也就是這一種學説。爲了開闢通向最高境界﹑真如世界（變相的天國）的道路，法相宗提出了“三性”﹑“三無性”的學説。這一派完完全全接受<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>瑜伽行者派的關於八識的學説，説什麽第八識阿賴耶識中包含着有漏種子和無漏種子，有漏種子通過善行的熏習可以轉化爲無漏種子，只有斷盡了有漏種子才能成佛，而只有佛才能斷盡有漏種子。我們姑且不談這裏面無法解決的矛盾。只是這種成佛的途徑就非常艱辛而且毫無把握。同禪宗和其他宗派提出的“放下屠刀，立地成佛”﹑“一闡提人皆有佛性”﹑“無情有性”等等學説比較起來，其難易的程度有如天壤，人們捨此而就彼，不是很自然的嗎？還有一點是法相宗同其他各宗不同的地方：法相宗是教條主義，幾乎是全盤接受<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>有宗的那一套學説，它利用相對主義翻來覆去地論證現實世界虚妄不實，但却認爲“識”是存在的，它幾乎没有什麽創造與修正，没有或者很少配合當時階級鬥争的形勢，適應經濟基礎的需要。而其他各宗都或多或少地<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>化了，也就是説，密切配合階級鬥争爲統治者服務。這些宗派，特别是禪宗，之所以能長久流行於<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，而<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00028','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P28</span></i>法相宗只流行了幾十年，創立人一死，宗派也就立刻消逝，其原因也就在這裏。我們可以得出一個結論：一個宗派流行時間的長短是與它們<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>化的程度成正比的。誰的天國入門券賣得便宜，誰就能贏得羣衆，就能得到統治者的支持。反之，就不能。這種情況，在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上，同樣可以發現，其中是有規律可循的。在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，同在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>一樣，還可以發現一個規律，就是：天國入門券，越賣越便宜。法相宗的入門券賣得貴了一點，所以買的人就少。它以後的華嚴宗和禪宗，就便宜得多。華嚴宗宣揚，進入佛國不必努力苦修，不必等到遥遠的將來，只要在眼前改變一下對現實世界的看法，立刻就可以成佛。禪宗的“放下屠刀，立地成佛”是最有名的，也是最簡便便宜的。禪宗流行的時間特别長，地域特别廣，難道是偶然的嗎？</span> </p><p> <span>有人<a class="zhuhao" href="#159" id="155">〔1〕</a>主張<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>企圖溝通中觀與瑜伽兩派，他在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>著《會宗論》就是爲了達到這個目的。<span class="zhuanming">梁啓超</span>説：“會通瑜伽般若兩宗，實<span class="zhuanming">奘師</span>畢生大願。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#160" id="156">〔2〕</a>我看，這個説法恐怕不够確實﹑全面。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>實際上是在空宗（般若）的基礎上建立自己的佛學體系的。<a class="zhuhao" href="#161" id="157">〔3〕</a>他並不把般若與瑜伽等量齊觀。至於説，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>思想中有辯證法因素，那倒是符合實際情況的。這個問題下面再談。<a class="zhuhao" href="#162" id="158">〔4〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#155" id="159">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">田光烈</span>：《玄奘及其哲學思想中之辯證法因素》，<span class="zhuanming">雲南人民出版社</span>，一九五八年，第九頁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#156" id="160">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">梁啓超</span>：《飲冰室全集》專集第一五册：《支那内學院精校本玄奘傳書後》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#157" id="161">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">任繼愈</span>：《漢唐佛教思想論集》，<span class="zhuanming">人民出版社</span>，一九七三年版，第二○八頁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#158" id="162">〔4〕</a>參閲本書第一○二頁“五《關於玄奘》”。</span> </p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上，大乘有宗産生得最晚。它最有資格總結整個的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史。它也確實這樣做了。在有宗一部重要的經典﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>親自翻譯的《解深密經·無自性相品》中，它以三時判别<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>各宗</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00029','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P29</span></i> <span>的高下：</span> </p><p> <span>“爾時<span class="zhuanming">勝義生菩薩</span>復白佛言：‘<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>！初於一時，在<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯</span>仙人墮處<span class="zhuanming">施鹿林</span>中，惟爲發趣聲聞乘者，以四諦相轉正法輪，雖是甚奇甚爲希有，一切世間諸天人等先無有能如法轉者；而於彼時所轉法輪，有上有容是未了義，是諸諍論安足處所。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>！在昔第二時中，惟爲發趣修大乘者，依一切法皆無自性，無生無滅，本來寂静，自性湼槃，以隱密相轉正法輪，雖更甚奇甚爲希有，而於彼時所轉法輪，亦是有上有所容受，猶未了義。是諸諍論安足處所。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>！於今第三時中，普爲發趣一切乘者，依一切法皆無自性，無生無滅，本來寂静，自性湼槃，無自性性，以顯了相轉正法輪，第一甚奇，最爲希有。於今，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>所轉法輪，無上無容，是真了義，非諸諍論安足處所。’”<a class="zhuhao" href="#164" id="163">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#163" id="164">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷一六，頁六九七上—中。</span> </p><p> <span>意思就是説，第一時是小乘説有教，第二時是大乘空宗，這兩時都不行。只有第三時有宗，才是最高的真理，最正確，“第一甚奇，最爲希有。”</span> </p><p> <span>這種説法，我覺得很有意思，好像也符合<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的發展實際情況。我在這裏再借用<span class="zhuanming">黑格爾</span>的三段式的説法：正題（小乘的有）——反題（大乘的空）——合題（大乘的有）。如果借辯證法的術語，也就是否定之否定。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>後，其發展階段，幾乎完全與<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>本土<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的發展相適應。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>可以説是代表<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義的最高的發展。在他以後，雖然<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>還頗爲流行，但已有强弩之末的趨勢，在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>都是這樣。從這個觀點上來看<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上的地位，在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義中的地位，是可以説是既得魚又得筌的。至</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00030','1243877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P30</span></i> <span>於法相宗究竟是一個什麽樣的宗派，可參閲<span class="zhuanming">任繼愈</span>：《漢唐佛教思想論集》《法相宗哲學思想略論》，這裏就不再談了。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一　引言
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv364442" key="364442"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 一　引言 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv364443" key="364443"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00001','1243874',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000003">一　引言</p><p> <span>《大唐西域記》的作者<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>（公元六○○——六六四）<a class="zhuhao" href="#2" id="1">〔1〕</a>，俗姓<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>，名<span class="zhuanming">禕</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">洛州</span><span class="zhuanming">緱氏</span>人（在今<span class="zhuanming">河南</span><span class="zhuanming">偃師縣</span><span class="zhuanming">陳河村</span>附近）。他是<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代著名的高僧，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>唯心主義理論家，不畏艱險的旅行者，卓越的翻譯大師，捨生求法的典型，<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>友好的化身。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1" id="2">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>：《玄奘年壽考論》，載《大公報在港復刊三十周年紀念論文集》；<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>：《玄奘西行首途年月考釋》，載《上海師範大學學報》，哲學社會科學版，一九七八年，第一期，第四七—五七頁。</span> </p><p> <span>要想準確地理解和評價《大唐西域記》這一部蜚聲中外的名著，首先必須準確地評價<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>其人和他西行求法的動機和效果。要想準確評價<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>其人和他西行求法的動機和效果，又必須從當時<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的時代背景談起。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、醯羅城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153323" key="1153323"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 那揭羅曷國 &gt; 三、醯羅城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153324" key="1153324"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00228','1243995',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P228</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000376"><b>三﹑醯羅城</b></p><p> <span>城東南三十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">醯羅城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2788" id="2767">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2804" id="2768">（一）</a>，周四五里，竪<a class="zhuhao" href="#2789" id="2769">〔2〕</a>峻險固。花林池沼，光鮮澄<a class="zhuhao" href="#2790" id="2770">〔3〕</a>鏡。城中居人，淳質正信。復有重閣，畫棟丹楹。第二閣中有七寶小窣堵波，置<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>頂骨<a class="zhuhao" href="#2805" id="2771">（二）</a>。骨周一尺二寸，髮孔分明，其色黄白，盛以寶函，置窣堵波中。欲知善惡相者，香末和埿以印頂骨，隨其福感，其文焕然。又有七寶<a class="zhuhao" href="#2806" id="2772">（三）</a>小窣堵波，以貯<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髑髏骨。狀若荷葉，色同頂骨，亦以寶函緘絡而置。又有七寶小窣堵波，有<a class="zhuhao" href="#2791" id="2773">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>眼睛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2792" id="2774">〔5〕</a>。睛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2793" id="2775">〔6〕</a>大如㮈<a class="zhuhao" href="#2794" id="2776">〔7〕</a>，光明清徹，曒映中外<a class="zhuhao" href="#2795" id="2777">〔8〕</a>。又以寶<a class="zhuhao" href="#2796" id="2778">〔9〕</a>函緘封而置。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>僧伽胝袈裟，細㲲<a class="zhuhao" href="#2797" id="2779">〔10〕</a>所作，其色<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00229','1243995',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P229</span></i>黄赤，置寶函中，歲月既遠，微有損壞。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>錫杖，白鐵作鐶<a class="zhuhao" href="#2798" id="2780">〔11〕</a>，栴<a class="zhuhao" href="#2799" id="2781">〔12〕</a>檀爲笴<a class="zhuhao" href="#2800" id="2782">〔13〕</a>，寶筒盛之。近有國王聞此諸物並是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔親服用，恃其威力，迫脇<a class="zhuhao" href="#2801" id="2783">〔14〕</a>而歸。既至本國，置所居宫<a class="zhuhao" href="#2802" id="2784">〔15〕</a>，曾未浹辰<a class="zhuhao" href="#2807" id="2785">（四）</a>，求之已失。爰更尋訪，已還本處。斯五聖迹<a class="zhuhao" href="#2808" id="2786">（五）</a>，多有靈異。<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試王</span>令五淨行給侍香花。觀禮之徒，相繼不絶。諸净行等欲從虚寂以爲財用，人之所重，權立科條，以止諠雜。其大略曰：“諸欲見<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>頂骨者，税一金錢。若取印<a class="zhuhao" href="#2803" id="2787">〔16〕</a>者，税五金錢。”自餘節級，以次科條。科條雖重，觀禮彌衆。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2767" id="2788">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》醯羅城作“佛頂骨城”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2769" id="2789">〔2〕</a>按卷三“僧訶補羅國”條云：“堅峻險固”，與此句同，但竪作堅。二字形近，竪疑堅之訛。惟諸本如此，不輒改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2770" id="2790">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》澄作澂，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2773" id="2791">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》有並作貯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2774" id="2792">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《中本》睛作精，下字同。《釋帖》一引云“佛眼舍利”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2775" id="2793">〔6〕</a>《石本》無下睛字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2776" id="2794">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》㮈作柰，《方志》同。《宋本》﹑《資福本》作奈。字並可通用。《釋帖》作㮈，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2777" id="2795">〔8〕</a>光明清徹曒映中外，《石本》﹑《大本》作“清白分明，内外映<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00230','1243995',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P230</span></i>徹”；《中本》作“清白分明，内外徹映”。《釋帖》引作“青白分明，柔軟殊異”，後四字狀佛睛不合，疑有誤。《珠林》作“清白映徹”四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2778" id="2796">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》寶上有七字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2779" id="2797">〔10〕</a>《方志》㲲作氈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2780" id="2798">〔11〕</a>《中本》鐶作環，《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2781" id="2799">〔12〕</a>栴，各本有作旃者，同，説見前校，以下省。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2782" id="2800">〔13〕</a>《石本》笴作𥯽，形之訛；《慈恩傳》作莖。《慧琳音義》笴字云：“《古今正字》：‘從竹，可聲。’”《音釋》亦作笴，云：“箭笴也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2783" id="2801">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》脇作愶。《徑山本》誤作拹。《音釋》作愶云：“許業反，以威逼人。”按脇愶二字通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2784" id="2802">〔15〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》宫下並有中字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2787" id="2803">〔16〕</a>《珠林》取印作請印。《方志》作請仰，仰疑印之誤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2768" id="2804">（一）</a>醯羅城：<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲Hiḍḍa（來源於梵文haḍḍa，意爲骨，因該處之佛頂骨得名，卽《慈恩傳》中所謂“佛頂骨城”），在<span class="zhuanming">賈拉拉巴德</span>以南約<span class="zhuanming">五</span>英里處。昔日爲一<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>勝地，高僧如<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法勇</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>等人都曾來此處巡禮。《法顯傳》記載：“……至<span class="zhuanming">那竭國</span>界<span class="zhuanming">醯羅城</span>，城中有佛頂骨精舍，盡以金薄七寶挍餝，國王敬重頂骨，慮人抄奪，乃取國中豪姓八人，人持一印，印封守護，清晨八人俱到，各視其印，然後開户……每日出後，精舍人則登高樓，擊大鼓，吹蠡，敲銅鈸。王聞已則詣精舍，以華香供養……<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00231','1243995',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P231</span></i>居士長者亦先供養……諸國王亦恒遣使供養……精舍處方三十步，雖復天震地裂，此處不動。”五世紀中葉，此地曾受到嚈噠（白匈奴）人嚴重破壞，近代此城更淪爲一荒涼小村。<span class="zhuanming">法國</span>考古學家曾在該地進行發掘，出土文物不少（見J.Barthoux：Les Fouilles de Haḍḍa），可與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載相印證，也給<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>的意見以有力支持。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2771" id="2805">（二）</a>置如來頂骨：《法顯傳》載：自<span class="zhuanming">弗樓沙國</span>“西行十六由延，至<span class="zhuanming">那竭國</span>界<span class="zhuanming">醯羅城</span>。中有佛頂骨精舍，盡以金薄七寶挍餝。”《洛陽伽藍記》卷五云：“至<span class="zhuanming">那迦羅訶國</span>，有佛頂骨，方圓四寸，黄白色，下有孔，受人手指閃然似仰蜂窠。”《酉陽雜俎》前集卷三《貝篇》：“<span class="zhuanming">那揭羅曷國</span>城東塔中有佛頂骨，周二尺。欲知善惡者，以香塗印骨，其迹焕然，善惡相悉見。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2772" id="2806">（三）</a>七寶：《翻譯名義集》卷三：“<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>七寶凡有二種，一者七種珍寶，二者七種王寶。七種珍寶，略引四文。《佛地論》云：一金；二銀；三吠琉璃；四頗胝迦；五牟呼婆羯洛婆，當硨磲也；六遏濕摩揭婆，當瑪瑙；七赤真珠。《無量壽經》作金﹑銀﹑琉璃﹑頗梨﹑珊瑚﹑瑪瑙﹑硨磲。《恒水經》作金﹑銀﹑珊瑚﹑真珠﹑硨磲﹑明月珠﹑摩尼珠。《大論》云：有七種寶，金﹑銀﹑毗瑠璃﹑頗黎﹑硨磲﹑瑪瑙﹑赤真珠。二﹑七種王寶者，<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>譯《華嚴經》云：王得道時，於其正殿，󵾖女圍繞，七寶自至。一金輪寶，名勝自在；二象寶，名曰青山；三紺馬寶，曰勇疾風；四神珠寶，名光藏雲；五主藏臣寶，名曰大財；六玉女寶，名浄妙德；七主兵臣寶，名離垢眼。得是七寶，於<span class="zhuanming">閻浮提</span>作轉輪王。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2785" id="2807">（四）</a>浹辰：我國古代以干支記日，稱自子至亥一周十二日爲“浹辰”。《左傳》<span class="zhuanming">成公</span>九年：“浹辰之間而<span class="zhuanming">楚</span>克其三都。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2786" id="2808">（五）</a>斯五聖迹：指<span class="zhuanming">醯羅城</span>的<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>頂骨﹑髑髏骨﹑眼睛﹑僧伽胝<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00232','1243995',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P232</span></i>袈裟﹑錫杖。</span> </p><p> <span>重閣西北有窣堵波，不<a class="zhuhao" href="#2812" id="2809">〔1〕</a>甚高大，而多靈異<a class="zhuhao" href="#2813" id="2810">〔2〕</a>。人以指觸，便卽摇震<a class="zhuhao" href="#2814" id="2811">〔3〕</a>，連基傾動，鈴鐸和鳴。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2809" id="2812">〔1〕</a>原本不作亦，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作不。《釋帖》二十一引同（唯誤在<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>），今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2810" id="2813">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》異並作怪；《釋帖》引作恠，恠亦怪字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2811" id="2814">〔3〕</a>《釋帖》引震作振，通用。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南山谷中行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">健馱<a class="zhuhao" href="#2818" id="2815">〔1〕</a>邏國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">乾陁衛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2819" id="2816">〔2〕</a>，訛也。<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#2820" id="2817">〔3〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2815" id="2818">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》馱作陁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2816" id="2819">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》乾陁衞作健陁術。術疑衞之譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2817" id="2820">〔3〕</a>《古本》境下有也字，《慈恩傳》亦有。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二　唐初的中國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv364446" key="364446"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 二　唐初的中國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv364447" key="364447"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00001','1243875',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000004">二　唐初的中國</p><p> <span>先談<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>方面的情況。這里包括五個方面：1.佛經的翻譯與翻譯組織；2.<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義的發展與宗派的形成；3.<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>與儒家和<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>的關係；4.<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初統治者對宗教的態度；5.<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代的寺院經濟。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
健馱邏國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153327" key="1153327"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 健馱邏國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153328" key="1153328"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00232','1243996',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P232</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000381">健馱邏國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2841" id="2821">（一）</a>東西千餘里，南北八百餘里，東臨<span class="zhuanming">信度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2835" id="2822">〔1〕</a><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00233','1243996',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P233</span></i><span class="zhuanming">河</span>。國大都城號<span class="zhuanming">布路沙布邏</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2836" id="2823">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2842" id="2824">（二）</a>，周四十餘里。王族絶嗣，役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>。邑里空荒，居人稀少，宫城一隅有千餘户。穀稼殷盛，花果繁茂，多甘蔗，出石蜜。氣序温暑，畧無霜雪。人性恇怯，好習典藝，多敬異道，少信正法。自古已來，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之境。作論諸師則有<a class="zhuhao" href="#2837" id="2825">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">那羅延天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2843" id="2826">（三）</a>﹑<span class="zhuanming">無著<a class="zhuhao" href="#2844" id="2827">（四）</a>菩薩</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">世<a class="zhuhao" href="#2838" id="2828">〔4〕</a>親<a class="zhuhao" href="#2845" id="2829">（五）</a></span><span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法救</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2846" id="2830">（六）</a>﹑<span class="zhuanming">如意</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2847" id="2831">（七）</a>﹑<span class="zhuanming">脇尊者</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2848" id="2832">（八）</a>等本生處也。僧伽藍十<a class="zhuhao" href="#2839" id="2833">〔5〕</a>餘所，摧殘荒廢，蕪漫蕭條。諸窣堵波頗多頽<a class="zhuhao" href="#2840" id="2834">〔6〕</a>圯。天祠百數，異道雜居。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2822" id="2835">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無度字，誤脱。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》並作“信度河”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2823" id="2836">〔2〕</a>《中本》及《慈恩傳》邏作羅，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2825" id="2837">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》有作不。按不字不通，若下屬於那羅延天，則“不那羅延天”，其名未聞。且《慈恩傳》亦作“那羅延天”。當誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2828" id="2838">〔4〕</a>《磧砂本》世誤作出。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2833" id="2839">〔5〕</a>原本十作千，各本同。《方志》作“寺有十餘”。按上文云“多敬外道，少信正法”，下文云：“摧殘荒廢，蕪漫蕭條”，安得有“僧伽藍千餘所”之多哉？《方志》之言爲是。十與千形似易誤，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2834" id="2840">〔6〕</a>《慧琳音義》頽作隤，云：“從阜，貴聲。《記》中作頽，非也。”頽隤今通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2821" id="2841">（一）</a>健馱邏國：健馱邏，梵語Gandhāra的音譯，卽<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00234','1243996',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P234</span></i>《地理志》的Gandarae。在我國文獻中，有<span class="zhuanming">乾陀羅</span>（《洛陽伽藍記》卷五），<span class="zhuanming">小月氏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">乾陀</span>（《魏書·西域傳》）﹑<span class="zhuanming">月氏國</span>（《高僧傳·曇無竭傳》）﹑<span class="zhuanming">犍陀羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">建陀羅</span>（慧超《往五天竺國傳》）﹑<span class="zhuanming">健陀羅</span>（《吴船録》）諸譯。《法顯傳》作<span class="zhuanming">犍陀衛</span>，《水經注》引<span class="zhuanming">釋氏</span>《西域志》作<span class="zhuanming">犍陀越</span>，係由梵語（Gandhavat）的讀法而來，此外又有作<span class="zhuanming">業波羅</span>（Gopāla）或<span class="zhuanming">業波</span>（《魏書》）的，<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">惠生</span>認爲是其本名。其意譯，據《華嚴經音義》卷三：“乾陀是香，羅謂陀羅，此云遍也。言遍此國内多生香氣之花，故名<span class="zhuanming">香遍國</span>。”是故《續高僧傳》作<span class="zhuanming">香行國</span>，又有作<span class="zhuanming">香遍國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">香風國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">香潔國</span>的。<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">庫納爾河</span>和<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>之間的<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾河</span>流域，包括<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>以北的<span class="zhuanming">白沙瓦</span>和<span class="zhuanming">拉瓦爾品第</span>（Rawalpindi）地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>是<span class="zhuanming">亞洲</span>古代史上有名的大國。公元前四世紀末，<span class="zhuanming">馬其頓</span><span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>侵入<span class="zhuanming">南亞</span>，<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>的文化藝術曾受到<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>的影響。公元前三世紀時，<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>（<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>）的<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>遣<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒來此傳播佛教，逐漸形成舉世聞名的<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>式的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>藝術。公元前二世紀左右，<span class="zhuanming">貴霜</span>王朝（大月氏）强盛時成爲<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>王統治的中心。其首都<span class="zhuanming">布路沙布邏</span>（今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">白沙瓦</span>）約建於此時。其後<span class="zhuanming">貴霜</span>王朝勢衰，<span class="zhuanming">小月氏</span>入侵，又爲<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>（<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>）所滅（詳以後各卷所涉及的各條注釋）。因之，其各代的疆域不同，在<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>全盛時，大約包括歷史上<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">克什米爾</span>和我國的<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">莎車</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">信德</span>和<span class="zhuanming">北方邦</span>東到<span class="zhuanming">貝拿勒斯</span>一帶地方。其錢幣甚至在<span class="zhuanming">比哈爾</span>和<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>都發現過。但是，據<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>的記載，公元400年該國的勢力已經逐漸衰落了。<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">惠生</span>到達時正值<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的末期，<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>王<span class="zhuanming">多邏摩那</span>（Toramāṇa）侵入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>（Mālwā）地方立國，其子<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩邏</span>（Mihirakula）時仍據有<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>，西至<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>東迄<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>的四十餘國均爲其所役屬。故云：“入<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00235','1243996',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P235</span></i><span class="zhuanming">乾陀羅國</span>……爲<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>所滅，遂立<span class="zhuanming">勅懃</span>爲王，治國以來，已經二世。”（《洛陽伽藍記》卷五）這與《西域記》卷四《磔迦國》所載同。然而當<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>抵該國時，不過“東西千餘里，南北八百餘里。……役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>。邑里空荒，居人稀少”，已呈現一片荒涼景象了。八世紀初<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>到達時，<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span><span class="zhuanming">波爾</span><span class="zhuanming">哈勅懃</span>（Barhategin）滅<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試</span>而據其地，已爲<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>所奴役。762年，<span class="zhuanming">悟空</span>從<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>赴<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>，情況與<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>經歷時同，此後因文獻不足徵，難於考見。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2824" id="2842">（二）</a>布路沙布邏：梵語Puruṣapura音譯，卽《法顯傳》的<span class="zhuanming">弗樓沙國</span>，《魏書》的<span class="zhuanming">弗樓沙城</span>。又作<span class="zhuanming">富婁沙富羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">富留沙富邏</span>，<span class="zhuanming">不流沙</span>；意譯<span class="zhuanming">丈夫土</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">丈夫城</span>，《續高僧傳》卷二作“丈夫宫”。外國人的記載稱之爲Purshaur（公元後約1001年，Al-Utbi），Parshawar（約1020年，Al-Bīrūnī），Farshābūr（約1220年，Yāk ūt），Pershāwer（1519年，Baber），Peshour（1783年，G.Forster），Peshāwar（1863.Cunningham）等（見Hobson-Jobson，700a，轉引自<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注《大唐西域記》頁82。）其地業經諸家考證，一致認爲卽今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span><span class="zhuanming">喀布爾河</span>南岸<span class="zhuanming">白沙瓦</span>市的西北地方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2826" id="2843">（三）</a>那羅延天：那羅延是梵語Nārāyaṇa的音譯，“天”是梵語deva的意譯，卽神的意思；梵文全名Nārāyaṇadeva。古<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>名叫<span class="zhuanming">那羅延天</span>的學者很多，這裏似乎是指一位<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>學者，但現存佛籍中並無其著作。可能<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>見過或聽説過他的著作，但並未流傳下來。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2827" id="2844">（四）</a>無著：梵語Asaṅga的意譯，音譯爲<span class="zhuanming">阿僧伽</span>（見本書卷五<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁國</span>條），約四至五世紀的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛</span>教哲學家。據《婆藪槃豆法師傳》，爲<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>人，初於小乘説一切有部出家，後學大乘，轉而成爲<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>教瑜伽行派（有宗）理論體系的主要建立者。現<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>譯佛<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00236','1243996',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P236</span></i>經中，有他所著的《攝大乘論》﹑《大乘阿毘達摩集論》等，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯中《瑜伽師地論》卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯品。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2829" id="2845">（五）</a>世親：梵語Vasubandhu的意譯，一作<span class="zhuanming">天親</span>，音譯爲<span class="zhuanming">伐蘇畔度</span>（見本書卷五<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁國</span>條），<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>之弟。他出家後在<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>研究小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>一切有部的理論，後於<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>從<span class="zhuanming">如意</span>論師，又隨其兄<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>改習大乘，成爲瑜伽行派的重要理論家。卒於<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁國</span>，年八十。著有《唯識二十論》﹑《唯識三十論頌》﹑《大乘百法明門論》﹑《大乘五藴論》﹑《辨中邊論》等，號稱大乘論百部，大部分有<span class="zhuanming">漢藏</span>譯本。他的生平事跡見《婆藪槃豆法師傳》等書，但各書記載矛盾頗多。參閲<span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>《印度佛學源流略講》第五講第三節。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2830" id="2846">（六）</a>法救：梵語Dharmatrāta的意譯，音譯爲<span class="zhuanming">達磨呾邏多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">達磨怛邏多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">達磨多羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">曇摩多羅</span>（見本條下文）。與<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">妙音</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">覺天</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有部的四大論師之一，著有《法句經》二卷。在<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯《藏經》中，保存他所著的《五事毗婆沙論》二卷，《雜阿毘曇心論》二卷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2831" id="2847">（七）</a>如意：梵語Manoratha的意譯，音譯爲<span class="zhuanming">末笯曷剌他</span>（見本條下文），<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>之師，曾在<span class="zhuanming">布路沙城</span>著《毘婆娑論》。<span class="zhuanming">超日王</span>（Vi-kramāditya，<span class="zhuanming">毘訖羅摩阿迭多</span>）曾命他與“外道”辯論，因失辭自慚斷舌而死。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2832" id="2848">（八）</a>脇尊者：一作<span class="zhuanming">脅比丘</span>，“脅”爲梵語Pārśva的意譯，音譯爲<span class="zhuanming">波栗濕</span>縛（見本條下文），小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有部的大師。曾勸説<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經典作第四次結集，詳見<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>伽藍條注。</span> </p><p> <span>王城内東北有一故基，昔佛鉢之寶臺也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃之後，鉢流此國，經數百年，式遵供養，流轉諸國，在<span class="zhuanming">波剌<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00237','1243996',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P237</span></i>斯</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2851" id="2849">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2852" id="2850">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2849" id="2851">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》作“波剌拏斯”，《方志》作“波斯”。<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>謂<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯</span>應作<span class="zhuanming">波剌拏斯</span>（Varenasi），與卷十一之<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯國</span>爲二地。按卷十二《朅盤陁國》内有“<span class="zhuanming">波利剌斯國</span>王娶婦<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>土”，或卽此<span class="zhuanming">波剌拏斯</span>。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2850" id="2852">（一）</a>波剌斯：《慈恩傳》作<span class="zhuanming">波剌拏斯</span>。詳見本書卷十一<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯國</span>條注。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二十三、鷲峯及佛迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153331" key="1153331"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十三、鷲峯及佛迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153332" key="1153332"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00725','1384807',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P725</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001221"><b>二十三﹑鷲峯及佛迹</b></p><p> <span>宫城東北行十四五里，至<span class="zhuanming">姞栗陁羅矩吒山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7734" id="7721">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">鷲峯</span>，亦謂<span class="zhuanming">鷲臺</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">耆闍崛山</span>，訛也。</span> <span>接北山之<a class="zhuhao" href="#7728" id="7722">〔1〕</a>陽，孤標特起，既棲<a class="zhuhao" href="#7729" id="7723">〔2〕</a>鷲鳥，又類高臺，空翠相映，濃淡分色。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>御世，垂五十年，多居此山，廣説妙法。<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>爲聞法故，興發人徒，自山麓至峰岑，跨谷凌巖，編石爲階，廣十餘步，長五六里。中路有二小窣堵波，一謂<span class="zhuanming">下乘</span>，卽王至此徒<a class="zhuhao" href="#7730" id="7724">〔3〕</a>行以進；一謂<span class="zhuanming">退凡</span>，卽簡凡人<a class="zhuhao" href="#7731" id="7725">〔4〕</a>不令<a class="zhuhao" href="#7732" id="7726">〔5〕</a>同往。其山頂則東西長，南北狹。臨崖西埵<a class="zhuhao" href="#7733" id="7727">〔6〕</a>，有甎精舍，高廣奇製，東闢其户，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔多居説法。今作説法之像，量等<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>之身。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7722" id="7728">〔1〕</a>《中本》無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7723" id="7729">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》既棲二字作形如。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7724" id="7730">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》徒作從。疑字形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7725" id="7731">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》人並作夫。《方志》作凡人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7726" id="7732">〔5〕</a>《中本》不令二字作令不。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7727" id="7733">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》埵並作垂；《方志》作陲，並通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00726','1384807',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P726</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7721" id="7734">（一）</a>姞栗陁羅矩吒山：<span class="zhuanming">姞栗陁羅矩吒</span>，梵文Gṛdhrakūṭa，巴利文Gijjhakūṭa。又譯<span class="zhuanming">耆闍崛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">姞栗陀羅矩叱</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">揭梨馱羅鳩胝</span>﹑意譯<span class="zhuanming">鷲頭</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">靈鷲</span>等。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>根據實測，推定爲現今Sailagiri，但此説不無可疑之處。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>均記載<span class="zhuanming">靈鷲山</span>有石窟不少，但Sailagiri山現今却無任何石窟可尋。傳説當年<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>曾在此山講説過《楞嚴經》與《法華經》，因此受到<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的極大重視。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>曾來此地巡禮，“入谷搏山，東南上十五里，到<span class="zhuanming">耆闍崛山</span>，……佛説法堂已毁壞，止有磚壁基在，其山峰秀端嚴，是五山中最高。”他曾在石窟前誦講《首楞嚴經》，並在此地停宿一夜，才回歸<span class="zhuanming">王舍新城</span>。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之後，<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>與<span class="zhuanming">無行禪師</span>也曾同遊<span class="zhuanming">鷲峯</span>，並賦詩述懷，見《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷下。</span> </p><p> <span>精舍東有長石，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>經行所履也，傍有大石，高丈四五尺，周<a class="zhuhao" href="#7740" id="7735">〔1〕</a>三十餘步，是<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>遥擲擊佛處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7741" id="7736">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#7743" id="7737">（一）</a>也。其南崖下有窣堵波，在昔<a class="zhuhao" href="#7742" id="7738">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此説《法華經》<a class="zhuhao" href="#7744" id="7739">（二）</a>。精舍南山崖側，有大石室，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此入定。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7735" id="7740">〔1〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》三十九周作廣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7736" id="7741">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》處作者。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7738" id="7742">〔3〕</a>《古本》在昔二字作昔在。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7737" id="7743">（一）</a>提婆達多遥擲擊佛處：《法顯傳》：“佛在石室前，東西經<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00727','1384807',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P727</span></i>行。<span class="zhuanming">調達</span>於山北嶮巇間，横擲石，傷佛足指處，石猶在。”<span class="zhuanming">調達</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>。此傳説詳《五分律》卷三﹑《增—阿含經》卷四七﹑《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》卷十九。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7739" id="7744">（二）</a>法華經：《妙法蓮華經》的略稱。其卷五《安樂行品》謂：“此《法華經》，諸佛<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>秘密之藏，於諸經中最在其上”。爲大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的重要經典。我國的天台宗就依《法華經》立宗。<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>的天台宗﹑日蓮宗﹑靈友會等至今仍奉之爲聖典。《法華經》現存三種<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯本，以<span class="zhuanming">後秦</span><span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>所譯的七卷本最爲通行。《法華經》的梵文寫本在<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">克什米爾</span>，我國<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>發現了四十多種，最晚的寫本是十九世紀的，可見其流傳的地域之廣﹑時間之久。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛石室</span>西北石室，前有大磐<a class="zhuhao" href="#7749" id="7745">〔1〕</a>石，<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>爲魔怖處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7751" id="7746">（一）</a>也。尊者<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>於此入定，魔王化作鷲鳥，於黑月<a class="zhuhao" href="#7752" id="7747">（二）</a>夜分，據其大石，奮翼驚鳴，以怖尊者。尊者是時驚懼無措，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>鑒見，伸<a class="zhuhao" href="#7750" id="7748">〔2〕</a>手安慰，通過石壁，摩<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>頂，以大慈言而告之曰：“魔所變化，宜無怖懼！”<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>蒙慰，身心安樂。石上鳥迹，崖中通穴，歲月雖久，于今尚存。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7745" id="7749">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》磬並作盤，同。下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7748" id="7750">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》伸並作申，通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00728','1384807',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P728</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7746" id="7751">（一）</a>阿難爲魔怖處：《法顯傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>於中坐禪，天魔<span class="zhuanming">波旬</span>化作鵰鷲，住窟前恐<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>。佛以神足力，隔石舒手，摩<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>肩，怖卽得止。鳥跡手孔今悉在，故曰<span class="zhuanming">鵰鷲窟</span>。”今猶存其遺跡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7747" id="7752">（二）</a>黑月：望日至晦日的半月，見卷二《印度總述》。</span> </p><p> <span>精舍側有數石室，<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>等<a class="zhuhao" href="#7757" id="7753">〔1〕</a>諸大羅漢於此入定。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子石室</span>前，有一大井，枯涸無水，墟坎猶存。精舍東北石澗<a class="zhuhao" href="#7758" id="7754">〔2〕</a>中，有大磐石，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>曬袈裟之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7759" id="7755">〔3〕</a>，衣文明徹，皎如彫刻。其傍石上有佛脚迹，輪文雖暗，規模可察。北山頂有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>望<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁城</span>，於此七日説法<a class="zhuhao" href="#7760" id="7756">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7753" id="7757">〔1〕</a>《舊麗本》無等字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7754" id="7758">〔2〕</a>《中本》澗作洞，恐非。《方志》亦作澗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7755" id="7759">〔3〕</a>《中本》處下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7756" id="7760">〔4〕</a>《珠林》引《王玄策傳》云：“粤以大<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十七年三月内爰發明詔，令使人朝散大夫行衞尉寺丞上護軍<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>﹑副使前<span class="zhuanming">融州</span><span class="zhuanming">黄水縣</span>令<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>等送<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門</span>客還國。其年十二月至<span class="zhuanming">摩伽陁國</span>，因卽巡省佛鄉，覽觀遺蹤，聖迹神化，在處感徵。至十九年正月二十七日至<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>，遂登<span class="zhuanming">耆闍崛山</span>，流目縱觀，傍眺罔極。自佛滅度千有年，聖迹遺基，儼然具在。一行一坐，皆有塔記。自惟器識邊鄙，忽得躬覩靈迹，一悲一喜，不能裁抑。因銘其山，用傳不朽。欲使大唐皇帝與日月而長明，佛法弘宣共此山而同因。其辭曰（下略）。”<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00729','1384807',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P729</span></i>此文原附於<span class="zhuanming">雞足山</span>後，但按其内容實爲<span class="zhuanming">耆闍崛山</span>，疑《珠林》傳本有誤。今次於此。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
佉沙國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv954307" key="954307"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 佉沙國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153334" key="1153334"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00995','1384928',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P995</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001711">佉沙國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佉沙國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9974" id="9961">（一）</a>周五千餘里，多沙磧，少壤土。稼穡殷盛，花菓繁茂。出細氈褐，工織細㲲﹑󵾵毹。氣候和暢，風雨順序。人性獷暴，俗多詭詐，禮義輕薄，學藝膚<a class="zhuhao" href="#9969" id="9962">〔1〕</a>淺。其俗生子，押頭<a class="zhuhao" href="#9970" id="9963">〔2〕</a>匾㔸，容貌麤鄙，文身緑晴<a class="zhuhao" href="#9971" id="9964">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#9975" id="9965">（二）</a>。而其文字，取則<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，雖有删訛<a class="zhuhao" href="#9972" id="9966">〔4〕</a>，頗<a class="zhuhao" href="#9973" id="9967">〔5〕</a>存體勢。語言辭調，異於諸國<a class="zhuhao" href="#9976" id="9968">（三）</a>。淳信佛法，勤營福利。伽藍數百所，僧徒萬餘人，習學小乘教説一切有部。不究其理，多諷其文，故誦通三藏及《毗婆沙》者多矣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9962" id="9969">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》膚並作庸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9963" id="9970">〔2〕</a>《珠林》三十八引頭下有令字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9964" id="9971">〔3〕</a>《趙城本》睛作精。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9966" id="9972">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》訛作譌，同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00996','1384928',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P996</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9967" id="9973">〔5〕</a>《金陵本》頗作頓，誤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9961" id="9974">（一）</a>佉沙國：自<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>至<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>皆作<span class="zhuanming">疏勒國</span>（疏，一作疎）。《魏略》作<span class="zhuanming">竭石</span>，《法顯傳》作<span class="zhuanming">竭叉</span>，《孔雀王咒經》作<span class="zhuanming">迦舍</span>。<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》云：“至<span class="zhuanming">疎勒</span>，外國自呼名<span class="zhuanming">伽師祇離國</span>”。《慧琳音義》作<span class="zhuanming">迦師佶黎</span>。十一世紀《突厥語辭典》作Kāšϒār，<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文《慈恩傳》殘卷作Käš（<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，頁12），《元史》作<span class="zhuanming">可失哈爾</span>，《明史》作<span class="zhuanming">哈實哈兒</span>，<span class="zhuanming">清</span>代作<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶爾</span>，現爲<span class="zhuanming">喀什市</span>，現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語稱Qašgar。一説<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>似爲*Suϒlaq（或作*Suϒdaq，l～d爲古代<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語方言交替現象）一語的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯名，應與古代<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>（《西域記》作<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>）商人在此地活動有關。<span class="zhuanming">赫爾曼</span>也認爲<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>來自Sogdaq。（參見<span class="zhuanming">斯文赫定</span>《南西藏》，第8卷，頁448）<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">赫爾曼</span>此説没有什麽佐證。（參見《馬可波羅注》，卷1，頁201）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">竭石</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">竭叉</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佉沙</span>爲另一來源，其原音似爲*Khaṣal。此名在古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>文獻中原指<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅</span>地區的山地部落。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">迦師祗離</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">伽師信黎</span>，Kāšϒār，當來自“伽師”（Kaś）十ϒar（i）（古代<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語爲“地區﹑國家”之意），意爲“佉沙國”。（參見<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>《馬可波羅注》，I，Cascar條）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">至於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所説的“室利訖栗多底”，可還原爲*śrīkrītāti，當爲該地的梵文化名稱。第一音節śrī意爲“吉祥”，其餘部分不詳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">本世紀初，<span class="zhuanming">法國</span><span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>（S.Levi）在討論<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>（Kharoṣṭhī）文的起源時，曾把八世紀僧人<span class="zhuanming">慧苑</span>所提到的<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>另一名稱“佉路數怛勒”（《慧苑音義》卷下）恢復爲Kharoṣṭra，並把它與<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶爾</span>一名聯系起來，從而引起與<span class="zhuanming">德國</span>Franke﹑Pischel之間的一場熱烈論戰。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00997','1384928',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P997</span></i>（參見《法國遠東學校校刊》[BEFEO]，Ⅱ，246—255，Ⅲ，339—341：Ⅳ，543—579；《德國科學院會議紀要》[SPAW]，1903，184—196；735—745；1905，238—248。）看來Kharoṣṭhī一名似與<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶爾</span>無關。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9965" id="9975">（二）</a>容貌麤鄙文身緑睛：關於古代<span class="zhuanming">塔里木</span>盆地民族在人種學上的特點，《北史》卷九七《西域傳》于<span class="zhuanming">闐國</span>條下説：“自<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>以西諸國人皆（按原文作“等”字，當爲“皆”字之課）深目高鼻。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9968" id="9976">（三）</a>其文字取則印度……語言辭調異於諸國：就現已出土的文書來看，從公元後三世紀至十一世紀初，<span class="zhuanming">塔里木盆地</span>南緣的<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>﹑西緣的<span class="zhuanming">巴楚</span>（很可能也包括<span class="zhuanming">喀什</span>在内）一帶居民使用屬於<span class="zhuanming">印歐語系</span><span class="zhuanming">伊朗語</span>族中的古<span class="zhuanming">東伊朗語</span>的幾種方言，與現在<span class="zhuanming">塔什庫爾干</span><span class="zhuanming">塔吉克自治縣</span><span class="zhuanming">塔吉克</span>族使用的<span class="zhuanming">舒格南</span>語﹑<span class="zhuanming">瓦罕</span>語屬於同一系統。中世紀<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>出土的文書語言現通稱爲<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>-<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語，<span class="zhuanming">巴楚</span>的稱<span class="zhuanming">托姆舒克</span>-<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>語。據此，<span class="zhuanming">佉沙國</span>也很可能講<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南行五百餘里，濟<span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9980" id="9977">〔1〕</a>，踰大沙嶺，至<span class="zhuanming">斫句迦國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊<a class="zhuhao" href="#9981" id="9978">〔2〕</a>曰<span class="zhuanming">沮<a class="zhuhao" href="#9982" id="9979">〔3〕</a>渠</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9977" id="9980">〔1〕</a>《珠林》<span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span>下有注云：“舊名<span class="zhuanming">新頭河</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9978" id="9981">〔2〕</a>《華嚴鈔》五十八引舊作唐。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9979" id="9982">〔3〕</a>《中本》沮作阻。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》並作<span class="zhuanming">沮渠</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv902826" key="902826"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv364443" key="364443"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00001','1243874',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000003">一　引言</p><p> <span>《大唐西域記》的作者<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>（公元六○○——六六四）<a class="zhuhao" href="#2" id="1">〔1〕</a>，俗姓<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>，名<span class="zhuanming">禕</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">洛州</span><span class="zhuanming">緱氏</span>人（在今<span class="zhuanming">河南</span><span class="zhuanming">偃師縣</span><span class="zhuanming">陳河村</span>附近）。他是<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代著名的高僧，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>唯心主義理論家，不畏艱險的旅行者，卓越的翻譯大師，捨生求法的典型，<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>友好的化身。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1" id="2">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>：《玄奘年壽考論》，載《大公報在港復刊三十周年紀念論文集》；<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>：《玄奘西行首途年月考釋》，載《上海師範大學學報》，哲學社會科學版，一九七八年，第一期，第四七—五七頁。</span> </p><p> <span>要想準確地理解和評價《大唐西域記》這一部蜚聲中外的名著，首先必須準確地評價<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>其人和他西行求法的動機和效果。要想準確評價<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>其人和他西行求法的動機和效果，又必須從當時<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的時代背景談起。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二十四、毗布羅山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153336" key="1153336"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十四、毗布羅山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153337" key="1153337"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00729','1384808',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P729</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001229"><b>二十四﹑毗布羅山</b></p><p> <span>山城北門西，有<span class="zhuanming">毗布羅山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7771" id="7761">（一）</a>。聞之土俗曰：山西南崖陰，昔有五百温泉<a class="zhuhao" href="#7772" id="7762">（二）</a>，今者數十而已，然猶有冷有暖，未盡温也。其泉源發<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>之南<span class="zhuanming">無熱惱池</span>，潜流至此。水甚清美，味同本池。流經五百枝小熱地獄，火熱<a class="zhuhao" href="#7767" id="7763">〔1〕</a>上炎，致斯温熱。泉流之口，並皆彫石，或作師子白象之首，或作石筒懸流之道，下乃編石爲池。諸方異域，咸來此浴，浴<a class="zhuhao" href="#7768" id="7764">〔2〕</a>者宿疾<a class="zhuhao" href="#7769" id="7765">〔3〕</a>多差<a class="zhuhao" href="#7770" id="7766">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7763" id="7767">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》熱作勢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7764" id="7768">〔2〕</a>《中本》下浴字作之。疑爲上浴字重文符號𠚤之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7765" id="7769">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》疾並作𤵜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7766" id="7770">〔4〕</a>《方志》云：“諸有僧寺多取飲之，以水沐髮，終身常浄。使人<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>曾以沐首，經今五載，髮常潤浄，不可思議。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00730','1384808',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P730</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7761" id="7771">（一）</a>毗布羅山：<span class="zhuanming">毗布羅</span>，梵文Vipula音譯，巴利文Vepulla；亦作<span class="zhuanming">尾布羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">毗浮羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">毗富羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鞞浮羅</span>。關於此山有兩種不同意見：有人認爲指<span class="zhuanming">王舍舊城</span>外西面的Vaibhāra（Baibhār）山；也有人認爲是城東北的Vipula山，這一説法雖在對音上更吻合，但與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記的方向“山城北門西”相矛盾。以上二説，未知孰是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7762" id="7772">（二）</a>五百温泉：《法顯傳》中没有關於温泉的記載，《釋迦方志》卷下除有與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記大體相近的一段外，還附記有：“諸有僧寺多取飲之，以水沐髮，終身常浄。使人<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>曾以沐首，經今五載，髮常潤浄，不可思議。”這證明確有温泉，<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十二年（648年）<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>出使<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>時，還來過此地。</span> </p><p> <span>温泉左右，諸窣堵波及精舍，基址鱗次，並是過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。此處既山水相帶，仁智攸居，隱淪之士，蓋亦多矣。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
斫句迦國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153340" key="1153340"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 斫句迦國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153341" key="1153341"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00998','1384929',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P998</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001715">斫句迦國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">斫句迦國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9987" id="9983">（一）</a>周千餘里。國大都城周十餘里，堅峻險固，編户殷盛。山阜連屬，礫石彌漫，臨帶兩河<a class="zhuhao" href="#9988" id="9984">（二）</a>，頗以耕植。蒲陶﹑梨﹑奈，其果寔繁。時風寒，人躁暴，俗唯詭詐，公行劫盗。文字同<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span>，言語有異。禮義輕薄；學藝淺近。淳信三寶，好樂福利。伽藍數十<a class="zhuhao" href="#9986" id="9985">〔1〕</a>，毁壞已多。僧徒百餘人，習學大乘教。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9985" id="9986">〔1〕</a>《方志》數十作十餘。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9983" id="9987">（一）</a>斫句迦國：《後漢書》和《法顯傳》作<span class="zhuanming">子合國</span>，《洛陽伽藍記》卷五作<span class="zhuanming">朱駒波</span>，《魏書》作<span class="zhuanming">悉居半</span>，《大方等大集月藏經》作<span class="zhuanming">遮俱波</span>，《南史》作<span class="zhuanming">句般</span>，《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">朱俱波</span>或<span class="zhuanming">朱俱槃</span>，都來自*čukupa，*čukuban，*čakupa，*čakuban（<span class="zhuanming">悉居半</span>除外），也卽<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻中之ču-go-ban，ču-gu-pan，<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>文人名中之čugupa，čugopa。另外，《續高僧傳》卷二《闍那崛多傳》作<span class="zhuanming">遮拘迦</span>，《月藏經》又作<span class="zhuanming">遮居伽</span>，《南史》又作<span class="zhuanming">周古柯</span>，皆來自*čakukalka，爲梵文化的字尾。又<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文《玄奘傳》殘本作čäkük（<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，頁16）。據中外學者的考證，<span class="zhuanming">斫句迦</span>卽今<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span><span class="zhuanming">葉城縣</span>，現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語稱爲Qarϒalïq（意爲“有烏鴉之地”）。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00999','1384929',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P999</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9984" id="9988">（二）</a>臨帶兩河：此兩河當指<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">提孜那甫</span>（Tiznaf）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>國南境有大山，崖嶺嵯峨，峯巒重疊。草木凌寒，春秋一觀<a class="zhuhao" href="#10000" id="9989">〔1〕</a>。谿<a class="zhuhao" href="#10001" id="9990">〔2〕</a>澗浚<a class="zhuhao" href="#10002" id="9991">〔3〕</a>瀨，飛流四注。崖龕石室，棊<a class="zhuhao" href="#10003" id="9992">〔4〕</a>布巖林。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>果<a class="zhuhao" href="#10004" id="9993">〔5〕</a>人<a class="zhuhao" href="#10009" id="9994">（一）</a>，多運神通，輕舉遠遊，棲止於此。諸阿羅漢<a class="zhuhao" href="#10005" id="9995">〔6〕</a>寂滅者衆，以故多有窣堵波也。今猶現有三阿羅漢居巖穴<a class="zhuhao" href="#10006" id="9996">〔7〕</a>中，入滅心定，形若羸人，鬚髮<a class="zhuhao" href="#10007" id="9997">〔8〕</a>恒長，故諸沙門時往爲剃。而此國中大乘經典部數尤多，佛法至處，莫斯爲盛也。十萬頌爲部者，凡有十數<a class="zhuhao" href="#10008" id="9998">〔9〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#10010" id="9999">（二）</a>。自兹已降，其流寔廣。</span> </p>校勘          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9989" id="10000">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》觀並作貫。《趙城本》及《華嚴鈔》五十八引作觀，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9990" id="10001">〔2〕</a>原本谿作磎，今從《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。《華嚴鈔》作溪，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9991" id="10002">〔3〕</a>《華嚴鈔》引浚作濬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9992" id="10003">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《異本》棊作基，非。《建本》作碁，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9993" id="10004">〔5〕</a>《華嚴鈔》引果上有得字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9995" id="10005">〔6〕</a>《華嚴鈔》漢下有於此二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9996" id="10006">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》及《華嚴鈔》引穴作岫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9997" id="10007">〔8〕</a>《華嚴鈔》引髮作鬢。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》作髮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9998" id="10008">〔9〕</a>《慈恩傳》十數作數十。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01000','1384929',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1000</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9994" id="10009">（一）</a>果人：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲教徒在修行之間謂“因地”或“因位”，依修行之功而得證者謂“果地”或“果位”。果人，卽修行得證“果位”之人，有三類。一佛﹑二辟支佛﹑三阿羅漢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9999" id="10010">（二）</a>十萬頌爲部者凡有十數：關於古代<span class="zhuanming">斫句迦國</span>大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>盛行的情況，尚可比較<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">費長房</span>《歷代三寶記》卷十二中的下列記載：“<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>東南二千餘里，有<span class="zhuanming">遮拘迦國</span>，彼王純信，敬重大乘。諸國名僧入其境者，並皆試練。若小乘學，卽遣不留，摩訶衍（案卽大乘）人，請停供養，王宫自有《摩訶般若》﹑《大集》﹑《華嚴》三部大經，並十萬偈。王躬受持，親執鍵鑰，轉讀則開，香花供養，又道場内種種莊嚴，衆寶備具，兼懸諸雜花時非時果，誘諸小王令入禮拜。彼土又稱，此國東南二十餘里，有山甚嶮，其内安置《大集》﹑《華嚴》﹑《方等》﹑《寶積》﹑《楞伽》﹑《方廣》﹑《舍利弗陀羅尼》﹑《華聚陀羅尼》﹑《都薩羅藏》﹑《摩訶般若》﹑《八部般若》﹑《大雲經》等，凡十二部，皆十萬偈，國法相傳，防護守視。”</span> </p><p> <span>從此而東，踰嶺越谷，行八百餘<a class="zhuhao" href="#10021" id="10011">〔1〕</a>里，至<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">地乳</span>，卽<a class="zhuhao" href="#10022" id="10012">〔2〕</a>其俗<a class="zhuhao" href="#10023" id="10013">〔3〕</a>之雅<a class="zhuhao" href="#10024" id="10014">〔4〕</a>言也。俗語謂之<span class="zhuanming">漢<a class="zhuhao" href="#10025" id="10015">〔5〕</a>那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10026" id="10016">〔6〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">匈<a class="zhuhao" href="#10027" id="10017">〔7〕</a>奴</span>謂之<span class="zhuanming">于遁</span>，諸胡謂之<span class="zhuanming">豁<a class="zhuhao" href="#10028" id="10018">〔8〕</a>旦</span>，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>謂之<span class="zhuanming">屈丹</span>，舊曰<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10029" id="10019">〔9〕</a>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#10030" id="10020">〔10〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10011" id="10021">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》無餘字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10012" id="10022">〔2〕</a>《中本》卽下有結信可言乳卽六字，義不可解，疑衍文。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01001','1384929',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1001</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10013" id="10023">〔3〕</a>《中本》無俗字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10014" id="10024">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》雅作邪，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10015" id="10025">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》漢作唤；《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《翻譯集》引並作涣。《趙城本》及《華嚴鈔》引作漢，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10016" id="10026">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》無國字。《華嚴鈔》亦無之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10017" id="10027">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》及《華嚴鈔》匈並作凶。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10018" id="10028">〔8〕</a>原本豁作󱭳，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《華嚴鈔》﹑《翻譯集》﹑《音釋》改。《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作谿，疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10019" id="10029">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》闐作閴，《音釋》則作闐，云：“<span class="zhuanming">涣那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">于遁</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">豁旦</span>，皆<span class="zhuanming">于闐國</span>之所管也，隨諸法師方言呼也。”《華嚴鈔》引闐下有者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10020" id="10030">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無也字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1.卑鉢羅石室及比丘習定故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153344" key="1153344"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十四、毗布羅山 &gt; 1.卑鉢羅石室及比丘習定故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153345" key="1153345"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00730','1384809',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P730</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001232">1.卑鉢羅石室及比丘習定故事</p><p> <span>温泉西有<span class="zhuanming">卑鉢羅石室</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7786" id="7773">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>在昔恒居其中。後壁洞穴，是<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛宫</span>也。習定比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7780" id="7774">〔1〕</a>，多居此室，時出怪異，龍蛇師子之形，見之者心發狂亂。然斯勝地，靈聖所止，躡迹欽<a class="zhuhao" href="#7781" id="7775">〔2〕</a>風，忘其灾禍。近有比丘，戒行貞潔，心樂幽寂，欲於此室匿迹習定。或有諫曰：“勿往彼也。彼多灾異，爲害不少<a class="zhuhao" href="#7782" id="7776">〔3〕</a>，既難取定，亦恐喪身。宜鑒前事，勿貽後悔！”比丘<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00731','1384809',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P731</span></i>曰：“不然。我方志求佛果，摧伏天魔，若此之害，夫何足言？”便卽振<a class="zhuhao" href="#7783" id="7777">〔4〕</a>錫而往室焉，於是設壇場，誦禁呪。旬日之後，穴出少女，謂比丘曰：“尊者染衣守戒，爲含識歸依，修慧習定，作生靈善導。而今居此，驚懼我曹，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>之教，豈若是耶？”比丘曰：“我守<a class="zhuhao" href="#7784" id="7778">〔5〕</a>淨戒，遵聖教也；匿迹山谷，遠諠雜也。忽此見譏，其咎安在？”對曰：“尊者誦呪聲發，火從外入，燒我居室，苦我枝屬。唯願悲愍，勿復誦呪！”比丘曰：“誦呪自護<a class="zhuhao" href="#7785" id="7779">〔6〕</a>，非欲害物。往者行人居此習定，期於聖果，以濟幽塗，覩怪驚懼，喪棄身命，汝之辜也。其何辭乎？”對曰：“罪障既重，智慧斯淺。自今已來，屏居守分。亦願尊者勿誦神呪！”比丘於是修定如初，安静無害。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7774" id="7780">〔1〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字作苾芻，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7775" id="7781">〔2〕</a>《中本》欽作飲，疑形之誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7776" id="7782">〔3〕</a>《古本》少作細。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7777" id="7783">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》振作荷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7778" id="7784">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》無守字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7779" id="7785">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》自護二字並作護身。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7773" id="7786">（一）</a>卑鉢羅石室：<span class="zhuanming">卑鉢羅</span>，梵文Pippala音譯，樹名，此石室<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00732','1384809',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P732</span></i>因前有卑鉢羅樹而得名。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>曾居此。《法顯傳》：“搏南山西行三百步，有一石室，名<span class="zhuanming">賓波羅窟</span>。佛食後常於此坐禪。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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3　佛教與儒家和道教的關係
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv574684" key="574684"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 二　唐初的中國 &gt; 3　佛教與儒家和道教的關係 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153347" key="1153347"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00030','1243878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P30</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000007"><b>3　佛教與儒家和道教的關係</b></p><p> <span>在中國思想史上，儒﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>三家，一向起着很重要的作用。其中儒家起源於<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>，這是清清楚楚的。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>源於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>，這也是毫不含糊的。獨有<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>，雖然自稱是<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">莊子</span>的信徒，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>初<span class="zhuanming">黄</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">老</span>之道也曾盛極一時，但是<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>以後的<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>實際上却是<span class="zhuanming">張道陵</span>創建的。在這三家中，儒<span class="zhuanming">道</span>兩家是土生土長的，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>是從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>傳來的。<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">道</span>二者都算是正宗的宗教。儒家一般不被認爲是一個宗教。<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>以來，籠統言之，稱之曰三家或者三教。<span class="zhuanming">陶弘景</span>説：“百法紛陵，無越三教之境。”（《茅山長沙館碑》）。他是把三家都稱爲“教”的。</span> </p><p> <span>我在這裏想談的是自從<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>以後一直到<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時期三家的相互關係。</span> </p><p> <span>先談<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>關係。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在<span class="zhuanming">漢朝</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>以後，自附於鬼神方術，這就同<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>發生了關係。當時許多帝王，比如<span class="zhuanming">楚王英</span>和<span class="zhuanming">桓帝</span>並祭二氏。《後漢書》卷七二《光武十王列傳·楚王英傳》説：“晚節更喜<span class="zhuanming">黄</span><span class="zhuanming">老</span>，學爲浮屠齋戒祭祀。”《資治通鑑》卷五五，<span class="zhuanming">桓帝</span><span class="zhuanming">延熹</span>九年（公元一六六年），<span class="zhuanming">襄楷</span>上書説：“聞宫中立<span class="zhuanming">黄</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">老</span>﹑浮屠之祠，此道清虚，貴尚無爲，好生惡殺，省欲去奢。”但是<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">道</span>二家也有矛盾。從理論基礎來看，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有一整套的理論。<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>的理論底子就比較薄，最初實在拿不出什麽成套的東西來。它同外來的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>碰頭以後，由於理論方面的矛盾（骨子裏是經濟方面的矛盾）兩者難免磕磕碰碰。<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>除了一些服食﹑煉丹等方術以外，在理論方面根本不是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的對手。交手打了<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00031','1243878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P31</span></i>幾個回合，就敗下陣來。<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>徒於是就施展出以後常常使用的手法：一方面拚命反對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>；另一方面又偷偷摸摸地抄襲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的學説。《太平經》就是這種手法的産品。此外，還施展出一種以後也常常被人使用的手法：你説<span class="zhuanming">浮屠</span>好，他其實是<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>人，<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>入夷狄化胡，命令<span class="zhuanming">尹喜</span>托生爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>。《老子化胡經》就是這種手法的産品。這一部書傳説是<span class="zhuanming">西晉</span>道士<span class="zhuanming">王浮</span>所僞造，恐怕也是根據舊聞而加以創造的，是代表一種思潮的。連<span class="zhuanming">魚豢</span>《魏略·西戎傳》也説：“浮屠所載，與<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>《老子經》相出入。蓋以爲<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>西出關，過西域，之<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>，教胡浮圖屬弟子别號二十有九。”可見<span class="zhuanming">魏</span>時老子化胡的故事已經傳播。今天我們有的那一部道藏裏面剽竊佛經的地方，比比皆是，我們在這裏不詳細論述了。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道教</span>在理論上雖然不是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的對手；但它是土生土長的，用它來對抗外來的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，最容易奏效。因此，它就常爲統治者所利用。我們甚至可以這樣説：如果没有<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的傳入與興隆，<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>也許傳播不開。<span class="zhuanming">漢族</span>有一整套倫理教條：君君，臣臣，父父，子子等等，這是統治的基礎。這當然是儒家思想，但<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>並不違反它。而<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>却偏偏破壞這一套。在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>同<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>和儒家的鬥争中，這是對它很不利的一個方面。</span> </p><p> <span>按照世界宗教史上的一般規律，宗教都是具有排他性的。在這裏，原因並不像一般人所相信的那樣是由於宗教信仰和學説的不同。如果這樣説，那只是皮毛之論。關鍵是經濟利益。打擊别人，争取信徒，也就是争取布施，争取廟産。<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">道</span>鬥争也不能例外。</span> </p><p> <span>我們在這裏講的漢末的<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">道</span>鬥争，只能算是濫觴。這個鬥争還要一直繼續下去，甚至可以説是與<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>古代歷史相始終。<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時，北方<span class="zhuanming">元魏</span><span class="zhuanming">道教</span>天師<span class="zhuanming">寇謙之</span>（公元三六五——四四八年）集<span class="zhuanming">道教</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00032','1243878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P32</span></i>方術之大成，又兼修儒教。他通過<span class="zhuanming">崔浩</span>慫慂<span class="zhuanming">元魏</span><span class="zhuanming">太武帝</span>摧毁佛法，教帝立<span class="zhuanming">崇虚寺</span>，供養道士。但是道士本身實無方術可言，以後的皇帝又重佛法。至<span class="zhuanming">孝明帝</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">道</span>争論於殿庭之上，<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>幾敗。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">周武帝</span>最初也因循事<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>，但又想勵精圖治，覺得<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">道</span>皆非其選，只有尊崇儒術，最後發展到滅<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>的地步。所謂“三<span class="zhuanming">武</span>滅<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>”，<span class="zhuanming">魏</span><span class="zhuanming">太武帝</span>是其一，<span class="zhuanming">周武帝</span>也是其一。</span> </p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span>，則有<span class="zhuanming">葛洪</span>（公元二八四——三六四年）﹑<span class="zhuanming">陶弘景</span>（公元四五六——五三六年）等重要<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>代表人物。<span class="zhuanming">葛洪</span>著有《抱朴子》一書，提出了“玄”這一個概念作爲天地萬物的根源。他大力提倡服食丹藥﹑求神仙等方術。<span class="zhuanming">陶弘景</span>著有《真誥》一書。他也是一個著名的煉丹家，又是一個政客，號曰“山中宰相”。<span class="zhuanming">葛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">陶</span>都大肆宣揚白日飛昇，得道成仙，長生不老。這種幻想恰恰投合了統治者的心意。在表面上與<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的基本思想形同水火。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>主張生爲空幻，要追求解脱，追求湼槃，想要跳出“輪迴”，主張“無生”。因而引起了激烈的論争。<span class="zhuanming">梁</span><span class="zhuanming">僧祐</span>《弘明集》和<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>《廣弘明集》所載諸文與<span class="zhuanming">道家</span>抗辯者幾佔三分之一。可見二者矛盾之尖鋭。但是在骨子裏，二者差别並不大。它們同世界上一切宗教一樣，都是兜售天國的入門券，不過方式不同而已。因此，它們就有了互相學習，互相影響的餘地，能够爲同一個封建統治者服務。<span class="zhuanming">李老君</span>的誕生的奇跡，完全是從<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>誕生的故事抄來的。<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>的戒律也完全是模仿的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>天台宗二祖南岳<span class="zhuanming">慧思</span>（公元五一五——五七七年）的《誓願文》又抄襲了<span class="zhuanming">道家</span>，反復提到神仙﹑芝草﹑内丹，想借外丹力修内丹，祈求長生。<span class="zhuanming">陶弘景</span>的三傳弟子<span class="zhuanming">司馬承禎</span>（公元六四七——七三五年，<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十一年至開元二十三年），吸收了<span class="zhuanming">北朝</span>的精神，不重視煉丹﹑服食﹑法術變化的神仙方術，而偏重<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>的理論研究，主張摒<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00033','1243878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P33</span></i>見聞，去知識，修心，主静。在這裏，他顯然是受到了<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的影響。上面這幾個簡單的例子，就充分能够説明<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>兩家是如何互相學習﹑互相影響了。</span> </p><p> <span>但是<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">道</span>的矛盾並没有減少。到了<span class="zhuanming">唐初</span>，這個矛盾達到了一個新的階段。<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>是民族形式的宗教，又得到<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初統治者的大力提倡，因此在兩教鬥争中顯然佔了上風。在這時期，最突出的事件是所謂“<span class="zhuanming">傅奕</span>闢佛”。<span class="zhuanming">傅奕</span>生於<span class="zhuanming">梁敬宗</span><span class="zhuanming">紹泰</span>元年（公元五五五年），死於<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十三年（公元六三九年）。他是<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>與初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>的著名的無神論者﹑自然科學家。他作太史令，主管天文和曆算。也許因爲他作過《老子注》，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒就稱他爲道士。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">彦琮</span>《唐護法沙門法琳别傳》説：“有前道士太史令<span class="zhuanming">傅奕</span>，先是<span class="zhuanming">黄巾</span>，黨其所習，遂上廢<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>法事十有一條。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#171" id="165">〔1〕</a>其中可能有誣蔑的意思，是“人身攻擊”。對我們來説，這無關重要。《舊唐書》卷七九《傅奕傳》説，<span class="zhuanming">武德</span>七年，<span class="zhuanming">奕</span>上疏，請除去<span class="zhuanming">釋教</span>，“故使不忠不孝，削髮而揖君親；游手游食，易服以逃租賦”。短短幾句話，却説出反<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>的根本原因。前兩句講的是維護封建社會秩序，後兩句講的是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>破壞生産，逃避租賦。這二者都是封建統治者的命根子，是碰不得的。<span class="zhuanming">傅奕</span>又説：“且生死壽夭，由於自然；刑德威福，關之人主。”這是從理論上駁斥<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的。<span class="zhuanming">唐道宣</span>選集的《廣弘明集》中選了<span class="zhuanming">傅奕</span>許多奏折。這些奏本説：“搢紳門裏，翻受秃丁邪戒；儒士學中，倒説妖胡浪語。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#172" id="166">〔2〕</a>又説：“不事二親，專行十惡。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#173" id="167">〔3〕</a>他又説：“海内勤王者少，樂私者多；乃外事胡<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>，内生邪見；剪剃髮膚，迴换衣服。出臣子之門，入僧尼之户：立謁王</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00034','1243878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P34</span></i> <span>庭，坐看膝下，不忠不孝，聚結連房。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#174" id="168">〔4〕</a>他又説：“西域胡者，惡泥而生，便事泥瓦；今猶毛臊，人面而獸心，土梟道人，驢騾四色，貪逆之惡種。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#175" id="169">〔5〕</a>這簡直是破口大駡，“人身攻擊”達到了極點。不過論點還是不出上面説的兩點：一是維持封建倫理道德，維護封建秩序；一是保護生産力，保護國家財賦。<span class="zhuanming">傅奕</span>臨終誡其子曰：“<span class="zhuanming">老</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">莊</span>玄一之篇，<span class="zhuanming">周</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孔</span>六經之説，是爲名教，汝宜習之。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#176" id="170">〔6〕</a>可見他是站在道家和儒家的立場上向<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>猛烈開火，大有不共戴天之勢。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#165" id="171">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁一九八下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#166" id="172">〔2〕</a>同上書，卷五二，頁一六○中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#167" id="173">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁一六○下。</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#168" id="174">〔4〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五二，頁一六一下—一六二上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#169" id="175">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁一六三中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#170" id="176">〔6〕</a>《舊唐書》卷七九。</span> </p><p> <span>現在再談一談儒道關係。</span> </p><p> <span>上面已經談到，儒道兩家都是在中國土生土長的。因此，卽使有時也難免有點矛盾，但是總起來看，二者的關係是比較融洽的。<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>歷來傳説，<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>是<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>的學生。不管這是否是事實，它至少反映出二者關係的密切。<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>古代有幾個皇帝兼奉儒道。比如<span class="zhuanming">漢武帝</span>是古代的明君。爲了鞏固封建統治，他尊崇儒術，罷黜百家；但晚年却求神仙，信方士，這就接近了道家。<span class="zhuanming">夏曾佑</span>在所著《中國古代史》（第二五六頁）中評論<span class="zhuanming">秦始皇</span>與<span class="zhuanming">漢武帝</span>説：“綜兩君生平而論之，其行事皆可分爲三大端。一曰尊儒術，二曰信方士，三曰好用兵。此三者，就其表而觀之，則互相抵牾，理不可解。既尊儒，何以又慕神仙？既慕神仙，何以又嗜殺戮？此後人所以有狂悖之疑也。”不管怎樣，這些例子都説明儒道兩家是可以並存﹑可以共處的。在以後漫長的歷史上，儒道兩家之間的關係，都不像它們同<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的關係之緊張。長久的歷史事實證明了同一個道理。</span> </p><p> <span>最後再談一談儒<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>關係。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00035','1243878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P35</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>初傳入時，儒<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>没有什麽矛盾。<span class="zhuanming">後漢</span><span class="zhuanming">牟融</span>作《理惑論》，以通兩家之義。<span class="zhuanming">三國</span>時代，<span class="zhuanming">康僧會</span>本身是一個佛徒，却力主調和兩家之論。據《高僧傳》卷一《康僧會傳》，<span class="zhuanming">康僧會</span>回答<span class="zhuanming">孫皓</span>説：“易稱積善餘慶，詩詠求福不回。雖儒典之格言，卽<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>之明訓。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#180" id="177">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">兩晉</span><span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時，儒者或兼採<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>名理以自怡悦，或漠然置之，好像世間根本没有這種學説。<span class="zhuanming">東晉</span>時流行的玄學是儒家封建思想的表現。這時<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>﹑儒兩家思想互相結合，互相補充，更看不出什麽矛盾。<span class="zhuanming">孫綽</span>本是儒家，曾撰《論語注記》。又與名僧<span class="zhuanming">支遁</span>遊，作《喻道論》，闡明<span class="zhuanming">孔</span><span class="zhuanming">釋</span>本是一家。他説：“<span class="zhuanming">周</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孔</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>，<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">周</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孔</span>，蓋内外名之耳。”此時儒門之士，多歸心佛法，而緇門佛徒，亦不廢儒學。所謂<span class="zhuanming">廬山</span>十八高賢中的<span class="zhuanming">雷次宗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">宗炳</span>等都以儒者而修持浄土。<span class="zhuanming">慧遠</span>以高僧而深研儒學。這是最典型的例子。<span class="zhuanming">蕭梁</span>時，兩教並重。這也是大家熟知的事實。<span class="zhuanming">北齊</span><span class="zhuanming">顔之推</span>，儒<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>並重。<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">王通</span>以儒者而推崇<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>，大有融合三教之勢。<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>一直到<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>，許多義學高僧都出身於儒家士族，這些家族成員一旦失勢，又往往寄情於佛學。其中消息，耐人尋味。這些人在轉入<span class="zhuanming">釋教</span>以前，已有儒學和玄學的修養。儒﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>二者關係之密切也概可想見了。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>本人就出身於儒家，這個問題以後再談。<a class="zhuhao" href="#181" id="178">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>在這時候，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>主要攻擊的對像是<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>，對於儒家則很少敢於非議。因爲儒家是欽定的，非議儒家就等於非議朝廷。但也不是完全如此，只要有機會，佛家總對儒家射上幾支冷箭的。比如華嚴宗判教：一，人天教；二，小乘教；三，大乘法相教；四，大乘破相教；五，一乘顯性教。五教之外，還有最低的教：道﹑儒。<a class="zhuhao" href="#182" id="179">〔3〕</a>在這裏佛家把</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00036','1243878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P36</span></i> <span>儒家放在最低的地位上。有點諷刺意味的是，儘管華嚴宗判教，把儒家判到最低級。但是，<span class="zhuanming">宋朝</span>的理學家<span class="zhuanming">程</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">朱</span>之流則拼命抄襲佛家學説，特别是華嚴宗的學説。<span class="zhuanming">程</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">朱</span>宣揚的“體用一源，顯微無間”，實際上就是華嚴宗“理事無礙法界，事事無礙法界”思想的翻版。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#177" id="180">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三二五下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#178" id="181">〔2〕</a>詳見本書第一○二頁“五《關於玄奘》”。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#179" id="182">〔3〕</a>參閲<span class="zhuanming">任繼愈</span>：《漢唐佛教思想論集》《天台宗哲學思想略論》第六七頁。</span></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>儒生反對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，態度比較一致，理論比較膚淺。最著名的闢佛者是<span class="zhuanming">韓愈</span>，他就是膚淺的典型。從他的名著《原道》來看，他大概並不大通佛理。他只是從保護民族文化，堅持<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的學術傳統，就是所謂道統，維護儒家格物﹑致知﹑誠意﹑正心﹑修身﹑齊家﹑治國﹑平天下那一套修養經來反對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。佛家只講個人修行，不關心國家大事。這一點使儒者<span class="zhuanming">韓愈</span>很不滿。一個人一出家就不再從事生産。統治階級的剥削和經濟利益就會受到損害。這一點更使<span class="zhuanming">韓愈</span>不滿。他因此就闢佛。他是以唯心主義來反對唯心主義的。他的闢佛實與哲學體係無關。<span class="zhuanming">柳宗元</span>和<span class="zhuanming">劉禹錫</span>情況差不多。他們基本上都是唯物主義者，但是都尊崇<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。<span class="zhuanming">柳宗元</span>説：“自幼好<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>，求其道積三十年。”（《送巽上人序》）可見其愛<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>之深。<span class="zhuanming">劉禹錫</span>也把儒﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>並提，毫無闢<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>之意。他又認爲儒家“罕言性命”，適合於治世；佛家講心性，大悲救諸苦，是有神論，適合於亂世。總之，他們倆以唯物主義者而崇信<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義，可見也與理論體係無關。看來，他們不過是想在彼岸世界（湼槃）尋求精神安慰而已。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代的儒<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>關係，當然不限於上面講的這些情況，也不限於<span class="zhuanming">韓愈</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">柳宗元</span>和<span class="zhuanming">劉禹錫</span>幾個人。在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>以後，在整個的<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>思想史上，儒﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>的關係都佔有一定的地位，其間的關係，也是很錯綜複雜的。因爲與我們現在講的關係不大，我們也就不再細談了。<a class="zhuhao" href="#184" id="183">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#183" id="184">〔1〕</a>關於<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代以前的情況，可參閲<span class="zhuanming">高觀如</span>：《唐代以前儒佛兩家之關係》，見《微妙聲》第一期，一九二六年十一月十五日。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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4　唐初統治者對宗教的態度
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153348" key="1153348"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 二　唐初的中國 &gt; 4　唐初統治者對宗教的態度 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153349" key="1153349"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00037','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P37</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000008"><b>4　唐初統治者對宗教的態度</b></p><p> <span>在資本主義社會以前的（包括資本主義社會本身）中外的統治者幾乎都想利用宗教，爲鞏固自己的統治服務。而宗教爲了鞏固自己的地位，也都介入政治。<span class="zhuanming">馬克思</span>的名言：“宗教是人民的鴉片煙”，就是爲此而發的。但是，各國各時代的統治者利用宗教，又有其不同的策略與措施。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>朝最高統治者<span class="zhuanming">李</span>家出身<span class="zhuanming">北周</span>貴族，利用<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>末天下大亂的時機，在<span class="zhuanming">太原</span>起兵，終於打敗羣雄，篡奪了農民革命的勝利果實，登上了皇帝寶座。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初的統治者（主要是<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>），總結經驗，覺得必須對老百姓（主要是農民），在政治﹑經濟方面讓點步，才能保持並鞏固自己的統治。<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>對大臣們説：“甲兵武備，誠不可闕。然<span class="zhuanming">煬帝</span>甲兵豈不足耶？卒亡天下。若公等盡力使百姓安乂，此乃朕之甲兵也。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#186" id="185">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#185" id="186">〔1〕</a>《資治通鑑》，卷一九三。</span> </p><p> <span>在政治經濟方面讓點步，但在思想領域内則必須加强控制，才能達到鞏固統治的目的。在這裏，首先碰到的是宗教問題。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>承<span class="zhuanming">北朝</span>之制，專設管理宗教的機構。另一方面，從<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>代起，一直到<span class="zhuanming">唐高宗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>，在擁立問題上，宗教都或多或少地介入了。人主看宗教對自己有用的程度而決定取捨和抑揚。所謂有用，包括六個方面：一，哪個宗教擁立了自己？二，哪一個宗教對眼前或將來的統治有用？三，哪一個宗教能爲自己的門楣增光？對調整品級結構，抑制名門大族，擡高庶族地位，確定族望與官品相結合的等級結構有用？四，哪一個宗教有利於擴大版圖？五，哪一個宗教有利於長生不老？六，如果是一個女皇，哪一個宗教能擡高婦女的地</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00038','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P38</span></i> <span>位？最後這一個看來是個小問題，但可也是統治者關心的問題。根據這一些考慮，可能還有其他考慮，<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>統治者就對儒﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>三家有壓有提，有抑有揚，隨時變化，隨地變化，隨人變化，呈現出錯綜複雜的景像。</span> </p><p> <span>儒家一方面宣揚“死生有命，富貴在天”的宿命論，另一方面又講一套君君﹑臣臣﹑父父﹑子子的倫常道德，最利於穩定社會秩序，使大家各安其分，不敢妄生非分想，因而也就最利於封建統治。所以<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>的地位越來越高。在<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初，<span class="zhuanming">周公</span>的地位還在<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>之上。但是不久<span class="zhuanming">周公</span>就下了台，<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>一人獨佔儒席，而且官封到大成至聖文宣王這個嚇人的高度。</span> </p><p> <span>道家，傳説是<span class="zhuanming">老子</span><span class="zhuanming">李耳</span>所創。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代統治者姓<span class="zhuanming">李</span>，爲了給自己門楣塗上色彩，就想在古代名人中找一個祖宗，找來找去，找到<span class="zhuanming">李耳</span>，便自稱爲<span class="zhuanming">李耳</span>之後。</span> </p><p> <span>至於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，它講的那一套道理是舶來品，首先處在不利的地位。它又講什麽出家人不拜君父，直接違反<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>上千年的封建道德。這個問題在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，特别是在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，一直争論不休，對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的發展不利。但是，我們上面已經談到，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>以後，適應<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的國情，從小乘到大乘，一直發展到禪宗，佛國入門券越賣越便宜，麻醉性越來越大，它反復宣揚當前的痛苦算不了什麽，佛國就在眼前，這對封建統治者是有利的。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>還講什麽湼槃佛性，成佛作祖，樂園浄土，這對一些統治者也是有吸引力的。所以<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有時候也能得到統治者的歡心。<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>的長生不老起到同樣的作用。此外，<span class="zhuanming">唐代</span>有不少人主張治世用儒教，亂世用<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。《全唐文》卷七八八，十三上<span class="zhuanming">李節</span>：《餞潭州疏言禪師詣太原求藏經詩序》説：“夫俗既病矣，人既愁矣，不有<span class="zhuanming">釋氏</span>使安其分，勇者將奮而思鬥，知者將静而<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00039','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P39</span></i>思謀，則阡陌之人，皆紛紛而羣起矣。”</span> </p><p> <span>此外，和尚﹑道士，儒生更不必説，很多人熱心干預政治，在擁立問題上進行賭博。佛徒和道士助<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>反<span class="zhuanming">周</span>，女尼<span class="zhuanming">智仙</span>有了大功。所以在<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>代，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>地位最高，<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>也保有地位，儒家地位最低。到了<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>末<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初，佛徒<span class="zhuanming">景暉</span>和道士<span class="zhuanming">王遠知</span>都密助<span class="zhuanming">李淵</span>。這當然會影響<span class="zhuanming">李淵</span>對他們的態度。後來<span class="zhuanming">法琳</span>擁<span class="zhuanming">建成</span>，道士<span class="zhuanming">王遠知</span>擁<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>，<span class="zhuanming">法琳</span>幾乎被<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>殺掉，厚着臉皮説謊，説什麽<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>是現世菩薩，才勉强蒙混過去。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>晚年，道士擁立<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>。再晚一點，和尚擁立<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>。以後的事我們在這裏不談了。總之，初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>幾個皇帝都曾爲繼承寶座而奮鬥過。<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>兩家都曾從中插手，因而在一定的程度上影響了統治者對他們的態度。</span> </p><p> <span>專就<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>的統治者而言，名義上雖然是北周貴族，但並不被看做是名門士族。從<span class="zhuanming">三國</span><span class="zhuanming">魏文帝</span>起立九品中正之法，形成了把持政權的世族制度。此制直至<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>，沿行不輟。<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>想造成以<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>宗室和大臣爲主體的新士族集團，打擊傳統的門閥士族，以便於長期統治。他命令<span class="zhuanming">高士廉</span>等撰《氏族志》，把全國世家士族定爲自上上至下下共九等。<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十二年（公元六三八年）書成，列<span class="zhuanming">崔幹</span>爲上上。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>大怒，斥責了<span class="zhuanming">高士廉</span>等人，硬是命令他們重修，纔改定以皇族爲上上，外戚爲上中，<span class="zhuanming">崔幹</span>列爲上下，這件事情才算了結。</span> </p><p> <span>此外，<span class="zhuanming">李唐</span>統治者的血統也不是没有問題的。<span class="zhuanming">李唐</span>統治者從父系來講，實際上是<span class="zhuanming">李初古拔</span>的後裔，<a class="zhuhao" href="#188" id="187">〔1〕</a>並不是<span class="zhuanming">漢族</span>。從母系來講，什麽<span class="zhuanming">獨孤氏</span>，什麽<span class="zhuanming">竇氏</span>，什麽<span class="zhuanming">長孫氏</span>，都不是<span class="zhuanming">漢族</span>。所以<span class="zhuanming">李唐</span>的血統，在當時看來並不高貴。這一點他們自己心裏應當是非常清</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00040','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P40</span></i> <span>楚的。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#187" id="188">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">陳寅恪</span>：《唐代政治史述論稿》上篇：《統治階級之氏族及其升降》，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>一九五六年版，第一六—四九頁。</span></p><p> <span>另外還有對外關係方面的考慮。最初只不過是保持邊疆的穩定，後來又有了擴大版圖的企圖。<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>自古代起，北方就不斷有<span class="zhuanming">漢族</span>以外的民族的侵擾。在<span class="zhuanming">漢代</span>是<span class="zhuanming">匈奴</span>，此後<span class="zhuanming">鮮卑</span>曾興盛過一陣。到了<span class="zhuanming">唐初</span>，就换成了<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。<span class="zhuanming">唐高祖</span>起兵<span class="zhuanming">太原</span>，準備争奪天下，先向<span class="zhuanming">東突厥</span><span class="zhuanming">始畢可汗</span>稱臣，以絶後顧之憂。<span class="zhuanming">始畢可汗</span>死，弟<span class="zhuanming">處羅可汗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">頡利可汗</span>相繼爲主。連年入侵，深入<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>境，擄掠燒殺，連<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>也遭到嚴重威脅。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>王朝被迫講和，甚至想遷都避<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>之鋒。由於<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>反對，才没有實現。以後，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>又多次與<span class="zhuanming">東突厥</span>打交道。公元六二九年，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>乘<span class="zhuanming">東突厥</span>内部不和之機，命<span class="zhuanming">李靖</span>等出兵，大破<span class="zhuanming">東突厥</span>，俘<span class="zhuanming">頡利可汗</span>。從此<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>聲威播及西域。公元六三○年，四方君長奉<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>爲天可汗。<span class="zhuanming">東突厥</span>雖然平静下去，但西域並不平静。除了<span class="zhuanming">東突厥</span>以外，還有<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span>和一些别的民族，比如<span class="zhuanming">鐵勒</span>諸部都對<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>的統治有所威脅。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>王朝的最高統治者不能不加以注意。</span> </p><p> <span>上面談到宗教干預政治在擁立問題上起了作用，談到士族等級的問題，談到<span class="zhuanming">李唐</span>的民族問題，談到<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>西域邊疆之患。這些問題表面上都與宗教信仰無關，實際上却有某種聯繫。這與我們上面談到的初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>統治者考慮的六個方面是一致的。他們對儒﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>三家的態度在一定程度上受這些考慮的影響。我們下面談這個問題時，就與這些考慮有千絲萬縷的關係。</span> </p><p> <span>下面談一談自<span class="zhuanming">高祖</span>一直到<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>四朝對待三教的態度。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">李淵</span>登極以後，對三教都想利用，實則是想以儒家思想來約束<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>。《唐世説》説：“<span class="zhuanming">高祖</span>嘗幸國學，命<span class="zhuanming">徐文進</span>講《孝經》，僧<span class="zhuanming">惠乘</span>講《金剛經》，道士<span class="zhuanming">劉進嘉</span>講《老子》。”這是一個典型的例子。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>二年（公元六一九），令國子監立<span class="zhuanming">周公</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>廟各一所，四<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00041','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P41</span></i>時致祭。<a class="zhuhao" href="#198" id="189">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>三年（公元六二○年）“五月，<span class="zhuanming">晉州</span>人<span class="zhuanming">吉善</span>行於羊角山，見一老叟，乘白馬朱鬣，儀容甚偉，曰：‘謂（爲）吾語<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>天子：“吾汝祖也。今年平賊後，子孫享國千歲”。’<a class="zhuhao" href="#199" id="190">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">高祖</span>異之，乃立廟於其地。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>四年（公元六二一年）下詔問僧曰：“棄父母之鬚髮，去君臣之章服，利在何門之中？益在何情之外？”<a class="zhuhao" href="#200" id="191">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>五年（公元六二二年）<span class="zhuanming">法琳</span>著《破邪論》駁<span class="zhuanming">傅奕</span>，<span class="zhuanming">虞世南</span>爲之序。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>六年（公元六二三年）太子<span class="zhuanming">建成</span>等奏上<span class="zhuanming">法琳</span>《破邪論》，<span class="zhuanming">高祖</span>異焉。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>七年（公元六二四年）二月，興學敕：“朕今欲敦本息末，崇尚儒宗；開後生之耳目，行先王之典訓。而三教雖異，善歸一揆。豈有沙門事<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>，靈宇相望；朝賢宗儒，辟雍頓廢？”<a class="zhuhao" href="#201" id="192">〔4〕</a>“七月十四日，太史令<span class="zhuanming">傅奕</span>上書請去<span class="zhuanming">釋教</span>。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#202" id="193">〔5〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">高祖</span>幸國學，令三教講經。<a class="zhuhao" href="#203" id="194">〔6〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>八年（公元六二五年）<span class="zhuanming">高祖</span>幸國學，下詔：<span class="zhuanming">老</span>先，次<span class="zhuanming">孔</span>，末後<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>宗。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武德</span>九年（公元六二六年）<span class="zhuanming">清虚觀</span>道士<span class="zhuanming">李仲卿</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">劉進喜</span>造論毁<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>。<a class="zhuhao" href="#204" id="195">〔7〕</a>“太史令<span class="zhuanming">傅奕</span>上疏，請除<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>法。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#205" id="196">〔8〕</a><span class="zhuanming">高祖</span>下詔詢皇太子<span class="zhuanming">建成</span>沙</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00042','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P42</span></i> <span>汰<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>意，<span class="zhuanming">建成</span>上疏爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>聲辯。<a class="zhuhao" href="#206" id="197">〔9〕</a>五月（此據《舊唐書》，《新唐書》作“四月”），下詔沙汰天下僧﹑尼﹑道士﹑女冠。表面上<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>兩打擊，實則暗助<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>。六月，<span class="zhuanming">高祖</span>退位，不果行。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#189" id="198">〔1〕</a>《唐會要》卷三五。詔見《舊唐書》卷一八九上《儒學列傳·總論》。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#190" id="199">〔2〕</a>《唐會要》卷五○。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#191" id="200">〔3〕</a>《集古今佛道論衡》卷丙，《大正大藏經》卷五二，頁三八○上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#192" id="201">〔4〕</a>《唐大詔令集》卷一○五。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#193" id="202">〔5〕</a>《唐會要》卷四七。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#194" id="203">〔6〕</a>參閲第二一六頁引《唐世説》。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#195" id="204">〔7〕</a>《集古今佛道論衡》卷丙。</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#196" id="205">〔8〕</a>《資治通鑒》卷一九一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#197" id="206">〔9〕</a>《唐護法沙門法琳别傳》上。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>元年（公元六二七年）立弘文館，精選天下文儒之士於殿内講論經義，商略政事。<a class="zhuhao" href="#217" id="207">〔1〕</a>詔道士<span class="zhuanming">孫思邈</span>入見。將授以爵位，固辭。<a class="zhuhao" href="#218" id="208">〔2〕</a>召沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄琬</span>爲皇太子諸王授“菩薩戒”。<a class="zhuhao" href="#219" id="209">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二年（公元六二八年）取消<span class="zhuanming">周公</span>先聖名義，以<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>爲先聖，<span class="zhuanming">顔回</span>爲先師。<a class="zhuhao" href="#220" id="210">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>説：“<span class="zhuanming">梁武帝</span>君臣唯談苦空。<span class="zhuanming">侯景</span>之亂，百官不能乘馬。<span class="zhuanming">元帝</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">周</span>師所圍，猶講<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>，百官戎服以聽。此深足爲戒。朕所好者唯<span class="zhuanming">堯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">周</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孔</span>之道，以爲如鳥有翼，如魚有水，失之則死，不可暫無耳。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#221" id="211">〔5〕</a><span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>謂侍臣曰：“神仙本是虚妄，空有其名。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#222" id="212">〔6〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>五年（公元六三一年）“春，正月，詔僧﹑尼﹑道士致拜父母。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#223" id="213">〔7〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>七年（公元六三三年）春，二月，太子中舍人<span class="zhuanming">辛諝</span>與<span class="zhuanming">慧浄</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法琳</span>辯論儒佛優劣。<a class="zhuhao" href="#224" id="214">〔8〕</a>命僧﹑道停致敬父母。<a class="zhuhao" href="#225" id="215">〔9〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>八年（公元六三四年）“上謂<span class="zhuanming">長孫無忌</span>曰：‘在外百姓，大似信佛，上封事，欲令我每日將十個大德，共達官同入，令我禮拜。觀</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00043','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P43</span></i> <span>此，乃是道人教上其事。’”<a class="zhuhao" href="#226" id="216">〔10〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#207" id="217">〔1〕</a>《舊唐書》卷一八九上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#208" id="218">〔2〕</a>《舊唐書》卷一九一《孫思邈傳》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#209" id="219">〔3〕</a>《續高僧傳》卷二二《玄琬傳》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#210" id="220">〔4〕</a>《舊唐書》卷一八九上，《儒學列傳總論》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#211" id="221">〔5〕</a>《資治通鑒》卷一九二。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#212" id="222">〔6〕</a>《貞觀政要》卷六。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#213" id="223">〔7〕</a>《資治通鑒》卷一九三。《貞觀政要》卷七。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#214" id="224">〔8〕</a>《唐護法沙門法琳别傳》，《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二○二下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#215" id="225">〔9〕</a>《佛祖通紀》卷三九。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#216" id="226">〔10〕</a>《唐會要》卷四七。《舊唐書》卷五一，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>皇后<span class="zhuanming">長孫氏</span>説：“<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>道者示存異方之教耳。非惟政體靡弊，又是上所不爲。”從側面也可以了解<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>對<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>道的態度。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十一年（公元六三七年）正月十五日，下詔：道士﹑女冠在僧尼之上。<a class="zhuhao" href="#235" id="227">〔1〕</a>“況朕之本系出自柱下。鼎祚克昌，既憑上德之慶；天下大定，亦賴無爲之功。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#236" id="228">〔2〕</a>七月二十四日，修<span class="zhuanming">宣尼</span>廟於<span class="zhuanming">兖州</span>。<a class="zhuhao" href="#237" id="229">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十二年（公元六三八年）帝命<span class="zhuanming">高士廉</span>撰《氏族志》。<span class="zhuanming">士廉</span>仍以<span class="zhuanming">山東</span><span class="zhuanming">崔</span>姓爲第一，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>斥之。<a class="zhuhao" href="#238" id="230">〔4〕</a>皇太子集諸官臣及三教學者於<span class="zhuanming">弘文殿</span>，開明佛法。<a class="zhuhao" href="#239" id="231">〔5〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十三年（公元六三九年）判<span class="zhuanming">法琳</span>罪。<a class="zhuhao" href="#240" id="232">〔6〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十四年（公元六四○年）三月，“<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>幸國子學，親觀釋奠。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#241" id="233">〔7〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十五年（公元六四一年）帝謂僧曰：“比以<span class="zhuanming">老君</span>是朕先祖，尊祖重親，有生之本，故令在前。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#242" id="234">〔8〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#227" id="235">〔1〕</a>《舊唐書》卷三，《太宗本紀》。《唐會要》卷四九。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#228" id="236">〔2〕</a>《唐護法沙門法琳别傳》卷中，《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二○三下。《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷九説：“往<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十一年中有敕曰：‘<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>是朕祖宗，名位稱號，宜在<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>先。’”大概也指的是這一件事。見《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二七○上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#229" id="237">〔3〕</a>《舊唐書》《太宗本紀》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#230" id="238">〔4〕</a>《唐會要》卷三六。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#231" id="239">〔5〕</a>《續高僧傳》卷三《慧淨傳》作“十三年”。見《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁四四四上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#232" id="240">〔6〕</a>《唐護法沙門法琳别傳》中﹑下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#233" id="241">〔7〕</a>《舊唐書》卷二四《禮儀志》四。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#234" id="242">〔8〕</a>《集古今佛道論衡》卷丙，《珠林·傳記篇》。《廣弘明集》卷二八。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十年（公元六四六年）手詔數<span class="zhuanming">蕭瑀</span>罪：“至於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，非意所遵。雖有國之常經，固弊俗之虚術。何則？求其道者，未驗福於</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00044','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P44</span></i> <span>將來；修其教者，翻受辜於既往。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#253" id="243">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十一年（公元六四七年）令法師<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>翻《老子》爲梵文。<a class="zhuhao" href="#254" id="244">〔2〕</a>詔：以<span class="zhuanming">左丘明</span>等二十二人配享<span class="zhuanming">尼父</span>廟堂，並爲先師。<a class="zhuhao" href="#255" id="245">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">高宗</span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>二年（公元六五七年）二月，詔：“僧尼不得受父母及尊者禮拜。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#256" id="246">〔4〕</a>“七月十一日，太尉<span class="zhuanming">長孫無忌</span>等議曰：按新禮，<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>爲先聖，<span class="zhuanming">顔回</span>爲先師。又准<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十一年，以<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>爲先聖，更以<span class="zhuanming">左丘明</span>等二十二人，與<span class="zhuanming">顔回</span>俱配<span class="zhuanming">尼父</span>於太學，並爲先師。今據<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>令文，改用<span class="zhuanming">周公</span>爲先聖，遂黜<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>爲先師，<span class="zhuanming">顔回</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">左丘明</span>並爲從祀。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#257" id="247">〔5〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>三年（公元六五八年）四月，下敕追僧道各七人，入内論議。<a class="zhuhao" href="#258" id="248">〔6〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">乾封</span>元年（公元六六六年）“正月三十日，追贈<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>爲太師。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#259" id="249">〔7〕</a>三月二十日，追尊<span class="zhuanming">老君</span>爲太上玄元皇帝。<a class="zhuhao" href="#260" id="250">〔8〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">上元</span>元年（公元六七四年）八月二十四日辛丑，詔：“公私齋會及參集之處，道士﹑女冠在東，僧﹑尼在西，不須更爲先後。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#261" id="251">〔9〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">武則天</span><span class="zhuanming">天授</span>元年（公元六九○年）“封<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">隆道公</span>。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#262" id="252">〔10〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#243" id="253">〔1〕</a>《舊唐書》卷六三《蕭瑀傳》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#244" id="254">〔2〕</a>《集古今佛道論衡》卷丙。《大正大藏經》，卷五二，頁三八六中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#245" id="255">〔3〕</a>《唐會要》卷三五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#246" id="256">〔4〕</a>《唐會要》卷四七。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#247" id="257">〔5〕</a>《唐會要》卷三五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#248" id="258">〔6〕</a>《舊唐書》卷一八九上，《儒學》上，《賈公彦傳》，<span class="zhuanming">李玄植</span>附：“高宗時屢被召見，與道士﹑沙門在御前講説經義。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#249" id="259">〔7〕</a>《唐會要》卷三五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#250" id="260">〔8〕</a>《唐大詔令集》卷七八，作“二月二十二日”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#251" id="261">〔9〕</a>《唐會要》卷四九。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#252" id="262">〔10〕</a>《唐會要》卷三五。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">天授</span>二年（公元六九一年）“四月二日，敕<span class="zhuanming">釋教</span>宜在<span class="zhuanming">道教</span>之上，</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00045','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P45</span></i> <span>僧﹑尼處道士之前。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#267" id="263">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">聖曆</span>元年（公元六九八年）正月，條流<span class="zhuanming">佛</span><span class="zhuanming">道</span>二教制。<a class="zhuhao" href="#268" id="264">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">開元</span>二十七年（公元七三九年）八月二十四日，封<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">文宣王</span>。<a class="zhuhao" href="#269" id="265">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>上面這一段按年代順序列成的圖表似的敍述，<a class="zhuhao" href="#270" id="266">〔4〕</a>很有用處。儒﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>三家盛衰升降之迹，昭然可見。從這里面我認爲，我們至少可以看出下列的情況：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#263" id="267">〔1〕</a>《唐會要》卷四九。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#264" id="268">〔2〕</a>《唐大詔令集》卷一一三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#265" id="269">〔3〕</a>《唐會要》卷三五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#266" id="270">〔4〕</a>我這個圖表所收僅限於重要事件，並不要求全面，其餘可參閲<span class="zhuanming">范文瀾</span>：《唐代佛教》附<span class="zhuanming">張遵騮</span>：《隋唐五代佛教大事年表》，<span class="zhuanming">人民出版社</span>，一九七九年。</span> </p><p> <span>一﹑<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代前期很多皇帝對三教的態度是不同的，但都曾召集三教的代表到御前去講論，終<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>之世都是這樣。這是爲什麽呢？<span class="zhuanming">劉賓客</span>《嘉話録》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">德宗</span>降誕日，内殿三教講論，以僧<span class="zhuanming">監虚</span>對<span class="zhuanming">韋渠牟</span>，以<span class="zhuanming">許孟容</span>對<span class="zhuanming">趙需</span>，以僧<span class="zhuanming">覃延</span>對道士<span class="zhuanming">郄惟素</span>。諸人皆談畢，<span class="zhuanming">監虚</span>曰：‘臣請奏事：<span class="zhuanming">玄元皇帝</span>我<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>天下，<span class="zhuanming">文宣王</span>古今之聖人，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>，西方之聖人，陛下是<span class="zhuanming">南瞻部州</span>之聖人’。”</span> </p><p> <span>這清楚地説明，不管他們感情上對三教怎樣，他們對三教都想利用。在某一個側面，三教對他們的統治都有用處。</span> </p><p> <span>二﹑從<span class="zhuanming">武德</span>初年到<span class="zhuanming">武后</span><span class="zhuanming">光宅</span>元年（公元六一八——六八四年），六十多年中，儒家和道家比較受到最高統治者的重視。原因我們已經談到過。到了<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>，來了一個大轉折。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在三教中上升爲首位。<span class="zhuanming">天授</span>元年（公元六九○年），僧<span class="zhuanming">法明</span>等十人僞造《大雲經》四卷，説<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>是<span class="zhuanming">彌勒佛</span>轉世，當代<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>作天子。<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>以一個異姓</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00046','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P46</span></i> <span>女子而想奪取<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>室寶座，並不是一件容易的事情。她必須利用一切手段來製造輿論，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>是最有力的手段之一。她也把《華嚴經》當做《大雲經》一類符命祥瑞來表彰。她所作的《＜大周新譯大方廣佛華嚴經〉序》中説：“朕曩劫植因，叨承佛記；金仙降旨，《大雲》之偈先彰；玉扆披祥，《寶雨》之文後及。加以積善餘慶，俯集微躬；遂得地平天成，河清海晏。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#272" id="271">〔1〕</a>華嚴宗也因之大興。華嚴宗重神異靈驗，講什麽“圓融無礙”，也就是消除一切矛盾，這對於她的統治都是有利的。禪宗南宗的代興，與庶族地主力量的上升也有關聯。<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>大力提倡以文學選拔寒士，推翻舊貴族地主集團的勢力。所有的這一些措施，與提倡<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>一致，都是爲了鞏固自己的統治。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#271" id="272">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷一○，頁一上。</span> </p><p> <span>三﹑不管三教的地位如何變遷不定，在<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>以前，儒家一般都佔首要地位。儒家那一套倫理思想自<span class="zhuanming">董仲舒</span>以來，完全是爲封建統治階級服務的，而且服務得很好。所以才受到最高統治者的特别垂青。</span> </p><p> <span>四﹑儒佛匯流的現象，在<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>以前就有所表現。<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>代天台宗的大師<span class="zhuanming">智顗</span>（公元五三一——五九七年）就曾宣傳五戒對五常。華嚴宗五祖<span class="zhuanming">宗密</span>（公元七八○——八四一年）也説什麽：“佛且類世五常之教，令持五戒”（<span class="zhuanming">宗密</span>：《原人論》）。他還宣傳孝道是“儒釋皆宗之”（<span class="zhuanming">宗密</span>：《盂蘭盆經疏序》）。這些都表明<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>大師進一步修改自己的教義，以適應儒家的封建倫理道德。後來的唯物主義者<span class="zhuanming">柳宗元</span>和<span class="zhuanming">劉禹錫</span>也宣傳這一套。<span class="zhuanming">柳宗元</span>：《大明和尚碑》説：“儒以禮立仁義，無之則壞；佛以律持定慧，去之則喪。”<span class="zhuanming">劉禹錫</span>：《袁州萍鄉縣楊歧山故廣禪師碑》説：“（儒佛）猶水火異氣，成味也同德；輪轅異象，致遠也同功。然則儒以中道御羣生，罕言性命，故世衰而寢息；佛</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00047','1243879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P47</span></i> <span>以大悲救諸苦，廣啓因業，故劫濁而益尊。”</span> </p><p> <span>五﹑<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>最初對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>並没有多大興趣。<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十年（公元六四六年）手詔斥<span class="zhuanming">蕭瑀</span>説：“至於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，非意所遵。”他不但不信<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>，連神仙也不信。《貞觀政要》記載的<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二年<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>説的“神仙本是虚妄”那句話，可以爲證。他之所以對<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>友好，是欣賞<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的才能，曾兩次請法師歸俗，並不是欣賞<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。但是，到了晚年，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的態度大有改變。晚年氣力漸衰，往往容易想到身後事。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>不但對佛寬容，連方士藥石都相信起來。最終還是服食長生之藥斷送了性命。《舊唐書》卷一四《憲宗紀》上（又見《太平御覽》卷一○四）説：</span> </p><p> <span>（元和五年）“八月乙巳朔。己亥，上顧謂宰臣曰：‘神仙之事信乎？’<span class="zhuanming">李藩</span>對曰：‘神仙之説，出於道家；’所宗《老子》五千文爲本。<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>指歸，與經無異。後代好怪之流，假托<span class="zhuanming">老子</span>神仙之説，故<span class="zhuanming">秦始皇</span>遣方士載男女入海求仙，<span class="zhuanming">漢武帝</span>嫁女與方士求不死藥，二主受惑，卒無所得。<span class="zhuanming">文皇帝</span>服胡僧長生藥，遂致暴疾不救。”可見<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>是因爲妄想長生不老，服了胡僧的藥，被毒死的。</span> </p><p> <span>六﹑統治者對宗教的態度很多是取決於經濟利益。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代幾個皇帝的信佛和毁佛，都或多或少與經濟利益有關。爲了在政治上得到好處，就信任<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，讓老百姓出家爲僧﹑尼。一旦僧﹑尼人數太多，光吃飯不勞動，於是就找一個借口滅<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>。這種例子許多朝代都有，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代更顯得特别突出。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1.伏醉畄遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153351" key="1153351"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十二、上茅宫城（舊王舍城） &gt; 1.伏醉礘遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153352" key="1153352"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00720','1384803',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P720</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001209">1.伏醉𧰼遺迹</p><p> <span>宫城北門外有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>與<span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span>共爲親友，乃放<span class="zhuanming">護財</span>醉象，欲害<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>指端出五師子，醉象於此馴伏而前<a class="zhuhao" href="#7675" id="7673">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#7676" id="7674">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7673" id="7675">〔1〕</a>原本前下有伏字，應屬於下文醉象前，諸本盡然，今據之，伏字移下。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7674" id="7676">（一）</a>醉象於此馴伏而前：<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>與<span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span>放<span class="zhuanming">護財</span>醉象，欲害<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>事，見《佛所行讚》卷四﹑《增一阿含經》卷九﹑卷四七﹑《雜寶藏經》卷八﹑《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》卷一九﹑《法句譬喻經》卷三等，象名Dhanapāla，意譯<span class="zhuanming">護財</span>，一作<span class="zhuanming">守財</span>，命象師飲以醇酒，鼻着利劍，見佛托鉢出，乃使放之，爲佛所馴服。今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>Ama-rāvatī出土有描述這一傳説的浮雕。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、建國傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153355" key="1153355"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 朅盤陁國 &gt; 一、建國傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153356" key="1153356"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00984','1384924',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P984</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001693"><b>一﹑建國傳説</b></p><p> <span>今王淳質，敬重三寶，儀容閑雅，篤志好學。建國已來，多歷年所<a class="zhuhao" href="#9867" id="9853">〔1〕</a>，其自稱云是<span class="zhuanming">至那提婆瞿呾羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9868" id="9854">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#9880" id="9855">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">漢日<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00985','1384924',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P985</span></i>天種</span>。</span> <span>此國之先，葱嶺中荒川也。昔<span class="zhuanming">波利剌斯<a class="zhuhao" href="#9869" id="9856">〔3〕</a>國</span>王娶婦<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>土，迎歸<a class="zhuhao" href="#9870" id="9857">〔4〕</a>至此。時屬兵亂，東西路絶，遂以王女置於孤峯<a class="zhuhao" href="#9871" id="9858">〔5〕</a>，極危峻，梯崖而上，下設周衛，警晝巡夜。時經三月，寇賊方静，欲趣<a class="zhuhao" href="#9872" id="9859">〔6〕</a>歸路，女已有娠。使臣惶懼，謂徒屬曰：“王命迎婦，屬斯寇亂，野次荒川，朝不謀夕。吾王德感，妖氛<a class="zhuhao" href="#9873" id="9860">〔7〕</a>已静。今將歸國，王婦有娠。顧此爲憂，不知死地。宜推首惡，或以後誅。”訊問諠譁，莫究其實。時彼侍兒謂使臣曰：“勿相尤也，乃神會耳。每日正中，有一丈夫從日輪中乘馬會此。”使臣曰：“若然者，何以雪罪？歸必見誅，留亦來討，進退若是，何所宜行？”僉曰：“斯事不細，誰就深誅？待罪境外，且推旦夕。”於是卽石峯上築宫起舘，周三百餘步。環宫築城，立女爲主<a class="zhuhao" href="#9874" id="9861">〔8〕</a>，建官<a class="zhuhao" href="#9875" id="9862">〔9〕</a>垂憲，至期産男，容貌妍麗。母攝政事，子稱尊號。飛行虚空，控馭風雲，威德遐被，聲教遠洽，鄰域異國，莫不稱臣。其王壽終，葬在此城東南百餘里大山巖石室中。其屍乾腊<a class="zhuhao" href="#9876" id="9863">〔10〕</a>，今猶不壞，狀羸瘠人<a class="zhuhao" href="#9877" id="9864">〔11〕</a>，儼然如睡。時易衣服，恒置香花。子孫奕世，以迄于今。以其先祖之<a class="zhuhao" href="#9878" id="9865">〔12〕</a>世，母則<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>土之人，父乃<span class="zhuanming">日天</span>之種，故其自稱<span class="zhuanming">漢日天種</span>。然其王族，貌同<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9879" id="9866">〔13〕</a>，首飾方冠，身衣<span class="zhuanming">胡</span>服。後嗣陵夷，見廹强國。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9853" id="9867">〔1〕</a>《明北本》﹑《徑山本》所作數。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9854" id="9868">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》至作脂，呾作怛。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00986','1384924',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P986</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9856" id="9869">〔3〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》《徑山本》波利剌斯四字並作波利斯三字。《中本》作波剌波斯。《趙城本》作波利剌斯，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9857" id="9870">〔4〕</a>《建本》歸作婦。按上句已言“娶婦”，此不當復云“迎婦”，婦乃形似而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9858" id="9871">〔5〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》峯下重峯字，屬下句。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9859" id="9872">〔6〕</a>《中本》趣作趨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9860" id="9873">〔7〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》氛並作氣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9861" id="9874">〔8〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》主作王。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9862" id="9875">〔9〕</a>原本官作宫，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《金陵本》作官。按上文已言“築宫起館”，不當復言“建宫”，宫乃官之形訛，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9863" id="9876">〔10〕</a>《慧琳音義》腊訛作𣈏，云：“肉乾也。”《音釋》作腊不誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9864" id="9877">〔11〕</a>《徑山本》狀羸瘠人四字作人狀羸瘠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9865" id="9878">〔12〕</a>《中本》無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9866" id="9879">〔13〕</a>《中本》﹑《建本》國作夏。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9855" id="9880">（一）</a>至那提婆瞿呾羅：《慈恩傳》卷五作<span class="zhuanming">脂那提婆瞿怛羅</span>，梵文Cīna-deva-gotra之譯音，意爲“<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>與天神之種”。下文説：“每日正中，有一丈夫從日輪中乘馬會此。”故原注稱此天神爲<span class="zhuanming">日天</span>（太陽神），曰：“<span class="zhuanming">漢日天種</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載下的這個故事雖不一定是歷史事實，但却在一定程度上反映了<span class="zhuanming">塔什庫爾干</span>地區<span class="zhuanming">塔吉克</span>人民與内地<span class="zhuanming">漢族</span>人民之間源遠流長的親密友好關係。<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>在<span class="zhuanming">塔什庫爾干</span>縣<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00987','1384924',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P987</span></i>境南部<span class="zhuanming">塔格敦巴什河</span>（Taghdumbash）的一條峽谷裏發現一座用土磚和松枝相間壘成的古城堡，名爲“Qïz-qurghan”，意爲“公主堡”。當地傳説，古時候有位皇室公主從<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>嫁到<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>去，特建此城堡以保安全，據此，他認爲這個“公主堡”卽下文所説石峰上的宫館。（<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>《古代和闐》，I，頁35）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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5　唐代的寺院經濟
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152403" key="1152403"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 二　唐初的中國 &gt; 5　唐代的寺院經濟 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153358" key="1153358"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00047','1243880',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P47</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000009"><b>5　唐代的寺院經濟</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">東晉</span>初期，寺院還没有獨立的經濟。《高僧傳》卷五《道安傳》説：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00048','1243880',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P48</span></i><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">高平</span><span class="zhuanming">郄超</span>遣使遺米千斛，修書累紙，深致慇懃。<span class="zhuanming">安</span>答書云：‘捐米千斛，彌覺有待之爲煩。’”<a class="zhuhao" href="#278" id="273">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>可見當時僧徒生活是靠大官捐助的。《道安傳》又説：</span> </p><p> <span>（<span class="zhuanming">道安</span>）“謂徒衆曰：‘今遭凶年，不依國主，則法事難立。’”<a class="zhuhao" href="#279" id="274">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>可見其中的消息。《道安傳》又説：</span> </p><p> <span>（<span class="zhuanming">安</span>）“神智聰敏，而形貌甚陋，不爲師之所重，驅役田舍。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#280" id="275">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>這時可能寺院已經有了一些田地，而在和尚中間地位已經有了分化，這是社會上階級分化在僧伽中的反映。這情況在别人的傳記裏也有所反映。《高僧傳》卷三《法顯傳》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“嘗與同學數十人於田中刈稻。時有饑賊欲奪其穀。諸沙彌悉奔走，唯<span class="zhuanming">顯</span>獨留。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#281" id="276">〔4〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>《高僧傳》卷三《曇摩密多傳》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“遂度流沙，進到<span class="zhuanming">燉煌</span>，於閑曠之地，建立精舍，植㮈千株，開園百畝。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#282" id="277">〔5〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#273" id="278">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁三五二下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#274" id="279">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁三五二上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#275" id="280">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁三五一下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#276" id="281">〔4〕</a>同上書卷，頁三三七中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#277" id="282">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁三四二下。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時期，隨着<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的發展，寺院開始有了自己獨立的經濟。在<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span><span class="zhuanming">宋</span>代和<span class="zhuanming">齊</span>代，寺院開始佔有土地，並採取一般地主的剥削方式。以後，寺院經濟的力量一天天强大起來，除了收租以外，還放高利貸，在<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span>名義上叫做“長生庫”，卽質庫。還招納佃客，並享有免役免税的特權。<span class="zhuanming">唐道宣</span>《續高僧傳》卷十七（此據《大正大</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00049','1243880',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P49</span></i> <span>藏經》，有的本子作“二十一”）《智顗傳》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">陳宣帝</span>下詔曰：‘禪師佛法雄傑，時匠所宗。訓兼道俗，國之望也。宜割<span class="zhuanming">始豐</span>縣調以充衆費，蠲兩户民用供薪水。’”<a class="zhuhao" href="#286" id="283">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>這説明<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>朝皇帝指定一個縣的租税的一部分供寺院僧衆支配。《續高僧傳》卷二十一《慧光傳》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“又<span class="zhuanming">爾朱氏</span>舉兵北伐，徵税僧尼，用充軍實。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#287" id="284">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>這説明，<span class="zhuanming">齊</span>代僧尼都有了錢財，否則怎麽會有人向僧尼徵税呢？《續高僧傳》卷二十一《曇瑗傳》説：</span> </p><p> <span>“有司准給衣食，勿使經營形累，致虧功績。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#288" id="285">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#283" id="286">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁五六五上——中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#284" id="287">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁六○七下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#285" id="288">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁六○九上。</span> </p><p> <span>這説明，<span class="zhuanming">陳宣帝</span>讓官員供給僧衆衣食。所有這些例證都説明，<span class="zhuanming">劉宋</span>以後，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>之所以能够大發展，是與寺院經濟有密切的關聯的。</span> </p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">北魏</span>，由於皇帝的保護，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>得到很大的發展。《魏書·釋老志》説：</span> </p><p> <span>（<span class="zhuanming">肅宗</span>時）“京城内寺，新舊且百所，僧尼二千餘人。四方諸寺六千四百七十八，僧尼七萬七千二百五十八人。”</span> </p><p> <span>又説：</span> </p><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">正光</span>以後，天下多虞，工役尤甚，於是所在編民，相與入道。假慕沙門，實避調役，猥濫之極，自<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>之有佛法，未之有也。略而計之，僧尼大衆二百萬矣，其寺三萬有餘。”</span> </p><p> <span>當時僧尼入道實際上是爲了逃避國家的賦役。寺院佔有廣大田地，這種現象，在<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span>是没有的。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00050','1243880',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P50</span></i><p> <span>到了<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時期，寺院經濟的發展達到一個新的階段。有人<a class="zhuhao" href="#292" id="289">〔1〕</a>認爲，<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>正處在普通地主大土地所有制和佃户制形成和走向成熟的階段。在這之前，從<span class="zhuanming">戰國</span>到<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>是<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>封建社會的前期，大族豪强地主大土地所有制和部曲佃客制居優勢地位。<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>時期是一個過渡時期。<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>實行的均田制是一個過渡階段。如果這個看法能成立的話，那麽寺院經濟的成長就是與普通地主階級的成長同時興起，共同發展的。</span> </p><p> <span>均田法的内容大概是這樣子的：男丁十八歲以上給田一頃。其中十分之二爲世業，八爲口分。老男﹑殘廢人﹑寡妻﹑寡妾遞減。户主加二十畝。受田人身死，世業田可以繼承，口分歸官，另行分配。<a class="zhuhao" href="#293" id="290">〔2〕</a>總的精神是鼓勵了農民開墾土地的積極性。但是地主階級憑藉武力，奪取開墾的土地。田地開闢愈多，地主掠奪也愈烈。正如<span class="zhuanming">杜佑</span>《通典》所説的：“兼併之弊，有逾於<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">成</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">哀</span>之間。”均田法實際上已經失効了。</span> </p><p> <span>皇親官僚都受永業田，僧寺道觀也不被排除在均田法之外。道士﹑僧人每人給田三十畝，女冠﹑女尼二十畝。寺院有常住田，一百人以上，不得超過十頃；五十人以上，不得超過七頃；五十人以下，不得超過五頃。實際上這只不過是一紙空文。到了<span class="zhuanming">武則天</span>時，天下公私田宅，多爲僧寺所有。已經成爲民生大害了。<a class="zhuhao" href="#294" id="291">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#289" id="292">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">汪籛</span>：《唐太宗》，《北京大學學報》，哲學社會科學版，一九七九年，第二期，第七一頁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#290" id="293">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">范文瀾</span>：《中國通史簡編》修訂本，第三編，第一册。參閲<span class="zhuanming">韓國磐</span>：《隋唐的均田制度》，上海人民出版社，一九五七年。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#291" id="294">〔3〕</a>參閲<span class="zhuanming">范文瀾</span>：《中國通史簡編》修訂本，第三編，第一册，第二一三頁。</span> </p><p> <span>寺院既然有了田産，那自然就會出現兩種現象。第一，寺院内部産生了兩極分化，一少部分和尚，所謂方丈之類霸佔了廟産，壟</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00051','1243880',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P51</span></i> <span>斷了寺院經濟，享用奢華，交通官府，甚至飛揚跋扈，無惡不作，實際上成了僧侣地主。絶大部分和尚受到壓迫，他們在廟裏幹些雜活，實際上處在同世俗社會佃户一類的地位上。第二，同世俗地主一樣，僧侣地主也從事兼併田地。其結果正如《新唐書》卷一四六《李吉甫傳》所説：</span> </p><p> <span>“又國家自天寶以來，宿兵常八十餘萬，其去爲商販﹑度爲佛老﹑雜以科役者，率十五以上。天下常以勞苦之人三奉坐待衣食之人七。”</span> </p><p> <span>《資治通鑒》卷二二四，《唐紀》四十，<span class="zhuanming">代宗</span><span class="zhuanming">大歷</span>二年（公元七六七年）説：</span> </p><p> <span>“胡僧<span class="zhuanming">不空</span>，官至卿監，爵爲國公，出入禁闥，勢移權貴，京畿良田美利，多歸僧寺。”</span> </p><p> <span>僧侣地主一旦形成，他們就展開了兩個方面的鬥争。一方面是僧伽内部的矛盾鬥争。這種一般僧侣與特權僧侣的矛盾，是<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>中期以後，中小地主階級勢力漸大﹑抨擊貴族地主階級矛盾的反映。<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上許多爲人津津樂道的“傳法”的故事，比如<span class="zhuanming">慧能</span>與<span class="zhuanming">神秀</span>的鬥争的故事，實際上同世俗地主階級的土地財産繼承權一樣，是大少爺二少爺之間的鈎心鬥角。各個宗派都規定了一套衣鉢傳授制度，這同封建宗法制度没有什麽不同。實際上是大地主的和尚把學説與田産一併傳給弟子。另一方面是僧侣地主階級與世俗地主階級的矛盾鬥争。他們争奪土地，争奪勞動力。<span class="zhuanming">韓愈</span>的排<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>的意見是有代表性的。他在《原道》中説：</span> </p><p> <span>“古之爲民者四，今之爲民者六。古之教者處其一，今之教者處其三。農之家一，而食粟之家六。工之家一，而用器之家六。賈之家一，而資焉之家六。奈之何民不窮且盗也。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00052','1243880',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P52</span></i><p> <span>他在《送靈師》這一篇詩中又説：</span> </p><p> <span>“佛法入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，爾來六百年。齊民逃賦役，高士著幽禪。官吏不之制，紛紛聽其然。耕桑日失隸，朝署時遺賢。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#296" id="295">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#295" id="296">〔1〕</a>《朱文公校昌黎先生集》卷二。</span> </p><p> <span>可見<span class="zhuanming">韓愈</span>的闢<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>，完全是由於經濟考慮。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛</span>徒那免税﹑免役的特權，不但直接加重農民負擔，也不能不加重一般地主階級的負擔。這就更加劇了地主階級與僧侣地主階級之間的矛盾。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>之屢被排擠，十有八九是出於這種原因，而不是出於宗教原因。<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道</span>都受到世俗地主階級的排擠，因而，儘管他們有時候也有矛盾和鬥争，但是矛盾不十分尖鋭。尖鋭的是他們與世俗地主之間的矛盾鬥争。</span> </p><p> <span>與僧侣有聯繫的不僅僅是寺院經濟這樣一個經濟基礎問題，而且與上層建築問題也有關聯。當時寺院無形中成了文化知識﹑宗教教育的中心。僧侣對佛教教義既有煩瑣的分析，又有普及的宣傳。除了用<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義麻醉老百姓這一面以外，還有傳播文化知識的一面。由<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>至<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒，特别是從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>來的高僧，有的不但精通佛法，而且還具備多種技能，比如天文學﹑曆算﹑醫藥。現在<span class="zhuanming">中</span>譯《大藏經》中還保存了一些科學著作。有的來<span class="zhuanming">華</span>僧人本身就是天文學家﹑數學家﹑醫學家等等。後來<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span><span class="zhuanming">天主教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的初期，也有類似的情況。這可能是由於有了這樣一些科技知識有利於傳教的緣故。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>住過的寺院經濟情況怎樣呢？有没有獨立的寺院經濟呢？在這方面，材料不多。現將《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》中的有關資料鈎稽如下：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00053','1243880',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P53</span></i><p> <span>“令旨依所須供給，務使周備。<a class="zhuhao" href="#306" id="297">〔1〕</a>”</span> </p><p> <span>“敕加供給及時服卧具，數令换易。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#307" id="298">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>（<span class="zhuanming">道恭</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧宣</span>想要袈裟）“帝並不與，各施絹五十匹。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#308" id="299">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>（<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>死後）“羣公歡喜辭去，癸卯各捨浄財，共修書遣使參法師。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#309" id="300">〔4〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>“爲皇太子設五千僧齋，人施帛三段。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#310" id="301">〔5〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>“皇后施法師衲袈裟一并雜物等數十件。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#311" id="302">〔6〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>“其法師營葬所須，並宜公給。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#312" id="303">〔7〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>“大帝以法師先朝所重，嗣位之後，禮敬逾隆。中使朝臣，問慰無絶。䞋施綿﹑帛﹑綾﹑綿，前後萬餘段，法服納袈裟等數百事。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#313" id="304">〔8〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>再補充上一條《續高僧傳》卷四《玄奘傳》的資料：</span> </p><p> <span>“又賜山納，妙勝前者，并時服玩百有餘件。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#314" id="305">〔9〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#297" id="306">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二五三下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#298" id="307">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二五八中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#299" id="308">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁二五八下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#300" id="309">〔4〕</a>同上書卷，頁二六○中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#301" id="310">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁二六六上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#302" id="311">〔6〕</a>同上書卷，頁二七○下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#303" id="312">〔7〕</a>同上書卷，頁二七三上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#304" id="313">〔8〕</a>同上書卷，頁二七五下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#305" id="314">〔9〕</a>同上書卷，頁四五七下。</span> </p><p> <span>看來<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>和同他共事的和尚們喫飯穿衣都由國家供給。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>聲望日隆，幾乎天天陪伴君王，他住過的寺院情況可能與一般寺院不同。但是和尚既然不參加勞動，又不象<span class="zhuanming">緬甸</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">泰國</span>那樣，天天沿門托鉢乞食，除了國家供給以外，還有什麽辦法呢？</span> </p></div></div></div>
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2.舍利弗證果故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153361" key="1153361"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十二、上茅宫城（舊王舍城） &gt; 2.舍利弗證果故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153362" key="1153362"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00720','1384804',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P720</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001212">2.舍利弗證果故事</p><p> <span>伏醉象東北有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>聞<span class="zhuanming">阿濕婆恃比丘</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7685" id="7677">〔1〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">馬勝</span>。</span> <span>説法證果之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7691" id="7678">（一）</a>。初，<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>在家也，高<a class="zhuhao" href="#7686" id="7679">〔2〕</a>才雅量，見重當時，門生學徒，傳以<a class="zhuhao" href="#7687" id="7680">〔3〕</a>受業。此時將入<span class="zhuanming">王舍大城</span>，<span class="zhuanming">馬勝比丘</span>亦方乞食。時<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>遥見<span class="zhuanming">馬勝</span>，謂門生曰：“彼來者<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00721','1384804',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P721</span></i>甚庠序，不證聖果，豈斯調寂？宜少佇<a class="zhuhao" href="#7688" id="7681">〔4〕</a>待，觀其進趣。”<span class="zhuanming">馬勝比丘</span>已證羅漢，心得自在，容止和雅，振錫來儀。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>曰：“長老善安樂耶？師何人，證何法？若此之悦豫乎？”<span class="zhuanming">馬勝</span>謂曰：“爾不知耶？<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span>太子捨轉輪王位，悲愍六趣，苦行六年，證三菩提，具一切智，是吾師也。夫法者，非有非空<a class="zhuhao" href="#7692" id="7682">（二）</a>，難用銓緒<a class="zhuhao" href="#7689" id="7683">〔5〕</a>，唯佛與佛乃能究述。豈伊愚昧，所能詳議？”因爲頌説，稱讚<a class="zhuhao" href="#7690" id="7684">〔6〕</a>佛法。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>聞已，便獲果證。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7677" id="7685">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字並作苾芻，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7679" id="7686">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》脱高字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7680" id="7687">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》以作法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7681" id="7688">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》佇作行。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7683" id="7689">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》銓緒二字作詮敍；《古本》作詮緒。《音釋》作詮敍，云：“上七全反，或作銓。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7684" id="7690">〔6〕</a>《舊麗本》無讚字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7678" id="7691">（一）</a>阿濕婆恃比丘説法證果之處：<span class="zhuanming">阿濕婆恃</span>，梵文Aśvajit音譯，巴利文Assaji。又譯作<span class="zhuanming">阿濕波誓</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿奢婆耆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿奢踰時</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿輸波祇</span>；意譯<span class="zhuanming">馬勝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">馬師</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">馬星</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">馬宿</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">無勝</span>；人名，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>初轉法輪所度五比丘之一。其傳説又見《五分律》卷十六﹑《四分律》卷三三﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00722','1384804',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P722</span></i>《因果經》卷四﹑《佛本行集經》卷四八等。據説<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>聞<span class="zhuanming">阿濕婆恃</span>説偈“我師所説，法從緣生，亦從緣滅，一切諸法，空無有主”而開悟，並告<span class="zhuanming">目連</span>，赴<span class="zhuanming">竹園精舍</span>聞佛説而成道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7682" id="7692">（二）</a>非有非空：此卽所謂“中道”觀。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲事物滅後不再生起，是謂“斷見”；認爲事物是常住不變的，是謂“常見”；二者都是偏於一邊的“邊見”，而只有佛所主張的一切事物遷流無常，而又相續不斷，才是離開這二“邊見”的“中道”。因此認爲“夫法者，非有非空，難用銓緒”。參見《法華經》卷一《方便品》所謂“唯佛與佛乃能究盡諸法實相。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、奔穰舍羅
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153365" key="1153365"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 朅盤陁國 &gt; 四、奔穰舍羅 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153366" key="1153366"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00989','1384925',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P989</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001701"><b>四﹑奔穰舍羅</b></p><p> <span>大崖東北，踰嶺履險，行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">奔</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">逋<a class="zhuhao" href="#9898" id="9891">〔1〕</a>論反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">穰</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9899" id="9892">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">舍羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9904" id="9893">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">福舍</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>東岡，四山之中，地方百餘<a class="zhuhao" href="#9900" id="9894">〔3〕</a>頃，正中墊下。冬夏積雪，風寒飄勁。疇壠舃<a class="zhuhao" href="#9901" id="9895">〔4〕</a>鹵，稼穡不滋，既無林樹，唯有細草。時雖暑熱，而多風雪，人徒纔入，雲霧已興。商侣往來，苦斯艱險。聞諸耆舊曰：昔有賈客，其徒萬餘，橐駝數千，賷貨逐利，遭風遇雪，人畜俱喪。時<span class="zhuanming">朅盤陁國</span>有大羅漢，遥觀見之，愍<a class="zhuhao" href="#9902" id="9896">〔5〕</a>其危厄，欲運神通，拯斯淪溺。適來至此，商人已喪，於是收諸珍寶，集其所有，構立館舍，儲積資財，買地鄰國，鬻户邊城，以賑<a class="zhuhao" href="#9903" id="9897">〔6〕</a>往來。故今行人商侣，咸蒙周給。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9891" id="9898">〔1〕</a>原本逋作通，《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作逋。按通論於奔字音不協。今據改。《趙城本》作通，同此訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9892" id="9899">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》穰並作攘；《明北本》作禳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9894" id="9900">〔3〕</a>《中本》餘下有里字。《一本》頃作里。疑《中本》里下衍頃字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9895" id="9901">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》及《音釋》舄作潟，同。《中本》作石，非。《徑山本》﹑《金陵<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00990','1384925',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P990</span></i>本》作瀉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9896" id="9902">〔5〕</a>《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》愍作慜，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9897" id="9903">〔6〕</a>《中本》賑下有給字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9893" id="9904">（一）</a>奔穰舍羅：此名來自梵文puṇyaśala，意卽卷四<span class="zhuanming">礫迦國</span>條“以贍貧匱，或施藥，或施食”的所謂行慈善事業的地方——福舍。據《西域記》此處所記方位（從<span class="zhuanming">朅盤陁國</span>首府東南行三百餘里，再東北行二百餘里），當於<span class="zhuanming">塔什庫爾干</span>東南方向求之。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東下<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>東岡，登危嶺，越洞谷，谿徑險阻，風雪相繼，行八百餘里，出<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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3.勝密火坑故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153369" key="1153369"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十二、上茅宫城（舊王舍城） &gt; 3.勝密火坑故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153370" key="1153370"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00722','1384805',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P722</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001215">3.勝密火坑故事</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>證果<a class="zhuhao" href="#7702" id="7693">〔1〕</a>北不遠，有大深坑，傍建窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">室利毱多</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">勝密</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7703" id="7694">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span>以火坑﹑毒飯欲害佛處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7710" id="7695">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">勝密</span>者，宗<a class="zhuhao" href="#7704" id="7696">〔3〕</a>信外道，深着邪見。諸梵志曰：“<span class="zhuanming">喬荅摩</span>國人尊敬，遂令我徒無所恃賴。汝今可請至家飯會<a class="zhuhao" href="#7705" id="7697">〔4〕</a>，門<a class="zhuhao" href="#7706" id="7698">〔5〕</a>穿大坑，滿中縱火，棧以朽木，覆以燥土。凡諸飲<a class="zhuhao" href="#7707" id="7699">〔6〕</a>食，皆雜毒藥。若免火坑，當遭毒食。”<span class="zhuanming">勝密</span>承命，便設毒會<a class="zhuhao" href="#7708" id="7700">〔7〕</a>。城中之人皆知<span class="zhuanming">勝密</span>於<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>所起惡害心，咸皆勸請，願佛勿往。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告曰：“無得懷憂，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>之身，物莫能害。”於是受請而往，足履門閫，火坑成池，清瀾澄鑒，蓮花彌漫。<span class="zhuanming">勝密</span>見已，憂惶無措，謂其徒曰：“以術免火，尚有毒<a class="zhuhao" href="#7709" id="7701">〔8〕</a>食。”<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>飯食已訖，爲説妙法。<span class="zhuanming">勝密</span>聞已，謝咎歸依。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00723','1384805',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P723</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7693" id="7702">〔1〕</a>《中本》證果二字作果證。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7694" id="7703">〔2〕</a>《中本》密作蜜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7696" id="7704">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》宗並作崇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7697" id="7705">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《異本》會作食。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7698" id="7706">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》無門字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7699" id="7707">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》飲並作飯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7700" id="7708">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》會作食。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7701" id="7709">〔8〕</a>《中本》毒下有藥字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7695" id="7710">（一）</a>室利毱多以火坑毒飯欲害佛處：<span class="zhuanming">室利毱多</span>，梵文Śrī-gupta音譯，巴利文Sirigutta；又譯作<span class="zhuanming">尸利掘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">尸利崛多</span>；意譯<span class="zhuanming">勝密</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">吉護</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">德護</span>，人名，<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>長者，爲<span class="zhuanming">尼犍子</span>外道門徒。其傳説又見《增一阿含經》卷四五﹑《智度論》卷三等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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烏鎩國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153373" key="1153373"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 烏鎩國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153374" key="1153374"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00990','1384926',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P990</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001704">烏鎩國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烏鎩國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9913" id="9905">（一）</a>周千餘里。國大都城周十餘里，南臨<span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span>。地土沃壤，稼穡殷盛，林樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#9910" id="9906">〔1〕</a>欝茂，花菓具繁。多出雜玉，則有白玉﹑黳<a class="zhuhao" href="#9911" id="9907">〔2〕</a>玉<a class="zhuhao" href="#9914" id="9908">（二）</a>﹑青玉。氣序和，風雨順<a class="zhuhao" href="#9912" id="9909">〔3〕</a>。俗寡禮義，人性剛獷，多詭詐，少廉恥。文字語言少同<span class="zhuanming">佉沙國</span>。容貌醜弊，衣服皮褐，然能崇信，敬奉佛法。伽藍十餘所，僧徒減千人，習學小乘教説一切有部。自數百年王族絶嗣，無别君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">朅盤陁國</span>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00991','1384926',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P991</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9906" id="9910">〔1〕</a>《古本》林樹二字作樹林。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9907" id="9911">〔2〕</a>《方志》黳作瑿。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9909" id="9912">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》順下並有節字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9905" id="9913">（一）</a>烏鎩國：關於<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩國</span>的考訂，諸説紛紜。<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>以爲在今之<span class="zhuanming">英吉沙縣</span>（Yangi-Hissar）與<span class="zhuanming">莎車</span>/<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌</span>之間，<span class="zhuanming">莎車</span>/<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌</span>也可能是<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩</span>的一部分（《古代和闐》，頁42—44，87—88），<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>同意<span class="zhuanming">斯</span>氏的意見（《馬可波羅注》，頁885）。而<span class="zhuanming">白鳥庫吉</span>則認爲當爲<span class="zhuanming">莎車</span>（<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌</span>）（《西域史研究》上，頁19）。<span class="zhuanming">赫爾曼</span>（Herrmann）也持此説（<span class="zhuanming">斯文赫定</span>《南西藏》，第8卷，頁59-60，451）。另外還有<span class="zhuanming">塔什庫爾干</span>東北之Chihil Gumbaz或<span class="zhuanming">英吉沙</span>南之Ighiz Yar諸説。<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩</span>，<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文作ušar（見<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，頁14）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據《西域記》前文“從此東下<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>東岡……行八百餘里，出<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>”和下文“南臨<span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span>”，以及<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>關於整個<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩國</span>的描述來看，當以今<span class="zhuanming">莎車縣</span>説爲允當。<span class="zhuanming">莎車</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">喀什</span>到<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>必經的最大緑洲，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代作<span class="zhuanming">莎車</span>（<span class="zhuanming">莎車</span>古音爲*Saku或*Sakå，此名似與古代當地居民<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>Saka人有關），爲當時西域南道中的大國。《魏書·西域傳》作<span class="zhuanming">渠莎</span>（似爲<span class="zhuanming">莎渠</span>之誤）。在十一世紀七十年代成書的<span class="zhuanming">馬合木·喀什噶里</span>的《突厥語辭典》中稱作Yarkand（＜yar“崖”，<span class="zhuanming">伊蘭</span>語känt，“城<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00992','1384926',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P992</span></i>市”。）<span class="zhuanming">元代</span>史籍依當地叫名作<span class="zhuanming">鴨兒看</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">押兒牽</span>。明代作<span class="zhuanming">牙兒干</span>，<span class="zhuanming">清</span>代作<span class="zhuanming">莎車</span>或<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9908" id="9914">（二）</a>黳玉：黑色的玉。黳，小黑點，見《説文》；又云黑色，見《廣雅·釋器》。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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4.時縛迦大醫遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153377" key="1153377"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十二、上茅宫城（舊王舍城） &gt; 4.時縛迦大醫遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153378" key="1153378"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00723','1384806',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P723</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001218">4.時縛迦大醫遺迹</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">勝密</span>火坑東北，山城之曲，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">時縛迦大醫</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">耆婆</span>，訛也。</span> <span>於此爲佛建説法堂<a class="zhuhao" href="#7720" id="7711">（一）</a>，周其壖垣<a class="zhuhao" href="#7716" id="7712">〔1〕</a>，種植花菓，餘趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#7717" id="7713">〔2〕</a>蘖<a class="zhuhao" href="#7718" id="7714">〔3〕</a>株，尚有遺迹。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，多於中止。其傍復有<span class="zhuanming">時<a class="zhuhao" href="#7719" id="7715">〔4〕</a>縛迦</span>故宅，餘基舊井，墟坎猶存。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00724','1384806',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P724</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7712" id="7716">〔1〕</a>《中本》壖垣二字作垣壖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7713" id="7717">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》趾並作址。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7714" id="7718">〔3〕</a>原本蘖作蘗，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《音釋》及《方志》改。《中本》蘖株二字作株蘖，亦訛。《慧琳音義》作𣖂株，云：“《説文》：‘伐木餘也’。正作𣡌。”𣡌卽蘖字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7715" id="7719">〔4〕</a>原本無時字，《古本》﹑《中本》及《慈恩傳》並有之，上文亦有時字。按<span class="zhuanming">時縛迦</span>，梵文作Jīvaka，或譯作<span class="zhuanming">耆婆</span>，或作<span class="zhuanming">耆域</span>，皆從略稱，但並有耆字，與時音合，此顯脱去，今據補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7711" id="7720">（一）</a>時縛迦大醫於此爲佛建説法堂：<span class="zhuanming">時縛迦</span>，梵文Jīvaka音譯，全名Jīvakakomarabhṛtya或Jīvakakumārabhūta，巴利文Jīvakakomārabhacca；又譯<span class="zhuanming">侍縛迦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">耆婆</span>；意譯<span class="zhuanming">活童子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">壽命童子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">固活</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">能活</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">更活</span>，人名，<span class="zhuanming">頻毘沙羅王</span>之庶子，<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>著名的醫生。《法顯傳》：“城東北角曲中，<span class="zhuanming">耆舊</span>（<span class="zhuanming">耆婆</span>）於<span class="zhuanming">菴婆羅園</span>中起精舍，請佛及千二百五十弟子供養處。”據《增—阿含經》卷三九﹑《佛説寂志果經》，佛在<span class="zhuanming">羅閲城</span><span class="zhuanming">耆婆伽梨</span>園，一時共有一千二百五十弟子。七月十五日夜<span class="zhuanming">耆婆伽王</span>子侍<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>，卽勸王至佛所，問疑念。王因而解悟，皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。又見《長阿含經》卷一七﹑《四分律》卷三九﹑四十，《善見律》卷十七等。其遺址經考古發掘，在今城東門傍。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、羅漢出定神變傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153381" key="1153381"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 烏鎩國 &gt; 一、羅漢出定神變傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153382" key="1153382"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00992','1384927',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P992</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001707"><b>一﹑羅漢出定神變傳説</b></p><p> <span>城西二百餘里至大<a class="zhuhao" href="#9934" id="9915">〔1〕</a>山，<a class="zhuhao" href="#9951" id="9916">（一）</a>山氣巃<a class="zhuhao" href="#9935" id="9917">〔2〕</a>嵸，觸石<a class="zhuhao" href="#9936" id="9918">〔3〕</a>興雲。崖隒峥嶸，將崩未墜。其巔<a class="zhuhao" href="#9937" id="9919">〔4〕</a>窣堵波，欝然奇制<a class="zhuhao" href="#9938" id="9920">〔5〕</a>也。聞諸土俗曰：數百年前，山崖崩圮，中有苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#9939" id="9921">〔6〕</a>瞑目而坐，軀量偉大，形容枯槁，鬚髮下垂，被肩蒙面。有田<a class="zhuhao" href="#9940" id="9922">〔7〕</a>獵者見已白王，王躬觀禮。都人士子，不召而至，焚香散花，競修供養。王曰：“斯何人哉，若此偉也！”有苾芻對曰：“此鬚髮垂長而被服袈裟<a class="zhuhao" href="#9941" id="9923">〔8〕</a>，乃入滅心<a class="zhuhao" href="#9942" id="9924">〔9〕</a>定阿羅漢也。夫入滅心定者，先有期限，或言聞揵椎<a class="zhuhao" href="#9943" id="9925">〔10〕</a>聲，或言<a class="zhuhao" href="#9944" id="9926">〔11〕</a>待日光照。有兹警察，便從定起。若無警察，寂然不動，定力持身，遂無壞滅。段<a class="zhuhao" href="#9945" id="9927">〔12〕</a>食<a class="zhuhao" href="#9952" id="9928">（二）</a>之體，出定便謝。宜以酥<a class="zhuhao" href="#9946" id="9929">〔13〕</a>油灌注，令得滋潤，然後鼓擊，警悟定心。”王曰：“俞<a class="zhuhao" href="#9947" id="9930">〔14〕</a>乎！”乃<a class="zhuhao" href="#9948" id="9931">〔15〕</a>擊揵椎。其聲纔振，而此羅漢豁然高視，久之乃曰：“爾輩何人，形容卑劣，被服袈裟？”對曰：“我苾芻也。”曰：“然我師<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波如來</span>今何所在？”對曰：“入大湼槃，其來已久。”聞而閉目，悵若有懷，尋重問曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#9949" id="9932">〔16〕</a>：“<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>出興世耶？”對曰：“誕靈導世<a class="zhuhao" href="#9950" id="9933">〔17〕</a>，已從<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00993','1384927',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P993</span></i>寂滅。”聞復俯首，久之乃起，昇虚空，現神變，化火焚身，遺骸墜地。王收其骨，起窣堵波。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9915" id="9934">〔1〕</a>《華嚴鈔》五十八引大上有一字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9917" id="9935">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》巃作籠。按下嵸字從山，此亦當從山作巃。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9918" id="9936">〔3〕</a>《趙城本》石訛作不。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9919" id="9937">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》顛作嶺。按《慈恩傳》云“上有窣堵波”，則顛字爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9920" id="9938">〔5〕</a>《中本》制作製。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9921" id="9939">〔6〕</a>《建本》苾芻二字作比丘，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9922" id="9940">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》田並作畋，同。《慈恩傳》田獵者作樵者。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9923" id="9941">〔8〕</a>《中本》裟下有裳字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9924" id="9942">〔9〕</a>《異本》心作盡。《慈恩傳》亦作“入滅盡定”。按“入滅心定”又見下“<span class="zhuanming">斫句迦國</span>”内。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9925" id="9943">〔10〕</a>原本椎作稚，今改，説見前。下同。《珠林》三十八引作椎。《中本》作推，亦椎之形訛。《慈恩傳》作槌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9926" id="9944">〔11〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》言並作云。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9927" id="9945">〔12〕</a>原本段作叚，今從《金陵本》改。《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》並作叚，叚當是段之别字。《徑山本》作叚，同此本。叚卽假字，但俗常誤段爲叚。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“段食，疑猶斷食也。”按《慈恩傳》亦作段，《慧琳音義》謂是斷字之誤。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00994','1384927',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P994</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9929" id="9946">〔13〕</a>原本酥作蘇，《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作酥，今從改。《珠林》亦作酥。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9930" id="9947">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》俞作爾。按《慈恩傳》作“善哉”，則俞字爲長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9931" id="9948">〔15〕</a>《趙城本》乃作皷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9932" id="9949">〔16〕</a>《石本》﹑《趙城本》曰作其。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9933" id="9950">〔17〕</a>《趙城本》誕靈導世四字作語覆去世，不通，有誤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9916" id="9951">（一）</a>城西二百餘里至大山：如以<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩國</span>首府比定<span class="zhuanming">英吉沙</span>，則此大山當指其西部南北走向的<span class="zhuanming">穆士塔格</span>（Muztaϒ，<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語“冰山”之意）山系的主峰<span class="zhuanming">穆士塔格阿塔</span>（<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語“冰山之父”之意，高7569米），或指<span class="zhuanming">英吉沙</span>西二百里該山系北端的<span class="zhuanming">公格爾</span>（Kongur）山（7719米）更爲合適。如以<span class="zhuanming">烏鎩國</span>首府比定<span class="zhuanming">莎車</span>，則似指其西方約五十公里<span class="zhuanming">帕米爾</span>東端之<span class="zhuanming">汗庫勒</span>（Khankul，3459米）山。（參見<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>書，頁389）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9928" id="9952">（二）</a>段食：梵文piṇḍa的意譯，亦譯搏食或團食。段，卽分段的意思。段食指世間一切食物。因爲一切食物都是分段而食的。《俱舍論》卷十：“香﹑味﹑觸三，一切皆爲段食自體，可成段别而飲噉故。”</span> </p><p> <span>從此北行，山磧曠野五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">佉沙國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊謂<a class="zhuhao" href="#9957" id="9953">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>者，乃稱其城號也。正音宜<a class="zhuhao" href="#9958" id="9954">〔2〕</a>云<span class="zhuanming">室利訖栗<a class="zhuhao" href="#9959" id="9955">〔3〕</a>多底</span>。<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>之<a class="zhuhao" href="#9960" id="9956">〔4〕</a>言，猶爲訛也。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00995','1384927',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P995</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9953" id="9957">〔1〕</a>《華嚴鈔》舊謂二字作舊云爲三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9954" id="9958">〔2〕</a>《中本》宜作直。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9955" id="9959">〔3〕</a>《中本》栗作粟。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9956" id="9960">〔4〕</a>《中本》之作久，非。《慈恩傳》亦作之。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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尸棄尼國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153385" key="1153385"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 尸棄尼國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153386" key="1153386"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00978','1384920',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P978</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001678">尸棄尼國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">尸棄尼國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9801" id="9793">（一）</a>周二<a class="zhuhao" href="#9798" id="9794">〔1〕</a>千餘里。國大都城周五六里。山川連屬，沙石遍野。多宿<a class="zhuhao" href="#9799" id="9795">〔2〕</a>麥，少穀稼。林樹稀踈，花菓寡<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00979','1384920',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P979</span></i>少。氣序寒烈，風俗獷勇，忍於殺戮，務於盜竊，不知禮義，不識善惡，迷未來禍福，懼現世灾殃。形貌鄙陋，皮褐爲服。文字同<span class="zhuanming">覩貨羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#9800" id="9796">〔3〕</a>國</span>，語言有異<a class="zhuhao" href="#9802" id="9797">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9794" id="9798">〔1〕</a>《建本》無二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9795" id="9799">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》宿並作菽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9796" id="9800">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》等羅並作邏。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9793" id="9801">（一）</a>尸棄尼國：卽*Śikni/Shughnān對音。《悟空行記》作<span class="zhuanming">赤匿</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">式匿</span>，《新唐書》卷二二一下作<span class="zhuanming">識匿</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">瑟匿</span>。<span class="zhuanming">尸棄尼</span>，今稱<span class="zhuanming">舒格楠</span>（Shighnān）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9797" id="9802">（二）</a>語言有異：今<span class="zhuanming">尸棄尼</span>地方所使用的語言，屬于東<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語族中的<span class="zhuanming">帕米爾</span>方言中的Chalcha方言，由於地理關係，此地居民移動較少，故語言多保存古代的特徵。</span> </p><p> <span>越<span class="zhuanming">達摩悉鐵帝國</span>大山之南，至<span class="zhuanming">商彌國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1.勝軍故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153389" key="1153389"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十一、佛陀伐那山及杖林 &gt; 1.勝軍故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153390" key="1153390"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00711','1384800',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P711</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001191">1.勝軍故事</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">杖林</span>中近有鄔波索迦<span class="zhuanming">闍耶犀那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7611" id="7599">（一）</a>者，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">勝軍</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00712','1384800',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P712</span></i>刹帝利種也，志尚夷簡，情悦山林，迹居幻境，心遊真際<a class="zhuhao" href="#7612" id="7600">（二）</a>，内外典籍，窮究幽微，辭論清高，儀範閑雅。諸沙門﹑婆羅門﹑外道異學﹑國王﹑大臣﹑長者﹑豪右，相趨<a class="zhuhao" href="#7606" id="7601">〔1〕</a>通謁，伏膺請益。受業門人，十室而六。年漸七十，耽讀不倦，餘藝捐廢，唯習佛經，策勵身心，不舍<a class="zhuhao" href="#7607" id="7602">〔2〕</a>晝夜。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之法，香末爲泥，作小窣堵波，高五六寸，書寫經文，以置其中，謂之法舍利也。數漸盈積，建大窣堵波，總聚於内，常修供養。故<span class="zhuanming">勝軍</span>之爲業也，口則宣説妙法，導誘學人；手乃作窣堵波，式崇<a class="zhuhao" href="#7608" id="7603">〔3〕</a>勝福；夜又經行禮誦，宴坐思惟。寢食不遑，晝夜無怠。年百歲矣，志業不衰。三十年間，凡作七拘胝</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言億<a class="zhuhao" href="#7609" id="7604">〔4〕</a>。</span> <span>法舍利窣堵波。每滿一拘胝，建大窣堵波，而總置中，盛修供養，請諸僧衆，法會稱慶。其時神光燭曜，靈異昭彰<a class="zhuhao" href="#7610" id="7605">〔5〕</a>。自兹厥後，時放光明。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7601" id="7606">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》趨作趣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7602" id="7607">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》舍並作捨，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7603" id="7608">〔3〕</a>《古本》崇作宗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7604" id="7609">〔4〕</a>《中本》億下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7605" id="7610">〔5〕</a>《中本》彰作章；《徑山本》作著。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00713','1384800',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P713</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7599" id="7611">（一）</a>闍耶犀那：梵文Jayasena音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">勝軍</span>，人名，博通古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>宗教﹑哲學﹑天文﹑地理﹑醫方術數，爲七世紀時與<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>齊名的學者。他承受<span class="zhuanming">難陀</span>之學，對於因明學造詣甚深。據《因明入正理論疏》，謂<span class="zhuanming">勝軍論師</span>聲名獨擅<span class="zhuanming">五天</span>，學藝超羣，四方學者聞風來學。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>曾從<span class="zhuanming">勝軍</span>問學二年。《慈恩傳》卷四：“<span class="zhuanming">軍</span>本<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌佗國</span>人，刹帝利種也。幼而好學。先於<span class="zhuanming">賢愛論師</span>所學因明；又從<span class="zhuanming">安慧菩薩</span>學聲明，大小乘論；又從<span class="zhuanming">戒賢法師</span>學《瑜伽論》。爰至外籍羣言﹑四《吠陀》典﹑天文地理﹑醫方術數無不究覽根源，窮盡枝葉。既學該内外，德爲時尊。<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀</span>主<span class="zhuanming">滿胄王</span>欽賢重士，聞風而悦，發使邀請，立爲國師，封二十大邑，論師不受。<span class="zhuanming">滿胄</span>崩後，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>又請爲師，封<span class="zhuanming">烏荼國</span>八十大邑，論師亦辭不受。……（<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>）法師就之，首末二年，學《唯識決擇論》﹑《意義理論》﹑《成無畏論》﹑《不住湼槃》﹑《十二因緣論》﹑《莊嚴經論》，及問瑜伽﹑因明等疑已……”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7600" id="7612">（二）</a>真際：指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>所説之法。真際，指真言的邊際，卽至極之義。《仁王經》卷上：“是故一切法性真實空，不來不去無生無滅，同真際等法性。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
商彌國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153393" key="1153393"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 商彌國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153394" key="1153394"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00980','1384921',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P980</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001681">商彌國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">商彌國</span>周<a class="zhuhao" href="#9811" id="9803">（一）</a>二千五六百里。山川相間，堆阜高下。穀稼備植，菽<a class="zhuhao" href="#9808" id="9804">〔1〕</a>麥彌豐。多蒲陶，出雌黄<a class="zhuhao" href="#9809" id="9805">〔2〕</a>，鑿崖析石，然後得之。山神暴惡，屢爲灾害，祀祭後入，平吉往來。若不祈禱，風雹<a class="zhuhao" href="#9810" id="9806">〔3〕</a>奮發。氣序寒，風俗急。人性淳質，俗無禮義，智謀寡狹，伎能淺薄。文字同<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>，語言别異<a class="zhuhao" href="#9812" id="9807">（二）</a>。多衣氈褐。其王<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種也，崇重佛法。國人從化，莫不淳信。伽藍二所，僧徒寡少。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9804" id="9808">〔1〕</a>《古本》菽作宿。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9805" id="9809">〔2〕</a>《方志》雌黄作雄黄。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9806" id="9810">〔3〕</a>《建本》雹作電，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9803" id="9811">（一）</a>商彌國：《漢書》作<span class="zhuanming">双靡</span>，《洛陽伽藍記》卷五作<span class="zhuanming">󲴑彌</span>，《魏書》作<span class="zhuanming">舍彌</span>，《月藏經》作<span class="zhuanming">󲴑摩</span>。《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》下<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>條後稱，<span class="zhuanming">商彌</span>亦作<span class="zhuanming">俱位</span>。<span class="zhuanming">俱位</span>，《悟空行記》作<span class="zhuanming">拘緯</span>。其地當在今<span class="zhuanming">馬斯圖吉</span>（Mastuj）和<span class="zhuanming">乞特拉爾</span>（Čitral）之間，北與<span class="zhuanming">鉢和</span>（<span class="zhuanming">護蜜</span>，今<span class="zhuanming">瓦罕</span>），東南與<span class="zhuanming">小勃律</span>相鄰。（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁243—245；《烏滸水與那密水考》，頁105注4；<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>《西突厥史料》，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯本，頁120注2，頁308注1）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00981','1384921',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P981</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9807" id="9812">（二）</a>語言别異：<span class="zhuanming">商彌</span>地區的語言正處在<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語族和<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>語族的接壤地帶，故保持着這兩種語言系統的特徵。這一地區使用的語言稱爲Dardic語，現在被認是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>語系的一個支脈。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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2.杖林附近諸迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153397" key="1153397"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十一、佛陀伐那山及杖林 &gt; 2.杖林附近諸迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153398" key="1153398"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00713','1384801',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P713</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001194">2.杖林附近諸迹</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">杖林</span>西南十餘里，大山陽<a class="zhuhao" href="#7617" id="7613">〔1〕</a>有二温泉<a class="zhuhao" href="#7620" id="7614">（一）</a>，其水甚熱，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>化出此水，於中浴焉。今者尚存，清流無減，遠近之人，皆來就<a class="zhuhao" href="#7618" id="7615">〔2〕</a>浴，沈痾宿疹，無不<a class="zhuhao" href="#7619" id="7616">〔3〕</a>除差。其傍則有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>經行之處也。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00714','1384801',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P714</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7613" id="7617">〔1〕</a>《中本》陽作隅。《方志》作陽，同今本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7615" id="7618">〔2〕</a>《中本》就作既。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7616" id="7619">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》無不二字並作多有。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7614" id="7620">（一）</a>二温泉：《雜阿含經》卷三八有<span class="zhuanming">榻補河</span>，《别譯雜阿含經》卷一一有<span class="zhuanming">多跋河</span>，《中阿含經》卷四三《温泉林天經》的“<span class="zhuanming">温泉林</span>”，巴利文本作Tapodārāma，意譯<span class="zhuanming">温泉精舍</span>。根據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所載方位距離，今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>尚有稱作Tapoban的温泉，疑卽其地。見Cunningham：A.G.I.P.528。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">杖林</span>東南，行六七里，至大山。横嶺之前有石窣堵波。昔<a class="zhuhao" href="#7625" id="7621">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>雨<a class="zhuhao" href="#7626" id="7622">〔2〕</a>三月爲諸人天於此説法，時<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#7627" id="7623">〔3〕</a>羅王</span>欲來聽法，乃疏山積石，壘階以進，廣二十餘步，長三四里<a class="zhuhao" href="#7628" id="7624">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7621" id="7625">〔1〕</a>《中本》昔下有者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7622" id="7626">〔2〕</a>原本雨作兩，《古本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》作雨。《續傳》此句作“如來於中三月坐夏”，則作雨爲是，今從改。《方志》作兩，亦形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7623" id="7627">〔3〕</a>《異本》娑作婆，非。《金陵本》娑作裟。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7624" id="7628">〔4〕</a>《續傳》作“長五里許”；《方志》作“長四里許”。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00715','1384801',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P715</span></i><p> <span>大山北三四里，有孤山，昔<span class="zhuanming">廣博仙人</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7634" id="7629">（一）</a>棲隱於此，鑿崖爲室，餘趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#7632" id="7630">〔1〕</a>尚存<a class="zhuhao" href="#7633" id="7631">〔2〕</a>。傳教門人，遺風猶扇。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7630" id="7632">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》趾並作址。趾﹑址通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7631" id="7633">〔2〕</a>《中本》存作在。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7629" id="7634">（一）</a>廣博仙人：<span class="zhuanming">廣博</span>，梵文Vyāsa意譯，音譯<span class="zhuanming">毗耶娑</span>，人名。傳説是《吠陀》和大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》的編纂者。</span> </p><p> <span>孤山東北四五里，有小孤山，山壁石室，廣袤可坐千餘人矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#7638" id="7635">〔1〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此三月説法。石室上有大磐石，<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#7639" id="7636">〔2〕</a>牛頭栴檀塗餝<a class="zhuhao" href="#7640" id="7637">〔3〕</a>佛身，石上餘香，于今郁烈。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7635" id="7638">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》矣作衆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7636" id="7639">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》摩作磨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7637" id="7640">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》餝作飾。按餝爲飾之俗字，見《匡謬正俗》及《干禄字書》。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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波謎羅川
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153401" key="1153401"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 商彌國 &gt; 波謎羅川 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153402" key="1153402"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00981','1384922',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P981</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001684"><b>波謎羅川</b></p><p> <span>國境東北，踰山越谷，經危履險，行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">波謎羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#9816" id="9813">〔1〕</a>川</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9818" id="9814">（一）</a>。東西千餘里，南北百餘里，狹隘之處不踰十里，據兩雪山間，故寒風凄勁，春夏飛雪，晝夜飃風。地鹹鹵，多礫石，播植不滋，草木稀少，遂至空荒，絶無人止<a class="zhuhao" href="#9817" id="9815">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9813" id="9816">〔1〕</a>《異本》羅作邏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9815" id="9817">〔2〕</a>《中本》止作趾。按《慈恩傳》作“無復人跡”，則止亦當讀作趾也。止﹑趾古通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9814" id="9818">（一）</a>波謎羅川：爲兩《漢書》之<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>，《新唐書》之<span class="zhuanming">播蜜川</span>，卽今之<span class="zhuanming">帕米爾</span>。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">波謎羅川</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9828" id="9819">〔1〕</a>中有大龍池，東西三百餘里，南北五十餘里，據<span class="zhuanming">大葱嶺</span>内，當<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9829" id="9820">〔2〕</a>中，其地最高也。水乃澄清皎鏡，莫測其深，色帶青黑，味甚甘美。潜居則鮫﹑螭﹑魚﹑龍﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00982','1384922',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P982</span></i>黿﹑鼉﹑龜﹑鼈，浮游乃鴛鴦﹑鴻鴈﹑鴽<a class="zhuhao" href="#9830" id="9821">〔3〕</a>鵝﹑鷫﹑鳵<a class="zhuhao" href="#9831" id="9822">〔4〕</a>。諸鳥大卵，遺㲉<a class="zhuhao" href="#9832" id="9823">〔5〕</a>荒野，或草澤間，或沙渚上。池西派一大流，西至<span class="zhuanming">達摩悉鐵帝國</span>東界<a class="zhuhao" href="#9833" id="9824">〔6〕</a>，與<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>合而西流，故此已右<a class="zhuhao" href="#9834" id="9825">〔7〕</a>，水皆西流。池東派一大<a class="zhuhao" href="#9835" id="9826">〔8〕</a>流，東北<a class="zhuhao" href="#9836" id="9827">〔9〕</a>至<span class="zhuanming">佉沙國</span>西界，與<span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span>合而東流，故此已左，水皆東流。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9819" id="9828">〔1〕</a>《古本》川作山。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9820" id="9829">〔2〕</a>原本洲作州，今從《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9821" id="9830">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》鴐訛作駕，但《音釋》作鴐。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9822" id="9831">〔4〕</a>《古本》鳵作隝。《慧琳音義》作鴇云：“音保，《説文》中从卂作鳵，亦通也。正體從𠤏，𠤏音保。或作𪀀。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9823" id="9832">〔5〕</a>原本㲉作𣫘，今從《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。《音釋》作𣫘，同《京大本》，並俗訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9824" id="9833">〔6〕</a>《古本》界作境。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9825" id="9834">〔7〕</a>《方志》﹑《續傳》已右作已西。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9826" id="9835">〔8〕</a>《建本》無大字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9827" id="9836">〔9〕</a>《一本》無北字。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">波謎羅川</span>南，越山有<span class="zhuanming">鉢露羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9838" id="9837">（一）</a>，多金銀，金色如火。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9837" id="9838">（一）</a>鉢露羅國：見本書卷三<span class="zhuanming">鉢露羅國</span>及注。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00983','1384922',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P983</span></i><p> <span>自此川中東南<a class="zhuhao" href="#9841" id="9839">〔1〕</a>，登山履險，路無人里<a class="zhuhao" href="#9842" id="9840">〔2〕</a>，唯多冰雪。行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">朅盤陁國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9839" id="9841">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》無東南二字。《異本》無南字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9840" id="9842">〔2〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》登山履險路無人里八字作路無人里登山履險。《中本》險作嶮。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十二、上茅宫城（舊王舍城）
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153405" key="1153405"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十二、上茅宫城（舊王舍城） </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153406" key="1153406"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00717','1384802',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P717</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001206"><b>二十二﹑上茅宫城（舊王舍城）</b></p><p> <span>從此大山中東行六十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">矩奢揭<a class="zhuhao" href="#7666" id="7659">〔1〕</a>羅補羅</span>城<a class="zhuhao" href="#7671" id="7660">（一）</a>。</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00718','1384802',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P718</span></i> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">上茅宫城</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">上茅宫城</span>，<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>之正中<a class="zhuhao" href="#7667" id="7661">〔2〕</a>，古先君王之所都，多出勝上吉祥香茅，以故謂之<span class="zhuanming">上茅城</span>也。崇山四周，以爲外郭。西通峽<a class="zhuhao" href="#7668" id="7662">〔3〕</a>徑，北闢山門，東西長，南北狹，周一百五十餘里。内城餘趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#7669" id="7663">〔4〕</a>周三十餘里。羯尼迦樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#7672" id="7664">（二）</a>遍諸蹊徑，花含殊馥，色爛黄金，暮春之月，林皆金色<a class="zhuhao" href="#7670" id="7665">〔5〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7659" id="7666">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集》揭作褐。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7661" id="7667">〔2〕</a>《續傳》有“經本所謂王舍城者是矣”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7662" id="7668">〔3〕</a>《方志》峽作狹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7663" id="7669">〔4〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》趾作址。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7665" id="7670">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》色作也。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7660" id="7671">（一）</a>矩奢揭羅補羅城（上茅宫城）：<span class="zhuanming">矩奢揭羅補羅</span>，梵文Kuśāgrapura；kuśa卽吉祥草，香茅，上茅；音譯孤沙﹑固沙，學名Poa cynosuroides，爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代祭祀時用來墊坐用的草類；agra，義云尖﹑頂﹑第一等。<span class="zhuanming">上茅宫城</span>卽舊<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>，因處於羣山中，又名“山城”（梵文Girivraja，巴利文Giribbaja）。此名早見於大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》及《羅摩衍那》中，稱其爲<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國王</span>Jarāsandha的古都。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此城在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>宗教歷史上十分重要，<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>在此地進行過重要活動。城周圍精舍很多，大都與<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有關。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>主<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>也在此地度過十四個雨安居，也是其第廿世大師（Tīrthaṅkara）的誕生<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00719','1384802',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P719</span></i>地。此城爲五山連峰所環繞，山水秀麗，《智度論》卷三稱此地“有五山周匝峻固，其地平正，生草細軟，好華遍地，種種林木，華果茂盛，温泉浴池，皆悉清浄”。其中“五山”，卽（1）城西北之<span class="zhuanming">鞞婆羅跋恕山</span>（Vaibhāravaṇa），卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所稱的<span class="zhuanming">毘布羅</span>山，現今的<span class="zhuanming">鞞婆羅山</span>（Vaibhāragiri）。（2）城南的<span class="zhuanming">薩多般那求訶山</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">七葉窟山</span>（Saptapa-rṇaguhā），現今的<span class="zhuanming">索那山</span>（Sonagiri）。（3）<span class="zhuanming">帝釋窟山</span>，又名<span class="zhuanming">因陀羅勢羅求訶山</span>（Indraśailaguhā），卽現今的<span class="zhuanming">吉里也克山</span>（Giriyek）。（4）城東北的<span class="zhuanming">薩簸恕崑底迦山</span>（Sarpisikundikaparvata）卽現今的<span class="zhuanming">費普拉山</span>（Vipulagiri），（5）<span class="zhuanming">耆闍崛山</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">靈鷲山</span>（Gṛdhrakūṭa）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之前，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>曾來此地巡禮，他寫道：“出城（指<span class="zhuanming">王舍新城</span>）南四里，南向入谷，至五山里，五山周圍，狀若城郭，卽是<span class="zhuanming">蓱沙王</span>舊城。”<span class="zhuanming">蓱沙王</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">頻毘娑羅</span>（Bimbisāra，又譯<span class="zhuanming">影勝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">影堅</span>）王。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之後，<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>也到過此地，他曾感慨賦詩：“……西馳<span class="zhuanming">鹿苑</span>去三輪，北睨<span class="zhuanming">舍城</span>池尚在，南睎<span class="zhuanming">尊嶺</span>穴猶尊，五峰秀，百池分。粲粲鮮華明四曜，輝輝道樹鏡三春。”還寫過一首别具格調（一三五七九言）的詩《王舍城懷舊》：“遊，愁，<span class="zhuanming">赤縣</span>遠，丹思抽，<span class="zhuanming">鷲嶺</span>寒風駛，<span class="zhuanming">龍河</span>激水流，既喜朝聞日復日，不覺頽年秋更秋，已畢<span class="zhuanming">祇山</span>本願誠難遇，終望持經振錫往<span class="zhuanming">神州</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>遺址現名Rājgir，爲<span class="zhuanming">巴特那</span>地方的一個羣山環繞的小村。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7664" id="7672">（二）</a>羯尼迦樹：羯尼迦，梵文karṇikāra音譯，又作迦尼迦。《慈恩傳》卷三：“羯尼迦樹處處成林，發蕚開榮，四時無間，葉如金色。”此樹學名Pterospermum acerifolium，<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>認爲是紫鉚（Butea frondosa）類，或與波羅奢樹（Palāsa）同一類（《大唐西域記の研究》頁701）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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朅盤陁國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153410" key="1153410"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 朅盤陁國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153411" key="1153411"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00983','1384923',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P983</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001690">朅盤陁國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">朅盤陁國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9850" id="9843">（一）</a>周二千餘里。國大都城基大石嶺，背<span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9851" id="9844">（二）</a>，周二十<a class="zhuhao" href="#9848" id="9845">〔1〕</a>餘里。山嶺連屬，川原隘狹。穀稼儉少，菽麥豐多，林樹稀，花菓少。原隰丘墟，城邑空曠。俗無禮義，人寡學藝，性既獷暴，力亦驍勇。容貌醜弊，衣服氈褐。文字語言大同<span class="zhuanming">佉沙國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9852" id="9846">（三）</a>。然知淳信<a class="zhuhao" href="#9849" id="9847">〔2〕</a>，敬崇佛法。伽藍十餘所，僧徒五百餘人，習學小乘教説一切有部。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9845" id="9848">〔1〕</a>《方志》二十作五十。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9847" id="9849">〔2〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》信訛作言。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9843" id="9850">（一）</a>朅盤陁國：<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代爲<span class="zhuanming">蒲犁國</span>。《洛陽伽藍記》作<span class="zhuanming">漢盤陁</span>，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00984','1384923',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P984</span></i>《魏書》作<span class="zhuanming">訶盤陁</span>，又作<span class="zhuanming">渴盤陁</span>，《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">喝盤陁</span>，《新唐書》卷四三下《地理志》中<span class="zhuanming">賈耽</span>所記《入四夷道》作<span class="zhuanming">羯盤陁</span>，<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》作<span class="zhuanming">渴飯檀</span>。<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》第五卷殘卷作（ka）vanta，見<span class="zhuanming">土古舍娃</span>（Л.Ю.Tyгyшeвa）《玄奘傳回鶻文譯本殘卷》，1980，頁12。<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>文佚名作者《世界疆域志》稱<span class="zhuanming">石塔</span>（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>譯注本，85頁）。卽今之<span class="zhuanming">塔什庫爾幹</span>（Tashqurgan），<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語tash意爲“石”，qurgan意爲“塔﹑堡”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9844" id="9851">（二）</a>徙多河：<span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">今葉爾羌河</span>。《嘉慶一統志》卷527謂：“<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌河</span>源出<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌</span>西南<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>中，東南流爲<span class="zhuanming">托里布隆河</span>，東北流爲<span class="zhuanming">澤普勒善河</span>，又東北流至<span class="zhuanming">莫克里特</span>，今<span class="zhuanming">聽雜阿布河</span>，是爲<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌河</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>《西突厥史料》（<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯本）頁116：稱“<span class="zhuanming">徒多河</span>應爲<span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span>之訛。此河在佛經中有<span class="zhuanming">私陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">移多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">私他</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">斯陀</span>諸譯，乃Śīta之對音，今<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">塔里木河</span>之梵名也。”<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>原編<span class="zhuanming">陸峻嶺</span>增訂《西域地名》頁87也云：“Śīta，《阿毗達摩大毗婆沙論》初譯本作<span class="zhuanming">私陀</span>，二譯本作<span class="zhuanming">私多</span>，《那先比丘經》作<span class="zhuanming">私他</span>，《正法念處經》作<span class="zhuanming">斯陀</span>，《孔雀王經》<span class="zhuanming">僧伽婆羅</span>譯本作<span class="zhuanming">死多</span>，<span class="zhuanming">不空</span>譯本作<span class="zhuanming">枲多訶</span>，《西域記》作<span class="zhuanming">徙</span>多，今<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌河</span>（Yarkand Daria）與<span class="zhuanming">塔里木河</span>（Tarim）之梵名也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9846" id="9852">（三）</a>文字語言大同佉沙國：參見後<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span>有關語言﹑文字的注釋。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、大立佛及卧佛像
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153414" key="1153414"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 梵衍那國 &gt; 一、大立佛及卧佛像 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153415" key="1153415"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00130','1243963',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P130</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000247"><b>一﹑大立佛及卧佛像</b></p><p> <span>王城東北山阿，有立佛石像<a class="zhuhao" href="#1831" id="1825">（一）</a>，高百四五十尺，金色晃曜<a class="zhuhao" href="#1829" id="1826">〔1〕</a>，寶飾焕爛。東有伽藍，此國先王之所建也。伽藍東<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00131','1243963',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P131</span></i>有鍮石<a class="zhuhao" href="#1832" id="1827">（二）</a><span class="zhuanming">釋迦佛</span>立像，高百餘尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#1830" id="1828">〔2〕</a>，分身别鑄，總合成立。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1826" id="1829">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》曜作耀，二字通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1828" id="1830">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》作“高一百尺”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1825" id="1831">（一）</a>立佛石像：關於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記載的<span class="zhuanming">梵衍那</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>遺跡，多半是<span class="zhuanming">寄多羅貴霜</span>時期遺物，據<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>佚名作者《世界疆域志》記載，一叫紅佛（Surkh-but），一叫白佛（Khing-but）。（V.<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>）《世界疆域志》譯註，原文第23節78目。另可參看A.Godard：Les Anti-quités bouddhiques de Bamiyan，<span class="zhuanming">巴黎</span>，1928；J.Hackin：Re-cherches archéologiques à Bamiyan，1-6，<span class="zhuanming">巴黎</span>，1959。這是A.Go-dard和J.Hackin從1928年起實地考察<span class="zhuanming">梵衍那</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>遺址的報告。立佛像高五十三米，今猶存，惟已風化，談不上“金色晃曜，寶飾焕爛”了；鍮石<span class="zhuanming">釋迦佛</span>，今仍在，高三十五米，與立佛像相距四百米。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1827" id="1832">（二）</a>鍮石：卽黄銅。“鍮”多半是<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>—<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語中之tūtiya，梵文作tuttha，石字乃<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>語所加，參看<span class="zhuanming">勞費爾</span>（B.Laufer）《中國伊朗編》，<span class="zhuanming">林筠因</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書館</span>，1964年，頁340—344。鍮石，《梵語雜名》作里底（riti），《西域記》中多次提到鍮石佛像，似是塗上真鍮，卷二云：“若夫金﹑銀﹑鍮石﹑白石﹑火珠，風土所生。”<span class="zhuanming">程大昌</span>《演繁露》：“世有鍮石者，實爲銅，色如黄金。”《格古要覽》：“鍮石，自然銅之精也。今爐甘石煉成者假鍮也。<span class="zhuanming">崔昉</span>曰銅一斤﹑爐甘石一斤煉之成鍮石。真鍮石生<span class="zhuanming">波斯國</span>者如黄金，燒之赤色不退。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00132','1243963',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P132</span></i><p> <span>城東<a class="zhuhao" href="#1837" id="1833">〔1〕</a>二三里伽藍中有佛入湼槃卧像，長千餘尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#1838" id="1834">〔2〕</a>。其王每此<a class="zhuhao" href="#1839" id="1835">〔3〕</a>設無遮大會<a class="zhuhao" href="#1840" id="1836">（一）</a>，上自妻子，下至國珍，府庫既傾，復以身施。羣官僚佐，就僧酬贖。若此者以爲所務矣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1833" id="1837">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》東下有十字。按《方志》作“城東三里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1834" id="1838">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》作“長一千尺”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1835" id="1839">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》無此字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1836" id="1840">（一）</a>無遮大會：見前<span class="zhuanming">屈支國</span>“五年一大會處”注。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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呾剌健國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153418" key="1153418"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 呾剌健國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153419" key="1153419"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00127','1243960',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P127</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000235">呾剌健國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">呾剌健國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1788" id="1787">（一）</a>東西五百餘里，南北五六十里。國大都城周十餘里。西接<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯國</span>界。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1787" id="1788">（一）</a>呾剌健國：《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">多勒健</span>，爲Ṭālaqān之對音，見<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注，原文第23節，此地位於Kunduz以東的65公里處。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">縛喝國</span>南行百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">揭職國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、大雪山龍池及其傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153422" key="1153422"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 迦畢試國 &gt; 四、大雪山龍池及其傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153423" key="1153423"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00149','1243969',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P149</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000272"><b>四﹑大雪山龍池及其傳説</b></p><p> <span>王城西北二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>，山頂有池，請雨祈晴，隨求果願。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#2015" id="1987">〔1〕</a>曰：昔<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>有阿羅漢，常受此池龍王<a class="zhuhao" href="#2032" id="1988">（一）</a>供養，每至中食，以神通力并坐繩牀<a class="zhuhao" href="#2033" id="1989">（二）</a>，凌<a class="zhuhao" href="#2016" id="1990">〔2〕</a>虚而往。侍者沙彌<a class="zhuhao" href="#2034" id="1991">（三）</a>密<a class="zhuhao" href="#2017" id="1992">〔3〕</a>於繩牀之下攀援潛隱，而阿羅漢時至便往，至龍宫，乃見沙彌。龍王因請留食。龍王以天甘露飯阿羅漢，以人間味而饌沙彌。阿羅漢飯食已訖，便爲龍王説諸法要。沙彌如常爲師滌器，器有餘粒，駭其香味，卽起惡願，恨師忿<a class="zhuhao" href="#2018" id="1993">〔4〕</a>龍，“願諸福力，於今悉現，斷此龍命，我自爲王。”沙彌發是願時，龍王已覺頭痛矣。羅漢説法誨喻，龍王謝咎責躬。沙彌懷忿，未從誨謝。既還伽藍，至誠發願，福力<a class="zhuhao" href="#2019" id="1994">〔5〕</a>所致，是夜命終，爲大龍王，威猛奮發。遂來入池，殺龍王，居龍宫，有其部屬，總其統命。以宿願故，興暴風雨，摧拔樹木，欲壞伽藍。時<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>怪而發問，其阿羅漢具以白王。王卽爲龍於<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>下立僧伽藍，建窣堵波，高百餘尺。龍懷宿忿，遂發風雨。王以弘濟爲心，龍乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#2020" id="1995">〔6〕</a>瞋毒<a class="zhuhao" href="#2035" id="1996">（四）</a>作暴<a class="zhuhao" href="#2021" id="1997">〔7〕</a>，僧伽藍﹑窣堵波六壞七成。<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>恥功不成，欲填龍池，毁其居室，卽興兵衆，至<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>下。時彼龍王深懷震懼，變作老婆羅門<a class="zhuhao" href="#2036" id="1998">（五）</a>，叩王象而諫曰：“大<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00150','1243969',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P150</span></i>王宿殖<a class="zhuhao" href="#2022" id="1999">〔8〕</a>善本，多種勝因<a class="zhuhao" href="#2037" id="2000">（六）</a>，得爲人王，無思不服。今日何故與龍交争？夫龍者畜也，卑下惡類，然有大威，不可力競。乘雲馭風，蹈虚履水，非人力所制，豈王心<a class="zhuhao" href="#2023" id="2001">〔9〕</a>所怒哉？王今舉國興兵，與一龍鬭<a class="zhuhao" href="#2024" id="2002">〔10〕</a>。勝則王無伏<a class="zhuhao" href="#2025" id="2003">〔11〕</a>遠之威，敗則王有非敵之恥。爲王計者，宜可歸兵。”<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>未之從也，龍卽還池，聲震雷<a class="zhuhao" href="#2026" id="2004">〔12〕</a>動，暴風拔木，沙石如雨，雲霧晦冥，軍馬驚駭。王乃歸命三寶，請求加護，曰：“宿殖多福，得爲人王，威懾强敵，統<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>，今爲龍畜所屈，誠乃我之薄福也。願諸福力，於今現前！”卽於兩肩起大煙焰，龍退風静，霧卷雲開。王令<a class="zhuhao" href="#2027" id="2005">〔13〕</a>軍衆人擔一石，用填龍池。龍王還作婆羅門，重請王曰：“我是彼池龍王，懼威歸命。唯王悲愍，赦其前過！王以含育<a class="zhuhao" href="#2038" id="2006">（七）</a>，覆燾<a class="zhuhao" href="#2039" id="2007">（八）</a>生靈，如何於我，獨加惡害？王若殺我，我之與王俱墮惡道。王有斷命之罪，我懷怨讎之心，業報<a class="zhuhao" href="#2040" id="2008">（九）</a>皎然，善惡明矣。”王<a class="zhuhao" href="#2028" id="2009">〔14〕</a>遂與龍明設要契，後更有犯，必不相赦。龍曰：“我以惡業，受身爲龍。龍性猛惡，不能自持，瞋心或起，當忘所制。王今更<a class="zhuhao" href="#2029" id="2010">〔15〕</a>立伽藍，不敢摧毁。每遣一人候望山嶺，黑雲若起，急擊揵槌<a class="zhuhao" href="#2030" id="2011">〔16〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2041" id="2012">（一○）</a>。我聞其聲，惡心當息。”其王於是更修伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#2042" id="2013">（一一）</a>，建窣堵波，候<a class="zhuhao" href="#2031" id="2014">〔17〕</a>望雲氣，於今不絶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1987" id="2015">〔1〕</a>諸先志，《敦甲本》﹑《古本》﹑《石本》作“之耆舊”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1990" id="2016">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》凌作陵，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00151','1243969',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P151</span></i>以下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1992" id="2017">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》密作蜜，音同而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1993" id="2018">〔4〕</a>《敦甲本》忿作念。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1994" id="2019">〔5〕</a>《敦甲本》無力字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1995" id="2020">〔6〕</a>《中本》無乘字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1997" id="2021">〔7〕</a>《中本》暴下有雨字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1999" id="2022">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》殖作植。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2001" id="2023">〔9〕</a>《金陵本》心作必。按各本皆作心，作必不詳所據，恐未然。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2002" id="2024">〔10〕</a>《敦甲本》鬭作争。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2003" id="2025">〔11〕</a>《敦甲本》伏作服。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2004" id="2026">〔12〕</a>《敦甲本》無雷字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2005" id="2027">〔13〕</a>《古本》令作命。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2009" id="2028">〔14〕</a>《敦甲本》無王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2010" id="2029">〔15〕</a>今更，《敦甲本》作“命今”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2011" id="2030">〔16〕</a>揵槌，《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《異本》﹑《酬本》作犍椎；《石本》作楗稚；《敦甲本》作健稚。按揵﹑犍﹑楗﹑健，並聲同相通。椎爲槌之異字，稚乃椎之形譌。《翻譯集》“犍椎”條云：“若諸律論，並作楗槌，或作犍椎。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2014" id="2031">〔17〕</a>《敦甲本》無候字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1988" id="2032">（一）</a>龍王：龍，梵文爲nāga，譯作那伽﹑曩誐，佛經中爲八部衆之一。龍王卽龍屬之王，有神力，能變化雲雨等等。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00152','1243969',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P152</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1989" id="2033">（二）</a>繩牀：一名胡床，一種可以折叠的輕便坐具。《晉書·佛圖澄傳》：“坐繩床，燒<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>香。”<span class="zhuanming">程大昌</span>《演繁露》卷十四謂：“今之交床，成本自虜來，始名胡床，<span class="zhuanming">桓伊</span>下馬據胡床取笛三弄是也。<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>以讖有胡，改名交床。”<span class="zhuanming">陶穀</span>《清異録·陳設門》：“胡床施轉關以交足，穿便絛以容坐，轉縮須臾，重不數斤”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1991" id="2034">（三）</a>沙彌：梵語śrāmaṇera，音譯作室羅末尼羅。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒出家開始落髮稱爲“沙彌”。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三：“既受戒已，名室羅末尼羅。”原注：“譯爲求寂，言欲求趣湼槃圓寂之處。舊云沙彌者，言略而音訛，翻作息慈，意準而無據也。”按沙彌並非śrāmaṇera音譯之訛畧，早期<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯佛經裏的梵文借詞都不是直接從梵文譯過來的，而是經過<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>古代語言的媒介，發生了變化，所以讀音和梵文原字不相符合。沙彌一詞情況也是這樣，它本於<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語（<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>語乙），非直譯梵語。見<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯﹑<span class="zhuanming">伯希</span>和與<span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>著《吐火羅語考》，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，1957年，頁41。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1996" id="2035">（四）</a>瞋毒：又作瞋恚，卽梵文krodha，音譯訖羅䭾。三毒（貪毒﹑瞋毒﹑癡毒）之中，此爲最惡。見《唯識論》卷六。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1998" id="2036">（五）</a>婆羅門：梵文Brāhmana，意譯爲浄行﹑浄志等。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>四種姓之一，奉事<span class="zhuanming">大梵天</span>而修浄行的祭司。參見本書卷二《印度總述》名稱及族姓婆羅門條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2000" id="2037">（六）</a>勝因：殊勝的善因。《佛説無常經》：“勝因生善道，惡業墮泥犁。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2006" id="2038">（七）</a>王以含育：意謂希望王（<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>王）能够含生保育。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2007" id="2039">（八）</a>覆燾：意謂普遍地照沐生靈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2008" id="2040">（九）</a>業報：梵文karma，音譯作羯磨，意譯爲“業”；梵文phala，義云“果”﹑“果報”。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>有自我造“業”，生死<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00153','1243969',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P153</span></i>輪迴之説，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代的思想文化和宗教哲學，均受其影響。關於“業”的闡述，極爲複雜，據《俱舍光記》卷十三云：“造作，名業。”一切行爲都有果報，善有善報，惡有惡報。其在過去的稱爲宿業，現在的稱爲現業。有業必有報，業報卽業因與果報。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2012" id="2041">（一○）</a>揵槌：梵文ghaṇṭā音譯，又作犍椎﹑犍槌等。指可作打擊而發聲音的器物，泛指鐘﹑磬﹑打木等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2013" id="2042">（一一）</a>其王於是更修伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>認爲此段<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>與之戰鬥的龍王，是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代北方山區一個英武勇猛的<span class="zhuanming">龍種族</span>，由古代的雕刻證明，他們是人類。（《解説西域記》頁102）此伽藍窣堵波今尚存，在Begrām西面二十六公里Paghmān山麓小都市Charikar附近的Tōp-Darrah的山谷間。見<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯註《大唐西域記》，1971年版，頁54。</span> </p><p> <span>聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#2053" id="2043">〔1〕</a>曰：窣堵波中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2062" id="2044">（一）</a>骨肉<a class="zhuhao" href="#2054" id="2045">〔2〕</a>舍利，可一<a class="zhuhao" href="#2055" id="2046">〔3〕</a>升餘。神變之事，難以詳述。一時中窣堵波内忽有煙起，少<a class="zhuhao" href="#2056" id="2047">〔4〕</a>間便出猛焰，時人謂窣堵波已從<a class="zhuhao" href="#2057" id="2048">〔5〕</a>火燼。瞻仰良久，火滅煙消，乃見舍利，如白珠幡<a class="zhuhao" href="#2058" id="2049">〔6〕</a>，循環表柱<a class="zhuhao" href="#2059" id="2050">〔7〕</a>，宛轉而上<a class="zhuhao" href="#2060" id="2051">〔8〕</a>，升<a class="zhuhao" href="#2061" id="2052">〔9〕</a>高雲際，縈旋而下。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2043" id="2053">〔1〕</a>先志，《敦甲本》﹑《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》作“土俗”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2045" id="2054">〔2〕</a>《異本》無骨肉二字。按《方志》亦作“骨肉舍利”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2046" id="2055">〔3〕</a>《中本》無一字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2047" id="2056">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00154','1243969',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P154</span></i>少下皆有時字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2048" id="2057">〔5〕</a>《古本》從作被。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2049" id="2058">〔6〕</a>《石本》幡作旛；《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《酬本》及《隨函録》作󵾒；《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作璠。按幡﹑旛可通用。字書無󵾒字，疑璠之訛，但璠字義不合，恐非。《酉陽雜俎·物異篇》亦記此異，作“如綴珠幡”，幡字與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2050" id="2059">〔7〕</a>《酉陽雜俎》作“循繞表樹”。樹下注云：“一作柱。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2051" id="2060">〔8〕</a>《敦甲本》無上字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2052" id="2061">〔9〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》升作昇，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2044" id="2062">（一）</a>如來：梵文Tathāgata意譯，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼佛</span>的通號（稱）。《翻譯名義集》卷一《十種通號篇》：“<span class="zhuanming">多陀阿伽陀</span>，亦云<span class="zhuanming">怛闥阿竭</span>，<span class="zhuanming">後秦</span>翻爲<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>。《金剛經》云：無所從來，亦無所去，故名<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>。此以法身釋。《轉法輪論》云：第一義諦名如，正覺名來。此以報身釋。《成實論》云：乘如實道，來成正覺，故名<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>。此約應身釋。”以上所引，是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒以“法﹑報﹑應三身”來解釋<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>的。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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紇露悉泯健國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153426" key="1153426"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 紇露悉泯健國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153427" key="1153427"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00113','1243953',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P113</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000207">紇露悉泯健國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">紇露悉泯健國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1638" id="1637">（一）</a>周千餘里。國大都城周十四五里。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00114','1243953',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P114</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1637" id="1638">（一）</a>紇露悉泯健國：<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載之<span class="zhuanming">紇露悉泯健</span>當是兩地，卽僞托Moses Xorenači撰《波斯地志》第三章中記載之Hrum（<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>文獻作Rūb），另加<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>文獻中之Simingān。見<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》，頁81，Hrum條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">Rūb與Simingān兩地在<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻（<span class="zhuanming">伊本</span>·<span class="zhuanming">忽爾達兹比赫</span>等著作）中構成一國，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>亦列爲一國。十九世紀的<span class="zhuanming">姆爾克羅弗特</span>（W.Moorcroft）比定爲Khulm河流域之Haibak（<span class="zhuanming">姆爾克羅弗特</span>：《行紀》，Ⅱ，頁402）。據<span class="zhuanming">玉爾</span>，Rub今名Rui（JRAS，1873年，第101頁）。</span> </p><p> <span>西北至<span class="zhuanming">忽懔國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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拘謎陁國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153430" key="1153430"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 拘謎陁國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153431" key="1153431"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00111','1243951',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P111</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000202">拘謎陁國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">拘謎陁國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1633" id="1615">（一）</a>東西二千餘里，南北二百餘里，據<span class="zhuanming">大葱嶺</span>中。國大都城周二十餘里。西南鄰<span class="zhuanming">縛蒭河</span>，南接<span class="zhuanming">尸<a class="zhuhao" href="#1625" id="1616">〔1〕</a>棄尼國</span>。南渡<a class="zhuhao" href="#1626" id="1617">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">達摩悉鐵<a class="zhuhao" href="#1627" id="1618">〔3〕</a>帝國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鉢鐸<a class="zhuhao" href="#1628" id="1619">〔4〕</a>創那國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">淫薄健國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">屈浪拏國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">呬</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">火利反<a class="zhuhao" href="#1629" id="1620">〔5〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩呾羅國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鉢利曷國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">訖栗<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00112','1243951',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P112</span></i>瑟摩國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">曷邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#1630" id="1621">〔6〕</a>胡國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿利尼國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">瞢健國</span>。自<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>東南至<span class="zhuanming">闊悉多國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">安咀羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#1631" id="1622">〔7〕</a>縛國</span>，事在迴記<a class="zhuhao" href="#1632" id="1623">〔8〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1634" id="1624">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1616" id="1625">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》尸作户，非。《新唐書·西域傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">識匿</span>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">尸棄尼</span>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">瑟匿</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1617" id="1626">〔2〕</a>《中本》渡作度。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1618" id="1627">〔3〕</a>《方志》無鐵字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1619" id="1628">〔4〕</a>《敦甲本》無鐸字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1620" id="1629">〔5〕</a>火利反，《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》火作大。按呬字在《廣韻》去聲《至韻》“虚器切”下，火與虚同屬曉紐，音同，是也。大字訛。《敦甲本》亦作火。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1621" id="1630">〔6〕</a>曷邏，《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》曷作遏；《敦甲本》邏作羅，並可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1622" id="1631">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》羅作邏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1623" id="1632">〔8〕</a>《古本》“事在迴記”傍注曰：“《慈恩傳》也。”蓋謂“迴記”爲《慈恩傳》。按“迴記”謂本書之卷十二記<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>回國之行程，非《慈恩傳》，傍注非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1615" id="1633">（一）</a>拘謎陁國：<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理志》（vi12—13）提及<span class="zhuanming">塞種</span>部落中有Komidai；<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>文獻中提及Kumīiī﹑Kamiěij等部，並指明其與<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>人﹑<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>人有關系。<span class="zhuanming">雅忽比</span>作*Kumedh。按：Kumedh無疑是<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>之Komidai，<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>文獻之Kumiji～*Kumējī，《魏書》之<span class="zhuanming">居密</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">久末陀</span>，《悟空行記》之<span class="zhuanming">拘密支</span>，《新唐書·西域傳》之<span class="zhuanming">俱密</span>的<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00113','1243951',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P113</span></i>對音，亦卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之<span class="zhuanming">拘謎陁</span>。關於這一名稱的詳細討論，見<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注，頁261—263。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1624" id="1634">（二）</a>事在迴記：以上數國，本書卷十二俱有專條，可參見各條注。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">活國</span>西南至<span class="zhuanming">縛伽浪國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、提謂城及波利城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153434" key="1153434"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 縛喝國 &gt; 二、提謂城及波利城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153435" key="1153435"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00122','1243956',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P122</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000224"><b>二﹑提謂城及波利城</b></p><p> <span>大城西北五十餘里，至<a class="zhuhao" href="#1748" id="1723">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">提謂城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1764" id="1724">（一）</a>。城<a class="zhuhao" href="#1749" id="1725">〔2〕</a>北四十餘里有<span class="zhuanming">波利城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1765" id="1726">（二）</a>。城中各<a class="zhuhao" href="#1750" id="1727">〔3〕</a>有一窣堵波，高餘三丈<a class="zhuhao" href="#1751" id="1728">〔4〕</a>。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>初證佛果，起<a class="zhuhao" href="#1752" id="1729">〔5〕</a>菩提樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#1766" id="1730">（三）</a>，方詣<span class="zhuanming">鹿園</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1753" id="1731">〔6〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1767" id="1732">（四）</a>，時二長者遇被<a class="zhuhao" href="#1754" id="1733">〔7〕</a>威光，隨其行路之資<a class="zhuhao" href="#1755" id="1734">〔8〕</a>，遂獻麨<a class="zhuhao" href="#1756" id="1735">〔9〕</a>蜜，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>爲説人天之福，最初得聞五戒十善<a class="zhuhao" href="#1768" id="1736">（五）</a>也。既聞法誨，請所供養，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>遂授其髮爪焉。二長者將還本國，請禮敬之儀式，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>以僧伽胝<a class="zhuhao" href="#1769" id="1737">（六）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰僧祇梨<a class="zhuhao" href="#1757" id="1738">〔10〕</a>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1758" id="1739">〔11〕</a>。</span> <span>方疊布下<a class="zhuhao" href="#1770" id="1740">（七）</a>，次<a class="zhuhao" href="#1759" id="1741">〔12〕</a>鬱多羅僧<a class="zhuhao" href="#1771" id="1742">（八）</a>，次僧却崎<a class="zhuhao" href="#1772" id="1743">（九）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰僧祇支，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1760" id="1744">〔13〕</a>。</span> <span>又覆鉢<a class="zhuhao" href="#1761" id="1745">〔14〕</a>竪錫杖，如是次第爲窣堵波。二人承命，各還其城，擬儀聖旨，式修崇建，斯則<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>法<a class="zhuhao" href="#1762" id="1746">〔15〕</a>中最初窣堵波也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1763" id="1747">〔16〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1723" id="1748">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》至作有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1725" id="1749">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》無城字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1727" id="1750">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》無各字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1728" id="1751">〔4〕</a>《中本》無餘字。按《慈恩傳》作“高三丈”，《方志》作“高三丈許”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1729" id="1752">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》起作趣，《石本》﹑《中本》作赴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1731" id="1753">〔6〕</a>《敦甲本》鹿作厥。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1733" id="1754">〔7〕</a>《石本》遇作適。《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00123','1243956',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P123</span></i>《酬本》被作彼。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1734" id="1755">〔8〕</a>《中本》﹑《金陵本》資作次。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1735" id="1756">〔9〕</a>《敦甲本》麨作麩。按《音釋》亦作麨云：“尺小反。”《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》均作麨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1738" id="1757">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》祇作伽。《中本》梨作利。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1739" id="1758">〔11〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1741" id="1759">〔12〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》次下有下字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1744" id="1760">〔13〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1745" id="1761">〔14〕</a>《敦甲本》無鉢字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1746" id="1762">〔15〕</a>《石本》法下有教字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1747" id="1763">〔16〕</a>《中本》無也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1724" id="1764">（一）</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1726" id="1765">（二）</a>提謂城﹑波利城：這是以人名訛爲地名。<span class="zhuanming">提謂</span>又稱<span class="zhuanming">帝梨富沙</span>（Trapusa），<span class="zhuanming">波利</span>又稱<span class="zhuanming">跋梨迦</span>（Bhallika），<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>的商人。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>成道後，首先對這二人説人天教説，并與以髮爪使之造塔。其地，據<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>（S.Beal）云在Rāngun地方。（<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>譯《西域記》卷Ⅰ，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，1884年，頁47）《西域記》記述了這一宗教故事。參見《五分律》卷十五，《四分律》卷三十一，《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》第五，《太子瑞應經》等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1730" id="1766">（三）</a>菩提樹：參見本書卷二<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>卑鉢羅樹注。《酉陽雜俎》前集卷十八：“菩提樹出<span class="zhuanming">摩伽陀國</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提寺</span>。蓋<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00124','1243956',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P124</span></i>成道時樹，一名思惟樹，莖幹黄白，枝葉青翠，經冬不凋。至佛入滅日，變色凋落，過已還生。……《西域記》謂之卑鉢羅，以佛於其下成道，卽以道爲稱，故號菩提婆力叉，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>翻爲樹。”婆力叉是梵文vṛkṣa音譯，義云樹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1732" id="1767">（四）</a>鹿園：又名<span class="zhuanming">鹿野苑</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鹿苑</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鹿野伽藍</span>。參看本書卷第七<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯國</span>條<span class="zhuanming">鹿野伽藍</span>及注。傳説<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>初成道後，首先至此地傳道，説四諦教法，度<span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>等五人爲比丘。此地爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂“初轉法輪”的聖地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1736" id="1768">（五）</a>五戒十善：五戒指不殺生戒﹑不偷盗戒﹑不邪淫戒﹑不妄語戒﹑不飲酒戒五種戒。不犯十惡，則謂之十善；十惡指殺生﹑偷盗﹑邪淫﹑妄語﹑兩舌﹑惡口﹑綺語﹑貪慾﹑瞋恚﹑邪見。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1737" id="1769">（六）</a>僧伽胝：梵文saṃghātī，俗語saṃghāḍī。一作僧伽梨﹑僧伽致﹑僧伽知等，爲比丘的三衣之中的最大者，故一稱大衣。<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>譯爲複衣，因此衣由許多布條縫合而成，故又稱雜碎衣。比丘凡入王宫﹑乞食﹑説法時必須服僧伽胝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1740" id="1770">（七）</a>方疊布下：意卽<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>把僧伽胝疊成方形，舖在地上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1742" id="1771">（八）</a>鬱多羅僧：梵文uttarāsaṅga，一作嗢多羅僧，優多羅僧﹑嗢怛羅伽等，又作上衣，爲比丘三衣之一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1743" id="1772">（九）</a>僧却崎：梵文saṃkakṣikā，巴利文saṃkacchika。又作僧竭支﹑僧脚欹迦等，義爲覆膊衣或掩腋衣，係長方形衣片，參見本書卷二《印度總述》衣飾條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">“如來以僧伽胝……爲窣堵波”這一段文字，説明<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>用衣服﹑鉢﹑錫杖教示造塔的形式。後來<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒造塔大都依據這一形式。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00125','1243956',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P125</span></i><p> <span>城西<a class="zhuhao" href="#1776" id="1773">〔1〕</a>七十餘里，有窣堵波，高餘二丈，昔<a class="zhuhao" href="#1777" id="1774">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1778" id="1775">（一）</a>時之所建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1773" id="1776">〔1〕</a>《中本》西下有行字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1774" id="1777">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》昔下有者字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1775" id="1778">（一）</a>迦葉波佛：梵名Kāśyapa Buddha，又作<span class="zhuanming">迦葉佛</span>，一説是所謂<span class="zhuanming">釋迦佛</span>以前的“過去七佛”之一，見《法苑珠林》卷八。</span> </p><p> <span>從大城西南入<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>阿，至<span class="zhuanming">鋭秣陁國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
窣堵利瑟那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153443" key="1153443"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 窣堵利瑟那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153444" key="1153444"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00085','1243931',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P85</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000137">窣堵利瑟那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">窣堵利瑟那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1434" id="1427">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1440" id="1428">（一）</a>周千四五百<a class="zhuhao" href="#1435" id="1429">〔2〕</a>里，東臨<span class="zhuanming">葉河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1436" id="1430">〔3〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">葉河</span>出<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>北原，西北而流，浩汗<a class="zhuhao" href="#1437" id="1431">〔4〕</a>渾濁，汩淴<a class="zhuhao" href="#1438" id="1432">〔5〕</a>漂急。土宜風<a class="zhuhao" href="#1439" id="1433">〔6〕</a>俗，同<span class="zhuanming">赭時國</span>。自有王，附<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00086','1243931',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P86</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1427" id="1434">〔1〕</a>《新唐書·西域傳》作“堵利瑟那”，無窣字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1429" id="1435">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》百下有餘字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1430" id="1436">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》葉河作葉葉河。《西域傳》作“葉葉水”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1431" id="1437">〔4〕</a>原本汗作汙，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1432" id="1438">〔5〕</a>原本淴作󲗂，今正，下同，説見前《凌山及大清池》頁69校記〔6〕。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1433" id="1439">〔6〕</a>《敦甲本》無“土宜”二字，風下有土字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1428" id="1440">（一）</a>窣堵利瑟那國：梵語Sutrsna的對音，義云“乾燥”。<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語作Sutr ūshana，在<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>文獻中有幾種轉寫法，最常見的是Ushrūsana和Usrūshana。<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>（V.Minorsky）考證，此名仍以轉寫爲Sutrūshana較妥當，見Hud ūd al-‘Alam，<span class="zhuanming">英</span>譯注，頁354；參看K.Lech譯注《烏瑪里撰蒙古帝國史》頁294，注209。這一見解之正確，可以從《隋書》作<span class="zhuanming">蘇對沙那</span>﹑《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">率都沙那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">蘇都識匿</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">蘇都沙那</span>得到證實。《新唐書》稱其爲<span class="zhuanming">東曹</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">窣堵利瑟那國</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>之南，地當<span class="zhuanming">費爾干納</span>盆地西部出口處。在<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>人來到之前，其地跨Zarafshan河兩岸，卽今Hissar山脈和Zarafshan山脈之間，亦卽<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>與<span class="zhuanming">忽占</span>之間的地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">窣堵利瑟那</span>境内大城爲Bunjikath（半制城），今名<span class="zhuanming">旁吉肯特</span>Panjikand，在今<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>以東六十公里。其附近Mug山古堡出土之<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文Divastič王的文書及<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文文書從三十年代起卽引起世<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00087','1243931',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P87</span></i>人注意。近年Panjikand本身的考古出土文物甚多，特别重要的是壁畫。<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>認爲古城在Ura-Tübe，見<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《烏滸水與那密水考》（Wehrot und Arang），<span class="zhuanming">萊頓</span>，1938，頁81，162；<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《蒙古入侵時期的突厥斯坦》，頁166。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
插圖
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv18204" key="18204"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 插圖 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv18205" key="18205"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00142','1243906',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P142</span></i><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014428i4ve.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
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校勘例言
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv18208" key="18208"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 校勘例言 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv18209" key="18209"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00143','1243907',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P143</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000036"><b>校勘例言</b></p><p> <span>一﹑本書以<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">京都</span><span class="zhuanming">帝國大學文科大學</span>校印出版的《高麗新藏本》作底本（以下簡稱“京大本”）。《西域記》的古鈔舊刻有多種，但皆屬殘卷，以此本爲最完好。《高麗藏》有新舊二種。《舊藏》刻於<span class="zhuanming">高麗王朝</span><span class="zhuanming">文宗</span>時代（公元1047—1082）。至<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>十九年（公元1232）被燬於<span class="zhuanming">蒙古</span>兵燹；至二十三年（公元1236）重刻，閲十五年而成，是爲《新麗藏》。此書的《舊麗藏本》現僅存六卷，保存在<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>，極爲稀貴。《新麗藏本》完全的亦很少，<span class="zhuanming">京都帝大</span>藏有一部，卽據之重印。原書各卷尾有“甲辰歲分司大藏都監奉勑雕造”題記（今新校本删去此題記），“甲辰”當<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>三十一年（公元1244），正是再刻藏經之時。《新麗藏》刻時，參考各本，“去短取長，成一最精之本”，（<span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>《佛典泛論》）這話雖不免溢美，可見其爲人所推重。我們對比各舊本，認爲《京大本》有下列的優點：（1）這是一種年代較早校讎較精的刊本，而又首尾完整；（2）書首<span class="zhuanming">敬播</span>一序，爲<span class="zhuanming">宋</span><span class="zhuanming">元</span>各本所無，此本獨有之，和<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>《一切經音義》所載相合；（3）<span class="zhuanming">南宋</span>後諸本卷尾附有《音釋》，此本不載，和《敦煌唐寫本》﹑《北宋刊殘本》﹑《趙城藏本》相合，可證其來源之古；（4）《京大本》對於原本内顯著的誤字，據其他舊本改正，但爲數有限，且在《考異》中注明原本作何字，儘量保存原本面目，態度比較謹嚴；（5）《京大本》别附《考異》，廣蒐《新麗藏本》之外的各舊本，列其異同，便於讀者參考。這就<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00144','1243907',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P144</span></i>是我們採用它作底本的理由。</span> </p><p> <span>二﹑校勘所採用的各種本子及其簡稱如下：</span> </p><p> <span>1.《敦甲本》　<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>寫本殘存卷第一（S.2659），又卷第三首段部分（S.958），<span class="zhuanming">英國</span><span class="zhuanming">倫敦博物院</span>藏，複製照片。</span> </p><p> <span>2.《敦乙本》　<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>寫本殘存卷第二（P.3814），<span class="zhuanming">法國</span><span class="zhuanming">巴黎國民圖書館</span>藏，複製照片。</span> </p><p> <span>3.《崇本》　<span class="zhuanming">北宋</span><span class="zhuanming">崇寧</span>二年<span class="zhuanming">福州</span><span class="zhuanming">等覺禪院</span>刊本殘存卷第四，<span class="zhuanming">北京大學圖書館</span>藏，晒印本。</span> </p><p> <span>4.《趙城本》　<span class="zhuanming">金</span>刊《趙城藏》本殘存卷第十一﹑十二，<span class="zhuanming">北京圖書館</span>藏，複製照片。</span> </p><p> <span>5.《資福本》　<span class="zhuanming">南宋</span><span class="zhuanming">安吉州</span><span class="zhuanming">資福寺</span>刊本（亦稱《思溪藏》本），存卷二至五﹑卷七至十二，共十卷，《四部叢刊》景印本。</span> </p><p> <span>6.《磧砂本》　<span class="zhuanming">南宋</span>《磧砂藏》本殘存卷二﹑卷九兩卷，《磧砂藏經》景印本。</span> </p><p> <span>7.《元本》　<span class="zhuanming">元</span>《普寧藏》本。</span> </p><p> <span>8.《明南本》　<span class="zhuanming">明</span><span class="zhuanming">洪武</span>刊《南藏》本，<span class="zhuanming">四川圖書館</span>藏，複製照片。</span> </p><p> <span>9.《明北本》　<span class="zhuanming">明</span><span class="zhuanming">永樂</span>刊《北藏》本。</span> </p><p> <span>以上《元本》﹑《明北本》二種，因未得原刊，姑以景印《磧砂藏經》中配補的本子助校。《磧砂》配補本計有：《元本》卷三﹑五﹑七共三卷；《明北本》卷四﹑十﹑十一﹑十二共四卷；《元明合配本》卷一﹑六﹑八共三卷。</span> </p><p> <span>10.《徑山本》　<span class="zhuanming">明</span><span class="zhuanming">嘉興府</span><span class="zhuanming">楞嚴寺</span>刊本（亦稱《嘉興藏》本）。</span> </p><p> <span>11.《酬本》　<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">靈瑞山</span><span class="zhuanming">酬恩菴</span>僧鈔本，卷一及卷六兩卷，《四部叢刊》景印配補<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>本缺卷。</span> </p><p> <span>12.《中本》　<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">松本初子</span>所藏<span class="zhuanming">中尊寺</span>金銀泥經本，見《大正<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00145','1243907',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P145</span></i>新修藏經》第五十一卷本書所附校記中。</span> </p><p> <span>13.《金陵本》　<span class="zhuanming">金陵刻經處</span>1957年校刊本（<span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>先生校）。</span> </p><p> <span>14.《章校本》　<span class="zhuanming">上海人民出版社</span>1977年<span class="zhuanming">章巽</span>先生校本。</span> </p><p> <span>其他刊本，如<span class="zhuanming">明代</span>《吴琯本》﹑<span class="zhuanming">清代</span>《龍藏本》﹑《墨海金壺本》﹑《守山閣叢書本》﹑《天寧寺刊本》，皆出自《明藏》，輾轉重刊，不足重，並從省。<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>所刊各《藏經本》，除《中尊寺金銀泥經本》已列入校記者外，其餘各本不出於校記及《京大本·考異》所收的範圍，因亦從省。校記所援用的本子下限一般斷於<span class="zhuanming">明代</span>爲止。</span> </p><p> <span>三﹑《京大本》所附的《考異》搜集諸本，中多秘籍，今擇要採用，名稱仍其舊例。各本列舉如下：</span> </p><p> <span>（1）《舊麗本》　卽《高麗舊藏》本，存卷五至十，共六卷，<span class="zhuanming">南禪寺</span>所藏。</span> </p><p> <span>（2）《宋本》　<span class="zhuanming">東寺觀智院</span>所藏<span class="zhuanming">北宋</span>刊本。</span> </p><p> <span>（3）《石本》　<span class="zhuanming">石山寺</span>所藏古寫本，卷一至卷八爲同一寫本，卷九至十二爲其他寫本。</span> </p><p> <span>（4）《建本》　<span class="zhuanming">醍醐三寶院</span>所藏古寫本，存卷十一﹑十二兩卷，有<span class="zhuanming">建保</span>二年（公元1214）的題跋。</span> </p><p> <span>（5）《大本》　<span class="zhuanming">神田</span>氏所藏<span class="zhuanming">大治</span>元年（公元1126）古寫本，存卷二。</span> </p><p> <span>（6）《古本》　<span class="zhuanming">和州</span><span class="zhuanming">橘寺</span>古藏本。</span> </p><p> <span>（7）《異本》　别有中古之本。</span> </p><p> <span>（8）《一本》　<span class="zhuanming">京兆</span><span class="zhuanming">妙典寺</span>藏本。</span> </p><p> <span>（9）《或本》</span> </p><p> <span>（10）《校本》</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00146','1243907',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P146</span></i><p> <span>自（5）—（10）五種本子爲<span class="zhuanming">富𡶩謙藏</span>氏所藏《舊校本》中引據的。此《舊校本》，據校者跋文署爲<span class="zhuanming">享保</span>辛丑（公元1721）。第（10）種《校本》乃校者校訂之文。</span> </p><p> <span>上列諸本逕自《考異》轉引，不再别標。</span> </p><p> <span>四﹑<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>先生生前對此書有志撰述。今承<span class="zhuanming">北京大學圖書館</span>惠借他的手校本（録在<span class="zhuanming">金陵刻經處</span>本上）一種，擇要録之。滄海一勺，聊存紀念。</span> </p><p> <span>五﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧立</span>與<span class="zhuanming">彦悰</span>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》﹑<span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>《釋迦方志》和本書的關係密切，爲重要的參考資料。還有其他古籍援引《西域記》者，文句間有出入。今並採擇，以資佐校。目列如下：</span> </p><p> <span>甲﹑《慈恩傳》　《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》，<span class="zhuanming">支那内學院</span>校刊本。</span> </p><p> <span>乙﹑《方志》　《釋迦方志》，<span class="zhuanming">支那内學院</span>校刊本。</span> </p><p> <span>丙﹑《珠林》　<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>《法苑珠林》，《四部叢刊》景印《徑山藏本》。</span> </p><p> <span>丁﹑《慧琳音義》　<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>《一切經音義》，<span class="zhuanming">上海</span><span class="zhuanming">醫學書局</span>景印<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>刊本。其《西域記音義》逕稱《慧琳音義》，其屬於他經《音義》引《西域記》者則於《慧琳音義》下注明卷數，以示區别。</span> </p><p> <span>戊﹑《感應録》　<span class="zhuanming">非濁</span>《三寶感應要略録》，《大正新修藏經》卷五十一。</span> </p><p> <span>己﹑《釋帖》　<span class="zhuanming">義楚</span>《釋氏六帖》，《普慧大藏經》排印本。此書所引多有删節或謬改，今慎擇其要録之。</span> </p><p> <span>庚﹑《希麟音義》　希麟《續一切經音義》，《大正新修藏經》本。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00147','1243907',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P147</span></i><p> <span>辛﹑《翻譯集》<span class="zhuanming">法雲</span>《翻譯名義集》，<span class="zhuanming">上海</span><span class="zhuanming">佛學書局</span>排印本。</span> </p><p> <span>壬﹑《音釋》本書<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">元</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">明</span>（南藏）本卷尾並附《音釋》，今據《資福本》及《明南本》所附者。《明北藏本》以下所附《音釋》頗省略，不取。</span> </p><p> <span>癸﹑《華嚴鈔》<span class="zhuanming">澄觀</span>《大方廣佛華嚴經疏鈔》會本，《華嚴疏鈔》編印會排印。</span> </p><p> <span>子﹑《隨函録》《高麗藏》内《新集藏經音義隨函録》。從《京大本·考異》轉引。</span> </p><p> <span>六﹑校勘參酌諸本，擇善而從，不盡拘囿於底本。改字之處，必説明原本作某，從某本改，以便複核。不能作決定者，則並存異文。異文有顯著謬誤者，擯棄不録。</span> </p><p> <span>七﹑《京大本》和諸本間的異字，有很多屬於常用的異體字，若逐字録入，反增惑亂。今將這類常用異體字併列爲一表，擇其中最習見者爲“正字”，餘者爲異字。書内本文一般從原作，别體俗作則改從“正字”，不再出校。讀者如有疑問，查表卽知。表别附後。</span> </p><p> <span>八﹑《高麗新藏》原書於<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>諱殷﹑敬﹑鏡﹑竟等字缺筆，又時用當時的俗字，《京大本》已皆改正，今悉遵之。</span> </p><p> <span>九﹑諸本各篇章節的分段起行，參差不齊，今逕從文義整理，各本異同不再表明。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">崛謙德</span>《解説西域記》﹑<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>《大唐西域記の研究》﹑<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注《大唐西域記》﹑<span class="zhuanming">章巽</span>先生的《大唐西域記》校本並於本書章節間别加標題﹑分題或小分題，便於讀者檢覽。現遵其例，重爲釐定，補加標題﹑分題。</span> </p><p> <span>十﹑本書自<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>流傳至今，基本上無缺佚，但從各書對勘之下，偶亦<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00148','1243907',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P148</span></i>發見若干闕文，爲今本所不載。這些闕文可能是最初本和修訂本的差異，又因他書所載常有增損，與原文不一致，今分别列入於應屬的原文之後，低三字，首冠以[闕文備考]標識，不和原書本文相淆。還有些字句無多或難以肯定的，則概入於校文内。</span> </p><p> <span>十一﹑古人説：“校書如掃落葉，旋掃旋生。”我們雖努力期達於完善，但限於水平，存在缺點還是不少的。熱望讀者發現錯誤，賜予指出和匡正！</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">范祥雍</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一九八一年七月</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六　關於《大唐西域記》
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153453" key="1153453"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 六　關於《大唐西域記》 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153454" key="1153454"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00120','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P120</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000033">六　關於《大唐西域記》</p><p> <span>最後我再談一談有關《大唐西域記》的一些問題。</span> </p><p> <span>要想正確評價這樣一部書，我覺得，應該從以下幾個方面着手：第一，要把它放在一定的歷史背景下來考察研究；第二，有比較才能有鑒别，要把它同其他同類的書籍來比較一下；第三，要看它幫助我們解決了多少問題，又提出了多少值得探索的新問題；第四，實踐是檢驗真理的唯一標準，要看它在實踐上究竟有多大用處。</span> </p><p> <span>先談第一點。<span class="zhuanming">中華</span>民族不但是一個酷愛歷史的民族，而且也是一個酷愛地理的民族。在歷史方面，除了幾乎每個朝代都有自己的正史以外，還有很多的各種“史”。儘管這裏面難免有歪曲事實的地方，有些迷信或幻想的成分，但是總的説來，是比較翔實可靠的，實事求是的。這充分顯示了我們民族的特點。在地理方面，我們從很早的時候起就有了地理著作，比如《禹貢》﹑《山海經》﹑《穆</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00121','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P121</span></i> <span>天子傳》之類。這些書儘管不像它們自己聲稱的那樣古老，但總之是很古老的。我們也很早就有了關於外國的地理書，而且有的還附有地圖。到了<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時代和以後的時代，由於中外交通頻繁起來了，各種地理書風起雲湧。<span class="zhuanming">南齊</span><span class="zhuanming">陸澄</span>曾經把《山海經》以下一百六十家的地理著作，按照地區編成《地理書》一百四十九卷，<span class="zhuanming">梁</span><span class="zhuanming">任昉</span>又增加八十四家，編成《地記》二百五十二卷。中央政府設有專門機構，了解外國的情況。《唐六典》兵部有職方郎中員外郎，專管天下地圖，包括外國的在内。還有鴻臚，專門招待外國客人，順便詢問外國的情況。<a class="zhuhao" href="#497" id="495">〔1〕</a>有時候，打了勝仗以後，也派人到外國去調查風俗物産，寫成書，畫上圖，進奉皇帝。<a class="zhuhao" href="#498" id="496">〔2〕</a>甚至有了地形模型。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#495" id="497">〔1〕</a>見《唐六典》卷五，兵部：“職方郎中員外郎掌天下之地圖，及城隍﹑鎮戍﹑烽候之數，辨其邦國都鄙之遠邇，及四夷之歸化者。凡地圖委州府，三年一造，與板籍偕上省。其外夷每有番客到京委鴻臚訊其本人本國山川風土爲圖以奏焉。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#496" id="498">〔2〕</a>《唐會要·安西都護府》注：“西域既平，遣使分往<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>及<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅國</span>訪其風俗物産，及古今廢置，畫圖以進。因令史官撰《西域圖志》六十卷。”</span> </p><p> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代，在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以後的相當長的時間内，地理書籍特别繁多，這同當時的政治﹑經濟情況和文化交流﹑宗教活動是分不開的。《十道圖》有很多種類。<span class="zhuanming">大曆</span>時<span class="zhuanming">賈耽</span>著有《隴右山南圖》，<span class="zhuanming">貞元</span>十七年又撰《海内華夷圖》，《古今郡國道縣四夷述》四十卷。可以説是一個典型的代表。</span> </p><p> <span>談到宗教活動對地理學發展的影響，主要指的是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。古時候，交通異常困難，除了使臣和商人之外，大概很少有人願意或敢於出國的。獨有和尚懷着一腔宗教熱誠，“輕萬死以涉<span class="zhuanming">葱河</span>，重一言而之<span class="zhuanming">柰苑</span>”。他們敢於冒險，敢於出國。從<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代起，<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>的僧人就互相往來，傳播<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。他們傳播的不僅僅是宗教。正如人們所</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00122','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P122</span></i> <span>熟知的，<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>兩國的文化也隨着宗教的傳播而傳播開來。在長達六七百年的時間内，出國活動的人以和尚爲最多。而且<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和尚還充分表現了<span class="zhuanming">中華</span>民族的特點：他們喜愛歷史，也喜愛地理。他們實事求是，很少浮誇。他們寫了不少的書，比如：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">晉</span><span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>：《佛國記》，今存。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">釋道安</span>：《西域志》，今佚。<a class="zhuhao" href="#501" id="499">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">支僧載</span>：《外國事》，今佚。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">智猛</span>：《游行外國傳》，今佚。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">釋曇景</span>（<span class="zhuanming">勇</span>）：《外國傳》，今佚。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">竺法維</span>：《佛國記》，今佚。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">釋法盛</span>：《歷國傳》，今佚。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">竺枝</span>：《扶南記》，今佚。<a class="zhuhao" href="#502" id="500">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">惠生</span>：《惠生行傳》（見《洛陽伽藍記》）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#499" id="501">〔1〕</a>見<span class="zhuanming">王庸</span>：《中國地理學史》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#500" id="502">〔2〕</a>均見<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>：《漢唐間西域及海南諸國古地理書敍録》，見《唐代長安與西域文明》，一九五七年<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>版。</span> </p><p> <span>這些書無論如何，總可以説是<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>僧侣對中外文化交流歷史的一個重大貢獻。</span> </p><p> <span>到了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的《大唐西域記》，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>僧侣不但對<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>地理學的貢獻達到一個前所未有的水平，而且對<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>地理學的貢獻也是非常巨大的。在當時的歷史背景下，這一部書確實是空前的。這一部傑作之所以能够産生，除了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>本人的天才與努力之外，還有其客觀的需要。由於<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>末的統治者濫用民力，對外討伐，對内鎮壓起義軍，殺人盈野，國力虚耗，<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>人乘機而起，不但威脅了<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>代的統治基礎，而且連新興起的<span class="zhuanming">唐高祖</span><span class="zhuanming">李淵</span>也不得不暫時向<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>低頭稱臣。</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00123','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P123</span></i> <span><span class="zhuanming">唐高祖</span>和<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>都深以爲恥，必欲雪之而後快。想要進攻<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>或西域其他威脅<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>王室的民族，必須了解地理情況，<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>之所以一見面卽敦促<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>寫書，其原因就在這里。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>是一個有政治頭腦的和尚，決不會辜負<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>的希望，《大唐西域記》於是就産生了。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>拒絶經題，但是對於這一部書却非凡珍惜，他對<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>説：“又云新撰《西域記》者，當自披覽。”可見他的心情之迫切了。</span> </p><p> <span>現在再談第二點。</span> </p><p> <span>首先同<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>類似的書相比。<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>古代關於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的記載，在<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>以前的古書中，可能已經有了。但是神話傳説很多，除了知道我們兩國從遠古起就有了交往以外，具體的事情所知不多。從<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代起數量就多了起來。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>以後，兩國間直接的交通日益頻繁，對彼此了解情況，大有幫助。到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>去的僧人寫了不少的書，上面已經列舉了一些。但是所有這些書同《大唐西域記》比較起來，無論是從量的方面比，還是從質的方面比，都如小巫見大巫，不能望其項背。像《大唐西域記》内容這樣豐富，記載的國家這樣多，記載得又這樣翔實，連<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以後很長的時間内，也没有一本書能够比得上的。因此，從<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>方面來説，《大唐西域記》確實算是一個高峰。</span> </p><p> <span>其他外國人寫的有關<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的書怎樣呢？</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>民族是一個偉大的非常有智慧的民族，在古代曾創造出燦爛的文化，哲學﹑自然科學都有很高的造詣，對世界文化做出了巨大的貢獻。但是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>民族性格中却有一個特點：不大重視歷史的記述，對時間和空間這兩方面都難免有幻想過多﹑誇張過甚的傾向，因此<span class="zhuanming">馬克思</span>才有“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>没有歷史”之嘆。<a class="zhuhao" href="#507" id="503">〔1〕</a>現在要想認真研究<span class="zhuanming">印</span></span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00124','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P124</span></i> <span><span class="zhuanming">度</span>歷史，特别是古代史，就必須依靠外國人的記載。從古代一直到中世，到過<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的外國人非常多，没有親身到過但有興趣的也不少。他們留下了很多的記載。這些記載對研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史來説，都成了稀世之寶。首先必須提出的是古代<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人的著述。在這方面最早的是一個叫Skylax的人的記録。傳説他於公元前五四七年左右泛舟<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>。他的著作已經佚失。其次是<span class="zhuanming">克特西亞斯</span>（Ctesias），他的著作主要是一些寓言。再就是所謂“歷史之父”的<span class="zhuanming">希羅多德</span>（Herodotus公元前五世紀，有人説是公元前四八四—四○六年）的記述。可惜他的資料不是根據親身經歷，而是來自<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>人的傳聞，因此多不可靠。最重要的是<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>入侵時或以後的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人的著作，這些人親自到過<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。記述<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>入侵的有<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>作家，也有<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>作家，比如：<span class="zhuanming">阿里安</span>（Arrian，約公元九六—一八○年）的《亞歷山大遠征記》<a class="zhuhao" href="#508" id="504">〔2〕</a>，第四卷；Curtius Rufus Quintus（約公元四一—五四年）的De Rebus Gestis Alexandri Magni，第五卷；Diodorus Sicu1us（公元前一世紀後半葉）的Bibliotheco Historica第十七卷；Justin（公元二世紀）的Epitoma Historiarum Phīippic-arum第十二卷；<span class="zhuanming">普魯塔克</span>（P1utarch約公元四六—一二○年）的《希臘羅馬名人傳》；無名氏的《亞歷山大大帝的歷程》等等。特别值得一提的是<span class="zhuanming">麥伽塞因斯</span>（Megasthenes）。他曾到<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>朝廷上當過大使，在<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>住過幾年（約公元前三○三—二九二年），親眼見過<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，所記當然翔實。但他那名叫《印度記》（Indika）的書已佚，僅見於其他書籍中，例如1.<span class="zhuanming">斯特拉波</span>（Strabo，公元前六三—公元一九年）的著作《地理學》（《Geographica》共十七卷）。取材龐雜。2.<span class="zhuanming">底奥多魯斯</span>（Diodorus，公元前一世紀，生活在<span class="zhuanming">亞歷</span></span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00125','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P125</span></i> <span><span class="zhuanming">山大城</span>和<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>）的《歷史書庫》（《Historische Bib1iothek》原書四十卷，現存一至五卷，十一至二十卷）。3.<span class="zhuanming">阿里安</span>（Arrian）的《亞歷山大遠征記》等等。一鱗半爪，難窺全豹。在地理方面最重要的著作是<span class="zhuanming">阿里安</span>的《印度記》（Indica），<span class="zhuanming">斯特拉波</span>﹑Pliny和Ptolemy的地理書。更重要更確切的地理書是Periplus Maris Erythraei，時間約在公元一世紀，著者是一個住在<span class="zhuanming">埃及</span>的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人，他曾航海至<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>海岸。這些都是在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之前的。晚於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的還有不少，比如<span class="zhuanming">馬可波羅</span>《游記》<a class="zhuhao" href="#509" id="505">〔3〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">伊本</span>·<span class="zhuanming">白圖泰</span>（Ibn Batuta）的《游記》<a class="zhuhao" href="#510" id="506">〔4〕</a>。這都是人所熟知的。還有<span class="zhuanming">貝魯尼</span>。<span class="zhuanming">貝魯尼</span>全名是Abu-r-Raihan Mohammed ibn Achmed al-Beruni，是<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭教</span>最偉大的學者之一。生於<span class="zhuanming">花拉子模</span>（Choresm），死於<span class="zhuanming">伽色膩</span>（<span class="song">Ghasni</span><span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>）。生活時間從公元九七三年到一○五○年以後。自公元一○一八年起作爲天文學家生活在Sultan Machmud von Ghazni和他的繼承人的朝廷上。他精通地理﹑天文﹑數學﹑年代學﹑礦物學﹑宗教學﹑史學等等。他的著作非常多。其中關於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的有《印度》，<span class="zhuanming">英</span>譯書名是Al-beruni，s In-dia，譯者是<span class="zhuanming">薩豪</span>（E.C.Sachau）。還有《古代民族編年史》，<span class="zhuanming">英譯</span>書名是The Chronology of Ancient Nations，1879，譯者也是<span class="zhuanming">薩豪</span>。其他天文著作有《占星學引論》（The Book of Instruction in the Elements of the Art of Astrology，1934），英譯者是<span class="zhuanming">萊特</span>（R.R.Wright）。<span class="zhuanming">貝魯尼</span>有關<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的著作，不像以上兩種那樣著名。實際上價值決不下於以上兩種，現已引起<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>和全世界各國學者的注意。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#503" id="507">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">馬克思</span>：《不列顛在印度統治的未來結果》。《馬克思恩格斯選集》，第二卷，<span class="zhuanming">人民出版社</span>一九七二年版，第六九頁。他的原話是：“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>社會根本没有歷史，至少是没有爲人所知的歷史。”</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#504" id="508">〔2〕</a>中文有<span class="zhuanming">李活</span>譯本，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書館</span>，一九七八年版。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#505" id="509">〔3〕</a>有<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯本：《馬可波羅行紀》，一九三七年，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書館</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#506" id="510">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">馬金鵬</span>已譯爲<span class="zhuanming">漢文</span>，正準備出版。</span> </p><p> <span>比較更晚一點的還有：<span class="zhuanming">托馬斯</span>·<span class="zhuanming">羅歐</span>（Thomas Roe）的著作。</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00126','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P126</span></i> <span>他是<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>國王<span class="zhuanming">詹謨斯一世</span>派往<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">莫卧兒</span>皇帝<span class="zhuanming">扎亨吉</span>朝廷上的大使，寫了一部書，叫做：《托馬斯·羅歐爵士使印度記1615-1619》<a class="zhuhao" href="#514" id="511">〔1〕</a>。此外還有<span class="zhuanming">法國人</span><span class="zhuanming">弗朗索瓦</span>·<span class="zhuanming">泊尼爾</span>（François Bernier）的著作，他於公元一六六八年訪印，寫了一本《旅行記》<a class="zhuhao" href="#515" id="512">〔2〕</a>。根據<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史學家<span class="zhuanming">羅米拉</span>·<span class="zhuanming">塔帕</span>（Romila Thapar）的意見，這兩本書成爲<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>了解十七世紀至十八世紀的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的主要依據。其中有些記載是相當可靠的，其他一些則是觀察與幻想的混合物。<a class="zhuhao" href="#516" id="513">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#511" id="514">〔1〕</a>Thomas Roe，The Embassy of Sir Thomas Roe to 1ndia 1615—1619，ed.W.Forsten（London，1926）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#512" id="515">〔2〕</a>Voyages de F.Bernier（Amsterdam，1699）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#513" id="516">〔3〕</a>Romila Thapar：《古代印度社會史》（Ancient India Social History）New Delhi.1978年，第1—2頁。</span> </p><p> <span>以上這些書都各有其特點，都各有其可取之處。我們從這裏可以學習到不少的有用的東西，對於研究古代中世紀和十七﹑八世紀<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的歷史有很大的幫助。但是在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以前的那一些著作都比較簡略，不能幫助我們全面了解<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以後的那一些著作，當然都詳細多了。但是它們都無法代替《大唐西域記》，要想了解古代和七世紀以前的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，仍然只能依靠這一部書。</span> </p><p> <span>《大唐西域記》的功績究竟表現在什麽地方呢？</span> </p><p> <span>研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史的中外學者都承認，古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的歷史幾乎全部都隱没在一團迷霧中，只有神話，只有傳説，也有一些人物，但是對歷史科學來説最重要的年代，却無從確定。有的史學家形像地説，在古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>没有年代的一片黑暗中，有一根閃光的柱子，這就是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的生卒年代。確定了這個年代，以前以後的幾件大事的年代的確定就都有了可靠的依據，因而才真正能談到歷史。而<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>年代的確定，<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>載籍起了很大的作用，《大唐西域記》對於確</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00127','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P127</span></i> <span>定<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>生卒年月也起過作用。古<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span><span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>的東征，曾起了幫助確定年代的作用，這次東征對理解<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>碑有很大好處。我們在這裏暫不詳細討論。</span> </p><p> <span>除了<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的年代以外，《大唐西域記》對<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代和中世紀的歷史上的許多大事件都有所記述。比如關於偉大的語法學家<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>，關於<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦</span>王伐諸釋，關於<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>與太子<span class="zhuanming">拘浪拏</span>的故事等等。<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>王的問題多少年來在世界許多國家的歷史學家中已經成爲一個熱門，《大唐西域記》有四五處講到<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦</span>，給這個問題提供了寶貴的資料。至於在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時代，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的政治﹑經濟﹑宗教﹑文化﹑民族關係，等等方面，《大唐西域記》都有非常翔實的論述。我們在上面講到這些方面的時候，主要依據就是這些論述。如果再談到<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史，這書裏的材料就更多。幾次結集的記載，除了南傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>承認的<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>的集結外，這裏都有。關於大乘與小乘，大乘的許多大師，<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>（<span class="zhuanming">樹</span>）與<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>，<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>與<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>，他們的活動的情況，這裏也都有。我并不是説，這些記載都是百分之百地真實，那是不可能的，在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>那樣一個時代，又加上他是一個虔誠的佛徒，有些神話迷信的色彩，是不可避免的，也是容易理解的，不過這些都只能算是白玉中的微瑕，決不能掩蓋這一部奇書的光輝。而且這種情況僅僅限於宗教方面，一講到地理﹑歷史就仿佛從神話世界回到現實世界，記載都比較翔實可靠了。</span> </p><p> <span>統觀全書，包括了一百多個“國”，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記述有長有短，但是不管多麽短，他的記述似乎有一個比較固定的全面的章法：幅員大小﹑都城大小﹑地理形勢﹑農業﹑商業﹑風俗﹑文藝﹑語言﹑文字﹑貨幣﹑國王﹑宗教等等。這些方面幾乎都要涉及到。當時和今天要想了解這個“國”，除了以上這些方面，還要了解些什麽呢？他能用極其<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00128','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P128</span></i>簡潔的語言描繪大量的事實，不但確切，而且生動。所以，我們可以説，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>是一個運用語言的大師，描繪歷史和地理的能手，而《大唐西域記》是一部稀世奇書，其他外國人的著作是很難同這一部書相比的。</span> </p><p> <span>現在談第三點。</span> </p><p> <span>上面我們講了《大唐西域記》幫助我們解決了許多歷史上的疑難問題。比如關於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>當時的政治﹑經濟情況，關於重大的歷史事件，關於宗教力量的對比，關於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的幾次結集，關於大﹑小乘力量的對比，關於小乘部派的分布情況等等。離開了《大唐西域記》，這些問題幾乎都是無法解答的。但是我個人有一個想法：比解決問題更重要的是它提出了一些還没有解決的問題，這就啓發我們進一步去思考問題﹑研究問題，幫助我們把研究工作更向前推進。</span> </p><p> <span>這樣的地方是非常多的，幾乎在每一卷裏都可以找到一些，我在這裏只能舉出幾個來當做例子。首先我想舉<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所經各“國”的語言問題。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>是一個非常細緻的觀察家，對語言似乎是特别留心。他所到之處，不管停留多麽短暫，他總要對當地語言﹑文字的情況寫上幾句，比如：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿耆尼國</span>：</span> </p><p> <span>“文字取則<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，微有增損。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">屈支國</span>：</span> </p><p> <span>“文字取則<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，粗有改變。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">跋禄迦國</span>：</span> </p><p> <span>“文字法則，同<span class="zhuanming">屈支國</span>，語言少異。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>地區：</span> </p><p> <span>“文字語言，卽隨稱矣。字源簡略，本二十餘言，轉而相<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00129','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P129</span></i>生，其流浸廣，粗有書記，豎讀其文，遞相傳授，師資無替。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">㤄捍國</span>：</span> </p><p> <span>“語異諸國。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>：</span> </p><p> <span>“語言去就，稍異諸國。字源二十五言，轉而相生，用之備物，書以横讀，自左向右，文記漸多，逾廣<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span>因爲<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>學者<span class="zhuanming">水谷真</span>成對於這個問題已有比較詳細的論證，我在這裏不再引用原文，請參閲<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>：《大唐西域記》，《中國古典文學大系》22。</span> </p><p> <span>在十九世紀末二十世紀初年以前，學者們對<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載只能從字面上接受，他講到的這些語言，他們可以説是一無所知。但是從那個時期開始的在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>一帶進行的考古發掘工作，却用地下出土的實物﹑古代語言文字的殘卷證實了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載。是不是全部都證實了呢？也不是的。一方面現在還有一些出土的殘卷，我們還没能讀通。另一方面，考古發掘工作還要進行下去，將來一定還有更多﹑更驚人的發現，我們在這方面的工作可以説是剛剛開始。就以<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>的文章而論，他引證了大量的文獻，論述了<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>一帶（古代所謂“西域”）和<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>本土的語言文字。但是對<span class="zhuanming">㤄捍國</span>的語言文字還没有論述。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>《大唐西域記》説這裏：“語異諸國。”同其他國都不一樣，究竟是一種什麽語言呢？這就需要我們進一步探討研究。</span> </p><p> <span>除了語言文字以外，還有宗教方面的問題。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>談到了許多<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>和<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>常見的神，他也談到了許多别的教派和<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>不大常見的神，比如卷二<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">跋虜沙城</span>講到的<span class="zhuanming">毗魔天女</span>，梵文<span class="zhuanming">是</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00130','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P130</span></i>Bhīmā，是大神<span class="zhuanming">濕婆</span>的老婆，一名<span class="zhuanming">難近母</span>（Durgā）；卷七<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>國講到“露形之徒，實繁其黨”，所謂“露形之徒”指的是<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>苦行者，也可能指的是<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的所謂“天衣派”，二者都是赤身露體的；卷一<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒</span>國講到“異道雜居，露形尼乾，其徒特盛”，這裏明明説的是<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>（尼乾）；卷一○<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>講到“天祠百餘所，異道甚衆，多是尼乾之徒也”；卷一○<span class="zhuanming">珠利耶國</span>講到“天祠數十所，多露形外道也”；卷一○<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼國</span>講到“天祠八十餘所，多露形外道也”。卷三<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>談到<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>“本師所説文法，多竊佛經之義”，“威儀律行，頗同僧法。”</span> </p><p> <span>書中有一些關於<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>的記載，其中有的非常重要﹑有啓發性。<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵國</span>講到<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>打死大象堵塞佛走的道路。<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯國</span>講到在過去生中<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>與<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>俱爲鹿王，<span class="zhuanming">菩薩鹿王</span>仁愛慈悲，<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多鹿王</span>則正相反。<span class="zhuanming">菩薩鹿王</span>想代懷孕母鹿到宫中去供膳，結果感動了國王，釋放羣鹿。<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>講到：</span> </p><p> <span>“宫城北門外有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>與<span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span>共爲親友，乃放<span class="zhuanming">護財</span>醉象，欲害<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>指端出五師子，醉象於此馴伏而前。”</span> </p><p> <span>這裏説到<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>與<span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span>的密切關係。<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>還講到，<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>用石遥擲向佛。講到<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>入定的地方。最有趣的是<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>的那一段記載：</span> </p><p> <span>“伽藍東百餘步，有大深坑，是<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>欲以毒藥害佛，生身陷入地獄處。<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>，<span class="zhuanming">斛飯王</span>之子也。精勤十二年，已誦持八萬法藏。後爲利故，求學神通，親近惡友，共相議曰：“我相三十，減佛未幾，大衆圍遶，何異<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>？”思惟是已，卽事破僧。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>奉佛指告，承佛威神，説法誨喻，僧復<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00131','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P131</span></i>和合。<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>惡心不捨，以惡毒藥置指爪中，欲因作禮，以傷害佛。方行此謀，自遠而來，至於此也，地遂坼焉，生陷地獄。”</span> </p><p> <span>很多佛典上把<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>説成是一個單純的壞家伙，什麽都不懂。這裏講到<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>并不是一個無能之輩，他“精勤十二年，已誦持八萬法藏”，而且身上還有三十大人相。<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>講到：</span> </p><p> <span>“别有三伽藍，不食乳酪，遵<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>遺訓也。”</span> </p><p> <span>短短幾句話很有啓發。<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>是佛的死敵，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒把他恨得咬牙切齒，把他説得一無是處。説根本没有幾個人聽他的話，然而，到了<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時期，離開佛與<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>已經一千多年了。在<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>居然還有<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>的信徒，而且又是這樣忠誠於他。實在值得深思。關於這個問題，法顯《佛國記》中已有記載。講到<span class="zhuanming">拘薩羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">舍衞城</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>寫道：</span> </p><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">調達</span>亦有衆在，供養過去三佛，唯不供養<span class="zhuanming">釋迦文佛</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span>“調達”就是<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>的另一個譯法。<span class="zhuanming">舍衞城</span>是在<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>講到的<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>是在<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>，可見<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>的信徒不但存在，而且地方還相當廣。</span> </p><p> <span>此外，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>講到<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>的信徒“不食乳酪”。對於研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史這是一個很有趣的問題。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>譯的《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》卷十：</span> </p><p> <span>“於是<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>，謗毁聖説，決生耶（邪）見，定斷善根。但有此生，更無後世。作是知己，於其徒衆别立五法。便告之曰：‘爾等應知，沙門<span class="zhuanming">喬答摩</span>及諸徒衆，咸食乳酪。我等從今更不應食。何緣由此？令彼犢兒鎮嬰飢苦。又沙門<span class="zhuanming">喬答摩</span>聽食魚肉，我等從今更不應食。何緣由此？於諸衆生爲斷命<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00132','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P132</span></i>事。’”<a class="zhuhao" href="#520" id="517">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>可見這種習慣來源已久。《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》講的只是書本上的記載。能否相信，還值得考慮。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>講的却是活生生的事實。它證明《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》講的不是向壁虚構。</span> </p><p> <span>但是這件看來似乎是小事情的事實還有更深的意義。<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>《南海寄歸内法傳》卷一説：</span> </p><p> <span>“律云：半者蒲膳尼，半者珂但尼。蒲膳尼以含噉爲義，珂但尼卽齧嚼受名。半者謂五也。半者蒲膳尼，應譯爲五噉食，舊云五正者，准義翻也。一飯二麥豆飯三麨四肉五餅。半者珂但尼，應譯爲五嚼食。一根二莖三葉四花五果。其無緣者若食初五，後五必不合飡。若先食後五，前五噉便隨意。准知乳酪等非二五所收。律文更無别號，明非正食所攝。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#521" id="518">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>學者們的意見是，這裏講的是大乘和尚，他們都不許吃奶製品。此外，上面引用的《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》中還談到吃魚﹑肉的問題。這也是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上一個有趣的問題。看來小乘基本上是允許吃肉的，至少對有病的和尚是允許的。佛本人在死前可能就吃過猪肉。在這一段引文中，<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>拿吃肉這件事當做武器同<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>鬥争。這很值得我們注意，當另文討論。<a class="zhuhao" href="#522" id="519">〔3〕</a>從時間上來看，大乘的起源距<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>至少已有幾百年的歷史，爲什麽飲食的禁忌竟如此之相似呢？我們都知道，大乘是對小乘的發展與反動，而<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>則是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的對手。二者間難道還有什麽聯係嗎？我</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00133','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P133</span></i> <span>覺得，這是個非常值得思考探索的問題。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#517" id="520">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷二四，頁一四九中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#518" id="521">〔2〕</a>同上書，卷五四，頁二一○中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#519" id="522">〔3〕</a>參閲<span class="zhuanming">章炳麟</span>《大乘佛教緣起考》，《章氏叢書·太炎文録·别録》。</span></p><p> <span>還有一個非常有趣的問題。《大唐西域記》卷十一<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>有一段話：</span> </p><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>側千餘里陂澤間，有數百千户，於此宅居，其性剛烈，唯殺是務，牧牛自活，無所係命。若男若女，無貴無賤，剃鬚髮，服袈裟，像類苾芻，而行俗事，專執小見，非斥大乘。聞之耆舊曰：昔此地民庶安忍，但是凶殘，時有羅漢愍其顛墜，爲化彼故，乘虚而來，現大神通，示稀有事，令衆信受，漸導言教，諸人敬悦，願奉指誨，羅漢知衆心順，爲授三歸，息其凶暴，悉斷殺生，剃髮染衣，恭行法教，年代浸遠，世易時移，守善既虧，餘風不殄，雖服法衣，嘗無戒善，子孫奕世，習以成俗。”</span> </p><p> <span>這段話引起了許多學者的注意。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學者<span class="zhuanming">高善必</span>寫道：</span> </p><p> <span>“最後這一段引文非常有趣，因爲它告訴我們，<span class="zhuanming">雅利安</span>人的仍然從事畜牧業的部落的後裔在這條河邊上繼續幹些什麽，這一條河是<span class="zhuanming">因陀羅</span>‘解放’出來的。他們這服裝是否是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的做法或者是更早時候形成的習慣，這種習慣通過東方的<span class="zhuanming">雅利安</span>人而影響了<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>對服裝的選擇，這都不清楚；可能是前者。其餘的記載則告訴人們，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>如何已逐漸向着<span class="zhuanming">喇嘛教</span>發展，或者已變成一個神學的游戲，這種游戲只限於獲得極大利益的野心家。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#524" id="523">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#523" id="524">〔1〕</a>《印度史研究導論》，第二九三頁。</span> </p><p> <span>無論如何，這一段短短的記載提出了許多問題，也可以説是提供了一些線索，我們應該進一步加以研究。</span> </p><p> <span>上面是宗教方面的問題。在社會制度方面，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也提出了一些值得研究的情況。比如在第二卷裏他寫道：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00134','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P134</span></i><p> <span>“其婆羅門學四吠陀論：一曰壽，謂養生繕性。二曰祠，謂享祭祈禱。三曰平，謂禮儀﹑占卜﹑兵法﹑軍陣。四曰術，謂異能﹑伎數﹑禁咒﹑醫方。”</span> </p><p> <span>這同我們平常的説法不同，怎樣解釋呢？</span> </p><p> <span>此外，《大唐西域記》還記了一些當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>社會裏發生的看來不是很重大的事件，但是今天的歷史學家看了以後，從中可以看出重大的意義。比如<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽國</span>大施場東合流口一天有數百人自沉。<span class="zhuanming">高善必</span>認爲，當時社會上必然有一部分人甚至是上流社會的人感到不滿意，否則就無法解釋，爲什麽這些老一點的人不死在聖河恒河的岸上而死在水中<a class="zhuhao" href="#527" id="525">〔1〕</a>。第二卷關於當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>刑法的敍述，關於賦税﹑王田﹑分地和封邑的敍述，甚至關於蔬菜的敍述：</span> </p><p> <span>“蔬菜則有姜﹑芥﹑瓜﹑瓠﹑葷陀菜等，葱﹑蒜雖少，噉食亦希，家有食者，驅令出郭。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">高善必</span>都能從裏面得出相應的結論。他講到，當時<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>有許多飲食方面的禁忌（塔布），比如不吃牛肉等，不吃葱蒜等，一直到今天，還没有多少改變。<a class="zhuhao" href="#528" id="526">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#525" id="527">〔1〕</a>《印度史研究導論》，第二八四頁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#526" id="528">〔2〕</a>同上書，第二八六—二八九頁。</span> </p><p> <span>總之，正如我們上面已經説過的那樣，《大唐西域記》提出來的新問題，比已經解決的問題還更要重要，還更有意義。我上面舉的僅僅不過只是幾個例子而已。</span> </p><p> <span>我最近偶爾讀到幾本關於中世紀<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的書籍，作者都是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學者。一本是<span class="zhuanming">古普塔</span>的《曇丁時代的社會和文化》（Dharmendra Kumar Gupta：Society and Culture in the Time of Daṇḍin，<span class="zhuanming">新德里</span>，1972年）。他大量地引證了《大唐西域記》的材料。第二章</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00135','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P135</span></i> <span>叫做：《當時的歷史透視》，基本上是根據《大唐西域記》的材料寫成的。除了這一章以外，在其他章節裏，比如《政治理論與國家管理》《社會和經濟生活》等等，也經常引用這本書的材料。另一本是<span class="zhuanming">喬希</span>的《印度佛教文化之研究》（Lalmani Joshi：Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India：7﹑8世紀，Delhi，Varanasi，Patna，1977年）。書中也大量地引用了《大唐西域記》的材料。我相信，讀這兩本比較新的書的人，都會自然而然地就得到一個印像：如果没有《大唐西域記》，這兩本書恐怕是難以寫成的。像這兩部書的書還多得很，這也不過是幾個例子而已。</span> </p><p> <span>最後一點談一談實踐的問題。</span> </p><p> <span>這一點同上面談的問題是有聯係的。經過了一千多年實踐的考驗，特别是在最近一百多年内的考驗，充分證明《大唐西域記》是有其偉大的意義的。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>這個人和他這一部書，對加强<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>兩國人民的傳統友誼和互相學習﹑互相了解已經起了而且還將繼續起不可估量的作用。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的大名，在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>幾乎是婦孺皆知，家喻户曉。正如我們在本文開始時寫到的：他已經成了<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>友好的化身。至於《大唐西域記》這一部書，早已經成了研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史﹑哲學史﹑宗教史﹑文學史等等的瑰寶。我們幾乎找不到一本講<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代問題而不引用<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>《大唐西域記》的書。不管作者的觀點如何，不管是唯心主義還是唯物主義，都或多或少地引用《大唐西域記》。這部書中有一些資料，是任何其他書中都找不到的。從上個世紀後半開始，國外學者就開始注意《大唐西域記》，開始有外文譯本出現。現在將外文的主要譯本條列如下：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">法</span>文譯本：</span> </p><p> <span>Julien，S.：Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales，traduits du <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00136','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P136</span></i>Sanscrit en Chinois，en I‘An648，par Hiouen-Thsang，et du Chinois en Français.2tomes，1857-8，Paris.</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>文譯本：</span> </p><p> <span>Beal，S.：Si-yu-ki，Buddhists Records of the Western World.translated from the Chinese of Hiuen Tsiang（A.D.629）.2.Vols.1884，London.</span> </p><p> <span>Watters，Th.：On Yuan Chwang，s Travels in India（629-645A.D.），edited after his death，by T.W.Rhys Davids and S.W.Bushell.2Vols.19o4-5，London.</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">日</span>文翻譯和注釋本：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>：《解説西域記》，1912年，<span class="zhuanming">東京</span>。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">小野玄妙</span>譯：《大唐西域記》，《國譯一切經》史僧部一六，1936年。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>：《大唐西域記の研究》，二册，1942—1943年，<span class="zhuanming">東京</span>。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>：《中國古典文學大系》《大唐西域記》，<span class="zhuanming">東京</span>，1972年，第435—452頁：《大唐西域記》解説。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">野村耀昌</span>譯：《大唐西域記》，《國譯一切經》史伝部十六上，東京，1983年。</span> </p><p> <span>至於研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的學者對本書的評價，那簡直就是車載斗量，無法一一抄録。我在這裏想從代表各種類型﹑各種流派的歷史學家中各選一個代表，談一談他們對《大唐西域記》的評價，這也就算是一種“優選法”吧。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史學家<span class="zhuanming">羅米拉</span>·<span class="zhuanming">塔巴</span>（Romila Thapar）<a class="zhuhao" href="#530" id="529">〔1〕</a>把研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史的學者分爲許多類型。我就是根據她的類型説來選擇的。首先我想選擇二十世紀早期的<span class="zhuanming">英國</span><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史學家<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>（Vin-</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00137','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P137</span></i> <span>cent Smith），他是代表<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>的利益﹑崇拜<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>﹑又崇拜偉大人物的。他的歷史觀是英雄史觀。他對《大唐西域記》的意見是：</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#529" id="530">〔1〕</a>見所著《古代印度社會史》（Ancient Indian Social History），新德里，1978年。</span></p><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史對<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>欠下的債是決不會估價過高的。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#532" id="531">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#531" id="532">〔1〕</a>意思就是：“無論怎樣評價也不會過分。”見所著《牛津印度史》（The Oxford History of India），<span class="zhuanming">牛津大學</span>，1928年，第169頁。</span> </p><p> <span>這是一種類型。</span> </p><p> <span>到了本世紀二十﹑三十年代，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>蓬蓬勃勃的民族解放運動影響了史學界。這時有一大批<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史學者出現，他們一反前一階段的作法，把反對帝國主義﹑要求民族解放和提高民族自尊心的思想貫穿在史學著作中。最著名的代表之一就是著名歷史學家<span class="zhuanming">馬宗達</span>（R.C.Majumdar），他在《古代印度》（Ancient India）中説：</span> </p><p> <span>“我們記述的有關<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>絶的大部分事實都來自一個游方僧的驚人的記載，此外，這些記載還給我們描繪了一幅<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>當時情況的圖畫，這種圖畫是任何地方都找不到的。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">馬宗達</span>還在<span class="zhuanming">孟買</span><span class="zhuanming">印度科學院</span>出版的《印度人民的歷史和文化》（The History and Culture of the Indian People）第一卷《吠陀時期》對<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>赴<span class="zhuanming">印</span>留學的幾位高僧<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>評論説：</span> </p><p> <span>“（他們）把自己的經歷寫成了相當厚的書，這些書有幸都完整地保存了下來，并且譯成了<span class="zhuanming">英</span>文。三個人都在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>呆了許多年，學習了<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>語言，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>和<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>廣泛游覽，幾乎游遍全<span class="zhuanming">印</span>。在這些方面，他們比<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>旅行家有無可懷疑的有利之處。”</span> </p><p> <span>一九七八年，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>著名歷史學家<span class="zhuanming">阿里</span>（Ali）教授的來信中説：</span> </p><p> <span>“如果没有<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>和<span class="zhuanming">馬歡</span>的著作，重建<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史是完全不可能的。”</span> </p><p> <span>這又是一個類型。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00138','1243904',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P138</span></i><p> <span>至於用馬列主義觀點研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史的學者，前面引的<span class="zhuanming">高善必</span>就是其中的先驅者和傑出的代表，他應用《大唐西域記》來研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史，上面已經有了足够的例子，這裏不再談了。</span> </p><p> <span>這又是一個類型。</span> </p><p> <span>總之，研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史的學者，不管他是哪一國人，不管他代表哪一種觀點，他們都給予《大唐西域記》以極高的評價。上面幾個例子充分可以證明，在上百年的研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史的實踐中，《大唐西域記》已經表現出了自己的價值。再引更多的例子完全没有必要了。</span> </p><p> <span>對於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的研究，對於《大唐西域記》的研究，儘管在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和全世界範圍内已經進行了很多年，也已取得了很大的成績；但是我總感覺到，好像方纔開始。要想用科學的觀點實事求是地研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史，研究<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">印</span>文化關係史，首先必須佔有資料，像《大唐西域記》這樣的資料堪稱其中瑰寶。正如我上面已經説到的那樣，書中有許多問題還没有解決。我上面這些不成熟的意見，只能看作是初步嘗試。引玉抛磚，敢請以我爲始；發揚光大，尚有待於來者。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">季羡林</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一九八○年四月二十七日　校畢</span> </p></div></div></div>
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説明
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152442" key="1152442"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 説明 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153456" key="1153456"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00139','1243905',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P139</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000034"><b>説明</b></p><p> <span>對《大唐西域記》進行校勘和注釋，是一項十分繁重的工作。這一工作最初在一九七七年底由<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>編輯部向我提出，後來又組織了十位同志參加，最後由我總其成。目前這一工作已告一段落，現僅就工作的情況做一點説明。</span> </p><p> <span>本書的整理過程可以分爲三個階段：一﹑準備工作；二﹑撰寫初稿；三﹑修改定稿。現分述如下：</span> </p><p> <span>一﹑準備工作，用了將近一年的時間，主要包括三個方面：1﹑組織人力；2﹑了解前人研究成果，收集參考資料；3﹑向有關專家學者徵求意見。這些工作主要由<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>編輯部負責。</span> </p><p> <span>二﹑撰寫初稿，我們的分工如下：1﹑全書的校勘工作由<span class="zhuanming">范祥雍</span>負責，具體的校勘説明另見本書《校勘例言》。2﹑開頭的三篇《序》和書末的《記讚》以及書中有關佛學名詞﹑古漢語詞語方面的釋文由<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>負責。3﹑卷一和卷十二有關<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>的歷史﹑地理﹑民族和語言等方面的釋文由<span class="zhuanming">張廣達</span>和<span class="zhuanming">耿世民</span>負責；<span class="zhuanming">張廣達</span>負責今<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>以外的<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>部分，<span class="zhuanming">耿世民</span>負責<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>部分。4﹑<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>地理方面的釋文，卷二至卷七由<span class="zhuanming">朱傑勤</span>和<span class="zhuanming">張毅</span>負責，卷八至卷十一由<span class="zhuanming">張毅</span>負責。5﹑<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史方面的釋文，卷二由<span class="zhuanming">朱傑勤</span>和<span class="zhuanming">張毅</span>負責，卷三至卷九由<span class="zhuanming">蔣忠新</span>負責，卷十至卷十一由<span class="zhuanming">張毅</span>負責。6.書中的梵文﹑巴利文專門名詞由<span class="zhuanming">蔣忠新</span>校閲。最後，注釋由我複閲定稿。作爲一個集體，我們經常交换意見，互相合作。這個階段大約經過兩年多時間。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00140','1243905',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P140</span></i><p> <span>三﹑修改定稿工作又花了兩年多。原因是，由於注釋工作難度大，一些同志又不能專心致志，以致注釋初稿問題很多，有的引文謬誤層出。我和幾個同志商量後，下決心徹底核對，因而拖延了時間。在這個期間，<span class="zhuanming">張廣達</span>根據近期收集到的材料，對卷一和卷十二中的部分釋文作了修訂。<span class="zhuanming">謝方</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">蔣忠新</span>和<span class="zhuanming">王邦維</span>幫助我整理了初稿。<span class="zhuanming">王邦維</span>還對釋文中的引文做了大量的核對工作。我在閲讀注釋稿的過程中，又作了一些修改，補寫了一些釋文。另本書所附地圖是<span class="zhuanming">王邦維</span>參考《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》繪製的。編寫工作進行得如此緩慢，我們感到十分抱歉。</span> </p><p> <span>在編寫過程中，我們注意了吸收前人有價值的研究成果。在我們利用過的大量的參考書中，特别要提一下的是下面兩部我們參考得比較多的書，卽<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>學者<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注的《大唐西域記》（《中國古典文學大系》22，<span class="zhuanming">平凡社</span>，<span class="zhuanming">東京</span>，1971年11月）和<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學者B.C.Law所著《Historical Geography of Ancient India》（Paris，1968）；前者是研究《大唐西域記》最近的一部專著，後者是古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>沿革地理研究成果的集大成。同時，我們也盡可能對前人没有注意到的﹑或者雖然注意了但是還没有作出令人滿意的回答的問題，進行一些研究，提出我們的看法，例如：關於<span class="zhuanming">碎葉</span>今地的問題，關於四《吠陀》的問題，關於大乘上座部的問題，等等。</span> </p><p> <span>對於我們所做的工作，學術界的許多同志曾經給予熱情的鼓勵和支持；<span class="zhuanming">傅振倫</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">姚鑒</span>兩先生曾協助提供資料；<span class="zhuanming">北京大學</span>圖書館﹑<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>科學院圖書館﹑考古研究所圖書館﹑<span class="zhuanming">四川省</span>圖書館等給予我們借閲圖書和複印資料的幫助。我借此機會，謹向他們表示衷心的感謝。</span> </p><p> <span>由於我們的能力很有限，同時由於各人的職務關係，也很難集<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00141','1243905',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P141</span></i>中主要精力對《大唐西域記》進行深入的研究，本書一定還有許多缺點和錯誤。我懇切地希望各方面的專家和廣大讀者予以批評指正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">季羡林</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一九八三年六月十二日於北京大學</span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014428wqik.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
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6　在佛教哲學方面理論與實踐的矛盾
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153458" key="1153458"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 五　關於玄奘 &gt; 6　在佛教哲學方面理論與實踐的矛盾 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153459" key="1153459"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00114','1243902',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P114</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000031"><b>6　在佛教哲學方面理論與實踐的矛盾</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>哲學方面，基本上繼承了<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>大乘有宗的傳統，他比較忠實地把這一派學説介紹到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>來，形成了<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的一個宗派——法相宗。不過，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>畢生所致力的是翻譯工作，自己寫的著作不多，法相宗理論的奠基人應該説是他的弟子<span class="zhuanming">窺基</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>關於法相宗的哲學，可參閲<span class="zhuanming">任繼愈</span>：《漢唐佛教思想論集》和<span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>的《中國佛學源流略講》，這裏不詳細論述。</span> </p><p> <span>我在這裏只想談一個問題，這就是，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>一個關鍵性﹑也是他畢生關心的問題上，理論和實踐的矛盾。</span> </p><p> <span>法相宗，同中外唯心主義哲學一樣，雖然立論決不是根據客觀實際，本來是可以胡説一通的，却偏要搞成一個看起來深不可測﹑五花八門的體系。這個體系的特點就是八識，世間一切都是“識”所變現出來的，因此被稱做唯識宗。前六個識：眼識﹑耳識﹑鼻識﹑舌識﹑身識﹑意識，是容易理解的。第八識叫阿賴耶識，是總管一切的，而第七識末那識則是聯繫第八識與前六識的。最關鍵的是第八識。前六識只起了别﹑認識的作用。第七識起聯繫的作用。有</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00115','1243902',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P115</span></i> <span>了第八識，其他七個識纔能起作用。此外法相宗還幻想出一個精神性的單子——種子，認爲它是構成世界的原因。一切種子有染﹑浄的分别，前者叫有漏種子，後者叫無漏種子。這些種子當然不能離開識，也就是説離不開人的主觀精神，既然第八識是人的主觀精神（心）的關鍵，種子藏住的地方就是第八識。世界是在種子生生滅滅中進行着的，種子又是經常處在染污的情況下。有漏種子是使人類陷於苦難的根本原因，只有斷盡有漏種子，人類纔能跳出輪迴。在這裏法相宗又提出了三性﹑三無性的學説。其中圓成實性或真如佛性是萬法（一切事物）的實體。這個實體對於世界不具有加工﹑改造﹑推動的作用，它是不造作﹑不生天﹑永世常存的。它是絶對清浄﹑不雜有染污的精神實體。如果想捨染歸浄，就必須割斷阿賴耶識和衆生活動的内在聯繫。阿賴耶識中包括有漏種子和無漏種子。不斷經過善行的熏習，有漏可以轉爲無漏。根據法相宗的理論，只有佛纔能斷盡有漏種子；但是有漏種子斷盡纔能成佛。這個鷄與蛋的聯繫，使法相宗陷入窘境，無法擺脱。<a class="zhuhao" href="#483" id="481">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>總之，不管怎麽樣，在法相宗看來，成佛是異常艱巨的，如果説不是不可能的話。這是他們的理論。</span> </p><p> <span>但是在實踐上，好像又不是這麽一回事，成佛不但不是不可能的，而且今生卽可成佛。<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>二年（公元六五一年）春正月有幾個州的刺史請<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>授菩薩戒，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>答應了。後來他們返任後各捨浄財共修書遣使參見法師，信中有幾句話説：“始知<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>之性，卽是世間，湼槃之際，不殊生死。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#484" id="482">〔2〕</a>這可能是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>因材施教，故意對居士弟子這樣説的。但證之<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>臨終時的情況，好像他自己也這樣相</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00116','1243902',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P116</span></i> <span>信。這樣就産生了理論與實踐的矛盾。我覺得，<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>古代許多<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>大師都似乎有這樣的矛盾。講佛理的時候，頭緒紛繁，越講越玄。乍一看，真是深奥得很，實則破綻百出，想入非非，故弄玄虚，强詞奪理。但在實踐方面，則又是另外一套。這種理論與實踐的矛盾，可能是由於對一般老百姓，如果死鑽牛角，將會把他們嚇退，不如説得簡單明瞭，只需喊上幾聲：“阿彌陀佛”，布施一些什麽東西，就扯給他一張天國入門券，西天有份。這樣對吸收信徒，增添利養，大有好處。我看<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也没能逃出這個窠臼。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#481" id="483">〔1〕</a>以上都見於<span class="zhuanming">任繼愈</span>文。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#482" id="484">〔2〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷七，《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二六○下。</span></p></div></div></div>
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7　翻譯印度因明可能産生的影响
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153462" key="1153462"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 五　關於玄奘 &gt; 7　翻譯印度因明可能産生的影响 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153463" key="1153463"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00116','1243903',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P116</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000032"><b>7　翻譯印度因明可能産生的影响</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">法稱</span>和<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>因明（<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>邏輯）的創立者，他們都是唯心主義者，但又是邏輯學家，這本身就有點矛盾。想要調和唯心主義與邏輯是不可能的。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>唯心主義者，包括<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>大乘的空宗和有宗在内，都認爲外在世界或物質世界是不真實的。<span class="zhuanming">恩格斯</span>的名言：“全部哲學，特别是近代哲學的重大的基本問題，是思維和存在的關係問題。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#487" id="485">〔1〕</a>這句名言在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>也是適用的。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>唯心主義者，儘管用的名詞不同，但是目的是一致的，就是否認物質世界的存在，認爲思維是第一性的。他們有一些手法同<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>有些相似，比如唯識宗論證物質世界不存在的理論，就同<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>的唯心主義者<span class="zhuanming">貝克萊</span>幾乎完全相同。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>唯心主義者否認pramāṇa（舊譯作“量”或“形量”），也就是知覺與推理等，他們説這些都只是幻像。因爲如果承認知覺與推理就要承認知覺與推理的對像，認識的目的物。也就是説，承認外在物質世界的存在。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的因明學者<span class="zhuanming">法稱</span>和<span class="zhuanming">陳</span></span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00117','1243903',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P117</span></i> <span><span class="zhuanming">那</span>不想放棄唯心主義，又對pramāṇa感到興趣。<span class="zhuanming">法稱</span>説：“一切成了功的人類活動都以正確的知識爲前提。正確的知識包括兩個方面，這就是直接經驗（pratyakṣa——譯知覺，舊譯“現量”）和推理（anumāṇa舊譯“比量”）”<a class="zhuhao" href="#488" id="486">〔2〕</a>。他們給<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>因明（邏輯）與認識論灌輸了新的活力，企圖調和多少有點唯物主義因素的經量部與大乘有宗的理論。這就表明，因明的探討，不能不承認知覺與推理等所謂pramāṇa的存在。這是一個矛盾，<span class="zhuanming">法稱</span>與<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>的弟子和注釋者都不能不承認這一點。連他們本人也感覺到這一點而没有法子解決。只有不了了之，裝出不理會這個問題的樣子。不管怎麽樣，<span class="zhuanming">法稱</span>與<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>探討了因明，承認了pramāṇa，因而助長了唯心主義的對立面——<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>唯物主義者的聲勢。這在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>哲學史上無論如何也算是起了進步作用的。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#485" id="487">〔1〕</a>《路德維希·費爾巴哈和德國古典哲學的終結》。《馬克思恩格斯選集》第四卷，<span class="zhuanming">人民出版社</span>一九七二年版，第二一九頁。</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#486" id="488">〔2〕</a>轉引自<span class="zhuanming">恰托巴底亞耶</span>：《印度哲學中什麽是活的？什麽是死的？》，第57頁。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也是一個唯心主義者，但是他對因明也下過功夫。在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>留學期間，曾從<span class="zhuanming">戒賢大師</span>聽《因明》兩遍。在<span class="zhuanming">南憍薩羅國</span>，他也曾跟一個婆羅門學習因明。回國時他攜帶的書籍中有《因明論》三十六部。他翻譯了《因明正理門論本》一卷﹑《因明入正理論》一卷。他的大弟子<span class="zhuanming">窺基</span>寫了一部《因明入正理論疏》三卷。可見他們師弟對因明的重視。<span class="zhuanming">法稱</span>和<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>所遇到的難以解決的問題，想來<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>師弟也會遇到。他們對因明的提倡，也就意味着對唯心主義的衝擊，不管是多麽微小，多麽隱晦不引人注意，多麽違反<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>師弟的本意，但它畢竟是一次衝擊。它産生的結果會是積極的﹑良好的。</span> </p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p><p> <span>上面論述了有關<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>個人的一些情況。我們究竟應該怎樣評價<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>這樣一個人呢？</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00118','1243903',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P118</span></i><p> <span>我們是唯物主義者，我們<span class="zhuanming">當然</span>不欣賞宗教，也不宣揚宗教，我們同意<span class="zhuanming">馬克思</span>的名言：“宗教是人民的鴉片煙”。但是我們又是辯證唯物主義者，必須對具體的事物﹑具體的人，進行具體的﹑全面的分析。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>促進了<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>唯心主義哲學的發展，<span class="zhuanming">宋朝</span>理學就是一個具體的例子。但是道高一尺，魔高一丈。唯心主義的發展也促進了與之對立的唯物主義的發展。在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>思想史上，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>也不無功績，儘管這個功績多半是從反面來的。我們不同意像有一些同志那樣對佛教採取一筆抹煞﹑肆口漫駡的態度。這表面上看起來是非常“革命”的，實際上是片面性的一種表現，是没有力量對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>進行細緻分析批判的表現。其次，同<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>一起傳進來的還有<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的文學﹑藝術﹑音樂﹑雕塑﹑音韻，甚至天文﹑曆算﹑醫藥等等。這對我國文化的發展起了良好的作用。</span> </p><p> <span>對<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的評價也應該採取實事求是的態度。從<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>方面來看，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">中國</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上是一個繼往開來承先啓後的關鍵性的人物，他是一個虔誠的宗教家，同時又是一個很有能力的政治活動家。他同<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>王朝統治者的關係是一個互相利用又有點互相尊重的關係。由於他的關係，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，特别是大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，得到了一定的發展。但是由於寺院有了獨立的經濟，寺院的頭子都成了僧侣地主階級，因此就不可避免地要同世俗的地主階級，特别是地主階級的總頭子的<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>皇帝發生矛盾。所謂“<span class="zhuanming">會昌</span>法難”就是這樣産生出來的。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>，不管他有多大能力，也無法避免這樣的悲劇。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的衰微是不以他的意志爲轉移的。</span> </p><p> <span>至於他個人，一方面，他是一個虔誠的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒﹑有道的高僧。另一方面，他又周旋於皇帝大臣之間，歌功頌德，有時難免有點庸俗，而且對<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>僧人<span class="zhuanming">那提</span>排擠打擊，頗有一些“派性”。《續高僧傳》<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00119','1243903',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P119</span></i>卷四，《那提傳》説：“<span class="zhuanming">那提三藏</span>，乃<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>之門人也。所解無相與<span class="zhuanming">奘</span>頗返”。這説明他信仰空宗，同<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>不是一派。他攜帶了大小乘經律五百餘夾，合一千五百餘部，<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>六年（公元六五五年）到了京師，住在<span class="zhuanming">慈恩寺</span>中，“時<span class="zhuanming">玄奘法師</span>當塗翻譯，聲華騰蔚，無有克彰，掩抑蕭條，般若是難。既不蒙引，返充給使。<span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>元年敕往<span class="zhuanming">崑崙</span>諸國，採取異藥。既至<span class="zhuanming">南海</span>，諸王歸敬，爲别立寺度人授法。弘化之廣，又倍於前。以昔被敕往，理須返命。<span class="zhuanming">慈恩</span>梵本，擬重尋研。<span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>三年（公元六三三年）還返舊寺，所齎諸經，並爲<span class="zhuanming">奘</span>將北出，意欲翻度。莫有依憑。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#491" id="489">〔1〕</a>這裏的<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>簡直像是一個地頭蛇，一個把頭。看來<span class="zhuanming">那提</span>是一個很有學問很有道行的高僧。否則南方諸國的國王也不會這樣敬重他。然而只因與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所宗不同，便受到他的排擠﹑抑壓。而且自己帶來的佛經也被<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>奪走。真有點有苦難言，最後只能怏怏離開<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，死在瘴氣之中。連《續高僧傳》的作者也大爲慨嘆：“夫以抱麟之嘆，代有斯踪，知人難哉！”</span> </p><p> <span>因此，我想借用<span class="zhuanming">恩格斯</span>評論<span class="zhuanming">黑格爾</span>和<span class="zhuanming">歌德</span>的一段話來評論<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>：</span> </p><p> <span>“<span class="zhuanming">黑格爾</span>是一個<span class="zhuanming">德國</span>人而且和他的同時代人<span class="zhuanming">歌德</span>一樣拖着一根庸人的辮子。<span class="zhuanming">歌德</span>和<span class="zhuanming">黑格爾</span>在自己的領域中都是<span class="zhuanming">奥林帕斯山</span>上的<span class="zhuanming">宙斯</span>，但是兩人都没有完全脱去<span class="zhuanming">德國</span>的庸人氣味。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#492" id="490">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#489" id="491">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁四五八下—四五九上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#490" id="492">〔2〕</a>《路德維希·費爾巴哈和德國古典哲學的終結》，見《馬克思恩格斯選集》，第四卷，<span class="zhuanming">人民出版社</span>一九七二年版，第二一四頁。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在自己領域内算得上是一個<span class="zhuanming">宙斯</span>。但是他的某一些行爲，難道就没有一點庸人習氣嗎？</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00120','1243903',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P120</span></i><p> <span>但是，話又説了回來，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>畢竟是一個偉大的人物。我再引用<span class="zhuanming">魯迅</span>一段話：</span> </p><p> <span>“我們從古以來，就有埋頭苦幹的人，有拚命硬幹的人，有爲民請命的人，有捨身求法的人……雖是等於爲帝王將相作家譜的所謂“正史”，也往往掩不住他們的光耀，這就是<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的脊梁。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#494" id="493">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#493" id="494">〔1〕</a>《中國人失掉自信力了嗎！》，見《鲁迅全集》卷六，《且介亭雜文》。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">魯迅</span>在這裏並没有點出<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的名字，但是他所説的“捨身求法的人”，首先就有<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在内，這一點是無可懷疑的。有這樣精神的<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的確算得上是“<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的脊梁”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
4　在印度的活動
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153466" key="1153466"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 五　關於玄奘 &gt; 4　在印度的活動 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153467" key="1153467"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00108','1243900',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P108</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000029"><b>4　在印度的活動</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>經過了千辛萬苦，九死一生，終於到了<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。同在國内一樣，他也是到處訪謁名師，對佛典和婆羅門經典，都一一探索。在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>内部，他是一個堅定的大乘信徒，這在《大唐西域記》和《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》中可以清楚地看到。他製造了許多擡高大乘的神話，<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>的那一個反對大乘的論師的下場就是一個很好的例子。此外，《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》裏面還多次提到大小乘之争。他總是袒護大乘。但是他並不反對學習小乘，他還積極地去學習<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>其他的一些科學知識，比如邏輯學（因明）﹑語法（聲明）等等。</span> </p><p> <span>我們在下面以《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》爲根據，按時間順序，把他在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學習的情況條列如下：</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“彼公（指<span class="zhuanming">僧稱</span>——引者）是時年向七十，氣力已衰，慶逢神器，乃勵力敷揚。自午以前，講《俱舍論》。自午以後，講《順正理論》。初夜後講《因明》﹑《聲明論》。由是境内學人，無不悉集。法師隨其所説，領悟無遺。研幽擊節，盡其神秘。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#429" id="427">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">磔（礫）迦國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“仍就停一月，學《經百論》﹑《廣百論》”。<a class="zhuhao" href="#430" id="428">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">至那僕底國</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#427" id="429">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二三一中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#428" id="430">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二三二上。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00109','1243900',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P109</span></i><p> <span>“因住十四月，學《對法論》﹑《顯宗論》﹑《理門論》等。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#438" id="431">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">闍爛達那國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“因就停四月，學《衆事分毘婆沙》。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#439" id="432">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">禄勒那國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“遂住一冬半春，就聽《經部毘婆沙》訖。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#440" id="433">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“法師又半春一夏，就學薩婆多部《怛埵三弟鑠論》（<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言《辯真論》，二萬五千頌，<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>所造也），《隨發智論》等。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#441" id="434">〔4〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“法師入其國，到<span class="zhuanming">跋達邏毘訶羅寺</span>住三月，依<span class="zhuanming">毗離耶犀那三藏</span>讀<span class="zhuanming">佛使</span>《毘婆沙》﹑<span class="zhuanming">日胄</span>《毘婆沙》訖。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#442" id="435">〔5〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>　<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>　這座古寺是二百多年前<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝創立的，是當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>文化的中心，也是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的目的地。他於公元六三○年來到這裏，在這裏住的時間最久，主要是從<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>大師受學。在他來到以前，<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>托夢給<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>：“故來勸汝：當依我語顯揚《正法》﹑《瑜伽論》等，遍及未聞。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#443" id="436">〔6〕</a>“法師在寺聽《瑜伽》三遍，《順正理》一遍，《顯揚》﹑《對法》各一遍，《因明》﹑《聲明》﹑《集量》等論各二遍，《中》《百》二論各三遍。其《俱舍》﹑《婆沙》﹑《六足》﹑《阿毘曇》等以曾</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00110','1243900',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P110</span></i> <span>於<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>諸國聽訖，至此尋讀決疑而已。兼學婆羅門書。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>梵書，名爲《記論》。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#444" id="437">〔7〕</a></span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#431" id="438">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○頁二三二上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#432" id="439">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二三二中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#433" id="440">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁二三二下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#434" id="441">〔4〕</a>同上書卷，頁二三三上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#435" id="442">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁二三三中。</span></p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#436" id="443">〔6〕</a>同上書卷，頁二三七上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#437" id="444">〔7〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二三八下—二三九上。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伊爛拏國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“又停一年，就讀《毘婆沙》﹑《順正理》等。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#449" id="445">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">南憍薩羅國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“其國有婆羅門，善解因明，法師就停月餘，日讀《集量論》。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#450" id="446">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔加國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“法師在其國逢二僧，一名<span class="zhuanming">蘇部底</span>，二名<span class="zhuanming">蘇利耶</span>，善解大衆部三藏。法師因就停數月學大衆部《根本阿毘達磨》等論。彼亦依法師學大乘諸論。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#451" id="447">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多國</span></span> </p><p> <span>“法師因停二年，就學正量部《根本阿毘達磨》及《攝正法論》﹑《教實論》等。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#452" id="448">〔4〕</a></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#445" id="449">〔1〕</a>同上書卷，頁二四○上</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#446" id="450">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二四一中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#447" id="451">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁二四一中—下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#448" id="452">〔4〕</a>同上書卷，頁二四四上。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
5　回國後的情況
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153470" key="1153470"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言 &gt; 五　關於玄奘 &gt; 5　回國後的情況 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153471" key="1153471"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00110','1243901',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P110</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000030"><b>5　回國後的情況</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>離開<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，仍然循陸路回國。<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十八年（公元六四四年）他一回到<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>，就急不可待地上表<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>，告訴他自己回國的消息。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>立刻答覆：“可卽速來，與朕相見。”兩個人可以説是未見傾心，從此就奠定了他們之間的密切關係。爲什麽會發生這樣的情況呢？<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>是一個有雄才大略之主，西域的<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>始終是他的</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00111','1243901',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P111</span></i> <span>一塊心病，必欲除之而後快。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>是深通世故，處心積慮顯揚佛法的和尚，他始終相信：“不依國主，則法事不立”。兩個人一拍卽合，這就是基礎。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十九年（公元六四五年）春正月，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>回到<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>，受到盛大的歡迎。他帶回來了大乘經二百二十四部，大乘論一百九十二部，上座部經律論一十五（四）部，大衆部經律論一十五部，三彌底部經律論一十五部，彌沙塞部經律論二十二部，迦葉臂耶部經律論一十七部，法密部經律論四十二部，説一切有部經律論六十七部，因明論三十六部，聲論一十三（二）部，凡五百二十夾，六百五十七部。此外還有許多佛像，都安置在<span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>内。<a class="zhuhao" href="#457" id="453">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>同年二月，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>謁見<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>。寒暄以後，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>首先問的是西域的物産﹑風俗。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對答如流。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>大悦，立刻勸他著書，“帝又察法師堪公輔之寄，因勸歸俗，助秉俗務。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#458" id="454">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>不肯。可見<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>初次見面給<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>印像之深。也可見<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>關心的並不是什麽<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，而是政治，説<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>崇信佛法，是没有根據的。他答<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>手書説：“至於内典，尤所未閑”。<a class="zhuhao" href="#459" id="455">〔3〕</a>説得再明白不過了。</span> </p><p> <span>從此以後，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>主要精力就用在寫書﹑譯經上。他上奏<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>：“<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>從西域所得梵本六百餘部，一言未譯”。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>肯定了他的想法。他雖然<span class="zhuanming">華</span>梵兼通，但是大概從親身經驗中和<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>過去的經驗中，他感到集體譯比單幹要好得多。他首先組織了譯場，<a class="zhuhao" href="#460" id="456">〔4〕</a>網羅天</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00112','1243901',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P112</span></i> <span>下和尚中的英俊，助他譯經。他的政治嗅覺又是很靈敏的，他完全了解<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>的打算，到了<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十年（公元六四六年），僅用了一年的時間，就把《大唐西域記》寫完上進。他在表中寫道：</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#453" id="457">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二五二下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#454" id="458">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二五三中。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#455" id="459">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁二五七上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#456" id="460">〔4〕</a>關於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的譯場，請參閲《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》，《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二五三下—二五四上；《開元釋教録》，《大正大藏經》，卷五五，頁五五九上—中。</span></p><p> <span>“所聞所履百有二十八國。竊以<span class="zhuanming">章彦</span>之所踐藉，空陳廣袤；<span class="zhuanming">夸父</span>之所凌厲，無述土風；<span class="zhuanming">班超</span>侯而未遠，<span class="zhuanming">張騫</span>望而非博；今所記述，有異前聞，雖未極大千之疆，頗窮<span class="zhuanming">葱</span>外之境，皆存實録，匪敢雕華。謹具編裁，稱爲《大唐西域記》，凡一十二卷，繕寫如别。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#466" id="461">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>《大唐西域記》寫完以後，他就專心譯經。他的工作熱情，高到驚人的程度。“專精夙夜，不墮寸陰”。<a class="zhuhao" href="#467" id="462">〔2〕</a>但是他没有，也不可能忘記“政治活動”。他還是經常追隨在<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>左右。他譯了經，一定要請<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>作序。一次不允，再次請求，決不怕碰釘子，一直到達到目的爲止。他也懂得在適當的時機，用適當的言詞來“頌聖”。他説什麽：“四海黎庶，依陛下而生。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#468" id="463">〔3〕</a>他在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>問什麽《秦王破陣樂》，這可能是事實；但我懷疑也是他編造的。<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>没有忘記原來的打算：“每思逼勸歸俗，致之左右，共謀朝政。”“意欲法師脱須菩提之染服，掛<span class="zhuanming">維摩詰</span>之素衣；升鉉路以陳謨，坐槐庭而論道。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#469" id="464">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>回答説：“仰惟陛下上智之君，一人紀綱，萬事自得其緒。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#470" id="465">〔5〕</a>現在看起來，這回答真是非常得體，既拒絶了<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>的要求，又不得罪這位大皇帝，而且還狠狠地拍了一下馬屁。以後還有幾次，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>要<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>還俗做官，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>始終很巧妙地避開。他還會尋找一切機會向皇</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00113','1243901',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P113</span></i> <span>帝上表祝賀，比如赤雀飛上御帳之類。在皇帝方面，當然也不會忘記隨時頒賜，御筆寫序，弘揚大法。終<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>之世，君臣雖然各有各的打算，但總算是相知極深，恩遇始終優渥。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯經的幹勁也絲毫没有衰竭。同時，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>同<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">那爛陀</span>的聯繫，並未中斷，書信往來，還是有的。</span> </p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#461" id="466">〔1〕</a>《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》卷六。《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二五四中—下。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#462" id="467">〔2〕</a>同上書，卷五○，頁二五四上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#463" id="468">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁二五五上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#464" id="469">〔4〕</a>同上。</span></p><p><span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#465" id="470">〔5〕</a>同上書卷，頁二五五上—中。</span></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>崩逝以後，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>同<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>的關係也處得很好。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對這位新皇帝是如法炮製，連皇帝妃子懷孕，生兒子這種最俗的事情，這位高僧也不會忘記上表祝賀。新皇帝也像他父親一樣，待<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>很好。自從<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>卽位以後，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>就回到<span class="zhuanming">慈恩寺</span>。從此以後，專務翻譯。每天夜以繼日，勤奮不輟。除了翻譯之外，還要講經：</span> </p><p> <span>“每日齋訖黄昏二時講新經論。及諸州聽學僧等，恒來決疑請義。既知上座之任，僧事復來諮禀。復有内使遣營功德，前後造一切經十部，夾紵寶裝像二百餘軀，亦令取法師進止，日夕已去。寺内弟子百餘人，咸請教誡，盈廊溢廡，皆酬答處分無遺漏者。雖衆務輻湊，而神氣綽然無所擁滯。猶與諸德説西方聖賢立義諸部異端。及少年在此周遊講肆之事。高論劇談，竟無疲怠。其精敏强力過人若斯，復數有諸王卿相來過禮懺，逢迎誘導，並皆發心，莫不捨其驕華肅敬稱嘆。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#473" id="471">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>到了後來，他大概感到自己年齡漸老。他在上<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span>表中説：“而歲月如流，六十之後，颯焉已至。念兹遄速，則生涯可知。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#474" id="472">〔2〕</a>他想離開京城往<span class="zhuanming">少林寺</span>翻譯，皇帝不許。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#471" id="473">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二六○上—中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#472" id="474">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二七三下。</span> </p><p> <span>到了逝世前夕，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對翻譯工作更加兢兢業業，争分奪秒。在翻譯《大般若經》時，“到此翻譯之日，文有疑錯，卽挍三本以定之，</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00114','1243901',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P114</span></i> <span>慇懃省覆，方乃著文，審慎之心，古來無比。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#478" id="475">〔1〕</a>他也勸别人，“人人努力加勤懇，勿辭勞苦。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#479" id="476">〔2〕</a>到了<span class="zhuanming">麟德</span>元年（公元六六四年）春正月，僧衆勸他翻譯《大寶積經》，衆情難却，他勉强譯了幾行，便收梵本説：“此經部軸與《大般若》同，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>自量氣力不復辦此。”<a class="zhuhao" href="#480" id="477">〔3〕</a>他晚年急切工作的情景，躍然紙上。他也就死在這一年。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#475" id="478">〔1〕</a>《大正大藏經》，卷五○，頁二七六上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#476" id="479">〔2〕</a>同上書卷，頁二七六中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 jiaozhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#477" id="480">〔3〕</a>同上書卷，頁二七六下。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
凌山及大清池
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153474" key="1153474"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 跋禄迦國 &gt; 凌山及大清池 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153475" key="1153475"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00067','1243919',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P67</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000099"><b>凌山及大清池</b></p><p> <span>國西北行三百餘里，度石磧，至<span class="zhuanming">凌山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1311" id="1301">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1319" id="1302">（一）</a>，此則<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1320" id="1303">（二）</a>北原，水多東流矣。山谷積雪，春夏合<a class="zhuhao" href="#1312" id="1304">〔2〕</a>凍，雖時消泮，尋復<a class="zhuhao" href="#1313" id="1305">〔3〕</a>結氷。經途險阻，寒風慘烈<a class="zhuhao" href="#1314" id="1306">〔4〕</a>，多暴龍，難淩<a class="zhuhao" href="#1315" id="1307">〔5〕</a>犯。行人<a class="zhuhao" href="#1316" id="1308">〔6〕</a>由此路者，不得赭衣持瓠大聲叫喚<a class="zhuhao" href="#1317" id="1309">〔7〕</a>，微有違犯，災禍目覩<a class="zhuhao" href="#1318" id="1310">〔8〕</a>。暴風奮發，飛沙雨石，遇者喪没，難以全生。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1301" id="1311">〔1〕</a>原本凌作淩，今從《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《酬本》﹑《金陵本》改。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》亦作凌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1304" id="1312">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《異本》合並作含。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1305" id="1313">〔3〕</a>《宋本》復作後。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1306" id="1314">〔4〕</a>《音釋》慘作󵾍，云：“疎錦反，寒󵾍也，正作𤹮。一云作󵾎，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00068','1243919',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P68</span></i>七感反。恐非。”按慘字自通，《慧琳音義》亦作慘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1307" id="1315">〔5〕</a>原本淩作凌，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》作陵。按陵與淩同字，凌字義異，偶缺一點而誤，今更正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1308" id="1316">〔6〕</a>《敦甲本》無人字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1309" id="1317">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》叫作呌，同。今從通行字作叫，下同。《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》皆無喚字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1310" id="1318">〔8〕</a>《中本》覩作視。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1302" id="1319">（一）</a>凌山：<span class="zhuanming">凌山</span>，當卽<span class="zhuanming">冰山</span>。<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語作<span class="zhuanming">木兹阿特</span>或<span class="zhuanming">木扎特</span>（Muz-art），木兹意爲冰，阿特意爲山口（參見<span class="zhuanming">馬合木</span>·<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶里</span>《突厥語辭典》Bedelart，Kawakart，Zanbi art諸條中之art）；又名<span class="zhuanming">木素爾達坂</span>（Musur dawan），見<span class="zhuanming">椿園七十一</span>《回疆風土記》該條；俗稱<span class="zhuanming">冰達坂</span>，位於<span class="zhuanming">伊犂</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">温宿</span>之間。據<span class="zhuanming">清代</span>文獻，北起<span class="zhuanming">噶克察哈爾海台</span>（在<span class="zhuanming">伊犂</span><span class="zhuanming">沙圖阿璊軍台</span>南百里），南至<span class="zhuanming">塔木噶塔什台</span>（見<span class="zhuanming">徐松</span>《西域水道記》卷二），兩台相距百二十里，中間爲著名的冰川谷道。冰川谷道由佈滿裂㙤的冰達坂多座組成，其間冰崖矗立，嵌空萬仞，下有雪海，春夏雖時消泮，然寒風凜冽，尋復合凍。此路爲行人往來交通要道之一，危徑一綫，攀登艱難，行旅跋涉，困頓萬狀。然以地處要津，故自<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以來，屢見記載。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">或謂<span class="zhuanming">凌山</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">杜佑</span>《通典》一九一引<span class="zhuanming">杜環</span>《經行記》之<span class="zhuanming">勃達嶺</span>（Bedel），《新唐書》卷四三下《地理志》七下之<span class="zhuanming">拔達嶺</span>。按<span class="zhuanming">温宿</span>之西北自古以來有二通道，一爲<span class="zhuanming">木素爾達坂</span>，一爲<span class="zhuanming">勃達嶺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>行記中<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00069','1243919',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P69</span></i>的<span class="zhuanming">凌山</span>，究竟何指，現學者之間尚無一致意見。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1303" id="1320">（二）</a>葱嶺：見本書前<span class="zhuanming">敬播</span>序<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>註及卷十二<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>條關於葱嶺的敍述。</span> </p><p> <span>山行<a class="zhuhao" href="#1330" id="1321">〔1〕</a>四百餘里至<span class="zhuanming">大清池</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1337" id="1322">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">或名<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1331" id="1323">〔2〕</a>，又謂<span class="zhuanming">鹹海</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1332" id="1324">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span>周千餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#1333" id="1325">〔4〕</a>，東西長<a class="zhuhao" href="#1334" id="1326">〔5〕</a>，南北狹。四面負山，衆流交湊，色帶青黑，味兼鹹苦，洪濤浩汗，驚波汩淴<a class="zhuhao" href="#1338" id="1327">（二）</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1335" id="1328">〔6〕</a>，龍魚雜處，靈怪間起。所以往來行旅，禱以祈福。水族雖多，莫敢漁捕<a class="zhuhao" href="#1336" id="1329">〔7〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1321" id="1330">〔1〕</a>《方志》行下有“自西”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1323" id="1331">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">清池</span>亦云<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>，見其對<span class="zhuanming">凌山</span>不凍，故得此名。其水未必温也。”《新唐書·西域傳》云：“繇<span class="zhuanming">勃達嶺</span>北行，贏千里，得<span class="zhuanming">細葉川</span>，東曰<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>，地寒不凍。”<span class="zhuanming">細葉川</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">素葉河</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1324" id="1332">〔3〕</a>《石本》海下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1325" id="1333">〔4〕</a>千餘里，《慈恩傳》作“千四五百里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1326" id="1334">〔5〕</a>《敦甲本》長作廣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1328" id="1335">〔6〕</a>原本淴作󲗂，今從《敦甲本》﹑《金陵本》及《慧琳音義》改。《慧琳音義》“汩淴”條云：“上古筆反。《漢書音義》‘汩，流急皃。’……下温骨反。《考聲》云：‘淴，急水皃。’”《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》淴作㴔。按《史記·司馬相如傳》“汩㴔漂疾”。《索隱》云：“汩㴔，急轉貌也。”則作“汩㴔”亦可。《中本》淴作隱。隱乃濦之誤，《文選·上林賦》“汩㴔”作“汩濦”，正此字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00070','1243919',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P70</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1329" id="1336">〔7〕</a>《中本》捕作攝。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1322" id="1337">（一）</a>大清池：或名<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>。<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>古名<span class="zhuanming">闐池</span>，見《漢書》卷七○《陳湯傳》；《通典》卷一九引<span class="zhuanming">杜環</span>《經行記》﹑《新唐書》卷四三下《地理志》七下引<span class="zhuanming">唐德宗</span><span class="zhuanming">貞元</span>宰相<span class="zhuanming">賈耽</span>《皇華四達記》均作<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>。<span class="zhuanming">岑嘉州</span>詩《熱海行》稱：“西頭熱海水如煮”，似望文生義，然證明<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>一名已通行於<span class="zhuanming">唐代</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>，<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語作Issyk-kul，今譯<span class="zhuanming">伊塞克湖</span>。見於<span class="zhuanming">馬合木</span>·<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶里</span>《突厥語辭典》。該書<span class="zhuanming">伊塞克湖</span>條稱：“Isik kül，<span class="zhuanming">八兒思罕</span>城（Barskhān）附近之湖名，長三十法兒撤赫，闊十法兒撤赫。”（《突厥語辭典》抄本影印本，<span class="zhuanming">安卡拉</span>，1941年，頁502。按：一法兒撤赫約當六公里）其後，<span class="zhuanming">伊塞克湖</span>屢見於中世紀<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>文獻。如成書於<span class="zhuanming">回曆</span>372年（公元982—983年）的<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>佚名作者之《世界疆域志》（Hudūd al‘Ālam）作Iskuk（抄本第3葉下，當是Isku1之訛）或Iskūl（抄本第6葉上）；寫於1050—1053年之間的<span class="zhuanming">戈爾底吉</span>（Gardizī）之《記述的裝飾》（Zayn al-Akhbār）的論<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>章作Isigh-kul；等等。然均語焉不詳。記載此湖既早且詳者，無疑當以<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>爲第一人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此湖位於北緯42°39′東經76°15′—78°30′之間，海拔1609米，長185公里，寬57公里，最深處702米，面積6200平方公里。原爲我國西部内陸大湖之一，<span class="zhuanming">清代</span>稱<span class="zhuanming">圖斯庫勒</span>或<span class="zhuanming">特穆爾圖淖爾</span>。1864年（<span class="zhuanming">清穆宗</span><span class="zhuanming">同治</span>3年）因<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">俄</span>簽訂不平等的《中俄勘分西北界約記》而爲<span class="zhuanming">俄國</span>所領有（<span class="zhuanming">清</span>代用<span class="zhuanming">蒙</span>語名而稱之爲<span class="zhuanming">特穆爾圖淖爾</span>），參看<span class="zhuanming">徐松</span>《西域水道記》卷五，該條<span class="zhuanming">徐松</span>稱“湖南岸山間有<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文舊碑。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00071','1243919',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P71</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1327" id="1338">（二）</a>汩淴：卽汩㴔，水波急馳貌。《漢書》卷五七《司馬相如傳》：“馳波跳沫，汩㴔漂疾。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
四、曲女城法會
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153478" key="1153478"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 羯若鞠闍國 &gt; 四、曲女城法會 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153479" key="1153479"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00440','1244079',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P440</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000708"><b>四﹑曲女城法會</b></p><p> <span>時<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>將還<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>設法會<a class="zhuhao" href="#4862" id="4834">（一）</a>也，從數十萬衆，在<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>南岸；<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>從數萬之衆，居北岸。分河中流，水陸並進。二王導<a class="zhuhao" href="#4849" id="4835">〔1〕</a>引，四兵嚴衞，或泛舟，或乘象，擊鼓鳴螺，拊弦奏管，經九十日，至<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>西大花林中。是時諸國二十餘王先奉告命，各<a class="zhuhao" href="#4850" id="4836">〔2〕</a>與其國髦俊沙門及婆羅門﹑羣官﹑兵士，來集大會。王先於河西建大伽藍。伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#4851" id="4837">〔3〕</a>東起寶臺，高百餘尺，中有金佛像，量等王身。臺南起寶壇，爲浴佛像之處。從此東北十四五里，别築行官。是時仲春月<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00441','1244079',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P441</span></i>也，從初一日以珍味饌諸沙門﹑婆羅門，至二十一日，自行宫屬伽藍，夾道爲閣，窮諸瑩飾，樂人不移，雅聲遞奏。王於<a class="zhuhao" href="#4852" id="4838">〔4〕</a>行<a class="zhuhao" href="#4853" id="4839">〔5〕</a>宫出一金像，虚<a class="zhuhao" href="#4854" id="4840">〔6〕</a>中隱起，高餘三尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#4855" id="4841">〔7〕</a>，載以大象，張以寶幰<a class="zhuhao" href="#4856" id="4842">〔8〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#4863" id="4843">（二）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>之服，執寶蓋以左侍；<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅王</span>作<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>之儀，執白拂而右侍。各五百象軍，被鎧周衞。佛像前後各百<a class="zhuhao" href="#4857" id="4844">〔9〕</a>大象，樂人以乘，鼓奏音樂。<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>以真珠雜寶及金銀諸花，隨步四散，供養三寶<a class="zhuhao" href="#4858" id="4845">〔10〕</a>。先就寶壇，香水浴像。王躬負荷，送上西臺，以諸珍寶﹑憍奢耶衣數十<a class="zhuhao" href="#4859" id="4846">〔11〕</a>百千，而<a class="zhuhao" href="#4860" id="4847">〔12〕</a>爲供養。是時唯有沙門二十餘人預從，諸國王爲侍衞。饌食已訖，集諸異學，商攉<a class="zhuhao" href="#4861" id="4848">〔13〕</a>微言，抑揚至理。日將曛暮，回駕行宫。如是日送金像，導從如初，以至散日。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4835" id="4849">〔1〕</a>《石本》導作道，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4836" id="4850">〔2〕</a>《石本》各作若，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4837" id="4851">〔3〕</a>《石本》無伽藍二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4838" id="4852">〔4〕</a>《古本》於作自。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4839" id="4853">〔5〕</a>《石本》無行字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4840" id="4854">〔6〕</a>《中本》虚作宫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4841" id="4855">〔7〕</a>《方志》此文作“又以三尺隱起金像”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4842" id="4856">〔8〕</a>《石本》幰作幔。《方志》作幰，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4844" id="4857">〔9〕</a>《異本》百作五百二字。按《方志》亦作百大象。五百二字疑涉上文“五百象軍”而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4845" id="4858">〔10〕</a>《方志》無以下文，而此下有“其五<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，尼寺稀少，縱有尼<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00442','1244079',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P442</span></i>者，與僧同門，食亦同處，無虧戒約。然<span class="zhuanming">童子王</span>刹帝利姓，語使人<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>曰：‘上世相承四千年，先人神聖，從<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>地飛來王於此土。’”今本所無。以“語使人<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>”推之，似非<span class="zhuanming">奘</span>《記》之文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4846" id="4859">〔11〕</a>《中本》十作千。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4847" id="4860">〔12〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》無千而二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4848" id="4861">〔13〕</a>原本攉作礭，義不合，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》改。《中本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作󵾝，與攉同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4834" id="4862">（一）</a>曲女城法會：可參閲《慈恩傳》卷五及《續高僧傳》卷四《玄奘傳》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4843" id="4863">（二）</a>寶幰：卽車幔。《南史》卷六二《鮑泉傳》：“後爲通直侍郎，常乘高幰車。”</span> </p><p> <span>其大臺忽然火起，伽藍門樓煙焰方熾。王曰：“罄捨國珍，奉爲先王建此伽藍，式昭<a class="zhuhao" href="#4870" id="4864">〔1〕</a>勝業。寡德無祐，有斯災異！咎徵若此，何用生爲！”乃焚香禮請而自誓曰：“幸以宿善，王諸<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，願我福力，禳<a class="zhuhao" href="#4871" id="4865">〔2〕</a>滅火災！若無所感，從此喪命。”尋卽奮身跳履門閫，若有撲滅，火盡煙<a class="zhuhao" href="#4872" id="4866">〔3〕</a>消。諸王覩異<a class="zhuhao" href="#4873" id="4867">〔4〕</a>，重增祗懼。已而顔色不動，辭語如故，問諸王曰：“忽此災變，焚燼<a class="zhuhao" href="#4874" id="4868">〔5〕</a>成功，心之所懷，意將何謂？”諸王俯伏悲泣，對曰：“成功勝迹，冀傳來葉，一旦灰燼，何可爲懷！況諸外道，快心相賀。”王曰：“以此觀之，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>所説誠也。外道異學守執常見。唯我大師，無常是誨。然我檀捨已周<a class="zhuhao" href="#4875" id="4869">〔6〕</a>，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00443','1244079',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P443</span></i>心願諧遂，屬斯變滅，重知<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>誠諦之説。斯爲大善，無可深悲。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4864" id="4870">〔1〕</a>《中本》昭作照。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4865" id="4871">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《異本》﹑《中本》禳作攘。《音釋》亦作攘，云：“却也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4866" id="4872">〔3〕</a>《石本》盡煙二字互倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4867" id="4873">〔4〕</a>《石本》覩異二字作曰覩忽異四字，不辭，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4868" id="4874">〔5〕</a>《慧琳音義》燼作㶳，云：“《記》文作燼，俗字。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4869" id="4875">〔6〕</a>《石本》周作用。</span> </p><p> <span>於是從諸王東上大窣堵波，登臨觀覽。方下階陛，忽有異人持刃逆王。王時窘迫，却行進級，俯執此人，以付羣官。是時羣官惶遽，不知進救。諸王咸請誅戮此人。<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>殊無忿色，止令不殺。王親<a class="zhuhao" href="#4881" id="4876">〔1〕</a>問曰：“我何負汝，爲此暴惡？”對曰：“大王德澤無私，中外荷負<a class="zhuhao" href="#4882" id="4877">〔2〕</a>。然我狂愚，不謀大計，受諸外道一言之感<a class="zhuhao" href="#4883" id="4878">〔3〕</a>，輒爲刺客，首圖逆害。”王曰：“外道何故興此惡心？”對曰：“大王集諸國，傾府庫，供養沙門，鎔鑄佛像。而諸外道自遠召集，不蒙省問，心誠愧恥，乃令狂愚，敢行凶詐。”於是究問外道徒屬，有五百婆羅門，並諸高才，應命召集，嫉諸沙門蒙王禮重，乃射火箭焚燒寶臺，冀因救火，衆人潰亂，欲以此時殺害大王。既無緣隙，遂雇此人趨隘行刺。是時諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#4884" id="4879">〔4〕</a>王大臣請誅外道。王乃<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00444','1244079',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P444</span></i>罰其首惡，餘黨不罪。遷五百婆羅門出<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之境。於是乃還都也<a class="zhuhao" href="#4898" id="4880">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4876" id="4881">〔1〕</a>原本親作觀，今從《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4877" id="4882">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》負並作福。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4878" id="4883">〔3〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》感作惑。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4879" id="4884">〔4〕</a>《舊麗本》脱諸字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、大施場及修苦行者
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153482" key="1153482"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 鉢邏耶伽國 &gt; 三、大施場及修苦行者 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153483" key="1153483"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00463','1244089',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P463</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000753"><b>三﹑大施場及修苦行者</b></p><p> <span>大城東，兩河交，廣十餘里，土地爽塏<a class="zhuhao" href="#5051" id="5045">〔1〕</a>，細沙彌漫。自古至今，諸王豪族，凡有捨施，莫不至止<a class="zhuhao" href="#5052" id="5046">〔2〕</a>，周給不計，號<span class="zhuanming">大施場</span>。今<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>者，聿修前緒，篤述惠施，五年積財，一旦傾捨。於其施場，多聚珍貨。初第一日，置大佛像，衆寶莊嚴，卽持上妙奇珍而以奉施。次常住僧，次見<a class="zhuhao" href="#5053" id="5047">〔3〕</a>前衆，次高才碩學﹑博物多能，次外道學徒﹑隱淪肥遁，次鰥寡孤獨﹑貧<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00464','1244089',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P464</span></i>窮乞人。備極珍玩，窮諸上饌。如是節級，莫不周施。府庫既傾，服玩都盡，髻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5054" id="5048">〔4〕</a>中明珠，身諸瓔珞，次第施與，初無所悔<a class="zhuhao" href="#5055" id="5049">〔5〕</a>。既捨施已，稱曰：“樂哉！凡吾所有，已入金剛堅固藏矣。”從此之後，諸國君王各獻珍服，嘗不踰旬，府庫充仭<a class="zhuhao" href="#5056" id="5050">〔6〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5045" id="5051">〔1〕</a>《方志》爽塏二字作平塏，《珠林》三十八作平豊。豊疑豈之訛，豈同塏。《慈恩傳》作平正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5046" id="5052">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》止作此。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5047" id="5053">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》見作現，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5048" id="5054">〔4〕</a>《石本》髻作髮。按髻字爲長，《慈恩傳》亦作髻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5049" id="5055">〔5〕</a>《石本》所悔二字作悔心。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5050" id="5056">〔6〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》仭作牣，可通用。《石本》作滿。</span> </p><p> <span>大施場東合流口<a class="zhuhao" href="#5069" id="5057">（一）</a>，日數百人<a class="zhuhao" href="#5064" id="5058">〔1〕</a>自溺而死。彼俗以爲欲<a class="zhuhao" href="#5065" id="5059">〔2〕</a>求生天，當於此處絶粒自沈，沐浴中流，罪垢消滅。是以異國遠方，相趨萃止，七日斷食，然後絶命。至於山猨野鹿，羣遊水濱，或濯流而返，或絶食而死。當<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>之大施也，有一獮猴居河之濱，獨在樹下，屏迹絶食，經數日後，自餓而死<a class="zhuhao" href="#5066" id="5060">〔3〕</a>。故諸外道修苦行者，於河中立高柱，日將旦也，便卽昇之。一手一足，執柱端﹑躡傍杙<a class="zhuhao" href="#5067" id="5061">〔4〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#5070" id="5062">（二）</a>；一手一足，虚<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00465','1244089',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P465</span></i>懸外申<a class="zhuhao" href="#5068" id="5063">〔5〕</a>，臨空不屈；延頸張目，視日右轉，逮乎曛暮，方乃下焉。若此者其徒數十，冀斯勤苦，出離生死，或數十年未嘗懈息。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5058" id="5064">〔1〕</a>《珠林》數百人三字作數人二字。《方志》作數百人，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5059" id="5065">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》欲並作願。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5060" id="5066">〔3〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》引此文作“有二獼猴，雌爲狗殺，雄者負屍擲此河中；其（《珠林》作雄者）又自餓累日而死”，頗異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5061" id="5067">〔4〕</a>《音釋》云：“杙，或作棧，非也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5063" id="5068">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》申並作伸，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5057" id="5069">（一）</a>大施場東合流口：指<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">朱木那河</span>匯合處。此處古代爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>聖地，至今依然。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5062" id="5070">（二）</a>杙：小木條。此指“諸外道修苦行者”一脚踩着小樹枝。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西南入大林中，惡獸野象，羣暴行旅，非多徒黨，難以經涉。行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">拘<a class="zhuhao" href="#5073" id="5071">〔1〕</a>睒彌國</span>，訛也。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#5074" id="5072">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00466','1244089',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P466</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5071" id="5073">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》拘作俱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5072" id="5074">〔2〕</a>《石本》境下有也字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、如來遺迹及提婆故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153486" key="1153486"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 鉢邏耶伽國 &gt; 一、如來遺迹及提婆故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153487" key="1153487"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00460','1244087',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P460</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000745"><b>一﹑如來遺迹及提婆故事</b></p><p> <span>大城西南瞻博迦花<a class="zhuhao" href="#5024" id="5019">（一）</a>林中，有窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#5022" id="5020">〔1〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。基雖傾陷，尚百餘尺。在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此處降<a class="zhuhao" href="#5023" id="5021">〔2〕</a>伏外道。其側則有髮爪窣堵波﹑經行遺迹。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5020" id="5022">〔1〕</a>《珠林》三十八引作“城西南臨<span class="zhuanming">閻牟河</span>曲中有塔。”《方志》無中有塔三字，餘同。與此異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5021" id="5023">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》降作夅。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00461','1244087',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P461</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5019" id="5024">（一）</a>瞻博迦花：瞻博迦是梵文campaka音譯，又譯作瞻波迦﹑旃簸迦﹑瞻蔔迦等，意譯爲金色花，花黄色，芳香。學名Miche-lia Champaka。</span> </p><p> <span>髮爪窣堵波側，有故伽藍，是<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5030" id="5025">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5033" id="5026">（一）</a>作《廣百論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#5034" id="5027">（二）</a>，挫小乘，<a class="zhuhao" href="#5031" id="5028">〔2〕</a>伏外道處。初<span class="zhuanming">提婆菩薩</span>自<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>至此伽藍，城中有外道婆羅門，高論有聞，辯才無礙，循名責實，反質窮辭。雅知<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>博究玄奥，欲挫其鋒。乃循名問曰：“汝爲何名？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“名<span class="zhuanming">天</span>。”外道曰：“<span class="zhuanming">天</span>是誰？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“我。”外道曰：“我是誰？”提婆曰：“狗。”外道曰：“狗是誰？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“汝。”外道曰：“汝是誰？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">天</span>。”外道曰：“<span class="zhuanming">天</span>是誰？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“我。”外道曰：“我是誰？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“狗。”外道曰：“誰是狗<a class="zhuhao" href="#5032" id="5029">〔3〕</a>？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“汝。”外道曰：“汝是誰？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">天</span>。”如是循環，外道方悟。自時厥後，深敬風猷。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5025" id="5030">〔1〕</a>原本天下有受字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》無。《翻譯集》亦無受字。按無者是也。提婆梵文作deva，義譯爲<span class="zhuanming">天</span>，故下文外道循名問曰：“汝爲何名？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“名<span class="zhuanming">天</span>。”今删。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5028" id="5031">〔2〕</a>《石本》乘下有論字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00462','1244087',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P462</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5029" id="5032">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》誰是狗三字作狗是誰，與上問相同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5026" id="5033">（一）</a>提婆菩薩：見本書卷四注釋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5027" id="5034">（二）</a>廣百論：梵文名Śataśāstravaipulya，<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>著，爲大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>中觀宗的重要論著。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所譯的一卷本只是《廣百論》的後半部分。收入於<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文佛經中的係完整譯本。<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文的原本近已發現殘篇，係詩體的論文，於1931年刊行。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>著《廣百論》後，<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>撰《廣百論釋論》十卷，成爲瑜伽行宗的重要著述，有<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯本。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、無著與世親故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153490" key="1153490"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 阿踰陁國 &gt; 二、無著與世親故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153491" key="1153491"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00452','1244084',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P452</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000733"><b>二﹑無著與世親故事</b></p><p> <span>城西南五六里，大菴没羅林中有故伽藍，是<span class="zhuanming">阿僧伽</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4978" id="4933">（一）</a>請益導凡之處。<span class="zhuanming">無著菩薩</span>夜昇天宫，於<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>所受《瑜伽師地論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4979" id="4934">（二）</a>﹑《莊嚴大乘經論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4980" id="4935">（三）</a>﹑《中邊分别論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4981" id="4936">（四）</a>等，晝<a class="zhuhao" href="#4960" id="4937">〔1〕</a>爲大衆講宣妙理。菴没羅林西北百餘步，有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪窣堵波。其側故基，是<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>從<span class="zhuanming">覩<a class="zhuhao" href="#4961" id="4938">〔2〕</a>史多天</span>下見<span class="zhuanming">無著菩薩</span>處。<span class="zhuanming">無著菩薩</span><span class="zhuanming">健馱邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#4962" id="4939">〔3〕</a>國</span>人也，佛去世後一千年中，誕靈利見，承風悟道，從彌沙<a class="zhuhao" href="#4963" id="4940">〔4〕</a>塞部<a class="zhuhao" href="#4982" id="4941">（五）</a>出家修學，頃之迴信大乘。其弟<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>於説一切有部出家受業，博聞强識，達學研機。<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>弟子<span class="zhuanming">佛陁僧<a class="zhuhao" href="#4964" id="4942">〔5〕</a>訶</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4983" id="4943">（六）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">師子覺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4965" id="4944">〔6〕</a>。</span> <span>者，密行<a class="zhuhao" href="#4984" id="4945">（七）</a>莫測，高才有聞。二三賢哲<a class="zhuhao" href="#4966" id="4946">〔7〕</a>每相謂曰：“凡修行業<a class="zhuhao" href="#4967" id="4947">〔8〕</a>，願覲<a class="zhuhao" href="#4968" id="4948">〔9〕</a><span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>。若先捨壽，得遂宿心，當相報語，以知所<a class="zhuhao" href="#4969" id="4949">〔10〕</a>至。”其後<span class="zhuanming">師子覺</span>先捨壽命，三年不報。<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>尋亦捨壽，時經六月，亦無報命<a class="zhuhao" href="#4970" id="4950">〔11〕</a>。時諸異學咸皆譏誚，以爲<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>及<span class="zhuanming">師子覺</span>流轉惡趣，遂無靈鑒。其後<span class="zhuanming">無著菩薩</span>於夜初<a class="zhuhao" href="#4971" id="4951">〔12〕</a>分，方爲門人教授定法，燈光忽翳，空中大明。有一天仙乘虚<a class="zhuhao" href="#4972" id="4952">〔13〕</a>下降，卽進階庭，敬禮<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>。<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>曰：“爾來何暮！今名<a class="zhuhao" href="#4973" id="4953">〔14〕</a>何謂？”對曰：“從此捨壽命往<span class="zhuanming">覩史多天</span><span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>内衆蓮花中生<a class="zhuhao" href="#4985" id="4954">（八）</a>。蓮花纔開，<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>讚曰：‘善來廣慧，善來廣慧！’旋繞纔周，卽來報命。”<span class="zhuanming">無著菩薩</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">師子覺</span>者，今何所在<a class="zhuhao" href="#4974" id="4955">〔15〕</a>？”曰：“我旋繞時，見<span class="zhuanming">師子覺</span>在外衆中<a class="zhuhao" href="#4986" id="4956">（九）</a>，躭<a class="zhuhao" href="#4975" id="4957">〔16〕</a>著欲樂，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00453','1244084',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P453</span></i>無暇相顧，詎<a class="zhuhao" href="#4976" id="4958">〔17〕</a>能來報？”<span class="zhuanming">無著菩薩</span>曰：“斯事已矣，<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>何相？演説何法？”曰：“<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>相好，言莫<a class="zhuhao" href="#4977" id="4959">〔18〕</a>能宣。演説妙法，義不異此。然菩薩妙音，清暢和雅，聞者忘倦，受者無厭。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4937" id="4960">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》晝作盡。按晝與上文“夜昇”相應，於義爲長。《翻譯集》引《三藏傳》云：“（無著）夜升<span class="zhuanming">覩史陀天</span>，於<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>所，受《瑜伽師地論》﹑《莊嚴大乘論》﹑《中邊分别論》。晝則下天爲衆説法。”與此相合。《珠林》亦作晝。《方志》作“曉爲衆説”。曉亦晝義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4938" id="4961">〔2〕</a>《石本》覩作都。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4939" id="4962">〔3〕</a>《石本》邏作羅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4940" id="4963">〔4〕</a>《石本》無沙字。按彌沙塞爲律宗五部之一，沙字不當無。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4942" id="4964">〔5〕</a>《石本》無僧字。按《翻譯集》亦有僧字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4944" id="4965">〔6〕</a>《石本》覺作學，下同，並形之譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4946" id="4966">〔7〕</a>《釋帖》六引哲作喆，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4947" id="4967">〔8〕</a>《釋帖》行業二字作片善。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4948" id="4968">〔9〕</a>《釋帖》覲作近。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4949" id="4969">〔10〕</a>《翻譯集》所作其。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4950" id="4970">〔11〕</a>《釋帖》作“<span class="zhuanming">師子覺</span>先捨壽命，時經六月，並無消息；<span class="zhuanming">天親</span>續捨壽命，三月方來。”校此文頗有出入，而三年﹑六月與六月﹑三月違異尤甚。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4951" id="4971">〔12〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》夜初二字互倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4952" id="4972">〔13〕</a>《中本》虚作靈；《釋帖》作空。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00454','1244084',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P454</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4953" id="4973">〔14〕</a>《翻譯集》名作至。義似長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4955" id="4974">〔15〕</a>《翻譯集》今何所在四字作今在何處。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4957" id="4975">〔16〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》躭並作耽，同。《釋帖》躭作深。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4958" id="4976">〔17〕</a>《釋帖》詎作何。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4959" id="4977">〔18〕</a>《翻譯集》莫作不。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4933" id="4978">（一）</a>阿僧伽菩薩：<span class="zhuanming">阿僧伽</span>，梵文Asaṅga音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>（無執著者），五世紀<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>人。參見本書卷二<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span><span class="zhuanming">無著菩薩</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4934" id="4979">（二）</a>瑜伽師地論：梵文Yogācāryabhūmiśāstra，相傳爲<span class="zhuanming">彌勒佛</span>所説，其實爲<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>所著，是闡發大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>瑜伽行派理論的重要著作。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之所以冒險西行的原因之一，卽爲求取《瑜伽師地論》。北涼<span class="zhuanming">曇無讖</span>曾譯其中一小部分爲《菩薩地持經》十卷，<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span><span class="zhuanming">宋</span><span class="zhuanming">求那跋陀羅</span>曾譯其中一小部分爲《菩薩戒經》九卷，<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span><span class="zhuanming">陳</span><span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>曾譯其中一小部分爲《決定藏論》三卷，至<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>始補足舊譯成爲首尾完整的一百卷本。稍後<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的門徒<span class="zhuanming">窺基</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">神泰</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">文備</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">遁倫</span>並作《略纂》﹑《疏》﹑《記》等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4935" id="4980">（三）</a>莊嚴大乘經論：梵文Mahāyānasūtrālaṃkāra意譯，相傳爲<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>所説的五部大論之一，<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>撰，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">波羅頗蜜多羅</span>譯，名《大乘莊嚴經論》，共十三卷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4936" id="4981">（四）</a>中邊分别論：梵文Madyāntavibhāgaśāstra。相傳爲<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>所講的五論之一，此處講是<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>記録成頌。<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯本應指《辯中邊論頌》，題<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>説，一卷，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>又譯有《辯中邊論》，題<span class="zhuanming">世親</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00455','1244084',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P455</span></i>撰，三卷。<span class="zhuanming">陳</span><span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>的異譯本稱《中邊分别論》，題<span class="zhuanming">天親</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>）撰，二卷。後書（兩種譯本）是解釋前書的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4941" id="4982">（五）</a>彌沙塞部：梵名Mahīśāsaka，巴利文Mahiṃsāsaka，意譯化地﹑正地﹑教地等。小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>部派之一，詳見《異部宗輪論述記》卷中。《玄應音義》卷二十三：“化地部，第三百年中從一切有部出也，梵言磨醯奢娑迦，亦名彌喜捨娑柯。此云化地，亦云教地，或言正地，人名也。但此羅漢在俗爲王國師，匡化土境，故名化地。今入佛法，佛法如地，又匡化之，故以名也。舊云彌沙塞者，訛也。”它屬於上座部系統，而理論又接近於大衆部。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4943" id="4983">（六）</a>佛陀僧訶：梵文Buddhasiṃha音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">師子覺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>門徒，曾注釋<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>的《阿毘達磨集論》，後<span class="zhuanming">安慧</span>（Sthīramati）揉合<span class="zhuanming">佛陀僧訶</span>之釋，並雜集《俱舍》諸論爲《大乘阿毘達磨雜論》十六卷，有<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4945" id="4984">（七）</a>密行：意謂持戒秘密行。《法華經》卷四《無學人記品》：“<span class="zhuanming">羅睺羅</span>密行，唯我能知之。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4954" id="4985">（八）</a>蓮花中生：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>以蓮花象徵西方<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>浄土，認爲它以蓮花爲往生之所託，念佛往生<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>浄土的人，都在蓮花内出生，故又作蓮胎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4956" id="4986">（九）</a>外衆：卽俗衆。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">無著</span>講堂故基西北四十餘里，至故伽藍，北臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，中有塼窣堵波，高百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>初發大乘心處。<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>自<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>至於此也，時<span class="zhuanming">無著菩薩</span>命其門人，令往迎候，至此伽藍，遇而會見。<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>弟子止户牖外，夜分之後，誦《十地經》<a class="zhuhao" href="#5004" id="4987">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>聞已，感悟追悔，甚深妙法，昔所未聞，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00456','1244084',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P456</span></i>誹<a class="zhuhao" href="#4996" id="4988">〔1〕</a>謗之𠍴<a class="zhuhao" href="#4997" id="4989">〔2〕</a>，源發於舌。舌爲罪本，今宜除斷。卽執銛刀，欲<a class="zhuhao" href="#4998" id="4990">〔3〕</a>自斷舌。乃見<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>住立告曰：“夫大乘教者，至真之理也。諸佛所讚，衆聖攸<a class="zhuhao" href="#4999" id="4991">〔4〕</a>宗。吾欲誨爾<a class="zhuhao" href="#5000" id="4992">〔5〕</a>，爾今自悟。悟其時矣，何善如之！諸佛聖教，斷舌非悔。昔以舌毁大乘，今以舌讚大乘，補過自新，猶爲善矣！杜口絶言，其利安在？”作是語已，忽不復<a class="zhuhao" href="#5001" id="4993">〔6〕</a>見。<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>承命，遂不斷舌，旦詣<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>，諮受大乘。於是研精覃<a class="zhuhao" href="#5002" id="4994">〔7〕</a>思，製大乘論，凡百餘部，並盛宣行<a class="zhuhao" href="#5003" id="4995">〔8〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4988" id="4996">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集》誹作毁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4989" id="4997">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》󵾞並作愆。按󵾞乃愆之俗字，見《廣韻·仙韻》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4990" id="4998">〔3〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》欲作將。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4991" id="4999">〔4〕</a>《中本》攸作欣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4992" id="5000">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》爾並作汝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4993" id="5001">〔6〕</a>《翻譯集》不復二字作復不。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4994" id="5002">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》覃作潭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4995" id="5003">〔8〕</a>《華嚴鈔》七引此文大異，如謂<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>令<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>讀《華嚴》，又<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>入山披覽大乘，造《十地論》等。按<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>師事<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>，傳<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>之學，本《瑜伽師地論》，開<span class="zhuanming">慈恩</span>一宗，但與《華嚴》無涉。此蓋《華嚴》派僧徒（<span class="zhuanming">澄觀</span>）所增益以崇重其書耳，不足信也。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00457','1244084',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P457</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4987" id="5004">（一）</a>十地經：梵文作Daśabhūmikasūtra，爲《華嚴經》中的《十地品》，作爲獨立經典稱爲《十住經》或《十地經》。<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>譯，名《十住經》，凡四卷。它全稱爲《菩薩十住經》，異名《漸備一切智德經》。《十地經論》十二卷，爲<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>對《十地經》的解釋，<span class="zhuanming">北魏</span><span class="zhuanming">菩提流支</span>等譯。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東行三百餘里，渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，北至<span class="zhuanming">阿耶穆佉國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
阿耶穆佉國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153494" key="1153494"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 阿耶穆佉國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153495" key="1153495"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00457','1244085',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P457</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000738">阿耶穆佉國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿耶穆佉國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5006" id="5005">（一）</a>周二千四五百里。國大都城臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，周二十餘里。其氣序土宜，同<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁國</span>。人淳俗質，勤學好福。伽藍五所，僧徒千餘人，習學小乘正量部法。天祠十餘所，異道雜居。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5005" id="5006">（一）</a>阿耶穆佉國：關於此國的確切位置，尚待考證，國名也有種種不同的還原法。<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>擬還原爲Ayamukha或Hayamukha（馬面），<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>擬還原爲Ayomukha（鐵面）。<span class="zhuanming">康</span>氏並比定爲<span class="zhuanming">唐迪亞</span>-<span class="zhuanming">克拉</span>（Daundia-khera），也僅爲一種揣測之辭，不足徵信。又<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>《八章書》的<span class="zhuanming">迦尸迦</span>（Kāsikā）註文中有Ayomukhī一地名，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00458','1244085',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P458</span></i>其確切地望仍不明瞭，對此國僅能大體上推定其在<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>（Allāhābād）西北方的Rae Bareilly，Pratpgarh地方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到達此地時曾有一段驚險的故事。據《慈恩傳》卷三記載，玄奘在<span class="zhuanming">阿踰陁國</span>巡禮後，與八十餘人同乘一船順<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>東下，欲去<span class="zhuanming">阿耶穆佉國</span>，船行百餘里後，河兩岸都是無憂樹林，突然從林蔭深處駛出賊船十餘艘，逼迫<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>等人所乘的船靠岸，不僅全船旅伴的衣物錢財都被洗劫一空，這批强盗都是信奉<span class="zhuanming">難近母</span>（Durgā）的<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>徒，每年秋天都要尋一形體健美的人，殺來祭神。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>儀容偉麗，正是他們求之不得的，因此被他們縛去，並在森林中設了祭<span class="zhuanming">難近母</span>的祭壇。兩個强盗已經把<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>擁上壇去，正要拔刀殺害時，天氣突變，黑風四起，折樹飛沙，河内波濤洶湧，船舶沉覆，强盗驚懼，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>因此才倖免於難。從這一故事説明殺人祭神的野蠻風俗，在當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>還存在。</span> </p><p> <span>城東南不遠，臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>岸，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，高二百餘尺，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔於此處三月説法。其側則有過去四佛座及經行遺迹之所，復有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪青石窣堵波。其側伽藍，僧徒二<a class="zhuhao" href="#5011" id="5007">〔1〕</a>百餘人。佛像莊飾，威嚴如在。臺閣宏麗，奇製鬱起。是昔<span class="zhuanming">佛陀馱娑</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5012" id="5008">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#5014" id="5009">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">覺<a class="zhuhao" href="#5013" id="5010">〔3〕</a>使</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於此製説一切有部《大毗婆沙論》。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5007" id="5011">〔1〕</a>《石本》二作三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5008" id="5012">〔2〕</a>原本娑作婆，《中本》﹑《金陵本》及《翻譯集》作娑。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00459','1244085',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P459</span></i>云：“馱娑，梵文作dāsa，僕使之義。作娑是也。”今改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5010" id="5013">〔3〕</a>《石本》覺作學。《翻譯集》作覺，學當是形訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5009" id="5014">（一）</a>佛陀馱娑：梵文Buddhadāsa音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">覺使</span>或<span class="zhuanming">佛使</span>。著有《大毘婆沙論》，《慈恩傳》卷二稱“<span class="zhuanming">佛使</span>《毘婆沙》”。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南行七百餘里，渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>南﹑<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>北，至<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽<a class="zhuhao" href="#5016" id="5015">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5015" id="5016">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》耶並作那，下同。《慈恩傳》作耶，同此。《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八耶伽二字作伽耶。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“作耶爲是。梵文作Prayāga。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、世親、勝受及佛遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153498" key="1153498"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 阿踰陁國 &gt; 一、世親、勝受及佛遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153499" key="1153499"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00450','1244083',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P450</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000728"><b>一﹑世親﹑勝受及佛遺迹</b></p><p> <span>大城中有故伽藍，是<span class="zhuanming">伐蘇畔度菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4926" id="4921">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#4924" id="4922">〔1〕</a>藪盤豆</span>，譯曰<span class="zhuanming">天親</span>，訛謬也<a class="zhuhao" href="#4925" id="4923">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span>數十年中於此製作大小乘諸異論。其側故基，是<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>爲諸國王﹑四方俊彦﹑沙門﹑婆羅門等講義説法堂也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4922" id="4924">〔1〕</a>《石本》婆作波。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4923" id="4925">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無也字。《翻譯集》亦無。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00451','1244083',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P451</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4921" id="4926">（一）</a>伐蘇畔度菩薩：梵文Vasubandhu音譯，卽<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>，一譯<span class="zhuanming">天親</span>，詳見本書卷二<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span><span class="zhuanming">世親</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span>城北四五里，臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>岸大伽藍中，有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>爲天人衆於此三月説諸妙法。其側窣堵波，過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。伽藍西四五里，有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪窣堵波。</span> </p><p> <span>髮爪窣堵波北，伽藍餘趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#4930" id="4927">〔1〕</a>，昔經部<span class="zhuanming">室利邏多</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">勝受</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4931" id="4928">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於<a class="zhuhao" href="#4932" id="4929">（一）</a>此製造經部《毗婆沙論》。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4927" id="4930">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》趾作跡。《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作址。址與趾通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4928" id="4931">〔2〕</a>《石本》受作友；《中本》作定。按《翻譯集》作勝受，與此同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4929" id="4932">（一）</a>室利邏多論師：<span class="zhuanming">室利邏多</span>是梵文Śrīrāta音譯，又被還原作Śrīlabdha；意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">吉祥受得</span>或<span class="zhuanming">勝受</span>。<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅邏多</span>的弟子，經部理論的代表學者，著有《毗婆沙論》。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>當時<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的理論家東有<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>，南有<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>，北有<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅邏多</span>，中有<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>，西有<span class="zhuanming">室利邏多</span>，號稱五大論師。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
[卷第六　四國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv970206" key="970206"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153501" key="1153501"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00481','1244097',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P481</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000785"><b>大唐西域記卷第六</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>四國</span> </p><p> <span>室羅伐悉底國　劫比羅伐窣<a class="zhuhao" href="#5174" id="5173">〔1〕</a>堵國</span> </p><p> <span>藍摩國　拘尸那揭羅國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5173" id="5174">〔1〕</a>《石本》窣作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014502wa7g.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>。按《干禄字書》率之俗字作卛，<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503a265.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>當是卛之譌，又誤窣爲率。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、勝軍王
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153504" key="1153504"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 室羅伐悉底國 &gt; 一、勝軍王 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153505" key="1153505"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00485','1244098',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P485</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000790"><b>一﹑勝軍王</b></p><p> <span>此則<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世之時，<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏犀<a class="zhuhao" href="#5191" id="5187">〔1〕</a>那恃多王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5194" id="5188">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">勝軍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5192" id="5189">〔2〕</a>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">波斯匿</span>，訛略也<a class="zhuhao" href="#5193" id="5190">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span>所治國都也。故宫城内有故基，<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>殿餘址也。次東不遠，有一故基，上建小窣堵波，昔<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>所建大法堂也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5187" id="5191">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》犀作斯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5189" id="5192">〔2〕</a>《中本》軍下有王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5190" id="5193">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》並無也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5188" id="5194">（一）</a>鉢邏犀那恃多王：<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏犀那恃多</span>，梵文Prasenajit的對音，巴利文爲Pasenadi，Pasenaji；音譯又作<span class="zhuanming">鉢羅犀那折多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鉢囉洗曩喻那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">卑先匿</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波斯匿</span>，義云<span class="zhuanming">勝軍</span>，還有<span class="zhuanming">勝光</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">和悦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">月光</span>等異譯。爲公元前六世紀<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>國王，建都於<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底城</span>。<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>在當時是<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>列强之一，<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏犀那恃多王</span>則是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>時代的重要人物之一。他贊助<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，敬慕<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>，對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的發展是有力的推動。佛經中載有許多他與<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>交往和談話的故事（參見《中本起經》下﹑《中阿含經》卷五十九﹑《雜阿含經》卷四十二﹑《出曜經》卷八等）。當他與<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵</span>進行最後一次會見時，留在國内總攝政事的大臣宣佈<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>廢除<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏犀<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00486','1244098',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P486</span></i>那恃多</span>的王位，立其子<span class="zhuanming">毘盧擇迦</span>爲王。他聞訊後立卽前往<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>向<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>求助，打算奪回王位，但是剛走到<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>外，他終於因勞累而含恨死去。<span class="zhuanming">毘盧擇迦</span>繼位後，首先就舉兵消滅<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>。<span class="zhuanming">毘盧擇迦</span>在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒中被視爲異端。從<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏犀那恃多</span>與<span class="zhuanming">毘盧擇迦</span>的一廢一立，不難看出當時<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>與反<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>勢力（<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>）之間極其尖鋭的鬭争。</span> </p><p> <span>法堂側不遠故基上有窣堵波，是佛姨母<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏闍鉢<a class="zhuhao" href="#5203" id="5195">〔1〕</a>底</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5209" id="5196">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">生<a class="zhuhao" href="#5204" id="5197">〔2〕</a>主</span>。舊云<span class="zhuanming">波<a class="zhuhao" href="#5205" id="5198">〔3〕</a>闍波提</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5206" id="5199">〔4〕</a>，訛也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">苾<a class="zhuhao" href="#5207" id="5200">〔5〕</a>芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5208" id="5201">〔6〕</a>尼</span>精舍，<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>之所建立。次東窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">蘇達多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5210" id="5202">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">善施</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">須達</span>，訛也。</span> <span>故宅也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5195" id="5203">〔1〕</a>《石本》無鉢字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5197" id="5204">〔2〕</a>《石本》無生字，脱去。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5198" id="5205">〔3〕</a>《石本》波作婆，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5199" id="5206">〔4〕</a>《翻譯集》提下有者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5200" id="5207">〔5〕</a>《酬本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5201" id="5208">〔6〕</a>《石本》苾芻作比丘。比丘乃苾芻之異譯。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5196" id="5209">（一）</a>鉢邏闍鉢底：梵文爲Prajāpatī，巴利文作Pajāpatī，亦作<span class="zhuanming">摩訶波闍波提</span>。因<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的生母<span class="zhuanming">摩耶夫人</span>在産後七日病卒，由其妹<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏闍鉢底</span>（佛姨母）哺乳養育成人，故尊稱云<span class="zhuanming">生主</span>。《智度<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00487','1244098',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P487</span></i>論》卷二二作<span class="zhuanming">摩訶憍曇彌</span>（Mahāgautamī），《法顯傳》意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">大愛道</span>，她後爲<span class="zhuanming">浄飯王</span>的妃子，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>成道後，皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。據《大愛道比丘尼經》，她曾三乞於佛欲出家，因女人出家爲佛所不許，她乃求之於<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>，<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>請之於佛，乃許之，是爲女人出家之始，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>最早之比丘尼，本書作苾芻尼。此精舍<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>稱作“大愛道故精舍”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5202" id="5210">（二）</a>蘇達多：梵文Sudatta音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">善施</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">善與</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">善授</span>等。<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>的長者（本書本卷謂<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>大臣），家富有，時對貧窮孤獨者施捨，故又云<span class="zhuanming">給孤獨</span>（Anāthapiṇḍika）。後皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>，地敷黄金買<span class="zhuanming">逝多（祇陀）太子</span>的園林，建精舍以獻佛。其園名<span class="zhuanming">逝多林給孤獨園</span>，精舍名<span class="zhuanming">祇洹精舍</span>。其人其事詳見本書本卷正文及《須達經》（與《中阿含·須達多經》同）﹑《根本説一切有部毗奈耶破僧事》卷八﹑《賢愚經》卷十﹑《經律異相》卷三﹑《雜譬喻經》卷下﹑《法顯傳》等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、迦奢布羅城及護法伏外道遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153508" key="1153508"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 &gt; 憍賞彌國 &gt; 三、迦奢布羅城及護法伏外道遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153509" key="1153509"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00472','1244093',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P472</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000773"><b>三﹑迦奢布羅城及護法伏外道遺迹</b></p><p> <span>龍窟東北大林中，行七百餘里，渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，北至<span class="zhuanming">迦奢布羅城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5137" id="5111">（一）</a>，周十餘里，居人富樂。城傍有故伽藍，唯餘基址<a class="zhuhao" href="#5125" id="5112">〔1〕</a>，是昔<span class="zhuanming">護法菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5138" id="5113">（二）</a>伏外道處。此國先王扶<a class="zhuhao" href="#5126" id="5114">〔2〕</a>於邪説，欲毁<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00473','1244093',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P473</span></i>佛法，崇敬外道。外道衆中召一論師，聰敏高才<a class="zhuhao" href="#5127" id="5115">〔3〕</a>明達幽微者，作僞<a class="zhuhao" href="#5128" id="5116">〔4〕</a>邪<a class="zhuhao" href="#5129" id="5117">〔5〕</a>書千頌，凡三萬二千言，非毁佛法，扶正本宗。於是召集僧衆，令相攉<a class="zhuhao" href="#5130" id="5118">〔6〕</a>論。外道有勝，當毁佛法，衆僧無負，斷舌以謝。是時僧徒懼有退負，集而議曰：“慧日已沈，法橋將毁，王黨外道，其可敵乎？事勢若斯，計將安出？”衆咸默然，無竪<a class="zhuhao" href="#5131" id="5119">〔7〕</a>議者。<span class="zhuanming">護法菩薩</span>年在幼稚，辯慧多聞，風範弘遠，在大衆中揚言讚曰：“愚雖不敏，請陳其略，誠宜以我疾應王命。高論得勝，斯靈祐也。徵<a class="zhuhao" href="#5132" id="5120">〔8〕</a>議墮負，乃稚齒也。然則進退有辭，法僧無咎<a class="zhuhao" href="#5133" id="5121">〔9〕</a>。”僉曰：“允諧。”如其籌策，尋應王命，卽昇論座<a class="zhuhao" href="#5134" id="5122">〔10〕</a>。外道乃提頓綱網，抑揚辭義，誦其所執，待彼異論。<span class="zhuanming">護法菩薩</span>納其言而笑曰：“吾得勝矣。將覆逆而誦耶<a class="zhuhao" href="#5135" id="5123">〔11〕</a>？爲亂辭而誦耶？”外道憮然而謂曰：“子無自高也！能領語盡，此則爲勝。順受其文，後釋其義。”<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>乃隨其聲調，述其文義，辭理不謬，氣韻無差。於是外道聞已，欲自斷舌。<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>曰：“斷舌非謝，改執<a class="zhuhao" href="#5136" id="5124">〔12〕</a>是悔。”卽爲説法，心信意悟。王捨邪道，遵崇正法。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5112" id="5125">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》址作趾。《徑山本》基址作其址。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5114" id="5126">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》扶作怵，亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5115" id="5127">〔3〕</a>原本無才字，《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》並有之，今據補。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00474','1244093',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P474</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5116" id="5128">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》僞並作爲。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5117" id="5129">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》邪作衺，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5118" id="5130">〔6〕</a>原本攉作摧，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》改。《元本》﹑《明南本》作𣙜。攉﹑𣙜同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5119" id="5131">〔7〕</a>《中本》竪作堅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5120" id="5132">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》徵作微。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5121" id="5133">〔9〕</a>《中本》咎作耻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5122" id="5134">〔10〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》座並作席。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5123" id="5135">〔11〕</a>《石本》耶作邪，次同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5124" id="5136">〔12〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》執作軌。《徑山本》訛作斬。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5111" id="5137">（一）</a>迦奢布羅城：梵文Kāśapura，《慈恩傳》中不載此城，可見非<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>親履之地。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>大體上推定此城爲<span class="zhuanming">古瑪蒂</span>（Gomatī，Gumuttī）河畔的<span class="zhuanming">蘇丹浦爾</span>（Sultānpur），此城的古名爲Kuśabhava-napura，簡稱爲Kuśapura，與<span class="zhuanming">迦奢布羅</span>的第一個音節不相應，可能因傳聞致誤。確切地址尚待進一步研究。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5113" id="5138">（二）</a>護法菩薩：<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>，梵文Dharmapāla意譯，音譯<span class="zhuanming">達磨波羅</span>，約公元六世紀人，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代著名的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>哲學理論家。他祖述<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>的學説，著《成唯識論》，爲大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>瑜伽行宗的巨子，曾主持<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>，其弟子<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之師。<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>生平事蹟散見於《西域記》卷八﹑卷九﹑卷十與《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四，<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>與<span class="zhuanming">陳那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法稱</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">戒<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00475','1244093',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P475</span></i>賢</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">師子月</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">安惠</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">德惠</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">惠護</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">勝光</span>號稱十大論師。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">護法</span>伏外道側有<a class="zhuhao" href="#5140" id="5139">〔1〕</a>窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也，基雖傾陷，尚高二百餘尺，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔於此處六月説法。傍有經行之迹及髮爪窣堵波。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5139" id="5140">〔1〕</a>《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》有上並有則字。</span> </p><p> <span>自此北行<a class="zhuhao" href="#5143" id="5141">〔1〕</a>百七八十里，至<span class="zhuanming">鞞索</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5144" id="5142">〔2〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">山格反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5141" id="5143">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》北行二字作東北行三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5142" id="5144">〔2〕</a>《石本》索作󵾟，次同。按󵾟乃𡩡之訛，𡩡爲索之古作。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十六、前正覺山及佛成道故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153512" key="1153512"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十六、前正覺山及佛成道故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153513" key="1153513"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00665','1244178',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P665</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001118"><b>十六﹑前正覺山及佛成道故事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伽耶迦葉波</span>事火東，渡大河，至<span class="zhuanming">鉢羅笈菩提山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7109" id="7085">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">前正覺山</span>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>將證正覺，先登此山，故云前正覺也<a class="zhuhao" href="#7099" id="7086">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>勤求六歲，未成正覺，後捨苦行，示受乳糜<a class="zhuhao" href="#7110" id="7087">（二）</a>，行自東北，遊目<a class="zhuhao" href="#7100" id="7088">〔2〕</a>此山，有懷幽寂，欲證正覺。自東北岡登以至頂，地既震動，山又傾摇。山神惶懼，告菩薩曰：“此山者，非成正覺之福地也。若止於此，入金剛定，地當震陷，山亦傾覆。”菩薩下自西南，山<a class="zhuhao" href="#7101" id="7089">〔3〕</a>半崖中，背巖面澗，有大石室，菩薩卽之，加<a class="zhuhao" href="#7102" id="7090">〔4〕</a>趺坐焉。地又震動，山復傾摇。時<span class="zhuanming">淨居天</span>空中唱曰：“此非<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>成<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00666','1244178',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P666</span></i>正<a class="zhuhao" href="#7103" id="7091">〔5〕</a>覺處。自此西南十四五里，去苦行處不遠，有卑<a class="zhuhao" href="#7104" id="7092">〔6〕</a>鉢羅樹，下有金剛座，去來諸佛，咸於此座而成正覺。願當就彼！”菩薩方起，室中龍曰：“斯室清勝，可以證聖，唯願慈悲，勿有遺棄！”菩薩既知非取證所，爲遂龍意，留影而去<a class="zhuhao" href="#7111" id="7093">（三）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">影在昔日，賢愚咸覩，洎於今時，或有得見<a class="zhuhao" href="#7105" id="7094">〔7〕</a>。</span> <span>諸天前導，往菩提樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#7112" id="7095">（四）</a>。逮乎<a class="zhuhao" href="#7106" id="7096">〔8〕</a><span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之興也，菩薩登山上下之迹，皆樹旌表，建窣堵波，度量雖殊，靈應莫異，或<a class="zhuhao" href="#7107" id="7097">〔9〕</a>花雨空中，或光照幽谷。每歲罷安居日，異方法俗，登修<a class="zhuhao" href="#7108" id="7098">〔10〕</a>供養，信宿乃還。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7086" id="7099">〔1〕</a>《石本》也作山。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7088" id="7100">〔2〕</a>《古本》目作因，顯誤。《舊麗本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》作自。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7089" id="7101">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》山作止。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7090" id="7102">〔4〕</a>《中本》加作跏，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7091" id="7103">〔5〕</a>《石本》脱正字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7092" id="7104">〔6〕</a>《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》卑並作畢。《方志》及《珠林》三十八亦作畢。卑﹑畢同聲通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7094" id="7105">〔7〕</a>《石本》見下有之字，《中本》有之也二字。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》見下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7096" id="7106">〔8〕</a>《中本》無乎字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7097" id="7107">〔9〕</a>原本或下有天字，《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無之，今從删。花雨空中與光照幽谷相偶舉，且空中已含天義。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00667','1244178',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P667</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7098" id="7108">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》修並作彼。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7085" id="7109">（一）</a>鉢羅笈菩提山：<span class="zhuanming">鉢羅笈菩提</span>，梵文Prāgbodhi音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">前正覺</span>。據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>考證，此山卽今之<span class="zhuanming">莫拉山</span>（Mora Mt.），距<span class="zhuanming">伽耶城</span>約三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪河</span>東岸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7087" id="7110">（二）</a>示受乳糜：據《佛本行集經》﹑《因果經》等記載，<span class="zhuanming">悉達多</span>王子出家後經歷六年苦行，方悟到苦行無益，而身體也已極端虚弱，勉强行至<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪河</span>洗去六年的積垢，隨後受了牧女供養的牛奶粥（卽乳糜），恢復了氣力。本書本卷下文南門外遺迹條云：“菩薩入<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪那河</span>沐浴之處。河側不遠，菩薩於此受食乳糜。”案奉乳糜的牧女有作一人，有作二人。《佛本行集經》卷二五謂二女一爲<span class="zhuanming">難陀</span>（Nandā），一名<span class="zhuanming">婆羅</span>（Ba1ā）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7093" id="7111">（三）</a>留影而去：此卽<span class="zhuanming">前正覺山</span>的<span class="zhuanming">佛影石窟</span>，今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>習俗稱爲Durgā-śrī，卽<span class="zhuanming">自在天妃難近母</span>的祠窟。（據<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注《大唐西域記》第261頁）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7095" id="7112">（四）</a>菩提樹：卽畢鉢羅樹（pippala），故下文云：“金剛座上菩提樹者，卽畢鉢羅之樹也”；因<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>於此種樹下成道，故名菩提樹，意譯作道樹﹑覺樹等。參見本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">提謂城</span>及<span class="zhuanming">波利城</span>菩提樹注。菩提樹﹑金剛座相傳爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的成道處，或稱爲<span class="zhuanming">菩提場</span>或<span class="zhuanming">菩陀加雅</span>（Buddha Gayā），在今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">比哈爾</span>邦<span class="zhuanming">加雅城</span>（Gayā）南郊。附近還有許多佛的遺迹和古代石刻與建築，故《西域記》下文云：“壖垣内地，聖迹相隣”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、佛舍利窣堵波及俱昏荼僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153516" key="1153516"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 薩他泥濕伐羅國 &gt; 二、佛舍利窣堵波及俱昏荼僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153517" key="1153517"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00391','1244058',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P391</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000634"><b>二﹑佛舍利窣堵波及俱昏荼僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>城西北四五里，有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。甎皆黄赤色，甚光淨。中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利一升<a class="zhuhao" href="#4359" id="4358">〔1〕</a>，光明時照，神迹多端。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4358" id="4359">〔1〕</a>原本升作斗，《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作升，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span>城南行百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">俱昏</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">去聲。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#4362" id="4360">〔1〕</a>僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4363" id="4361">（一）</a>，重閣連甍，層臺間峙。僧徒清肅，威儀閑雅。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4360" id="4362">〔1〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00392','1244058',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P392</span></i>本》荼並作茶。按<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初不用茶字，説詳前校記。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4361" id="4363">（一）</a>俱昏荼僧伽藍：此名原義及地望均説法不一，猶待考定。俱昏荼有謂梵文Gominda，有謂Gokaṇṭha，有謂Govinda者。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北<a class="zhuhao" href="#4366" id="4364">〔1〕</a>行四百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">窣禄勤那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4367" id="4365">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4364" id="4366">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》無北字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4365" id="4367">〔2〕</a>窣禄勤那國，《慈恩傳》無窣字。《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八勤作勒。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十七、菩提樹垣
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153520" key="1153520"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153521" key="1153521"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00668','1244179',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P668</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001121"><b>十七﹑菩提樹垣</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">前正覺山</span>西南行十四五里，至菩提樹。周垣壘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7118" id="7113">〔1〕</a>甎，崇峻險固，東西長，南北狭，周五百餘步<a class="zhuhao" href="#7119" id="7114">〔2〕</a>。奇樹名花，連陰接影；細沙<a class="zhuhao" href="#7120" id="7115">〔3〕</a>異草，彌漫緣<a class="zhuhao" href="#7121" id="7116">〔4〕</a>被<a class="zhuhao" href="#7122" id="7117">〔5〕</a>。正門東闢，對<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪河</span>，南門接大花池，西阨險固，北門通大伽藍。壖垣内地，聖迹相鄰，或窣堵波，或復精舍，並<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>諸國君王﹑大臣﹑豪族欽承遺教，建以記焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7113" id="7118">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》壘並作疊。《慈恩傳》﹑《續傳》及《珠林》三十八作壘，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7114" id="7119">〔2〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》作“東西闊周五百四十步”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7115" id="7120">〔3〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》沙作莎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7116" id="7121">〔4〕</a>原本緣作緑，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7117" id="7122">〔5〕</a>《石本》校書﹑《中本》被作堤。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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目録
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv364432" key="364432"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 目録 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv364433" key="364433"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00001','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1</span></i><p style="text-indent:NaNpx;">目録</p><p style="text-indent:28px;">玄奘與《大唐西域記》——校注《大唐西域記》前言<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">説明<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（139）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">校勘例言<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（143）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">序一<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">序二<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（13）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第一<span class="font12 zhu">三十四國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（29）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">序論<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（32）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">阿耆尼國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（48）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">屈支國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（54）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑大龍池及金花王<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（57）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑昭怙釐二伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（60）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑大會場<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（61）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑阿奢理貳伽藍及其傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（62）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">跋禄迦國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（66）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">凌山及大清池<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（67）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">素葉水城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（71）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">窣利地區總述<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（72）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00002','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P2</span></i><p style="text-indent:84px;">千泉<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（76）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">呾邏私城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（77）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">小孤城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（78）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">白水城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（79）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">恭御城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（80）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">笯赤建國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（81）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">赭時國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（82）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">㤄捍國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（84）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">窣堵利瑟那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（85）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">大沙磧<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（87）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">颯秣建國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（87）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">弭秣賀國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（89）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">劫布呾那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（91）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">屈霜你伽國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（92）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">喝捍國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（93）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">捕喝國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（94）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">伐地國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（95）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">貨利習彌伽國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（96）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">羯霜那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（97）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">鐵門<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（98）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">覩貨邏國故地<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（100）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">呾蜜國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（103）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">赤鄂衍那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（105）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">忽露摩國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（106）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">愉漫國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（107）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00003','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P3</span></i><p style="text-indent:56px;">鞠和衍那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（108）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">鑊沙國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（110）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">珂咄羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（111）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">拘謎陁國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（111）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">縛伽浪國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（113）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">紇露悉泯健國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（113）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">忽懔國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（114）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">縛喝國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（115）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑納縛僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（117）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑提謂城及波利城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（122）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">鋭秣陁國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（125）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">胡寔健國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（126）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">呾剌健國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（127）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">揭職國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（127）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">大雪山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（128）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">梵衍那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（129）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑大立佛及卧佛像<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（130）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑小川澤僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（132）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">迦畢試國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（135）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑質子伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（138）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑曷邏怙羅僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（144）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑霫蔽多伐剌祠城及阿路猱山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（146）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑大雪山龍池及其傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（149）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑舊王及舊王妃伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（155）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑比羅娑洛山及龍泉<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（156）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00004','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P4</span></i><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第二<span class="font12 zhu">三國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（161）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">印度總述<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（161）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑釋名<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（161）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑疆域<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（164）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑數量<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（166）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑歲時<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（168）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑邑居<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（173）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑衣飾<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（176）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑饌食<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（181）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">八﹑文字<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（182）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">九﹑教育<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（185）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十﹑佛教<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（193）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十一﹑族姓<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（197）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十二﹑兵術<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（200）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十三﹑刑法<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（203）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十四﹑敬儀<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（205）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十五﹑病死<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（207）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十六﹑賦税<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（209）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十七﹑物産<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（211）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">濫波國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（218）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">那揭羅曷國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（220）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑城附近諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（222）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑小石嶺佛影窟<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（224）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑醯羅城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（228）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">健馱邏國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（232）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑卑鉢羅樹及迦膩色迦王大窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（237）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00005','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P5</span></i><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑大窣堵波周近諸佛像<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（241）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑迦膩色迦王伽藍與脇尊者﹑世親﹑如意遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（244）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑布色羯邏伐底城及諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（250）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑跋虜沙城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（256）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑彈多落迦山及其他諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（258）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑烏鐸迦漢荼城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（261）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">八﹑娑羅覩邏邑及波你尼仙<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（262）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第三<span class="font12 zhu">八國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（269）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">烏仗那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（270）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑忍辱仙遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（273）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑阿波邏羅龍泉及佛遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（274）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑醯羅山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（278）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑摩訶伐那伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（280）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑摩愉伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（281）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑尸毗迦王本生故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（282）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑薩裒殺地僧迦藍及佛本生故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（283）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">八﹑上軍王窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（285）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">九﹑赤塔﹑奇特塔及觀自在菩薩精舍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（286）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十﹑藍勃盧山龍池及烏仗那國王統傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（289）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十一﹑達麗羅川<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（295）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">鉢露羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（299）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">呾叉始羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（300）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑醫羅鉢呾羅龍王池<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（302）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑四寶藏之一所<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（303）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑捨頭窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（304）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00006','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P6</span></i><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑童受論師製論處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（306）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑南山窣堵波及拘浪拏太子故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（306）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">僧訶補羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（313）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑城附近寺塔及白衣外道説法處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（315）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑大石門及王子捨身飼虎處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（317）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑孤山中伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（319）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">烏剌尸國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（319）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">迦濕彌羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（321）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑開國傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（324）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑五百羅漢僧傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（327）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑迦膩色迦王第四結集<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（331）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑雪山下王討罪故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（338）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑佛牙伽藍及傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（340）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑小伽藍及衆賢論師遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（342）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑索建地羅論師及象食羅漢遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（344）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">八﹑圓滿與覺取論師遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（346）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">半笯嗟國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（348）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">曷邏闍補羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（349）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第四<span class="font12 zhu">十五國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（351）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">磔迦國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（352）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑奢羯羅故城及大族王興滅故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（354）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑世親製論及其他遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（364）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">至那僕底國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（365）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑國號由來<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（367）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑闇林伽藍及迦多衍那論師遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（368）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00007','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P7</span></i><p style="text-indent:56px;">闍爛達羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（370）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">屈露多國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（372）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">設多圖盧國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（375）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">波理夜呾羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（376）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">秣菟羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（379）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑釋迦弟子等遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（381）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑鄔波毱多遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（385）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑獼猴獻蜜及釋迦等遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（387）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">薩他泥濕伐羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（388）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑福地<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（389）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑佛舍利窣堵波及俱昏荼僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（391）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">窣禄勤那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（392）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑如來及羅漢髮爪窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（394）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑殑伽河源及提婆誘化故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（394）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">秣底補羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（396）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑德光伽藍及傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（398）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑大伽藍及衆賢與世親故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（400）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑無垢友故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（403）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑摩裕羅城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（405）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">婆羅吸摩補羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（407）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">瞿毗霜那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（410）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">堊醯掣呾邏國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（412）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">毗羅删拏國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（414）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">劫比他國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（416）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑大伽藍三寶階及其傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（417）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00008','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P8</span></i><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑蓮花色尼見佛處及傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（420）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第五<span class="font12 zhu">六國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（423）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">羯若鞠闍國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（423）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑國號由來<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（425）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑戒日王世系及卽位治績<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（428）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑玄奘會見戒日王<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（436）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑曲女城法會<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（440）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑曲女城附近諸佛迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（444）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑納縛提婆矩羅城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（446）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">阿踰陁國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（448）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑世親﹑勝受及佛遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（450）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑無著與世親故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（452）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">阿耶穆佉國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（457）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">鉢邏耶伽國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（459）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑如來遺迹及提婆故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（460）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑天祠及傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（462）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑大施場及修苦行者<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（463）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">憍賞彌國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（466）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑刻檀佛像<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（468）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑具史羅﹑世親﹑無著及諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（470）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑迦奢布羅城及護法伏外道遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（472）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">鞞索迦國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（475）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑大城附近諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（476）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00009','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P9</span></i><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第六<span class="font12 zhu">四國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（481）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">室羅伐悉底國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（481）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑勝軍王<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（485）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑指鬘捨邪處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（487）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑逝多林給孤獨國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（488）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑如來洗病比丘處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（490）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑舍利弗與目連試神通處及諸佛迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（491）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑伽藍附近三坑傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（493）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑影覆精舍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（498）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">八﹑毗盧擇迦王傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（501）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">九﹑得眼林<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（504）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十﹑故城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（505）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">劫比羅伐窣堵國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（506）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑釋迦爲太子時傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（509）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑太子踰城處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（513）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑二古佛本生處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（514）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑太子坐樹陰處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（516）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑釋種誅死處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（516）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑釋迦證法歸見父王處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（518）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑自在天祠及箭泉<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（520）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">八﹑臘伐尼林及釋迦誕生傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（523）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">藍摩國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（526）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑佛舍利窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（527）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑沙彌伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（529）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑太子解衣剃髮處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（531）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00010','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P10</span></i><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑灰炭窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（534）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">拘尸那揭羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（536）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑准陁故宅<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（538）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（538）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">1﹑雉王本生故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（542）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">2﹑救生鹿本生故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（543）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">3﹑善賢證果處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（544）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">4﹑執金剛躃地處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（546）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">5﹑釋迦寂滅諸神異傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（547）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">6﹑八王分舍利傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（552）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑大邑聚及羅怙羅神蹟傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（553）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第七<span class="font12 zhu">五國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（557）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">婆羅痆斯國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（557）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑鹿野伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（561）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">1﹑慈氏及護明受記窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（565）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">2﹑三龍池及釋迦遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（568）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">3﹑象﹑鳥﹑鹿王本生故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（568）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">4﹑憍陳如等五人迎佛窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（572）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑烈士池及傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（576）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑三獸窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（579）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">戰主國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（581）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑佛舍利窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（581）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑不穿耳伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（582）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑摩訶娑羅邑及諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（584）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">吠舍釐國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（587）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00011','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P11</span></i><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑佛説毗摩羅詰經所<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（588）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑佛舍利窣堵波及諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（589）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑無垢稱及寶積故宅<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（591）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑菴没羅女園及佛預言湼槃處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（593）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑千佛本生故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（594）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑重閣講堂及諸聖迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（597）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑故城及大天王本生故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（600）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">八﹑七百賢聖結集<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（601）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">九﹑濕吠多補羅伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（604）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十﹑阿難分身寂滅傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（605）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">弗栗恃國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（607）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑化度漁人及諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（609）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">尼波羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（612）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑光胄王製聲明論<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（613）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑小水池<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（615）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第八<span class="font12 zhu">一國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（619）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">摩揭陁國上<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（619）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑波吒釐子城及傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（623）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑無憂王地獄處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（627）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑無憂王建舍利塔<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（631）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑如來足迹石<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（633）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑無憂王大石柱<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（635）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑摩醯因陁羅故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（636）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑無憂王諸營造遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（638）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">八﹑雞園僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（640）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00012','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P12</span></i><p style="text-indent:84px;">九﹑阿摩落迦窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（641）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十﹑建揵椎聲窣堵波及提婆故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（643）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十一﹑馬鳴遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（647）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十二﹑鞮羅擇迦伽藍及附近佛遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（650）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十三﹑德慧伽藍及遺事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（653）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十四﹑戒賢伽藍及伏外道事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（659）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十五﹑伽耶城與伽耶山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（662）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十六﹑前正覺山及佛成道故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（665）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十七﹑菩提樹垣<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（668）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">1﹑金剛座<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（668）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">2﹑菩提樹及其事迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（670）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">3﹑如來成道時日<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（678）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">4﹑如來成道及諸奉佛遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（678）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">5﹑菩提樹垣附近諸迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（684）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">6﹑南門外遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（684）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">7﹑東門外遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（691）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">8﹑北門外摩訶菩提僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（693）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">9﹑安居月日<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（698）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第九<span class="font12 zhu">一國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（701）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">摩揭陁國下<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（701）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十八﹑香象池<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（701）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十九﹑外道發惡願處<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（703）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十﹑雞足山及大迦葉故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（705）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十一﹑佛陀伐那山及杖林<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（709）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">1﹑勝軍故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（711）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">2﹑杖林附近諸迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（713）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00013','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P13</span></i><p style="text-indent:112px;">3﹑阿素洛宫異事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（716）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">4﹑棧道<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（717）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十二﹑上茅宫城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（717）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">1﹑伏醉象遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（720）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">2﹑舍利弗證果故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（720）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">3﹑勝密火坑故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（722）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">4﹑時縛迦大醫遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（723）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十三﹑鷲峯及佛迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（725）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十四﹑毗布羅山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（729）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">1﹑卑鉢羅石室及比丘習定故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（730）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">2﹑其他諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（732）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十五﹑迦蘭陁竹園<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（734）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">1﹑佛舍利窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（735）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">2﹑阿難半身窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（736）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">3﹑第一結集<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（737）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">4﹑迦蘭陁池及石柱<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（742）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十六﹑王舍城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（743）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十七﹑那爛陁僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（747）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">1﹑伽藍附近諸迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（758）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十八﹑拘理迦邑及目連故里<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（762）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二十九﹑頻毗娑羅王迎佛遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（764）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三十﹑迦羅臂拏迦邑及舍利子故里<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（765）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三十一﹑帝釋窟<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（769）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">1﹑雁窣堵波<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（770）</span></p><p style="text-indent:112px;">2﹑鴿伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（772）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三十二﹑孤山觀自在像<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（773）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三十三﹑其他佛説法遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（774）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00014','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P14</span></i><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第十<span class="font12 zhu">十七國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（777）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">伊爛拏鉢伐多國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（778）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑伊爛拏山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（780）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑二百億比丘故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（781）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑小孤山佛遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（784）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">瞻波國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（786）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">羯朱嗢祇羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（788）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">奔那伐彈那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（790）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑跋始婆僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（792）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">迦摩縷波國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（794）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑拘摩羅王招請<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（797）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑東境風土<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（799）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">三摩呾吒國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（801）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑傳聞六國：室利差呾羅國﹑迦摩浪迦國﹑墮羅鉢底國﹑伊賞那補羅國﹑摩訶瞻波國﹑閻摩那洲國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（803）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">躭摩栗底國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（805）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（807）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑赤泥僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（809）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">烏荼國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（812）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑補歰波祇釐僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（814）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑折利呾羅城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（815）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">恭御陀國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（817）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">羯𩜁伽國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（819）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">憍薩羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（823）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00015','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P15</span></i><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑龍猛與提婆<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（824）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑龍猛自刎故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（827）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑跋邏末羅耆釐山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（829）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">案達羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（832）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑阿折羅羅漢伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（835）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑陳那與因明論<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（836）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">馱那羯磔迦國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（839）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑東山西山二僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（842）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑清辯故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（843）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">珠利耶國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（846）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑提婆遺事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（849）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">達羅毗荼國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（851）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑護法遺事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（855）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">秣羅矩吒國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（857）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑秣剌耶山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（859）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑布呾落迦山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（861）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷第十一<span class="font12 zhu">二十三國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（865）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">僧伽羅國<span class="font12 zhu">雖非印度之國，路次附出</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（866）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑執師子傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（868）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑僧伽羅傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（873）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑佛教二部<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（878）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑佛牙精舍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（880）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑俯首佛像傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（882）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑齋僧及採寶<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（883）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑䮚迦山與那羅稽羅洲<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（884）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00016','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P16</span></i><p style="text-indent:56px;">恭建那補羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（887）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑王城附近諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（889）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">摩訶剌侘國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（891）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑附近諸迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（894）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑阿折羅伽藍及石窟<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（895）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">跋禄羯呫婆國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（898）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">摩臘婆國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（900）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑戒日王遺事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（902）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑賢愛破邪論故事<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（903）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">阿吒釐國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（907）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">契吒國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（909）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">伐臘毗國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（911）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑附近遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（913）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑常叡王崇佛<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（914）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑阿折羅伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（915）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">阿難陁補羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（916）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">蘇剌侘國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（917）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">瞿折羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（920）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">鄔闍衍那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（922）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">擲枳陀國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（925）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">摩醯濕伐羅補羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（926）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">信度國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（928）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑法服俗行户<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（930）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">茂羅三部盧國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（931）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑日天祠<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（932）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00017','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P17</span></i><p style="text-indent:56px;">鉢伐多國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（933）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑城側大伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（934）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">阿點婆翅羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（934）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑大自在天祠及佛遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（936）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">狼揭羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（937）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">波剌斯國<span class="font12 zhu">非印度之國，路次附出。</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（938）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">臂多勢羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（944）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑城北諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（945）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">阿軬荼國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（946）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑大竹林附近諸遺迹<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（947）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">伐剌拏國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（948）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">卷十二<span class="font12 zhu">二十二國</span><span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（953）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">漕矩吒國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（954）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑崇奉䅳那天<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（957）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">弗栗恃薩儻那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（959）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">婆羅犀那大嶺<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（959）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">安呾羅縛國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（961）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">闊悉多國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（962）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">活國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（963）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">葱嶺<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（964）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">瞢健國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（965）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">阿利尼國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（965）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">曷邏胡國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（966）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">訖栗瑟摩國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（967）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00018','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P18</span></i><p style="text-indent:56px;">鉢利曷國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（968）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">呬摩呾羅國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（969）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">鉢鐸創那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（971）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">淫薄健國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（972）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">屈浪拏國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（973）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">達摩悉鐵帝國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（974）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑昏馱多城伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（976）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">尸棄尼國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（978）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">商彌國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（980）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">波謎羅川<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（981）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">朅盤陁國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（983）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑建國傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（984）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑童受伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（987）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑二石室入定羅漢<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（988）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑奔穰舍羅<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（989）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">烏鎩國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（990）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑羅漢出定神變傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（992）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">佉沙國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（995）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">斫句迦國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（998）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">瞿薩旦那國<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1001）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">一﹑建國傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1006）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">二﹑毗盧折那伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1009）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">三﹑瞿室𩜁伽山<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1013）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">四﹑地迦婆縛那伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1014）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">五﹑勃伽夷城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1015）</span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-B00019','1296453',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P19</span></i><p style="text-indent:84px;">六﹑鼠壤墳傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1017）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">七﹑娑摩若僧伽藍<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1019）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">八﹑麻射僧伽藍及蠶種之傳入<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1021）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">九﹑龍鼓傳説<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1024）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十﹑古戰場<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1025）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十一﹑媲摩城彫檀佛像<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1026）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">十二﹑尼壤城<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1030）</span></p><p style="text-indent:84px;">大流沙以東行程<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1030）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">記讚<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1036）</span></p><p style="text-indent:28px;">附録<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1053）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">一﹑進西域記表（玄奘）<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1053）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">二﹑主要參考書目<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1057）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">三﹑注釋條目索引<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1072）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">四﹑附：玄奘《大唐西域記》中的“四十七言”问题<span style="float:right;text-indent:0px;">（1117）</span></p><p style="text-indent:56px;">五﹑玄奘西行地圖二幅</p></div></div></div>
</>
羯霜那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153524" key="1153524"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 羯霜那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153525" key="1153525"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00097','1384596',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P97</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000167">羯霜那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羯霜那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1516" id="1513">（一）</a>周千四五百里。土宜風俗同<a class="zhuhao" href="#1515" id="1514">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00098','1384596',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P98</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1514" id="1515">〔1〕</a>《石本》無同字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1513" id="1516">（一）</a>羯霜那國：梵文*Kasanna或*Kuśāna﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>—<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語Kašš﹑Kišš之對音。（見<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《古突厥碑銘年代考》頁56﹑57；同著者《伊蘭考》，頁303）國名，亦爲城名。城址在<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建</span>（<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>）南七十五公里處，爲中世紀從<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建</span>至<span class="zhuanming">縛喝</span>（Balkh）大路中途之大城，始建於七世紀初。從十四世紀中叶<span class="zhuanming">帖木兒</span>時代起稱Shahr-isabz，意爲“緑城”，爲<span class="zhuanming">帖木兒帝</span>之原籍。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西南行二百餘里入山<a class="zhuhao" href="#1521" id="1517">〔1〕</a>，山路崎嶇<a class="zhuhao" href="#1522" id="1518">〔2〕</a>，谿徑危險，既絶人里，又少水草。東南山行三<a class="zhuhao" href="#1523" id="1519">〔3〕</a>百餘里，入<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1524" id="1520">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1517" id="1521">〔1〕</a>《方志》山作“大山”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1518" id="1522">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》嶇作嶮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1519" id="1523">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》無三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1520" id="1524">〔4〕</a>鐵門，《方志》作“鐵門關”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
貨利習彌伽國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153528" key="1153528"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 貨利習彌伽國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153529" key="1153529"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00096','1384595',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P96</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000164">貨利習彌伽國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貨利習彌伽國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1512" id="1509">（一）</a>順<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>兩<a class="zhuhao" href="#1511" id="1510">〔1〕</a>岸，東西二三十里，南北五百餘里。土宜風俗同<span class="zhuanming">伐地國</span>，語言少異。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00097','1384595',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P97</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1510" id="1511">〔1〕</a>《校本》云：“（兩）疑當作西，《傳》云：‘國東臨<span class="zhuanming">縛蒭河</span>。’”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1509" id="1512">（一）</a>貨利習彌伽國：在<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>下游兩岸地區，地土質肥沃，有水灌溉，自古以來爲<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>文化發達地區之一。梵文作*Horiṣmīka，古<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span><span class="zhuanming">阿契米尼王朝</span><span class="zhuanming">大流士大帝</span>（公元前522—486年）Behistun摩崖碑作Uvārazmiya；<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span><span class="zhuanming">希羅多德</span>撰《歷史》（Ⅲ，117）及《黑克替烏斯史》（《希臘史料叢殘》FHG，172，173）作Xoράσμίη；《阿里安史》作Chorasmia（Ⅳ，15—4）；<span class="zhuanming">中波</span>語作Khwārizmik；<span class="zhuanming">亞美尼亞</span>史料作Khorozm（參看<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《古突厥碑銘年代考》，第62頁；《伊蘭考》，第155頁）；《魏書》作<span class="zhuanming">忽似密</span>；《新唐書·西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>條作<span class="zhuanming">火辭彌</span>；<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>條作<span class="zhuanming">火尋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">過利</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">貨利習彌</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此地有可能是<span class="zhuanming">瑣羅亞斯德</span>教（<span class="zhuanming">祆教</span>）聖書《阿維斯陀》産生的故鄉，參看<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》頁155；<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《花剌子模》；《伊斯蘭百科全書》<span class="zhuanming">德</span>文第1版，第2卷，頁974。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span>西南行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">羯霜</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">去聲。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">那國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">史國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
伐地國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153532" key="1153532"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 伐地國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153533" key="1153533"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00095','1384594',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P95</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000161">伐地國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伐地國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1508" id="1503">（一）</a>周四百餘里，土宜風俗同<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span>。從此西南<a class="zhuhao" href="#1506" id="1504">〔1〕</a>五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">貨利習彌伽國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1507" id="1505">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00096','1384594',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P96</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1504" id="1506">〔1〕</a>《中本》南下有行字。《慈恩傳》無南字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1505" id="1507">〔2〕</a>《方志》無伽字。按《新唐書·西域傳》亦無伽字。《徑山本》國下有小注“唐言”二字，卷尾校記云：“闕，唐言未詳。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1503" id="1508">（一）</a>伐地國：<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>依據<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>（Julien）譯本Ⅱ，283，均比定之爲Betik，Bitik。見<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>《西域地名》；<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>《解説西域記》。《西域記》注：“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">西安國</span>”。《西域記》<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span>寫本作<span class="zhuanming">戊地</span>，《新唐書·西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>條﹑<span class="zhuanming">火尋</span>條均作<span class="zhuanming">戊地</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">公元943或944年<span class="zhuanming">納爾沙希</span>（Narshakhi）《布哈拉史》提及Bitik及Farab兩村。（<span class="zhuanming">弗萊</span>《布哈拉史》譯注，頁6）。Bitik與Fa-rab兩村現仍存在於<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>岸，與今Amol/Charjui城遥遥相對。（同上書，頁105，注16）查Bitik村位於<span class="zhuanming">布哈拉城</span>西南，相距約四百里，與《西域記》所説從<span class="zhuanming">捕喝</span>西四百餘里至<span class="zhuanming">伐地國</span>記載相符。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>據《慈恩傳》稱<span class="zhuanming">伐地</span>在<span class="zhuanming">捕喝</span>西僅百里，因而推斷<span class="zhuanming">伐地</span>可能是Wardān，Wardana。（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《古突厥碑銘年代考》，頁62）<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文此名作Wrδ，n。查Wardān，Wardāna實際上位於<span class="zhuanming">布拉哈</span>以北約二百里的大鎮，與《西域記》記載不合，當以Betik説爲是。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
捕喝國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153536" key="1153536"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 捕喝國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153537" key="1153537"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00094','1384593',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P94</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000158">捕喝國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">捕喝國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1502" id="1495">（一）</a>周千六七百里，東西長，南北狹。土宜風俗同<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span>。從此國西<a class="zhuhao" href="#1499" id="1496">〔1〕</a>四百<a class="zhuhao" href="#1500" id="1497">〔2〕</a>餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">伐地國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1501" id="1498">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">西安國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1496" id="1499">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》西下有行字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1497" id="1500">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》“四百”二字作“百”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1498" id="1501">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》伐作戊，《石本》﹑《中本》作代，《異本》及《音釋》作戌，下並同。按《新唐書·西域傳》作“戊地”，《翻譯集》亦作戊。又詳《目録》校記。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1495" id="1502">（一）</a>捕喝國：《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>條又作<span class="zhuanming">布<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00095','1384593',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P95</span></i>豁</span>，皆Bukhārā之對音。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此城名稱之來源有幾説，一説謂此名起源於bukhar，慕闍用語中意爲“人文薈萃之地”。〔<span class="zhuanming">朮外尼</span>（Juwayni）《世界征服者傳》I，頁76〕。一説bukhar源於梵語Vihāra，意爲拜佛之地，卽寺院（<span class="zhuanming">弗萊</span>《布哈拉史》譯注頁121，注103，<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span>書籍中多主此説）。一説根據<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語中Bukhārā的名稱作Buqaraq，而推測其由buqa十小品詞raq組成，意爲公牛之地，卽古<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>聖書《阿維斯陀》（Avesta）中的Gava（F.Altheim：Aus Spätantike und Christentum，Tübingen，1951年，頁112）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">《魏書》稱<span class="zhuanming">捕喝</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">忸密</span>，《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>條亦稱“<span class="zhuanming">元</span><span class="zhuanming">魏</span>謂<span class="zhuanming">忸密</span>者”。考Bukhārā初建時城名Numijkath，亦作Bumičkath，見（<span class="zhuanming">弗萊</span>《布哈拉史》譯注頁21，頁120注103；<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志》譯注頁352）。Kath意爲城，<span class="zhuanming">忸密</span>當爲Numij/Bumič之對音。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又《新唐書》<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>條：“西瀕<span class="zhuanming">烏滸河</span>（Oxus/Amu-Darya）治<span class="zhuanming">阿濫謐城</span>”。考中古時期Bukhārā王治在Rīyāmīthan，今名Ramithan，<span class="zhuanming">阿濫謐</span>當爲其對音，其位置約在今<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span><span class="zhuanming">烏兹别克共和國</span><span class="zhuanming">布哈拉</span>（Buchara）附近。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
呾蜜國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153540" key="1153540"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 呾蜜國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153541" key="1153541"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00103','1384599',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P103</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000178">呾蜜國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#1575" id="1571">〔1〕</a>蜜國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1577" id="1572">（一）</a>東西六百餘里，南北四百餘里。國大都城周二十餘里，東西長，南北狹。伽藍十餘所，僧徒千餘人。諸窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#1578" id="1573">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">卽舊所謂浮圖也，又曰鍮婆，又曰私鍮簸，又曰藪斗波，皆訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1576" id="1574">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span>及佛尊像，多神異，有靈鑒。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1571" id="1575">〔1〕</a>《西域傳》呾作咀。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00104','1384599',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P104</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1574" id="1576">〔2〕</a>原本自卽下至訛也二十八字爲正文，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》並作小注，今據改。但《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》無“卽舊”二字。《石本》無私字。《翻譯集》引二鍮字並作偷。《金陵本》藪作數。《石本》無“訛也”之也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1572" id="1577">（一）</a>呾蜜國：卽Tirmidh。《新唐書·西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">大食</span>條作<span class="zhuanming">怛滿</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">怛没</span>。位於Surkhan河注入<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>河口不遠處。古<span class="zhuanming">怛密</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>河岸，因河中小島及淺灘便於涉渡，成爲南北往來重要渡口。古城毁於<span class="zhuanming">成吉思汗</span>時期（<span class="zhuanming">朮外尼</span>：《世界征服者傳》第1卷，頁101﹑102），新城建於舊城以北兩<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處（H.A.R.<span class="zhuanming">吉布</span>《伊本·巴圖塔游記》譯注，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，1929年；<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《蒙古入侵時期的突厥斯坦》，第74—76頁）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">1964—1966年考古發掘證實，公元前二世紀Tirmidh卽已存在<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人的砦堡，公元後一至二世紀有佛寺﹑塔（窣堵波）等<span class="zhuanming">貴霜</span>王朝時期的遺物。古城西北角之Kara-Tepe有在岩石間開鑿的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>洞窟寺院，惟其壁畫保存不佳，此外有泥塑﹑浮雕﹑陶器等物出土。陶器上有無數與<span class="zhuanming">巴里黑</span>﹑Surkh-kotal出土文物相同的<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字體和<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>字體銘文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">今天的Tirmidh城已是第三次改址，位於<span class="zhuanming">布哈拉</span>—<span class="zhuanming">杜尚别</span>鐵路和<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>—<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>公路的交叉點上。（<span class="zhuanming">諾布洛赫</span>：Beyond the Oxus，London，1972年，頁185）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1573" id="1578">（二）</a>窣堵波：梵文stūpa的音譯，卽佛塔。《西域記》此條云：“窣堵波卽舊所謂浮圖也。又曰鍮婆，又曰塔婆，又曰私鍮簸，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00105','1384599',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P105</span></i>又曰藪斗波，皆訛也。”查塔婆由<span class="zhuanming">巴利</span>文th ūpa而來，蘇偷婆﹑窣堵波由梵文st ūpa而來，都是譯音，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則根據梵文音，就認爲其他音譯“皆訛也”。如<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>在《浮圖與佛》一文所指出：“以前人們都認爲這些佛經的原本就是梵文。他們拿梵文來同這些音譯名詞一對，發現它們不相當，於是就只好説這是省略，連<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在《大唐西域記》裏也犯了同樣的錯誤。他説這個是‘訛也’，那個是‘訛也’，都不見得真是‘訛也’。現在我們知道，初期中譯佛經大半不是直接由梵文譯過來的，拿梵文作標准來衡量這裏面的音譯名詞，當然不合適了。”（<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>《中印文化關系史論文集》，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>，1982年，第326頁。）以後凡遇到這類問題，同此從略。</span> </p><p> <span>東至<a class="zhuhao" href="#1580" id="1579">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">赤鄂衍那國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1579" id="1580">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無至字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
覩貨邏國故地
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153544" key="1153544"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 覩貨邏國故地 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153545" key="1153545"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00100','1384598',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P100</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000174">覩貨邏國故地</p><p> <span>出<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>至<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅國</span>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1552" id="1535">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span>故<a class="zhuhao" href="#1553" id="1536">〔2〕</a>地，<a class="zhuhao" href="#1564" id="1537">（一）</a>南北千餘里，東西三千餘里，東阨<a class="zhuhao" href="#1554" id="1538">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>，西接<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1555" id="1539">〔4〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1565" id="1540">（二）</a>，南<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>，北據<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>，<span class="zhuanming">縛芻大河</span>中境西流。自數百年王族絶嗣，酋<a class="zhuhao" href="#1556" id="1541">〔5〕</a>豪力競，各擅<a class="zhuhao" href="#1557" id="1542">〔6〕</a>君長，依川據險，分爲二十七國。雖畫野區分，總役屬<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。氣序既温，疾疫亦衆<a class="zhuhao" href="#1558" id="1543">〔7〕</a>。冬末春初，霖雨相繼，故此境已南，<span class="zhuanming">濫波</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1566" id="1544">（三）</a>已北，其國風土並<a class="zhuhao" href="#1559" id="1545">〔8〕</a>多温疾<a class="zhuhao" href="#1560" id="1546">〔9〕</a>。而諸僧徒以十<a class="zhuhao" href="#1561" id="1547">〔10〕</a>二月十六日入安居<a class="zhuhao" href="#1567" id="1548">（四）</a>，三月十五日解安居，斯乃據其多雨，亦是設教隨時也。其俗則志性恇怯，容貌鄙陋。粗知信義，不甚<a class="zhuhao" href="#1562" id="1549">〔11〕</a>欺詐。語言去就，稍異諸國；字源二十五言，轉而相生<a class="zhuhao" href="#1568" id="1550">（五）</a>，用之備物。書以横讀，自左向右，文記漸多，逾廣<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>。多衣㲲，少服褐。貨用金銀等錢，模樣異於<a class="zhuhao" href="#1563" id="1551">〔12〕</a>諸國。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00101','1384598',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P101</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1535" id="1552">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1536" id="1553">〔2〕</a>原本故作其，今據《敦甲本》﹑《石本》改。《方志》云：“<span class="zhuanming">覩貨羅</span>故地。”《新唐書·西域傳》亦云“（史）居<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>故地”，“<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>”卽“<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1538" id="1554">〔3〕</a>《方志》阨作拒。《西域傳》亦作阨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1539" id="1555">〔4〕</a>《珠林》﹑《方志》無剌字。《西域傳》亦作“波剌斯”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1541" id="1556">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《異本》酋作首。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1542" id="1557">〔6〕</a>原本擅作壇，今從《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《中本》﹑《酬本》作檀，亦擅之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1543" id="1558">〔7〕</a>《翻譯集》引“亦衆”二字作“衆多”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1545" id="1559">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》無並字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1546" id="1560">〔9〕</a>《方志》云：“温熱多雨。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1547" id="1561">〔10〕</a>《敦甲本》無十字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1549" id="1562">〔11〕</a>《中本》無甚字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1551" id="1563">〔12〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《中本》無於字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1537" id="1564">（一）</a>覩貨邏國故地：<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>一名譯法甚多，東晉<span class="zhuanming">釋道安</span>《增一阿含經》序稱<span class="zhuanming">前秦</span><span class="zhuanming">建元</span>（公元365—384年）中有<span class="zhuanming">兜佉勒國</span>僧<span class="zhuanming">曇摩難提</span>來居<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>；<span class="zhuanming">僧伽跋澄</span>（383年到達長安）譯《鞞婆沙論》中作<span class="zhuanming">兜佉勒國</span>。此外，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯佛經中還有<span class="zhuanming">兜呿羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">兜沙羅</span>等譯法。《魏書》作<span class="zhuanming">吐呼羅</span>，《隋書》﹑《唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>，《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">土豁羅</span>。<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>語文獻作Tho-kar﹑Tho-gar﹑Thod-gar﹑Thod-kar﹑Thod-dkar；<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文獻中作，tγw’r’k；<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文獻中作twγry﹑twxry﹑twqry。關於<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00102','1384598',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P102</span></i>或<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>名稱的討論，參閲下列論文：<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>：Ttaugara，BSOS，第8卷，第4期，1937年，頁883—921；<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>：Recent Work in Tokharian，《語言學研究集刊》（TPHS），1947年卷，頁126—153；痕寧：Argi and Tokharians，BSOAS，第九卷第三期，1948年，頁541—545；痕寧：《粟特語雜考》，1940年，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，頁8—9。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以“覩貨邏”三字校正<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>的譯法，或許意在强調梵名原文Tukhāra第二音節爲長元音。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據《通典》﹑《太平寰宇記》引用之《魏書·西域傳》文，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>或<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅國</span>都是<span class="zhuanming">薄提城</span>，<span class="zhuanming">薄提</span>當卽<span class="zhuanming">薄底延</span>或<span class="zhuanming">拔底延城</span>。參看本卷<span class="zhuanming">縛喝國</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">都貨邏</span>或<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>不僅爲國名，而且被人們用爲地名。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>稱，<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地南北千餘里，東西三千餘里，東扼<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>，西接<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯</span>，南<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>，北據<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>。……自數百年，王族絶嗣，……分爲二十七國。然據《西域記》本文分述諸國情況來看，卷一之<span class="zhuanming">呾密國</span>至<span class="zhuanming">揭職國</span>十六國﹑卷十二之<span class="zhuanming">安呾羅縛國</span>至<span class="zhuanming">達摩悉鐵帝國</span>十三國，皆位於<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地，凡二十九國。看來在所謂<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地之境内，“依川據險”，“各擅君長”的林立小國實不止二十七之數。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所見之<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>，當指臣服於<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span><span class="zhuanming">阿史那氏</span><span class="zhuanming">葉護</span>可汗的<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅國</span>，非<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅人</span>當年獨自立國的<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>。是以<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>名之爲<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>故地，自不足異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1540" id="1565">（二）</a>波剌斯：見本書卷第十一<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯</span>注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1544" id="1566">（三）</a>濫波：見本書卷二<span class="zhuanming">濫波國</span>注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1548" id="1567">（四）</a>安居：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒遵循<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的遺法，每年在雨季三個月間禪定静坐，叫做安居，亦作雨安居﹑夏坐﹑坐臘。安居的日期，因各地氣候不同，亦不一。據《西域記》卷八和《南海寄歸内法傳》卷<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00103','1384598',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P103</span></i>二，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>僧徒在五月十六日（或六月十六日）入安居，八月十五日（或九月十五日）解安居。而<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>的僧徒是四月十六日入安居，七月十五日解安居。據本書則知<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>地區的僧徒是在十二月十六日入安居，三月十五日解安居，是因爲“據其多雨，亦是設教隨時也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1550" id="1568">（五）</a>語言去就稍異諸國字源二十五言轉而相生：按此所言<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>語不是<span class="zhuanming">塔里木</span>盆地<span class="zhuanming">天山山脉</span>南麓通行的所謂<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅語</span>。<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>語爲自<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>以來的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>字母記載的語言，“字源二十五言”似指此地通常所見的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>二十四個字母，並加上一個具有sh音值的特别字母，共二十五個字母。</span> </p><p> <span>順<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>北，下流至<span class="zhuanming">呾蜜國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1570" id="1569">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1569" id="1570">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》國下有小注“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">竺國</span>”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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鐵門
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153548" key="1153548"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 羯霜那國 &gt; 鐵門 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153549" key="1153549"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00098','1384597',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P98</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000171"><b>鐵門</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1530" id="1525">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1534" id="1526">（一）</a>者左右帶山，山極峭峻<a class="zhuhao" href="#1531" id="1527">〔2〕</a>，雖有狹徑，加之險阻，兩傍石壁，其色如鐵。既設門扉，又以鐵錮<a class="zhuhao" href="#1532" id="1528">〔3〕</a>，多有鐵鈴，懸諸户扇<a class="zhuhao" href="#1533" id="1529">〔4〕</a>，因其險固，遂以爲名。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00099','1384597',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P99</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1525" id="1530">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》不重此鐵門二字，直承上文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1527" id="1531">〔2〕</a>《音釋》峭作陗。《慧琳音義》云：“（峭）《説文》作陗云：‘峻也。從阜，肖聲。’《記》中作峭，俗字通用也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1528" id="1532">〔3〕</a>原本錮作𨩮，今從《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《敦甲本》﹑《中本》作銅，乃錮之形訛。《方志》作“鐵固門扉”，固與錮通用。《新唐書·西域傳》亦云：“以金錮闔。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1529" id="1533">〔4〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》扇作扉。按《珠林》三十八引《西域傳》（卽此記異名）云：“自<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>至於<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>凡經一十六國”，蓋<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>櫽括言之。又云：“其鐵門者，卽是<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>之西屏，允<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>門扇，一竪一卧，外鐵裹木，加懸諸鈴。必掩此關，實維天固。”與此文異。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1526" id="1534">（一）</a>鐵門：<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span><span class="zhuanming">魯尼</span>字體《闕特勤碑》﹑《毗伽可汗碑》作Tämir Qapïγ。<span class="zhuanming">雅忽比</span>（Ya‘qūbī）《諸國志》等<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>地理文獻作Dar-i Āhanīn，參看<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》頁217。在<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語中亦作Darband-iĀhanīn，<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語作Bāb al-hadīd，均爲<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>之意。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>被<span class="zhuanming">西突厥汗國</span>視爲汗國之西界，這與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載可相印證。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>指出<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>以南爲<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏</span>境，由此可以推斷，公元580年以後<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>先是<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span>與<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>，後是<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span>與<span class="zhuanming">寄多羅</span>的分界。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">湯姆森</span>（V.Thomsen）考證<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>是Baysun-Tau山脉中的Buz-gala關隘（<span class="zhuanming">湯姆森</span>《鄂爾渾碑文考釋》，頁97﹑103﹑110﹑115﹑137注6﹑159注49）。其地在今Shahr-i Sabz以南九十公里，爲自<span class="zhuanming">布哈<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00100','1384597',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P100</span></i>拉</span>或<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>前往<span class="zhuanming">巴里黑</span>必經的要衝。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《伊蘭考》頁217；<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《蒙古入侵時期的突厥斯坦》，1977，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，第138﹑186頁；並<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《伊斯蘭百科全書》中Dar-iĀhanīn條，均贊同此説。這一關隘形勢險要，長約三公里，寬僅12—20米（<span class="zhuanming">鐵門關</span>照片見Reclus：Géographie，頁503），可與《新唐書·西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>條下有關<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>的記述相印證。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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9.安居月日
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153552" key="1153552"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 &gt; 9.安居月日 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153553" key="1153553"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00698','1244188',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P698</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001172">9.安居月日</p><p> <span>菩提樹南十餘里，聖迹相鄰，難以備舉。每歲比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7445" id="7441">〔1〕</a>解<a class="zhuhao" href="#7446" id="7442">〔2〕</a>安居，四方法俗，百千萬衆，七日七夜，持香花，鼓音樂，遍遊林中，禮拜供養。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>僧徒，依佛聖教，皆以室羅伐拏月前半一日入雨<a class="zhuhao" href="#7447" id="7443">〔3〕</a>安居，當此五月十六日，以頞濕縛庾闍月後半十五日解雨安居，當此八月十五日。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>月名，依星而建，古今不易，諸部無差。良以方言未融，傳譯有謬，分時計月，致斯乖異，故以四月十六日入安居，七月十五日解安居也<a class="zhuhao" href="#7448" id="7444">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7441" id="7445">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字作苾芻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7442" id="7446">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《金陵本》解下有雨字；《明南本》﹑《明<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00699','1244188',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P699</span></i>北本》﹑《徑山本》有兩字。《方志》及《珠林》三十九作“解安居訖”，無雨或兩字，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7443" id="7447">〔3〕</a>《新麗本》雨原作兩，《京大本》據《石本》及《宋本》改。按《資福本》﹑《明北本》﹑《金陵本》作雨，《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作兩。《方志》及《珠林》作“夏安居”，以是推之，作雨爲是。下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7444" id="7448">〔4〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》於“解夏安居”下有云（二文略有參差，今從《方志》，而以《珠林》異文用括弧注之）：“斯亦隨終一變，不可約之（斯亦隨方用曆不同，不可一定）。如<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>北有國坐春坐秋者，意以一年之内，多溼（溼作温）熱處，制三月住。就中前後一月，延促不定。若據修道，何時不定（定作安）？故（故下有律制二字）三時遊行，通制（制作結）有罪。必有緣務（緣務作善緣），亦開兼濟，不執也（無尾三字）。”</span> </p><p> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014502fmei.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00700','1244188',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P700</span></i><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014502x11f.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p></div></div></div>
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窣禄勤那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153556" key="1153556"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 窣禄勤那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153557" key="1153557"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00392','1244060',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P392</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000639">窣禄勤那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">窣禄勤那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4377" id="4368">（一）</a>周六千餘里，東臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4378" id="4369">（二）</a>，北背大山，<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4379" id="4370">（三）</a>中境而流。國大都城周二十餘里，東臨<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>，荒蕪雖甚，基趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#4374" id="4371">〔1〕</a>尚固。土地所産，風氣所宜，同<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span>。人性淳質，宗信外道。貴<a class="zhuhao" href="#4375" id="4372">〔2〕</a>藝學，尚福慧。伽藍五所，僧徒千餘人，多學小乘，少習餘部。商攉微言，清<a class="zhuhao" href="#4376" id="4373">〔3〕</a>論玄奥。異方俊彦，尋論稽疑。天祠百所，異道甚多。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4371" id="4374">〔1〕</a>《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》趾並作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00393','1244060',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P393</span></i>址，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4372" id="4375">〔2〕</a>《石本》貴作遺，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4373" id="4376">〔3〕</a>《石本》清作請。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4368" id="4377">（一）</a>窣禄勤那國：《慈恩傳》卷二作<span class="zhuanming">禄勒那</span>，可能有脱文，這一國名一般還原爲Srughna。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">卡爾西</span>（Kalsi，在北緯30度32分，東經77度53分）附近的<span class="zhuanming">蘇格</span>（Sugh）村。該地位於一高而突出的三角形地帶，三面爲<span class="zhuanming">朱木那河</span>舊河床所環繞，形勢險要，扼守着通往該河的大道。但<span class="zhuanming">蘇格</span>除對音相近而外，距離與國土的大小均與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載不相符。此地距<span class="zhuanming">塔内莎爾</span>不過<span class="song">40</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，這一狹小地區與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記<span class="zhuanming">窣禄勤那國</span>“周六千餘里”更不相符，卽使有人主張<span class="zhuanming">窣禄勤那國</span>國土在七世紀時由<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>麓直抵<span class="zhuanming">莫祖法爾城</span>（Mozuffarnagara），包括<span class="zhuanming">德拉頓</span>（Dehra Dun）全部，<span class="zhuanming">錫爾興德</span>（Sirhind）的一部分以及<span class="zhuanming">上道布</span>（Upper Doab），仍難自圓其説。總之，關於此國的考證仍待進一步的研究。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4369" id="4378">（二）</a>殑伽河：梵文Gaṅgā，卽今<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4370" id="4379">（三）</a>閻牟那河：梵文Yamunā，現名Jumnā，舊譯<span class="zhuanming">耶蒲那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">遥扶那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">閻摩那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">焰牟</span>等，今譯<span class="zhuanming">朱木那河</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的五大河之一，其名稱見于《梨俱吠陀》﹑《阿闥婆吠陀》﹑《他氏梵書》（Aitareya-Brāhma-ṇa）等古籍和《雜阿含經》﹑《增一阿含經》等佛典。<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>是<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>西部的頭一個大支流，發源于<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>的<span class="zhuanming">卡梅特</span>（Kamet）峯下，切削山谷而穿過<span class="zhuanming">濕婆里克</span>（Sivalik）山脉與<span class="zhuanming">迦爾瓦爾</span>（Garhwa1），然後流入<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>平原，向南與<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>平行而奔流，在<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅城</span>以下流向東南，在<span class="zhuanming">德拉頓</span>地區有兩條支流流入。在<span class="zhuanming">阿格拉</span>（Agra）與<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00394','1244060',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P394</span></i>巴德</span>之間，左岸有四條支流，卽<span class="zhuanming">恰曼伐蒂</span>（Carmaṇvatī，今名Cham-bal），<span class="zhuanming">迦利信德</span>（Kālisindh），<span class="zhuanming">維特拉伐蒂</span>（Vetravatī，今名Betwa），<span class="zhuanming">肯河</span>（Ken）以及<span class="zhuanming">巴雅斯尼</span>（Payoṣṇī今名Paisuni）相繼流入。<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>在<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>（Allāhābād）與<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>匯合。古代<span class="zhuanming">蘇羅森那</span>與<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>就以<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>爲界，沿途兩岸聖地名城很多：如<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>與<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>（Kosambi）均在該河右岸。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、如來及羅漢髮爪窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153562" key="1153562"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 窣禄勤那國 &gt; 一、如來及羅漢髮爪窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153563" key="1153563"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00394','1244061',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P394</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000642"><b>一﹑如來及羅漢髮爪窣堵波</b></p><p> <span>大城東南<span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>西，大伽藍東門外有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔曾於此處説法度人。其側又一窣堵波，中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪也。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅</span>諸阿羅漢髮爪窣堵波周其左右，數十餘所。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅之後，此國爲諸外道所詿誤焉，信受邪法，捐廢正見。今有五伽藍者，乃異國論師與<a class="zhuhao" href="#4381" id="4380">〔1〕</a>諸外道及婆羅門論義勝處，因此建焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4380" id="4381">〔1〕</a>原本與作致，《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》並作與，今從改。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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堊醯掣呾邏國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153567" key="1153567"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 堊醯掣呾邏國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153568" key="1153568"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00412','1244069',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P412</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000673">堊醯掣呾邏國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">堊醯掣呾邏國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4576" id="4572">（一）</a>周三千餘里。國<a class="zhuhao" href="#4575" id="4573">〔1〕</a>大都城周十七八里，依據險固。宜穀麥，多林泉。氣序和暢，風俗淳質。翫道篤學，多才博識。伽藍十餘所，僧徒千餘人，習學小乘正量部法<a class="zhuhao" href="#4577" id="4574">（二）</a>。天祠九所，異道三百餘人，事<span class="zhuanming">自在天</span>，塗灰之侣也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4573" id="4575">〔1〕</a>原本無國字，今從《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》補。按其他同例句當有國字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4572" id="4576">（一）</a>堊醯掣呾邏國：堊，或作惡，《慈恩傳》卷二作“醯掣怛<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00413','1244069',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P413</span></i>羅”。梵文Ahicchattra；古代碑文作Adhiccatra.《孔雀王經》<span class="zhuanming">僧伽婆羅</span>譯本作<span class="zhuanming">阿喜制掣多羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">義净</span>譯本作“蛇蓋國”（梵文Ahi意爲蛇，chattra意爲傘，蓋）。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲現今<span class="zhuanming">羅希爾甘德</span>（Rohilkhand）東部的<span class="zhuanming">阿希查特拉</span>地方，其首都則爲現代<span class="zhuanming">巴雷利</span>地區<span class="zhuanming">阿翁拉</span>Aonla附近的<span class="zhuanming">拉姆那加爾</span>（Rāmnagar）。此地原係古代的北<span class="zhuanming">潘查拉國</span>（Pañcāla）的首都，<span class="zhuanming">潘查拉國</span>位於現代<span class="zhuanming">德里</span>之北與西方，其領域包括自<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>麓直抵<span class="zhuanming">錢巴爾</span>（Chambal）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>間的地區，以<span class="zhuanming">帕傑羅蒂</span>（Bhāgīrathī）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>爲界劃分南北二部。南<span class="zhuanming">潘查拉國</span>的首都則爲<span class="zhuanming">甘毘爾耶</span>（Kāmpilya）。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古籍如《摩訶婆羅多》﹑<span class="zhuanming">波檀闍利</span>《大疏》﹑《女瑜珈行者呾多羅》以及佛典如《本生經》等都有關於此國的記載。近代的<span class="zhuanming">霍格遜</span>（Capt.Hodgson）也曾到過該國遺址，據他記載，遺址方圓達數<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，廢墟有稜堡三十四個，稱爲<span class="zhuanming">般度堡</span>（Pāṇḍu’s Fort）。（詳見Cunningham：The Ancient Geogra-phy of India pp.303—306；B.C.Law：Historical Geography of Ancient India pp.63—4）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4574" id="4577">（二）</a>正量部：梵文Sammitīya的意譯，音譯三彌底，小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>部派之一，屬於上座部。據云<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世後三百年，從犢子部分出四個部派，正量部卽其一。《異部宗輪論述記》卷中云：“正量部者，權衡刊定，名之爲量，量無邪謬，故言正也。此部所立甚深法義，刊定無邪，目稱正量，從所立法，以彰名部。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>時，一切有部﹑正量部正廣泛流行於中﹑南﹑西<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>亦較流行。</span> </p><p> <span>城外<a class="zhuhao" href="#4579" id="4578">〔1〕</a>龍池側，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔爲龍王七日於此説法。其側有四小窣堵波，是過去四佛<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00414','1244069',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P414</span></i>坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4578" id="4579">〔1〕</a>《中本》外下有部字。部或郊之訛。</span> </p><p> <span>自此南<a class="zhuhao" href="#4583" id="4580">〔1〕</a>行二百六七十里，渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>西<a class="zhuhao" href="#4584" id="4581">〔2〕</a>南至<span class="zhuanming">毗羅删<a class="zhuhao" href="#4585" id="4582">〔3〕</a>拏國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4580" id="4583">〔1〕</a>原本南作東，《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》等皆作南，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4581" id="4584">〔2〕</a>原本無西字，《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》皆有之，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4582" id="4585">〔3〕</a>原本删作那，《古本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》並作删，次同；本書目録亦作删，今據正。以下同。《石本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140144320sfv.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，下文則作删，<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140144326697.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>亦删之譌。《崇本》作剛，疑亦字形之訛。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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喝捍國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153571" key="1153571"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 喝捍國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153572" key="1153572"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00093','1384592',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P93</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000155">喝捍國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">喝捍國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1494" id="1487">（一）</a>周千餘里。土宜風俗同<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span>。從此國西四<a class="zhuhao" href="#1491" id="1488">〔1〕</a>百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">捕喝<a class="zhuhao" href="#1492" id="1489">〔2〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">中<a class="zhuhao" href="#1493" id="1490">〔3〕</a>安國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1488" id="1491">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1489" id="1492">〔2〕</a>《方志》喝作捍。《新唐書·西域傳》云：“一曰布豁，一曰捕喝。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1490" id="1493">〔3〕</a>原本中作守，今依《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《慈恩傳》及《方志》亦作中。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1487" id="1494">（一）</a>喝捍國：《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》作<span class="zhuanming">喝汗</span>，又名<span class="zhuanming">東安國</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">那密水</span>（Nūmij）之陽，東距<span class="zhuanming">何</span>（Kušāniyya）二百里許。據<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00094','1384592',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P94</span></i>此，<span class="zhuanming">喝捍</span>當是公元982年<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>佚名作者《世界疆域志》頁22下第25節第2條所著録之Kharghānkath。（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志譯注》，頁112）此Kharghānkath位於<span class="zhuanming">那密水</span>（今<span class="zhuanming">澤拉夫善河</span>）之北，河之南爲Karminiya城，兩城相距僅一法兒撤赫許（約六公里）。Kharghānkath後名Kalkan-ata，然當地居民一直稱呼其統治者爲Khar-Khān。<span class="zhuanming">托瑪舍克</span>及<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>均比定此地爲<span class="zhuanming">喝汗</span>。（見<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《蒙古入侵時期的突厥斯坦》，<span class="zhuanming">英</span>文第4版，頁98；九卷本《巴托爾德著作集》，第1卷，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>，1963年，頁149）至於<span class="zhuanming">喝捍</span>之稱<span class="zhuanming">東安國</span>，言其在<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>之東也。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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屈霜你迦國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153575" key="1153575"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 屈霜你迦國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153576" key="1153576"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00092','1384591',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P92</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000152">屈霜你迦國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">屈霜你迦國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1486" id="1477">（一）</a>周千四五<a class="zhuhao" href="#1482" id="1478">〔1〕</a>百里，東西狹，南北長。土宜風俗同<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span>。從此國西<a class="zhuhao" href="#1483" id="1479">〔2〕</a>二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">喝捍<a class="zhuhao" href="#1484" id="1480">〔3〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">東安國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1485" id="1481">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1478" id="1482">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無“四五”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1479" id="1483">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《古本》西下有行字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1480" id="1484">〔3〕</a>《異本》喝作噣，下同。説見前《目録》校文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1481" id="1485">〔4〕</a>《中本》國下有也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1477" id="1486">（一）</a>屈霜你迦國：乃梵語化詞Kuṣāṇika。中世<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語Kusā-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00093','1384591',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P93</span></i>nik﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語Kušāniyya﹑近代<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語Kušānī之對音。《隋書·西域傳》作<span class="zhuanming">何國</span>，《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》稱：“<span class="zhuanming">何</span>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">屈霜你迦</span>，曰<span class="zhuanming">貴霜匿</span>”。<span class="zhuanming">托瑪舍克</span>曾從古<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>聖書《阿維斯陀》（Avesta）中尋求<span class="zhuanming">何國</span>之對音。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>認爲“何”乃<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語Qayy或Qayyi之音譯（見《古突厥碑銘年代考》，頁60），並舉出<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理學家<span class="zhuanming">伊斯塔赫里</span>記載説，<span class="zhuanming">貴霜匿</span>爲“<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>的文化最高之城，<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>諸城之心臟”；<span class="zhuanming">伊本</span>·<span class="zhuanming">霍加勒</span>説Qayy或Qayyi爲<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>一個區，“<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>之心臟”，兩者巧合，可爲Qayy或Qayyi＝<span class="zhuanming">何</span>＝<span class="zhuanming">貴霜匿</span>之旁證。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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劫布呾那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153579" key="1153579"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 劫布呾那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153580" key="1153580"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00091','1384590',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P91</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000149">劫布呾那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1476" id="1473">（一）</a>周千四五百里，東西長，南北狹。土宜風俗同<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span>。從此國西<a class="zhuhao" href="#1475" id="1474">〔1〕</a>三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">屈</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">居勿反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">霜</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">去聲。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">你迦國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">何國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1474" id="1475">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無國字。《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》西下皆有行字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1473" id="1476">（一）</a>劫布呾那國：<span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那</span>當是*Kapūtānā（Gubdan）/Kedud之對音。<span class="zhuanming">托瑪舍克</span>（W Tomaschek）最先提出此説，見<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00092','1384590',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P92</span></i>《中亞研究》（Centralasiatische Studien，I Sogdiana），<span class="zhuanming">奥匈帝國</span>科學院語言歷史組學刊（SBAW），87卷，維也納，1877年，頁149，今已爲學界所接受。《魏書·西域傳》之<span class="zhuanming">伽不單國</span>似亦爲此地。《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》謂：“<span class="zhuanming">西曹者</span>，<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>時<span class="zhuanming">曹</span>也，南接<span class="zhuanming">史</span>及<span class="zhuanming">波覽</span>，治<span class="zhuanming">瑟底</span><span class="zhuanming">痕城</span>。”按<span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那</span>王治<span class="zhuanming">瑟底痕城</span>，當是<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻中之Ithtākhanj，Ithtikhan之對音，其地在<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建</span>之西偏北。又穆斯林地理文獻中亦有城名<span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那</span>（Kabūdhanjkat）位於<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建</span>之東二法爾撒赫（約合十二公里）處。根據<span class="zhuanming">瑟底痕</span>及<span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那</span>兩城之位置，可以推知<span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那國</span>的大致方位。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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赭時國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153583" key="1153583"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 赭時國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153584" key="1153584"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00082','1384585',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P82</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000130">赭時國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">赭時國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1413" id="1407">（一）</a>周千餘里，西臨<span class="zhuanming">葉河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1411" id="1408">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1414" id="1409">（二）</a>，東西狹，南北長。土宜氣序，同<span class="zhuanming">笯赤建國</span>。城邑數十，各别君長，既無總主<a class="zhuhao" href="#1412" id="1410">〔2〕</a>，役屬<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1408" id="1411">〔1〕</a>葉河，《方志》作“素葉河”。《慈恩傳》重葉字，首一葉字當是素之訛。《新唐書·西域傳》云：“右涯<span class="zhuanming">素葉河</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1410" id="1412">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》主作王。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00083','1384585',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P83</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1407" id="1413">（一）</a>赭時國：<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語作C’c，見<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語《國名表》。〔<span class="zhuanming">痕寧</span>《粟特語雜考》，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，1940年，頁8《國名表》（b）欄第（6）：C’cn，y；<span class="zhuanming">痕寧</span>在頁9釋義：“Čac，Čaš，Šaš之民衆”〕波斯語作Chach或Jaj；<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語作Shash，Šaš語義爲“石”。《魏書·西域傳》作<span class="zhuanming">者舌</span>，《隋書》稱<span class="zhuanming">石國</span>，《經行記》稱<span class="zhuanming">石國</span>一名<span class="zhuanming">赭支</span>，《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">柘支</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">柘折</span>，皆爲音譯，都<span class="zhuanming">柘析城</span>。此名保持到<span class="zhuanming">元代</span>，仍作<span class="zhuanming">察赤</span>，今<span class="zhuanming">塔什干</span>仍爲石城之意。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此爲今<span class="zhuanming">塔什干</span>附近的<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>地區名及大城名，其大致範圍爲<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>支流Barak（Parak）河流域，此河現名Chirchik河。古<span class="zhuanming">赭時城</span>當在距離今天Chirchik河不遠的Binkath。（見<span class="zhuanming">别列尼茨基</span>等《中亞中世紀城市》，<span class="zhuanming">列寧格勒</span>，1973年，頁195—198，其中頁197有中古Binkath城平面圖。參見<span class="zhuanming">布里亞科夫</span>〔Ю.Φ.Бypякoв〕《<span class="zhuanming">塔什干</span>緑洲古代城市的歷史地貌》〔<span class="zhuanming">赭時國</span>歷史考古概述〕，<span class="zhuanming">塔什干</span>，1957。）此城全毁於<span class="zhuanming">蒙古</span>時期。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>行至<span class="zhuanming">赭</span>時，已進入當時所謂<span class="zhuanming">昭武九姓</span>的範圍。<span class="zhuanming">昭武九姓</span>在五世紀至八世紀爲今<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span><span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>之間多個王國的總稱，在<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代時爲<span class="zhuanming">康</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">安</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">曹</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">石</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">朱</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">何</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">火尋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">伐地</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">史</span>九國，五世紀中期屬於<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>，六世紀中期隸於<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span>。<span class="zhuanming">昭武九姓</span>以<span class="zhuanming">康</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">石</span>兩國最大，而<span class="zhuanming">康</span>又是諸國的宗主。<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>時<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>内附，諸國隨同内附，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>以其地爲<span class="zhuanming">康居</span>都護府，隸<span class="zhuanming">安西</span>都護，至712年九姓諸國始漸爲<span class="zhuanming">大食</span>所併。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1409" id="1414">（二）</a>葉河：《慈恩傳》作<span class="zhuanming">葉葉河</span>，《隋書》﹑《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">藥殺水</span>。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>考證，<span class="zhuanming">藥殺水</span>當是中世<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語（Pahlavī）*jaxšarta或*jaxša-arta之對音，意爲“珍珠”﹑“明珠”。見<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《古突厥碑銘年代考》，<span class="zhuanming">萊比錫</span>，1898年，頁5—6之注5；<span class="zhuanming">夏德</span>（F.Hirth）《暾欲谷碑跋》，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00084','1384585',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P84</span></i>見<span class="zhuanming">拉德洛夫</span>《蒙古的古突厥碑銘》二輯，<span class="zhuanming">聖彼德堡</span>，1899，頁80—81。此當爲<span class="zhuanming">斯特拉波</span>（Strabo）《地理志》（Ⅶ4）之Iaxartēs/Yaxa-rtes；《新唐書》之<span class="zhuanming">真珠川</span>；<span class="zhuanming">哈刺八剌合孫</span>之<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span><span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文合壁碑上<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>語之<span class="zhuanming">珍珠河</span>，<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語之Yänčü ügüz（此名見於《闕特勤小碑》行3，大碑行39；《毗伽可汗小碑》行3；《暾欲谷碑》行44）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">葉河</span>當是今<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>之<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">㤄</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">敷發反<a class="zhuhao" href="#1416" id="1415">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">捍國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1415" id="1416">〔1〕</a>原本㤄作𢘥，廢作發，今正，説詳《目録》校勘記〔5〕。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
笯赤建國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153587" key="1153587"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 笯赤建國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153588" key="1153588"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00081','1384584',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P81</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000126">笯赤建國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">笯<a class="zhuhao" href="#1400" id="1397">〔1〕</a>赤建國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1402" id="1398">（一）</a>周千餘里。地沃壤，備稼穡。草木鬱茂，華果繁盛，多蒲萄<a class="zhuhao" href="#1401" id="1399">〔2〕</a>，亦所貴也。城邑百數，各别君長，進止往來，不相禀命。雖則畫野區分，總稱<span class="zhuanming">笯赤建國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1397" id="1400">〔1〕</a>《釋帖》二十一笯作怒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1399" id="1401">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》萄作陶。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1398" id="1402">（一）</a>笯赤建國：《新唐書》卷二二一下：“<span class="zhuanming">新城之國</span>。在<span class="zhuanming">石城</span>東北贏百里，有<span class="zhuanming">弩室羯城</span>，亦曰<span class="zhuanming">新城</span>，曰<span class="zhuanming">小石國城</span>。後爲<span class="zhuanming">葛邏禄</span>所併。”案<span class="zhuanming">弩室羯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">笯赤建</span>當爲同一城名之異譯，皆爲Nujakath﹑Nuji-kath或Nūjkath之對音，見<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻。（<span class="zhuanming">伊斯塔赫里</span>書，《阿拉伯輿地叢刊》第1卷，頁328—331；<span class="zhuanming">馬格底西</span>書，《阿拉伯輿地叢<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00082','1384584',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P82</span></i>刊》第3卷，頁48，264—265）義爲新城，見M.E.Quatremère，Noti-ces et Extraits，第13卷，頁259。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span>考古學者根據發掘情況，將此城比定爲今<span class="zhuanming">塔什干</span>地區的<span class="zhuanming">汗阿巴德</span>（Xaнaбaд），見<span class="zhuanming">别列尼茨基</span>等《中亞中世紀城市》，<span class="zhuanming">列寧格勒</span>，1973年，頁198。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">赭時國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1405" id="1403">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">石國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1406" id="1404">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1403" id="1405">〔1〕</a>赭時，《通典》一九三引<span class="zhuanming">杜環</span>《經行記》作“赭支”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1404" id="1406">〔2〕</a>石國，<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺傳》作“石騾國”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
恭御城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153591" key="1153591"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 窣利地區總述 &gt; 恭御城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153592" key="1153592"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00080','1384583',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P80</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000122"><b>恭御城</b></p><p> <span>西南行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">恭御城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1391" id="1387">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1394" id="1388">（一）</a>，城周五六里。原隰<a class="zhuhao" href="#1392" id="1389">〔2〕</a>膏<a class="zhuhao" href="#1393" id="1390">〔3〕</a>腴，樹林蓊鬱。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1387" id="1391">〔1〕</a>恭御城，《方志》作“恭敬城”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1389" id="1392">〔2〕</a>《慧琳音義》隰作𨻋，云：“《爾雅》云：下淫曰𨻋。”按今《爾雅·釋地》作“下濕曰隰”。𨻋乃隰之俗字，《正字通》收有此字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1390" id="1393">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》膏作高，《隨函録》同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1388" id="1394">（一）</a>恭御城：豫《西域記》，<span class="zhuanming">恭御城</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">白水城</span>西南二百餘里，<span class="zhuanming">笯赤建</span>以北四﹑五十里，據此，<span class="zhuanming">恭御城</span>當在<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>地理學家所説的“<span class="zhuanming">察赤</span>—<span class="zhuanming">伊拉克</span>”（Chach-Ilak）地區之内。十世紀<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>地理學家<span class="zhuanming">伊斯塔赫里</span>（al-Iṣṭakhrī）説：“<span class="zhuanming">察赤</span>—<span class="zhuanming">伊拉克</span>地區廣袤，分别爲二日程和三日程。”（此據<span class="zhuanming">别列尼茨基</span>等《中亞中世紀城市》，頁195轉引。）此地相當今天<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>的支流Chirchik河與Angren河流域，不計山區，面積約四千至五千平方公里。在中世紀這一地區有城四十，<span class="zhuanming">恭御城</span>當爲其中之一。今天，這一地區雖然進行了考古發掘，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00081','1384583',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P81</span></i>但發掘的成果還不足以確定<span class="zhuanming">恭御城</span>的方位。</span> </p><p> <span>從此南行四五十里，至<span class="zhuanming">笯</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">奴故<a class="zhuhao" href="#1396" id="1395">〔1〕</a>反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">赤建國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1395" id="1396">〔1〕</a>《中本》故作胡。按《廣韻》上平聲《模韻》“乃都切”下﹑去聲《暮韻》“乃故切”下並有笯字，二讀均可。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
白水城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153595" key="1153595"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 窣利地區總述 &gt; 白水城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153596" key="1153596"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00079','1384582',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P79</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000119"><b>白水城</b></p><p> <span>從此西南行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">白水城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1384" id="1381">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1386" id="1382">（一）</a>，城周六七里。土地所産，風氣所<a class="zhuhao" href="#1385" id="1383">〔2〕</a>宜，逾勝<span class="zhuanming">呾邏私</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1381" id="1384">〔1〕</a>白水城，《中本》白水二字作泉，《興福寺古寫本慈恩傳》同。按<span class="zhuanming">白水城</span>亦見《新唐書·西域傳》，泉字疑爲白水合文而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1383" id="1385">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》無“産風氣所”四字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1382" id="1386">（一）</a>白水城：<span class="zhuanming">馬合木</span>·<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶里</span>《突厥語辭典》（Ⅰ，30/7；Ⅲ，176/4）作Isbījāb，在<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span><span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語中意爲白水，並指出其地又名Sayram，此卽後來《元經世大典圖》﹑《元史》卷六三《地理志·西北地附録》中之<span class="zhuanming">賽蘭城</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此城在中世紀爲<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>（Syr-Darya）中游主要城市和最大商業中心，並在很長時期内是<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>在<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>西北部的最前哨，因而多次被十世紀<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理家所提及。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00080','1384582',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P80</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">白水城</span>故址在<span class="zhuanming">塔什干城</span>（Tashkand）之東北，<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>中游右岸，地當流入<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>之Aris河北岸，位於今Chimkent以東約十五公里處，今其地仍然叫做Sayram。見<span class="zhuanming">别列尼茨基</span>等《中亞中世紀城市》，<span class="zhuanming">列寧格勒</span>，1973年，頁192—194。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
弭秣賀國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153599" key="1153599"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 弭秣賀國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153600" key="1153600"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00089','1384589',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P89</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000146">弭秣賀國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1469" id="1465">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1472" id="1466">（一）</a>周四五百里，據川中，東西狹，南北長。土宜風俗，同颯秣建國。從此北<a class="zhuhao" href="#1470" id="1467">〔2〕</a>至<span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1471" id="1468">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">曹國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1465" id="1469">〔1〕</a>《慧琳音義》賀作加，但目録國名中作賀，加乃賀之壞字。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00090','1384589',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P90</span></i>《新唐書·西域傳》亦作“弭秣賀”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1467" id="1470">〔2〕</a>《方志》北作“西北”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1468" id="1471">〔3〕</a>《翻譯集》呾作俎，《慧琳音義》亦作咀，二字形近似。按《西域傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">東曹</span>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">率都沙那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">蘇對沙那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">劫布咀那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">蘇都識匿</span>，凡四名。”此四名皆一音之轉，其實相同。其第三譯名與此書合，而呾作咀，稽之其他譯名第三字作沙或識，與咀音近，似以作咀或俎爲是，《慧琳音義》音“當割反”，未必然也。今姑存其舊，以待後考。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1466" id="1472">（一）</a>弭秣賀國：《隋書》作<span class="zhuanming">米國</span>。《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》作“<span class="zhuanming">米</span>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">彌末</span>，曰<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀</span>。”此爲Māymurgh之對音。《西域記》謂其在康國東南，周四五百里，東西狹，南北長。《新唐書·西域傳》稱：“<span class="zhuanming">米</span>……北百里距<span class="zhuanming">康</span>”，《新唐書》此處若無脱文，則<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀國</span>當在<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>之南，而非東南。若據<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻記載之<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀鎮</span>之地點，此國當在<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>西南。據<span class="zhuanming">伊斯塔赫里</span>書，<span class="zhuanming">彌秣賀</span>爲距離<span class="zhuanming">那識波</span>/<span class="zhuanming">那色波</span>（Nasaf）一大站之村鎮（<span class="zhuanming">德</span>·<span class="zhuanming">胡耶</span>刊《阿拉伯輿地叢刊》，第1卷，頁337）。<span class="zhuanming">撒姆阿尼</span>曾親歷其境，指出<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀</span>爲一繁榮大鎮，在<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>之南，是位於從<span class="zhuanming">布哈拉</span>至<span class="zhuanming">那色波</span>的大路的村鎮之一。（<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《烏滸水與那密水考》，頁162；<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《蒙古入侵時期的突厥斯坦》，1977年，<span class="zhuanming">英</span>文第4版，頁137；九卷本《巴托爾德著作集》第1卷，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>，1963年，頁191）人們熟知，<span class="zhuanming">那色波</span>卽《新唐書·西域傳》所記之<span class="zhuanming">小史</span>，其地在<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建</span>之西南方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀</span>作爲城鎮，學者多比定之爲現今的Ğuma，abazar，然從近年<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span>考古發掘報告來看，有關<span class="zhuanming">羯霜</span>那/<span class="zhuanming">史國</span>及<span class="zhuanming">那色波</span>一帶的<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00091','1384589',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P91</span></i>考古資料不多（參看<span class="zhuanming">别列尼茨基</span>等編《中亞中世紀城市》，1973年，頁192），故<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀</span>鎮之確切位置尚難以考定。然而，<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>文獻既載明<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀</span>鎮距離<span class="zhuanming">那色波</span>不遠，其在<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建</span>之西南殆無疑義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">案<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀國</span>及以下<span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">屈霜你迦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">喝捍</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">捕喝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">伐地</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">貨利習彌伽</span>七國，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>可能得自傳聞，並未親至其地，故《慈恩傳》略去<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那</span>二國。又，《西域記》<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>後記云：“書行者，親遊踐也；舉至者，傳聞記也。”故《西域記》於經<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span>後，謂“從此東南至<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀國</span>……北至<span class="zhuanming">劫布呾那國</span>……西三百里至<span class="zhuanming">屈霜你迦國</span>……至<span class="zhuanming">喝捍國</span>……至<span class="zhuanming">捕喝國</span>……至<span class="zhuanming">伐地國</span>……至<span class="zhuanming">貨利習彌迦國</span>”，皆作“至”。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>極有可能係從<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span>而逕達<span class="zhuanming">羯霜那國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
颯秣建國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv7722" key="7722"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 颯秣建國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153602" key="1153602"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00087','1384588',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P87</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000142">颯秣建國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1459" id="1445">（一）</a>周千六七百里，東西長，南北狹。國大都<a class="zhuhao" href="#1453" id="1446">〔1〕</a>城周二十餘里，極險固<a class="zhuhao" href="#1454" id="1447">〔2〕</a>，多居人。異方寶貨<a class="zhuhao" href="#1455" id="1448">〔3〕</a>，多聚此國。土地沃壤，稼穡備植，林樹蓊鬱，花菓滋茂。多出善馬<a class="zhuhao" href="#1456" id="1449">〔4〕</a>。機巧之技，特工<a class="zhuhao" href="#1457" id="1450">〔5〕</a>諸國。氣序和暢，風俗猛烈。凡諸<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00088','1384588',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P88</span></i>胡國，此爲其中，進止威儀，近遠取則。其王豪勇，隣國承命，兵馬强盛，多諸赭羯<a class="zhuhao" href="#1458" id="1451">〔6〕</a>。赭羯之人<a class="zhuhao" href="#1460" id="1452">（二）</a>，其性勇烈，視死如歸，戰無前敵。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1446" id="1453">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無都字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1447" id="1454">〔2〕</a>《釋帖》二十一引極作“四面”二字。《金陵本》險作堅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1448" id="1455">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》貨作化。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1449" id="1456">〔4〕</a>多出善馬，《敦甲本》此句在下文“戰無前敵”下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1450" id="1457">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》工作上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1451" id="1458">〔6〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》諸作是。赭羯，卽柘羯，《新唐書·西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>下云：“募勇健者爲柘羯。柘羯者，猶中國言戰士也。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1445" id="1459">（一）</a>颯秣建國：《魏書》作<span class="zhuanming">悉萬斤</span>，《隋書》作<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>，《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>及<span class="zhuanming">薩末鞬</span>。故址在今中亞<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>以北3.5公里處之一高地上，本名Afrasiab，面積約218.9公頃，約建於公元前六世紀。公元後六至八世紀爲<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建</span>國勢鼎盛﹑文化繁榮時期。值得注意的是，其内城之東門名叫<span class="zhuanming">中國門</span>。十世紀時此城趨於衰落，約在951年，<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理學家<span class="zhuanming">伊斯塔赫里</span>還看到内堡完好，約在976年，另一地理學家<span class="zhuanming">伊本·霍加勒</span>所見内堡已經傾毁。故城在十三世紀爲<span class="zhuanming">蒙古</span>人毁壞，後來在故址重建，新城移至原Afrasiab南郊，卽今<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>城。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於中世紀<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>的變遷沿革，見<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>《蒙古入侵時期<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00089','1384588',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P89</span></i>的突厥斯坦》，<span class="zhuanming">英</span>文第四版，<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，1977年，頁83—96；九卷本《巴托爾德著作集》第一卷，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>，1963年，頁134—147；關於<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>故城考古發掘情況，見<span class="zhuanming">希什金</span>《古代文化寶藏阿甫拉西阿卜》，<span class="zhuanming">塔什干</span>，1966年；同著者《阿甫拉西阿卜》，<span class="zhuanming">塔什干</span>，1969年。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1452" id="1460">（二）</a>赭羯之人：《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>條：“募勇健者爲柘羯。柘羯，猶<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>言戰士也。”《册府元龜》：卷九六四<span class="zhuanming">唐玄宗</span><span class="zhuanming">開元</span>二十八年（740年）三月條提及<span class="zhuanming">柘羯王</span><span class="zhuanming">斯謹鞮</span>。按<span class="zhuanming">柘羯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">赭羯</span>爲čākīr﹑čākar之對音，意爲衛士﹑戰士。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南<a class="zhuhao" href="#1463" id="1461">〔1〕</a>至<span class="zhuanming">弭秣賀國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">米國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1464" id="1462">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1461" id="1463">〔1〕</a>原本無南字，《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》東下有南字，《方志》亦有，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1462" id="1464">〔2〕</a>《中本》﹑《一本》米作朱。按《西域傳》亦作“米國”，朱乃形訛。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
大沙磧
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153605" key="1153605"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 窣堵利瑟那國 &gt; 大沙磧 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153606" key="1153606"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00087','1384587',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P87</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000140"><b>大沙磧</b></p><p> <span>從此西北<a class="zhuhao" href="#1443" id="1441">〔1〕</a>，入大沙磧，絶無水草，途路彌漫，疆境難測，望大山，尋遺骨，以知所指，以記經途。行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1444" id="1442">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1441" id="1443">〔1〕</a>《中本》無北字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1442" id="1444">〔2〕</a>秣，《古本》作秼，誤。《目録》作秣，《方志》作末。按《新唐書·西域傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">康</span>者，一曰<span class="zhuanming">薩末鞬</span>，亦曰<span class="zhuanming">颯秣建</span>。”《慧琳音義》秣“音末”。則字作秣，下同。餘詳《目録》校記。《通典》一九三引<span class="zhuanming">杜環</span>《經行記》作“薩末建”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
㤄捍國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153609" key="1153609"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 㤄捍國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153610" key="1153610"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00084','1384586',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P84</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000134">㤄捍國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">㤄捍國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1425" id="1417">（一）</a>周四千餘里，山周四境。土地膏腴，稼穡滋盛。多花菓，宜羊馬。氣序風寒，人性剛勇<a class="zhuhao" href="#1422" id="1418">〔1〕</a>，語異諸國，形貌醜弊。自數十年無大君長，酋<a class="zhuhao" href="#1423" id="1419">〔2〕</a>豪力競，不相賓伏，依川據險<a class="zhuhao" href="#1424" id="1420">〔3〕</a>，畫野分都<a class="zhuhao" href="#1426" id="1421">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1418" id="1422">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》性作惟。《釋帖》二十一引剛勇作“勇武”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1419" id="1423">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》﹑《異本》酋作首。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1420" id="1424">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》險作嶮。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00085','1384586',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P85</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1417" id="1425">（一）</a>㤄捍國：今<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span><span class="zhuanming">費爾干納</span>（Farghana）地區，位於<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>上游，爲北由Čotkal山脉，南由<span class="zhuanming">阿賴山脉</span>圍成的盆地。公元前128年<span class="zhuanming">張騫</span>曾到其地，其後始見於我國文獻記載。《史記》﹑《漢書》﹑《晉書》稱<span class="zhuanming">大宛國</span>。《魏書》作<span class="zhuanming">破洛那</span>。《隋書》作<span class="zhuanming">鏺汗</span>（古<span class="zhuanming">渠搜國</span>）。《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">拔汗那</span>，後命名爲<span class="zhuanming">寧遠國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》作<span class="zhuanming">跋賀那</span>。《慧琳音義》卷八二《西域記》條：“<span class="zhuanming">㤄捍國</span>……亦名<span class="zhuanming">跋賀那國</span>。”對這一地區的記載亦見於<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>地理文獻。最重要的描述，見於<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">杜環</span>《經行紀》﹑<span class="zhuanming">巴布爾</span>（Bābur，1483—1530）《巴布爾紀事》（Bā-bur-Nama），《吉布紀念叢書》本，1907，頁16—56。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1421" id="1426">（二）</a>自數十年無大君長……畫野分都：據《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》下：“其王自<span class="zhuanming">魏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>相承不絶。”但在<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初，“王<span class="zhuanming">契苾</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span><span class="zhuanming">瞰莫賀咄</span>所殺，<span class="zhuanming">阿瑟那鼠匿</span>奪其城。<span class="zhuanming">鼠匿</span>死，子<span class="zhuanming">遏波之</span>立<span class="zhuanming">契苾</span>兄子<span class="zhuanming">阿了參</span>爲王，治<span class="zhuanming">呼悶城</span>，<span class="zhuanming">遏波之</span>治<span class="zhuanming">渴塞城</span>。”由是可知，自<span class="zhuanming">契苾</span>被殺，其國分裂，“無大君長，酋豪力競”的記載是較確實的。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西行千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">窣堵利瑟那國</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
[卷第五　六國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153613" key="1153613"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第五　六國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153614" key="1153614"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00423','1244075',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P423</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000694"><b>大唐西域記卷第五</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>六國</span> </p><p> <span>羯若鞠闍國　阿踰陁國</span> </p><p> <span>阿耶<a class="zhuhao" href="#4669" id="4668">〔1〕</a>穆佉國　鉢邏耶伽國</span> </p><p> <span>憍賞彌國　鞞索</span> <span class="font12 zhu">山格反</span> <span>迦國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4668" id="4669">〔1〕</a>《石本》耶作邪，後阿耶穆佉之耶《石本》均作邪。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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3.阿素洛宮異事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153617" key="1153617"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十一、佛陀伐那山及杖林 &gt; 3.阿素洛宮異事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153618" key="1153618"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00716','1244196',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P716</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001201">3.阿素洛宮異事</p><p> <span>石室西南隅有巖岫，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>謂之<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">阿修羅</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">阿須倫</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">阿須<a class="zhuhao" href="#7648" id="7641">〔1〕</a>羅</span>，皆訛也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">宫</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7654" id="7642">（一）</a>也。往有好事者，深閑呪術，顧儔<a class="zhuhao" href="#7649" id="7643">〔2〕</a>命侣，十有四人，約契同志，入此巖岫。行三四十里，廓然大明，乃見城邑臺觀，皆是金銀琉<a class="zhuhao" href="#7650" id="7644">〔3〕</a>璃。是人至已，有諸少女佇<a class="zhuhao" href="#7651" id="7645">〔4〕</a>立門側，歡喜迎接，甚加禮遇。於是漸進，至内城門，有二婢使各捧金盤，盛滿花香，而來迎候。謂諸人曰：“宜就池浴<a class="zhuhao" href="#7652" id="7646">〔5〕</a>，塗冠香花，已而後入，斯爲美矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#7653" id="7647">〔6〕</a>。”唯彼術士宜時速進。餘十三人遂卽沐浴。既入池已，怳若有忘，乃坐稻田中，去此之北平川中已三四十里矣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7641" id="7648">〔1〕</a>原本須作修，《古本》﹑《中本》及《翻譯集》作須。阿修羅已見上文，不當重複，今據改。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》則皆作蘇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7643" id="7649">〔2〕</a>《中本》儔作疇，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7644" id="7650">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》琉作瑠，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7645" id="7651">〔4〕</a>《中本》佇作侍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7646" id="7652">〔5〕</a>《中本》池浴二字作浴池。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7647" id="7653">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》已而可入斯爲美矣八字作然後可入勿得匆遽。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00717','1244196',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P717</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7642" id="7654">（一）</a>阿素洛宫：阿素洛，梵文asura音譯，譯作“非天”，一種惡魔名稱。<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛宫</span>一作<span class="zhuanming">阿修羅宫</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿須倫宫</span>，並見後文<span class="zhuanming">毘布羅山</span>的“温泉西有<span class="zhuanming">卑鉢羅石室</span>，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>在昔恆居其中，後壁洞穴，是<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛宫</span>也”，卷十<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦國</span>的“<span class="zhuanming">婆毘吠伽</span>論師住<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛宫</span>待見慈<span class="zhuanming">氏菩薩</span>成佛之處。”據《長阿含經》卷二十，<span class="zhuanming">阿須倫宫</span>在<span class="zhuanming">須彌山</span>北大海水底。據《印度佛跡實寫》（頁18）：“後壁洞穴是<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛宫</span>”，山城北門之西爲<span class="zhuanming">鞞婆羅山</span>，由山的北面向西進，北面臨澗，有一洞穴，是古代金礦遺址。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>稱爲<span class="zhuanming">卑鉢羅石室</span>的，或建築於洞穴之前，<span class="zhuanming">阿素洛宫</span>或卽指此鑛坑。今窟前甚狹，這也許是由於地形變遷所致。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
4.棧道
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153621" key="1153621"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十一、佛陀伐那山及杖林 &gt; 4.棧道 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153622" key="1153622"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00717','1244197',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P717</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001204">4.棧道</p><p> <span>石室側有棧道，廣十餘步，長四五里，昔<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>將往佛所，乃斬石通谷，疏崖導<a class="zhuhao" href="#7657" id="7655">〔1〕</a>川，或壘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7658" id="7656">〔2〕</a>石，或鑿巖，作爲階級，以至佛所。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7655" id="7657">〔1〕</a>原本導作填，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《舊麗本》作奠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7656" id="7658">〔2〕</a>《中本》壘作疊。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二十一、佛陀伐那山及杖林
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153625" key="1153625"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十一、佛陀伐那山及杖林 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153626" key="1153626"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00709','1244192',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P709</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001186"><b>二十一﹑佛陀伐那山及杖林</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鷄足山</span>東北行百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">佛陀伐那山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7583" id="7565">（一）</a>，峰崖崇峻，巘崿隱<a class="zhuhao" href="#7575" id="7566">〔1〕</a>嶙。巖間石室，佛嘗降止<a class="zhuhao" href="#7576" id="7567">〔2〕</a>。傍<a class="zhuhao" href="#7577" id="7568">〔3〕</a>有盤<a class="zhuhao" href="#7578" id="7569">〔4〕</a>石，<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#7579" id="7570">〔5〕</a>牛頭栴<a class="zhuhao" href="#7580" id="7571">〔6〕</a>檀<a class="zhuhao" href="#7584" id="7572">（二）</a>塗飾<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，今其石上餘香郁烈。五百羅漢潜靈於此，諸有感遇，或得覩見，時作沙彌之形，入里乞食。隱顯<a class="zhuhao" href="#7581" id="7573">〔7〕</a>靈奇之迹，差<a class="zhuhao" href="#7582" id="7574">〔8〕</a>難以述。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00710','1244192',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P710</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7566" id="7575">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》隱作嶾，《音釋》同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7567" id="7576">〔2〕</a>《中本》止作趾。《方志》云：“佛止數年”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7568" id="7577">〔3〕</a>《中本》傍上有其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7569" id="7578">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》盤作磐，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7570" id="7579">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》摩作磨，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7571" id="7580">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》栴作旃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7573" id="7581">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》隱顯二字並作或隱或顯四字。《古本》無二或字，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7574" id="7582">〔8〕</a>《新麗本》差原作羌，《京大本》據《石本》﹑《宋本》改。按《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》亦作差。《慧琳音義》作差，音“柴下反。”羌乃形訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7565" id="7583">（一）</a>佛陀伐那山：<span class="zhuanming">佛陀伐那</span>，梵文Buddhavana音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">覺林</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">鷄足山</span>東北，現今的<span class="zhuanming">佛陀因山</span>（Buddhain）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7572" id="7584">（二）</a>牛頭栴檀：旃檀，梵文candana音譯，畧作檀，樹名，其木味香，用作香料。共有三種，赤檀﹑白檀和牛頭旃檀。牛頭旃檀，梵文名gośīrṣa-candana，紫銅色，相傳多生長在<span class="zhuanming">北俱盧洲</span>諸山，該洲形似牛頭，因名所出旃檀爲牛頭旃檀。栴檀木有香味，經久不腐，可作雕刻或建築材料及香料。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00711','1244192',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P711</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛陀伐那山</span>空谷中東<a class="zhuhao" href="#7592" id="7585">〔1〕</a>行三十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">洩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7593" id="7586">〔2〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">移結反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">瑟<a class="zhuhao" href="#7594" id="7587">〔3〕</a>知林</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7598" id="7588">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">杖林</span>。</span> <span>林竹脩勁<a class="zhuhao" href="#7595" id="7589">〔4〕</a>，被<a class="zhuhao" href="#7596" id="7590">〔5〕</a>山彌谷。其先有婆羅門聞<span class="zhuanming">釋迦佛</span>身長丈六，常懷疑惑，未之<a class="zhuhao" href="#7597" id="7591">〔6〕</a>信也。乃以丈六竹杖，欲量佛身，恒於杖端出過丈六，如是增高，莫能窮實。遂投杖而去，因植根焉。中有大窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此七日爲諸天人現大神通，説深妙法。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7585" id="7592">〔1〕</a>《中本》東下有北字。按《方志》無北字，同今本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7586" id="7593">〔2〕</a>《中本》洩作曳，同音通用。《方志》作申，乃曳之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7587" id="7594">〔3〕</a>《石本》瑟作慧，非。《方志》亦作瑟。<span class="zhuanming">杖林</span><span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文作Yaṣṭi-vana。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7589" id="7595">〔4〕</a>原本勁作篠，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作勁。按脩篠與竹林義複，作勁爲是，今據正。《音釋》亦作脩勁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7590" id="7596">〔5〕</a>《金陵本》被作補，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7591" id="7597">〔6〕</a>《中本》之作足。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7588" id="7598">（一）</a>洩瑟知林：<span class="zhuanming">洩瑟知</span>，梵文Yaṣṭi音譯，巴利文Yaṭṭhi，義云“杖”；《慈恩傳》卷四稱此林爲<span class="zhuanming">杖林</span>，卽現今的Jeshtiban。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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七、索建地羅論師及象食羅漢遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153629" key="1153629"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 迦濕彌羅國 &gt; 七、索建地羅論師及象食羅漢遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153630" key="1153630"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00344','1244037',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P344</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000549"><b>七﹑索建地羅論師及象食羅漢遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">佛牙伽藍</span>東十餘里，北山崖間有小伽藍，是昔<a class="zhuhao" href="#3951" id="3947">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">索<a class="zhuhao" href="#3952" id="3948">〔2〕</a>建地羅大論師</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3953" id="3949">（一）</a>於此作《衆事分毗婆沙論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#3954" id="3950">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3947" id="3951">〔1〕</a>《石本》無昔字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3948" id="3952">〔2〕</a>《古本》索作塞。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3949" id="3953">（一）</a>索建地羅論師：<span class="zhuanming">索建地羅</span>，梵文Skandhila音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">悟入</span>，<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>人，説一切有部的學者，<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>之師，<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>也曾向他問學過《毘婆沙》，著有《入阿毘達磨論》二卷，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3950" id="3954">（二）</a>衆事分毗婆沙論：現存諸經録中不見此名。<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>等人按《衆事分阿毗達磨論》梵名abhidharmaprakaraṇapāda-śāstra，推斷此書梵名vibhāṣāprakaraṇapādaśāstra.<span class="zhuanming">羽溪了諦</span>認爲此書卽前注所述《入阿毘達磨論》二卷（《西域之佛教》頁462）。</span> </p><p> <span>小伽藍中有石窣堵波，高五十餘尺，是阿羅漢遺身舍利也。先有羅漢，形量偉大，凡所飲食，與象同等。時人譏曰：“徒知飽食，安識是非？”羅漢將入寂滅也，告諸人曰：“吾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3964" id="3955">〔1〕</a>今不久當取無餘<a class="zhuhao" href="#3968" id="3956">（一）</a>，欲説自身所證妙法。”衆人聞之，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00345','1244037',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P345</span></i>相更<a class="zhuhao" href="#3965" id="3957">〔2〕</a>譏笑，咸來集會，共觀得失。時阿羅漢告諸人曰：“吾今爲汝説本因緣<a class="zhuhao" href="#3969" id="3958">（二）</a>，此身之前報受象身<a class="zhuhao" href="#3970" id="3959">（三）</a>，在<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>，居王内厩<a class="zhuhao" href="#3966" id="3960">〔3〕</a>。是時此國有一沙門，遠遊<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，尋訪聖教諸經典論。時王持我施與沙門，載負佛經，而至於此。是後不久，尋卽命終。乘其載經福力所致，遂得爲人，復鍾餘慶，早<a class="zhuhao" href="#3967" id="3961">〔4〕</a>服染衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#3971" id="3962">（四）</a>，勤求出離，不遑寧居，得六神通，斷三界欲。然其所食，餘習尚然，每自節身，三分食一。”雖有此説，人猶未信。卽昇虚空，入火光定<a class="zhuhao" href="#3972" id="3963">（五）</a>，身出煙焰，而入寂滅。餘骸墜下，起窣堵波。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3955" id="3964">〔1〕</a>《中本》吾作我。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3957" id="3965">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》相更二字並作更相。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3960" id="3966">〔3〕</a>《慧琳音義》厩作廐。按厩乃廐之俗字，説見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3961" id="3967">〔4〕</a>《石本》早作卑，形近而誤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3956" id="3968">（一）</a>無餘：卽無餘湼槃。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3958" id="3969">（二）</a>因緣：因緣是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>重要理論之一，它説明事物賴以存在的各種因果關係，其中主要條件謂之“因”，輔助條件謂之“緣”。例如稻種子爲因，雨露﹑陽光﹑農夫等爲緣，以此因緣和合而生大米之果。《大乘入楞伽經》卷二云：“一切法因緣生”。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲一切事物都是由因緣和合而生成的。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00346','1244037',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P346</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3959" id="3970">（三）</a>報受象身：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>根據“未作業不起，已作業不失”的説教，宣揚三世轉生六道輪迴的因果報應，今世所受，都是前世“善惡業”的果報。是故此羅漢“此身之前報受象身。”《大毗婆沙論》卷四二也載這一傳説，謂載佛舍利至<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>的大象，以其功德，生於人界，入佛門得羅漢果。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3962" id="3971">（四）</a>染衣：卽僧衣，它以木蘭等色染之，故名染衣。《翻譯名義集》卷七：“《大論》云，<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>子受禁戒是其性，剃髮割截染衣是其相。”早服染衣，指早已出家爲僧。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3963" id="3972">（五）</a>入火光定：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>修習的所謂火光三昧，卽第四禪定，實卽自付荼毘（自焚）。《佛本行集經》卷四十：“如來爾時，亦入如是火光三昧，身出大火。”《摩訶僧祗律》卷三二亦謂以神足上升虚空，入火光三昧，以自闍維（荼毘）入湼槃。這與《西域記》本文所云“卽昇虚空，入火光定，身出煙焰”相同。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
七畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153633" key="1153633"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 七畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153634" key="1153634"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01088','1244398',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1088</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001824">七畫</p><p> <span>豆（見摩愉伽藍）</span> </p><p> <span>杙5/465/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>肘2/168/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>利見2/250/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>希夷12/1039/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>李老12/1047/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>花宫（見拘蘇磨補羅）</span> </p><p> <span>夾紵12/1015/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>汩淴1/71/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>何國（見屈霜你迦國）</span> </p><p> <span>車渠8/688/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>吞夢序2/21/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>貝葉序2/25/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>束藴8/658/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>形識12/1038/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>返初服2/197/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>佉沙國12/996/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>㤄捍國1/85/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>私鍮簸（見窣堵波）</span> </p><p> <span>步馬車象2/201/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>我相三十6/495/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>役屬鄰國10/790/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>言辭雅亮11/902/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>杜魯婆跋吒11/915/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>作老病死人沙門之像6/513/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>每歲三長及月六齋4/385/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>况乎刓方爲圓之世……綺藻經文者歟12/1048/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>卽以爲號1/39/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>卽襲王位5/435/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>坐雨安居2/173/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>坐受姨母金鏤袈裟6/519/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>折利呾羅城10/816/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>折摩馱那故國卽沮末地也12/1033/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>没特伽羅子4/383/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>没特伽羅子運神通力舉舍利子衣帶不動處6/492/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>赤（見盧醯呾迦窣堵波）</span> </p><p> <span>赤縣12/1046/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>赤鄂衍那國1/106/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>初地8/647/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>初服（見返初服）</span> </p><p> <span>初轉法輪處也7/563/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>吠奢（見族姓條）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01089','1244398',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1089</span></i><p> <span>吠舍釐國7/587/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>吠舍釐王之所建也7/590/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>沙門2/180/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>沙界12/1038/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>沙彌1/152/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>沙羅7/603/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>戒品9/768/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>戒賢（見尸羅跋陀羅論師）</span> </p><p> <span>戒日〔王〕（見尸羅阿迭多）</span> </p><p> <span>妙音（見瞿沙大阿羅漢）</span> </p><p> <span>妙德（見曼殊室利）</span> </p><p> <span>妙吉祥菩薩10/839/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>近護（見鄔波毱多）</span> </p><p> <span>近事男（是鄔波索迦）</span> </p><p> <span>近護大阿羅漢8/633/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>近有鄰王…建二伽藍10/780/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>伽藍1/52/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>伽耶山8/664/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>伽耶城8/663/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>伽藍十餘所12/964/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>伽布德迦伽藍9/773/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>劫初1/133/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>劫比他7/611/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>劫比他果2/213/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>劫比他國4/417/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>劫布呾那國1/91/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>劫比羅伐窣堵國6/507/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛牙1/119/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛影2/226/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛齒2/223/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛牙精舍11/881/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛陀僧訶5/455/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛陀馱娑5/459/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛法所記11/877/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛陀伐那山9/710/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛陀毱多王9/755/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>佛於此最後觀吠舍釐城7/593/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿難1/134/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿那律（見阿泥𢫫陀）</span> </p><p> <span>阿折羅10/836/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿育王（見無憂王）</span> </p><p> <span>阿修羅（見阿素洛宫）</span> </p><p> <span>阿耆波7/616/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿須倫（見阿素洛宫）</span> </p><p> <span>阿羅漢1/134/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿難陁4/384/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿蘇羅（見阿素洛宫）</span> </p><p> <span>阿末羅果2/213/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01090','1244398',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1090</span></i><p> <span>阿吒釐國11/908/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿私多仙6/511/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿利尼國12/966/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿泥𢫫陀6/548/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿耆尼國1/49/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿毗達磨4/385/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿素洛宫9/717/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿路猱山1/148/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿藍迦藍7/575/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿摩落迦8/642/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿耨達池（見無熱惱池）</span> </p><p> <span>阿踰陁國5/449/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿軬荼國11/946/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿輸迦王（見無憂王）</span> </p><p> <span>阿若憍陳如7/564/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿耶穆佉國5/457/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿僧伽菩薩5/454/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿那婆答多池1/41/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿利羅跋提河（見阿恃多伐底河）</span> </p><p> <span>阿波邏羅龍泉3/276/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿恃多伐底河6/541/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿奢理貳伽藍1/64/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿點婆翅羅國11/935/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿難陁補羅國11/916/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿難爲魔怖處9/728/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿那婆答多龍王6/553/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿毘達磨俱舍論2/247/3，4/403/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿跋耶祇釐住部11/879/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿闍多設咄路王9/736/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿濕縛窶沙菩薩8/649/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿伐羅勢羅僧迦藍10/843/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿折羅阿羅漢所建11/896/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿避陁羯剌拏僧伽藍7/583/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿縛盧枳低伊濕伐羅3/289/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿難陁分身與二國處7/607/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>阿濕婆恃苾芻説法證果之處9/721/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、化度漁人處及諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153637" key="1153637"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 弗栗恃國 &gt; 一、化度漁人處及諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153638" key="1153638"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00609','1244157',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P609</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001034"><b>一﹑化度漁人處及諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span>從此西行，依河之濱<a class="zhuhao" href="#6521" id="6507">〔1〕</a>有窣堵波，高餘三丈，南帶長流，大悲<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>度漁人處也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6531" id="6508">（一）</a>。越在佛世，五百漁人結疇<a class="zhuhao" href="#6522" id="6509">〔2〕</a>附黨，漁捕水族，於此河流得一大魚，有十八頭，頭各兩眼。諸漁人方欲害之，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>，天眼見，興悲心，乘其時而化導<a class="zhuhao" href="#6523" id="6510">〔3〕</a>，因其機而啓悟，告諸大衆：“<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃<a class="zhuhao" href="#6524" id="6511">〔4〕</a>國</span>有大魚，我欲導之，以悟諸漁人。爾宜知時。”於是大衆圍繞，神足凌虚，至于河濱，如常敷座。遂告諸漁人：“爾勿殺魚！”以神通力，開方便門<a class="zhuhao" href="#6532" id="6512">（二）</a>，威被大魚，令知宿命，能作人語，貫解人情。爾時<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>知而故問：“汝在前身，曾作何罪？流轉<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00610','1244157',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P610</span></i>惡趣，受此弊身。”魚曰：“昔承福慶，生自豪族，大婆羅門<span class="zhuanming">劫<a class="zhuhao" href="#6525" id="6513">〔5〕</a>比他</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6533" id="6514">（三）</a>者，我身是<a class="zhuhao" href="#6526" id="6515">〔6〕</a>也。恃其族姓<a class="zhuhao" href="#6527" id="6516">〔7〕</a>，凌蔑人倫，恃其博物，鄙賤經法。以輕慢心，毁讟<a class="zhuhao" href="#6534" id="6517">（四）</a>諸佛；以醜惡語<a class="zhuhao" href="#6528" id="6518">〔8〕</a>，詈辱衆僧。引類形比，謂若駝﹑驢﹑象﹑馬諸醜形對。由此惡業，受此弊身。尚資宿善，生遭佛世，目覩聖化，親承聖教，因而懺謝，悔先作業。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>隨機攝化，如應開導。魚既聞法，於是命終，承兹福力，上生天宫。於是自觀其身，何緣生此，既知宿命，念報佛恩，與諸天衆肩隨戾止，前禮既畢，右繞退立，以天寶香花持<a class="zhuhao" href="#6529" id="6519">〔9〕</a>用供養。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>指告漁人，爲説妙法，於<a class="zhuhao" href="#6530" id="6520">〔10〕</a>卽感悟，輸誠禮懺，裂網焚舟，歸真受法。既服染衣，又聞至教，皆出塵垢，俱證聖果。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6507" id="6521">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》濱作陽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6509" id="6522">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》疇作儔，古可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6510" id="6523">〔3〕</a>《石本》導作道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6511" id="6524">〔4〕</a>《中本》栗恃作票持。票乃形訛，恃與持同音可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6513" id="6525">〔5〕</a>《石本》劫作却。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6515" id="6526">〔6〕</a>《石本》無是字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6516" id="6527">〔7〕</a>《石本》無恃字；姓凌二字倒作淩姓，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6518" id="6528">〔8〕</a>《古本》語作言。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6519" id="6529">〔9〕</a>原本無持字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，今據補。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00611','1244157',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P611</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6520" id="6530">〔10〕</a>《中本》於作是；《徑山本》作俱。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6508" id="6531">（一）</a>大悲世尊度漁人處也：<span class="zhuanming">大悲世尊</span>，指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>。救他人苦的心願，稱“悲”，悲心廣大，故謂大悲。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6512" id="6532">（二）</a>開方便門：方便，梵文upāya意譯。方，方法；便，便穩。又方謂方正之理，便謂巧妙之言辭。其實是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>説法時，對不同衆生隨機應變，“因病授藥，藉方施便”的手段。《法華文句》卷三上：“又方便者門也。門名能通，通於所通，方便權略，皆是哢引。爲真實作門，真實得顯，功由方便，從能顯得名。故以門釋方便，如經開方便門，示真實相。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6514" id="6533">（三）</a>劫比他：梵文Kapitha音譯，爲婆羅門族姓。又見本書卷四<span class="zhuanming">劫比他國</span>注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6517" id="6534">（四）</a>毁讟：讟，怨言。《左傳·昭公元年》：“民無謗讟。”</span> </p><p> <span>度漁人東北行百餘里，故城西有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建，高百餘尺，是佛在昔於此六月説法度諸天人。此北百四五十步，有小窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔於此處爲諸苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#6537" id="6535">〔1〕</a>制戒。次西不遠，有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔於此處<a class="zhuhao" href="#6538" id="6536">〔2〕</a>，近遠邑人相趨輻湊，焚香散花，燈炬不絶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6535" id="6537">〔1〕</a>《石本》苾芻二字作比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6536" id="6538">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》無如來昔於此處六字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00612','1244157',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P612</span></i><p> <span>從此西北千四五百里，踰山入谷，至<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中<a class="zhuhao" href="#6540" id="6539">〔1〕</a>印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6539" id="6540">〔1〕</a>《石本》無中字，依例當有，脱去。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、賢愛破邪論故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153642" key="1153642"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 摩臘婆國 &gt; 二、賢愛破邪論故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153643" key="1153643"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00903','1244278',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P903</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001510"><b>二﹑賢愛破邪論故事</b></p><p> <span>大城西北二十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門</span>邑<a class="zhuhao" href="#9278" id="9231">（一）</a>，傍有陷坑，秋夏淫<a class="zhuhao" href="#9256" id="9232">〔1〕</a>滯，彌淹旬日，雖納衆流，而無積水。其傍又建小窣堵波。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#9257" id="9233">〔2〕</a>曰：昔者<span class="zhuanming">大慢婆羅門</span>生身陷入地獄之處。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00904','1244278',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P904</span></i>昔此邑中有婆羅門，生知博物，學冠時彦。内外典籍，究極幽微，曆數玄文，若視諸掌。風範清高<a class="zhuhao" href="#9258" id="9234">〔3〕</a>，令問<a class="zhuhao" href="#9259" id="9235">〔4〕</a>遐被。王甚珍敬，國人宗重，門人千數，味道欽風。每而<a class="zhuhao" href="#9260" id="9236">〔5〕</a>言曰：“吾爲世出<a class="zhuhao" href="#9261" id="9237">〔6〕</a>，述聖導凡。先賢後<a class="zhuhao" href="#9262" id="9238">〔7〕</a>哲，無與我比。彼<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">婆藪天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9279" id="9239">（二）</a>﹑<span class="zhuanming">那羅延天</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛世尊</span>者，人皆風靡，祖述其道，莫不圖形，競修祗敬。我今德踰於彼，名擅於時，不有所異，其何以顯？”遂用赤栴<a class="zhuhao" href="#9263" id="9240">〔8〕</a>檀刻作<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">婆藪天</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">那羅延天</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛世尊</span>等像，爲座四足，凡有所至，負以自隨，其慢傲也如此。時<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>有苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#9264" id="9241">〔9〕</a><span class="zhuanming">跋陁<a class="zhuhao" href="#9265" id="9242">〔10〕</a>羅縷<a class="zhuhao" href="#9266" id="9243">〔11〕</a>支</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9280" id="9244">（三）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">賢愛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9267" id="9245">〔12〕</a>。</span> <span>妙極因明，深窮異論，道風淳粹，戒香郁烈，少欲自足，無求於物，聞而歎曰：“惜哉，時無人矣！令彼愚夫，敢行兇<a class="zhuhao" href="#9268" id="9246">〔13〕</a>德。”於是荷錫遠遊，來至此國，以其宿心，具白於王。王見弊服，心未之敬，然高其志，强爲之禮。遂設論座，告婆羅門<a class="zhuhao" href="#9269" id="9247">〔14〕</a>。婆羅門聞而笑曰：“彼何人斯，敢懷此志？”命其徒屬，來就論場，數百千衆，前後侍聽。<span class="zhuanming">賢愛</span>服弊故衣，敷草而坐。彼婆羅門踞所持座，非斥正法，敷述邪<a class="zhuhao" href="#9270" id="9248">〔15〕</a>宗。苾芻清辯若流，循環往復。婆羅門久而謝屈。王乃謂曰：“久濫虚<a class="zhuhao" href="#9271" id="9249">〔16〕</a>名，罔上惑衆，先典有記，論負當戮。”欲以<a class="zhuhao" href="#9272" id="9250">〔17〕</a>鑪鐵，令其坐上。婆羅門窘迫，乃歸命求救。<span class="zhuanming">賢愛</span>愍之，乃請王曰：“大王仁化<a class="zhuhao" href="#9273" id="9251">〔18〕</a>遠洽，頌聲載途，當布慈育，勿行殘酷，恕其不逮，唯所去就。”王令乘驢巡<a class="zhuhao" href="#9274" id="9252">〔19〕</a>告城邑。婆羅門恥其戮辱，發憤歐血。苾芻聞已，往慰之曰：“爾學苞内外<a class="zhuhao" href="#9275" id="9253">〔20〕</a>，聲聞遐邇，榮辱之事，進退當明。夫名者何實乎？”婆羅門憤恚，深<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00905','1244278',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P905</span></i>詈苾芻，謗毁大乘，輕蔑<a class="zhuhao" href="#9276" id="9254">〔21〕</a>先聖。言聲未静，地便拆<a class="zhuhao" href="#9277" id="9255">〔22〕</a>裂，生身墜陷，遺迹斯在。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9232" id="9256">〔1〕</a>《古本》淫作陰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9233" id="9257">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》諸先志三字作之耆舊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9234" id="9258">〔3〕</a>《古本》高作亮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9235" id="9259">〔4〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》問作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9236" id="9260">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》而作自。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9237" id="9261">〔6〕</a>《中本》出作尊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9238" id="9262">〔7〕</a>《石本》後作俊。後哲與先賢並列，後字爲長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9240" id="9263">〔8〕</a>《中本》栴作旃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9241" id="9264">〔9〕</a>《建本》苾芻二字作比丘，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9242" id="9265">〔10〕</a>《翻譯集》引無陁字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9243" id="9266">〔11〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》縷並作樓。《趙城本》作縷，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9245" id="9267">〔12〕</a>《金陵本》賢愛作賢受，受當是形訛。下“<span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多國</span>”條亦有<span class="zhuanming">賢愛論師</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9246" id="9268">〔13〕</a>《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》兇並作凶。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9247" id="9269">〔14〕</a>原本門下有曰字，《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無之，今據删。《趙城本》亦衍曰字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9248" id="9270">〔15〕</a>《建本》邪作耶，乃邪之别作。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9249" id="9271">〔16〕</a>《中本》虚作空。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9250" id="9272">〔17〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》以並作燒。《趙城本》作以，同此本。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00906','1244278',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P906</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9251" id="9273">〔18〕</a>原本化作禮，《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作化，今據改。蓋化訛爲礼，又誤作禮也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9252" id="9274">〔19〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》巡並作遍。《趙城本》作巡，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9253" id="9275">〔20〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》内外作空有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9254" id="9276">〔21〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》蔑作懱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9255" id="9277">〔22〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》拆並作坼。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9231" id="9278">（一）</a>婆羅門邑：由於<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>的都城的地望尚待探討，此邑也難於確定。有人（<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>）認爲卽<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>東征班師途中所經過的Brāhman村，該地位於<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>口，無論距<span class="zhuanming">達爾</span>或<span class="zhuanming">阿默達巴德</span>都太遠，因此這種看法只能姑備一説。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9239" id="9279">（二）</a>婆藪天：<span class="zhuanming">婆藪</span>，梵文Vāsu音譯；<span class="zhuanming">婆藪天</span>，梵文作Vā-sudeva。此神通常稱<span class="zhuanming">毗濕奴</span>，梵文Viṣṇu，音譯一作<span class="zhuanming">毗瑟拏</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>，爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>的主神之一，卽保護神。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9244" id="9280">（三）</a>跋陀羅縷支：梵文Bhadraruci音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">賢愛</span>。<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>云爲<span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多國</span>人（《大唐西域記の研究》卷下，頁894），但於文獻無徵。</span> </p><p> <span>自此西南入海交<a class="zhuhao" href="#9284" id="9281">（一）</a>，西北行二千四五百里，至<span class="zhuanming">阿吒</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9283" id="9282">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">釐國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00907','1244278',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P907</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9282" id="9283">〔1〕</a>《中本》吒作咤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9281" id="9284">（一）</a>海交：此句文義不甚明了。原文似指由<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門邑</span>（或由<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>都城）向西南是入海的通道。稍晚成書的《釋迦方志》卷下此處卽作“……自此西南入海道矣。”又本書卷十<span class="zhuanming">恭御陀國</span>條中有“接山嶺，據海交”句，似亦此意。<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>因該國都城“據<span class="zhuanming">莫訶河</span>（麗本作<span class="zhuanming">莫醯河</span>）東南”，將“海交”譯爲“海灣”；<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>據此認爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的行程是由<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>西南行，抵<span class="zhuanming">坎貝</span>（Cambay）<span class="zhuanming">灣</span>，再轉向西北横越<span class="zhuanming">卡提阿瓦</span>（Kathiawar）<span class="zhuanming">半島</span>。我們認爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>不可能無緣無故地走這樣迂迴曲折的路線。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
八畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153647" key="1153647"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 八畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153648" key="1153648"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01090','1244399',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1090</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001825">八畫</p><p> <span>牀8/659/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>果人12/1000/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01091','1244399',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1091</span></i><p> <span>所行（見阿折羅）</span> </p><p> <span>服制2/209/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>周術2/192/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>性海序1/9/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>沮渠（見斫句迦國）</span> </p><p> <span>奇特（見遏部多石窣堵波﹑阿奢理貳迦藍）</span> </p><p> <span>拜瑟序2/22/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>苦際9/767/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>杼軸序1/7/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>函雒序1/6/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>定慧2/196/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>姑墨（見跋禄迦國）</span> </p><p> <span>亟墨（見跋禄迦國）</span> </p><p> <span>知識1/121/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>含識4/391/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>命命鳥7/613/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>述聖記序2/27/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>苾芻尼4/385/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>拂懍國11/942/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>盲龍室8/692/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>供大人米8/623/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>事在迴記1/113/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>非有非空9/722/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>或復三匝2/207/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>肥遁居貞2/193/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>昏馱多城12/977/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>抽簪革服12/1051/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>穹儀方載序1/1/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>泥縛些那2/180/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>苫婆補羅11/929/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>直性婆羅門6/553/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>庖犧出震之初1/34/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>河西蕃維畏威送質1/140/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>度八王子及五百釋種處6/520/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>祇陀（見逝多林給孤獨園﹑祇園）</span> </p><p> <span>祇園序1/9/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>私合6/496/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>私須蜜多（見伐蘇蜜呾羅）</span> </p><p> <span>油河6/525/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>油素序1/10/22，12/1052/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>耶舍陁7/603/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>耶輸陁羅6/513/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>忽懍國1/114/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>忽露摩國1/106/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>呬摩呾羅王3/340/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>呬摩呾羅國12/970/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01092','1244399',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1092</span></i><p> <span>卑鉢羅樹2/238/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>卑鉢羅石室9/731/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>奔穰舍羅12/990/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>奔那伐彈那10/791/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>於此折骨書寫經典3/282/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>於六年中臣五印度5/435/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>若此之捨凡歷千生3/305/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>若此上人衆所知識9/758/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>刹那2/171/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>刹利12/1038/<span class="song">123</span></span> </p><p> <span>刹帝利（見族姓）</span> </p><p> <span>具結縛3/336/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>具足戒者4/385/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>具史羅長者5/470/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>茂遮3/349/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>茂遮果2/213/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>茂羅三部盧國11/932/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>長縆10/783/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>長爪梵志9/768/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>長捷法師序2/20/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>居士8/649/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>居荒谷間12/1007/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>居俗日夜分爲八時2/171/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>昔如來三月此止9/759/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>昔如來曾至此處爲諸天人略説法要12/1013/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>昔如來爲諸天人於此七日説深妙法10/803/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>東山（見弗婆勢羅）</span> </p><p> <span>東離序1/7/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>東女國4/409/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>東安國（見喝捍國）</span> </p><p> <span>青蒲序2/26/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>青藏（見尼羅蔽荼）</span> </p><p> <span>青蓮同馥3/305/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>青雀羣鹿呈祥之處8/680/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>呾蜜國1/104/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>呾剌健國1/127/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>呾邏私城1/77/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>呾叉始羅國3/301/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>呾他揭多毱多王9/755/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>其儀九等2/206/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>其王於是更修伽藍1/153/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>其婦人首冠木角12/970/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>其外側有四際焉8/688/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>其文字取則印度…語言辭調異於諸國12/997/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>舍利1/145/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>舍利子4/383/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>舍梨子（見舍利子）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01093','1244399',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1093</span></i><p> <span>舍利弗（見舍利子）</span> </p><p> <span>舍衞國（見室羅伐悉底國）</span> </p><p> <span>舍利子隨事攝化應物降伏6/500/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>屈丹（見瞿薩旦那國）</span> </p><p> <span>屈支國1/55/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>屈浪拏國12/973/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>屈露多國4/373/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>屈霜你迦國1/92/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>屈屈吒播陁山9/780/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>屈屈吒阿濫摩僧伽藍8/640/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>金文序2/22/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>金氏（見蘇伐剌瞿呾羅國）</span> </p><p> <span>金耳（見羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國）</span> </p><p> <span>金花1/59/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>金剛1/120/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>金輪1/37/22，8/969/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>金鏡序2/14/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>金毗羅獸7/568/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>金錢銀錢2/217/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>波利城1/123/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>波剌斯1/102/21，2/237/8，11/939/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>波斯匿（見鉢邏犀那恃多王）</span> </p><p> <span>波你尼仙2/263/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>波謎羅川12/981/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>波闍波提（見鉢邏闍鉢底）</span> </p><p> <span>波羅奈國（見婆羅痆斯國）</span> </p><p> <span>波吒釐子城8/623/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>波羅梨弗國7/603/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>波栗濕縛尊者2/244/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>波理夜呾羅國4/377/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>波羅羯羅伐彈那5/432/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>法王6/518/8，9/741/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>法身4/422/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>法性4/422/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>法空4/422/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>法救2/236/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>法執5/478/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>法鼓8/647/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>法器4/400/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>法顯序2/25/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>法藏9/742/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>法眼浄6/503/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>法密部3/272/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>法華經9/727/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>法身常住6/548/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘胝3/282/6，8/633/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘尸城3/295/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01094','1244399',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1094</span></i><p> <span>拘浪拏3/307/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘睒彌（見憍賞彌國）</span> </p><p> <span>拘摩羅10/798/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘盧舍2/167/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘盧洲1/38/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘理迦邑9/763/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘謎陁國1/112/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘縶反關2/192/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘摩羅王5/437/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘摩羅邏多3/306/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘蘇磨補羅5/427/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>拘尸那揭羅國6/536/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦維12/1038/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦奢草1/119/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦旃延（見迦多衍那）</span> </p><p> <span>迦多衍那4/370/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦畢試國1/137/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦葉波佛1/125/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦摩浪迦10/804/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦摩陁陀9/742/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦毘羅衞國（見劫比羅伐窣堵國）</span> </p><p> <span>迦奢布羅城5/474/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦膩色迦王1/140/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦摩縷波國5/438/10，10/794/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦濕彌羅國3/321/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦蘭陁竹園9/734/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦諾迦牟尼佛6/515/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦羅迦村馱佛6/514/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦羅臂拏迦邑9/765/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>迦葉波佛本生城6/505/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
蘇剌侘國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153651" key="1153651"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 蘇剌侘國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153652" key="1153652"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00917','1244286',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P917</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001537">蘇剌侘國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9342" id="9337">（一）</a>周四千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9343" id="9338">（二）</a>周三十餘里。西據<span class="zhuanming">莫醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#9341" id="9339">〔1〕</a>河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9344" id="9340">（三）</a>。居人殷盛，家産富饒，役屬<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>。地土鹹鹵，花菓稀少。寒暑雖均，風飄不静。土俗澆薄，人性輕躁，不好學藝，邪正兼信。伽藍五十餘所，僧徒三千餘人，多學大乘上座部法。天祠百餘所，異道雜居。國當西海之路，人皆資海之利，興販爲業，貿遷有無。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9339" id="9341">〔1〕</a>《新麗本》醯原作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503kdcl.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《石本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503r275.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《建本》作󵾘，《京大本》從《宋本》改。《方志》亦作莫醯。“莫醯河”見前，亦作“莫訶河”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9337" id="9342">（一）</a>蘇剌侘國：<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>當是俗語Suraṭṭha音譯，梵文作Surāṣṭra。《釋迦方志》譯作<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌吒</span>。《慈恩傳》卷四作“（至<span class="zhuanming">阿難陀補羅國</span>）又西北行五百里至<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘國</span>”。此國在今<span class="zhuanming">卡提阿瓦半島</span>南部<span class="zhuanming">卡奇灣</span>上，地名<span class="zhuanming">蘇拉特</span>（Surat），卽<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>古名的訛略。<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>在古代頗爲有名，大史詩《羅摩衍那》上曾多次提到它，如《童年篇》第十二章﹑《阿逾陀篇》第十章﹑《美妙篇》第十四章；《摩訶婆羅多》﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00918','1244286',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P918</span></i><span class="zhuanming">波檀闍利</span>的《大疏》（Mahābhāṣya）﹑《利論》﹑《廣博本集》等書也都曾提到這一國名。近代出土有關此國的銘文也不少，其中重要的有<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>時的<span class="zhuanming">朱納加德</span>（Junāgaḍh）銘刻，<span class="zhuanming">鄔陀耶</span>（Udaya）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>石窟銘等，後者提到<span class="zhuanming">室建陀笈多王</span>（Skandagupta）選拔負責<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>的大臣時，費盡躊躇，反覆考慮達數日之久。這足以説明此地的重要。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">自古以來<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>就和西方有頻繁的海外貿易，因此<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>作家有關於此國不少的記載。<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理學》上稱此國爲Syrastrene，説該國的領土，由<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>口直抵<span class="zhuanming">卡奇灣</span>。《厄里特里亞海週航記》也提到這一地名，説在<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯海</span>之濱，這似指<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>口以東地帶。據考證，這個Syrastrene卽近代的<span class="zhuanming">蘇拉特</span>。早在<span class="zhuanming">月護</span>（Chandragu-pta）時代，<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>已合併入<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>的領域。根據<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>摩崖勅銘第五，在<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>時代<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>享有自治領的地位。此後，據<span class="zhuanming">斯特拉波</span>（Strabo）記載，<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人入侵<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>時代，<span class="zhuanming">彌難陀王</span>（Men-ander，卽<span class="zhuanming">彌蘭王</span>）曾經統治過<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>（<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>文原名Saraostos）。此後<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">貴霸王朝</span>領域的一部分，<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>種人統治結束之後，才爲<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>所管轄。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9338" id="9343">（二）</a>國大都城：古代的<span class="zhuanming">訖哩納加羅</span>（Girinagara，意卽<span class="zhuanming">山城</span>），又稱<span class="zhuanming">訖爾納</span>（Girnār），因位於<span class="zhuanming">訖利山</span>下而得名，一度曾爲<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>的古都。現代的名稱是<span class="zhuanming">朱納加德</span>（Junāgaḍh或Junāgaṛh）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9340" id="9344">（三）</a>西據莫醯河：“西據<span class="zhuanming">莫醯河</span>”一語是由本段首句一直貫下的，應理解爲<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>的國土，周四千里，西據<span class="zhuanming">莫醯河</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">莫醯河</span>在其國土之東。否則就會如<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>那樣理解，把<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>國都置於<span class="zhuanming">莫醯河</span>東岸，就與歷史事實完全不合了。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00919','1244286',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P919</span></i><p> <span>去城不遠，有<span class="zhuanming">郁鄯多山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9349" id="9345">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#9352" id="9346">（一）</a>。頂有伽藍，房宇廊廡，多疏崖嶺。林樹鬱茂，泉流交境<a class="zhuhao" href="#9350" id="9347">〔2〕</a>，聖賢之所遊止，靈仙之所集往<a class="zhuhao" href="#9351" id="9348">〔3〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9345" id="9349">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》山下有山字，屬下讀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9347" id="9350">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》境作鏡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9348" id="9351">〔3〕</a>《建本》﹑《徑山本》往作住。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9346" id="9352">（一）</a>郁鄯多山：<span class="zhuanming">郁鄯多</span>，應還原作Ujjanta；梵文文獻中有Ujjayanta﹑Raivataka﹑Ūrjayanta﹑Ūrjayat等異名，卽今日之<span class="zhuanming">訖爾納山</span>（Girnār）。據<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>經典記載，<span class="zhuanming">訖哩納加羅</span>（Girinagara，義云“山城”）位於<span class="zhuanming">郁鄯多山</span>畔，因此而得名。此山在<span class="zhuanming">朱納加德</span>以東十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，高<span class="song">3616</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺。它也是<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的聖地，爲該教聖人<span class="zhuanming">湼密那塔</span>（Neminātha）誕生之地，有供奉他和<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>其他聖徒的廟宇，也有不少<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>伽藍。此山上不僅有石窟寺，而且還發現有<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>的摩崖勅銘，較晚如<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的銘刻等重要歷史文物也不少。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>北行千八百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
[卷第四　十五國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153655" key="1153655"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153656" key="1153656"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00351','1244042',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P351</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000567"><b>大唐西域記卷第四</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>十五國</span> </p><p> <span>磔迦國　至那僕底國</span> </p><p> <span>闍爛達羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4022" id="4012">〔1〕</a>國　屈</span> <span class="font12 zhu">居勿反</span> <span>露多<a class="zhuhao" href="#4023" id="4013">〔2〕</a>國</span> </p><p> <span>設多圖盧國　波理夜呾羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4024" id="4014">〔3〕</a>國</span> </p><p> <span>秣菟羅國　薩他泥濕伐羅國</span> </p><p> <span>窣禄勤那國　秣底補羅國</span> </p><p> <span>婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#4025" id="4015">〔4〕</a>羅吸摩補羅國　瞿毗霜那國<a class="zhuhao" href="#4026" id="4016">〔5〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>堊<a class="zhuhao" href="#4027" id="4017">〔6〕</a>醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#4028" id="4018">〔7〕</a>掣呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#4029" id="4019">〔8〕</a>羅國　毗羅删<a class="zhuhao" href="#4030" id="4020">〔9〕</a>拏<a class="zhuhao" href="#4031" id="4021">〔10〕</a>國</span> </p><p> <span>劫比他國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4012" id="4022">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》及《慈恩傳》羅作那，《方志》亦同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4013" id="4023">〔2〕</a>《方志》多下有羅字；下文又作窟露羅，前後參差。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4014" id="4024">〔3〕</a>羅原作囉，《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作羅，《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》亦同。下本文亦作羅。按羅﹑囉同音通用，下“婆羅吸摩補羅國”之羅字原亦作囉。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00352','1244042',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P352</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4015" id="4025">〔4〕</a>《崇本》﹑《明北本》婆作娑，下本文亦作婆。則娑乃形訛。《石本》作波，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4016" id="4026">〔5〕</a>《石本》<span class="zhuanming">瞿毗霜那國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堊醯掣呾羅國</span>順序互易，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4017" id="4027">〔6〕</a>《慈恩傳》無堊字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4018" id="4028">〔7〕</a>《新麗本》醯原作󵾘，《京大本》從《宋本》改。《石本》作󵾘，《方志》作䤈。䤈﹑醯同字（䤈或作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014432yp15.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>），󵾘﹑󵾘字訛。《音釋》作醯，音“嗚兮反”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4019" id="4029">〔8〕</a>《石本》呾作旦。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4020" id="4030">〔9〕</a>《石本》無删字。《崇本》删作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014432auk0.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《慈恩傳》作那。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4021" id="4031">〔10〕</a>原本拏作那，《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》並作拏。下本文亦作拏。《慈恩傳》則作那。拏那二字本聲同通用，但爲前後畫一，從諸本改。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、無憂王地獄處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153659" key="1153659"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 二、無憂王地獄處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153660" key="1153660"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00627','1244163',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P627</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001058"><b>二﹑無憂王地獄處</b></p><p> <span>王故宫北有石柱，高數十尺，是<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>作地獄處。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>湼槃之後第一百年，有<span class="zhuanming">阿輸迦</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">無憂</span>，舊曰<span class="zhuanming">阿育</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6644" id="6637">〔1〕</a>，訛也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">王</span>者，<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#6645" id="6638">〔2〕</a>羅</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">影堅</span>，舊曰<span class="zhuanming">頻婆娑羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6646" id="6639">〔3〕</a>，訛也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6650" id="6640">（一）</a>之曾孫也，自<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>遷都<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐</span>，重<a class="zhuhao" href="#6647" id="6641">〔4〕</a>築外郭，周於故城，年代𣷽<a class="zhuhao" href="#6648" id="6642">〔5〕</a>遠，唯餘故基。伽藍﹑天祠及窣堵波，餘址數百，存<a class="zhuhao" href="#6649" id="6643">〔6〕</a>者二三。唯故宫北臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>小城中有千餘家。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00628','1244163',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P628</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6637" id="6644">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》育下並有王字。按上文“唐言無憂”，下無王字，則此亦不當有王字。《慈恩傳》此注在“阿輸迦王”下，作“無憂王”，“阿育王”，並有王字，正可作爲反證。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6638" id="6645">〔2〕</a>原本娑作婆，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作娑，《慈恩傳》﹑《翻譯集》同。按梵文作Bimbisāra，音譯作娑爲是，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6639" id="6646">〔3〕</a>原本無羅字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6641" id="6647">〔4〕</a>原本無重字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，《方志》亦有重字，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6642" id="6648">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》𣷽並作浸；《舊麗本》作䆮；《石本》作侵。按𣷽同浸，《史記·河渠書》：“此渠皆可行舟，有餘則用溉𣷽。”溉𣷽猶溉浸。䆮乃寖之或體，與浸通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6643" id="6649">〔6〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》存並作在。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6640" id="6650">（一）</a>頻毗娑羅王：<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅</span>，梵文Bimbisāra的對音，又作<span class="zhuanming">瓶沙</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">萍沙</span>，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">影堅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">影勝</span>。此人與<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>同時代，公元前六世紀前半期爲<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>國王。關於他的世系，各方面的材料説法不一。雖然他肯定不是一個王朝的開創者，但<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>是在他的統治期間才開始發達起來，成爲<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>最强盛的國家之一。據佛經<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00629','1244163',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P629</span></i>記載，他是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的熱忱贊助者。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>文獻則又説他是信奉<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">他在位二十八年，時間大約是公元前582至554年，最後他把王位傳給了兒子<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世</span>。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>文獻説他的王位是被<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世</span>篡奪的，而<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世</span>則又是在<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的堂弟和敵人<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>的陰謀煽動下幹此勾當的。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>（V.A.Smith）認爲，這種説法可能是正統<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>爲了污衊<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>教派而篡改<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史的結果（V.A.Smith：The Early History of India，<span class="zhuanming">牛津</span>，第四版，1924，頁32—33）。這個見解比較合理。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">至於<span class="zhuanming">阿輸迦王</span>或<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>，他是公元前三世紀時<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>的第三世國王（見本書卷一，頁157注3），與<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>無關。本書説<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>之曾孫，是不對的。<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>第一個國王<span class="zhuanming">旃陀羅笈多</span>之子名<span class="zhuanming">賓頭娑羅</span>（梵文Bindusāra）與<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅</span>音相近，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>可能在這裏把他們弄混淆了。</span> </p><p> <span>初，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>嗣位之後，舉措苛暴，乃立地獄，作害生靈。周垣峻峙，隅樓特起，猛焰洪鑪，銛鋒利刃，備諸苦具，擬像幽塗。招募凶人，立爲獄主。初以國中犯法罪人，無挍<a class="zhuhao" href="#6661" id="6651">〔1〕</a>輕重，總入塗炭。後以行經獄次，擒以誅戮，至者皆死，遂滅<a class="zhuhao" href="#6662" id="6652">〔2〕</a>口焉。時有沙門初入法衆，巡里乞食，遇<a class="zhuhao" href="#6663" id="6653">〔3〕</a>至獄門。獄吏凶人擒欲殘害。沙門惶怖，請得禮懺。俄見一人縛來入獄，斬截手足，磔裂形骸，俯仰之間，支<a class="zhuhao" href="#6664" id="6654">〔4〕</a>體糜散。沙門見已，深增悲悼，成無常觀，證無學果。獄卒曰：“可以死矣。”沙門既證聖果，心夷生死<a class="zhuhao" href="#6669" id="6655">（一）</a>，雖入鑊湯，若在清池，有大蓮<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00630','1244163',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P630</span></i>花而爲之座。獄主驚駭，馳使白王。王遂躬觀，深讚靈祐。獄主曰：“大王當死。”王曰：“何<a class="zhuhao" href="#6665" id="6656">〔5〕</a>？”對曰：“王先垂命，令<a class="zhuhao" href="#6666" id="6657">〔6〕</a>監刑獄，凡至獄垣，皆從殺害。不云王入而獨免死。”王曰：“法已一定，理無再變。我先垂令，豈除汝身。汝久濫生，我之咎也。”卽命獄卒投之洪鑪。獄主既死，王乃得出，於是頽牆堙<a class="zhuhao" href="#6667" id="6658">〔7〕</a>壍<a class="zhuhao" href="#6668" id="6659">〔8〕</a>，廢獄寬刑<a class="zhuhao" href="#6670" id="6660">（二）</a></span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6651" id="6661">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》無挍二字作不校。按《干禄字書》有挍﹑校二字，云：“上比挍，下校尉。”依此，則此處當作挍，校乃借字。今通行皆作校。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6652" id="6662">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》滅並作緘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6653" id="6663">〔3〕</a>《石本》遇作適，義較長。遇亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6654" id="6664">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》支作肢，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6656" id="6665">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》何上有云字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6657" id="6666">〔6〕</a>《中本》令作命。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6658" id="6667">〔7〕</a>《古本》堙作埋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6659" id="6668">〔8〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》壍作塹。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6655" id="6669">（一）</a>心夷生死：卽心無生死之感，把生和死一樣看待。夷，含有平義。《列子·湯問》：“未嘗覺山谷之險，原隰之夷，視之一<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00631','1244163',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P631</span></i>也。”此“夷”引伸爲“無”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6660" id="6670">（二）</a>廢獄寬刑：此<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的因緣有兩種説法。北傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的説法見於《雜阿含經》卷二三﹑《阿育王傳》卷一﹑《阿育王經》卷一﹑《分别功德論》卷三和Divyāvadāna等。南傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的説法見於《善見律毗婆沙》卷一﹑Mahāvaṃsa（《大史》），i.5；Dīpavaṃsa（《島史》），6等。本書所記屬北傳系統。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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曷邏闍補羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153663" key="1153663"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 曷邏闍補羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153664" key="1153664"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00349','1244041',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P349</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000564">曷邏闍補羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">曷邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#4008" id="4004">〔1〕</a>闍補羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4011" id="4005">（一）</a>周四千餘里。國大都城周十餘里，極險固，多山阜。川原隘狹，地利不豐，土宜氣序，同<span class="zhuanming">半笯嗟國</span>。風俗猛烈，人性驍勇。國無君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>。伽藍十所，僧徒寡少。天祠一所，外道甚多。自<span class="zhuanming">濫波國</span>至於此土，形貌麁弊，情性獷<a class="zhuhao" href="#4009" id="4006">〔2〕</a>暴，語言庸鄙，禮義輕薄，非<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之正境，乃邊裔<a class="zhuhao" href="#4010" id="4007">〔3〕</a>之曲俗。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4004" id="4008">〔1〕</a>《石本》邏作遝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4006" id="4009">〔2〕</a>原本獷作猥。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作獷。按“猥暴”義不順，作獷爲長，今據改。《中本》訛作猪。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00350','1244041',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P350</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4007" id="4010">〔3〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》裔作𧛨，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4005" id="4011">（一）</a>曷邏闍補羅國：梵文Rājapura，經<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲現今的Rajaori。該地北界<span class="zhuanming">皮爾潘賈耳山脈</span>，西界<span class="zhuanming">普納奇</span>（Punach），南界<span class="zhuanming">賓巴爾</span>（Bhimbar），東界<span class="zhuanming">里哈希</span>和<span class="zhuanming">阿克努爾</span>（Rihāsi and Aknur）。卽使將該地疆界東方延伸至<span class="zhuanming">奇納布</span>（Chenab）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>，南方延長至平原地帶，其周圍也不過三百多<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記“周四千餘里”相距約一倍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又《西域記》與《慈恩傳》原注都將此國列入“<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境”。但《釋迦方誌》却把它列入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境外，其根據可能是因爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>本人在這裏説它“非<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之正境”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>巡禮時該國還隸屬於<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>，到十一﹑二世紀時才獨立。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南，下山渡水，行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、日天祠
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153668" key="1153668"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 茂羅三部盧國 &gt; 一、日天祠 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153669" key="1153669"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00932','1244295',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P932</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001566"><b>一﹑日天祠</b></p><p> <span>有<span class="zhuanming">日天</span>祠，莊嚴甚麗。其<span class="zhuanming">日天</span>像鑄以黄金，飾以奇寶。靈鑒幽通，神功潛被，女樂遞奏，明炬繼日，香花供養，初無廢絶。<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>國諸王豪族，莫不於此捨施珍寶，建立福舍，以飲食醫藥給濟貧病。諸國之人來此求願，常有千數。天祠四周，池沼花林，甚可遊賞。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多<a class="zhuhao" href="#9416" id="9415">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9415" id="9416">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》多下有羅字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、鄔波毱多遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153672" key="1153672"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 秣菟羅國 &gt; 二、鄔波毱多遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153673" key="1153673"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00385','1244054',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P385</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000619"><b>二﹑鄔波毱多遺迹</b></p><p> <span>城東行五六里，至一山伽藍，踈崖爲室，因谷爲門，尊者<span class="zhuanming">鄔<a class="zhuhao" href="#4316" id="4314">〔1〕</a>波毱多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4317" id="4315">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">近護</span>。</span> <span>之所建也。其中則有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>指爪窣<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00386','1244054',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P386</span></i>堵波。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4314" id="4316">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八﹑《華嚴鈔》五十八及《翻譯集》引鄔並作烏，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4315" id="4317">（一）</a>鄔波毱多：梵文Upagupta音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">烏波毱多</span>，<span class="zhuanming">優波笈多</span>，<span class="zhuanming">優波屈</span>等，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">近護</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">近密</span>。約公元前三世紀左右時人，<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>商人之子，<span class="zhuanming">商那和修</span>的門徒，承傳教法，受<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>之聘赴<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>參拜<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的遺跡，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒認爲他是付法藏的第四祖或第五祖，曾在<span class="zhuanming">優留曼荼</span>山（Uru-maṇḍa）建<span class="zhuanming">那羅跋利精舍</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍北巖間有<a class="zhuhao" href="#4321" id="4318">〔1〕</a>石室，高二十餘尺，廣三十餘尺。四寸細籌，填積其内<a class="zhuhao" href="#4322" id="4319">（一）</a>。尊者<span class="zhuanming">近護</span>説法，化導<a class="zhuhao" href="#4323" id="4320">（二）</a>夫妻俱證羅漢果者，乃下一籌，異室别族，雖證不記。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4318" id="4321">〔1〕</a>《崇本》有作右。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4319" id="4322">（一）</a>四寸細籌填積其内：據《阿育王傳》卷三：“得羅漢者人，使捉一四寸之籌，擲著窟裏，積滿其中。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4320" id="4323">（二）</a>化導：化導事蹟，詳《阿育王經》卷九。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十四、戒賢伽藍及伏外道事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153676" key="1153676"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十四、戒賢伽藍及伏外道事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153677" key="1153677"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00659','1244175',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P659</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001106"><b>十四﹑戒賢伽藍及伏外道事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">德慧伽藍</span>西南二十餘里，至孤山，有伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#7028" id="7025">〔1〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">尸羅跋陁羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7030" id="7026">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>論義得勝，捨邑建焉。竦<a class="zhuhao" href="#7029" id="7027">〔2〕</a>一危峰，如窣堵波，置佛舍利。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7025" id="7028">〔1〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》藍下有曰字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00660','1244175',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P660</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7027" id="7029">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》竦作疏。按《方志》亦作竦。疑竦譌作踈，踈又或作疏也（疏爲踈之或體字）。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7026" id="7030">（一）</a>尸羅跋陀羅：梵文Śīlabhadra音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>，生平已無從詳考，<span class="zhuanming">潘尼迦</span>謂他來自<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>東部地區（可能是<span class="zhuanming">阿薩密</span>），原爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>徒，後改信<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>（《印度簡史》中譯本頁103）。而<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則謂“<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>之王族，婆羅門之種也”，繼承<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>之學，窮《瑜伽》五分之奥，主持<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>，爲<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>時代大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有宗的權威學者。《續高僧傳》卷四：“年百六歲，衆所仰重，故號<span class="zhuanming">正法藏</span>。博聞强識，内外大小一切經書無不通達。”《慈恩傳》卷三：“……<span class="zhuanming">正法藏</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">戒賢法師</span>也。衆共尊重，不斥其名，號爲<span class="zhuanming">正法藏</span>。”又説：“唯<span class="zhuanming">戒賢法師</span>，一切窮覽，德秀年耆，爲衆宗匠。”他曾應<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之請，講《瑜伽論》，達十五月之久。其著作<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯有《佛地經》，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯。</span> </p><p> <span>論師<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒國</span>之王族，婆羅門之種也。少好學，有風操，遊諸<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，詢求明哲，至此國<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁僧伽藍</span>，遇<span class="zhuanming">護法菩薩</span>，聞法信悟，請服染衣，諮以究竟之<a class="zhuhao" href="#7039" id="7031">〔1〕</a>致，問以解脱之路。既窮至理，亦究微言，名擅當時，聲高異域。<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>有外道，探賾索隱，窮幽洞微，聞<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>高名，起我慢深嫉，不阻山川，擊鼓求論，曰：“我<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>之人也。承王國内有大論師，我雖不敏，願與詳議！”王曰：“有之，誠如議也。”乃命使臣請<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>有外道，不遠千里，來求較論。唯願降跡<a class="zhuhao" href="#7040" id="7032">〔2〕</a>，赴集論場！”<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>聞已，攝衣將往。門人<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>者，後進<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00661','1244175',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P661</span></i>之翹楚也，前進請曰：“何遽行乎？”<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>曰：“自慧<a class="zhuhao" href="#7041" id="7033">〔3〕</a>日潛暉，傳燈<a class="zhuhao" href="#7046" id="7034">（一）</a>寂照，外道蟻聚，異學蜂飛<a class="zhuhao" href="#7042" id="7035">〔4〕</a>，故我今者將摧彼論。”<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>曰：“恭聞餘論，敢摧異道！”<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>知其俊也，因而允焉。是時<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>年甫三十，衆輕其少，恐難獨任。<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>知衆心之不平，乃解之曰：“有貴高明，無云齒歲。以今觀之，破彼必矣。”逮乎<a class="zhuhao" href="#7043" id="7036">〔5〕</a>集論之日，遠近相趨，少長咸萃。外道弘闡大猷，盡其幽致。<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>循<a class="zhuhao" href="#7044" id="7037">〔6〕</a>理責實，深極幽玄。外道辭窮，蒙恥而退。王用酬德，封此邑城。論師辭曰：“染衣之士，事資知足，清淨自守，何以邑爲？”王曰：“法王晦迹，智舟淪湑<a class="zhuhao" href="#7045" id="7038">〔7〕</a>，不有旌别，無勵後學。爲弘正法，願垂哀納！”論師辭不獲已，受此邑焉。便建伽藍，窮諸規矩，捨其邑户，式修供養。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7031" id="7039">〔1〕</a>《石本》無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7032" id="7040">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》跡作趾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7033" id="7041">〔3〕</a>《石本》慧作惠，下同。慧﹑惠通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7035" id="7042">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》飛作起。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7036" id="7043">〔5〕</a>《古本》乎作于。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7037" id="7044">〔6〕</a>《石本》循作修。按修或寫作脩，與循形近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7038" id="7045">〔7〕</a>原本湑作𣷢，《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慧琳音義》作湑。湑乃𣷢之今作，今從改。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00662','1244175',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P662</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7034" id="7046">（一）</a>傳燈：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>把佛所言（法）比喻爲燈，能破衆生的昏暗，故稱傳法爲“傳燈”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十、建揵椎聲窣堵波及提婆故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153681" key="1153681"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十、建揵椎聲窣堵波及提婆故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153682" key="1153682"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00643','1244171',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P643</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001085"><b>十﹑建揵椎聲窣堵波及提婆故事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿摩落伽窣堵波</span>西北故伽藍中，有窣堵波，謂<span class="zhuanming">建揵椎<a class="zhuhao" href="#6819" id="6817">〔1〕</a>聲</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6820" id="6818">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6817" id="6819">〔1〕</a>原本椎作稚，《徑山本》作椎，《方志》作槌。按《翻譯集·犍椎道具篇》云：“諸律論並作揵槌，或作犍椎，今須音槌爲地。”則字當作椎，稚乃形訛，今據改，下同。《中本》作推，蓋亦椎之誤。《方志》謂此“塔名擊犍槌”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6818" id="6820">（一）</a>建揵椎聲：揵椎，梵文ghaṇṭā音譯，卽鐘﹑磬之類。擊揵椎以召集僧衆參與法會。揵又作犍，椎又作稚，《釋氏要覽》卷下謂：“鐘﹑磬﹑石板﹑木板﹑木魚﹑砧槌，有聲能集衆者，皆名犍稚也。”</span> </p><p> <span>初，此城内伽藍百數，僧徒肅穆，學業清高，外道學人，銷<a class="zhuhao" href="#6854" id="6821">〔1〕</a>聲緘口。其後僧徒相次徂<a class="zhuhao" href="#6855" id="6822">〔2〕</a>落，而諸後進莫繼前修。外道師資，傳訓成藝。於是命儔召侣，千計萬數，來集僧坊，揚言唱曰：“大<a class="zhuhao" href="#6856" id="6823">〔3〕</a>擊揵椎，招集學人！”羣愚同止，謬有扣擊，遂<a class="zhuhao" href="#6857" id="6824">〔4〕</a>白王請挍<a class="zhuhao" href="#6858" id="6825">〔5〕</a>優劣。外道諸師高才達學，僧徒雖衆，辭論膚<a class="zhuhao" href="#6859" id="6826">〔6〕</a>淺。外道曰：“我論勝。自今已後<a class="zhuhao" href="#6860" id="6827">〔7〕</a>，諸僧伽藍不<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00644','1244171',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P644</span></i>得擊揵椎以集衆也。”王允其請，依先論制。僧徒受恥，忍詬<a class="zhuhao" href="#6861" id="6828">〔8〕</a>而退。十二年間，不擊揵椎。時<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span><span class="zhuanming">那伽閼剌樹</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6862" id="6829">〔9〕</a><span class="zhuanming">那菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6882" id="6830">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>，舊譯<a class="zhuhao" href="#6863" id="6831">〔10〕</a>曰<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>，非也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6864" id="6832">〔11〕</a>。</span> <span>幼傳雅譽，長擅高名，捨離欲愛，出家修學，深究妙理，位登初地<a class="zhuhao" href="#6883" id="6833">（二）</a>。有大弟子<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>者<a class="zhuhao" href="#6884" id="6834">（三）</a>，智慧明敏，機神警悟，白其師曰：“<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐城</span>諸學人等，辭屈外道，不擊揵椎，日月驟移，十二年矣。敢欲摧邪見山，然<a class="zhuhao" href="#6865" id="6835">〔12〕</a>正法炬！”<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐城</span>外道博學，爾非其儔<a class="zhuhao" href="#6866" id="6836">〔13〕</a>，吾今行矣。”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“欲摧腐草，詎必傾山？敢承指誨，黜諸異學。大師立外道義，而我隨文破折<a class="zhuhao" href="#6867" id="6837">〔14〕</a>，詳其優劣，然後圖行。”<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>乃扶立外<a class="zhuhao" href="#6868" id="6838">〔15〕</a>義，<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>隨破其理，七日之後，<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>失宗<a class="zhuhao" href="#6885" id="6839">（四）</a>。已而歎曰：“謬辭易失，邪義難扶，爾其行矣，摧彼必<a class="zhuhao" href="#6869" id="6840">〔16〕</a>矣！”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>菩薩夙擅高名，<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐城</span>外道聞之<a class="zhuhao" href="#6870" id="6841">〔17〕</a>也，卽相召集，馳白王曰：“大王昔紆<a class="zhuhao" href="#6871" id="6842">〔18〕</a>聽覽，制諸沙門不擊揵椎，願垂告命<a class="zhuhao" href="#6872" id="6843">〔19〕</a>，令諸門候，鄰境異僧勿使入城。恐相黨援，輕改先制。”王允其言，嚴加伺候。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>既至，不得入城，聞其制令，便易衣服，疊僧加胝<a class="zhuhao" href="#6873" id="6844">〔20〕</a>，置草束中，褰裳疾驅，負戴而入。既至城中，棄草披衣，至此伽藍，欲求止息。知人既寡，莫有相舍，遂宿揵椎臺上，於晨朝時，便大振擊。衆聞伺察，乃<a class="zhuhao" href="#6874" id="6845">〔21〕</a>客遊比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#6875" id="6846">〔22〕</a>。諸僧伽藍，傳聲響應。王聞究問，莫得其先，至此伽藍，咸推<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“夫揵椎者，擊以集衆。有而不用，懸之何爲？”王<a class="zhuhao" href="#6876" id="6847">〔23〕</a>人報曰：“先時僧衆論議墮負，制之不擊，已十二年。”<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>曰：“有是乎？吾於今日重聲法鼓<a class="zhuhao" href="#6886" id="6848">（五）</a>。”使報王曰：“有異沙門欲雪前恥。”王乃<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00645','1244171',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P645</span></i>召集學人而定制曰：“論失本宗，殺身以謝。”於是外道競陳旗鼓，諠談異義<a class="zhuhao" href="#6877" id="6849">〔24〕</a>，各曜辭鋒。<span class="zhuanming">提婆菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6878" id="6850">〔25〕</a>既昇論座，聽其先説<a class="zhuhao" href="#6879" id="6851">〔26〕</a>，隨義折<a class="zhuhao" href="#6880" id="6852">〔27〕</a>破，曾不浹辰，摧諸異道。國王大臣莫不慶悦，建此靈基，以旌至德<a class="zhuhao" href="#6881" id="6853">〔28〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6821" id="6854">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》銷作鎮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6822" id="6855">〔2〕</a>《明南本》﹑明北本》﹑《徑山本》徂作殂，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6823" id="6856">〔3〕</a>原本大作夫，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6824" id="6857">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》遂下有以字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6825" id="6858">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》挍作校，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6826" id="6859">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》膚並作庸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6827" id="6860">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》後作來。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6828" id="6861">〔8〕</a>《中本》詬作話。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6829" id="6862">〔9〕</a>《翻譯集》引無樹字。按那伽閼剌樹那爲梵文Nāgārjuna音譯，樹字對-ju-，當有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6831" id="6863">〔10〕</a>《中本》無譯字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6832" id="6864">〔11〕</a>《石本》非下有之字。《翻譯集》引非作訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6835" id="6865">〔12〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》然作燃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6836" id="6866">〔13〕</a>《石本》儔作疇，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6837" id="6867">〔14〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》折作析。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00646','1244171',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P646</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6838" id="6868">〔15〕</a>《中本》外下有道字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6840" id="6869">〔16〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》必並作畢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6841" id="6870">〔17〕</a>原本聞之二字作之聞，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6842" id="6871">〔18〕</a>原本紆作󵽼，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》並作紆，󵽼紆同字，紆較通行，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6843" id="6872">〔19〕</a>《舊麗本》無命字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6844" id="6873">〔20〕</a>疊僧加胝《石本》﹑《中本》作卷疊僧加胝五字；《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作卷疊袈裟四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6845" id="6874">〔21〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》乃下有昨字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6846" id="6875">〔22〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字並作苾芻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6847" id="6876">〔23〕</a>《中本》王下有使字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6849" id="6877">〔24〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》義作議。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6850" id="6878">〔25〕</a>《中本》無菩薩二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6851" id="6879">〔26〕</a>《中本》説上有論字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6852" id="6880">〔27〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》折作析。此伸辯論，作折爲長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6853" id="6881">〔28〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》三十八記此謂<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>伏諸外道，有誤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6830" id="6882">（一）</a>那伽閼剌樹那菩薩：<span class="zhuanming">那伽閼剌樹那</span>，梵文Nāgārjuna音譯，其名又作<span class="zhuanming">那伽夷離淳那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">那伽曷樹那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">那伽阿順那</span>。我國意譯<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00647','1244171',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P647</span></i><span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>，亦作<span class="zhuanming">龍勝</span>，惟<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯作<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>。據<span class="zhuanming">法藏</span>《十二門論宗致義記》卷上，謂<span class="zhuanming">龍樹菩薩</span>梵名作<span class="zhuanming">那伽阿順那</span>。那伽此云龍，阿順那，<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>翻作樹，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>翻作猛，並不適當。<span class="zhuanming">法藏</span>請教來<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>朝的<span class="zhuanming">大原三藏</span>，謂<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>傳説前代有猛士，名<span class="zhuanming">阿順那</span>，翻作<span class="zhuanming">猛</span>，但僅指此人，並非正譯其名。而<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>有一色樹，亦名阿順那。此菩薩在樹下生，因名<span class="zhuanming">阿順那</span>，是故翻作樹，係指此樹，非正翻名云云。據此則似以<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>較正確。關於<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>生平，見本書卷十<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6833" id="6883">（二）</a>初地：“十地”中的第一。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒須修十信然後進而住於佛地之位，住有十種，故稱十住或十地，見《楞嚴經》。初地，卽菩薩乘五十二位中十地的第一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6834" id="6884">（三）</a>提婆：詳見本書卷四<span class="zhuanming">窣禄勤那國</span><span class="zhuanming">提婆菩薩</span>條注及卷十<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6839" id="6885">（四）</a>失宗：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代的推理學説因明學，其推斷的成立，首先必須“支圓”，卽宗﹑因﹑喻三支（相當與形式邏輯的三段）圓滿無缺。“宗”卽結論。失宗，辯論時失去了自己的宗旨（結論）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6848" id="6886">（五）</a>法鼓：《大集經》卷五六：“法幢當摧折，法鼓聲亦絶。”法鼓，喻佛的教法。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
4.憍陳如等五人迎佛窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153685" key="1153685"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 婆羅痆斯國 &gt; 一、鹿野伽藍 &gt; 4.憍陳如等五人迎佛窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153686" key="1153686"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00572','1244139',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P572</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000963">4.憍陳如等五人迎佛窣堵波</p><p> <span>伽藍西南二三里，有窣堵波，高三百餘尺，基趾廣峙，瑩飾奇珍，既<a class="zhuhao" href="#6143" id="6113">〔1〕</a>無層龕，便置覆鉢，雖建表柱，而無輪鐸<a class="zhuhao" href="#6165" id="6114">（一）</a>。其側有小窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">阿若憍陳如</span>等五人棄制<a class="zhuhao" href="#6144" id="6115">〔2〕</a>迎佛處也。初<span class="zhuanming">薩婆曷剌他悉陁</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">一切義成</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">悉達多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6145" id="6116">〔3〕</a>，訛略也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">太子</span>踰城之後，棲山隱谷，忘身殉<a class="zhuhao" href="#6146" id="6117">〔4〕</a>法。<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span>乃命家族三人﹑舅氏二人<a class="zhuhao" href="#6166" id="6118">（二）</a>曰：“我子<span class="zhuanming">一切義成</span>捨家修學，孤遊山澤，獨處林藪，故命爾曹隨知所止。内則叔父伯舅，外則既君且臣，凡厥動静，宜知進止。”五人銜命，相望營衛，因卽勤求，欲期出離。每相謂曰：“夫修道者，苦證耶？樂證耶？”二人曰：“安樂爲道。”三人曰：“勤苦爲道。”二三交争，未有以明。於是太子思惟至理，爲伏苦行外道，節<a class="zhuhao" href="#6147" id="6119">〔5〕</a>麻<a class="zhuhao" href="#6148" id="6120">〔6〕</a>米以支身。彼二人者見而言曰：“太子所行，非真實法。夫道也者，樂以證之，今乃勤苦，非吾徒也。”捨而遠遁，思惟果證。太子六年苦行，未<a class="zhuhao" href="#6149" id="6121">〔7〕</a>證菩提，欲驗苦行非真，受乳糜而證果。斯三人者聞而歎曰：“功垂成矣，今其退矣！六年苦行，一日<a class="zhuhao" href="#6150" id="6122">〔8〕</a>捐功<a class="zhuhao" href="#6151" id="6123">〔9〕</a>。”於是相從求訪二人，既相見已，匡坐高論，更相議曰：“昔見太子<span class="zhuanming">一切義成</span>出王宫，就荒谷，去珍服，披鹿皮，精勤勵志，貞節苦心，求深妙法，期無上果；今乃受牧女乳糜，敗道虧志！吾知之矣，無能爲也。”彼二人曰：“君何見之晚歟？此猖獗<a class="zhuhao" href="#6152" id="6124">〔10〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#6167" id="6125">（三）</a>人耳。夫處乎深宫，安乎<a class="zhuhao" href="#6153" id="6126">〔11〕</a>尊勝，不能静志，遠迹山林，棄轉輪王位，爲鄙賤人行，何可念哉，言增<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00573','1244139',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P573</span></i>忉怛<a class="zhuhao" href="#6154" id="6127">〔12〕</a>耳！”菩薩浴<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪<a class="zhuhao" href="#6155" id="6128">〔13〕</a>河</span>，坐菩提樹，成等正覺，號<span class="zhuanming">天人師</span>，寂然宴默，惟察應度，曰：“彼<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6168" id="6129">（四）</a>者，證非想定<a class="zhuhao" href="#6169" id="6130">（五）</a>，堪受妙法。”空中諸天<a class="zhuhao" href="#6156" id="6131">〔14〕</a>尋聲報曰：“<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span>命終已來，經今七日。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>歎<a class="zhuhao" href="#6157" id="6132">〔15〕</a>惜：“如<a class="zhuhao" href="#6158" id="6133">〔16〕</a>何不遇，垂聞妙法，遽從變化！”重更觀察，營求世界，有<span class="zhuanming">阿藍迦藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6170" id="6134">（六）</a>得無所<a class="zhuhao" href="#6159" id="6135">〔17〕</a>有處定<a class="zhuhao" href="#6171" id="6136">（七）</a>，可授至理。諸天又<a class="zhuhao" href="#6160" id="6137">〔18〕</a>曰：“終已五日。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>再歎，愍其薄祜<a class="zhuhao" href="#6161" id="6138">〔19〕</a>。又更諦觀，誰應受教，唯<span class="zhuanming">施鹿林</span>中有五人者，可先誘導。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>爾時起菩提樹，趣<span class="zhuanming">鹿野園</span>，威儀寂静，神光晃曜，毫<a class="zhuhao" href="#6162" id="6139">〔20〕</a>含玉彩，身真金色，安詳前進，導彼五人<a class="zhuhao" href="#6163" id="6140">〔21〕</a>。斯五人遥見<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，互相謂曰：“<span class="zhuanming">一切義成</span>，彼來者是。歲月遽淹，聖果不證，心期已退，故尋吾徒。宜各默然，勿起迎禮。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>漸近，威神動物，五人忘制，拜迎問訊，侍從如儀。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>漸誘，示之妙理，雨<a class="zhuhao" href="#6164" id="6141">〔22〕</a>安居畢，方護果證<a class="zhuhao" href="#6172" id="6142">（八）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6113" id="6143">〔1〕</a>原本既作上，《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作既，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6115" id="6144">〔2〕</a>《石本》制下有佛字，疑涉下佛字而衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6116" id="6145">〔3〕</a>《翻譯集》引無多字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6117" id="6146">〔4〕</a>《中本》殉作詢，非。《音釋》云：“（殉）正作徇，以身從物。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6119" id="6147">〔5〕</a>《石本》朱校節作服，《中本》作飡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6120" id="6148">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》麻作糜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6121" id="6149">〔7〕</a>《中本》未作求，不合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6122" id="6150">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00574','1244139',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P574</span></i>《徑山本》日並作旦。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6123" id="6151">〔9〕</a>《中本》捐功二字作損巧，並形近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6124" id="6152">〔10〕</a>《中本》猖作倡。《慧琳音義》蹶作厥，云：“卽猖狂顛厥也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6126" id="6153">〔11〕</a>《古本》乎作于。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6127" id="6154">〔12〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》怛作呾。《音釋》作忉怛，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6128" id="6155">〔13〕</a>原本連下無禪字，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》並有之，今從補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6131" id="6156">〔14〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》空中諸天四字作諸天處空。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6132" id="6157">〔15〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》歎下有曰字。疑當在惜下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6133" id="6158">〔16〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》如並作斯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6135" id="6159">〔17〕</a>《石本》無所字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6137" id="6160">〔18〕</a>《石本》又作人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6138" id="6161">〔19〕</a>原本祜作祐，今從《古本》﹑《石本》改。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“祜有福厚之義，作祜爲是。《傳》卷七<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>基塔日自述誠願，首卽云：‘自惟薄祜’云云，可以證此。”按薄祜一詞古習用之，<span class="zhuanming">嵇康</span>《幽憤詩》首亦云“嗟余薄祜。”祐涉形似而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6139" id="6162">〔20〕</a>《中本》毫作豪，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6140" id="6163">〔21〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《中本》導彼五人四字作引導彼人。《資福本》作導以彼人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6141" id="6164">〔22〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》雨作兩。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6114" id="6165">（一）</a>輪鐸：塔簷所懸的鐸鈴。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00575','1244139',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P575</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6118" id="6166">（二）</a>家族三人舅氏二人：關於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>初轉法輪度<span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>等的傳説，見前注。五人名稱各經論略有異同。據《根本説一切有部毘奈耶破僧事》卷四，此五人中屬於母系親屬的二人，父系親屬的三人，故云“家族三人，舅氏二人”。據《佛祖統紀》卷二，<span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">十力迦葉</span>二人屬於舅氏，<span class="zhuanming">跋提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩訶男</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">頞鞞</span>三人屬於家族。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6125" id="6167">（三）</a>猖獗：亦作猖獗﹑猖蹶，此指顛躓﹑失敗。《三國志》卷三五《蜀志·諸葛亮傳》：“而智術淺短，遂用猖蹶，至于今日。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6129" id="6168">（四）</a>鬱頭藍子：<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文名Udra（ka）rāmaputra，鬱頭藍是udra-rāma音譯；子是putra意譯，音譯作弗。又作<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍弗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">優陀羅羅摩子</span>等。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在《阿毗達磨順正理論》卷六六作<span class="zhuanming">嗢達洛迦曷邏摩子</span>。《玄應音義》卷二五解釋：“此云<span class="zhuanming">極喜</span>。”據云<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>未成道前，曾求法於<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span>。<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span>似爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>六派哲學之一的僧佉論（Sāṃkhya，卽數論）論師。數論學説，詳<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯的《金七十論》﹑《百論疏》等。據《佛本行集經》卷二二﹑《中阿含經》卷五六等，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>出家，先問道於<span class="zhuanming">阿羅邏</span>（又作<span class="zhuanming">阿羅迦</span>），次問道於<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍弗</span>，彼爲説非想定之法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6130" id="6169">（五）</a>證非想定：非想定，卽“非想非非想處定”，就是此天的禪定。“非想非非想處”是無色界的第四天，三界的最高頂，卽不是一般思維所可了解的境界。所謂“非想”，指不是下地的粗想；所謂“非非想”，卽尚非無細想。它指此天的定心，進入至極静妙，清静無爲的狀態。《俱舍論頌疏論本》卷八：“非想非非想天，謂此定體，非前七地麁想，名爲非想。若想全無，便同痴暗，有細想故，名非非想。”“彼<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span>者，證非想定”，指他是在非想非非想天入定的人。關於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>和他的問答，見《佛本行集經》卷二二。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6134" id="6170">（六）</a>阿藍迦藍：梵文Ārāḍakālāma，巴利文Āḷārakālāma音<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00576','1244139',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P576</span></i>譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">阿羅邏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿羅迦</span>，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯《大般若經》卷五九九作<span class="zhuanming">阿邏荼迦邏摩</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>出家後最初問道的外道仙人。《因果經》卷三﹑《修行本起經》卷下等作<span class="zhuanming">阿蘭</span>與<span class="zhuanming">迦藍</span>爲二人，今已無從考定。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6136" id="6171">（七）</a>無所有處定：梵文作Akiñcavyāyatana-samādhi，指爲修習生於“無所有處”的禪定。無所有，空的異名；無所有處，指無色四處的第三處。<span class="zhuanming">阿藍迦藍</span>將“無所有處定”作爲“真悟”，而<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>認爲這不是“真悟”，就去向<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span>求道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6142" id="6172">（八）</a>方獲果證：關於<span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>五人出迎<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的窣堵波遺蹟，在今<span class="zhuanming">鹿野苑</span>的入口處一邊的小丘上。小丘上有三層方形壇，古稱爲Chaukhandi（四角之丘）。但1588年<span class="zhuanming">阿克巴</span>（Akbar）<span class="zhuanming">大帝</span>在此丘上爲其父<span class="zhuanming">胡馬雍</span>（Humayun）建造八角塔，故後人又稱作<span class="zhuanming">胡馬雍</span>塔。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十三畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153688" key="1153688"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十三畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153689" key="1153689"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01075','1244378',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1075</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001804">十三畫</p><p> <span>新（1106）與（1106）義（1106）疏（1106）雌（1106）蒲（1106）虞（1106）業（1106）圓（1106）傳（1106）雷（1106）毁（1106）楞（1106）維（1106）聞（1106）備（1106）誠（1106）聖（1106）當（1106）鼠（1106）睒（1106）置（1106）慎（1106）普（1106）馱（1106）睠（1106）瑞（1106）夢（1106）禁（1106）慈（1106）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01076','1244378',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1076</span></i>塗（1106）蓮（1106）瑜（1106）經（1107）福（1107）窣（1107）鉢（1108）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十四畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153692" key="1153692"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十四畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153693" key="1153693"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01076','1244379',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1076</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001805">十四畫</p><p> <span>聚（1107）静（1107）頗（1107）榱（1107）漸（1107）壽（1107）惡（1107）褐（1107）廢（1107）颯（1107）墮（1107）像（1107）管（1107）蔡（1107）裳（1107）漢（1107）滿（1107）漕（1108）説（1108）閻（1108）朅（1108）廣（1108）隨（1108）僧（1108）語（1108）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十一畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153695" key="1153695"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十一畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153696" key="1153696"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01074','1244376',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1074</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001802">十一畫</p><p> <span>雁（1099）雪（1099）發（1099）密（1099）寂（1099）頂（1099）焉（1099）理（1099）康（1099）曹（1099）涼（1099）淑（1099）猖（1099）常（1099）椎（1099）蛇（1099）渡（1099）徙（1099）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01075','1244376',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1075</span></i>得（1099）悉（1099）斛（1099）菆（1099）開（1099）眼（1099）笯（1099）麥（1100）堅（1100）健（1100）淫（1100）梯（1100）救（1100）麻（1100）奢（1100）躭（1100）彫（1100）貨（1100）控（1100）基（1100）堊（1100）捨（1100）屠（1100）野（1100）假（1100）習（1100）捺（1100）梅（1100）從（1100）菀（1100）黄（1100）族（1100）欲（1100）兜（1100）過（1100）曼（1100）殑（1100）清（1100）第（1100）菴（1100）梵（1100）恭（1100）鹿（1100）菩（1100）設（1100）執（1100）商（1100）婆（1100）國（1100）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十二畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153698" key="1153698"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十二畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153699" key="1153699"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01075','1244377',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1075</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001803">十二畫</p><p> <span>胾（1103）嬀（1103）超（1103）渙（1103）寒（1103）游（1103）塔（1103）象（1103）棠（1103）舄（1103）遍（1103）揵（1103）敬（1103）葱（1103）飲（1103）酢（1103）葷（1103）喝（1103）最（1103）愉（1103）然（1103）朝（1103）揭（1103）喜（1103）越（1103）斯（1103）結（1103）傍（1103）單（1103）報（1103）異（1103）道（1103）極（1103）寫（1103）絶（1103）寔（1103）黍（1103）遂（1103）富（1103）落（1103）遊（1103）絡（1103）博（1103）黑（1103）景（1104）解（1104）葉（1104）喬（1104）尊（1104）嗢（1104）遏（1104）湼（1104）須（1104）補（1104）衆（1104）童（1104）達（1104）善（1104）勝（1104）鄔（1105）跋（1105）提（1105）無（1105）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
半笯嗟國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153702" key="1153702"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 半笯嗟國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153703" key="1153703"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00348','1384680',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P348</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000560">半笯嗟國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">半笯嗟國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3999" id="3990">（一）</a>周二千餘里，山川多，疇壠<a class="zhuhao" href="#3996" id="3991">〔1〕</a>狹。穀稼時播，花菓繁茂，多甘蔗，無蒲萄。菴没羅果﹑烏淡<a class="zhuhao" href="#3997" id="3992">〔2〕</a>跋羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4000" id="3993">（二）</a>﹑茂遮<a class="zhuhao" href="#4001" id="3994">（三）</a>等菓，家植成林，珍其味也。氣序温<a class="zhuhao" href="#3998" id="3995">〔3〕</a>暑，風俗勇烈。裳服所製，多衣㲲布。人性質直，淳信三寶。伽藍五所，並多荒圮。無大君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>。城北伽藍，少有僧徒。伽藍北有石窣堵波，寔多靈異。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3991" id="3996">〔1〕</a>《石本》壠作隴，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3992" id="3997">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《經山本》淡作談。按本書卷二作“烏曇跋羅”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3995" id="3998">〔3〕</a>《中本》温作濕。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3990" id="3999">（一）</a>半笯嗟國：梵文Parṇotsa，卽現在<span class="zhuanming">斯利那加</span>西南的<span class="zhuanming">布恩契</span>（P ūnch），<span class="zhuanming">克什米爾</span>人稱爲Punato﹑Prūnts。該地西瀕<span class="zhuanming">傑魯姆河</span>（Jhelum），北界<span class="zhuanming">皮爾潘賈耳山脉</span>（Pir Pañchāl Range），東及東南與<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍補羅</span>爲界。此區域周圍與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記“周二千餘里”相差頗<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00349','1384680',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P349</span></i>爲懸殊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3993" id="4000">（二）</a>烏淡跋羅：梵文udumbara音譯，本書卷二“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>總述”物産條作烏曇跋羅。見該條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3994" id="4001">（三）</a>茂遮：見本書卷二“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>總述”物産條茂遮果注。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南<a class="zhuhao" href="#4003" id="4002">〔1〕</a>行四百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍補羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4002" id="4003">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》無南字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、開國傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153706" key="1153706"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 迦濕彌羅國 &gt; 一、開國傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153707" key="1153707"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00324','1384673',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P324</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000530"><b>一﹑開國傳説</b></p><p> <span>《國志》<a class="zhuhao" href="#3779" id="3745">（一）</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#3764" id="3746">〔1〕</a>曰：國地<a class="zhuhao" href="#3765" id="3747">〔2〕</a>本龍池也。昔<a class="zhuhao" href="#3766" id="3748">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">佛世尊</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3767" id="3749">〔4〕</a>自<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>降惡神<a class="zhuhao" href="#3768" id="3750">〔5〕</a>已，欲還中國<a class="zhuhao" href="#3780" id="3751">（二）</a>，乘空當此國上<a class="zhuhao" href="#3769" id="3752">〔6〕</a>，告<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：“我湼槃之後，有<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦阿羅漢</span>當於此地建國安人<a class="zhuhao" href="#3770" id="3753">〔7〕</a>，弘揚佛法。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅之後第五十年，<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>弟子<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3771" id="3754">〔8〕</a>漢</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3781" id="3755">（三）</a>者，得六神通，具八解脱，聞佛懸記，心自慶悦，便來至此，於大山嶺<a class="zhuhao" href="#3772" id="3756">〔9〕</a>，宴坐林中，現大神變<a class="zhuhao" href="#3773" id="3757">〔10〕</a>。龍見深信，請資<a class="zhuhao" href="#3774" id="3758">〔11〕</a>所欲。阿羅漢曰：“願於池内惠以容膝！”龍王於是縮水奉施。羅漢神通廣身，龍王縱力縮水，池空水盡，龍飜請地<a class="zhuhao" href="#3775" id="3759">〔12〕</a>。阿羅漢於此西北爲留一池，周百餘里，自餘枝屬，别居小池。龍王曰：“池地總施，願恒受供！”<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦</span>曰：“我今不久無餘湼槃，雖欲受請，其可得乎？”龍王重請：“五百<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00325','1384673',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P325</span></i>羅漢常受我供，乃至法盡；法盡之後，還取此國，以爲居池。”<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦</span>從其所請。時阿羅漢既得其地<a class="zhuhao" href="#3776" id="3760">〔13〕</a>，運大神通<a class="zhuhao" href="#3777" id="3761">〔14〕</a>力，立五百伽藍，於諸異國買鬻賤人，以充役使，以供僧衆。<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦</span>入寂滅後，彼諸賤人自立君長。隣境諸國鄙其賤種，莫與交親，謂之<span class="zhuanming">訖利多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3782" id="3762">（四）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">買得</span>。</span> <span>今時泉水已多流濫<a class="zhuhao" href="#3778" id="3763">〔15〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3746" id="3764">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》及《華嚴鈔》五十八引《國志》曰三字作“昔此”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3747" id="3765">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《華嚴鈔》無地字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3748" id="3766">〔3〕</a>《華嚴鈔》無昔字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3749" id="3767">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》佛世尊三字作“如來”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3750" id="3768">〔5〕</a>《釋帖》十八引神作龍。按上文<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>下有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>降<span class="zhuanming">阿波邏羅龍</span>事，則似以作龍爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3752" id="3769">〔6〕</a>《明南本》上作土。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3753" id="3770">〔7〕</a>《釋帖》安人作安寺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3754" id="3771">〔8〕</a>《華嚴鈔》羅上有阿字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3756" id="3772">〔9〕</a>《華嚴鈔》嶺作巖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3757" id="3773">〔10〕</a>《華嚴鈔》變作通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3758" id="3774">〔11〕</a>《華經鈔》資作恣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3759" id="3775">〔12〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《華嚴鈔》地作池。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3760" id="3776">〔13〕</a>其地，《華嚴鈔》作“地巳”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3761" id="3777">〔14〕</a>《華嚴鈔》無通字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00326','1384673',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P326</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3763" id="3778">〔15〕</a>《中本》濫下有小注云：“盧教反，失也。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3745" id="3779">（一）</a>國志：此處所謂“國志”究竟是一部什麽樣的書，不可考。公元十二世紀中葉，<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>人<span class="zhuanming">迦爾罕納</span>（Kalhaṇa）編撰了一部詩體的<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>王朝史，名爲《王河》（Rājataraṅgiṇī），又譯作《諸王世系》。據<span class="zhuanming">迦爾罕納</span>自述，他並不是第一個致力於編寫<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>歷史的人，他參考過前代學者的十一部同類的著作。（參閲A.B.Keith：A History of Sanskrit Literature，London，1953，p.163。）雖然保存至今的只有《王河》一書，但是它説明<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>國是古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>各國中唯一具有史學傳統的一個。而<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>“學諸經論，禮聖迹”首尾達二年之久（《慈恩傳》卷二），必定有機會看到或聽到這類著作，其中可能包括這裏所説的“國志”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3751" id="3780">（二）</a>中國：這裏的“中國”指<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>中部地區。《摩奴法論》2.21專門給所謂“中國”（madhyadeśa）下了一個定義：“位於<span class="zhuanming">喜馬瓦特山</span>和<span class="zhuanming">温德亞山</span>之間的，東至<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽</span>﹑西至<span class="zhuanming">維那舍那</span>的那塊地方叫做中國。”<span class="zhuanming">喜馬瓦特山</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>。<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">朱木那河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>匯合處，在今<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>附近。<span class="zhuanming">維那舍那</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">吠陀</span>文獻中著名的古河<span class="zhuanming">色羅斯瓦底</span>河消失的地方，相當於今<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普邦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">巴地阿拉</span>（Patiala District）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3755" id="3781">（三）</a>如來寂滅之後第五十年……末田底迦羅漢者：關於<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦</span>的傳説，已見前<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>注釋。至於<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦</span>在<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>傳教的時期，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載爲<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>逝世後第五十年，如依南傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，一般認爲佛滅在公元前544年，後五十年則爲公元前494年。此傳説又見《阿育王傳》與《蓮華面經》。《阿育王傳》卷四云：“<span class="zhuanming">尊<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00327','1384673',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P327</span></i>者阿難</span>語言，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>以法，付囑於我而入湼槃。我今付囑汝之佛法而入湼槃，汝等當於<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>中，豎立佛法。佛記，我湼槃後，當有<span class="zhuanming">摩田提</span>比丘，當持佛法，在<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>。尊者<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>以付囑<span class="zhuanming">摩田提</span>比丘已，踊身虚空作十八變。”《蓮華面經》卷下：“記<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>，我湼槃後，其國熾盛，安隱豐樂，如鬱怛羅越，佛法熾盛，多有羅漢而住彼國。”但據《善見律毗婆沙》卷二所載則爲佛滅後二百三十五年左右的<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>時代，而《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷四則爲佛滅後百年。凡此均已無從考定，而且佛滅年代問題迄今争論很大。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3762" id="3782">（四）</a>訖利多：<span class="zhuanming">訖利多</span>，梵文Krīta的音譯，義云“被買的”﹑“買來的”。在這裏它是<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>的一個種族的名稱。關於<span class="zhuanming">訖利多</span>種族的歷史，在任何别的文獻中都無記載。據本書所述（見卷三“雪山下王傳説”），我們只知道：（1）這個種族在歷史上曾不止一次地在<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>國獲得統治地位。（2）它是與<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>誓不兩立的。此處關於它的來源的説法，顯然是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒對它的污蔑攻擊之詞，不可信從。<span class="zhuanming">訖利多</span>這個名稱也可能是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒强加給它的。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
8.北門外摩訶菩提僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153710" key="1153710"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 &gt; 8.北門外摩訶菩提僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153711" key="1153711"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00693','1384795',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P693</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001168">8.北門外摩訶菩提僧伽藍</p><p> <span>菩提樹北門外<span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7393" id="7385">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#7399" id="7386">（一）</a>，其先<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國王</span>之所建也。庭宇六院，觀閣三層，周堵垣牆高三四丈<a class="zhuhao" href="#7394" id="7387">〔2〕</a>，極工人之妙，窮丹青之飾。至於佛像，鑄以金銀，凡厥莊嚴，廁以珍寶。諸窣堵波高廣妙飾，中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利。其骨舍利大如手指節，光潤鮮白，皎徹中外。其肉舍利，如大<a class="zhuhao" href="#7395" id="7388">〔3〕</a>真珠，色帶紅縹。每歲至<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>大神變月滿之日，出示衆<a class="zhuhao" href="#7396" id="7389">〔4〕</a>人。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">卽<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>十二月三十日，當此正月十五日也<a class="zhuhao" href="#7397" id="7390">〔5〕</a>。</span> <span>此時也，或放光，或雨花。僧徒減千人<a class="zhuhao" href="#7398" id="7391">〔6〕</a>，習學大乘上座部法<a class="zhuhao" href="#7400" id="7392">（二）</a>，律儀清肅，戒行貞明。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7385" id="7393">〔1〕</a>摩訶菩提僧伽藍《續傳》作大菩提寺，摩訶爲大，僧伽藍爲寺也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7387" id="7394">〔2〕</a>周堵垣牆高三四丈《方志》作“周垣高五丈許”，《珠林》三十九作“周垣高五丈”。《續傳》則作“牆高四丈”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7388" id="7395">〔3〕</a>《中本》如大二字作大如。《方志》﹑《珠林》亦作大如。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7389" id="7396">〔4〕</a>原本無人字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。《方志》﹑《珠林》作“出以示人”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7390" id="7397">〔5〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7391" id="7398">〔6〕</a>《續傳》減千作僅千。《珠林》作“其寺常有千僧”。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00694','1384795',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P694</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7386" id="7399">（一）</a>摩訶菩提僧伽藍：梵文Mahābodhisaṃghārāma，義云<span class="zhuanming">大覺寺</span>。據百卷本《法苑珠林》卷二九載：“依《王玄策行傳》云，西國瑞像無窮，且録<span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提樹</span>像。云昔<span class="zhuanming">師子國王</span>，名<span class="zhuanming">尸迷佉拔摩</span>（原注：<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">功德雲</span>）。<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>遣二比丘來詣此寺。大者名<span class="zhuanming">摩訶諵</span>（原注：此云<span class="zhuanming">大名</span>），小者<span class="zhuanming">優波</span>（原注：此云<span class="zhuanming">授記</span>）。其二比丘禮<span class="zhuanming">菩提樹</span>金剛座訖，此寺不安置。其二比丘乃還其本國。王問比丘：‘往彼禮拜聖所來，靈瑞云何？’比丘報云：‘<span class="zhuanming">閻浮</span>大地，無安身處。’王聞此語，遂多與珠寶使送與此國王<span class="zhuanming">三謨陁羅崛多</span>。因此以來，卽是<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>比丘。”本書下述傳説中所提到的<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國王</span>和<span class="zhuanming">印度王</span>，當分别是<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>這段記載中的<span class="zhuanming">尸迷佉拔摩</span>和<span class="zhuanming">三謨陁羅崛多</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">尸迷佉拔摩</span>，梵文名Śrīmeghavarṇa，巴利文名Sirimeghava-nna，其爲<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國王</span>共27年，大約在公元352年到379年之間，或稍早一些（V.A Smith：Early History of India，1924，pp.303—304）。<span class="zhuanming">三謨陁羅崛多</span>，梵文Samudragupta的對音，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的國王，其在位年代爲公元330或335年到375年前後（V.A.Smith：同上書，pp.297，306）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>五年（660年），<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>曾來此寺巡禮，受到寺主<span class="zhuanming">戒龍</span>（Śīlanāga）的熱情接待。<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>等人奉<span class="zhuanming">唐高宗</span>令在此寺樹碑。寺今已不存，碑今亦未發現，唯《法苑珠林》卷二九中録有該碑碑文。段成式《酉陽雜俎》卷一八亦載其事。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7392" id="7400">（二）</a>習學大乘上座部法：本書共有五處提到大乘上座部，其他四處見卷十<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>條﹑卷十一<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>條﹑卷十一<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆國</span>條和卷十一<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘國</span>條。衆所周知，大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>是不分上座部和大衆部的，只有小乘才分。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>是一位仔細的觀察者，又是一個虔<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00695','1384795',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P695</span></i>誠的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒；他對待<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的問題決不會輕率從事。那麽，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在本書中五次提到的大乘上座部究竟是什麽意思呢？這是一個非常值得探討的問題。以前的學者在翻譯﹑註釋﹑論述或引用上述五個講到大乘上座部的地方時，或者根本没有看出問題，如<span class="zhuanming">法國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>的<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>和<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">約希</span>（Lal Mani Joshi）等；或者看出了問題，也提出了解決辦法，但是還不能令人滿意，如法國的<span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>和<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>，<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>和<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>；或者最初没有看出問題，但逐漸看出來了，可是也没能提出令人滿意的解釋，如<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>的<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>。總之，大乘上座部這個提法，似乎給各國學者帶來了困難，令人感覺捉摸不定，困惑不解。<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>近年來注意到這個問題。經過反復研究，他第一次就大乘上座部問題提出全面的論述。他的結論是，大乘上座部這個詞的意思是“受大乘影響的小乘上座部”；它起源於<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>，而後倒流到上引<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境内四個崇信大乘上座部的國家；而在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時代，傳入<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>﹑影響那裏的小乘上座部的大乘思想是大乘瑜伽論。詳見<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>《關於大乘上座部的問題》，《中國社會科學》，一九八一年第五期，頁185—198。</span> </p><p> <span>昔者南海<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>，其王淳信佛法，發自天然。有族弟出家，想佛聖迹，遠遊<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，寓諸伽藍，咸輕邊鄙。於是返迹本國，王躬遠迎。沙門悲哽<a class="zhuhao" href="#7421" id="7401">〔1〕</a>，似<a class="zhuhao" href="#7422" id="7402">〔2〕</a>若不能言。王曰：“將何所負<a class="zhuhao" href="#7423" id="7403">〔3〕</a>，若此殷憂？”沙門曰：“憑<a class="zhuhao" href="#7424" id="7404">〔4〕</a>恃<a class="zhuhao" href="#7425" id="7405">〔5〕</a>國威，遊方問道，羈旅異域，載罹寒署，動遭凌辱，語見譏誚。負斯憂恥，詎<a class="zhuhao" href="#7426" id="7406">〔6〕</a>得歡心？”王<a class="zhuhao" href="#7427" id="7407">〔7〕</a>曰：“若是<a class="zhuhao" href="#7428" id="7408">〔8〕</a>者何謂也？”曰：“誠願大王福田爲意，於諸<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>建立伽藍，既旌聖迹，又擅高名，福資先<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00696','1384795',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P696</span></i>王，恩及後嗣。”曰：“斯事甚美，聞之何晚？”於是以國中重<a class="zhuhao" href="#7429" id="7409">〔9〕</a>寶獻<span class="zhuanming">印度王</span>。王既納貢，義存懷遠，謂使臣曰：“我今將何持報來命？”使臣曰：“<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅王</span>稽首<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">大吉祥王</span>，大王<a class="zhuhao" href="#7430" id="7410">〔10〕</a>威德遠振，惠澤遐被。下土沙門，欽風慕化<a class="zhuhao" href="#7431" id="7411">〔11〕</a>，敢遊上國，展敬聖迹，寓諸伽藍，莫之見館，艱辛已極，蒙恥而歸。竊圖遠謀，貽範來葉<a class="zhuhao" href="#7432" id="7412">〔12〕</a>，於諸<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>建一<a class="zhuhao" href="#7433" id="7413">〔13〕</a>伽藍，使客遊乞士息肩有所，兩國交歡，行人無替。”王曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>潛化，遺風斯在<a class="zhuhao" href="#7434" id="7414">〔14〕</a>，聖迹之所，任取一焉。”使者奉辭報命，群<a class="zhuhao" href="#7435" id="7415">〔15〕</a>臣拜賀，遂乃集諸沙門評議建立。沙門曰：“菩提樹者，去來諸佛咸此證聖。考之異議，無出此謀。”於是捨國珍寶，建此伽藍，以其國僧而修供養。乃刻銅爲記曰：“夫周給無私，諸佛至教；惠<a class="zhuhao" href="#7436" id="7416">〔16〕</a>濟有緣，先聖明訓。今我小子，丕承王業，式建伽藍，用<a class="zhuhao" href="#7437" id="7417">〔17〕</a>旌聖迹，福資祖考，惠被黎元。唯我國僧而得自在，及有國人亦同僧例。傳<a class="zhuhao" href="#7438" id="7418">〔18〕</a>之後嗣，永永<a class="zhuhao" href="#7439" id="7419">〔19〕</a>無窮。”故此伽藍多<span class="zhuanming">執師子國</span>僧也<a class="zhuhao" href="#7440" id="7420">〔20〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7401" id="7421">〔1〕</a>原本哽作耿，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作哽，耿字義不諧，疑音近而誤，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7402" id="7422">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》無似字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7403" id="7423">〔3〕</a>《石本》負作員。按《尚書·秦誓》“若弗云來”。《正義》本云作員，故《疏》云：“員卽云也。”<span class="zhuanming">阮元</span>《校勘記》亦云：“古本云作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00697','1384795',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P697</span></i>員。”此文“將何所員”卽“將何所云”，義亦可通。《京大本·考異》遽謂爲“訛”，恐未然。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7404" id="7424">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》憑上有我字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7405" id="7425">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》無恃字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7406" id="7426">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》詎作誰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7407" id="7427">〔7〕</a>原本無王字，今從《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7408" id="7428">〔8〕</a>《舊麗本》無是字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7409" id="7429">〔9〕</a>原本無重字，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，有之爲長，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7410" id="7430">〔10〕</a>原本無大王二字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7411" id="7431">〔11〕</a>《石本》化作禮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7412" id="7432">〔12〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》葉並作業。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7413" id="7433">〔13〕</a>原本一作此，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7414" id="7434">〔14〕</a>《石本》在作存。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7415" id="7435">〔15〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》羣作君。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7416" id="7436">〔16〕</a>原本惠作慧，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作惠。按慧﹑惠字雖通用，但此作仁惠解，以惠爲是，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7417" id="7437">〔17〕</a>《徑山本》用作周，疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7418" id="7438">〔18〕</a>《舊麗本》傳誤作僧。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00698','1384795',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P698</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7419" id="7439">〔19〕</a>《舊麗本》永永二字作永一字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7420" id="7440">〔20〕</a>《方志》及《珠林》云：“經今四百年。”又《珠林》三十八引《王玄策行傳》云：“昔<span class="zhuanming">師子國王</span>名<span class="zhuanming">尸迷佉拔摩</span>（原注：<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>云<span class="zhuanming">功德雲</span>）。<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>遣二比丘來詣此寺，大者名<span class="zhuanming">摩訶諵</span>（原注：此云<span class="zhuanming">大名</span>），小者<span class="zhuanming">優波</span>（原注：此云<span class="zhuanming">授記</span>）。其二比丘禮<span class="zhuanming">菩提寺</span>金剛座訖，此寺不安置。其二比丘乃還其本國。王問比丘：‘往彼禮拜聖所來，靈瑞云何？’比丘報云：‘<span class="zhuanming">閻浮</span>大地，無安身處。’王聞此語，遂多與珠寶使送與此國王<span class="zhuanming">三謨陁羅崛多</span>。因此以來，卽是<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>比丘。”與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記稍異，録之備考。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
迦濕彌羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153714" key="1153714"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 迦濕彌羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153715" key="1153715"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00321','1384672',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P321</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000527">迦濕彌羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3742" id="3731">（一）</a>周七千餘里，四境負山。山極陗<a class="zhuhao" href="#3738" id="3732">〔1〕</a>峻，雖有門徑，而復隘狹，自古鄰敵無能攻伐。國大都城西臨大河<a class="zhuhao" href="#3743" id="3733">（二）</a>，南北十二三里，東西四五里。宜稼穡，多花果。出龍種馬及鬱金香﹑火珠﹑藥草。氣序寒勁，多雪少風。服毛褐，衣白㲲。土俗輕僄，人多<a class="zhuhao" href="#3739" id="3734">〔2〕</a>怯愞<a class="zhuhao" href="#3740" id="3735">〔3〕</a>。國爲龍護，遂雄鄰境<a class="zhuhao" href="#3744" id="3736">（三）</a>。容貌妍美，情性詭詐，好學多聞，邪正兼信。伽藍百餘所，僧徒五千餘人。有四窣堵波，並<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建也，各有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利升<a class="zhuhao" href="#3741" id="3737">〔4〕</a>餘。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3732" id="3738">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《華嚴鈔》五十八引陗並作峭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3734" id="3739">〔2〕</a>《中本》多作性。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3735" id="3740">〔3〕</a>《石本》愞作煗，《古本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014432ymc6.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，並誤。《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作懦，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3737" id="3741">〔4〕</a>《石本》升作斗。按《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八並作“一升餘”，斗字非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3731" id="3742">（一）</a>迦濕彌羅國：梵文Kāśmīra或Kaśmīra音譯；巴利文Kasmīra，俗語Kamhīra，Kamhāra，Kasamīra，Kasumīrā等。<span class="zhuanming">托勒<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00322','1384672',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P322</span></i>密</span>《地理志》中作Kaspeiria。我國舊譯，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">魏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>均作罽賓。但以後的<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>則指别的國家，如《隋書》中的<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>卽指<span class="zhuanming">漕國</span>（Ghazni，<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒</span>），<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代的<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>指<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>。《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》下<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>譯作<span class="zhuanming">箇失密</span>，<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>作<span class="zhuanming">羯濕彌羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》作<span class="zhuanming">伽葉彌羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">禮言</span>《梵語雜名》作<span class="zhuanming">迦閃弭</span>，《慧琳音義》作<span class="zhuanming">羯濕弭羅</span>；卽現代的<span class="zhuanming">克什米爾</span>。<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>一詞係該國古名Kaspīra。但也有人不同意這種意見，認爲<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代的<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>指Kabul河流域。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>的領域，自古分爲Kamraj與Meraj兩大部分，前者爲<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">巴哈特河</span>合流處以下，後者在合流處上游南半部地區。我國古籍的記載頗有出入，例如《魏書》卷一○二：“<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>都<span class="zhuanming">善見城</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">波路</span>西南……其地東西八百里，南北三百里。”《新唐書》卷二二一下：“<span class="zhuanming">箇失密</span>或曰<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌邏</span>，北距<span class="zhuanming">勃律</span>五百里，環地四千里。”七世紀時<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>的領域，除<span class="zhuanming">克什米爾</span>本身外，還兼有<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">契納布河</span>間的山岳地帶。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則稱<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>“周七千餘里”。這一估計似乎過大，也可能是包括某些屬國的緣故。近代實測該地大體上呈椭圓形，中部是平原，東南至西北向長約<span class="song">85</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，寬<span class="song">25</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，面積約一千八﹑九百平方<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>位於次大陸西北，羣山環繞，地勢高峻，易守難攻，在軍事上極爲重要。《新唐書》所謂：“山回繚之，他國無能攻伐。”《悟空行記》也指出該地形勢：“總開三路以設關防，東接<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>，北通<span class="zhuanming">勃律</span>，西門一路通<span class="zhuanming">乾陀羅</span>，别有一途，常時禁斷，天軍行幸，方得暫開。”此國歷史悠久，Kāśmīra一名早見於《龍樹山題銘》（Nāgārjuni-koṇḍa Inscriptions of Vīrapuruṣadatta）以及<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古籍，如<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>《八章書》（4，2，133；4，3，93）及<span class="zhuanming">波檀闍利</span>《大疏》（3，2，2）﹑《廣博<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00323','1384672',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P323</span></i>本集》（Bṛhat-saṃhitā）（xiv，29）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>哲學﹑宗教以及文學發展史上，<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>的地位也很重要。古代<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>僧侣以虔誠﹑博學﹑善辯著稱。據説<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>曾邀請該國僧侣多人參加其發起的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>第三次結集。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上有名的第四次結集，所謂“<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>結集”也在此地舉行。所以<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>文獻中提到<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>國時，經常是用讚美的言辭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>也是<span class="zhuanming">南亞</span>次大陸上最早和我國建立友好關係的地區之一。《漢書》卷九六《西域傳》稱<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>：“户口勝，兵多，大國也。”在<span class="zhuanming">漢武帝</span>時該國就和我國有使節往還，與我國貿易的往還也相當多。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>相當强大，據《新唐書》記載，<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅</span>﹑僧<span class="zhuanming">訶補羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">烏剌尸</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">半笯蹉</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">曷羅闍補羅</span>，都是其屬國。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時我國高僧到過該國的除<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>而外，<span class="zhuanming">悟空</span>於<span class="zhuanming">唐玄宗</span>年間，當該國使者<span class="zhuanming">薩婆達幹</span>（Sa-rvadarkhan）歸國時隨同<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>使者<span class="zhuanming">張韜光</span>等四十餘人往<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>，並在該國受戒出家。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之後<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>也到達過該國，稱爲<span class="zhuanming">伽葉彌羅</span>（參見<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3733" id="3743">（二）</a>國大都城西臨大河：《西域記》上未提國都名稱，《新唐書》稱之爲<span class="zhuanming">拔邏勿邏布邏城</span>（Pravarapura），卽現代的<span class="zhuanming">斯利那加</span>（Srinagar），爲六世紀<span class="zhuanming">拔邏勿邏犀那</span>一世（Pravarasena I）所修建的新都，西瀕<span class="zhuanming">傑魯姆河</span>（Jhelum），古名<span class="zhuanming">維達斯達</span>（Vitastā）河。<span class="zhuanming">阿爾伯魯尼</span>《印度志》稱該國都爲Addhisthan，卽梵文Adhiṣṭhāna，意爲首府，並非固有名詞。<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>的舊都爲公元前三世紀<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>所建，銘文中稱爲Srīnagarī，一名Purāṇādhiṣṭhāna（舊都），卽《漢書》中所謂<span class="zhuanming">循鮮城</span>，其遺址在現今的<span class="zhuanming">潘德勒坦</span>（Pāndrethān），北緯34度04分，東經74度54分。舊都建築從Takht-i-Sulaiman山麓一直沿河兩岸延伸。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00324','1384672',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P324</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3736" id="3744">（三）</a>國爲龍護遂雄鄰境：在<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>的歷史上有一個國王叫做<span class="zhuanming">杜爾羅跋</span>·<span class="zhuanming">伐爾檀那</span>（Durlabha-vardhana），傳説他是一條名叫<span class="zhuanming">迦爾郭吒</span>（Kārkoṭa）的龍所生的。所以他建立的王朝就叫做<span class="zhuanming">迦爾郭吒王朝</span>或者<span class="zhuanming">龍王朝</span>。據説，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>時正逢<span class="zhuanming">杜爾羅跋</span>·<span class="zhuanming">伐爾檀那王</span>在位（R.C.Majumdar：The Hirtory and Culture of Indian people，Bombay，1954，卷3，頁132）。“國爲龍護”，適與其以龍名爲王朝名這一事實相符。“遂雄鄰境”則指鄰近的<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">烏剌尸國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">半笯蹉國</span>和<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍補羅國</span>皆“附庸”於或“役屬”於<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>而言。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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[卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv442597" key="442597"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv442598" key="442598"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00701','1384796',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P701</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001174"><b>大唐西域記卷第九</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>一國<a class="zhuhao" href="#7451" id="7449">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>摩揭<a class="zhuhao" href="#7452" id="7450">〔2〕</a>陁國</span> <span class="font12 zhu">下</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7449" id="7451">〔1〕</a>《中本》﹑《徑山本》無一國二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7450" id="7452">〔2〕</a>原本揭作伽，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《徑山本》並作揭，按下文及上卷標題並作揭，今從改。《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》作曷而右旁微空，疑爲揭之缺字。</span> </p><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001176">摩揭陁國<span class="font12 zhu">下</span></p></div></div></div>
</>
烏剌尸國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153718" key="1153718"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏剌尸國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153719" key="1153719"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00319','1384671',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P319</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000524">烏剌尸國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烏剌尸國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3730" id="3725">（一）</a>周二千餘里，山阜連接，田疇隘狹。國大都城周七八里。無大君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦濕<a class="zhuhao" href="#3728" id="3726">〔1〕</a>彌羅國</span>。宜稼穡，少花果。氣序温和，微有霜雪。俗無禮義，人性剛猛，多行詭詐，不信佛法。大城西南四五里，有窣堵波，高二百餘<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00320','1384671',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P320</span></i>尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也。傍有伽藍，僧徒寡少，並皆學<a class="zhuhao" href="#3729" id="3727">〔2〕</a>大乘法教。從此東南，登山履險，度鐵橋，行千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>，訛也。<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3726" id="3728">〔1〕</a>原本濕作隰，諸本並作濕，下文亦如此，今從改，以歸畫一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3727" id="3729">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》學上並有習字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3725" id="3730">（一）</a>烏剌尸國：梵文Uraśā，此名見於<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>《八章書》（Ⅳ，3.93）。《摩訶婆羅多》作Uragā，《王河》（Rājataraṅgiṇī）作Uraśa，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲卽<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理誌》中的Varsa Regio，卽今Rash，在<span class="zhuanming">穆扎法拉巴德</span>（Muzafarabād）西北的<span class="zhuanming">丹塔瓦爾</span>（Dhan-tawar）。但<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記該國在<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅</span>東南方，<span class="zhuanming">康</span>氏比定的地方却在其東北方，<span class="zhuanming">康</span>氏本人並未説明其原因。<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>的比定與<span class="zhuanming">康</span>氏相同，他認爲“東南山行五百餘里”，應爲“東北山行五百餘里”之誤。但《慈恩傳》及《釋迦方志》均作“東南”，因此這一説法難以令人信服。當然也可能<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對這一地區各處方位的記載有不確切之處。<span class="zhuanming">司威麥爾頓</span>（C.Swymerton——Indian Antiquary·Vol.XX.P.336）比定此國爲現今<span class="zhuanming">哈查拉</span>（Hazara），其都城爲<span class="zhuanming">哈里浦爾</span>（Hari-pura），這一意見似較妥善。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時此國是<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>的五屬國之一。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十八、香象池
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153722" key="1153722"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 十八、香象池 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153723" key="1153723"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00701','1384797',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P701</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001177"><b>十八﹑香象池</b></p><p> <span>菩提樹東渡<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪那河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7467" id="7453">（一）</a>，大林中有窣堵波，其北有池，香象侍母處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7468" id="7454">（二）</a>也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔修菩薩行，爲香象子，居北山中，遊此池側。其母盲也，採藕<a class="zhuhao" href="#7461" id="7455">〔1〕</a>根，汲清水，恭行孝養，與時推移。屬有一人遊林迷路，彷徨往來，悲號<a class="zhuhao" href="#7462" id="7456">〔2〕</a>慟哭。象<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00702','1384797',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P702</span></i>子聞而愍焉，導之以示歸路。是人既還，遂白王曰：“我知香象遊舍林藪，此奇貨也，可往捕之。”王納其言，興兵往狩<a class="zhuhao" href="#7463" id="7457">〔3〕</a>。是人前導，指象示王，卽時兩臂墮落，若有斬截者。其王雖驚<a class="zhuhao" href="#7464" id="7458">〔4〕</a>此異，仍縛象子以歸。象子既已維縶多時，而不食水草。典廐者以聞<a class="zhuhao" href="#7465" id="7459">〔5〕</a>，王遂親問之。象子曰：“我母盲冥，累日飢餓，今見幽厄，詎能甘食？”王愍其情也<a class="zhuhao" href="#7466" id="7460">〔6〕</a>，故遂放之。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7455" id="7461">〔1〕</a>《新麗本》原書藕作󲱶，《京大本》據《石本》﹑《宋本》改。按《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》亦同。《中本》誤作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503fpde.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7456" id="7462">〔2〕</a>《中本》號作啼。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7457" id="7463">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》狩並作捕。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7458" id="7464">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》驚作見。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7459" id="7465">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》以聞二字並作聞王。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7460" id="7466">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》也並作志。《中本》情上有意字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7453" id="7467">（一）</a>尼連禪那河：卽<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪河</span>，見本書卷八注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7454" id="7468">（二）</a>香象侍母處：香象，梵文gandhahastin。香象子侍母象的本生故事，見《雜寶藏經》卷二﹑《佛本行集經》卷五六及巴利<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00703','1384797',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P703</span></i>文《本生經》第四百五十五。據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>考定，今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">加雅城</span>東南一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪河</span>東岸Bakror猶存古塔及石柱，或謂卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所述的香象侍母處。</span> </p><p> <span>其側窣堵波前建石柱，是昔<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>於此宴坐。其側有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、孤山中伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153726" key="1153726"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 僧訶補羅國 &gt; 三、孤山中伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153727" key="1153727"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00319','1384670',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P319</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000521"><b>三﹑孤山中伽藍</b></p><p> <span>石窣堵波東有伽藍，僧徒百餘人，並學大乘教<a class="zhuhao" href="#3721" id="3719">〔1〕</a>。從此東行五十餘里，至孤山，中有伽藍，僧徒二百餘人，並學大乘法教。花菓繁茂，泉池澄鏡。傍有窣堵波，高二<a class="zhuhao" href="#3722" id="3720">〔2〕</a>百餘尺，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔於此化惡藥叉令不食肉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3719" id="3721">〔1〕</a>《石本》教上有法字，《中本》教下有法字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3720" id="3722">〔2〕</a>《明南本》﹑《徑山本》二作三。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南山<a class="zhuhao" href="#3724" id="3723">〔1〕</a>行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">烏剌尸國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3723" id="3724">〔1〕</a>原本無山字。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》亦有山字，今據補。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十九、外道發惡願處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153730" key="1153730"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 十九、外道發惡願處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153731" key="1153731"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00703','1384798',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P703</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001180"><b>十九﹑外道發惡願處</b></p><p> <span>四佛坐東，渡<span class="zhuanming">莫訶河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7498" id="7469">（一）</a>，至大林中，有<a class="zhuhao" href="#7485" id="7470">〔1〕</a>石柱，是外道入定及<a class="zhuhao" href="#7486" id="7471">〔2〕</a>發惡願處。昔有外道<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span>者，志逸煙霞，身遺草澤，於此法林栖<a class="zhuhao" href="#7487" id="7472">〔3〕</a>神匿迹。既具五神通，得第一有定<a class="zhuhao" href="#7499" id="7473">（二）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁王</span>特深宗敬，每至中時，請就宫食。<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span>凌虚履空，往來無替。<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁王</span>候時瞻望，亦既至已，捧接<a class="zhuhao" href="#7488" id="7474">〔4〕</a>置座。王將出遊，欲委留事，簡擢中宫，無堪承命。有少<a class="zhuhao" href="#7489" id="7475">〔5〕</a>息女，淑慎令<a class="zhuhao" href="#7490" id="7476">〔6〕</a>儀，既親且賢<a class="zhuhao" href="#7491" id="7477">〔7〕</a>，無出其右。<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁王</span>召而命曰：“吾<a class="zhuhao" href="#7492" id="7478">〔8〕</a>方遠遊，將有所委，爾宜悉心，慎終其事！彼<a class="zhuhao" href="#7493" id="7479">〔9〕</a><span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍仙</span>，宿所宗<a class="zhuhao" href="#7494" id="7480">〔10〕</a>敬，時至來飯，如我所奉。”敕誡既已，便卽巡覽。少女承旨，瞻<a class="zhuhao" href="#7495" id="7481">〔11〕</a>候如儀。大仙至已，捧而置座。<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span>既觸女人，起欲界染，退失神通，飯訖言歸，不得虚遊。中心愧恥，詭謂女曰：“吾比修道業，入定怡神，凌虚往來，略無暇景，國人願覩，聞之久矣。然先達垂訓，利物爲務，豈守獨善，忘其兼濟？今欲從門而出，履地而<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00704','1384798',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P704</span></i>往，使夫覩見之徒，咸蒙福利。”王女聞已，宣告遠近。是時人以馳<a class="zhuhao" href="#7496" id="7482">〔12〕</a>競，灑掃衢路，百千萬衆，佇望來儀。<span class="zhuanming">鬱頭藍子</span>步自王宫，至彼法林，宴座入定，心馳外境，棲林則烏鳥嚶囀，臨池乃魚鼈諠聲，情散心亂，失神廢定。乃生忿恚，卽發惡願：“願我當來爲暴惡獸，狸身鳥翼，搏食生類，身廣三千里，兩翅各廣千五百里，投林噉諸羽族，入流食彼水生。”發願既已，忿心漸息，勤求頃之，復得本定。不久命終，生第一有天<a class="zhuhao" href="#7500" id="7483">（三）</a>，壽八萬劫。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>記之，天壽畢已，當果昔<a class="zhuhao" href="#7497" id="7484">〔13〕</a>願，得此弊身，從是流轉惡道，未期出離。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7470" id="7485">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》有下有一字。《方志》及《珠林》三十九作“小石柱”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7471" id="7486">〔2〕</a>原本無及字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之。按入定與發惡願爲二事，有及字爲長，今從補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7472" id="7487">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》栖作棲，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7474" id="7488">〔4〕</a>《石本》接作按。按按當作桉，卽案字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7475" id="7489">〔5〕</a>《中本》少作小。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7476" id="7490">〔6〕</a>《中本》令作合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7477" id="7491">〔7〕</a>《徑山本》既親且賢句作宫中親賢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7478" id="7492">〔8〕</a>《中本》吾下有今字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7479" id="7493">〔9〕</a>《舊麗本》彼作後，形之訛。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00705','1384798',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P705</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7480" id="7494">〔10〕</a>《中本》宗作崇。《徑山本》所宗二字作承禮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7481" id="7495">〔11〕</a>《中本》無瞻候以下至行者四百八十四字，蓋闕佚。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7482" id="7496">〔12〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》馳並作心。《舊麗本》無馳字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7484" id="7497">〔13〕</a>《古本》昔作宿。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7469" id="7498">（一）</a>莫訶河：此名<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Mahī；<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>稱之爲Moha-na-nadī，nadī意爲“河”；<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">莫訶</span>應還原作mahā，意爲“大”，既可能是專有名詞，也可能是形容詞。據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>實測，推定爲今<span class="zhuanming">柏瓦爾河</span>（Pewar R.）上流。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7473" id="7499">（二）</a>第一有定：卽非想非非想處定，見本書卷七注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7483" id="7500">（三）</a>第一有天：卽“有頂天”，指無色界的最高有頂的第四天，亦卽非想非非想處天。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
五、佛牙伽藍及傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153734" key="1153734"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 迦濕彌羅國 &gt; 五、佛牙伽藍及傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153735" key="1153735"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00340','1384677',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P340</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000543"><b>五﹑佛牙伽藍及傳説</b></p><p> <span>新城東南十餘里，故城北大山陽，有僧伽藍，僧徒三百餘人。其窣堵波中有佛牙，長可寸半，其色黄白，或至齋日，時放光明。昔<span class="zhuanming">訖利多</span>種之滅佛法也，僧徒解散，各隨利<a class="zhuhao" href="#3923" id="3915">〔1〕</a>居。有一沙門遊諸<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，觀禮聖迹，申<a class="zhuhao" href="#3924" id="3916">〔2〕</a>其至誠。後聞<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00341','1384677',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P341</span></i>本國平定，卽事歸途，遇諸羣象横行草澤，奔馳震吼。沙門見已，昇<a class="zhuhao" href="#3925" id="3917">〔3〕</a>樹以避。是時羣象相趨奔赴，競吸池水，浸漬樹根，互共排掘，樹遂蹎仆。既得沙門，負載而行，至大林中，有病象瘡痛而卧。引此僧手，至所苦處，乃枯竹所刺也。沙門於是拔竹傅藥，裂其裳，裹其足。别有大象持金函授與<a class="zhuhao" href="#3926" id="3918">〔4〕</a>病象，象既得已，轉授沙門。沙門開函，乃佛牙也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3927" id="3919">〔5〕</a>。諸象围繞，僧出無由。明日齋時，各持異果，以爲中饌。食已，載僧出<a class="zhuhao" href="#3928" id="3920">〔6〕</a>林數百里外，方乃下之，各跪拜而去。沙門至國西界，渡一駛<a class="zhuhao" href="#3929" id="3921">〔7〕</a>河，濟乎中流，船將覆没。同舟之人互相謂曰：“今此船覆，禍是沙門<a class="zhuhao" href="#3930" id="3922">〔8〕</a>。必有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利，諸龍利之。”船主檢驗，果得佛牙。時沙門舉佛牙俯謂龍曰：“吾今寄汝，不久來取。”遂不渡河，廻船而去，顧河歎曰：“吾無禁術，龍畜所欺。”重往<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，學禁龍法。三歲之後，復還本國，至河之濱，方設壇塲，其龍於是捧佛牙函以授沙門。沙門持歸，於此伽藍而修供養。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3915" id="3923">〔1〕</a>《石本》利作别。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3916" id="3924">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》申作伸，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3917" id="3925">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》昇作升，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3918" id="3926">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》無與字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00342','1384677',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P342</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3919" id="3927">〔5〕</a>《慈恩傳》五記病象授佛牙在沙門臨去之時，與此稍異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3920" id="3928">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》出並作去。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3921" id="3929">〔7〕</a>原本駛作駃，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作駛，《慧琳音義》及《音釋》亦然，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3922" id="3930">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》沙門下並重“沙門”二字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
4.如來成道及諸奉佛遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153738" key="1153738"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 &gt; 4.如來成道及諸奉佛遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153739" key="1153739"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00678','1384791',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P678</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001137">4.如來成道及諸奉佛遺迹</p><p> <span>菩提樹北，有佛經行之處。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>成正覺已，不起於座，七日寂定。其起也，至菩提樹北，七日經行，東西<a class="zhuhao" href="#7232" id="7229">〔1〕</a>往來，行十餘步，異花隨迹，十有八文。後人於此壘甎爲基，高餘三尺。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#7233" id="7230">〔2〕</a>曰：此聖迹基，表人命之修短也。先發誠願，後乃度量，隨壽修短，數有增減。經行基北道左<a class="zhuhao" href="#7234" id="7231">〔3〕</a>盤石上，大精舍中有佛像，舉目上望。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此七日觀<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00679','1384791',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P679</span></i>菩提樹，目不暫捨。爲報樹恩，故此瞻望。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7229" id="7232">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》東西二字作南北。《方志》亦作南北。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7230" id="7233">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》諸先志三字作之土俗。《方志》作“俗云”，則<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>本先志當作土俗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7231" id="7234">〔3〕</a>原本左作右，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》右盤二字並作左磐。盤磐二字通用，左字從改。</span> </p><p> <span>菩提樹西不遠，大精舍中有鍮石佛像，飾以奇珍，東面而立。前有青石，奇文異采<a class="zhuhao" href="#7239" id="7235">〔1〕</a>。是昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>初成正覺，<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>起七寶堂，<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>建七寶座，<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>於其上七日思惟，放異光明，照菩提樹。去聖悠遠，寶變爲石。菩提樹南不遠，有窣堵波，高百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。菩薩既濯<span class="zhuanming">尼連河</span>，將趣菩提樹，竊自思<a class="zhuhao" href="#7240" id="7236">〔2〕</a>念：“何以爲座？”尋自發明，當須淨草。<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>化其身爲刈草人，荷而逐路。菩薩謂曰：“所荷之草，頗能惠耶？”化人聞命，恭以草<a class="zhuhao" href="#7241" id="7237">〔3〕</a>奉。菩薩受已，執而前進<a class="zhuhao" href="#7242" id="7238">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7235" id="7239">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》.《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》采並作彩，采﹑彩通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00680','1384791',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P680</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7236" id="7240">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》思並作惟。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7237" id="7241">〔3〕</a>《方志》此草作“姑尸草”，注云：“言吉祥也。”《珠林》三十九引同，惟姑作尸。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7238" id="7242">（一）</a>菩薩受已執而前進：<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>化其身爲刈草人的傳説，見《四分律》卷三一，《五分律》卷十五。所云净草，梵文作kuśa，音譯爲拘舍﹑孤沙或固沙；一名吉祥草，作爲祭祀之用。</span> </p><p> <span>受草東北不遠，有窣堵波，是菩薩將證佛果，青雀羣鹿呈祥之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7244" id="7243">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>休徵，斯爲嘉應。故<span class="zhuanming">淨居天</span>隨順世間，羣從飛繞，效靈顯聖。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7243" id="7244">（一）</a>青雀羣鹿呈祥之處：《法顯傳》：“五百青雀飛來，繞菩薩三匝而去。”據《佛所行讚》卷三﹑《無量壽佛經》序文只載青雀或靈禽，未有羣鹿。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>認爲“羣鹿”形容鳥的飛翔狀，説誤。（T.Watters：On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India，vol.Ⅱ，pp.122—3）</span> </p><p> <span>菩提樹東大路左右，各一窣堵波，是魔王嬈菩薩處也。菩薩將證佛果，魔王勸受輪王，策説不行，殷憂而返。魔王之女請往誘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7249" id="7245">〔1〕</a>焉，菩薩威神，衰變冶容，扶羸策杖，相携而退<a class="zhuhao" href="#7250" id="7246">〔2〕</a>。菩提樹西北精舍中，有<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>像，既稱靈聖，時燭<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00681','1384791',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P681</span></i>光明。聞諸先記曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#7251" id="7247">〔3〕</a>：若人至誠，旋繞七周，在所生處，得宿命智<a class="zhuhao" href="#7252" id="7248">〔4〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>精舍西北二甎室，各有地神之像。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>將成正覺，一報魔至，一爲佛證。後人念功，圖形旌德。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7245" id="7249">〔1〕</a>《中本》誘下有菩薩二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7246" id="7250">〔2〕</a>《中本》退下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7247" id="7251">〔3〕</a>先記曰三字，《方志》﹑《珠林》並作“俗云”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7248" id="7252">〔4〕</a>《中本》智下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span>菩提樹垣西北<a class="zhuhao" href="#7269" id="7253">〔1〕</a>不遠，有窣堵波，謂<span class="zhuanming">鬱金香</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7270" id="7254">〔2〕</a>，高四十餘尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#7271" id="7255">〔3〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">漕矩<a class="zhuhao" href="#7272" id="7256">〔4〕</a>吒國</span>商主之所建也。昔<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span>有大商主，宗事天神，祠求福利，輕蔑佛法，不信因果。其後將諸商侣，貿遷有無，泛舟南海，遭風失路，波濤飄浪。時經三歲，資糧罄竭，糊口不充。同舟之人朝不謀夕，勠力同志，念所事天，心慮已勞，冥功不濟。俄見大山，崇崖峻嶺，兩日聯暉，重明照朗<a class="zhuhao" href="#7273" id="7257">〔5〕</a>。時諸商侣<a class="zhuhao" href="#7274" id="7258">〔6〕</a>更相慰曰：“我曹有福，遇<a class="zhuhao" href="#7275" id="7259">〔7〕</a>此大山，宜於中止，得自<a class="zhuhao" href="#7276" id="7260">〔8〕</a>安樂。”商主曰：“非山也，乃摩竭魚<a class="zhuhao" href="#7284" id="7261">（一）</a>耳。崇崖峻嶺，鬚<a class="zhuhao" href="#7277" id="7262">〔9〕</a>鬣也。兩日聯暉，眼光也。”言聲未静，舟帆飄湊。於是商主告諸侣曰：“我聞<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>於諸危厄，能施安樂。宜各至誠，稱其名字。”遂卽同聲歸命稱念。崇山既<a class="zhuhao" href="#7278" id="7263">〔10〕</a>隱，兩日亦没。俄見沙門威儀庠序，杖錫<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00682','1384791',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P682</span></i>凌虚而來拯溺，不踰時而至本國矣。因卽信心貞<a class="zhuhao" href="#7279" id="7264">〔11〕</a>固，求福不回，建窣堵波，式修供養，以鬱金香泥而<a class="zhuhao" href="#7280" id="7265">〔12〕</a>周塗上下。既發信心，率其<a class="zhuhao" href="#7281" id="7266">〔13〕</a>同志，躬禮聖迹，觀菩提樹，未暇言歸，已淹晦朔。商侣同遊，更相謂曰：“山川悠間，鄉國遼遠，昔所建立窣堵波者，我曹在此，誰其灑掃？”言訖，旋繞至此。忽見有<a class="zhuhao" href="#7282" id="7267">〔14〕</a>窣堵波，駭其由致。卽前瞻察，乃本國所建窣堵波也。故今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>因<a class="zhuhao" href="#7283" id="7268">〔15〕</a>以<span class="zhuanming">鬱金</span>爲名。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7253" id="7269">〔1〕</a>原本無北字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》補。《方志》及《珠林》亦有之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7254" id="7270">〔2〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》鬱金香下並有泥字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7255" id="7271">〔3〕</a>高四十餘尺，《珠林》作“高一丈四尺”。《方志》作“高四丈餘”，與今《記》同。塔高何止丈餘？疑《珠林》誤也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7256" id="7272">〔4〕</a>原本矩作炬，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作矩。按<span class="zhuanming">漕矩吒國</span>見卷十二，字亦作矩，今從諸本改，庶前後一律，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7257" id="7273">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》照朗二字作燭曜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7258" id="7274">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》侣作旅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7259" id="7275">〔7〕</a>原本遇作過，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7260" id="7276">〔8〕</a>原本無自字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7262" id="7277">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00683','1384791',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P683</span></i>及《音釋》鬚並作鬐。《慧琳音義》作鬚，音“相逾反”，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7263" id="7278">〔10〕</a>《中本》既作卽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7264" id="7279">〔11〕</a>《中本》貞作真。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7265" id="7280">〔12〕</a>《石本》無而字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7266" id="7281">〔13〕</a>《舊麗本》無其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7267" id="7282">〔14〕</a>原本無有字，今據《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7268" id="7283">〔15〕</a>《石本》因作國。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7261" id="7284">（一）</a>摩竭魚：摩竭，梵文makara音譯，又作麽迦羅﹑摩伽羅，傳説中的大魚，一説指鯨，一説泛指鯊魚﹑鰐魚等類兇猛之魚。</span> </p><p> <span>菩提樹垣東南隅尼拘律樹側窣堵波，傍有精舍，中作佛坐像。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>初證佛果，<span class="zhuanming">大梵天王</span>於此勸請轉妙法輪<a class="zhuhao" href="#7286" id="7285">（一）</a>。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7285" id="7286">（一）</a>大梵天王於此勸請轉妙法輪：此傳説見《四分律》卷三二﹑《五分律》卷十五﹑《方廣大莊嚴經》卷十﹑《佛本行集經》卷三三等。</span> </p><p> <span>菩提樹垣内四隅皆有<a class="zhuhao" href="#7289" id="7287">〔1〕</a>大窣堵波。在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>受吉祥草已，趣菩提樹，先歷四隅，大地震動，至金剛座，方得安<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00684','1384791',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P684</span></i>静。樹垣之内，聖迹鱗次，羌<a class="zhuhao" href="#7290" id="7288">〔2〕</a>難遍舉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7287" id="7289">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》有下並有一字。按《方志》﹑《珠林》作“四隅皆有塔”，則似原無一字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7288" id="7290">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》羌並作差。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、雪山下王討罪故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153742" key="1153742"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 迦濕彌羅國 &gt; 四、雪山下王討罪故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153743" key="1153743"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00338','1384676',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P338</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000539"><b>四﹑雪山下王討罪故事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>既死之後，<span class="zhuanming">訖利多</span>種復自稱王，斥<a class="zhuhao" href="#3898" id="3887">〔1〕</a>逐僧徒，毁壞佛法。<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span><span class="zhuanming">呬摩呾羅王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3908" id="3888">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">雪山下</span>。</span> <span>其先<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種也，以<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>涅槃之後第六百年，光<a class="zhuhao" href="#3899" id="3889">〔2〕</a>有疆土，嗣膺王業，樹心佛地，流情法海。聞<span class="zhuanming">訖利多</span>毁滅佛法，招集國中敢勇之士，得三千人，詐爲商旅，多賷寶貨，挾隱軍器，來入此<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00339','1384676',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P339</span></i>國。此國之君，特加賓禮。商旅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3900" id="3890">〔3〕</a>之中，又更選募得五百人，猛烈多謀，各袖<a class="zhuhao" href="#3901" id="3891">〔4〕</a>利刃，俱持重寶，躬賷所奉，持以獻上。時<span class="zhuanming">雪山下王</span>去其帽<a class="zhuhao" href="#3902" id="3892">〔5〕</a>，卽其座，<span class="zhuanming">訖利多王</span>驚懾無措，遂斬其首，令群<a class="zhuhao" href="#3903" id="3893">〔6〕</a>下曰：“我是<span class="zhuanming">覩貨<a class="zhuhao" href="#3904" id="3894">〔7〕</a>邏國</span><span class="zhuanming">雪山下王</span>也。怒此賤種，公行虐政，故於今者誅其有罪。凡百衆庶，非爾之辜<a class="zhuhao" href="#3905" id="3895">〔8〕</a>。”然其<a class="zhuhao" href="#3906" id="3896">〔9〕</a>國輔宰臣遷於異域<a class="zhuhao" href="#3907" id="3897">〔10〕</a>。既平此國，召集僧徒，式建伽藍，安堵如故。復於此國西門之外，東面而跪，持施衆僧。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3887" id="3898">〔1〕</a>原本斥作厈。《慧琳音義》作㡿，云：“俗從厂從干，非也。屰音逆。”按各本𢇛作斥，乃俗字。《説文》广部㡿字云：“卻屋也，從广屰聲。”<span class="zhuanming">段</span>注：“卻屋之義引伸之爲𢇛逐，爲充𢇛。……俗作厈作斥，幾不成字。”今從通行斥字改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3889" id="3899">〔2〕</a>《明南本》﹑《徑山本》光作先。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3890" id="3900">〔3〕</a>《石本》無旅字，朱校補之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3891" id="3901">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》袖作抽。《石本》﹑《中本》作神；《石本》校書作抽。按抽﹑神皆袖之形訛。《慧琳音義》亦作袖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3892" id="3902">〔5〕</a>《石本》帽作󰱹，字書無此字，當誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3893" id="3903">〔6〕</a>《古本》群作郡，疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3894" id="3904">〔7〕</a>原本無貨字，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3895" id="3905">〔8〕</a>《中本》辜作事。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00340','1384676',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P340</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3896" id="3906">〔9〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》其並作典。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3897" id="3907">〔10〕</a>《石本》域作城。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3888" id="3908">（一）</a>呬摩呾羅王：參見本書卷十二<span class="zhuanming">呬摩呾羅國</span>及卷六<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵國</span>釋種誅死處條。又作<span class="zhuanming">雪山下王</span>，參見《慈恩傳》卷五。</span> </p><p> <span>其<span class="zhuanming">訖利多</span>種，屢以僧徒覆宗滅祀，世<a class="zhuhao" href="#3912" id="3909">〔1〕</a>積其怨，嫉<a class="zhuhao" href="#3913" id="3910">〔2〕</a>惡佛法。歲月既遠，復自稱王，故今此國不甚<a class="zhuhao" href="#3914" id="3911">〔3〕</a>崇信。外道天祠，特留意焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3909" id="3912">〔1〕</a>《中本》世下重世字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3910" id="3913">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》嫉作疾，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3911" id="3914">〔3〕</a>《古本》甚作堪。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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5.菩提樹垣附近諸迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153746" key="1153746"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 &gt; 5.菩提樹垣附近諸迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153747" key="1153747"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00684','1384792',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P684</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001147">5.菩提樹垣附近諸迹</p><p> <span>菩提樹垣外，西南窣堵波，奉乳糜二牧女<a class="zhuhao" href="#7293" id="7291">〔1〕</a>故宅。其側窣堵波，牧女於此煑糜。次此<a class="zhuhao" href="#7294" id="7292">〔2〕</a>窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>受糜處也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7291" id="7293">〔1〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》三十九引二牧女作“二牧牛女”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7292" id="7294">〔2〕</a>《異本》此作北。《方志》﹑《珠林》作“其側”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、迦膩色迦王第四結集
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153750" key="1153750"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 迦濕彌羅國 &gt; 三、迦膩色迦王第四結集 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153751" key="1153751"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00331','1384675',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P331</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000536"><b>三﹑迦膩色迦王第四結集</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3848" id="3807">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>以<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>涅槃之後第四百年<a class="zhuhao" href="#3876" id="3808">（一）</a>，應期撫運，王風遠被，殊俗内附，機務餘暇，每習佛經<a class="zhuhao" href="#3849" id="3809">〔2〕</a>。日請一僧入宫説法，而諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#3850" id="3810">〔3〕</a>異議部執不同。王用深疑，無以去惑。時<span class="zhuanming">脇尊者</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>去世，歲月逾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3851" id="3811">〔4〕</a>邈。弟子部執，師資異論，各據聞見，共爲矛楯<a class="zhuhao" href="#3852" id="3812">〔5〕</a>。”時王聞已，甚用感傷，悲歎良久，謂尊者曰：“猥以餘福，聿<a class="zhuhao" href="#3853" id="3813">〔6〕</a>遵前緒，去聖雖遠，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00332','1384675',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P332</span></i>猶爲有幸。敢忘庸鄙，紹隆法教，隨其部執，具釋三藏。”<span class="zhuanming">脇尊者</span>曰：“大王宿殖善本，多資福祐，留情佛法，是所願也！”王乃宣令遠近，召集聖哲<a class="zhuhao" href="#3877" id="3814">（二）</a>。於是四方輻湊<a class="zhuhao" href="#3854" id="3815">〔7〕</a>，萬里星馳，英賢畢萃，叡<a class="zhuhao" href="#3855" id="3816">〔8〕</a>聖咸集。七日之中，四事供養。既欲法議，恐其諠雜，王乃具懷白諸僧曰：“證聖果者住，具結縛<a class="zhuhao" href="#3856" id="3817">〔9〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#3878" id="3818">（三）</a>者還。”如此尚衆。又重宣令：“無學人住，有學<a class="zhuhao" href="#3879" id="3819">（四）</a>人還。”猶復繁多。又更下令：“具三明﹑備六通者住，自餘各還。”然尚繁多。又更下令：“其有内窮<a class="zhuhao" href="#3857" id="3820">〔10〕</a>三藏﹑外達五明者住，自餘各還。”於是得四百九十九人。王欲於本國，苦其暑濕，又欲就<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span><span class="zhuanming">大迦葉波</span>結集石室<a class="zhuhao" href="#3880" id="3821">（五）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">脇尊者</span>等議曰：“不可。彼多外道，異論糾紛，酬對不暇，何功作論？衆會之心，屬意此國。此國四周山固，藥叉守衞，土地膏腴<a class="zhuhao" href="#3858" id="3822">〔11〕</a>，物産豐盛，賢聖之所集往，靈仙之所遊止。”衆議斯在，僉曰：“允諧。”其王是時與諸羅漢自彼而至，建立伽藍，結集三藏，欲作《毗婆沙論》。是時尊者<span class="zhuanming">世友</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3881" id="3823">（六）</a>户外納衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#3882" id="3824">（七）</a>，諸阿羅漢謂<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>曰：“結使未除，諍<a class="zhuhao" href="#3859" id="3825">〔12〕</a>議乖謬，爾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3860" id="3826">〔13〕</a>宜遠迹，勿居此也。”<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>曰：“諸賢於法無疑，代佛施化，方集大義，欲製正論。我雖不敏，粗達微言，三藏玄文，五明至理，頗亦沉研，得其趣矣。”諸羅漢曰：“言不可以若是，汝宜屏居，疾證無學，已而會此，時未晚也。”<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>曰：“我顧無學，其猶涕唾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3861" id="3827">〔14〕</a>。志求佛果，不趨小徑。擲此縷丸，未墜於地，必當證得無學聖果。”時諸羅漢重訶之曰：“增上慢人<a class="zhuhao" href="#3883" id="3828">（八）</a>，斯之謂也。無學果者，諸佛所讚，宜可速證，以決衆疑。”於是<span class="zhuanming">世友</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00333','1384675',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P333</span></i>卽擲縷丸空中，諸天接縷丸而請曰：“方證佛果，次補<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>，三界特尊，四生攸<a class="zhuhao" href="#3862" id="3829">〔15〕</a>賴，如何於此欲證小果？”時諸羅漢見是事巳，謝咎推德，請爲上座，凡有疑義，咸取決焉。是五百賢聖，先造十萬頌《鄔波第<a class="zhuhao" href="#3863" id="3830">〔16〕</a>鑠論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#3884" id="3831">（九）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰優波提舍<a class="zhuhao" href="#3864" id="3832">〔17〕</a>論，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3865" id="3833">〔18〕</a>。</span> <span>釋素呾纜<a class="zhuhao" href="#3866" id="3834">〔19〕</a>藏<a class="zhuhao" href="#3885" id="3835">（一○）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰修多羅藏，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3867" id="3836">〔20〕</a>。</span> <span>次造十萬頌《毗奈耶毗婆沙論》，釋毗奈耶藏<a class="zhuhao" href="#3885" id="3837">（一○）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰毘那耶<a class="zhuhao" href="#3868" id="3838">〔21〕</a>藏，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3869" id="3839">〔22〕</a>。</span> <span>後造十萬頌《阿毘達磨毘婆沙論》，釋阿毘達磨藏<a class="zhuhao" href="#3885" id="3840">（一○）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">或曰阿毗曇藏，略也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3870" id="3841">〔23〕</a>。</span> <span>凡三十萬頌，九<a class="zhuhao" href="#3871" id="3842">〔24〕</a>百六十萬言，備釋三藏，懸諸千古，莫不窮其枝葉，究其淺深，大義重明，微言再顯，廣宣流布，後進賴焉。<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>遂以赤銅爲鐷<a class="zhuhao" href="#3872" id="3843">〔25〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#3886" id="3844">（一一）</a>，鏤寫論文，石函緘封，建窣堵波，藏於其中。命藥叉神周衞其國，不令異學持此論出。欲求習學，就中受業。於是功既成畢，還軍本都<a class="zhuhao" href="#3873" id="3845">〔26〕</a>。出此國西門之外，東面<a class="zhuhao" href="#3874" id="3846">〔27〕</a>而跪，復以此國總施僧徒<a class="zhuhao" href="#3875" id="3847">〔28〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3807" id="3848">〔1〕</a>《華嚴鈔》五十八引國下有有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3809" id="3849">〔2〕</a>《石本》經作法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3810" id="3850">〔3〕</a>《華嚴鈔》諸作法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3811" id="3851">〔4〕</a>《中本》逾作途，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3812" id="3852">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《華嚴鈔》楯並作盾，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3813" id="3853">〔6〕</a>《石本》及《華嚴鈔》聿作幸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3815" id="3854">〔7〕</a>《音釋》輻湊云：“亦作輳。輻湊，併聚也。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00334','1384675',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P334</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3816" id="3855">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》叡並作睿，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3817" id="3856">〔9〕</a>原本縛誤作縳，今從諸本正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3820" id="3857">〔10〕</a>《華嚴鈔》窮作閑。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3822" id="3858">〔11〕</a>原本腴誤作膄，今從諸本正。下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3825" id="3859">〔12〕</a>原本諍作浄，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》作諍，今從正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3826" id="3860">〔13〕</a>《石本》無爾字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3827" id="3861">〔14〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》涕並作洟。《中本》涕唾作夷垂，並省右旁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3829" id="3862">〔15〕</a>《石本》攸作所。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3830" id="3863">〔16〕</a>《慈恩傳》﹑《珠林》三十八第作弟。《石本》作第。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3832" id="3864">〔17〕</a>《珠林》波作婆，舍作捨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3833" id="3865">〔18〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3834" id="3866">〔19〕</a>《翻譯集》引呾纜作怛覽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3836" id="3867">〔20〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3838" id="3868">〔21〕</a>《石本》耶作邪。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3839" id="3869">〔22〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3841" id="3870">〔23〕</a>《石本》略作毗，形之訛。《慈恩傳》略也作訛也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3842" id="3871">〔24〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》九並作六。《慈恩傳》作“九十六萬言”，《珠林》則作“六百六十萬言”，與《石本》等同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3843" id="3872">〔25〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》鐷作鍱，《慧琳音義》亦作鍱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3845" id="3873">〔26〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》本都作“本國都”三字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00335','1384675',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P335</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3846" id="3874">〔27〕</a>《石本》面作西。《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》面上並有西字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3847" id="3875">〔28〕</a>《石本》僧徒作衆僧。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3808" id="3876">（一）</a>第四百年：卽第四個一百年，在三百○一到四百年間。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3814" id="3877">（二）</a>宣令遠近召集聖哲：此卽<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>第四結集。結集，梵文原文是saṅgīti，義云“合唱”；在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上，它專指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒們爲編集<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經典所舉行的合誦。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史中，結集是最複雜的研究課題之一。學者們對結集的次數﹑時間和地點等等，都有不同的意見。極少數學者甚至根本否認有結集這樣一回事，個别的人則否認某一次結集的存在。總之是意見紛紜，莫衷一是。不過無論如何，不能把結集了解爲一次宗教會議，結集的決議對整個僧伽是没有約束性的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一般説來，多數學者承認有四次比較大的結集：第一次<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>結集，時間在<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃後第一年；第二次<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>結集，時間在<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃後第一百年；第三次<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>結集，時間是<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>統治時期；第四次<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>結集，時間在<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>統治時期。從表面上來看，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在《大唐西域記》中只提到其中三次結集：第一次見於卷九<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>下；第二次見於卷七<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>；第四次就是本卷中的這一段。好象没有提到第三次。關於這第三次結集在<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>的《異部宗輪論》（<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯）裏雖然也没有直接提到，但是其中説到：“<span class="zhuanming">佛薄伽梵</span>般湼槃後，有百餘年，先聖時淹，如日久没。<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">俱蘇摩城</span>王號<span class="zhuanming">無憂</span>，統攝<span class="zhuanming">贍部</span>，感一白蓋。化洽人神。是時佛法大衆初破，謂因四衆共議<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>五事不同，分爲兩部：一大衆部，二上座部。”這裏<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00336','1384675',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P336</span></i>的<span class="zhuanming">俱蘇摩城</span>也就是上述舉行第三次結集的地方<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>；另外也提到了<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>的名字。這實際上與相傳的第三次<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>結集後僧伽破爲二部相同。我們在本書上一段注（五）中已指出，《大唐西域記》没有講到所謂第三次結集，却隱括着這次結集。在這一點上，《大唐西域記》與《異部宗輪論》是相同的。根據<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>的注釋，所謂“凡夫僧”，指的是大衆部；所謂“羅漢僧”指的是上座部。這個意見值得注意，但不一定完全正確。據N.Dutt的意見，“幽求名實”（見上文“五百羅漢僧傳説”條）指的是説一切有部，而這個部是屬於上座部的，那麽這個<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>就不會是“凡夫僧”，而應該是“羅漢僧”。但N.Dutt的意見也只能供參考。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">參閲Erich Frauwallner，Die buddhistischen Konzile，ZDMG，Bd.102-Heft2，1952，pp.240ff；Étienne Lamotte，Histoire du Boud-dhisme lndien，Louvain-la-Neuve，1976，pp.136ff.；A.K.Warder，Indian Buddhism，Delhi，Varanasi，Patna，1980，pp.201ff.。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3818" id="3878">（三）</a>具結縛：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲煩惱繫縛住人，如同牢獄，故名縛，或結縛。具結縛，指具有煩惱的人，卽凡夫。《摩訶止觀》卷五上：“凡夫具縛，稱病導師。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3819" id="3879">（四）</a>無學有學：小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>以證四果爲“聖者”。證得前三果的謂之有學，以其尚有可以修學之道，故稱有。證得第四果，謂之無學。《法華玄贊》卷一末：“戒定慧三，正爲學體。進趣修習，名爲有學。進趣圓滿，止息修習，名爲無學。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3821" id="3880">（五）</a>大迦葉波結集石室：見本書卷九<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>下第一結集。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3823" id="3881">（六）</a>世友：梵文Vasumitra意譯，音譯<span class="zhuanming">伐蘇蜜呾羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">惒須蜜</span>，<span class="zhuanming">婆須蜜</span>等。《俱舍論記》卷二十：“筏蘇名世，蜜呾囉名友，舊云和須密訛也。”《異部宗輪論述記》卷上：“《異部宗輪論》者，佛圓寂<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00337','1384675',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P337</span></i>後四百許年，説一切有部<span class="zhuanming">世友菩薩</span>之所作也。”關於<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>的傳説見《師子目佛本生經》。《達摩多羅禪經》卷上載佛滅後所謂傳燈的系統爲：“佛滅度後，尊者<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉</span>﹑尊者<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>﹑尊者<span class="zhuanming">末田地</span>﹑尊者<span class="zhuanming">舍那婆斯</span>﹑尊者<span class="zhuanming">優波崛</span>﹑尊者<span class="zhuanming">婆須蜜</span>﹑尊者<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅叉</span>﹑尊者<span class="zhuanming">達摩多羅</span>﹑乃至尊者<span class="zhuanming">不若蜜多羅</span>，諸持法者，以此慧燈，次第傳授。”<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>認爲此<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>與卷二<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>所載著《衆事分阿毘達磨論》﹑《阿毘達磨界身足論》的<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>爲“同名異人”，見《解説西域記》頁275。但是關於<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>結集佛典事，異説頗多，此<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>是否一人，猶待考定。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3824" id="3882">（七）</a>納衣：一作衲衣，又稱糞掃衣。係拾取人們所抛棄的破布，縫納而成的法衣，比丘所著，爲十二頭陀行之一。《大乘義章》卷十五：“言納衣者，朽故破弊縫納供身，不著好衣。何故須然？若求好衣，生惱致罪，費功廢道，爲是不著。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3828" id="3883">（八）</a>增上慢人：增上，自負持強。慢，輕視，欺慢。《俱舍論》卷十九：“於未證得殊勝德中，謂已證得，名增上慢。”《法華經》卷一《方便品》：“此輩罪根深重，及增上慢，未得謂得，未證謂證，有如此失。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3831" id="3884">（九）</a>鄔波第鑠論：鄔波第鑠，梵文upadeśa音譯，又作優婆提舍﹑鄔婆提舍﹑鄔婆題鑠等，意譯爲論議；《鄔波第鑠論》，梵文全名Upadeśaśāstra。《大乘義章》卷一：“優婆提舍，此正名論，論諸法故。”《玄應音義》卷十七：“優婆提舍，此云逐分别所説。沙門隨後卽釋，舊人義譯，爲論義經也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3840" id="3885">（一○）</a>素呾纜藏：梵文sūtra-piṭaka，sūtra意譯“經”。素呾纜藏或經藏是佛説經典之總集，專説佛教教義。毘奈耶藏，梵文vinaya-piṭaka，vinaya意譯“律”。毘奈耶藏或律藏是佛制戒律之總集，是對佛僧的行爲規定。阿毘達磨藏，梵文abhidharma-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00338','1384675',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P338</span></i>piṭaka，abhidharma意譯“論”或“對法”。阿毘達磨藏或論藏是解釋經義的論著總集，是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的理論。以上總稱“三藏”或“大藏經”或“佛藏”或“釋藏”，卽全部佛典。三藏因部派而異。<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>在《大唐西域記》贊中提到，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>携回“大乘經二百二十四部；大乘論一百九十二部；上座部經律論一十四部；大衆部經律論一十五部；三彌底部經律論一十五部；迦葉臂耶部經律論一十七部；法密部經律論四十二部；説一切有部經律論六十七部；因論三十六部；聲論一十三部，凡五百二十夾，總六百五十七部。”各部派或多或少地都有自己的經律論三藏。現在流傳下來的佛典，就語言而論，大體上有四類：第一，用巴利文寫成的；第二，用其他中世<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>語寫成的；第三，用所謂混合梵文寫成的；第四，用梵文寫成的。這些經典，所屬部派不同，用的文字不同，寫成的時代不同，保留下來的數量不同，流傳的地域不同；不同之點很多，但是有一點却是相同的：其中有很多篇章是逐字逐句完全相同的，不同的地方只表現在語言的特點上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3844" id="3886">（一一）</a>以赤銅爲鐷：用紫銅鎚鍊成薄片。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
6.南門外遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153754" key="1153754"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 &gt; 6.南門外遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153755" key="1153755"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00684','1384793',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P684</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001149">6.南門外遺迹</p><p> <span>菩提樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#7298" id="7295">〔1〕</a>南門外有大池，周七百餘步，清瀾澄鏡，龍魚潛宅，婆羅門兄弟承<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>命之所鑿也。次南一池，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>初成正覺，方欲浣濯，<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>爲佛化成。池西有大石，佛浣衣已，方欲曝曬，<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>自<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>持來也。其側窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此納故衣。次南林中窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>受貧老母施故衣處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7299" id="7296">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#7300" id="7297">（一）</a>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00685','1384793',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P685</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7295" id="7298">〔1〕</a>原本樹下有垣字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》删。《方志》及《珠林》作“樹南門外”，亦無垣字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7296" id="7299">〔2〕</a>《中本》處下有也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7297" id="7300">（一）</a>如來受貧老母施故衣處：此傳説見《佛本行集經》卷三二﹑《因果經》卷四。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">帝釋化池</span>東林中，有<span class="zhuanming">目支<a class="zhuhao" href="#7304" id="7301">〔1〕</a>鄰陁龍王<a class="zhuhao" href="#7306" id="7302">（一）</a>池</span>，其水清黑，其味甘美。西岸有小精舍，中作佛像。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>初成正覺，於此宴坐，七日入定。時此龍王警衞<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，卽以其身繞佛七帀，化出多頭，俯垂爲蓋，故池東岸<a class="zhuhao" href="#7305" id="7303">〔2〕</a>有其室焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7301" id="7304">〔1〕</a>《中本》支作友。按上下文有“目支隣陁龍王”，與釋經合，友乃形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7303" id="7305">〔2〕</a>《石本》岸作崖。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7302" id="7306">（一）</a>目支鄰陁龍王：<span class="zhuanming">目支鄰陁</span>，梵文Mucilinda，巴利文Mucalinda，舊譯作<span class="zhuanming">文驎</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">目真</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">目真鄰</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">目真鄰陀</span>等。據《佛本行集經》卷三一，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>成道後，<span class="zhuanming">目支鄰陁龍王</span>邀請至龍宫坐禪。七<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00686','1384793',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P686</span></i>日中風雨大作，驟寒冷，龍王以巨大身軀纏繞七重保護佛身，以七頭作大蓋於<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>之上。《法顯傳》作“<span class="zhuanming">文鱗盲龍</span>七日繞佛處”，今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>尚存此傳説的雕刻。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">目支鄰陁龍<a class="zhuhao" href="#7312" id="7307">〔1〕</a>池</span>東林中精舍，有佛羸瘦之像。其側有經行之所，長七十餘步，南北各有卑<a class="zhuhao" href="#7313" id="7308">〔2〕</a>鉢羅樹。故今土<a class="zhuhao" href="#7314" id="7309">〔3〕</a>俗，諸有嬰疾，香油塗像，多蒙除差。是菩薩修苦行處。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>爲伏外道，又受魔請，於是苦行六年，日食一麻一麥，形容憔<a class="zhuhao" href="#7315" id="7310">〔4〕</a>悴，膚體羸瘠，經行往來，攀樹後起<a class="zhuhao" href="#7316" id="7311">〔5〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7307" id="7312">〔1〕</a>《中本》龍下有王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7308" id="7313">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》卑作畢，下同。按卑﹑畢通用，説見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7309" id="7314">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》“土並作士。”“土俗”屢見前文，士當是形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7310" id="7315">〔4〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》憔並作毁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7311" id="7316">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》起下有處字。按上文云“是菩薩修苦行處”，此不當再有處字。</span> </p><p> <span>菩薩苦行卑鉢羅樹側，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">阿若憍陳如</span>等五人住處。初，太子之捨家也，彷徨山澤，棲息林泉，時<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span>乃命五人隨瞻侍焉。太子既修苦行，<span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>等亦卽勤求。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00687','1384793',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P687</span></i><span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>等住處東南，有窣堵波，菩薩入<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪那河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7323" id="7317">〔1〕</a>沐浴之<a class="zhuhao" href="#7324" id="7318">〔2〕</a>處。河側不遠，菩薩於此受食乳糜。其側窣堵波，二<a class="zhuhao" href="#7325" id="7319">〔3〕</a>長者獻麨蜜處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7327" id="7320">（一）</a>。佛在樹下結加<a class="zhuhao" href="#7326" id="7321">〔4〕</a>趺坐，寂然宴默，受解脱<a class="zhuhao" href="#7328" id="7322">（二）</a>樂，過七日後，方從定起。時二商主行次林外，而彼林神告商主曰：“<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種太子今在此中，初證佛果，心凝寂定，四十九日，未有所食。隨有奉上，獲大善利。”時二商主各持行資麨蜜奉上，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>納受。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7317" id="7323">〔1〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》尼連禪那河五字作“尼連河。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7318" id="7324">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7319" id="7325">〔3〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》二並作一。按諸釋經，二字爲是。下文亦云“二商主”；又卷一“縛喝國”下有記二長者獻麨蜜於<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>事，並可證。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7321" id="7326">〔4〕</a>《中本》加作跏。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7320" id="7327">（一）</a>二長者獻麨蜜處：《法顯傳》作“五百賈人授麨蜜處。”見本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">提謂城</span>及<span class="zhuanming">波利城</span>條注，唯情節略有差異，詳《四分律》卷三一﹑《五分律》卷十五﹑《因果經》及《普曜經》等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7322" id="7328">（二）</a>解脱：梵文mokṣa意譯，音譯木叉。指解除惑業的繫縛，脱離三界的苦果。</span> </p><p> <span>長者獻麨側，有窣堵波，四天王<a class="zhuhao" href="#7335" id="7329">〔1〕</a>奉鉢處。商主既獻<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00688','1384793',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P688</span></i>麨蜜，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>思以何器受之<a class="zhuhao" href="#7336" id="7330">〔2〕</a>。時四天王從四方來，各持金鉢，而以奉上。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>默然而不納受，以爲出家不宜此器。四天王捨金鉢，奉銀鉢，乃至頗胝﹑琉璃﹑馬<a class="zhuhao" href="#7337" id="7331">〔3〕</a>腦﹑車渠<a class="zhuhao" href="#7339" id="7332">（一）</a>﹑真珠等鉢，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>如是皆不爲受。四天王各還宫，奉持石鉢，紺青映徹，重以進獻。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>斷彼此故，而總受之。次第重壘，按爲一鉢，故其外則有四際<a class="zhuhao" href="#7338" id="7333">〔4〕</a>焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#7340" id="7334">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7329" id="7335">〔1〕</a>原本天下無王字，今據《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》﹑《珠林》補，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7330" id="7336">〔2〕</a>《一本》無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7331" id="7337">〔3〕</a>《中本》馬作瑪。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7333" id="7338">〔4〕</a>原本際作隆，今從《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《珠林》改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7332" id="7339">（一）</a>車渠：梵文musāragalva又作牟沙羅揭婆﹑牟沙洛，係瑪瑙一類的寶石。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7334" id="7340">（二）</a>其外側有四際焉：四天王各以石鉢來獻佛的傳説，見《佛本行集經》卷六一﹑《五分律》卷五。案佛鉢爲佛所用的石鉢，當其成道時，四天王來獻青石鉢，佛一一接受，重疊四鉢爲一鉢，所以鉢的外側有四際。</span> </p><p> <span>四天王獻鉢側不遠，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>爲母説法處也。<span class="zhuanming">如<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00689','1384793',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P689</span></i>來</span>既成正覺，稱<span class="zhuanming">天人師</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7348" id="7341">（一）</a>，其母<span class="zhuanming">摩耶</span>自天宫降於此處，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>隨機示教利喜。其側涸池岸<a class="zhuhao" href="#7345" id="7342">〔1〕</a>，有窣堵波，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>現<a class="zhuhao" href="#7346" id="7343">〔2〕</a>諸神變化<a class="zhuhao" href="#7347" id="7344">〔3〕</a>有緣處。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7342" id="7345">〔1〕</a>《石本》岸作崖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7343" id="7346">〔2〕</a>原本現作見。《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作現，《方志》同。按見可讀作現，本不必改字，惟下文作現，使前後畫一，從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7344" id="7347">〔3〕</a>《石本》化下有身字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7341" id="7348">（一）</a>天人師：梵文Śāstā devamanuṣyāṇām（舍多提婆摩菟舍喃），意譯爲天（神）與人的導師，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>十號之一，見《智度論》卷二。</span> </p><p> <span>現神變側，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>度<span class="zhuanming">優樓<a class="zhuhao" href="#7354" id="7349">〔1〕</a>頻螺迦葉波</span>三兄弟及千門人處。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>方垂善導<a class="zhuhao" href="#7355" id="7350">〔2〕</a>，隨應降伏，時<span class="zhuanming">優樓頻螺迦葉波</span>五百門人請受佛教，<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>曰：“吾亦與爾俱返迷途。”於是相從來至佛所。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>告曰：“棄鹿皮衣，捨祭火具。”時諸梵志恭承聖教，以其服用，投<span class="zhuanming">尼連河</span>。<span class="zhuanming">捺地<a class="zhuhao" href="#7356" id="7351">〔3〕</a>迦葉波</span>見諸祭器隨流漂泛，與其門人候兄動静，既見改轍，亦隨染衣。<span class="zhuanming">伽耶<a class="zhuhao" href="#7357" id="7352">〔4〕</a>迦葉波</span>與<a class="zhuhao" href="#7358" id="7353">〔5〕</a>二百門人聞其兄之捨法也，亦至佛所，願修梵行。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00690','1384793',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P690</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7349" id="7354">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》樓作婁，《方志》同。婁﹑樓同音通用。下文優樓頻螺，諸本又多作樓。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7350" id="7355">〔2〕</a>原本導作道，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7351" id="7356">〔3〕</a>《古本》地作陀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7352" id="7357">〔4〕</a>《石本》耶作邪。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7353" id="7358">〔5〕</a>原本波下無與字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span>度<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>兄弟西北窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>伏<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>所事火龍處。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>將化其人，先<a class="zhuhao" href="#7362" id="7359">〔1〕</a>伏所宗<a class="zhuhao" href="#7363" id="7360">〔2〕</a>，乃止梵志火龍之室。夜分已後，龍吐煙焰。佛既入定，亦起火光，其室洞然，猛燄炎熾。諸梵志師恐火害佛，莫不奔赴，悲號愍惜。<span class="zhuanming">優樓<a class="zhuhao" href="#7364" id="7361">〔3〕</a>頻螺迦葉波</span>謂其徒曰：“以今觀之，未必火也。當是沙門伏火龍耳。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>乃以火龍盛置鉢中，清旦，持示外道門人。其側窣堵波，五百獨覺同入湼槃處也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7359" id="7362">〔1〕</a>原本先作克，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》並作先。按先與上句“將化其人”相呼應，義長，今從改。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00691','1384793',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P691</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7360" id="7363">〔2〕</a>《中本》宗作崇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7361" id="7364">〔3〕</a>《中本》樓作婁。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">目支鄰陁龍池</span>南窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>救<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>溺水處也。<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>兄弟時推<a class="zhuhao" href="#7370" id="7365">〔1〕</a>神通<a class="zhuhao" href="#7371" id="7366">〔2〕</a>，遠近仰德，黎庶歸心。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>方<a class="zhuhao" href="#7372" id="7367">〔3〕</a>導迷徒，大權攝化，興布密雲，降澍<a class="zhuhao" href="#7373" id="7368">〔4〕</a>暴雨，周佛所居，令<a class="zhuhao" href="#7374" id="7369">〔5〕</a>獨無水。<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>是時見此雲雨，謂門人曰：“沙門住處，將不漂溺？”泛舟來救，乃見<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>履水如地，蹈河中流，水分沙現。<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>見已，心伏而退。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7365" id="7370">〔1〕</a>《中本》推下有得字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7366" id="7371">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》通並作道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7367" id="7372">〔3〕</a>《中本》方下有便字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7368" id="7373">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》澍並作注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7369" id="7374">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》令並作今，依文義非。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、五百羅漢僧傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153758" key="1153758"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 迦濕彌羅國 &gt; 二、五百羅漢僧傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153759" key="1153759"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00327','1384674',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P327</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000533"><b>二﹑五百羅漢僧傳説</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>以<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃之後第一百年<a class="zhuhao" href="#3802" id="3783">（一）</a>，命世君臨，威被殊俗，深信三寶，愛育四生<a class="zhuhao" href="#3803" id="3784">（二）</a>。時有五百羅漢僧，五百凡夫僧，王所敬仰，供養無差。有凡夫僧<a class="zhuhao" href="#3804" id="3785">（三）</a><span class="zhuanming">摩訶提婆</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3795" id="3786">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#3805" id="3787">（四）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>。</span> <span>闊達多智，幽求名實，潭<a class="zhuhao" href="#3796" id="3788">〔2〕</a>思作論，理違聖教。凡有聞知，羣從異議。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>不識<a class="zhuhao" href="#3797" id="3789">〔3〕</a>凡聖，因<a class="zhuhao" href="#3798" id="3790">〔4〕</a>情所好，黨援所親，召集僧徒，赴<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，欲沈深流，總從誅戮。時<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00328','1384674',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P328</span></i>諸羅漢既逼命難，咸運神通，凌虚履空，來至此國，山棲<a class="zhuhao" href="#3799" id="3791">〔5〕</a>谷隱。時<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>聞而悔<a class="zhuhao" href="#3800" id="3792">〔6〕</a>懼，躬來謝過，請還本國。彼諸羅漢確不從命。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>爲羅漢建<a class="zhuhao" href="#3801" id="3793">〔7〕</a>五百僧伽藍，總以此國持施衆僧<a class="zhuhao" href="#3806" id="3794">（五）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3786" id="3795">〔1〕</a>《石本》婆作娑。按提婆爲天，梵文deva，娑音不諧，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3788" id="3796">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》潭並作覃，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3789" id="3797">〔3〕</a>《石本》識作議。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3790" id="3798">〔4〕</a>原本因作同，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3791" id="3799">〔5〕</a>原本棲作樓，《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》並作捿，《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作棲，捿乃棲之别體，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3792" id="3800">〔6〕</a>原本無悔字，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3793" id="3801">〔7〕</a>《中本》建下有立字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3783" id="3802">（一）</a>無憂王以如來湼槃之後第一百年：根據一般<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史和<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史的典籍，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>湼槃於公元前480年左右，而<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>卽位則在公元前273年（至前269年才正式灌頂）。二者相距二百多年。但是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在這裏却説：“<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>以<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃之後第一百年，命世君臨。”這是什麽原因呢？在這裏，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>卽位時間已經比較肯定。癥結在於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>湼槃的時間。關於他湼槃的時<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00329','1384674',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P329</span></i>間，衆説紛紜，莫衷一是。雖然一般書籍認爲這個問題大體上已經解決，實則不然。歸納各種學説，大體可分爲兩類：一長一短。長者認爲<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>卽位在<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃後218年，這是<span class="zhuanming">錫蘭</span>南傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的説法；短者則認爲在<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃後100年，這是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>本土所傳的説法。（參閲Étienne Lamotte，Histoire du Bouddhisme lndien，1959，第14—15頁。）<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>顯然屬於短派。他的意見同當前流行的看法是相違的，但可能是正確的。不過這個問題很復雜，必須結合<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>和<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>古代哲學思想的研究，做艱苦細緻的工作，然後才能得到爲大多數人都承認的定論。（參閲Heinz Bechert，Contribution to the Discussion of“The Date of the Buddha reconsidered”，Conference-seminar of lndological Studies，Stochho1m，October，1980。）此外還有《雜阿含經》作佛滅後百年，《異部宗輪論》作佛滅後百餘年，《十八部論》和《部執異論》作佛滅後百十六年等等；這些説法同玄奘的意見都屬於一個系統。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上的年代計算問題，<span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>説：“依照<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史家用佛滅紀元的慣例，都是以每一百年爲一紀來計算。譬如從佛滅後一年到一百年，卽用術語稱爲‘第一[個]百年’，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文翻譯也略稱爲一百年。又從佛滅後一百○一年到二百年，術語稱爲‘第二百年’，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯略稱二百年。以下類推。”（《印度佛學源流畧講》，<span class="zhuanming">上海人民出版社</span>，1979，第261頁。）照此説法，這裏的“第一百年”則是“第一個一百年間”的意思。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3784" id="3803">（二）</a>四生：指胎生﹑卵生﹑濕生﹑化生。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3785" id="3804">（三）</a>凡夫僧：略稱凡僧，凡證聖果的稱爲聖僧，未證聖果的稱爲凡僧。《高僧傳》卷三《知嚴傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">嚴</span>雖戒操高明，而實行未辨。始移屍向凡僧墓地，而屍重不起，改向聖墓，則飄然自輕。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00330','1384674',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P330</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3787" id="3805">（四）</a>摩訶提婆：梵文Mahādeva，意譯<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>。在整個佛典中，<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>是一個非常複雜的名字。根據《巴利文專門名詞詞典》，佛典中共有九個<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>。這個數目恐怕還不完全。在《大唐西域記》中，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在兩個地方提到<span class="zhuanming">摩訶提婆</span>，一個是在這裏，一個是在第七卷“吠舍釐結集”中。後者指的是過去一位國王的名字。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>指出，國王<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>的故事同巴利文的Makhādeva本生故事頗爲相似。他的意見值得重視。Mahādeva與Makhādeva只有一個字母（梵文或巴利文原文）之差。（參見T.Watters：On Yuan Chwang，s Travels in India，卷二，頁七十二。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">至於這裏的<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>説得比較簡略。根據現有的資料和<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>佛教史學者的意見，至少有兩個<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>。<span class="zhuanming">世友菩薩</span>造<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯《異部宗輪論》（《大正大藏經》卷四十九，頁十五以下。）講到，佛滅百有餘年，“<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀</span>國<span class="zhuanming">俱蘇摩</span>城王號<span class="zhuanming">無憂</span>，統攝<span class="zhuanming">瞻部</span>，感一白蓋，化洽人神。是時佛法大衆初破，謂因四衆共議<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>五事不同，分爲兩部：一大衆部，二上座部。”這個<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>提出五事，重點是反對羅漢。因此被保守的佛徒大肆污衊。因爲他是商主之子，故稱之爲“舶主兒<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>”。<span class="zhuanming">陳真諦</span>譯同書異譯《部執異論》裏面却没有提到這個<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>，很值得注意。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此外還有一個<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>。《異部宗輪論》説：“第二百年滿時，有一出家外道，捨邪歸正，亦名<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>。大衆部中出家受具，多聞精進，居<span class="zhuanming">制多</span>山，與彼部僧重詳五事。因兹乖諍，分爲三部：一制多山部，二西山住部，三北山住部。”這個<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>被<span class="zhuanming">帝須</span>派往南<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">摩醯音娑末陀羅</span>國去傳教。他去那裏説《天使經》（Devadūtasūtra），引起了部派的分化。他在信仰佛法後仍守外道學説，因名之曰“賊住大天”。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00331','1384674',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P331</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>認爲（《印度佛教史略》第三十一頁）：“前後畢竟同爲一人，卽賊住<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>真爲歷史人物，舶主兒<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>則其影寫者也。”這個意見值得考慮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">第一個<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>所宣傳的學説，重點在反對羅漢，可能與原始大乘的起源有關。參閲（Étienne Lamotte，Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien，Louvain-la-Neuve，1976，pp.300—312；A.K.Warder，Indian Buddhism，Delhi，Varanasi，Patna，1980，pp.215，289。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3794" id="3806">（五）</a>總以此國持施衆僧：<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在這裏根本没有提到結集（參見以下<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>第四結集條注）。但他講到的這些事實，却與相傳的第三結集有很多類似之處。二者之間有以下一些共同點：一﹑<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>；二﹑<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃後第一百年；三﹑五百羅漢僧，五百凡夫僧；四﹑凡夫僧<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>；五﹑<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>；六﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>；七﹑<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建五百僧伽藍。因此，我們可以説，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>這段話隱括着第三結集。至於他爲什麽没有明確提出第三結集或結集這個名稱，目前還没有十分滿意的解釋。大概是因爲所謂結集本身本來就没有一定的説法。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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7.東門外遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153762" key="1153762"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 &gt; 7.東門外遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153763" key="1153763"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00691','1384794',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P691</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001164">7.東門外遺迹</p><p> <span>菩提樹垣東門外二三里，有盲龍室<a class="zhuhao" href="#7376" id="7375">（一）</a>。此龍者，殃累宿積，報受生盲。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>自<span class="zhuanming">前正覺山</span>欲趣菩提樹，途次室側，龍眼忽明，乃見菩薩將趣佛樹。謂菩薩曰：“仁今不久當成正<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00692','1384794',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P692</span></i>覺。我眼盲冥，於兹已久，有佛興世，我眼輒明。賢劫之中，過去三佛出興世時，已得明視。仁今至此，我眼忽開，以故知之，當成佛矣。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7375" id="7376">（一）</a>盲龍室：盲龍忽明的傳説又見《佛所行讚》卷三。</span> </p><p> <span>菩提樹垣東門側，有窣堵波，魔王怖菩薩之處。初，魔王知菩薩將成正覺也，誘亂不遂，憂惶無賴。集諸神衆，齊整魔軍，治兵振旅，將脅<a class="zhuhao" href="#7381" id="7377">〔1〕</a>菩薩。於是風雨飄注，雷電晦冥，縱火飛煙，揚沙激石，備矛楯<a class="zhuhao" href="#7382" id="7378">〔2〕</a>之具，極弦矢之用。菩薩於是入大慈定<a class="zhuhao" href="#7384" id="7379">（一）</a>，凡厥兵杖<a class="zhuhao" href="#7383" id="7380">〔3〕</a>變爲蓮華。魔軍怖駭，奔馳退散。其側不遠，有二窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>之所建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7377" id="7381">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》。《徑山本》脅並作愶。《音釋》云：“愶，或作脅。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7378" id="7382">〔2〕</a>《石本》矛楯二字作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503kn0a.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>盾；《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》楯作盾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7380" id="7383">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》杖作仗。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7379" id="7384">（一）</a>大慈定：卽大慈大悲定。《智度論》卷二七：“大慈與一<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00693','1384794',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P693</span></i>切衆生樂，大悲拔一切衆生苦。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153765" key="1153765"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 二十畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153766" key="1153766"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01077','1244385',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1077</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001811">二十畫</p><p> <span>轝（1114）繼（1114）鐵（1114）鹹（1114）轘（1114）鶖（1114）嚼（1114）鑊（1114）覺（1114）鶴（1114）贍（1114）釋（1114）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二十一畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153768" key="1153768"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 二十一畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153769" key="1153769"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01077','1244386',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1077</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001812">二十一畫</p><p> <span>攙（1115）辯（1115）露（1115）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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八、圓滿與覺取論師遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153773" key="1153773"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 迦濕彌羅國 &gt; 八、圓滿與覺取論師遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153774" key="1153774"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00346','1384679',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P346</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000554"><b>八﹑圓滿與覺取論師遺迹</b></p><p> <span>王城西北行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">商林伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3978" id="3973">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">布剌拏</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3979" id="3974">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">圓滿</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3977" id="3975">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3979" id="3976">（二）</a>於此作《釋毗婆沙論》。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3975" id="3977">〔1〕</a>《石本》滿下有也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3973" id="3978">（一）</a>商林伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>將商林讀作買林，並還原作梵文Vikrīta-vana；<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>從其説；<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>則以商林爲“商人之林”。待考。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00347','1384679',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P347</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3976" id="3979">（二）</a>布剌拏：梵文Pūrṇa音譯，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">圓滿</span>。此論師事迹不詳。本書所記其著作《釋毘婆娑論》不見於現存經録和藏經。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>認爲，《釋毘婆娑論》可能不是一部書的名稱，而是指一部書的性質，是對於《毘婆沙論》的注釋。</span> </p><p> <span>城西行百四五十里，大河北接山南，至<span class="zhuanming">大衆部伽藍</span>，僧徒百餘人。<span class="zhuanming">佛地<a class="zhuhao" href="#3984" id="3980">〔1〕</a>羅</span></span> <a class="zhuhao" href="#3986" id="3981">（一）</a> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">覺取</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3985" id="3982">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於此作《大衆部集真論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#3987" id="3983">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3980" id="3984">〔1〕</a>《異本》地作陀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3982" id="3985">〔2〕</a>原本無小注“唐言覺取”四字，今依《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》及《翻譯集》補。《石本》亦有此四字，但覺誤作學。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3981" id="3986">（一）</a>佛地羅：梵文Bodhila，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">覺取</span>。此論師生平事迹不詳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3983" id="3987">（二）</a>大衆部集真論：已佚，亦不見於經録，<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>將《集真論》三字還原爲梵文Tattvasaṃcaya-śāstra。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西南，踰山涉險，行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">半笯</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">奴故反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">嗟<a class="zhuhao" href="#3989" id="3988">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00348','1384679',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P348</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3988" id="3989">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》等嗟並作蹉。下同，説詳目録校記。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
[卷第十一　二十三國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153781" key="1153781"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153782" key="1153782"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00865','1244262',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P865</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001452"><b>大唐西域記卷第十一</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>二十三國</span> </p><p> <span>僧伽羅國</span> <span class="font12 zhu">雖非印度之國路次附出</span> </p><p> <span>恭<a class="zhuhao" href="#8885" id="8879">〔1〕</a>建那補羅國　摩訶剌侘國</span> </p><p> <span>跋禄羯呫</span> <span class="font12 zhu">昌葉反</span> <span>婆國　摩臘婆國</span> </p><p> <span>阿吒釐國　契吒國</span> </p><p> <span>伐臘毗國　阿難陁補羅國</span> </p><p> <span>蘇剌侘國　瞿折羅國</span> </p><p> <span>鄔闍衍那國　擲枳陁國</span> </p><p> <span>摩醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#8886" id="8880">〔2〕</a>濕伐羅補羅國　信度國</span> </p><p> <span>茂羅三部盧國　鉢伐多國</span> </p><p> <span>阿點婆翅羅國　狼揭羅國</span> </p><p> <span>波<a class="zhuhao" href="#8887" id="8881">〔3〕</a>剌斯國</span> <span class="font12 zhu">雖非印度之國路次附出舊曰波斯</span> </p><p> <span>臂多勢羅國　阿軬<a class="zhuhao" href="#8888" id="8882">〔4〕</a>荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#8889" id="8883">〔5〕</a>國</span> </p><p> <span>伐剌拏<a class="zhuhao" href="#8890" id="8884">〔6〕</a>國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8879" id="8885">〔1〕</a>原本恭作荼，《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00866','1244262',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P866</span></i>本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》荼並作恭。今據改。荼疑形之譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8880" id="8886">〔2〕</a>《趙城本》醯作醢。按醢古音在之部，《音釋》醯音“呼兮反，”音相近雖可通用，但竊疑此爲譌字。下文又誤作醘，詳後。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8881" id="8887">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》波作婆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8882" id="8888">〔4〕</a>《中本》軬作輿。按《音釋》軬音飯，與輿音不諧。此蓋軬誤作轝，又誤作輿耳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8883" id="8889">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》荼作茶。荼茶雖同字，但此當作荼，説見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8884" id="8890">〔6〕</a>原本拏作挐，《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作拏，此本下文亦同，今據改。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十八畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153784" key="1153784"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十八畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153785" key="1153785"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01076','1244383',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1076</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001809">十八畫</p><p> <span>霧（1113）襜（1113）斷（1113）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01077','1244383',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1077</span></i>繩（1113）釐（1113）羹（1113）臘（1113）鎮（1113）證（1113）臨（1113）鞮（1113）覆（1113）曠（1113）瞻（1113）䮚（1113）藴（1113）醫（1113）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、小伽藍及衆賢論師遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153789" key="1153789"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 迦濕彌羅國 &gt; 六、小伽藍及衆賢論師遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153790" key="1153790"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00342','1384678',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P342</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000545"><b>六﹑小伽藍及衆賢論師遺迹</b></p><p> <span>伽藍南十四五里，有小伽藍，中有<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>立像。其有<a class="zhuhao" href="#3932" id="3931">〔1〕</a>斷食誓死爲期願見菩薩者，卽從像中出妙色身。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3931" id="3932">〔1〕</a>《石本》無有字。</span> </p><p> <span>小伽藍東南三十餘里，至大山，有故伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#3945" id="3933">（一）</a>，形製宏壯，蕪漫良甚。今唯一隅，起小重閣。僧徒三十餘人，並學大乘法教。昔<span class="zhuanming">僧伽跋陁羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3946" id="3934">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於此製《順正<a class="zhuhao" href="#3940" id="3935">〔1〕</a>理論》。伽藍左右諸窣堵波，大阿羅漢舍利並<a class="zhuhao" href="#3941" id="3936">〔2〕</a>在。野獸山猨採花供養，歲時無替，如承指命。然此山中多諸靈迹，或石壁横分，峯留馬迹。凡厥此類，其狀譎詭，皆是羅漢沙彌<a class="zhuhao" href="#3942" id="3937">〔3〕</a>，羣從<a class="zhuhao" href="#3943" id="3938">〔4〕</a>遊戲，手指麾畫<a class="zhuhao" href="#3944" id="3939">〔5〕</a>，乘馬往來。遺迹若斯，難以<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00343','1384678',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P343</span></i>詳述。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3935" id="3940">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》正作道。按<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>所造《阿毗達磨順正理論》八十卷，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯，見《大唐内典録》及《開元釋教録》，正字爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3936" id="3941">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》並作兹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3937" id="3942">〔3〕</a>《石本》彌作門。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3938" id="3943">〔4〕</a>《異本》從作徒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3939" id="3944">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》麾作摩。《古本》畫作書。似並非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3933" id="3945">（一）</a>故伽藍：據本文“小伽藍東南三十餘里，至大山，有故伽藍”，經1914年的考古發掘，其遺址當在今Avantipur。見Fergu-sson：History of Indian and Eastern Architecture，Vol.I，pp.264ff.。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3934" id="3946">（二）</a>僧伽跋陀羅：梵文Saṅghabhadra音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>或<span class="zhuanming">僧賢</span>，著有《阿毘達磨順正理論》八十卷，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯。此論宣揚有部教義，反駁<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>的《阿毘達磨俱舍論》。《西域記》卷四<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>云：“論師<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>人也，聰明博達，幼傳雅譽，特深究説一切有部《毗婆沙論》。時有<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>，一心玄道，求解言外，破毗婆沙所執，作《阿毗達磨俱舍論》。”<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>研究十二年，作《俱舍雹論》二萬五千頌。<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>死於<span class="zhuanming">德光伽藍</span>，<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>改題此論爲《順正理論》。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十九畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153796" key="1153796"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十九畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153797" key="1153797"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01077','1244384',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1077</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001810">十九畫</p><p> <span>蘭（1131）懸（1113）聽（1113）鵷（1131）識（1113）闡（1113）麴（1131）霫（1113）醯（1113）羅（1113）護（1113）寶（1113）蘇（1114）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十、雞足山及大迦葉故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153800" key="1153800"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十、雞足山及大迦葉故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153801" key="1153801"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00705','1384799',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P705</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001183"><b>二十﹑雞足山及大迦葉故事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">莫訶河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7533" id="7501">〔1〕</a>東，入大林野，行百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">屈屈</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">居勿反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">吒</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7534" id="7502">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">播陁山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7561" id="7503">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言雞足<a class="zhuhao" href="#7535" id="7504">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span>亦謂<span class="zhuanming">窶盧播陁山</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">尊足</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7536" id="7505">〔4〕</a>。</span> <span>高巒陗無<a class="zhuhao" href="#7537" id="7506">〔5〕</a>極，深<a class="zhuhao" href="#7538" id="7507">〔6〕</a>壑洞無涯<a class="zhuhao" href="#7539" id="7508">〔7〕</a>，山麓谿<a class="zhuhao" href="#7540" id="7509">〔8〕</a>澗，喬林羅谷，崗岑嶺嶂，繁草被巖<a class="zhuhao" href="#7541" id="7510">〔9〕</a>。峻起三峯，傍挺絶崿，氣將天接，形與雲同<a class="zhuhao" href="#7542" id="7511">〔10〕</a>。其後尊者<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉波</span>居中寂滅，不敢指言，故云<span class="zhuanming">尊足</span>。<span class="zhuanming">摩訶迦葉波</span>者，聲聞弟子也，得六神通，具八解脱。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>化緣斯畢，垂將湼槃，告<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>曰：“我於曠劫，勤修苦行，爲諸衆<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00706','1384799',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P706</span></i>生求無上法<a class="zhuhao" href="#7562" id="7512">（二）</a>，昔所願期，今已果滿。我今將欲入大湼槃，以諸法藏囑累於汝，住<a class="zhuhao" href="#7543" id="7513">〔11〕</a>持宣布，勿有失墜。姨母所獻金縷袈裟，<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>成佛，留以傳付。我遺法中諸修行者，若比丘﹑比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7544" id="7514">〔12〕</a>尼﹑鄔波索迦﹑<a class="zhuhao" href="#7563" id="7515">（三）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言近事男。舊曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#7545" id="7516">〔13〕</a>伊蒱<a class="zhuhao" href="#7546" id="7517">〔14〕</a>塞，又曰優波塞<a class="zhuhao" href="#7547" id="7518">〔15〕</a>，又曰優婆塞，皆訛也。</span> <span>鄔波斯迦，<a class="zhuhao" href="#7564" id="7519">（四）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言近事女。舊曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#7548" id="7520">〔16〕</a>優婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#7549" id="7521">〔17〕</a>斯，又曰優婆夷，皆訛也。</span> <span>皆先濟渡<a class="zhuhao" href="#7550" id="7522">〔18〕</a>，令離流轉。”<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>承旨，住<a class="zhuhao" href="#7551" id="7523">〔19〕</a>持正法。結集既已，至第二十年，厭世無常，將入寂滅，乃往<span class="zhuanming">雞足山</span>。山陰而上，屈盤<a class="zhuhao" href="#7552" id="7524">〔20〕</a>取路，至西南岡。山峰<a class="zhuhao" href="#7553" id="7525">〔21〕</a>險阻，崖徑槃薄，乃以錫<a class="zhuhao" href="#7554" id="7526">〔22〕</a>扣，剖<a class="zhuhao" href="#7555" id="7527">〔23〕</a>之如割。山徑既開，逐路而進，槃紆曲折，廻互斜<a class="zhuhao" href="#7556" id="7528">〔24〕</a>通，至<a class="zhuhao" href="#7557" id="7529">〔25〕</a>于山頂，東北面出。既入三峰之中，捧佛袈裟而立，以願力故，三峰斂覆，故今此山三脊隆起。當來<span class="zhuanming">慈氏世尊</span>之興世也，三會説法之後，餘有無量憍慢衆生，將登此山，至<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>所，<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>彈指，山峰自開。彼諸衆生既見<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>，更增憍慢。時<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7558" id="7530">〔26〕</a>授衣致辭，禮敬已畢，身昇虚空，示諸神變，化火焚身，遂入寂滅。時衆瞻仰，憍慢心除，因而感悟，皆證聖果。故今山上建窣堵波，静夜遠望，或見明炬。及<a class="zhuhao" href="#7559" id="7531">〔27〕</a>有登山，遂<a class="zhuhao" href="#7560" id="7532">〔28〕</a>無所覩。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7501" id="7533">〔1〕</a>《珠林》三十九莫訶河作黄河。《方志》作莫訶，同《記》文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7502" id="7534">〔2〕</a>《珠林》吒作吃，字形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7504" id="7535">〔3〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（屈屈吒山）<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>語，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>云雞也。”《徑山本》《金陵本》足下有山字。按《方志》﹑《珠林》雞足下並無山字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00707','1384799',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P707</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7505" id="7536">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》尊足下有山字。按《方志》﹑《珠林》亦無之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7506" id="7537">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》陗無二字作峭嶮；《徑山本》作峭險。《慧琳音義》作陗絶。《音釋》云：“峭亦作陗。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7507" id="7538">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》無極深二字，非。此二句五字爲句相對偶，不當删此二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7508" id="7539">〔7〕</a>原本涯作漄，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《干禄字書》有崖涯二字，云：“上山崖，下水際”，無漄字。漄疑涯之别作。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7509" id="7540">〔8〕</a>《古本》山麓谿三字作峯巖磎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7510" id="7541">〔9〕</a>《古本》巖作崖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7511" id="7542">〔10〕</a>《徑山本》同作齊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7513" id="7543">〔11〕</a>《古本》住作任。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7514" id="7544">〔12〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘比丘四字作苾芻苾芻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7516" id="7545">〔13〕</a>《中本》曰作云。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7517" id="7546">〔14〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》蒱並作蒲。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7518" id="7547">〔15〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無又曰優波塞五字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7520" id="7548">〔16〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》並無曰字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7521" id="7549">〔17〕</a>《中本》婆作波。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7522" id="7550">〔18〕</a>《舊麗本》無濟字。《中本》渡作度。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00708','1384799',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P708</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7523" id="7551">〔19〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》住並作任。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7524" id="7552">〔20〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》盤並作槃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7525" id="7553">〔21〕</a>《中本》峰作隥。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7526" id="7554">〔22〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》錫下並有杖字。按《慧琳音義》亦無杖字。《文選·遊天臺山賦》云：“應真飛錫以躡虚。”<span class="zhuanming">李善</span>《注》引《智度論》“常用錫杖﹑經傳﹑佛像”爲釋，則錫固可替代作錫杖也。下文“毗布羅山”條“便卽振錫而往室焉”；“舍利弗證果”條“振錫來儀”；又卷末《記贊》“杖錫遐征”，本書《敬播序》及《于志寧序》並有“杖錫”句，皆可佐證。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7527" id="7555">〔23〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》剖作割。按下文云“如割”，此不當作割。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7528" id="7556">〔24〕</a>《舊麗本》斜作叙，《石本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503zjtq.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》作針。並形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7529" id="7557">〔25〕</a>原本至作致，今從《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7530" id="7558">〔26〕</a>《舊麗本》無更增憍慢時大迦葉八字，義似長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7531" id="7559">〔27〕</a>《徑山本》及作其。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7532" id="7560">〔28〕</a>《徑山本》遂作翻。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7503" id="7561">（一）</a>屈屈吒播陁山：<span class="zhuanming">屈屈吒播陁</span>，梵文Kukkuṭapāda，梵文和巴利文Kukkuṭapāda。kukkuṭa義云“鷄”，又譯<span class="zhuanming">究究羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鳩鳩吒</span>；pāda義云“足”，又譯<span class="zhuanming">跛大</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">般檀那</span>；全名意譯<span class="zhuanming">雞足山</span>；因山嶺如向三方分開，形如鷄足，故名；又稱<span class="zhuanming">尊足</span>（Gurupāda）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>。關於此山的比定，有各種不同意見。<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>認爲是指距<span class="zhuanming">瓦塞爾甘潔</span>（Wazirganj）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00709','1384799',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P709</span></i><span class="zhuanming">村</span>約四<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，<span class="zhuanming">庫爾基哈爾</span>（Kurkihār）西南山區的最高峰<span class="zhuanming">索布納特</span>（Sobhnāth）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">加雅城</span>東北十六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，<span class="zhuanming">庫爾基哈爾</span>以北約一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的三個峰頂。我們贊同<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>意見，該山不僅三峰挺然，拔地而起，山脚相連，宛如鷄足，與《西域記》中的描繪相符，而且附近還發掘出不少佛像及窣堵波遺址，可爲佐證。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7512" id="7562">（二）</a>無上法：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲一切法中無過於湼槃。故無上法卽湼槃。《智度論》卷五五：“湼槃是一切法中究竟無上法。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7515" id="7563">（三）</a>鄔波索迦：梵文巴利文upāsaka音譯，俗語作uvāsaa，舊譯伊蒲塞﹑優婆塞等。又譯作近事男﹑清信士﹑善宿男等，指奉事三寶，受五戒，在家學佛的男子，卽居士。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7519" id="7564">（四）</a>鄔波斯迦：梵文﹑巴利文upāsikā音譯，俗語作uvāsia，舊譯優婆斯﹑優婆夷等，又譯作近事女，近善女﹑清信女﹑清浄女。所謂“近”，近事三寶之意，指受五戒而在家學佛。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、布呾落迦山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153808" key="1153808"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 秣羅矩吒國 &gt; 二、布呾落迦山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153809" key="1153809"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00861','1244260',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P861</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001447"><b>二﹑布呾落迦山</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣剌耶山</span>東有<span class="zhuanming">布<a class="zhuhao" href="#8868" id="8861">〔1〕</a>呾落<a class="zhuhao" href="#8869" id="8862">〔2〕</a>迦山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8874" id="8863">（一）</a>，山徑危險，巖谷敧<a class="zhuhao" href="#8870" id="8864">〔3〕</a>傾。山頂有池，其水澄鏡，派<a class="zhuhao" href="#8871" id="8865">〔4〕</a>出大河，周流繞山二十<a class="zhuhao" href="#8872" id="8866">〔5〕</a>帀，入南海。池側有石天宫，<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>往來遊舍。其有願見菩薩者，不顧身命，厲水登山，忘其艱<a class="zhuhao" href="#8873" id="8867">〔6〕</a>險，能達之者，蓋亦寡矣。而山下居人，祈心請見，或作<span class="zhuanming">自在天</span>形，或爲塗灰外道，慰喻其人，果遂其願。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8861" id="8868">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集》引無布字，但條目作“補陀落迦。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8862" id="8869">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》落並作洛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8864" id="8870">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南北》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》敧並作㩻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8865" id="8871">〔4〕</a>原本派作流，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8866" id="8872">〔5〕</a>《方志》二十作三十。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8867" id="8873">〔6〕</a>《中本》艱作難。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8863" id="8874">（一）</a>布呾落迦山：<span class="zhuanming">布呾落迦</span>，梵文Potalaka音譯，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">補怛洛迦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">補陀落</span>迦﹑<span class="zhuanming">普陀落</span>；意譯作<span class="zhuanming">光明山</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">海島山</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">小花樹山</span>。<span class="zhuanming">慧<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00862','1244260',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P862</span></i>苑</span>《新翻華嚴經音義》卷下：“此翻爲<span class="zhuanming">小花樹山</span>，謂此山中多有小白花樹，其花甚香，香氣遠及也。”此山被比定爲現今<span class="zhuanming">西高止山</span>南段，<span class="zhuanming">秣剌耶山</span>以東的<span class="zhuanming">巴波那桑</span>（Pāpanāsam）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>，位於<span class="zhuanming">提訥弗利</span>（Tinne-velly）<span class="zhuanming">縣</span>境，北緯8度43分，東經77度22分地方。此山是佛典中的名山，《華嚴經》對此山的描繪與《西域記》頗爲相似。<span class="zhuanming">多羅那他</span>《印度佛教史》記載，優婆塞<span class="zhuanming">寂鎧</span>（Śāntivarman）和<span class="zhuanming">月官</span>（Candragomin）也曾到此山巡禮。我國的<span class="zhuanming">普陀山</span>與<span class="zhuanming">拉薩</span>的<span class="zhuanming">布達拉</span>均由此而得名。</span> </p><p> <span>從此山東北，海畔有城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8878" id="8875">（一）</a>，是往南海<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>路。聞諸土俗曰：從此入海，東南可三千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">執師子</span>，非<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之<a class="zhuhao" href="#8877" id="8876">〔1〕</a>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8876" id="8877">〔1〕</a>《中本》無之字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8875" id="8878">（一）</a>海畔有城：此城卽<span class="zhuanming">那伽鉢亶那</span>（Nāgapaṭṭanam，Naga-patam），位於<span class="zhuanming">科弗里</span>（Kāverī）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>口，與<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>隔海相望，是<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>與<span class="zhuanming">東南亞</span>各地交往的重要港口。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時我國僧人到過此地并見於記載的，有<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷下中所記<span class="zhuanming">無行</span>禪師。<span class="zhuanming">元</span>人<span class="zhuanming">汪大淵</span>的《島夷志略》稱之爲<span class="zhuanming">八丹</span>：“居<span class="zhuanming">八丹</span>之平原，木石圍遶。有土磚瓷塔高數丈。<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>字書云：<span class="zhuanming">咸淳</span>三年（1267）八月，畢功。傳聞<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>之人其年旅彼，爲書於石以刻之，至今不磨滅焉。”此塔卽後世有名的“<span class="zhuanming">支那</span>七塔”，一直存在至十九世紀中葉。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00863','1244260',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P863</span></i><p> <span>本書所記從此至<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>“東南可三千餘里”，大大超過那<span class="zhuanming">伽鉢亶那</span>至<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>的距離，大多數史學家認爲這個數字是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>“聞諸土俗”的傳聞之辭，是不確切的。但<span class="zhuanming">高桑駒吉</span>不同意這種看法，他根據《釋迦方誌》卷下“山東北海畔城，古<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>，今入海三千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>（原註：非<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>攝，卽<span class="zhuanming">執師子</span>也）”，這樣一段似是而非的記載，進行推論，比定<span class="zhuanming">臘姆納德</span>（Rāmnād）爲<span class="zhuanming">布呾落迦山</span>東北海畔之城。我們認爲他的論據比較薄弱，只能姑備一説。</span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014502a2nh.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00864','1244260',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P864</span></i><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014502uo12.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
</>
十六畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153811" key="1153811"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十六畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153812" key="1153812"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01076','1244381',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1076</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001807">十六畫</p><p> <span>墼（1110）誾（1110）隱（1111）齓（1111）膴（1111）樹（1111）興（1111）舊（1111）餐（1111）闊（1111）薄（1111）學（1111）盧（1111）獨（1111）鴦（1111）踰（1111）縛（1111）戰（1111）頻（1111）龍（1111）薩（1111）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、烈士池及傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153815" key="1153815"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 婆羅痆斯國 &gt; 二、烈士池及傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153816" key="1153816"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00576','1244140',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P576</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000966"><b>二﹑烈士池及傳説</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">施鹿林</span>東行二三里，至窣堵波，傍有涸池，周八十餘步，一名<span class="zhuanming">救命</span>，又謂<span class="zhuanming">烈士</span>。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#6191" id="6173">〔1〕</a>曰：數百年前有一隱士，於此池側結廬屏迹，博習伎術，究極神理，能使瓦礫爲寶，人畜易形，但未能馭風雲，陪仙駕。閲圖考古，更求仙術，其方曰：“夫神仙<a class="zhuhao" href="#6192" id="6174">〔2〕</a>者，長生之術也，將欲求學，先定其志，築建壇場，周一丈餘。命一烈<a class="zhuhao" href="#6193" id="6175">〔3〕</a>士，信勇昭<a class="zhuhao" href="#6194" id="6176">〔4〕</a>著，執長刀，立壇隅，屏息絶言，自昏達旦。求仙<a class="zhuhao" href="#6195" id="6177">〔5〕</a>者中壇而坐，手按長刀，口誦神呪，收視反聽，遲<a class="zhuhao" href="#6196" id="6178">〔6〕</a>明登仙。所執銛刀變爲寶劒，凌虚履空，王<a class="zhuhao" href="#6197" id="6179">〔7〕</a>諸仙侣。執劒指麾，所欲皆從。無衰<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00577','1244140',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P577</span></i>無老，不病不死。”是人既得仙方，行訪烈士，營求曠歲，未諧心願。後於城中遇見一人，悲號逐路。隱士覩其相，心甚慶悦，卽而慰問：“何至怨傷？”曰：“我以貧窶，傭力自濟，其主見知，特深信用，期滿五歲，當酬重賞。於是忍勤苦，忘艱<a class="zhuhao" href="#6198" id="6180">〔8〕</a>辛，五年將周，一旦違失，既蒙笞辱，又無所得，以此爲心，悲悼誰恤！”隱士命與同<a class="zhuhao" href="#6199" id="6181">〔9〕</a>遊，來至草廬，以術力故，化具<a class="zhuhao" href="#6200" id="6182">〔10〕</a>肴饌。已而令入池浴，服以新衣。又以五百金錢遺之曰：“盡當來求，幸無外也。”自時厥後，數加重賂，潛行陰德，感激其心。烈士屢求効命，以報知己。隱士曰：“我求烈士，彌歷歲時，幸而會遇，奇貌應圖。非有他故，願一夕不聲耳！”烈士曰：“死尚不辭，豈徒屏息？”於是設壇場，受仙法，依方行事，坐待日曛。曛暮之後，各司其務。隱士誦神呪，烈士按銛刀。殆將曉矣，忽<a class="zhuhao" href="#6201" id="6183">〔11〕</a>發聲叫。是時空中火下，煙焰雲蒸，隱士疾引此人入池避難。已而問曰：“誡子無聲，何以驚叫？”烈士曰：“受命後，至夜分，惛<a class="zhuhao" href="#6202" id="6184">〔12〕</a>然若夢，變異更起。見昔事主躬來慰謝，感荷厚恩，忍不報語。彼人震怒，遂見殺害，受中陰身，顧屍歎惜。猶願歷世不言，以報厚德。遂見託生<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>大婆羅門家，乃至受<a class="zhuhao" href="#6203" id="6185">〔13〕</a>胎出胎，備經苦厄<a class="zhuhao" href="#6204" id="6186">〔14〕</a>。荷恩荷德，嘗不出聲。洎乎受業﹑冠婚﹑喪親﹑生子，每念前恩，忍而不語。宗親戚屬咸見怪異。年過六十有五，我<a class="zhuhao" href="#6205" id="6187">〔15〕</a>妻謂曰：‘汝可言矣。若不語者，當殺汝子’。我時惟念，已隔生世，自顧衰老，唯此稚子，因止<a class="zhuhao" href="#6206" id="6188">〔16〕</a>其妻，令無殺<a class="zhuhao" href="#6207" id="6189">〔17〕</a>害，遂發此聲耳。”隱士曰：“我之過也。此魔<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00578','1244140',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P578</span></i>嬈耳。”烈士感恩，悲事不成，憤恚而死。免火災難，故曰<span class="zhuanming">救命</span>；感恩而死，又謂<span class="zhuanming">烈士池</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6208" id="6190">〔18〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6173" id="6191">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》先志二字作土俗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6174" id="6192">〔2〕</a>《中本》仙下有術字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6175" id="6193">〔3〕</a>《石本》烈作列，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6176" id="6194">〔4〕</a>《中本》昭作照。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6177" id="6195">〔5〕</a>《中本》仙下有道字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6178" id="6196">〔6〕</a>《舊麗本》遲作達。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6179" id="6197">〔7〕</a>《石本》朱校王作至；《中本》作卽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6180" id="6198">〔8〕</a>《石本》艱作難。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6181" id="6199">〔9〕</a>《石本》朱校﹑《中本》同作周。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6182" id="6200">〔10〕</a>《中本》化具二字作貨字，乃併合二字而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6183" id="6201">〔11〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》忽作怱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6184" id="6202">〔12〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》惛並作昏，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6185" id="6203">〔13〕</a>《舊麗本》受作無，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6186" id="6204">〔14〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》厄作阨；《徑山本》作戹，並同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6187" id="6205">〔15〕</a>《舊麗本》五我二字作五子其三字，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6188" id="6206">〔16〕</a>《中本》止作心，草書相近而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6189" id="6207">〔17〕</a>《石本》無殺字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6190" id="6208">〔18〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《古本》﹑《石本》無池字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十七畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153819" key="1153819"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十七畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153820" key="1153820"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01076','1244382',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1076</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001808">十七畫</p><p> <span>鴿（1111）豁（1111）濡（1111）薰（1111）龜（1111）壖（1111）藳（1111）氈（1111）髾（1112）罽（1112）濫（1112）藪（1112）離（1112）聲（1112）韓（1112）擲（1112）鍱（1112）螺（1112）臂（1112）鞠（1112）總（1112）濕（1112）縱（1112）鍮（1112）檀（1112）鞞（1112）藍（1112）雜（1112）彌（1112）雞（1112）優（1112）瞿（1112）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十五畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153822" key="1153822"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十五畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153823" key="1153823"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01076','1244380',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1076</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001806">十五畫</p><p> <span>寮（1109）槧（1109）藥（1109）潁（1109）談（1109）億（1109）瞋（1109）墳（1109）熱（1109）斲（1109）輪（1109）磔（1109）增（1109）慧（1109）練（1109）鋭（1109）閹（1109）稽（1109）彈（1109）窶（1109）醉（1109）德（1109）賢（1109）赭（1109）影（1109）瞢（1109）闍（1109）䅳（1109）憍（1109）諸（1109）覩（1110）羯（1110）摩（1110）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、佛舍利窣堵波及諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153826" key="1153826"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 二、佛舍利窣堵波及諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153827" key="1153827"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00589','1244147',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P589</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000996"><b>二﹑佛舍利窣堵波及諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>證果東南，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐王</span>之所建也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6314" id="6311">（一）</a>。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00590','1244147',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P590</span></i>佛湼槃後，此國先王分得舍利，式修崇建。《印度記》曰：此中舊有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利一斛，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>開取九斗，唯留一斗。後有國王復欲開取，方事興功<a class="zhuhao" href="#6313" id="6312">〔1〕</a>，尋則地震，遂不敢開。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6312" id="6313">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》功並作工。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6311" id="6314">（一）</a>吠舍釐王之所建也：據《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷三九分舍利條，第七份舍利分與<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span><span class="zhuanming">栗呫毘子</span>（<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>種族），後卽建塔。</span> </p><p> <span>其西北有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6320" id="6315">（一）</a>，傍有石柱<a class="zhuhao" href="#6321" id="6316">（二）</a>，高五六十尺，上作師子之像。石柱南有池，是羣獮猴爲佛穿也，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>曾住於此。池西不遠，有窣堵波，諸獮猴持<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>鉢上樹取蜜之處。池南不遠，有窣堵波，是諸獮猴奉佛蜜處<a class="zhuhao" href="#6322" id="6317">（三）</a>。池西北隅猶有獮猴<a class="zhuhao" href="#6319" id="6318">〔1〕</a>形像。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6318" id="6319">〔1〕</a>《石本》無猴字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6315" id="6320">（一）</a>無憂王之所建也：卽傳説<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>發掘佛舍利以後分建<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00591','1244147',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P591</span></i>的八萬四千塔之一，此佛塔最近經<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學者A.S.Altekar的調查發現，並出土<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>再埋葬的舍利容器，見<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">平凡社</span>出版的《世界考古學大系》八，頁97，插圖157，158。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6316" id="6321">（二）</a>傍有石柱：此石柱近在Bakhra村附近發現，獅子和柱頭雕刻完好，僅下半部埋於土中，據云此獅子像是現存柱頭中最古的樣式，因其在Bakhra村發現，稱爲Bakhra Pillar（<span class="zhuanming">巴克拉</span>石柱）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6317" id="6322">（三）</a>諸獼猴奉佛蜜處：本書卷四<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅國</span>條中亦有獼猴獻蜜的傳説，略與此相似。<span class="zhuanming">獼猴池</span>，梵文markaṭa-hrada。又譯作<span class="zhuanming">獼猴江</span>。《玄應音義》卷十四：“梵言末迦吒，此云猴；賀邏䭾，此云池。在<span class="zhuanming">毘舍離菴</span><span class="zhuanming">摩羅園</span>側，昔獼猴共集，爲佛穿池。今言江者，譯人義立耳，如言<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>亦作<span class="zhuanming">恒江</span>也。”此故事又見《四分律》卷二。今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>著名的<span class="zhuanming">桑奇</span>（Sanchi）北門石柱上尚有這一傳説的浮雕。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十四畫以上
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153829" key="1153829"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 二十四畫以上 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153830" key="1153830"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01077','1244389',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1077</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001815">二十四畫以上</p><p> <span>鬭（1115）靈（1115）㲲（1116）鬱（1116）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、大石門及王子捨身飼虎處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153833" key="1153833"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 僧訶補羅國 &gt; 二、大石門及王子捨身飼虎處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153834" key="1153834"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00317','1244027',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P317</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000516"><b>二﹑大石門及王子捨身飼虎處</b></p><p> <span>從此復還<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>北界，渡<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>，東南<a class="zhuhao" href="#3704" id="3697">〔1〕</a>行二百餘里，度大石門，昔<span class="zhuanming">摩訶薩埵王子</span>於此投身𩚅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3705" id="3698">〔2〕</a>餓烏檡<a class="zhuhao" href="#3706" id="3699">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#3710" id="3700">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">音徒。</span> <span>其南百四五十步有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">摩訶薩埵</span>愍餓獸之無力也，行至此地，乾竹自刺，以<a class="zhuhao" href="#3707" id="3701">〔4〕</a>血啗<a class="zhuhao" href="#3708" id="3702">〔5〕</a>之，於是乎獸乃噉焉。其中地土洎諸草木，微帶絳色，猶血染也。人履其地，若負芒<a class="zhuhao" href="#3709" id="3703">〔6〕</a>刺，無云疑信，莫不悲愴。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3697" id="3704">〔1〕</a>原本東南作南東，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》及《慈恩傳》改。《方志》作“東行二百餘里。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3698" id="3705">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》𩚅作飼，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3699" id="3706">〔3〕</a>原本檡作擇，《石本》及《慈恩傳》作檡。《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作菟，《資福本》作䖘。按《左氏·宣四年傳》“<span class="zhuanming">楚</span>人謂虎於菟。”《廣韻·模韻》䖘字注云：“烏䖘，<span class="zhuanming">楚</span>謂虎也。”菟與䖘爲一字，並音徒。《漢書.敍傳》作“於檡”。<span class="zhuanming">顔</span>注云：“於音烏。檡字或作菟，並音塗。”是菟﹑䖘﹑檡三字通用，擇爲檡之形誤，今正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“烏菟，虎也。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>人諱虎，故作烏菟。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3701" id="3707">〔4〕</a>《石本》無以字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3702" id="3708">〔5〕</a>原本啗作㗖，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》作噉，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00318','1244027',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P318</span></i>《徑山本》作啖，啖卽啗之異字。《珠林》三十八作啗。《慧琳音義》亦作啗，云：“或作啖也。”今據改。《金陵本》作啗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3703" id="3709">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》芒作荒。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3700" id="3710">（一）</a>摩訶薩埵王子於此投身𩚅餓烏檡：<span class="zhuanming">摩訶薩埵</span>，梵文Ma-hāsattva音譯，巴利文Mahāsatta。<span class="zhuanming">摩訶薩埵王子</span>投身飼餓虎的本生故事又見《六度集經》卷一﹑《賢愚經》卷一《菩薩投身飼餓虎起塔因緣經》﹑《菩薩本生鬘論》卷一，JātakamālāI等。𩚅卽飼，烏檡卽烏菟（見本條校勘記）。烏菟，《左傳·宣公四年》：“<span class="zhuanming">楚</span>人謂乳穀，謂虎於菟。”於音烏，卽烏菟，指虎。</span> </p><p> <span>捨身北有石窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#3718" id="3711">（一）</a>，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，彫刻奇製，時燭神光。小窣堵波及諸石龕動以百數，周<a class="zhuhao" href="#3715" id="3712">〔1〕</a>此塋域<a class="zhuhao" href="#3716" id="3713">〔2〕</a>。其有疾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3717" id="3714">〔3〕</a>病，旋繞多愈。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3712" id="3715">〔1〕</a>《中本》周作同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3713" id="3716">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》塋域作瑩城，《中本》作築城。按《慧琳音義》亦作塋域，與此同。諸異作非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3714" id="3717">〔3〕</a>《石本》疾下有縈字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3711" id="3718">（一）</a>捨身北有窣堵坡：據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>的推定，此塔爲Manī-kyāla的佛塔，係公元前三世紀<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>時代的<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>的建築。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五、南山窣堵波及拘浪拏太子故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153837" key="1153837"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 呾叉始羅國 &gt; 五、南山窣堵波及拘浪拏太子故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153838" key="1153838"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00306','1244024',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P306</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000504"><b>五﹑南山窣堵波及拘浪拏太子故事</b></p><p> <span>城外東南南山之陰，有窣堵波，高百餘尺，是<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>太<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00307','1244024',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P307</span></i>子<span class="zhuanming">拘浪拏</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3605" id="3601">（一）</a>爲繼母<a class="zhuhao" href="#3606" id="3602">（二）</a>所誣抉目之處，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也。盲人祈請，多有復明<a class="zhuhao" href="#3604" id="3603">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3603" id="3604">〔1〕</a>《石本》明作眼，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3601" id="3605">（一）</a>拘浪拏：梵文原名Kuṇāla，《阿育王傳》卷三作“拘那羅”，《阿育王經》卷四作“鳩那羅”。<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>指出，“拘浪拏”爲“拘拏浪”之誤記。此係<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>的太子Dharmavardhana（意譯“法益”或“法增”）的别名，原爲一鳥名。此本生故事已詳見本書，它與<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>的神話傳説Hippelytus和Pheedra頗相類似。《法顯傳》與《洛陽伽藍記》卷五亦有記載。並見於《阿育王息壞目因緣經》﹑《阿育王傳》卷三﹑《阿育王經》卷四。據云在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的考古發掘中已發現<span class="zhuanming">拘浪拏</span>塔，在今Sirbak南向東北延伸的Hathiāl丘陵上，其傍有Kuṇāla寺。見Marshall：Guide，p.150—151，但其方位與<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載頗異，是否卽此處所指還不能決定。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3602" id="3606">（二）</a>繼母：卽<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>妃<span class="zhuanming">帝舍羅叉</span>，梵名Tiṣyarakṣitā，意譯<span class="zhuanming">光護</span>，見《阿育王傳》。</span> </p><p> <span>此太子正后<a class="zhuhao" href="#3668" id="3607">（一）</a>生也，儀貌妍雅，慈仁夙著。正后終没，繼室憍婬，縱其惛<a class="zhuhao" href="#3641" id="3608">〔1〕</a>愚，私逼太子。太子<a class="zhuhao" href="#3642" id="3609">〔2〕</a>瀝泣引責，退身謝罪。繼母見違，彌增忿怒，候王閑隙，從容言曰：“夫<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅</span>，國之要領，非親子弟，其可寄乎？今者太子仁孝著<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00308','1244024',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P308</span></i>聞，親賢之故，物議斯在。”王惑<a class="zhuhao" href="#3643" id="3610">〔3〕</a>聞説，雅悦姦<a class="zhuhao" href="#3644" id="3611">〔4〕</a>謀，卽命太子而誡之曰：“吾承餘緒，垂統繼業，唯恐失墜，忝負先王。<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅</span>國之襟<a class="zhuhao" href="#3645" id="3612">〔5〕</a>帶，吾今命爾作鎮彼國。國事慇<a class="zhuhao" href="#3646" id="3613">〔6〕</a>重，人情詭雜，無妄去就，有虧<a class="zhuhao" href="#3647" id="3614">〔7〕</a>基緒。凡有召命，驗吾齒印。印在吾口，其有謬乎？”於是太子銜命來鎮，歲月雖淹，繼室彌怒，詐發制書，紫泥<a class="zhuhao" href="#3648" id="3615">〔8〕</a>封記，候王眠睡<a class="zhuhao" href="#3649" id="3616">〔9〕</a>，竊齒爲印，馳使而往，賜以責書。輔臣跪讀，相顧<a class="zhuhao" href="#3650" id="3617">〔10〕</a>失圖。太子問曰：“何所悲乎？”曰：“大王有命，書責太子，抉去兩目，逐<a class="zhuhao" href="#3651" id="3618">〔11〕</a>棄山谷，任其夫妻，隨時生死。雖有此命，尚未可依。今宜重請，面縛<a class="zhuhao" href="#3652" id="3619">〔12〕</a>待罪。”太子曰：“父而賜死，其可<a class="zhuhao" href="#3653" id="3620">〔13〕</a>辭乎？齒印爲封，誠無謬矣。”命旃荼羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3669" id="3621">（二）</a>抉去其眼。眼既失明，乞貸<a class="zhuhao" href="#3654" id="3622">〔14〕</a>自濟，流離展轉，至父都城。其妻告曰：“此是王城。嗟乎，飢寒良苦！昔爲王子，今作乞人，願得聞知，重申<a class="zhuhao" href="#3655" id="3623">〔15〕</a>先責！”於是謀計入王内厩<a class="zhuhao" href="#3656" id="3624">〔16〕</a>，於夜後分，泣對清風，長嘯悲吟，箜篌皷和。王在高樓，聞其雅唱，辭甚怨悲，怪而問曰：“箜篌歌聲，似是吾子。今以何故而來<a class="zhuhao" href="#3657" id="3625">〔17〕</a>此乎？”卽問内厩：“誰爲歌嘯？”遂將盲人而來對旨，王見太子，銜悲問曰：“誰害汝身，遭此禍舋！愛子喪明，猶自不覺<a class="zhuhao" href="#3658" id="3626">〔18〕</a>，凡百黎元，如何究察？天乎天乎，何德之衰！”太子悲泣，謝而對曰：“誠以不孝，負責於天，某<a class="zhuhao" href="#3659" id="3627">〔19〕</a>年日月，忽奉慈旨。無由致辭，不敢逃責。”其王心知繼室爲不軌也，無所究察，便加刑辟。時<span class="zhuanming">菩提樹伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3670" id="3628">（三）</a>有<span class="zhuanming">瞿沙</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3660" id="3629">〔20〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言妙音<a class="zhuhao" href="#3661" id="3630">〔21〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">大阿羅漢</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3671" id="3631">（四）</a>者，四辯無礙<a class="zhuhao" href="#3672" id="3632">（五）</a>，三明具足。王將盲子陳告其事，唯願慈悲，令得復明。時彼羅漢<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00309','1244024',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P309</span></i>受王請已，卽於是日宣令國人：“吾於後日欲説妙理，人持一器，來此聽法，以盛<a class="zhuhao" href="#3662" id="3633">〔22〕</a>泣淚也。”於是遠近相趨，士女雲集。是時阿羅漢説十二因緣<a class="zhuhao" href="#3673" id="3634">（六）</a>，凡厥聞法，莫不悲耿<a class="zhuhao" href="#3663" id="3635">〔23〕</a>，以所持器盛其瀝泣。説法既已，總收衆淚，置之金盤，而自誓曰：“凡吾所説，諸佛至理，理若不真，説有紕謬<a class="zhuhao" href="#3664" id="3636">〔24〕</a>，斯則已矣。如其不爾，願以衆淚洗彼盲眼，眼得復明，眼視如昔！”發是語訖，持淚洗眼，眼遂復<a class="zhuhao" href="#3665" id="3637">〔25〕</a>明。王乃責<a class="zhuhao" href="#3666" id="3638">〔26〕</a>彼輔臣，詰諸僚佐，或黜或放，或遷或死。諸豪世禄<a class="zhuhao" href="#3667" id="3639">〔27〕</a>移居<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>東北沙磧之中<a class="zhuhao" href="#3674" id="3640">（七）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3608" id="3641">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》惛作昏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3609" id="3642">〔2〕</a>《中本》無太子二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3610" id="3643">〔3〕</a>原本惑作或，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3611" id="3644">〔4〕</a>原本姦作姧，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作姦，同，字較通行，今據改，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3612" id="3645">〔5〕</a>《隨函録》襟作衿，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3613" id="3646">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》慇並作殷，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3614" id="3647">〔7〕</a>《石本》虧作󵾗，下同，此疑虧之别字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3615" id="3648">〔8〕</a>《中本》泥作埿，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3616" id="3649">〔9〕</a>《中本》眠睡二字作睡眠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3617" id="3650">〔10〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》顧誤作願。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00310','1244024',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P310</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3618" id="3651">〔11〕</a>《明南本》逐作遂，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3619" id="3652">〔12〕</a>原本縛作縳，今從《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3620" id="3653">〔13〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》可作敢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3622" id="3654">〔14〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》及《音釋》貸作丐，《徑山本》作匄，同。《古本》﹑《石本》貸作󼣠，《隨函録》作󱦯。《中本》及《慧琳音義》作貣。《五經文字》云：“貸相承或借爲貣字。”󼣠﹑󱦯並爲貣之形訛。匄字義亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3623" id="3655">〔15〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》申作伸，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3624" id="3656">〔16〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》厩並作廏，下同。按厩乃廏之俗字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3625" id="3657">〔17〕</a>《中本》來作未，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3626" id="3658">〔18〕</a>猶自不覺，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作“猶不覺知”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3627" id="3659">〔19〕</a>《中本》某作其。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3629" id="3660">〔20〕</a>瞿沙，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《隨函録》作“窶沙”。《中本》作窶，無沙字。按《翻譯集》作瞿沙，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3630" id="3661">〔21〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》均無妙字，《翻譯集》亦無之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3633" id="3662">〔22〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》盛並作承。下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3635" id="3663">〔23〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》耿並作哽。《中本》作噉，誤。《慧琳音義》作耿，與此同，引《文字集略》云：“耿，憂也。”則<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>本如此。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3636" id="3664">〔24〕</a>《慧琳音義》謬作繆，通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00311','1244024',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P311</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3637" id="3665">〔25〕</a>《中本》無復字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3638" id="3666">〔26〕</a>《中本》責作賁，疑責之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3639" id="3667">〔27〕</a>原本禄作俗，《古本》﹑《石本》作禄，《金陵本》從之，是也。今據改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3607" id="3668">（一）</a>正后：卽<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>后<span class="zhuanming">鉢摩婆底</span>，梵名Padmavatī，意譯<span class="zhuanming">蓮華色</span>，見《阿育王傳》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3621" id="3669">（二）</a>旃荼羅：梵文caṇḍāla或cāṇḍāla音譯，又作旃陀羅。《摩奴法論》10.12.稱，旃荼羅爲人中最低賤者，係首陀羅男子與婆羅門女子逆婚所生的混雜種姓。見本書卷二印度總述族姓和宫室及注。此處指以屠宰爲職業的旃荼羅。《翻譯名義集》卷二：“旃陀羅，此云屠者，正言旃荼羅。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3628" id="3670">（三）</a>菩提樹伽藍：當指<span class="zhuanming">佛陀伽耶</span>的菩提樹東側<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>建立的精舍，在<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>成道的舊地，詳見本書卷八<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>上菩提樹垣條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3631" id="3671">（四）</a>瞿沙大阿羅漢：<span class="zhuanming">瞿沙</span>，梵文Ghoṣa音譯，意譯音﹑聲﹑響，妙音。同名的有數人。《出三藏記集》卷一二載有薩婆多部（説一切有部）師宗相傳的五十三祖中的第十四祖<span class="zhuanming">瞿沙菩薩</span>，第二十祖的<span class="zhuanming">瞿沙羅漢</span>；在<span class="zhuanming">佛大跋陀羅</span>所承傳的五十四祖中的第十祖<span class="zhuanming">瞿沙菩薩</span>，第十五祖<span class="zhuanming">巨沙</span>等。《開元釋教録》卷十三載《甘露味阿毘曇論》二卷，<span class="zhuanming">瞿沙</span>著，<span class="zhuanming">曹魏</span>時譯出。Gzon-nu-len《印度佛教史》第十三章提到的<span class="zhuanming">瞿沙</span>則是<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>時代説一切有部的論師。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3632" id="3672">（五）</a>四辯無礙：又作四無礙解﹑四無礙智：一﹑法無礙，詮解教法，無所滯礙；二﹑義無礙，詮解教法的義理，無所滯礙<span class="zhuanming">；</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00312','1244024',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P312</span></i>三﹑辭無礙，對於諸方語言通達無礙；四﹑樂説無礙，能以前三種無礙，對衆生説教，根據衆生不同的根機（覺悟程度），順應辯説，使之信解無礙。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3634" id="3673">（六）</a>十二因緣：梵文dvādaśanidāna意譯；又稱十二緣起（梵文dvādaśāṅgapratītyasamutpāda）爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>三世輪迴的基本理論。有十二個層次：一﹑無明（avidyā），卽愚痴無知；二﹑行（saṃskāra），爲由無明而産生的種種善與惡的行爲；三﹑識（vijñāna），現世托胎時的心識；四﹑名色（nāmar ūpa），在胎中心身發育之位，卽胎中的精神和物質狀態；五﹑六處（ṣaḍāya-tana），卽眼﹑耳﹑鼻﹑舌﹑身﹑意六根生長完備；六﹑觸（sparśa），爲出胎後開始接觸事物，但未能識别苦樂；七﹑受（vedanā），漸對事物有所識别而感受苦樂；八﹑愛（tṛṣṇā），指貪愛等欲望的産生；九﹑取（upādāna），卽對欲望的追求取着；十﹑有（bhava），由貪愛等欲望引起種種善與惡的行爲（業）；十一﹑生（jāti），卽依現在的業於未來（來世）之生；十二﹑老死（jarāmaraṇa）。十二因緣是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的基本教義之一，因此散見於《大藏經》中。可參閲《中阿含經·大因經》（Mahānidāna）﹑《佛本行集經》﹑《緣起經》﹑《大莊嚴經論》﹑《十二因緣經》等等。至於解釋，則是五花八門。約略言之，小乘主張三世兩重説：過去世（因）→現在世（果﹑因）→未來世（果）；大乘主張兩世一重説：過去世（因）→現在世（果）或現在世（因）→未來世（果）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3640" id="3674">（七）</a>諸豪世禄移居雪山東北沙磧之中：參見本書卷十二<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span>條，謂諸豪族遷<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>北，至<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span>西界，曾推舉其酋爲王。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00313','1244024',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P313</span></i><p> <span>從此東南越諸山谷，行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十二畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153840" key="1153840"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 二十二畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153841" key="1153841"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01077','1244387',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1077</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001813">二十二畫</p><p> <span>疊（1115）靃（1115）襲（1115）巖（1115）顩（1115）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二十三畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153843" key="1153843"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 二十三畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153844" key="1153844"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01077','1244388',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1077</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001814">二十三畫</p><p> <span>黳（1115）鑠（1115）顯（1115）鷲（1115）觀（1115）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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3.如來成道時日
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153847" key="1153847"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 &gt; 3.如來成道時日 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153848" key="1153848"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00678','1384790',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P678</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001134">3.如來成道時日</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>以<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>吠舍佉月後半八日成等正覺，當此三月八日也。上座部則吠舍佉月後半十五日成等正覺，當此三月十五日也。是時如來年三十矣，或曰年三十五矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#7227" id="7225">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#7228" id="7226">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7225" id="7227">〔1〕</a>《方志》此下有云：“斯之差互，彼自不同。由用曆前後，故有此異。神州曆元各各不同，<span class="zhuanming">三代</span>定正，延縮不等，何足怪也？且據一相取悟便止。”《珠林》三十九引同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7226" id="7228">（一）</a>年三十五矣：案<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>成道年齡，諸説不一。據典籍則有二説：《梵網經》﹑《普曜經》﹑《瑞應本起經》﹑《因果經》﹑《智度論》等爲三十歲；《長阿含經》﹑《增一阿含經》﹑《十二遊經》﹑《出曜經》等爲三十五歲。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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鉢露羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153851" key="1153851"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 鉢露羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153852" key="1153852"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00299','1384662',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P299</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000485">鉢露羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鉢露羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3546" id="3543">（一）</a>周四千餘里，在<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>間，東西長，南北狹。多麥豆，出金銀<a class="zhuhao" href="#3545" id="3544">〔1〕</a>，資金之利，國用富饒。時唯寒烈，人性獷暴，薄於仁義，無聞禮節。形貌麁弊，衣服毛褐。文字大同<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，言語異於諸國。伽藍數百所，僧徒數千人，學無專習，戒行多濫。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3544" id="3545">〔1〕</a>《釋帖》二十一引“出金如火，有池四出”，與此不合，疑有誤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3543" id="3546">（一）</a>鉢露羅國：<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>還原作Balūra或Balora。今名Baltistan。《洛陽伽藍記》卷五作<span class="zhuanming">鉢盧勒</span>，《魏書》作<span class="zhuanming">波路</span>，《高僧傳·智盌傳》作<span class="zhuanming">波崙</span>。《新唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">鉢露</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">勃律</span>（有大小<span class="zhuanming">勃律</span>之分，<span class="zhuanming">大勃律</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">鉢露羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">小勃律</span>在<span class="zhuanming">亞興</span>〔Yasin〕河流域）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">當地居民屬<span class="zhuanming">藏族</span>，操<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>語，卽本書中所謂“言語異於諸國。”此地又號稱<span class="zhuanming">小西藏</span>，以别於<span class="zhuanming">大西藏</span>（卽我國舊時所謂前﹑後<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>）。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之後<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>也有關於此國的記載。《新唐書》卷二二一稱其曾遣使來我國：“<span class="zhuanming">大勃律</span>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">布露</span>，直<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>西，與<span class="zhuanming">小勃律</span>接，西鄰<span class="zhuanming">北天竺</span><span class="zhuanming">烏萇</span>，地宜鬱金，役屬<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>。<span class="zhuanming">萬歲</span><span class="zhuanming">通天</span>逮<span class="zhuanming">開元</span>時，三遣使者朝。”《舊唐書》卷一九八：“<span class="zhuanming">勃律國</span>在<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span><span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>之間，<span class="zhuanming">開元</span>中，頻遣使朝獻，八<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00300','1384662',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P300</span></i>年，册立其王<span class="zhuanming">蘇麟陀逸之</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">勃律</span>國王，朝貢不絶。二十二年，爲<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>所破。”<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>認爲從記載内容看，疑爲傳聞之國，非親踐之國。</span> </p><p> <span>從此復還<span class="zhuanming">烏鐸迦漢荼城</span>南渡<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>。河廣三四里，西<a class="zhuhao" href="#3549" id="3547">〔1〕</a>南流，澄清皎鏡，汩淴<a class="zhuhao" href="#3550" id="3548">〔2〕</a>漂流，毒龍惡獸，窟穴其中。若持貴寶奇花果種及佛舍利渡者，船多飄没。渡河至<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3547" id="3549">〔1〕</a>原本無西字，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》並有之，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3548" id="3550">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》淴並作㴔。説詳卷一“跋禄迦國”校記。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十一、馬鳴遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153856" key="1153856"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十一、馬鳴遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153857" key="1153857"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00647','1384784',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P647</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001090"><b>十一﹑馬鳴遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">建擊揵椎</span>窣堵波北有故基，昔<span class="zhuanming">鬼辯婆羅門</span>所居處也。</span> </p><p> <span>初，此城中有婆羅門，葺宇荒藪，不交世路<a class="zhuhao" href="#6897" id="6887">〔1〕</a>，祠<a class="zhuhao" href="#6898" id="6888">〔2〕</a>鬼求福，魍魎相依，高論劇談，雅辭響應。人或激難，垂帷以<a class="zhuhao" href="#6899" id="6889">〔3〕</a>對。舊學高才，無出其右。士庶翕然，仰之猶聖。有<span class="zhuanming">阿濕<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00648','1384784',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P648</span></i>縛窶沙</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6905" id="6890">（一）</a>者，智周萬物，道播三乘，每謂人曰：“此婆羅門學不師受，藝無稽古，屏居幽寂，獨擅高名，將非神鬼相依，妖魅所附，何能若是者乎？夫辯資鬼授，言不對人，辭説一聞，莫能再述。吾今往彼，觀其舉措。”遂卽其廬而謂之曰：“仰欽盛德，爲日已久。幸願褰帷，敢申<a class="zhuhao" href="#6900" id="6891">〔4〕</a>宿志！”而婆羅門居然簡傲，垂帷以對，終不面談。<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>心知鬼魅，情甚自負，辭畢而退，謂諸人曰：“吾已知矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#6901" id="6892">〔5〕</a>，摧彼必矣。”尋往白王“唯願垂許，與彼居士<a class="zhuhao" href="#6906" id="6893">（二）</a>較論劇談。”王聞駭曰：“斯何人哉！若不證三明，具六通，何能與彼論乎？”命駕躬臨，詳鑒辯論。是時<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>論三藏微言，述五明大義，妙辯縱横，高論清遠。而婆羅門既述辭已，<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>重曰：“失吾旨矣，宜重述之。”時婆羅門默然杜口，<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>叱曰：“何不釋難？所事鬼魅宜速授辭！”疾褰其帷，視占其怪，婆羅門惶遽而曰：“止，止！”<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>退而言曰：“此子今晨聲問<a class="zhuhao" href="#6902" id="6894">〔6〕</a>失墜。虚名非久，斯之謂也。”王曰：“非夫盛德，誰鑒<a class="zhuhao" href="#6903" id="6895">〔7〕</a>左<a class="zhuhao" href="#6904" id="6896">〔8〕</a>道？知人之哲，絶後光前。國有常典，宜旌茂實。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6887" id="6897">〔1〕</a>《中本》路作俗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6888" id="6898">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》祠作祈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6889" id="6899">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》以並作已，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6891" id="6900">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》申並<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00649','1384784',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P649</span></i>作伸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6892" id="6901">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》矣並作之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6894" id="6902">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》問並作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6895" id="6903">〔7〕</a>《中本》鑒作覽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6896" id="6904">〔8〕</a>《石本》左作危。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6890" id="6905">（一）</a>阿濕縛窶沙菩薩：<span class="zhuanming">阿濕縛窶沙</span>，梵文Aśvaghoṣa音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>或<span class="zhuanming">功勝</span>。古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>著名的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>哲學理論家﹑詩人。關於他出生的年代異説頗多，一般推定爲與<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>同時代，約二世紀左右，<span class="zhuanming">舍衛國</span><span class="zhuanming">娑枳多</span>（Śāketa）城人（其生地亦諸説不一）。他初習<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>典籍，長於哲學思辨，爲<span class="zhuanming">脅尊者</span>（Pārśva）所斥破，降爲弟子；由是博學<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經典，宣教於中北<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，聲名甚著，爲衆所敬，弘佈<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>於北<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，影響頗大。<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>擅辯才和文才，能詩，著作頗多，有《大莊嚴經論》﹑《大乘起信論》（是否<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>作尚有争論）及梵文本敍事長詩《美難陀》（Saundarananda）﹑劇本《舍利弗行》（Śariputrapraka-raṇa，原文已佚，僅留下片斷）﹑《佛所行讚》等九部。其中《佛所行讚》（Buddhacarita）以史詩形式傳讚<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>一生，是梵文文學中的名著，今尚傳梵本，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯有<span class="zhuanming">曇無讖</span>譯本五卷二十八品。<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>譯有《馬鳴菩薩傳》一卷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6893" id="6906">（二）</a>居士：<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">慧遠</span>《維摩義記》卷一末：“居士有二：一廣積資産，居財之士，名爲居士；二在家修道，居家道士（指在家修習<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教理之人），名爲居士。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十一、達麗羅川
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153860" key="1153860"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 十一、達麗羅川 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153861" key="1153861"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00295','1384661',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P295</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000482"><b>十一﹑達麗羅川</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span>東北，踰山越谷，逆上<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>。途路危險，山谷杳冥，或履縆<a class="zhuhao" href="#3527" id="3511">〔1〕</a>索，或牽鐵鏁<a class="zhuhao" href="#3528" id="3512">〔2〕</a>。棧道虚臨，飛梁危構，椽杙<a class="zhuhao" href="#3529" id="3513">〔3〕</a>躡蹬<a class="zhuhao" href="#3530" id="3514">〔4〕</a>，行千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">達麗羅川</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3538" id="3515">（一）</a>，卽<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>舊都也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3539" id="3516">（二）</a>。多出黄金及鬱金香。<span class="zhuanming">達麗羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3531" id="3517">〔5〕</a>川</span>中大伽藍側，有刻木<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3540" id="3518">（三）</a>像，金色晃昱<a class="zhuhao" href="#3532" id="3519">〔6〕</a>，靈鑒潛通，高百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3541" id="3520">（四）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">末<a class="zhuhao" href="#3533" id="3521">〔7〕</a>田地</span>，訛略也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3534" id="3522">〔8〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿羅漢</span>之所造也。羅漢以神通力，擕引匠人升<span class="zhuanming">覩<a class="zhuhao" href="#3535" id="3523">〔9〕</a>史多天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3542" id="3524">（五）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">兜率他</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3536" id="3525">〔10〕</a>也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3537" id="3526">〔11〕</a>，又<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00296','1384661',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P296</span></i>曰<span class="zhuanming">兜術他</span>，訛也。</span> <span>親觀妙相。三返之後，功乃畢焉。自有此像，法流東派。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3511" id="3527">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》縆作絙。按絙乃絚之俗書，縆正字亦當作緪。絚﹑緪二字同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3512" id="3528">〔2〕</a>《石本》鏁作鎖，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3513" id="3529">〔3〕</a>椽杙，《石本》作椓𣏾。《古本》杙作𣏾。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》並作椓棧。《隨函録》作椓栰。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>校本作椓杙。按椓字義不合，“椽杙躡蹬”，正狀棧道架木之險。《慧琳音義》亦作椽杙，與此同，當據爲正。𣏾﹑栰皆杙之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3514" id="3530">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》蹬並作隥。《方志》亦作隥。但《音釋》作蹬，與此同，云：“正作登。”又《玉篇》隥“或作蹬”，是二字可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3517" id="3531">〔5〕</a>原本無羅字，《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並有之，據上文亦應有，今補。又《石本》無麗字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3519" id="3532">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《中本》昱作煜。《慧琳音義》亦作煜。通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3521" id="3533">〔7〕</a>原本末作未，《資福本》﹑《元本》及《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八作末。《翻譯集·總諸聲聞篇》亦作“末田地”。今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3522" id="3534">〔8〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3523" id="3535">〔9〕</a>《中本》覩作都。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3525" id="3536">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》他作陁；《徑山本》﹑《中本》作陀，下同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00297','1384661',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P297</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3526" id="3537">〔11〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》無也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3515" id="3538">（一）</a>達麗羅川：此地名梵文作Darada，Darad或Dā-rada。根據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的音譯和Darel今名，原文似應作Daraḍa。參閲<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>《論梵文ţḍ的音譯》，《中印文化關係史論文集》，1982，<span class="zhuanming">北京</span>，第337—377頁。Darada原義爲山，今名Darel，是<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>西岸河谷。該地爲<span class="zhuanming">達爾德人</span>（Dards）聚居之所，通稱<span class="zhuanming">達爾德斯坦</span>（Dardistan）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">達麗羅川</span>是古代度<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>後進入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的極險峻而又必經的孔道，我國西行僧人多經過此地。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>描寫道：“度嶺已，到<span class="zhuanming">北天竺</span>，始入其境，有一小國名<span class="zhuanming">陀歷</span>……順嶺西南行十五日，其道艱岨，崖岸嶮絶，其山唯石，壁立千仭，臨之目眩，欲進則投足無所。下有水名<span class="zhuanming">新頭河</span>，昔人有鑿石通路施傍梯者，凡度七百，度梯已，躡懸絙過河，河兩岸相去減八十步，九譯所記，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>之<span class="zhuanming">張騫</span><span class="zhuanming">甘英</span>皆不至此。”<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>也寫道：“向<span class="zhuanming">烏塲國</span>，鐵鎖爲橋，懸虚爲度，下不見底，旁無挽捉，倐忽之間，投軀萬仭，是以行者望風謝路耳。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3516" id="3539">（二）</a>烏仗那國舊都也：該國舊都Daratpurī，<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>考訂爲今Gurez，又作Goorais。（Stein：A Chronicle of the Kings of Kashmīr，vol.Ⅱ，p.435）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3518" id="3540">（三）</a>慈氏菩薩：卽<span class="zhuanming">彌勒菩薩</span>。梵文Maitreya，音譯<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>。傳説他姓<span class="zhuanming">阿逸多</span>，曰<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>，生於<span class="zhuanming">南天竺</span>婆羅門家庭，將繼承<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>的佛位，曾是佛的弟子，先佛入滅，住<span class="zhuanming">兜率天</span>的内院。伊四千歲時，卽人界之五十六憶七千萬歲，始下生人間，於<span class="zhuanming">華林園</span>龍華樹下成正覺，當三度法會説法，普化一切人﹑天，謂之龍華會。詳<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00298','1384661',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P298</span></i>見《彌勒上生經》﹑《彌勒下生經》﹑《一切智光明仙人慈心因緣不食肉經》等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3520" id="3541">（四）</a>末田底迦：梵文Madhyāntika音譯，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">末田地</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩彈提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">末闡提</span>，<span class="zhuanming">末田鐸迦</span>等。意譯日中或水中。據《付法藏因緣傳》卷二，<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>有弟子二人，一云<span class="zhuanming">末田提</span>，一云<span class="zhuanming">商那和修</span>。<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>付二人法藏，令<span class="zhuanming">末田提</span>布化<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">商那和修</span>布化<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。但據《阿育王經》卷七則謂<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>弟子爲<span class="zhuanming">末田地</span>，<span class="zhuanming">末田地</span>弟子爲<span class="zhuanming">商那和修</span>。《阿育王傳》卷四：“尊者<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>語言，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>以法付囑於我而入湼槃。我今付囑汝之佛法而入湼槃，汝等當於<span class="zhuanming">罽賓國</span>中，豎立佛法。”又本書卷三<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>條云：“昔佛<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>自<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>降惡神已，欲還<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，乘空當此國上，告<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：‘我湼槃之後，有<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦</span>阿羅漢，當於此地建國安人，弘揚佛法。’<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅之後五十年，<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>弟子<span class="zhuanming">末田底迦</span>羅漢者，得六神通，具八解脱，聞佛懸記，心自慶悦，便來至此”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3524" id="3542">（五）</a>覩史多天：覩史多，梵文Tuṣita音譯，又作兜率，兜率陀，兜術他；意譯爲知足﹑喜樂﹑聚集。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳説爲欲界的“天處”，由下起當第四重，其内院爲<span class="zhuanming">彌勒菩薩</span>浄土。關於<span class="zhuanming">未田底迦</span>“攜引匠人升<span class="zhuanming">覩史多天</span>”畫佛像的傳説，《法顯傳》云：“其國（<span class="zhuanming">陀歷國</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">達麗羅川</span>）昔有羅漢，以神足力將一巧匠上<span class="zhuanming">兜率天</span>，觀<span class="zhuanming">彌勒菩薩</span>長短﹑色貌，還下，刻木作像。前後三上觀，然後乃成。像長八丈，足趺八尺。齋日常有光明。諸國王競興供養。今故現在於此。”</span> </p><p> <span>從此東行，踰嶺越谷，逆上<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>，飛梁棧道，履危涉險，經五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">鉢露羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度境</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十二、鞮羅擇迦伽藍及附近佛遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153864" key="1153864"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十二、鞮羅擇迦伽藍及附近佛遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153865" key="1153865"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00650','1384785',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P650</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001093"><b>十二﹑鞮羅擇迦伽藍及附近佛遺迹</b></p><p> <span>城西南隅二<a class="zhuhao" href="#6910" id="6907">〔1〕</a>百餘里有伽藍餘跡<a class="zhuhao" href="#6911" id="6908">〔2〕</a>，其傍<a class="zhuhao" href="#6912" id="6909">〔3〕</a>有窣堵波，神光時燭，靈瑞間發，近遠衆庶，莫不祈請，是過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6907" id="6910">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《異本》二作三。《方志》作二，同諸本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6908" id="6911">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》跡作趾；《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作址。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6909" id="6912">〔3〕</a>《古本》傍作側。</span> </p><p> <span>故伽藍西南行百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">鞮羅擇<a class="zhuhao" href="#6920" id="6913">〔1〕</a>迦伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6923" id="6914">（一）</a>。庭宇四院，觀閣三層，崇臺累仞，重門洞啓，<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#6921" id="6915">〔2〕</a>羅王</span>末孫之所建也。旌召高才，廣延俊德。異域學人，遠方髦彦，同類相趨，肩隨戾止。僧徒千數，並學大乘。中門當塗有三精舍，上置輪相，鈴鐸虚懸；下建層基，軒檻周列。户牖棟梁，壖垣<a class="zhuhao" href="#6924" id="6916">（二）</a>階<a class="zhuhao" href="#6922" id="6917">〔3〕</a>陛，金銅隱起，厠間莊嚴。中精舍佛立像高三丈，左<span class="zhuanming">多羅菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6925" id="6918">（三）</a>像，右<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6926" id="6919">（四）</a>像。凡斯三像，鍮石鑄成，威神肅然，冥鑒遠矣。精舍中各有舍利一升，靈光或照，奇瑞間起。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00651','1384785',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P651</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6913" id="6920">〔1〕</a>擇原本作釋，《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》作擇，鞮羅擇迦，梵文爲Telāḍhaka，故應作擇。下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6915" id="6921">〔2〕</a>《異本》娑作婆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6917" id="6922">〔3〕</a>《中本》階作堦，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6914" id="6923">（一）</a>鞮羅擇迦伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">鞮羅擇迦</span>，梵文Te1āḍhaka，<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>譯作<span class="zhuanming">羝羅荼寺</span>，《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四：“其西方現在則<span class="zhuanming">羝羅荼寺</span>有<span class="zhuanming">智月</span>法師，<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>中則<span class="zhuanming">寶師子</span>大德。”與<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>相提並論，可知此寺也是一重要的學術中心。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也曾兩度拜訪，並在該寺内學習過兩月。《慈恩傳》卷三稱<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>離<span class="zhuanming">鷄園寺</span>後：“又西南行六七由旬至<span class="zhuanming">低羅磔迦寺</span>，寺有三藏數十人，聞法師至，皆出迎引。”又同書卷四稱<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>再次回<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>後“聞寺西三踰繕那，有<span class="zhuanming">低羅擇迦寺</span>，有出家大德名<span class="zhuanming">般若跋陀羅</span>，本<span class="zhuanming">縛羅鉢底國</span>人，於<span class="zhuanming">薩婆多部</span>出家，善自宗三藏及聲明﹑因明等。法師就停兩月，諮決所疑。”其地望根據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>實測比定爲<span class="zhuanming">那爛院寺</span>西二十一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的Tillāra，又根據該處出土碑文確定寺名爲Telāḍhaka。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6916" id="6924">（二）</a>壖垣：《史記》卷五九《五宗世家》：“侵廟壖垣爲宫。”《索隱》：“壖垣，牆外之短垣也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6918" id="6925">（三）</a>多羅菩薩：<span class="zhuanming">多羅</span>。梵文Tārā音譯，意譯爲眼﹑眼瞳，<span class="zhuanming">多羅菩薩</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">多羅觀自在</span>，<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>的化身，坐在其西。案：<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>具有定﹑慧二德，<span class="zhuanming">毘俱胝</span>主其慧德，作男性；<span class="zhuanming">多羅</span>主其定德，作女性。因從<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>如來眼，故云<span class="zhuanming">多羅（眼）觀自在</span>。《大方廣曼殊室利經》：“<span class="zhuanming">多羅</span>大悲者，一切之慈母，天人及藥叉，無一非子者，故號<span class="zhuanming">世<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00652','1384785',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P652</span></i>間母</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">多羅</span>在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>教中爲<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>妃，在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>頗爲世俗所崇拜，密宗則爲<span class="zhuanming">度母</span>。參見卷九“王舍城”條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6919" id="6926">（四）</a>觀自在菩薩：見上注及本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span><span class="zhuanming">質子伽藍</span>條<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>注。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鞮羅擇迦伽藍</span>西南九十餘里，至大山<a class="zhuhao" href="#6934" id="6927">（一）</a>，雲石幽蔚，靈仙攸舍。毒蛇暴龍，窟穴其藪；猛獸鷙<a class="zhuhao" href="#6931" id="6928">〔1〕</a>鳥，棲伏其林。山頂有大盤<a class="zhuhao" href="#6932" id="6929">〔2〕</a>石，上建窣堵波，其高十餘尺，是佛入定處也。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>降神止此，坐斯磐<a class="zhuhao" href="#6933" id="6930">〔3〕</a>石，入滅盡定，時經宿焉。諸天靈聖，供養<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，鼓天樂，雨天花。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>出定，諸天感慕，以寶金銀起窣堵波。去聖逾邈，寶變爲石。自古迄今，人未有至，遥望高山，乃見異類。長蛇猛獸，羣從右旋。天仙靈聖，肩隨讚禮。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6928" id="6931">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》鷙作摯。《慧琳音義》及《音釋》亦作摯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6929" id="6932">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》盤作磬，《音釋》亦作磬。盤﹑磬字同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6930" id="6933">〔3〕</a>《中本》磬作盤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6927" id="6934">（一）</a>至大山：此山卽今<span class="zhuanming">佛陀加雅</span>（Buddha Gayā）北方十五﹑六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的Barākar山，山有窟院，有<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>的碑文。參閲<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00653','1384785',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P653</span></i>Majudmar注<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>《印度古代地理》，頁720；<span class="zhuanming">中村元</span>《印度古代史》下，頁342。</span> </p><p> <span>山東岡有窣堵波，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>佇觀<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>所履之處也。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十、藍勃盧山龍池及烏仗那國王統傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153868" key="1153868"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 十、藍勃盧山龍池及烏仗那國王統傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153869" key="1153869"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00289','1384660',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P289</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000475"><b>十﹑藍勃盧山龍池及烏仗那國王統傳説</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像西北百五十里<a class="zhuhao" href="#3462" id="3459">〔1〕</a>至<span class="zhuanming">藍勃盧山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3464" id="3460">（一）</a>。山嶺有龍池，周三十餘里，渌波浩汗<a class="zhuhao" href="#3463" id="3461">〔2〕</a>，清流皎鏡。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3459" id="3462">〔1〕</a>百五十里，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作“百四五十里”。《方志》作“西百五<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00290','1384660',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P290</span></i>十里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3461" id="3463">〔2〕</a>《元本》汗誤作汙。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3460" id="3464">（一）</a>藍勃盧山：此山名<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Lamboura，<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>及<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原爲Lanpolu，<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>還原爲Rābora，原義不明。<span class="zhuanming">迪恩</span>根據本書記載的方位和距離考證，確定此山卽在Darora附近注入<span class="zhuanming">潘吉柯拉</span>（Panjkora）河的Aushiri河谷的源頭。但是他又説，不知道<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>是如何測定這個距離的，因爲中間横隔着一些谷地和高山。而他確定的那座山上的大湖，長度是一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里多。</span> </p><p> <span>昔<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇<a class="zhuhao" href="#3481" id="3465">〔1〕</a>迦王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3493" id="3466">（一）</a>前伐諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>，四人拒軍者，宗親擯逐，各事分飛。其一<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種<a class="zhuhao" href="#3494" id="3467">（二）</a>，既出國都，跋涉疲弊，中路而止。時有一鴈飛趣其前，既以馴狎，因卽乘焉。其鴈飛翔，下此池側。<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種虚遊，遠適異國，迷不知路，假寐樹陰。池龍少女遊覽水濱，忽見<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種，恐不得當也，變爲人形，卽而摩拊。<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種驚寤，因卽謝曰：“羈旅羸人，何見親拊<a class="zhuhao" href="#3482" id="3468">〔2〕</a>？”遂欵殷勤，凌逼野合。女曰：“父母有訓，祗奉無違。雖蒙惠顧，未承高命。”<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種曰：“山谷杳冥，爾家安在？”曰：“我此池之龍女也，敬聞聖族流離逃難，幸因遊覽，敢慰勞弊。命有讌<a class="zhuhao" href="#3483" id="3469">〔3〕</a>私，未聞來旨。況乎積禍，受此龍身，人畜殊途，非所聞也。”<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種曰：“一言見允，宿心斯畢。”龍女曰：“敬聞命矣，唯所去就。”<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種乃誓心曰：“凡我所有福德之力，令此龍女舉體成人！”福力所感，龍遂改形，既得人身，深自慶悦，乃<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00291','1384660',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P291</span></i>謝<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種曰：“我積殃運，流轉惡趣<a class="zhuhao" href="#3495" id="3470">（三）</a>，幸蒙垂顧，福力所加，曠劫<a class="zhuhao" href="#3496" id="3471">（四）</a>弊身，一旦改變。欲報此德，糜<a class="zhuhao" href="#3484" id="3472">〔4〕</a>軀未謝。心願陪遊，事拘物議。願白父母，然後備禮。”龍女還池，白父母曰：“今者遊覽，忽逢<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種，福力所感，變我爲人。情存好合，敢陳事實！”龍王心欣人趣，情重聖族，遂從女請。乃出池而謝<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種曰：“不遺非類，降尊就卑，願臨我室，敢供灑掃！”<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種受龍王之請，遂卽其居。於是龍宫之中，親迎<a class="zhuhao" href="#3485" id="3473">〔5〕</a>備禮，燕<a class="zhuhao" href="#3486" id="3474">〔6〕</a>爾樂會，肆極歡娱。<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種覩龍之形，心常畏惡，乃欲辭出。龍王止曰：“幸無遠舍，鄰此宅居，當令<a class="zhuhao" href="#3487" id="3475">〔7〕</a>據疆土，稱大號，總有臣庶，祚延長世。”<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種謝曰：“此言非冀。”龍王以寶劒置篋中，妙好白㲲而覆其上，謂<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種曰：“幸持此㲲以獻國王，王必親受遠人之貢，可於此時害其王也。因據其國，不亦善乎？”<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種受龍指誨，便往行獻。<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那王</span>躬舉其㲲，<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種執其袂而刺之。侍臣衛兵諠亂階陛，<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種麾劒告曰：“我所杖<a class="zhuhao" href="#3488" id="3476">〔8〕</a>劒，神龍見授，以誅後伏，以斬不臣。”咸懼神武，推尊大位。於是沿弊立政，表賢恤患。已而動大衆，備法駕，卽龍宫而報命，迎龍女以還都。龍女宿業未盡，餘報猶在，每至讌私，首出九龍之頭。<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種畏惡，莫知圖計，伺其寐也，利刃斷之。龍女驚寤<a class="zhuhao" href="#3489" id="3477">〔9〕</a>曰：“斯非後嗣之利，非徒我命<a class="zhuhao" href="#3490" id="3478">〔10〕</a>有少損傷，而汝子孫<a class="zhuhao" href="#3491" id="3479">〔11〕</a>當苦頭痛。”故此國族常有斯患，雖不連綿，時一發動。<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種既没，其子嗣位，是<a class="zhuhao" href="#3492" id="3480">〔12〕</a><span class="zhuanming">嗢呾羅犀那王</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">上軍</span>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00292','1384660',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P292</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3465" id="3481">〔1〕</a>擇原本作釋，《中本》及《金陵本》作擇。本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>下<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦</span>，《麗本》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》及《翻譯集》擇作釋，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》並作擇，二文互異。按<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦</span>梵文作Virūḍhaka，擇今音場伯切（據《廣韻》），入澄紐，古讀舌頭音定紐，與ḍha音諧，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3468" id="3482">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》拊作附。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3469" id="3483">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》讌作燕，下同，二字通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3472" id="3484">〔4〕</a>《石本》糜作靡，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3473" id="3485">〔5〕</a>《中本》迎作近。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3474" id="3486">〔6〕</a>《中本》燕作讌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3475" id="3487">〔7〕</a>《中本》令作合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3476" id="3488">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》杖作仗，可通用。《中本》作持。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3477" id="3489">〔9〕</a>原本寤作寐，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3478" id="3490">〔10〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》命作今。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3479" id="3491">〔11〕</a>《石本》孫下重孫字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3480" id="3492">〔12〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》是下有爲字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3466" id="3493">（一）</a>毗盧擇迦王：<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦</span>，人名，梵文原名Viḍūḍabha。梵文裏另有一個名詞Virūḍhaka，它是保護世界的四大天王中的<span class="zhuanming">南<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00293','1384660',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P293</span></i>天王</span>的名字。<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦</span>這個譯名，就對音而言，其原文應當是virūḍhaka；就意義來説，其原文則是viḍūḍabha。不知道爲什麽，在<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯佛經裏，這兩個毫無關係的字經常被弄混了，這裏只是其中一例。（參閲<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>：《中印文化關係史論文集》，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>，1982年，<span class="zhuanming">北京</span>，第366—367頁）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦王</span>是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>同時代人，繼其父<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏犀那恃多</span>（Pra-senajit，見本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>）爲<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>國王。他曾經興兵掃蕩<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>的故鄉<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵</span>（Kapilavastu，見本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">刼比羅伐窣堵國</span>），消滅了<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>。本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>及<span class="zhuanming">刼比羅伐窣堵國</span>對<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦王</span>的事迹作了概述。並參見《增一阿含經》卷二六﹑《四分律》卷四一﹑《五分律》卷二十等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3467" id="3494">（二）</a>釋種：<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>（Sākya）的簡稱。<span class="zhuanming">釋種</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>或<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>人的意思。公元前六世紀，在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北方<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人占優勢的地區出現了十幾個君主世襲制國家，其中最重要的有<span class="zhuanming">摩竭陀</span>（Maga-dha）﹑<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅</span>（Kosala）﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿槃提</span>（Avanti）和<span class="zhuanming">跋蹉</span>（Vatsa）。同時，在<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人勢力薄弱的地區還有許多國家或部落，它們的行政首領是通過定期選舉産生的，其名稱也叫做“羅闍”（rājan，漢譯爲“王”，但不是世襲的君主）。西方學者把它們比作古代<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>，稱之爲“共和國”（republic）。其中最著名的就是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>的<span class="zhuanming">劫比羅伐窣堵</span>。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>之所以著名並且重要，不是因爲它的力量强大或文化發達，而是因爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的創始人<span class="zhuanming">喬答摩</span>出生其中（因此他又被稱爲“<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>”，意爲“<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>中的聖人”）。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>可能不是外來的<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人，而是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的土著居民。在公元前六世紀<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>列國紛争的局勢中，它是受欺侮的弱者。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在世時，它就滅亡於强大的<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>國王<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦</span>對它發動的侵畧戰争。這場戰争恐怕是<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00294','1384660',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P294</span></i>人與土著居民之間的民族矛盾發展的結果。（參閲<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>：《原始佛教的歷史起源》，《歷史研究》，1965年第三期。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3470" id="3495">（三）</a>惡趣.指地獄﹑畜生等。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>以衆生的惡業之因，而其所趣之所，謂之惡趣。趣，往。《俱舍論》卷八：“趣謂所往。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3471" id="3496">（四）</a>曠劫：指過去的極長時間。《觀無量壽佛經疏》卷一：“我等愚痴身，曠劫來流轉。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>嗣位之後，其母喪明。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>伏<span class="zhuanming">阿波邏羅龍</span>還也，從空下其宫中，<span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>適從遊獵。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>因爲其母，略説法要。遇聖聞法，遂得復明。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>問曰：“汝子我之族也，今何所在？”母曰：“旦出畋<a class="zhuhao" href="#3504" id="3497">〔1〕</a>遊，今將返駕。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>與諸大衆尋欲發引，王母曰：“我惟福遇，生育聖族，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>悲愍，又親降臨，我子方還，願少留待！”<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>曰：“斯人者我之<a class="zhuhao" href="#3505" id="3498">〔2〕</a>族也，可聞教而信悟，非親誨以發心。我其行矣。還語之曰：<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>從此往<span class="zhuanming">拘尸城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3510" id="3499">（一）</a>娑羅樹間<a class="zhuhao" href="#3506" id="3500">〔3〕</a>入涅槃，宜取舍利，自爲供養。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>與諸大衆凌虚而去。<span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>方遊獵，遠見宫中光明赫奕，疑有火災，罷獵而返。乃見其母復明，慶而問曰：“我去幾何，有斯祥感，能<a class="zhuhao" href="#3507" id="3501">〔4〕</a>令慈母復明如昔！”母曰：“汝出之後，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>至此，聞佛説法，遂得復明。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>從此至<span class="zhuanming">拘尸城</span>娑羅樹間，當入<a class="zhuhao" href="#3508" id="3502">〔5〕</a>涅槃，召汝速來，分取舍利。”時王聞已，悲號頓<a class="zhuhao" href="#3509" id="3503">〔6〕</a>躃，久而醒悟，命駕馳赴，至雙樹間，佛已湼槃。時諸國王輕其邊鄙，寶重舍利，不欲分與。是時天人大衆重宣佛意，諸王聞已，遂先均授。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00295','1384660',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P295</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3497" id="3504">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》畋作田，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3498" id="3505">〔2〕</a>《中本》無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3500" id="3506">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》間下並有當字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3501" id="3507">〔4〕</a>《中本》能上有非字。按此句作爲反詰語氣解，有非字亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3502" id="3508">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》取作入。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3503" id="3509">〔6〕</a>《古本》頓作𨂠。𨂠，古履字，見《集韻》。但履躃不詞，𨂠疑爲頓之形訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3499" id="3510">（一）</a>拘尸城：卽<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅</span>。那揭羅，梵文nagara音譯，意譯城。見本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span>所述。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十三、德慧伽藍及遺事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153872" key="1153872"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十三、德慧伽藍及遺事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153873" key="1153873"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00653','1384786',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P653</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001099"><b>十三﹑德慧伽藍及遺事</b></p><p> <span>山西北三十餘里，山阿有伽藍，負嶺崇基，踈崖峙閣。僧徒五十餘人，並學大乘法教。<span class="zhuanming">瞿那末底</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6937" id="6935">〔1〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6938" id="6936">（一）</a>伏外道之處。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6935" id="6937">〔1〕</a>《方志》瞿那末底作瞿摩末底。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6936" id="6938">（一）</a>瞿那末底菩薩：<span class="zhuanming">瞿那末底</span>，梵文Guṇamati音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">窶拏末底</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">求那摩底</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>。約五世紀後期﹑六世紀初期的<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>人。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>瑜伽行宗的著名學者，唯識十大論師之一，曾遊方<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span><span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>等國，後在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>講學，其著作今存<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>譯《隨相論》一卷。</span> </p><p> <span>初，此山中有外道<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6975" id="6939">〔1〕</a>者，祖僧佉之法<a class="zhuhao" href="#7005" id="6940">（一）</a>而習道焉。學窮内外，言極空有，名高前列<a class="zhuhao" href="#6976" id="6941">〔2〕</a>，德重當時，君王珍<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00654','1384786',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P654</span></i>敬，謂之國寶，臣庶宗仰，咸曰家師。隣國學人，承風仰德，儔<a class="zhuhao" href="#6977" id="6942">〔3〕</a>之先進，誠博達也。食邑二城，環居封建。時<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span><span class="zhuanming">德慧</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6978" id="6943">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span>幼而敏達，早擅精微<a class="zhuhao" href="#6979" id="6944">〔5〕</a>，學通三藏，理窮四諦，聞<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>論極幽微，有懷挫鋭。命一門人裁書謂曰：“敬問<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6980" id="6945">〔6〕</a>善安樂也！宜忘勞弊，精習舊學，三年之後，摧汝嘉聲。”如是第二<a class="zhuhao" href="#6981" id="6946">〔7〕</a>第三年中，每發使報。及將發迹，重裁書曰：“年期已極，學業何如？吾今至矣，汝宜知之。”<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>甚懷<a class="zhuhao" href="#6982" id="6947">〔8〕</a>惶懼，誡諸門人及以邑户：“自今之後，不得居止沙門異道。”遞相宣告，勿有犯違。時<span class="zhuanming">德慧菩薩</span>杖錫而來，至<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>邑，邑<a class="zhuhao" href="#6983" id="6948">〔9〕</a>人守約莫有相舍。諸婆羅門更詈之曰：“斷髮殊服，何異人乎？宜時速去，勿此止也！”<span class="zhuanming">德慧菩薩</span>欲摧異道，冀宿其邑，因以慈心，卑辭謝曰：“爾曹世諦<a class="zhuhao" href="#7006" id="6949">（二）</a>之淨行，我又勝義諦<a class="zhuhao" href="#7007" id="6950">（三）</a>之淨行，淨行既同，何爲見拒？”婆羅門因不與言，但<a class="zhuhao" href="#6984" id="6951">〔10〕</a>事驅逐，逐<a class="zhuhao" href="#6985" id="6952">〔11〕</a>出邑外，入大林中。林中猛獸，羣行爲暴。有淨信<a class="zhuhao" href="#7008" id="6953">（四）</a>者恐爲獸害，乃<a class="zhuhao" href="#6986" id="6954">〔12〕</a>束藴<a class="zhuhao" href="#7009" id="6955">（五）</a>持仗<a class="zhuhao" href="#6987" id="6956">〔13〕</a>，謂菩薩曰：“<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>有<span class="zhuanming">德慧菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6988" id="6957">〔14〕</a>者，遠傳聲問<a class="zhuhao" href="#6989" id="6958">〔15〕</a>，欲來論議<a class="zhuhao" href="#6990" id="6959">〔16〕</a>，故此邑主懼墜嘉聲，重垂嚴制，勿止沙門。恐爲物害，故來相援。行矣自安，勿有他慮。”<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>曰：“良告<a class="zhuhao" href="#6991" id="6960">〔17〕</a>淨信，<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>者，我是也。”淨信聞已，更深恭敬，謂<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>曰：“誠如所告，宜可速行。”卽出深林，止息空澤，淨信縱火持弓，周旋左右。夜分已盡，謂<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>曰：“可以行矣。恐人知聞，來相圖害。”<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>謝曰：“不敢忘德。”於是遂行，至王宫，謂門者曰：“今有沙門自遠而至，願王垂許，與<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>論！”王聞驚曰：“此妄人<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00655','1384786',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P655</span></i>耳！”卽命使<a class="zhuhao" href="#6992" id="6961">〔18〕</a>臣往<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>所，宣王旨曰：“有異沙門來求談論，今已瑩<a class="zhuhao" href="#6993" id="6962">〔19〕</a>灑論場，宣告遠近，佇<a class="zhuhao" href="#6994" id="6963">〔20〕</a>望來儀，願垂降趾！”<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>問王使曰：“豈非<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span><span class="zhuanming">德慧</span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>乎？”曰：“然。”<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>聞，心甚不悦，事難辭免，遂至論場。國王﹑大臣﹑士庶﹑豪族<a class="zhuhao" href="#6995" id="6964">〔21〕</a>，咸皆集會，欲聽高談。<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>先立宗義，洎乎<a class="zhuhao" href="#6996" id="6965">〔22〕</a>景落<a class="zhuhao" href="#7010" id="6966">（六）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>辭以年<a class="zhuhao" href="#6997" id="6967">〔23〕</a>衰，智惛<a class="zhuhao" href="#6998" id="6968">〔24〕</a>捷對，請歸静思，方酬來難。每事言歸，及旦昇座，竟無異論。至<a class="zhuhao" href="#6999" id="6969">〔25〕</a>第六日，歐血而死。其將終也，顧命妻曰：“爾有高才，無忘所恥！”<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>死，匿不發喪，更服鮮綺，來至論會。衆咸諠譁，更相謂曰：“<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>自負才高，恥對<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>，故遣婦來，優劣明矣。”<span class="zhuanming">德慧菩薩</span>謂其妻曰：“能制汝者，我已制之。”<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>妻知難而退。王曰：“何言之密，彼便默然？”<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>曰：“惜哉，<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>死矣！其妻欲來與我論耳。”王曰：“何以知之？願垂指告！”<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#7000" id="6970">〔26〕</a>：“其妻之來也，面有死喪<a class="zhuhao" href="#7001" id="6971">〔27〕</a>之色，言含哀怨之聲，以故知之。<span class="zhuanming">摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#7002" id="6972">〔28〕</a>沓婆</span>死矣。能制汝者，謂其夫也。”王命使往觀，果如所議。王乃謝曰：“佛法玄妙，英賢繼軌，無爲守道，含識霑化，依先國典，褒德有常。”<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>曰：“苟以愚昧，體道居貞，存止足，論濟<a class="zhuhao" href="#7003" id="6973">〔29〕</a>物，將弘汲引，先摧傲慢，方便攝化，今其時矣。唯願大王以<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>邑户子孫千代常充僧伽藍人，則垂誡來葉，流美無窮。唯彼淨信見匡護者，福延于<a class="zhuhao" href="#7004" id="6974">〔30〕</a>世，食用同僧，以勸清信，以褒厚德。”於是建此伽藍，式旌勝迹。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00656','1384786',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P656</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6939" id="6975">〔1〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“摩沓婆或云摩納婆，此曰儒童，幼而聰俊博識辨捷者也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6941" id="6976">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》列並作烈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6942" id="6977">〔3〕</a>《石本》儔作疇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6943" id="6978">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《異本》慧作惠，下同。按慧﹑惠同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6944" id="6979">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》精微二字作清徽，《隨函録》同；《古本》作清<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503uve7.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503oxyo.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>疑徽之訛；《石本》﹑《中本》作清微。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6945" id="6980">〔6〕</a>《中本》婆下有言字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6946" id="6981">〔7〕</a>《石本》無第二二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6947" id="6982">〔8〕</a>《中本》甚懷二字作聽甚。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6948" id="6983">〔9〕</a>原本邑字不重，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，今從補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6951" id="6984">〔10〕</a>《石本》但作俱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6952" id="6985">〔11〕</a>《中本》逐作遂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6954" id="6986">〔12〕</a>《石本》乃下有火字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6956" id="6987">〔13〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》仗並作杖。按仗﹑杖通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6957" id="6988">〔14〕</a>《舊麗本》無曰南印度有德慧菩薩九字，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6958" id="6989">〔15〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》問並作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6959" id="6990">〔16〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》議作義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6960" id="6991">〔17〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》告作苦。良苦作慰藉語解，亦通。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00657','1384786',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P657</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6961" id="6992">〔18〕</a>《中本》使作侍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6962" id="6993">〔19〕</a>《古本》瑩作營。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6963" id="6994">〔20〕</a>《中本》佇作停。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6964" id="6995">〔21〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》族作右。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6965" id="6996">〔22〕</a>《古本》乎作于。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6967" id="6997">〔23〕</a>《中本》年作季。按季當是秊之訛，秊卽年字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6968" id="6998">〔24〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》惛並作昏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6969" id="6999">〔25〕</a>《中本》至上有於字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6970" id="7000">〔26〕</a>《石本》無曰字，脱去。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6971" id="7001">〔27〕</a>《舊麗本》脱喪字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6972" id="7002">〔28〕</a>原本無摩字，今據《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6973" id="7003">〔29〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》濟並作齊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6974" id="7004">〔30〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》于作千。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6940" id="7005">（一）</a>摩沓婆者祖僧佉之法：<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>，梵文Mādhava音譯，僧佉派的博學婆羅門。僧佉，梵文Saṃkhya的音譯，又譯作僧企野。婆羅門正宗六論之一，意譯作數術。又名數論或制數論。《百論疏》卷上之中：“僧佉，此云制數論。明一切法不出二十五諦。故一切法攝入二十五諦中，名爲制數論。”數論派來源甚古，至十四世紀左右始確立《僧佉經》。相傳其始祖爲<span class="zhuanming">迦毗羅</span>（Kapila）<span class="zhuanming">仙人</span>，其傳説見於大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》。其後傳弟子<span class="zhuanming">阿修利</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00658','1384786',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P658</span></i>（Āsuri），傳<span class="zhuanming">般遮尸伽</span>（Pañcaśikha），其後有<span class="zhuanming">毗利沙伽那</span>者（Varṣa-gaṇa，義云“雨衆”。），<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>稱爲<span class="zhuanming">雨衆</span>外道。又有<span class="zhuanming">黑自在</span>（Iśvarakṛṣṇa）作七十頌，卽《金七十論》的本頌。數論派的學説見<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>譯《金七十論》。近年在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>發現Māṭhara-vṛtti（《摩吒羅評註》）一書，或謂爲《金七十論》的梵本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6949" id="7006">（二）</a>世諦：諦，梵文satya意譯。世諦與真諦相對，謂世俗之間的事理。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6950" id="7007">（三）</a>勝義諦：係對世諦而言，卽真諦，見前注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6953" id="7008">（四）</a>浄信：《仁王經》：“一念浄信。”此指信仰<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>者。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6955" id="7009">（五）</a>束藴：藴通緼，可束以燃火。《韓詩外傳》卷七：“卽束藴請火去婦之家。”是可知浄信之人持火把去尋找<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6966" id="7010">（六）</a>景落：卽日落。</span> </p><p> <span>初，<span class="zhuanming">摩沓婆</span>論敗之後，十數淨行逃難隣國，告諸外道恥辱之事，招募英俊，來雪前恥。王既珍敬<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>，躬往請曰：“今諸外道不自量力，結黨連羣，敢聲論鼓。唯願大師摧諸異道！”<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>曰：“宜集論者。”於是外道學人欣然相慰：“我曹今日，勝其<a class="zhuhao" href="#7018" id="7011">〔1〕</a>必矣。”時諸外道闡揚義理，<span class="zhuanming">德慧菩薩</span>曰：“今諸外道逃難遠遊，如王先制，皆是賤人。我今如何與彼對論？”<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7019" id="7012">〔2〕</a>有負座豎<a class="zhuhao" href="#7023" id="7013">（一）</a>，素聞餘論，頗閑微旨，侍立於側，聽諸高談。<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>拊其座而言曰：“牀<a class="zhuhao" href="#7024" id="7014">（二）</a>，汝可論。”衆咸驚駭，異其所命。時負座<a class="zhuhao" href="#7020" id="7015">〔3〕</a>豎便<a class="zhuhao" href="#7021" id="7016">〔4〕</a>卽發難，深義泉涌，清辯響應。三復之後，外道失宗，重挫其鋭，再折其翮。自伏論已來，立<a class="zhuhao" href="#7022" id="7017">〔5〕</a>爲伽藍邑户。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00659','1384786',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P659</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7011" id="7018">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》其作之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7012" id="7019">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》慧下並有曰字。按無之爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7015" id="7020">〔3〕</a>《中本》座上有聖字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7016" id="7021">〔4〕</a>《明南本》便作使，蓋形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7017" id="7022">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無立字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7013" id="7023">（一）</a>負座豎：<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>謂“座”或爲繩作的折疊自如的坐床，故譯作“背負坐床的少年”（《大唐西域記》譯注本頁258）。<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>謂此豎爲給事僮僕（《大唐西域記の研究》頁620）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7014" id="7024">（二）</a>牀：義通“座”，此指負座豎。<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>以牀呼之，命發難，顯示對論敵的鄙視。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十五、伽耶城與伽耶山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153876" key="1153876"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十五、伽耶城與伽耶山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153877" key="1153877"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00662','1384787',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P662</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001111"><b>十五﹑伽耶城與伽耶山</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">戒賢伽藍</span>西南行四五十里，渡<span class="zhuanming">尼連禪河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7055" id="7047">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#7061" id="7048">（一）</a>，至<span class="zhuanming">伽耶</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7056" id="7049">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7057" id="7050">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#7062" id="7051">（二）</a>。甚險固，少居人。唯婆羅門有千餘家，大<a class="zhuhao" href="#7058" id="7052">〔4〕</a>仙人之<a class="zhuhao" href="#7059" id="7053">〔5〕</a>祚胤也，王所不臣，衆咸宗敬。城北<a class="zhuhao" href="#7060" id="7054">〔6〕</a>三十餘里有清泉，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>相傳謂之聖水，凡有飲濯，罪垢消除。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7047" id="7055">〔1〕</a>尼連禪河：<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“卷七<span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>五人棄制迎佛一段中作‘尼連河’，又甲（中本）乙（石本）兩本作‘尼連禪河’，應前後一律。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7049" id="7056">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《徑山本》耶作邪，下同。二字通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7050" id="7057">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》城下重城字，屬下讀，《翻譯集》引亦然。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7052" id="7058">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》大作本。《資福本》作太。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7053" id="7059">〔5〕</a>原本無之字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7054" id="7060">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》北作西北二字。按《方志》亦作城北，無西字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00663','1384787',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P663</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7048" id="7061">（一）</a>尼連禪河：梵文Nairañjanā，巴利文Nerañjarā，現名<span class="zhuanming">帕爾古河</span>（Phalgu），由<span class="zhuanming">尼拉杰那</span>（Nilājanā）與<span class="zhuanming">莫訶那</span>（Mohanā）兩河匯合而成。發源於<span class="zhuanming">哈查里巴格</span>（Hazaribagh）縣的<span class="zhuanming">西麥里亞</span>（Seme-ria）附近。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀加雅</span>卽在該河之西不遠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7051" id="7062">（二）</a>伽耶城：梵文Gayā，今譯<span class="zhuanming">加雅</span>。現代<span class="zhuanming">加雅</span>又稱<span class="zhuanming">梵天加雅</span>（Brahma Gayā），以便與<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>成道處的<span class="zhuanming">菩提加雅</span>（Bodh Gayā）或<span class="zhuanming">佛陀加雅</span>（Buddha Gayā）相區别。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">伽耶城</span>起源相當古老。《摩訶婆羅多》中已提到這一聖城。《梵天往世書》（Brahma-purāṇa）67.19，《龜往世書》（Kūrma-purā-ṇa）30.45—48等也提到此城。<span class="zhuanming">伽耶城</span>舊址包括北面現代的<span class="zhuanming">薩希布甘吉</span>（Saheb-ganj）與南面的<span class="zhuanming">伽耶</span>古城，據《風往世書》（Vāyu-purāṇa）105.7—8記載，此城係由仙人<span class="zhuanming">伽耶</span>（Gaya）在此修行而得名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">佛陀加雅</span>（Buddha Gayā）卽佛成道處，原名Uruvilva或Uruvelā，北距<span class="zhuanming">伽耶城</span>約六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，現在又名爲<span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提</span>（Mahābo-dhi）。有名的金剛座（Vajrāsana）和菩提樹均在此地。1880年，當時的<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>政府以<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>爲指導，根據《大唐西域記》的記載進行發掘修整，將金剛座及殿堂全部復原。</span> </p><p> <span>城西南<a class="zhuhao" href="#7070" id="7063">〔1〕</a>五六里，至<span class="zhuanming">伽耶山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7075" id="7064">（一）</a>，溪谷杳冥，峰巖<a class="zhuhao" href="#7071" id="7065">〔2〕</a>危險<a class="zhuhao" href="#7072" id="7066">〔3〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>國俗，稱曰<span class="zhuanming">靈山</span>。自昔君王馭宇承統，化洽遠人，德隆前代，莫不登封而告成功<a class="zhuhao" href="#7073" id="7067">〔4〕</a>。山頂上有石窣堵波，高百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。靈鑒潛被，神光時燭，昔<a class="zhuhao" href="#7074" id="7068">〔5〕</a><span class="zhuanming">如<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00664','1384787',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P664</span></i>來</span>於此演説《寶雲》等經<a class="zhuhao" href="#7076" id="7069">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7063" id="7070">〔1〕</a>《石本》無南字。《方志》作西南，亦有南字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7065" id="7071">〔2〕</a>《翻譯集》引巖作巒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7066" id="7072">〔3〕</a>《翻譯集》引險作嶮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7067" id="7073">〔4〕</a>《續傳》下有“故此一山，世稱名地，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>應俗，就斯成道。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7068" id="7074">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》昔下有者字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7064" id="7075">（一）</a>伽耶山：梵文Gayāśira﹑Gayāśīrṣa，巴利文Gayāsīsa。此山卽現在Brahmayoni山，在<span class="zhuanming">伽耶城</span>南，高約<span class="song">400</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺。因形如象頭，又稱<span class="zhuanming">象頭山</span>。<span class="zhuanming">伽耶山</span>名早見於《摩訶婆羅多》及《往世書》。在《火往世書》（Agni-purāṇa）裏提到此山是一聖地，巴利文《本生經》中有不少關於此山的故事。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7069" id="7076">（二）</a>寶雲等經：《寶雲經》現存有三種<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯本：《寶雲經》七卷，題<span class="zhuanming">梁</span><span class="zhuanming">曼陀羅仙</span>譯；《大乘寶雲經》七卷，題<span class="zhuanming">梁</span><span class="zhuanming">曼陀羅仙</span>共<span class="zhuanming">僧伽婆羅</span>譯；《佛説寶雨經》十卷，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">達摩流支</span>譯。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所云《寶雲》，當指前者。此外，<span class="zhuanming">陳</span><span class="zhuanming">須菩提</span>譯《大乘寶雲經》八卷，現不存。見《開元録》卷六﹑卷七。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伽耶山</span>東南有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>本生邑也。其南有二窣堵波，則<span class="zhuanming">伽耶迦葉波</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">捺地<a class="zhuhao" href="#7081" id="7077">〔1〕</a>迦葉波</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">那<a class="zhuhao" href="#7082" id="7078">〔2〕</a>提迦葉</span>，訛也。洎<a class="zhuhao" href="#7083" id="7079">〔3〕</a>諸<span class="zhuanming">迦葉</span>，例無波字，略也。</span> <span>事火之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#7084" id="7080">（一）</a>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00665','1384787',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P665</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7077" id="7081">〔1〕</a>《石本》地作陁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7078" id="7082">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》那作耶。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7079" id="7083">〔3〕</a>《翻譯集》引洎作緝。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7080" id="7084">（一）</a>伽耶迦葉波捺地迦葉波事火之處：指三<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>（梵文Kāśyapa，巴利文Kassapa）兄弟，長<span class="zhuanming">優婁頻螺迦葉波</span>（Uruvilvā-kā-śyapa），次<span class="zhuanming">那提迦葉波</span>（Nadī-kāśyapa），季<span class="zhuanming">迦耶迦葉波</span>（Gayā-kā-śyapa），原爲事火外道；後三兄弟率領徒衆一千人都改信<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，詳見後述，並見《五分律》卷十五﹑《增一阿含經》卷十四﹑十五﹑《佛本行集經》等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、捨頭窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153880" key="1153880"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 呾叉始羅國 &gt; 三、捨頭窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153881" key="1153881"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00304','1384666',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P304</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000498"><b>三﹑捨頭窣堵波</b></p><p> <span>城北十二三里有窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#3589" id="3577">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所<a class="zhuhao" href="#3585" id="3578">〔1〕</a>建也。或至齋日，時放光明，神花天樂，頗有見聞。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#3586" id="3579">〔2〕</a>曰：近有婦人，身嬰惡癩，竊至窣堵波，責躬禮懺。見其庭宇有諸糞穢，掬除灑掃，塗香散花，更<a class="zhuhao" href="#3587" id="3580">〔3〕</a>採青蓮，重布其地。惡疾除愈，形貌增妍，身出名香，青蓮同馥<a class="zhuhao" href="#3590" id="3581">（二）</a>。斯勝地也，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔修菩薩行，爲大國王，號<span class="zhuanming">戰達羅鉢剌<a class="zhuhao" href="#3588" id="3582">〔4〕</a>婆</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3591" id="3583">（三）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">月光</span>。</span> <span>志求菩提，斷頭惠施。若此之捨，凡歷千生<a class="zhuhao" href="#3592" id="3584">（四）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3578" id="3585">〔1〕</a>原本無所字，今據《中本》補。《古本》之作所。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3579" id="3586">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》先志二字作“土俗”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3580" id="3587">〔3〕</a>原本無更字，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3582" id="3588">〔4〕</a>《中本》剌作賴，二字同聲紐，可通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3577" id="3589">（一）</a>城北十二三里有窣堵波：卽<span class="zhuanming">捨頭窣堵波</span>，遺址在Taxila以北八<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處Sarḍa小丘西端，今<span class="zhuanming">巴拉爾塔</span>（Bhallaṛ Stūpa）。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00305','1384666',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P305</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3581" id="3590">（二）</a>青蓮同馥：此宗教傳説並見《大毗婆沙論》卷一一四。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3583" id="3591">（三）</a>戰達羅鉢剌婆：梵文Candraprabha的音譯，義云<span class="zhuanming">月光</span>；巴利文作Candapabha。此本生故事，據《佛説月光菩薩經》略謂：於過去世，<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>有大城名<span class="zhuanming">賢石</span>，國王名<span class="zhuanming">月光</span>。光榮富貴無比，普施一切，隨意需求者相給之。一切衆生，皆至王城，求其施與，得大富貴。有二大臣，感惡夢，因王應求必施，故恐惡人來求王頭，豫以七寶作王頭，若有來者，則擬與之。有<span class="zhuanming">惡眼婆羅門</span>，果來求王頭不止，大臣等恐曰：“王頭膿血絡歸而爛壞，無有用處，代與七寶之頭。”<span class="zhuanming">惡眼</span>曰：“我不要七寶之頭，必得王頭。”求不止。大臣等遂告王，王曰：“父母所生不浄身，汝求我頭歡喜捨；滿爾本願稱心歸，令我速成菩提果。”婆羅門喜，王欲截頭，婆羅門曰：“王截頭，須浄處。”王卽至摩尼寶苑，攜劍曰：“我捨頭，汝來截之。”婆羅門曰：“王不自斷，令我截之，非布施也。”王卽以首髮繫無憂樹，執利劍，自截其頭。曩昔之<span class="zhuanming">月光天子</span>，爲今之<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>，二大臣爲<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">目乾連</span>，<span class="zhuanming">惡眼婆羅門</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3584" id="3592">（四）</a>若此之捨凡歷千生：《賢愚經》卷六謂過去<span class="zhuanming">跋陀耆婆城</span>有<span class="zhuanming">月光王</span>以正法治國，聲聞遠近。邊地一小國名<span class="zhuanming">毗摩斯王</span>，心懷嫉妒，遣婆羅門來乞王頭。<span class="zhuanming">月光王</span>對婆羅門説：自己過去已布施了九百九十九頭，今若布施此頭，就够上一千，功德圓滿。説罷就割捨了自己的頭，此<span class="zhuanming">月光王</span>就是<span class="zhuanming">釋尊</span>。《六度集經》卷一﹑《大方便佛報恩經》卷五﹑《大寶積經》卷八十等所載略有不同，此本生故事，經常爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的雕塑﹑繪畫所採用，<span class="zhuanming">阿旃陁石窟</span>第一洞的壁畫繪有這一題材。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、摩醯因陁羅故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153884" key="1153884"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 六、摩醯因陁羅故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153885" key="1153885"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00636','1384780',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P636</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001072"><b>六﹑摩醯因陁羅故事</b></p><p> <span>故宫北有大石室，外若崇山，内廣數丈，是<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>爲出家弟<a class="zhuhao" href="#6751" id="6737">〔1〕</a>役使神鬼之所建也。初，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>有同母弟，名<span class="zhuanming">摩醯</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6752" id="6738">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">因陁</span>羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#6764" id="6739">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">大帝</span>。</span> <span>生自貴族，服僣王制，奢侈縱暴，衆庶懷怨。國輔老<a class="zhuhao" href="#6753" id="6740">〔3〕</a>臣進諫王曰：“驕弟作威，亦已<a class="zhuhao" href="#6754" id="6741">〔4〕</a>太甚。夫政平則國治，人和則主安，古之明<a class="zhuhao" href="#6755" id="6742">〔5〕</a>訓，由來久矣。願存國典，收付執法！”<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>泣謂弟曰：“吾承基緒，覆燾生靈，況爾同胞，豈忘惠愛？不先匡導，已陷刑<a class="zhuhao" href="#6756" id="6743">〔6〕</a>法，上懼先<a class="zhuhao" href="#6757" id="6744">〔7〕</a>靈，下迫衆議。”<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陁羅</span>稽首謝曰：“不自謹行，敢干國憲，願賜再生，更寬七日！”於是置諸幽室，嚴加守衛，珍羞上饌，進奉無虧。守者唱曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#6758" id="6745">〔8〕</a>：“已過一日，餘有六日。”至第六日已，既深憂懼，更勵身心，便獲果證。昇虚空，示神迹，尋出塵俗<a class="zhuhao" href="#6759" id="6746">〔9〕</a>，遠棲巖谷。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>躬往謂曰：“昔拘國制，欲致嚴刑。豈意清昇，取證聖果。既無滯累，可以還國。”弟曰：“昔羈愛網，心馳聲色；今出危城，志悦山谷。願棄人間，長從丘壑！”王曰：“欲静心慮，豈必幽巖？吾從爾志，當爲崇樹。”遂召命鬼神而告之曰：“吾於後日廣備珍羞，爾曹相率來集我會，各持大石，自爲牀座。”諸神受命，至期畢萃。衆會既已，王告神曰：“石座從<a class="zhuhao" href="#6760" id="6747">〔10〕</a>横，宜自積聚，因功不勞，壘<a class="zhuhao" href="#6761" id="6748">〔11〕</a>爲虚<a class="zhuhao" href="#6762" id="6749">〔12〕</a>室。”諸神受命，不日而成。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>躬往迎請，止此<a class="zhuhao" href="#6763" id="6750">〔13〕</a>山廬。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00637','1384780',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P637</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6737" id="6751">〔1〕</a>《舊麗本》弟下有子字，誤衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6738" id="6752">〔2〕</a>《新麗本》醯原作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503blaf.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《京大本》從《石本》及《宋本》改。《資福本》﹑《明南本》等同。《翻譯集》則作訶。<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503l68z.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>乃䤈之誤，䤈﹑醯同字，見《玉篇》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6740" id="6753">〔3〕</a>《中本》老作佐。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6741" id="6754">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》已並作以，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6742" id="6755">〔5〕</a>原本明作則，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《径山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6743" id="6756">〔6〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》刑作形，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6744" id="6757">〔7〕</a>《石本》先作光，形近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6745" id="6758">〔8〕</a>《中本》唱曰二字作哩言。哩字不合，疑爲唱之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6746" id="6759">〔9〕</a>《古本》塵俗二字作俗塵。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6747" id="6760">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》從並作縱，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6748" id="6761">〔11〕</a>《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》壘並作疊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6749" id="6762">〔12〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》虚作靈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6750" id="6763">〔13〕</a>《石本》無此字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6739" id="6764">（一）</a>摩醯因陁羅：梵文Mahendra的對音；巴利文爲Mahin-da，其對音作<span class="zhuanming">摩哂陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩呻提</span>。北傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>説他是<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之同母弟<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00638','1384780',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P638</span></i>（見《阿育王傳》卷二﹑《阿育王經》卷三﹑《分别功德論》卷三﹑Di-vyāvadāna第二十八品等）；南傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>則説他是<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>的長子（見《島史》〔Dīpavaṃsa〕第七章﹑《大史》〔Mahāvaṃsa〕第五章）。相傳他受<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>派遣，把<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>（上座部）傳佈到今<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>，從而成爲該島<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的始祖（參見本書卷第十一﹑《善見律毗婆娑》卷一至卷三等）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、四寶藏之一所
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153888" key="1153888"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 呾叉始羅國 &gt; 二、四寶藏之一所 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153889" key="1153889"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00303','1384665',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P303</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000495"><b>二﹑四寶藏之一所</b></p><p> <span>龍池東南行三十餘里，入兩山間，有窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#3575" id="3569">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，高百餘尺。是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>懸記當來<span class="zhuanming">慈氏世尊</span>出興之時，自然有四大寶藏<a class="zhuhao" href="#3576" id="3570">（二）</a>，卽斯勝地，當其一所。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#3573" id="3571">〔1〕</a>曰：或時地震，諸山皆動，周藏<a class="zhuhao" href="#3574" id="3572">〔2〕</a>百步，無所傾摇。諸有愚夫妄加發掘，地爲震動，人皆蹎仆。傍有伽藍，圯損已甚，久絶僧徒。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3571" id="3573">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》諸先志三字作“之土俗”。《中本》先志作“土俗”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3572" id="3574">〔2〕</a>《石本》周藏作“藏周”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3569" id="3575">（一）</a>入兩山間有窣堵波：此窣堵波卽現在的<span class="zhuanming">巴奥特賓迪</span>（Baotī Piṇḍ）嶺上之壞塔。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3570" id="3576">（二）</a>四大寶藏：據《增一阿含經》卷四九，此四大寶藏是：<span class="zhuanming">乾<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00304','1384665',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P304</span></i>陀衞國</span><span class="zhuanming">伊羅鉢龍王</span>寶藏，<span class="zhuanming">蜜締羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">斑稠龍王</span>寶藏，<span class="zhuanming">須賴吒國</span><span class="zhuanming">賓伽羅龍王</span>寶藏，<span class="zhuanming">婆羅㮈國</span><span class="zhuanming">蠰佉龍王寶</span>藏。此處卽指<span class="zhuanming">伊羅鉢龍王</span>寶藏。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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七、無憂王諸營造遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153892" key="1153892"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 七、無憂王諸營造遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153893" key="1153893"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00638','1384781',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P638</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001075"><b>七﹑無憂王諸營造遺迹</b></p><p> <span>故宫北地獄南有大石槽，是<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>匠役神功，作爲此器，飯僧之時以儲食也。</span> </p><p> <span>故宫西南有小石山，周巖谷間，數十石室，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">近護</span>等諸阿羅漢役使鬼神之所建立。傍有故臺餘基積石，池沼漣漪<a class="zhuhao" href="#6767" id="6765">〔1〕</a>，清瀾澄鑒，鄰國遠人謂之聖水，若有飲濯，罪垢消滅<a class="zhuhao" href="#6768" id="6766">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6765" id="6767">〔1〕</a>《中本》漪作綺，綺疑猗之誤，漣猗見《詩·魏風·伐檀》。漪與猗通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6766" id="6768">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》滅下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span>山西南有五窣堵波，崇基已陷，餘址尚高，遠而望之，鬱若山阜。面各數百步，後人於上重更修建小窣堵波。《印度記》曰：昔<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建八萬四千窣堵波已，尚餘五升<a class="zhuhao" href="#6774" id="6769">〔1〕</a>舍<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00639','1384781',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P639</span></i>利，故别崇建五窣堵波。制<a class="zhuhao" href="#6775" id="6770">〔2〕</a>奇諸處，靈異間起，以表<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>五分法身<a class="zhuhao" href="#6778" id="6771">（一）</a>。薄信之徒竊相評議，云是昔者<a class="zhuhao" href="#6776" id="6772">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">難陁王</span>建此五<a class="zhuhao" href="#6777" id="6773">〔4〕</a>藏，以儲七寶。其後有王，不甚淳信，聞先疑議，肆其貪求，興動軍師，躬臨發掘。地震山傾，雲昏日翳，窣堵波中大聲雷震，士卒僵仆，象馬驚奔。自兹已降，無敢覬覦。或曰：“衆議雖多，未爲礭論。”循古所記，信得其實。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6769" id="6774">〔1〕</a>原本升作斗，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6770" id="6775">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》制作製，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6772" id="6776">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》無者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6773" id="6777">〔4〕</a>原本無五字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。《方志》亦云“<span class="zhuanming">難陀王</span>五藏。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6771" id="6778">（一）</a>五分法身：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂以五種功德成爲佛身，故名五分法身。一﹑戒身，謂<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>已脱離身﹑口﹑意三業的一切過非的境地；二﹑定身，謂<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>真心寂静，脱離一切妄念的境地；三﹑慧身，謂<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>真智圓明，了然宇宙本有的實性﹑達觀法性的境地；四﹑解脱身，謂<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>身心解脱一切繫縛的境地；五﹑解脱知見身，謂<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>以其真知而解脱，獲見法身。此五種程序卽由戒而生定，由定而生慧，由慧而得解脱，由解脱而有解脱真知。卽從抑制肉體的﹑精神的慾望逐漸<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00640','1384781',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P640</span></i>進至所謂“解悟”的境地。見《大乘義章》卷二十本。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、醫羅鉢呾羅龍王池
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153896" key="1153896"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 呾叉始羅國 &gt; 一、醫羅鉢呾羅龍王池 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153897" key="1153897"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00302','1384664',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P302</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000492"><b>一﹑醫羅鉢呾羅龍王池</b></p><p> <span>大城西北七十餘里，有<span class="zhuanming">醫<a class="zhuhao" href="#3563" id="3557">〔1〕</a>羅鉢呾羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3564" id="3558">〔2〕</a>龍王</span>池<a class="zhuhao" href="#3568" id="3559">（一）</a>，周百餘步。其水澄清，雜色蓮花同榮異彩。此龍者，卽昔<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>時壞醫羅鉢呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3565" id="3560">〔3〕</a>羅樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#3566" id="3561">〔4〕</a>苾蒭者<a class="zhuhao" href="#3567" id="3562">〔5〕</a>也。故今彼土請雨祈晴，必與沙門共至池所，彈指慰問，隨願必果。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3557" id="3563">〔1〕</a>《石本》醫作翳，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3558" id="3564">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》羅作邏，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3560" id="3565">〔3〕</a>原本無呾字，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有，與上文同，今從補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3561" id="3566">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》樹下有葉字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3562" id="3567">〔5〕</a>苾蒭者，《石本》苾蒭作比丘，以下皆如此。蒭字或本作芻，通用，不别出校。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無者字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3559" id="3568">（一）</a>醫羅鉢呾羅龍王池：醫（又作翳）羅鉢呾羅，梵文Elā-pattra的音譯，巴利文作Erāpatha。醫羅是一種帶有臭氣的樹，可以作醫療用；鉢呾羅是樹葉之義。在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經典中有不少關於此龍王的傳説。例如據《福蓋正行所集經》第十一所説，過去<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00303','1384664',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P303</span></i>時，有一比丘犯摘毁醫羅樹及午後乞食二過，受罰永爲龍身，有七頭，其頭之上生醫羅樹，常流膿血，不堪蟲類吮食的痛苦。時佛在<span class="zhuanming">嚩囉拏城</span>，教化此龍，説<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>出世時當可免龍身。此龍王之首在<span class="zhuanming">嚩囉拏城</span>，龍尾在<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>。今Bharhut塔西門隅柱的浮雕就是根據<span class="zhuanming">醫羅鉢呾羅龍王</span>傳説而刻的。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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八、雞園僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153900" key="1153900"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 八、雞園僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153901" key="1153901"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00640','1384782',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P640</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001079"><b>八﹑雞園僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>故城東南有<span class="zhuanming">屈</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">居勿反<a class="zhuhao" href="#6785" id="6779">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">屈</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6786" id="6780">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">吒阿濫摩</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">鷄園</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6789" id="6781">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建焉。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>初信佛法也，式遵崇建，修殖<a class="zhuhao" href="#6787" id="6782">〔3〕</a>善種，召集千僧，凡聖兩衆<a class="zhuhao" href="#6790" id="6783">（二）</a>，四事供養，什物周給。頽毁已久，基址尚在<a class="zhuhao" href="#6788" id="6784">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6779" id="6785">〔1〕</a>《古本》無夾注三字。《中本》居勿反三字作屈勿之，訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6780" id="6786">〔2〕</a>原本屈字不重，《金陵本》重屈字。按屈吒阿濫摩梵文作Kukkuṭārāma，依音當重屈字，《方志》正作屈屈吒阿濫摩，今據補。《慈恩傳》作尼屈吒阿濫摩，尼乃屈之形訛。本書卷九有<span class="zhuanming">屈屈吒播陁山</span>，“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">雞足山</span>”，與此“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">雞園</span>”相符，屈屈吒譯言雞也。亦是一證。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6782" id="6787">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》殖並作植，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6784" id="6788">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》在並作存。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6781" id="6789">（一）</a>屈屈吒阿濫摩僧伽藍：梵文Kukuṭārāma，梵文和巴利文Kukkuṭārāma，意卽<span class="zhuanming">鷄園</span>，又譯<span class="zhuanming">鷄林園</span>，<span class="zhuanming">鷄林精舍</span>，<span class="zhuanming">鷄雀寺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">鷄雀<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00641','1384782',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P641</span></i>精舍</span>，<span class="zhuanming">鷄頭摩寺</span>等。關於此寺院建立的經過，詳見《雜阿含經》二三﹑《阿育王經》卷二﹑《善見律毘婆沙》卷二。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6783" id="6790">（二）</a>凡聖兩衆：凡，指凡夫僧；聖，指聖僧。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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呾叉始羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153904" key="1153904"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 呾叉始羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153905" key="1153905"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00300','1384663',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P300</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000489">呾叉始羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3556" id="3551">（一）</a>周二千餘里。國大都城周十餘里。酋豪力競，王族絶嗣，往者役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>，近又附庸<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>。地稱<a class="zhuhao" href="#3554" id="3552">〔1〕</a>沃壤，稼穡殷盛，泉流多，花果<a class="zhuhao" href="#3555" id="3553">〔2〕</a>茂。氣序和暢，風俗輕勇。崇敬三寶，伽藍雖多，荒蕪已甚。僧徒寡少，並學大乘。</span> </p>勘校：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3552" id="3554">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》朱校稱作利。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00301','1384663',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P301</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3553" id="3555">〔2〕</a>原本果作草，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》作菓，《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作果。按此書各國下多言花果，不云花草（間有稱草木者），草字當誤，今改正。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3551" id="3556">（一）</a>呾叉始羅：梵文Takṣaśilā，巴利文Takkasilā，<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>古地誌作Taxila，Taxiala。此地歷史甚古，曾爲<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>首都，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古籍如<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>《八章書》（Aṣṭādhyāyī4，3，93），<span class="zhuanming">波檀闍利</span>《大疏》（Pata-ñjali：Mahābhāṣya1，3，1；4，3，93），<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>摩崖勒銘一號，都曾提到此名。<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯佛典中《賢愚經》卷一譯作<span class="zhuanming">特叉尸利</span>，《瓶沙王五願經》作<span class="zhuanming">德差伊羅</span>，《阿育王傳》卷三作<span class="zhuanming">得叉始羅</span>，《阿育王經》卷一○作德<span class="zhuanming">叉尸羅</span>（鑿石），《法顯傳》作<span class="zhuanming">竺刹尸羅</span>（截頭），《佛本行集經》卷三八作<span class="zhuanming">特叉尸羅</span>（削石），《水經注》作<span class="zhuanming">呾尸羅</span>。關於此地名的來源有種種不同傳説，史詩《羅摩衍那》説此城是<span class="zhuanming">羅摩</span>幼弟<span class="zhuanming">婆羅多</span>所建，並立其子<span class="zhuanming">呾叉</span>（Takṣa）爲王，因而得名。據《佛説月光菩薩經》，此地原名<span class="zhuanming">賢石城</span>（Bhadraśilā），因<span class="zhuanming">月光王</span>（Candraprabha）曾於此地自截其頭施捨給<span class="zhuanming">惡眼婆羅門</span>，故名“截頭”（Takṣa義云“截”，śilā＜śiras義云頭）。《法顯傳》所記略異：“自此東行七日，有國名<span class="zhuanming">竺刹尸羅</span>。<span class="zhuanming">竺刹尸羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>言<span class="zhuanming">截頭</span>也。佛爲菩薩時，於此處以頭施人，故因以爲名。”也有“鑿石”﹑“削石”等解釋，因梵文śilā有“岩石”之意。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於此城地望，也有不同考證。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">沙赫德利</span>（Shahdheri）；<span class="zhuanming">許格爾</span>（B.Hügel）比定爲現今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">拉瓦爾品第</span>（Rāwalpindi）；<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>（V.Smith）比定爲前者附近的<span class="zhuanming">哈桑</span>·<span class="zhuanming">阿布達爾</span>（Hasan Abdal）。近代考古發掘證明<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅城</span>的遺址在<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">傑魯姆河</span>之間，距<span class="zhuanming">拉瓦爾品第</span>新城西北約二十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00302','1384663',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P302</span></i>遺址所在河谷長約十一<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，谷口寬五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，海拔一千七百<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺以上。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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九、阿摩落伽窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153908" key="1153908"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 九、阿摩落伽窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153909" key="1153909"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00641','1384783',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P641</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001082"><b>九﹑阿摩落伽窣堵波</b></p><p> <span>伽藍側有大窣堵波，名<span class="zhuanming">阿摩落伽</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6804" id="6791">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#6815" id="6792">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">阿摩落伽</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6805" id="6793">〔2〕</a>者，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>藥<a class="zhuhao" href="#6806" id="6794">〔3〕</a>果之名也。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>搆<a class="zhuhao" href="#6807" id="6795">〔4〕</a>疾彌留，知命<a class="zhuhao" href="#6808" id="6796">〔5〕</a>不濟，欲捨珍寶，崇樹福田。權臣執政，誡勿從欲。其後因食，留阿摩落果，玩之半爛，握果長息，問諸臣曰：“<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>主，今是何人？”諸臣對曰：“唯獨大王。”王曰：“不然。我今非主，唯此半果，而得自在。嗟乎，世間富貴，危甚風燭，位據區宇，名高稱<a class="zhuhao" href="#6809" id="6797">〔6〕</a>謂，臨終匱乏，見逼强臣，天下非己，半果斯在！”乃命侍臣而告之曰：“持此半果詣彼<span class="zhuanming">雞園</span>，施諸衆僧，作如是説：‘昔一<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>主，今半阿摩落王，稽首大德僧前<a class="zhuhao" href="#6810" id="6798">〔7〕</a>，願受最後之施。凡諸所有，皆已喪失，唯斯半果，得少自在。哀愍貧乏，增長福種’。”僧中上座作如是言：“<span class="zhuanming">無憂</span>大王宿期弘濟，瘧疾在躬，姦臣擅<a class="zhuhao" href="#6811" id="6799">〔8〕</a>命，積寶非己，半果爲施。承王來<a class="zhuhao" href="#6812" id="6800">〔9〕</a>命，普施衆僧。”卽召典事，羹中總<a class="zhuhao" href="#6813" id="6801">〔10〕</a>煮<a class="zhuhao" href="#6816" id="6802">（二）</a>，收其果核<a class="zhuhao" href="#6814" id="6803">〔11〕</a>，起窣堵波。既荷厚恩，遂旌顧命。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6791" id="6804">〔1〕</a>《中本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》伽作迦，同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00642','1384783',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P642</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6793" id="6805">〔2〕</a>原本無此阿摩落伽四字，今據《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》補。唯諸本伽作迦，此從上文改，以歸一律。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6794" id="6806">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》藥作樂，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6795" id="6807">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》搆並作遘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6796" id="6808">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》知命二字作命將。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6797" id="6809">〔6〕</a>《石本》稱下有理，疑衍文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6798" id="6810">〔7〕</a>《中本》前作足。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6799" id="6811">〔8〕</a>《中本》擅作攝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6800" id="6812">〔9〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》來作末。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6801" id="6813">〔10〕</a>《舊麗本》無總字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6803" id="6814">〔11〕</a>《新麗本》原書闕總煮收其果核六字，《京大本》從《石本》﹑《宋本》補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6792" id="6815">（一）</a>阿摩落迦：梵文āmalaka音譯，亦作菴摩勒﹑阿摩勒，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>藥用植物名，與本書卷二“阿末羅果”同，見該條注。此故事亦見《大莊嚴論經》卷五﹑《阿育王經》卷五。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6802" id="6816">（二）</a>羹中總煑：據《阿育王經》卷五，謂將阿摩落迦果“以碎末，置羹中。”<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>譯注《大唐西域記》頁250譯作“以繩紐纒結在羹中煑。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153912" key="1153912"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 五畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153913" key="1153913"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01083','1244396',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1083</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001822">五畫</p><p> <span>幼日〔王〕（見婆羅阿迭多王）</span> </p><p> <span>失宗8/647/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>平道序2/21/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>史國（見羯霜那國）</span> </p><p> <span>甘露序2/14/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>未生怨（見阿闍多設咄路王）</span> </p><p> <span>占戍拏7/609/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>主藏臣2/250/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>司馬子長12/1052/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>本中國人也1/79/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>右手進食5/435/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>立佛石像1/131/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>半笯嗟國3/348/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>央掘摩羅（見鴦窶利摩羅）</span> </p><p> <span>必也正名乎1/45/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>印度2/162/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>印度記4/365/4，7/582/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>出定5/428/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>出愛（見鄔陀衍那王）</span> </p><p> <span>以赤銅爲鍱3/338/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>以沙彌總知僧事6/530/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>目乾連（見没特伽羅子）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01084','1244396',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1084</span></i><p> <span>目支鄰陁龍王8/685/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>玉門序1/7/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>玉毫序2/14/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>玉柄纔撝序2/22/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>生主（見鉢邏闍鉢底）</span> </p><p> <span>生陰1/135/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>生肇融叡12/1048/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>示爲鳥身7/560/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>示受乳糜8/667/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>示教利喜11/950/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>弗栗恃國7/608/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>弗栗恃薩儻那國12/959/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>弗婆勢羅僧伽藍10/843/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>石門12/1044/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>石柱7/561/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>石蜜2/215/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>石國（見赭時國）</span> </p><p> <span>白水城1/79/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>白分黑分2/172/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>白水之災3/276/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>白衣外道本師3/316/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>外衆5/455/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>外道六師6/499/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>外道服飾2/180/1，493/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>外道梵志殺婬女以謗佛處6/</span> </p><p> <span>北行南行2/172/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>北羅羅國（見伐臘毗國）</span> </p><p> <span>北山下有大伽藍1/139/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>北廣南狹形如半月2/165/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>世友3/326/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>世尊1/157/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>世諦8/658/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>世親2/236/3，2/248/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>正后3/311/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>正法4/396/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>正量部4/413/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>正法醇醨2/195/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>正朔所暨　序2/27/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>布剌拏3/347/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>布呾落迦山10/861/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>布路沙布邏2/235/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>布色羯邏伐底城2/251/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>布剌拏梅呾麗衍尼弗呾羅4/384/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>末羅6/548/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>末田地（見末田底迦）</span> </p><p> <span>末尼寶6/532/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>末田底迦3/298/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>末杜迦果2/212/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>末笯曷剌他2/247/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01085','1244396',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1085</span></i><p> <span>尼拘律5/427/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>尼壤城12/1030/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>尼波羅國7/613/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>尼連禪河8/663/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>尼羅蔽荼2/185/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>尼連禪那河9/702/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>尼拘律樹林6/519/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>尼拘盧陁僧伽藍6/519/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>四生3/329/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>四果1/121/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>四韋序2/21/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>四三皇1/34/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>四神足7/594/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>四十七言2/184/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>四大寶藏3/303/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>四吠陀論2/158/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>四色蓮花9/776/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>四事供養1/65/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>四辯無礙3/311/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>四郊因而多壘序1/6/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>四寸細籌填積其内4/386/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、城附近寺塔及白衣外道本師初説法處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153916" key="1153916"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 僧訶補羅國 &gt; 一、城附近寺塔及白衣外道本師初説法處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153917" key="1153917"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00315','1384669',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P315</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000512"><b>一﹑城附近寺塔及白衣外道本師初説法處</b></p><p> <span>城南不遠有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，莊飾有虧，靈異相繼。傍有伽藍，空無僧侣。</span> </p><p> <span>城東南四五十里至<a class="zhuhao" href="#3689" id="3685">〔1〕</a>石窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建也，高二百餘尺。池沼十數，暎<a class="zhuhao" href="#3690" id="3686">〔2〕</a>帶左右。彫石爲岸，殊形異類。激水清流，汩淴漂注<a class="zhuhao" href="#3691" id="3687">〔3〕</a>，龍魚水族，窟穴潜泳<a class="zhuhao" href="#3692" id="3688">〔4〕</a>。四色蓮花，彌漫清潭。百果具繁，同榮異色。林沼交映，誠可遊玩。傍有伽藍，久絶僧侣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3685" id="3689">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》至作有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3686" id="3690">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》暎作映，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3687" id="3691">〔3〕</a>《古本》注作流。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3688" id="3692">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》泳作流。</span> </p><p> <span>窣堵波側不遠，有<span class="zhuanming">白衣外道</span>本師<a class="zhuhao" href="#3696" id="3693">（一）</a>悟所求理初説法處，今有封記。傍建天祠。其徒苦行，晝夜精勤，不遑寧息。本師所説之法，多竊佛經之義，隨類設法，擬則軌儀，大者謂苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#3695" id="3694">〔1〕</a>，小者稱沙彌，威儀律行，頗同僧法。唯留少髮，加之露形，或有所服，白色爲異。據斯流别，稍用區分。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00316','1384669',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P316</span></i>其天師像，竊類<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，衣服爲差，相好無異。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3694" id="3695">〔1〕</a>《石本》苾芻作比丘。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3693" id="3696">（一）</a>白衣外道本師：白衣外道爲<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>中的一派，本師卽指該教的創立者<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>（Mahāvīra）。<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>大致與<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>同時在世，相傳前六世紀至五世紀間出生於<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>外<span class="zhuanming">孔達村</span>（Kuṇḍagrāma）一豪族家庭，青年時曾與<span class="zhuanming">耶輸陀</span>（Yaśodā）結婚，三十歲出家修行，十二年後悟道，創<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>。此後在<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>與<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>傳佈其教義，公元前482年於<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>去世，終年約六十歲（一説死於公元前470年前後，享年七十二歲）。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>經典用一種俗語卽所謂半<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀</span>語（Ardha-Māgadhī）寫成。<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>逝世後約二百年，其教徒分成兩派，卽白衣外道（Śvetāmbara）與露形外道（Digambara），後者尤其流行於<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>教徒在佛典中又稱爲<span class="zhuanming">尼犍子</span>（梵文Nirgra-ntha，巴利文Nigaṇṭha）。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>教義的確有與<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>近似之處，例如也承認靈魂存在，講輪迥轉生，因果業報；其戒律中也有五戒，卽一﹑不殺生，二﹑不妄語，三﹑不偷盗，四﹑不淫邪，五﹑不貪慾。但這並非剽竊<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經義，因爲<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>與<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>爲同時代人，差不多在同時創立與傳佈其教義，而且<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>本人傳教活動僅在<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>一帶，本段所説<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>國都附近爲其“本師悟所求理初説法處”，恐係傳聞附會所致。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153920" key="1153920"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 六畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153921" key="1153921"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01085','1244397',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1085</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001823">六畫</p><p> <span>名相10/811/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>肉骨序1/7/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>亘婆9/771/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>米國（見弭秣賀國）</span> </p><p> <span>戍陀羅（見族姓）</span> </p><p> <span>色界天6/519/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>而寂滅焉9/768/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>合掌平拱2/206/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>危隥㩻傾12/960/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>成壞已三2/244/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>先導十二章2/186/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>汝潁多奇士序2/23/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>各安世業俱佃口分2/210/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>字源簡略……其流浸廣1/74/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>匠人12/1044/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>匠石12/1052/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>安居1/102/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>安呾羅縛國12/961/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>朽蘖6/502/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>朽木難彫12/1052/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>行像1/62/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>行多詭詐……父子計利1/76/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01086','1244397',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1086</span></i><p> <span>灰管12/1044/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>灰炭窣堵波6/535/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>吐番國4/410/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>吐火羅國（見覩貨邏國故地）</span> </p><p> <span>池環海序1/8/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>池側伽藍12/1025/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>曲女城國（見羯若鞠闍國）</span> </p><p> <span>曲女城法會5/442/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>年方志學12/1051/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>年三十五矣8/678/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>此國人户尚少10/821/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>此國本寶渚也11/872/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>至大山8/652/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>至那僕底國4/366/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>至那提婆瞿呾羅12/986/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>自佛湼槃諸部異議6/542/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>自數十年無大君長1/85/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>自云毗沙門天之祚胤也12/1007/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>多羅9/774/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>多羅菩薩8/651/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>多器坯土2/216/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>多出金精12/974/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>光胄（見鴦輸伐摩）</span> </p><p> <span>光增（見波羅羯羅伐彈那）</span> </p><p> <span>光世音（見阿縛盧枳低伊濕伐羅）</span> </p><p> <span>光宅四表序2/15/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>因緣3/345/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>因明論10/838/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>因卽誠信弘揚佛教12/1011/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>因陀羅勢羅窶訶山9/770/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>西山（見阿伐羅勢羅）</span> </p><p> <span>西女國11/943/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>西安國（見伐地國）</span> </p><p> <span>西大女國11/872/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>西討健馱邏國4/363/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>伊蒲塞（卽鄔波索迦）</span> </p><p> <span>伊濕伐邏2/257/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>伊爛拏山10/780/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>伊賞那補羅10/804/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>伊爛拏鉢伐多國10/779/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>地乳（見瞿薩旦那國）</span> </p><p> <span>地神8/677/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>地塗牛糞爲浄2/175/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>地伽婆縛那伽藍12/1015/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>地乳所育因爲國號12/1009/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>伐地國1/96/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01087','1244397',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1087</span></i><p> <span>伐闍羅9/756/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>伐剌拏國11/949/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>伐臘毗國11/911/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>伐蘇蜜呾羅2/251/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>伐蘇畔度菩薩5/451/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>有界序2/20/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>有漏6/532/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>有截序2/15/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>有故城7/601/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>有金河（見阿恃多伐底河）</span> </p><p> <span>有石窣堵波無憂王建也7/563/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>那提迦葉（見捺地迦葉波）</span> </p><p> <span>那羅延天2/235/17，10/798/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>那利薊羅果2/213/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>那揭羅曷國2/221/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>那羅延天祠7/585/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>那羅稽羅洲11/885/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>那爛陁僧伽藍9/750/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>那爛陁遠客沙門5/438/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>那伽閼剌樹那菩薩8/646/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來1/154/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>如意2/236/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來髮爪2/227/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來伏此龍3/277/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來濯衣石3/278/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來足所履迹3/277/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來焚身之處6/550/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來乃垂手指地8/677/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來洗病苾芻處6/491/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來在昔化爲孔雀王3/285/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來所履雙迹猶存8/634/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來在世屢遊此國11/914/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來懸記興建之功8/633/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來湼槃後結集三藏9/738/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來受貧老母施故衣處8/685/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來嘗於其上濯澣袈娑2/228/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來寂滅已七日供養之處6/548/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>如來寂滅之後第五十年……末田底迦羅漢者3/326/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
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僧訶補羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153924" key="1153924"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 僧訶補羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153925" key="1153925"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00313','1384668',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P313</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000509">僧訶補羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">僧訶<a class="zhuhao" href="#3680" id="3675">〔1〕</a>補羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3683" id="3676">（一）</a>周三千五六百里，西臨<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>。國大都城周十四五里<a class="zhuhao" href="#3684" id="3677">（二）</a>，依山據嶺，堅峻險固。農務少功，地利多獲。氣序寒，人性猛<a class="zhuhao" href="#3681" id="3678">〔2〕</a>，俗尚驍勇，又多譎詐<a class="zhuhao" href="#3682" id="3679">〔3〕</a>。國無君長主位，役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3675" id="3680">〔1〕</a>《石本》訶作河。《方志》作伽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3678" id="3681">〔2〕</a>《中本》猛上有謫字，字有誤。按本書述風俗及人性咸以四字爲句，此句猛上疑脱字。下<span class="zhuanming">烏剌尸國</span>條云“人性剛猛”。卷四<span class="zhuanming">屈露多國</span>條云“性剛猛”，猛上疑脱剛字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3679" id="3682">〔3〕</a>《中本》譎詐作詐譎。《石本》譎作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014432ozy9.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，疑爲謟之譌。謟，疑也。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3676" id="3683">（一）</a>僧訶補羅：梵文Siṃhapura。此國似爲傳聞之國，非<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所親履之地，因爲《慈恩傳》卷二《高麗藏》本爲“從此（<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅</span>）東南七百餘里‘聞’有<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>。”雖然<span class="zhuanming">支那内學院</span>本改爲“從此東南七百餘里‘間’有僧訶補羅國”，但是，這不僅與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的習慣用法不合，而且與本書記載亦有顯著矛盾。根據本段所記<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00314','1384668',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P314</span></i>羅國</span>在<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>東南七百餘里，但下段“大石門”又記：“從此復還<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>北界，渡<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>，東南行二百餘里。”很難想像<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>從<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅</span>向東南行七百餘里後又折回該國北界，然後再向東南行二百餘里。又據本段所記白衣外道的情況也足證明<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>似未親履其地（參閲下文“白衣外道本師”注）。如果<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅</span>僅是傳聞之國，上述矛盾就不難理解了。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於此國地望，最初<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>（St.Martin）比定爲Sangohi城，但此城位於平原上，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記此國“依山據嶺，堅峻險固”完全不合。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">開達斯</span>（Ketās或Ketāksh，北緯32度43分，東經72度59分），位於<span class="zhuanming">薩爾特山脉</span>（Salt Range）之北，<span class="zhuanming">傑魯姆河</span>（Jhelum）北岸，距<span class="zhuanming">賓達丹汗</span>（Pind Dādan Khan）十六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，距<span class="zhuanming">查高瓦爾</span>（Chakowāl）十八<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，距<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅</span>故址<span class="zhuanming">沙赫德利</span>不過八十五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里。<span class="zhuanming">康</span>氏認爲Ketās一字卽由梵文śve-tavāsas（白衣外道）一字訛略而來，在<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>śv變化爲kh的語例頗多。該地的廟宇和塑像頗多，該地也確有“池沼十數”，每年均有爲數衆多的香客，從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>各地前來參拜沐浴。我們認爲<span class="zhuanming">康</span>氏的意見是頗爲中肯的，雖然里程與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記有出入，可能是由於傳聞之國的緣故。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又據《新唐書》記載，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時此國爲<span class="zhuanming">箇失密</span>（<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅</span>）的五屬國之一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3677" id="3684">（二）</a>國大都城周十四五里：<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲距<span class="zhuanming">開達斯</span>聖池約<span class="song">12</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的Kotera古堡廢址，該堡西據陡坡，高約二百<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，地勢高峻，俯瞰<span class="zhuanming">開達斯</span>聖池，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記大體相合。但遺址範圍較小，僅<span class="song">3500</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，卽四分之三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，與“周十四﹑五里”相差頗爲懸殊。在尚未發現更恰當的遺址之前，<span class="zhuanming">康</span>氏意見至少可備一説。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153928" key="1153928"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 三畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153929" key="1153929"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01079','1244394',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1079</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001820">三畫</p><p> <span>弓2/167/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>土無梨桃4/368/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>乃化同緣善友7/566/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>山經序1/4/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>山川險阻10/800/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>凡夫僧3/329/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>凡聖兩衆8/641/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>子雲鞶帨序2/21/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>子父傳業遂窮兵術2/201/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>千泉1/76/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>千生捨眼2/253/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>千子見父母處也7/596/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>于遁（見瞿薩旦那國）</span> </p><p> <span>于闐（見瞿薩旦那國）</span> </p><p> <span>于志寧序2/14/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>小魯序2/21/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>小孤山10/785/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>小乘正量部10/779/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>小乘説出世部1/130/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>小乘説教一切有部1/52/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>尸毗王（見尸毗迦王）</span> </p><p> <span>尸毗迦王3/283/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>尸棄尼國12/979/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>尸羅阿迭多5/429/8，11/903/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>尸賴拏伐底河（見阿恃多伐底河）</span> </p><p> <span>尸羅跋陀羅論師8/660/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>上首序2/20/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>上皇序1/8/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>上軍王3/286/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>上茅宫城（卽矩奢揭羅補羅城）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01080','1244394',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1080</span></i><p> <span>上置金銅阿摩落迦果8/674/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>大千序2/14/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>大天（見摩訶提婆）</span> </p><p> <span>大河7/609/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>大林（見摩訶伐那伽藍）</span> </p><p> <span>大術（見摩訶摩耶夫人）</span> </p><p> <span>大族（見摩醯邏矩羅）</span> </p><p> <span>大章序2/15/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>大石柱6/525/17，8/635/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>大流沙12/1031/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>大乘天（見摩訶耶那提婆）</span> </p><p> <span>大雪山1/129/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>大清池1/70/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>大梵王4/420/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>大衆部3/273/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>大慈定8/692/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>大舜賓門序2/18/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>大安達羅國（見馱那羯磔迦國）</span> </p><p> <span>大乘上座部法11/879/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>大衆部集真論3/347/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>大河東有窣堵波3/286/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>大施塲東合流口5/465/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>大迦葉波結集石室3/336/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>大山嶺上有石窣堵波10/822/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>大悲世尊度漁人處也7/611/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>大梵天王於此勸請轉妙法輪8/683/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>三冬12/1044/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>三衣2/180/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>三明2/246/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>三界序2/15/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>三浄1/53/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>三途6/503/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>三會7/566/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>三歸11/931/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>三藏2/245/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>三寶1/65/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>三菩伽7/603/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>三菩提6/511/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>三寶階4/419/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>三十三天4/419/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>三伐恃國（見弗栗恃國）</span> </p><p> <span>三衣重覆11/948/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>三波訶國4/410/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>三從棺出6/552/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>三請微言12/1045/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>三輪奥義12/1045/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01081','1244394',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1081</span></i><p> <span>三轉法輪12/1039/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>三彌底部12/1046/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>三摩呾吒國10/802/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>三藏聖教序序2/26/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>三恪照於姬載序2/19/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>三垂大海北背雪山2/165/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>三月八日　三月十五日　（佛誕日）6/524/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
四、童受論師製論處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153932" key="1153932"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 呾叉始羅國 &gt; 四、童受論師製論處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153933" key="1153933"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00306','1384667',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P306</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000501"><b>四﹑童受論師製論處</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">捨頭窣堵波</span>側有僧伽藍，庭宇荒涼，僧徒減少。昔經部<a class="zhuhao" href="#3599" id="3593">（一）</a><span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#3597" id="3594">〔1〕</a>多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3600" id="3595">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">童受</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3598" id="3596">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於此製述諸論。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3594" id="3597">〔1〕</a>《中本》羅邏作邏羅。《慈恩傳》無羅字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3596" id="3598">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》受作壽。按《翻譯集》作童受，與此同。“鳩摩羅什婆”，譯名“童壽”，《傳》疑非。<span class="zhuanming">童受</span>亦見卷十二<span class="zhuanming">朅盤陁國</span>“童受伽藍”條。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3593" id="3599">（一）</a>經部：卽經量部（Sautrāntika），由小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>上座部所屬説一切有部分化而來，只承認經律論三藏中的經藏爲佛説。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3595" id="3600">（二）</a>拘摩羅邏多：梵文Kumāralāta或Kumārarāta音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">童受</span>，又作<span class="zhuanming">童首</span>，<span class="zhuanming">童壽</span>，<span class="zhuanming">童豪</span>，經量部論師。其人異説頗多，著作甚衆，或云數十部，或傳云作五百論，或作九百論，均未譯成<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文。《慈恩傳》卷二<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>條作<span class="zhuanming">拘摩邏多</span>。本書卷十二<span class="zhuanming">朅盤陁國</span>條有記述。《出三藏記集》卷十二把他列爲説一切有部的論師之一。又見《唯識論述記》卷二。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
四畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153936" key="1153936"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 四畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153937" key="1153937"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01081','1244395',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1081</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001821">四畫</p><p> <span>今上序2/27/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>引正（見娑多婆訶）</span> </p><p> <span>木叉提婆12/1045/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>水火稱毒2/205/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>心夷生死8/630/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>牛頭栴檀9/710/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>巴連弗邑（見波吒釐子城）</span> </p><p> <span>井絡之鄉序2/23/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>方疊布下1/124/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>比羅娑洛山1/157/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>分一歲以爲六時2/173/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>日天5/446/2，10/783/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>日胄（見婆塞羯羅伐摩）</span> </p><p> <span>化導4/386/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>化地部3/272/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>不穿耳（見阿避陁羯剌拏僧伽藍）</span> </p><p> <span>不食乳酪遵提婆達多遺訓也10/809/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>户不籍書人無傜課2/210/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>户課賦税人四銀錢11/941/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>火珠2/217/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>火煙2/250/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>火界定6/546/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>月（見設賞迦王）</span> </p><p> <span>月光（見戰達羅鉢剌婆）</span> </p><p> <span>月愛珠11/886/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>月中之兔自斯而有7/580/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>六齋1/119/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>六神通2/246/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>六牙象王7/560/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>六獲果證7/576/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>六奇光於漢祀序2/19/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>六時合成一日一夜2/171/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>太子昔所遊止2/259/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>太子坐樹陰觀耕田6/516/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>太子與諸釋角藝射鐵鼓6/522/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01082','1244395',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1082</span></i><p> <span>太子與諸釋角力擲象之處6/513/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>太子以餘寶衣易鹿皮衣處6/533/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>太子踰城至此解寶衣去瓔珞命僕還處6/532/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>文字2/182/<span class="song">20</span></span> </p><p> <span>文殊菩薩（見妙吉祥菩薩）</span> </p><p> <span>文殊師利（見曼殊室利）</span> </p><p> <span>文鄰龍王6/553/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>文字取則印度1/50/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>文字言辭異於諸國12/956/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>文字語言大同佉沙國12/984/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>文字大同印度語言少異11/938/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>中陰1/135/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>中國3/326/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>中庸序2/20/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>中安國（見捕喝國）</span> </p><p> <span>中有伽藍12/978/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>中國正音2/173/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>中邊分别論5/454/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>中印度特爲詳正2/185/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>中印度王此北復建大伽藍9/756/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>王會序1/4/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>王增（見曷邏闍伐彈那）</span> </p><p> <span>王舍城9/743/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>王以含育1/152/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>王屈支種也1/57/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>王吠奢種也4/377/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>王戍陀羅種也4/397/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>王刹帝利栗呫婆種也7/614/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>王城南十餘里有大伽藍12/1010/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>王其國人也……法不整肅1/52/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>五舌4/405/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>五欲6/503/<span class="song">6</span></span> </p><p> <span>五府序2/20/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>五帝序1/8/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>五百身1/134/<span class="song">25</span></span> </p><p> <span>五分法身8/639/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>五百温泉9/730/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>五戒十善1/124/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>五明大論2/186/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>五輪俱屈2/207/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01083','1244395',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1083</span></i><p> <span>五體投地2/207/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>五印度之境2/164/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>五年一大會處1/62/<span class="song">10</span></span> </p><p> <span>五部則行乘象輿2/197/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>天（見提婆菩薩）</span> </p><p> <span>天步序1/7/<span class="song">23</span></span> </p><p> <span>天府1/34/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><p> <span>天竺序1/4/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>天祠1/59/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>天宫4/419/<span class="song">22</span></span> </p><p> <span>天規12/1052/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>天授（見提婆達多）</span> </p><p> <span>天軍（見提婆犀那）</span> </p><p> <span>天親（見伐蘇畔度菩薩）</span> </p><p> <span>天魔7/594/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>天人師8/689/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>天帝釋4/420/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>天雨衆花2/223/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>天像復坐6/521/<span class="song">19</span></span> </p><p> <span>天魔來嬈8/677/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>天祠數百異道數萬10/796/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>天帝釋以四十二疑事畫石請問9/770/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
1.金剛座
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153942" key="1153942"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 &gt; 1.金剛座 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153943" key="1153943"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00668','1384788',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P668</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001123">1.金剛座</p><p> <span>菩提樹垣正中有金剛座。昔賢刧初成，與大地俱起，據三千大千世界<a class="zhuhao" href="#7129" id="7123">〔1〕</a>中，下極金輪<a class="zhuhao" href="#7133" id="7124">（一）</a>，上侵地際，金剛所成，周百餘步，賢劫千佛坐之而入金剛定，故曰金剛座焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#7134" id="7125">（二）</a>。證聖道所，亦曰道場，大地震動，獨無傾摇。是故<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>將證正<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00669','1384788',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P669</span></i>覺也，歷<a class="zhuhao" href="#7130" id="7126">〔2〕</a>此四隅，地皆傾動，後至此處，安静不傾。自入<a class="zhuhao" href="#7131" id="7127">〔3〕</a>末刧，正法浸微，沙土彌覆，無復得見。佛湼槃後，諸國君王傳聞佛説金剛座量，遂以兩軀<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像南北標界，東面而坐。聞諸耆舊曰：“此菩薩像身没不見，佛法當盡。”今南隅菩薩没過胷臆<a class="zhuhao" href="#7132" id="7128">〔4〕</a>矣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7123" id="7129">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》界下並有之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7126" id="7130">〔2〕</a>《中本》歷下有盡字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7127" id="7131">〔3〕</a>《舊麗本》自入作大自，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7128" id="7132">〔4〕</a>《中本》無臆字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7124" id="7133">（一）</a>金輪：古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的宇宙觀，它想像無窮大的世界的最底層叫做“風輪”，依止於虚空。風輪之上有“水輪”，其上又有由金剛形成的“金輪”，金輪之上有九山八海，是謂地輪。見《俱舍論》卷十一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7125" id="7134">（二）</a>入金剛定故曰金剛座焉：金剛，梵文vajra意譯，巴利文作vajira，音譯跋折羅，指金屬中最剛者（參見前注）。一作爲武器，爲<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>和<span class="zhuanming">密迹力士</span>所持的金剛杵；一作爲寶石，卽金剛石。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>典籍多以金剛作爲譬喻。《金剛仙論》卷一：“言金剛者，從譬喻爲名，取其堅實之義，如世間金剛。有二義，一其體堅實能破萬物，二則萬物不能壞於金剛。”金剛定，亦作金剛三昧，謂堅如金剛，一切無礙，通達一切諸法的三昧。由於佛入金剛定，故其處謂金剛座。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153946" key="1153946"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 一畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153947" key="1153947"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01078','1244392',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1078</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001818">一畫</p><p> <span>一音12/1039/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>一切施（見薩縛達多王）</span> </p><p> <span>一切種智6/494/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>一切義成太子6/521/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
2.菩提樹及其事迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153951" key="1153951"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 十七、菩提樹垣 &gt; 2.菩提樹及其事迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153952" key="1153952"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00670','1384789',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P670</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001126">2.菩提樹及其事迹</p><p> <span>金剛座上菩提樹者，卽畢<a class="zhuhao" href="#7152" id="7135">〔1〕</a>鉢羅之樹也<a class="zhuhao" href="#7153" id="7136">〔2〕</a>。昔佛在世，高數百尺，屢經殘伐，猶高四五丈<a class="zhuhao" href="#7154" id="7137">〔3〕</a>。佛坐其下成等正覺，因而謂之菩提樹焉。莖幹<a class="zhuhao" href="#7155" id="7138">〔4〕</a>黄白，枝葉青翠，冬夏不凋，光鮮無變。每至<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃之日，葉皆凋落，頃<a class="zhuhao" href="#7156" id="7139">〔5〕</a>之復故。是日也，諸國君王﹑異方法俗，數千萬衆，不召而集，香水香乳，以<a class="zhuhao" href="#7157" id="7140">〔6〕</a>溉以洗。於是奏音樂，列香花，燈<a class="zhuhao" href="#7158" id="7141">〔7〕</a>炬<a class="zhuhao" href="#7159" id="7142">〔8〕</a>繼日，競修供養。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅之後，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之初嗣位也，信受邪道，毁佛遺迹，興發兵徒，躬臨剪伐。根莖枝葉，分寸斬截，次西數十步而積聚焉，令事火婆羅門燒以祠天。煙焰未静，忽生兩樹，猛火之中，茂葉含翠，因而謂之灰菩提樹。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>覩異悔過，以香乳溉餘根，洎乎將旦，樹生如本。王見靈怪，重深欣慶，躬修供養，樂以忘歸。王妃素信外道，密遣使人，夜分之後，重伐其樹。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>旦將禮敬，唯見蘖株，深增悲慨，至誠祈請，香乳溉灌，不日還生。王深敬異，壘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7160" id="7143">〔9〕</a>石周垣，其高十餘尺，今猶見在。近<span class="zhuanming">設賞<a class="zhuhao" href="#7161" id="7144">〔10〕</a>迦王</span>者，信受外道，毁嫉佛法，壞僧伽藍，伐菩提樹，掘至泉水，不盡根柢，乃縱火焚燒，以甘蔗汁沃之，欲其燋爛，絶滅遺萌。數月後，<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">補剌拏伐摩王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7168" id="7145">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">滿胄</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#7162" id="7146">〔11〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">無憂<a class="zhuhao" href="#7163" id="7147">〔12〕</a>王</span>之末孫<a class="zhuhao" href="#7164" id="7148">〔13〕</a>也，聞而歎曰：“慧日已隱，唯餘佛樹，今復摧殘，生靈何覩？”舉身投地，哀感動物，以數千牛構乳而溉，經夜樹生，其高丈餘。恐後剪伐，周峙石<a class="zhuhao" href="#7165" id="7149">〔14〕</a>垣，高二丈四尺。故今<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00671','1384789',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P671</span></i>菩提樹隱，於石壁上<a class="zhuhao" href="#7166" id="7150">〔15〕</a>出二<a class="zhuhao" href="#7167" id="7151">〔16〕</a>丈餘。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7135" id="7152">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》畢作卑。按上文此本亦作卑，前後不一，説見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7136" id="7153">〔2〕</a>畢鉢羅樹，《酉陽雜俎·木篇》云：“此樹梵名有二：一曰賓撥棃（脱婆字）力叉，二曰阿濕曷咃娑（應作婆）力叉，《西域記》謂之卑鉢羅。以佛於其下成道，卽以道爲稱，故號菩提。娑（婆）力叉，漢譯爲樹。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7137" id="7154">〔3〕</a>《續傳》作“高五丈許”。《慈恩傳》亦作“今可五丈餘”。《酉陽雜俎》作“樹高四百尺”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7138" id="7155">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》幹作榦，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7139" id="7156">〔5〕</a>《中本》頃作須。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7140" id="7157">〔6〕</a>《石本》無以字，當是脱去。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7141" id="7158">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》燈並作燭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7142" id="7159">〔8〕</a>《中本》炬作燿。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7143" id="7160">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》壘並作疊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7144" id="7161">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》賞作償。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7146" id="7162">〔11〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》胄作曹。《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八作胄，《酉陽雜俎》亦作滿胄，與今本同。曹或作曺，故與胄淆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7147" id="7163">〔12〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》無憂二字作影堅，《石本》作影竪，竪乃堅之形訛。<span class="zhuanming">影堅</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">頻毗婆羅王</span>，見前。《方志》﹑《珠林》及《酉陽雜俎》並作無憂，同今本。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00672','1384789',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P672</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7148" id="7164">〔13〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》末孫作玄孫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7149" id="7165">〔14〕</a>《中本》石下有堵字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7150" id="7166">〔15〕</a>原本無上字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》並有之，今據補。《酉陽雜俎》亦云“出垣上二丈餘”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7151" id="7167">〔16〕</a>原本二作一，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》改。《方志》及《珠林》並作“樹今出於石壁上二丈餘，圍可三尺”。亦作二，壁下亦有上字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7145" id="7168">（一）</a>補剌拏伐摩王：梵文Pūrṇavarman的單數體格Pūrṇa-varmā的對音。（<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>按<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文對音，構擬其原字爲*Pūrṇava-rma，並注出<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文原名Pūrṇavarman，似未注意這個字的單數體格Pūrṇavarmā比他構擬的Pūrṇavarma音更接近漢譯的讀音。見其譯注《大唐西域記》頁263。）意譯<span class="zhuanming">滿胄</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>死後，<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>便趨衰落。大約在公元前185年，該王朝的最後一個國王<span class="zhuanming">巨車</span>（Bṛhadratha）的王位被他的軍隊首領<span class="zhuanming">華友</span>（Puṣpamitra）推翻。<span class="zhuanming">華友</span>建立的新王朝叫做<span class="zhuanming">巽伽</span>（Śuṅga）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>。此後七﹑八百年内，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>的後代們在<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>地方還一直保持着藩王的地位。<span class="zhuanming">滿胄王</span>就是他們中的最末一個（V.A.Smith：Early His-tory of India，<span class="zhuanming">牛津</span>，第四版，1924，頁204）。他認爲<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁王</span>的時間當介於<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>之死與<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>兼併<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>之間，大約在公元七世紀初。</span> </p><p> <span>菩提樹東有精舍，高百六七十尺，下基面廣二十餘步，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00673','1384789',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P673</span></i>壘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7178" id="7169">〔1〕</a>以青甎，塗以石灰。層龕皆有金像，四壁鏤作奇製，或連珠形，或天仙像，上置金銅阿摩落迦果<a class="zhuhao" href="#7186" id="7170">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">亦謂寶瓶，又稱寶<a class="zhuhao" href="#7179" id="7171">〔2〕</a>壺<a class="zhuhao" href="#7180" id="7172">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span>東面<a class="zhuhao" href="#7181" id="7173">〔4〕</a>接<a class="zhuhao" href="#7182" id="7174">〔5〕</a>爲重閣，檐<a class="zhuhao" href="#7183" id="7175">〔6〕</a>宇特起三層，榱柱棟梁，户扉寮<a class="zhuhao" href="#7184" id="7176">〔7〕</a>牖，金銀彫鏤以飾之，珠玉厠錯以填之。奥室邃宇，洞户三重。外門左右各有龕室，左則<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像，右則<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>像，白銀鑄成，高十餘尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#7185" id="7177">〔8〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7169" id="7178">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》壘並作疊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7171" id="7179">〔2〕</a>原本寶作智，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》及《方志》﹑《珠林》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7172" id="7180">〔3〕</a>原本壺作臺，《石本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503sh2q.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作𠁕，《珠林》作㙜，《隨函録》作壼。《校本》云：“疑臺當作壺。”按𠁕乃壺之俗字（見《干禄字書》），壼乃壺之形訛，壺誤作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503lv8g.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>或㙜，又誤作臺。壺與瓶形相類，故或稱寶瓶，又稱寶壺，《校本》之説是也，今從正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7173" id="7181">〔4〕</a>《石本》及《方志》面作南；《珠林》作却。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7174" id="7182">〔5〕</a>《中本》接作樓，疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7175" id="7183">〔6〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》檐並作簷。檐﹑簷同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7176" id="7184">〔7〕</a>《石本》寮作窓。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7177" id="7185">〔8〕</a>《方志》此下有“無憂王造也”句；《珠林》作“是無憂王造。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00674','1384789',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P674</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7170" id="7186">（一）</a>上置金銅阿摩落迦果：阿摩落伽果，又稱阿末羅果。見卷二《印度總述》物産條注。此云“亦謂寶瓶，又稱寶壺”，當是在精舍中置有阿摩落伽果實狀的銅瓶。</span> </p><p> <span>精舍故地，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>先建小精舍，後有婆羅門更廣建焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#7192" id="7187">〔1〕</a>。初，有婆羅門不信佛法，事<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>，傳聞天神在<span class="zhuanming">雪<a class="zhuhao" href="#7193" id="7188">〔2〕</a>山</span>中，遂與其弟往求願焉。天曰：“凡諸願求，有福方果，非汝所祈，非我能遂。”婆羅門曰：“修何福可以遂心？”天曰：“欲植善種，求勝福田，菩提樹者，證佛果處也。宜時速反<a class="zhuhao" href="#7194" id="7189">〔3〕</a>，往菩提樹，建大精舍，穿大水池<a class="zhuhao" href="#7195" id="7190">〔4〕</a>，興諸供養，所<a class="zhuhao" href="#7196" id="7191">〔5〕</a>願當遂。”婆羅門受天命，發大信心，相率而返，兄建精舍，弟鑿水池。於是廣修供養，勤求心願，後皆果遂，爲王大臣，凡得禄賞，皆入檀捨。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7187" id="7192">〔1〕</a>《珠林》此下有“依《王玄策行傳》云：‘西國瑞像無窮，且録摩訶菩提樹像云。’”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7188" id="7193">〔2〕</a>《石本》雪作靈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7189" id="7194">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》反並作返，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7190" id="7195">〔4〕</a>《中本》水池二字作池水。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7191" id="7196">〔5〕</a>《中本》所作祈。</span> </p><p> <span>精舍既成，招募工人，欲圖<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>初成佛像。曠以歲月，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00675','1384789',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P675</span></i>無人應召。久之<a class="zhuhao" href="#7211" id="7197">〔1〕</a>，有婆羅門來告衆曰：“我善圖寫<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>妙相。”衆曰：“今將造像，夫何所須？”曰：“香泥耳。宜置精舍之中，并一燈照我，入已，堅閉其户，六月後乃可開門。”時諸僧衆皆如其命，尚餘四日<a class="zhuhao" href="#7212" id="7198">〔2〕</a>，未滿六月，衆咸駭異，開以觀之。見精舍内佛像儼然，結加趺坐<a class="zhuhao" href="#7221" id="7199">（一）</a>，右足居上，左手斂，右手垂，東面而坐，肅然如在。座高四尺二寸，廣丈二尺五寸，像高丈一尺五寸，兩膝相去八尺八寸，兩肩六尺二寸。相好具足，慈顔若真，唯右乳上圖<a class="zhuhao" href="#7213" id="7200">〔3〕</a>瑩未周。既不見人，方驗神鑒。衆咸悲歎，慇懃請知。有一沙門宿心淳質，乃感夢見往婆羅門<a class="zhuhao" href="#7214" id="7201">〔4〕</a>而告曰：“我是<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>，恐工人之思不測聖容，故我躬來圖寫佛像。垂右手者，昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>之將證佛果，天魔來嬈<a class="zhuhao" href="#7222" id="7202">（二）</a>，地神<a class="zhuhao" href="#7223" id="7203">（三）</a>告至，其一先出，助佛降魔。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>告曰：‘汝勿憂怖，吾以忍力降彼必矣！’魔王曰：‘誰爲明證？’<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>乃垂手指地<a class="zhuhao" href="#7224" id="7204">（四）</a>言：‘此有證。’是時第二地神踊出作證。故今像手倣<a class="zhuhao" href="#7215" id="7205">〔5〕</a>昔下垂。”衆知靈鑒，莫不悲感。於是乳上未周，填厠衆寶，珠瓔寶冠，奇珍交飾。<span class="zhuanming">設賞<a class="zhuhao" href="#7216" id="7206">〔6〕</a>迦王</span>伐菩提樹已，欲毁此像，既覩慈顔，心不安忍，迴駕將返，命宰臣曰：“宜除此佛像，置<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>形。”宰臣受旨，懼而歎曰：“毁佛像則歷劫招殃，違王命乃喪身滅族，進退若此，何所宜行！”乃召信心以爲役使，遂於像<a class="zhuhao" href="#7217" id="7207">〔7〕</a>前横壘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7218" id="7208">〔8〕</a>甎壁，心慙冥闇，又置明燈。甎壁之前畫<span class="zhuanming">自在天</span>。功<a class="zhuhao" href="#7219" id="7209">〔9〕</a>成報命，王聞心懼，舉身生皰，肌膚攫裂，居未久之，便喪没矣。宰臣馳返，毁除障壁。時經多日，燈猶不滅。像今尚在，神工不虧。既<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00676','1384789',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P676</span></i>處奥室，燈炬相繼，欲覩慈顔，莫由審察，必於晨朝，持大明鏡，引光内照，乃覩靈相。夫有見者，自增悲感<a class="zhuhao" href="#7220" id="7210">〔10〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7197" id="7211">〔1〕</a>《中本》之下有後字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7198" id="7212">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》日作月，非。《方志》﹑《珠林》亦作日，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7200" id="7213">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》圖並作塗。《方志》及《珠林》圖瑩二字作圖飾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7201" id="7214">〔4〕</a>《中本》門下有家字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7205" id="7215">〔5〕</a>《資福本》倣作放，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7206" id="7216">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》賞作償。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7207" id="7217">〔7〕</a>《中本》像上有佛字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7208" id="7218">〔8〕</a>《中本》壘作疊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7209" id="7219">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》工並作功。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7210" id="7220">〔10〕</a>《珠林》引《王玄策傳》云：“此<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>使奉勑往<span class="zhuanming">摩伽陀國</span><span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提寺</span>立碑，至<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十九年二月十一日於菩提樹下塔西建立，使典司門令史<span class="zhuanming">魏才</span>書。‘昔<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">魏</span>君臨，窮兵用武，興師十萬，日費千金，猶尚北勒<span class="zhuanming">闐顔</span>，東村不到。大<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>牢籠六合，道冠百王，文德所加，溥天同符。是故<span class="zhuanming">身毒</span>諸國道俗歸誠。皇帝愍其忠款，遐軫聖慮。乃命使人朝散大夫行衛尉寺丞上護軍<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>﹑副使前<span class="zhuanming">融州</span><span class="zhuanming">黄水縣</span>令<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>等二十二人巡撫其國，遂至<span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提寺</span>。其寺所菩提樹下金剛之座，賢劫千佛並於中成道觀，嚴飾相好，具若真容。靈塔浄地，巧窮天外。此乃曠代所未見，史籍所未詳。皇帝遠振鴻風，先華道<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00677','1384789',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P677</span></i>樹，爰命使人，屆斯瞻仰。此絶代之盛事，不朽之神功，如何寑默詠歌﹑不傳金石者也？乃爲銘曰：大<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>撫運，膺圖壽昌。化行六合，威稜八荒。<span class="zhuanming">身毒</span>稽首，道俗來王。爰發明使，瞻斯道場。金剛之座，千佛代居。尊容相好，<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>規模。靈塔壯麗，道樹扶踈。歷劫不朽，神力焉如！’”此碑雖立於<span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提寺</span>，實修敬於菩提樹，因附録於此以參考。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7199" id="7221">（一）</a>結加趺坐：<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的坐法，卽結加趺（足背）於左右䏶而端坐。凡交結左右足背而置於左右䏶上的謂“全跏（加）坐”，卽結加趺坐，置左右的一足在左右的一䏶的，稱爲“半跏（加）坐”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7202" id="7222">（二）</a>天魔來嬈：見後文云：“是魔王嬈菩薩處也。菩薩將證佛果，魔王勸受輪王，策説不行，殷憂而返。魔王之女請往誘焉，菩薩威神，衰變冶容，扶羸策杖，相携而退。”天魔，卽魔王<span class="zhuanming">波旬</span>。嬈，通撓。魔王撓佛凡三次，傳説見《增一阿含經》卷三九﹑《因果經》卷三﹑《佛所行讚》卷三等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7203" id="7223">（三）</a>地神：地下之神。《金光明最勝王經》卷八：“此大地神女名曰<span class="zhuanming">堅牢</span>。”《重編諸天傳》：“地神乃總號，安住不動皆地神，故<span class="zhuanming">堅牢</span>乃别名。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7204" id="7224">（四）</a>如來乃垂手指地：卽所謂佛降魔相，其來源見《西域記》本文。又《佛本行集經》卷二九《降魔品》謂佛以手指此地，以降伏諸魔。《釋迦氏譜》云：“菩薩以智慧力，伸手按地，應時地動，魔與兵衆顛倒而墮。”而《法顯傳》則謂：“菩薩以足指案地。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153955" key="1153955"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 二畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153956" key="1153956"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01078','1244393',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1078</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001819">二畫</p><p> <span>人趣3/276/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>二温泉9/714/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>二長者獻麨蜜處8/687/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>九土1/34/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>九部序2/21/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>九臯載響序2/20/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>九百九十六佛2/238/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>入火光定3/346/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>入邊際定1/135/<span class="song">11</span></span> </p><p> <span>入蜀之西南境10/799/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>入兩山間有窣堵波3/303/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>入金剛定故曰金剛座焉8/969/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>七曜6/519/<span class="song">18</span></span> </p><p> <span>七寶2/231/<span class="song">12</span></span> </p><p> <span>七寶應7/601/<span class="song">8</span></span> </p><p> <span>七十餘國2/165/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>七山七海1/38/<span class="song">7</span></span> </p><p> <span>七百聖賢重結集7/602/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>八功德1/38/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>八解脱2/246/<span class="song">17</span></span> </p><p> <span>八地菩薩1/41/<span class="song">21</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01079','1244393',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1079</span></i><p> <span>八萬法藏6/495/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>八萬四千之一8/633/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>八國大王分舍利也7/586/<span class="song">14</span></span> </p><p> <span>十力7/604/<span class="song">16</span></span> </p><p> <span>十方12/1038/<span class="song">24</span></span> </p><p> <span>十事7/604/<span class="song">1</span></span> </p><p> <span>十二部12/1039/<span class="song">15</span></span> </p><p> <span>十地經5/457/<span class="song">2</span></span> </p><p> <span>十萬門12/1039/<span class="song">9</span></span> </p><p> <span>十二因緣3/312/<span class="song">4</span></span> </p><p> <span>十力無畏6/494/<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>十有八部2/195/<span class="song">13</span></span> </p><p> <span>十萬頌爲部者凡有十數12/1000/<span class="song">5</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
（二）注目表
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153959" key="1153959"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153960" key="1153960"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01078','1244391',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1078</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001817">説明</p><p> <span>一﹑本表注目以首字筆畫多少爲序。</span> </p><p> <span>二﹑注目後的第一個數字是本書卷數，第二個數字是頁數，第三個數字是行數。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
説明
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153962" key="1153962"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （二）注目表 &gt; 説明 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153960" key="1153960"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01078','1244391',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1078</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001817">説明</p><p> <span>一﹑本表注目以首字筆畫多少爲序。</span> </p><p> <span>二﹑注目後的第一個數字是本書卷數，第二個數字是頁數，第三個數字是行數。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
八、臘伐尼林及釋迦誕生傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153965" key="1153965"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 劫比羅伐窣堵國 &gt; 八、臘伐尼林及釋迦誕生傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153966" key="1153966"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00523','1244116',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P523</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000870"><b>八﹑臘伐尼林及釋迦誕生傳説</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">箭泉</span>東北行八九十里，至<span class="zhuanming">臘伐尼林</span>，有<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種浴池。澄清皎鏡，雜花彌漫。其北二十四五步，有無憂<a class="zhuhao" href="#5610" id="5597">〔1〕</a>花樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#5621" id="5598">（一）</a>，今已枯悴，菩薩誕靈之處。菩薩以吠舍佉月後半八日，當此三月八日，上座部則曰以吠舍佉月後半十五日，當此三月十五日<a class="zhuhao" href="#5622" id="5599">（二）</a>。次東窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建，二龍浴太子處也。菩薩生已，不扶而行於四方，各七步，而自言曰：“天上天下，唯我獨尊。今兹而往，生分已盡。”隨足所蹈，出大蓮花。二龍踊<a class="zhuhao" href="#5611" id="5600">〔2〕</a>出，住虚空中而各吐水，一冷一𤌢<a class="zhuhao" href="#5612" id="5601">〔3〕</a>，以浴<a class="zhuhao" href="#5613" id="5602">〔4〕</a>太子。浴太子<a class="zhuhao" href="#5614" id="5603">〔5〕</a>窣堵波東，有二清泉，傍建二窣堵波，是二龍從地踊出之處。菩薩生已，支屬宗親莫不奔馳，求水盥<a class="zhuhao" href="#5615" id="5604">〔6〕</a>浴。夫人之前，二泉涌出，一冷一𤌢，遂以浴洗<a class="zhuhao" href="#5616" id="5605">〔7〕</a>。其<a class="zhuhao" href="#5617" id="5606">〔8〕</a>南窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>捧接菩薩處。菩薩初出胎也，<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>以妙天衣跪接菩薩。次有四窣堵波，是四天王抱持菩薩處也。菩薩從右脇生已，四大<a class="zhuhao" href="#5618" id="5607">〔9〕</a>天王以金色㲲衣捧菩薩，置金机<a class="zhuhao" href="#5619" id="5608">〔10〕</a>上，至母前曰：“夫人誕斯福子，誠可歡慶！諸天尚喜，況世人<a class="zhuhao" href="#5620" id="5609">〔11〕</a>乎？”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5597" id="5610">〔1〕</a>《珠林》三十八無憂作無意，非。無憂花樹卽阿輸迦樹。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00524','1244116',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P524</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5600" id="5611">〔2〕</a>《古本》踊作涌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5601" id="5612">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》𤌢並作煖。下同。《音釋》作𤌢，云：“音暖。”與此合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5602" id="5613">〔4〕</a>《石本》浴下有之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5603" id="5614">〔5〕</a>《石本》無浴太子三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5604" id="5615">〔6〕</a>《舊麗本》盥作與。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5605" id="5616">〔7〕</a>《中本》浴洗二字互倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5606" id="5617">〔8〕</a>《舊麗本》其作而。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5607" id="5618">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無大字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5608" id="5619">〔10〕</a>《徑山本》机作几，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5609" id="5620">〔11〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》世人二字互倒。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5598" id="5621">（一）</a>無憂花樹：無憂，梵文aśoka意譯，音譯爲阿輸迦﹑阿叔迦。<span class="zhuanming">摩耶夫人</span>分娩前據當時習俗須回到母家，路過<span class="zhuanming">臘伐尼林</span>（<span class="zhuanming">藍毗尼花園</span>）生下<span class="zhuanming">悉達多</span>太子。據《因果經》卷一載：<span class="zhuanming">摩耶夫人</span>在花園中見一大樹，名曰無憂，花色香鮮，枝葉分布，極爲茂盛。彼卽舉右手欲牽摘之，菩薩漸漸由右脇出。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5599" id="5622">（二）</a>三月八日　三月十五日：此爲佛誕日。除此二説外，還有《長阿含經》﹑《薩婆多論》等的二月八日説，《修行本起經》的四月七日説，《太子瑞應本起經》﹑《灌洗佛形像經》﹑《佛所行讚》等的四月八日説。我國和<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>皆以夏曆四月八日爲佛誕日，或稱“浴佛節”。關於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>誕生的年月和卒年，異説頗多。有的學者根據<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>加冕在佛滅後218年，又推定其加冕時間在公元前<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00525','1244116',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P525</span></i>269年，進一步推定佛滅約在公元前486年左右。又一説則認爲據南傳佛教，認爲佛滅於公元前544年或公元前545年。又一説則認爲佛在公元前565年生，前486年卒。亦有作前463年至前383年的。關於佛湼槃年代的各種説法，參閲本書第542頁注及本書卷三第328頁注。</span> </p><p> <span>四天王捧太子窣堵波側不遠，有大石柱<a class="zhuhao" href="#5629" id="5623">（一）</a>，上作馬像，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。後爲惡龍霹靂<a class="zhuhao" href="#5627" id="5624">〔1〕</a>，其柱中折仆地。傍有小河，東南流，土俗號曰<span class="zhuanming">油河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5630" id="5625">（二）</a>。是<span class="zhuanming">摩耶夫人</span>産孕已，天化此池，光潤澄淨，欲令夫人取以沐浴，除去風虚<a class="zhuhao" href="#5628" id="5626">〔2〕</a>。今變爲水，其流尚膩。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5624" id="5627">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》霹靂二字作礔礰。《音釋》亦作礔礰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5626" id="5628">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》虚並作塵。《方志》及《珠林》引則作虚，與此同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5623" id="5629">（一）</a>大石柱：<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建此大石柱，於1897年發現，刻文云：“<span class="zhuanming">天愛善見王</span>，卽位二十年，因<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼佛</span>誕生於是地，親來敬禮。王命刻石，上作一馬。是爲<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>誕生地。故免<span class="zhuanming">藍毗尼村</span>之一切租税，以示惠澤。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5625" id="5630">（二）</a>油河：此一傳説，據《方廣大莊嚴經》卷三的記載，是自井中出三種泉水浴菩薩之母。又自池出妙香油，塗聖母身。而《因果經》卷一則載：“爾時<span class="zhuanming">摩耶夫人</span>生太子已，身安快樂，無有苦患。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00526','1244116',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P526</span></i>歡喜踊躍，止於樹下。前後自然忽生四井，其水香潔，具八功德。”</span> </p><p> <span>從此東行曠野荒林中，二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">藍摩國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、主要參考書目
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153969" key="1153969"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 二、主要參考書目 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153970" key="1153970"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01057','1244360',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1057</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001786"><b>（一）中文部分</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">司馬遷</span>：《史記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">班固</span>：《漢書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">范曄</span>：《後漢書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">袁宏</span>：《後漢紀》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">陳壽</span>撰，<span class="zhuanming">裴松之</span>注：《三國志》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">房玄齡</span>等：《晉書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">沈約</span>：《宋書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">姚思廉</span>：《梁書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">魏收</span>：《魏書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">令狐德棻</span>等：《周書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">魏徵</span>等：《隋書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">李延壽</span>：《北史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">劉昫</span>等：《舊唐書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">歐陽修</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">宋祁</span>：《新唐書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">薛居正</span>等：《舊五代史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">歐陽修</span>：《新五代史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">脱脱</span>等：《宋史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">宋濂</span>等：《元史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">張廷玉</span>等：《明史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">杜佑</span>：《通典》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">司馬光</span>：《資治通鑑》</span> </p><p> <span>《册府元龜》</span> </p><p> <span>《全唐文》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">常璩</span>：《華陽國志》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">酈道元</span>：《水經注》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">楊衒之</span>：《洛陽伽藍記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">樊綽</span>：《蠻書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">范成大</span>：《吴船録》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">耶律楚材</span>：《西游録》</span> </p><p> <span>《元朝秘史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">徐松</span>：《西域水道記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">丁謙</span>：《西域記考證》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>：《法顯傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧皎</span>：《高僧傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>：《續高僧傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">贊寧</span>：《宋高僧傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧立</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">彦悰</span>：《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>：《大唐西域求法高僧傳》﹑《南海寄歸内法傳》</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01058','1244360',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1058</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>：《往五天竺國傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">圓照</span>：《悟空入竺記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>：《釋迦方誌》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span>本《西天路竟》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">世友</span>撰，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯：《異部宗輪論》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">窺基</span>：《異部宗輪論述記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道世</span>：《法苑珠林》﹑《諸經要集》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>：《一切經音義》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧苑</span>：《新譯大方廣佛華嚴經音義》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>：《一切經音義》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">希麟</span>：《續一切經音義》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">法雲</span>：《翻譯名義集》</span> </p><p> <span>《大正新脩大藏經》</span> </p><p> <span>《縮刷藏經》﹑《續藏經》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>：《唐代長安與西域文明》，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">湯用彤</span>：《漢魏兩晉南北朝佛教史》，全二册，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，<span class="song">1983</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>：《印度佛學源流略講》，<span class="zhuanming">上海人民出版社</span>，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">黄文弼</span>：《塔里木盆地考古記》，<span class="zhuanming">科學出版社</span>，<span class="song">1958</span></span> </p><p> <span>《西北史地論叢》，<span class="zhuanming">上海人民出版社</span>，<span class="song">1981</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>：《中印文化關係史論文集》，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>，<span class="song">1982</span></span> </p><p> <span>《印度古代語言論集》，<span class="zhuanming">中國社會科學出版社</span>，<span class="song">1982</span></span> </p><p> <span>《羅摩衍那初探》，<span class="zhuanming">外國文學出版社</span>，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">金克木</span>：《梵語文學史》，<span class="zhuanming">人民文學出版社</span>，<span class="song">1980</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">辛哈</span>：《印度通史》，全四册，<span class="zhuanming">張若達</span>等譯，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>，<span class="song">1973</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">潘尼迦</span>：《印度簡史》，<span class="zhuanming">吴之椿</span>等譯，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>，<span class="song">1957</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">周連寬</span>：《大唐西域記史地研究叢稿》，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，<span class="song">1984</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">張曼濤</span>主編：《玄奘大師研究》上﹑下册，<span class="zhuanming">台北</span>，<span class="zhuanming">大乘文化出版社</span>，<span class="song">1977</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">張星烺</span>：《中西交通史料彙編》，全六册，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>增訂版，1977—<span class="song">79</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>：《西域南海史地考証論著滙輯》，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>1957：《西域南海史地考証譯叢》，一至九編，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，1956—<span class="song">58</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01059','1244360',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1059</span></i><span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>：《西突厥史料》，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，<span class="song">1958</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>：《大孔雀經藥叉名録輿地考》，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>，<span class="song">1931</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>：《吐火羅語考》，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，<span class="song">1957</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羽溪了諦</span>：《西域之佛教》，<span class="zhuanming">賀昌羣</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>，<span class="song">1956</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">勞費爾</span>：《中國伊朗編》，<span class="zhuanming">林筠因</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>，<span class="song">1964</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吴其昌</span>：《印度釋名》，載《燕京學報》，第1—4期</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>：《大唐西域記的校勘問題》，載《現代佛學》1964，<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>：《原始佛教的歷史起源問題》，載《歷史研究》1965，<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>《關於大乘上座部的問題》，載《中國社會科學》，1981，<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>《論釋迦牟尼》，載《世界宗教研究》，1982，<span class="song">2</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
附録
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153973" key="1153973"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153974" key="1153974"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01053','1244357',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1053</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001783">一﹑進《西域記》表<a class="zhuhao" href="#10649" id="10615">〔1〕</a></p><p> <span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>言：蟠木<a class="zhuhao" href="#10650" id="10616">〔2〕</a>幽陵，雲官紀<span class="zhuanming">軒皇</span>之壤；流沙滄海，夏載首<span class="zhuanming">伊堯</span>之域。<span class="zhuanming">西羌</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10651" id="10617">〔3〕</a>白環，薦垂衣之后<a class="zhuhao" href="#10652" id="10618">〔4〕</a>；<span class="zhuanming">東夷</span>楛矢，賄<a class="zhuhao" href="#10653" id="10619">〔5〕</a>刑措之君。固已飛英曩代，式徽前典。</span> </p><p> <span>伏惟陛下握紀乘時，提衡範物。刳舟弦木，威天下而濟<a class="zhuhao" href="#10654" id="10620">〔6〕</a>羣生；螯足蘆灰，堙方輿而補圓蓋。曜武經於七德，闡文教於十倫。澤漏泉源，化霑蕭葦，房芝發秀，井浪開華，樂囿馴班，巢阿響律，浮紫膏於貝闕，霏白雲於玉檢。遂使苑<span class="zhuanming">若木</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10655" id="10621">〔7〕</a>而池<span class="zhuanming">濛氾</span>，霈<a class="zhuhao" href="#10656" id="10622">〔8〕</a>炎火而照積氷，梯赤坂而承朔，泛蒼津而委賮<a class="zhuhao" href="#10657" id="10623">〔9〕</a>，史曠前良，事絶故府！豈如<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>開<span class="zhuanming">張掖</span>，近接<span class="zhuanming">金城</span>；<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>戍<span class="zhuanming">桂林</span>，裁通<span class="zhuanming">珠浦</span>而已？</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>幸屬天地貞觀，<span class="zhuanming">華</span>夷静謐，冥心梵境，敢符好事，命均朝露，力<a class="zhuhao" href="#10658" id="10624">〔10〕</a>譬秋螽。徒以上<a class="zhuhao" href="#10659" id="10625">〔11〕</a>假皇靈，下資螾命<a class="zhuhao" href="#10660" id="10626">〔12〕</a>，飄身邁迹，求遐自邇<a class="zhuhao" href="#10661" id="10627">〔13〕</a>。展轉膜拜之鄉，流離重譯<a class="zhuhao" href="#10662" id="10628">〔14〕</a>之外。<span class="zhuanming">條支</span>巨雀<a class="zhuhao" href="#10663" id="10629">〔15〕</a>，方驗前聞；<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>孤鸞，還稽曩實。時移歲積，人欲<a class="zhuhao" href="#10664" id="10630">〔16〕</a>天從。遂得下<span class="zhuanming">雪岫</span>而泛<span class="zhuanming">提河</span>，援<a class="zhuhao" href="#10665" id="10631">〔17〕</a><span class="zhuanming">鶴林</span>而栖<a class="zhuhao" href="#10666" id="10632">〔18〕</a><span class="zhuanming">鷲嶺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">祇園</span>之路麗迤空<a class="zhuhao" href="#10667" id="10633">〔19〕</a>存，<span class="zhuanming">王舍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10668" id="10634">〔20〕</a>之基婆陁<a class="zhuhao" href="#10669" id="10635">〔21〕</a>可陟<a class="zhuhao" href="#10670" id="10636">〔22〕</a>。尋求歷覽，言反帝京，忽將二紀<a class="zhuhao" href="#10671" id="10637">〔23〕</a>，所聞所見，百有卅八國<a class="zhuhao" href="#10672" id="10638">〔24〕</a>。</span> </p><p> <span>竊以<span class="zhuanming">章亥</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10673" id="10639">〔25〕</a>之所踐籍，空陳廣袤；<span class="zhuanming">夸父</span>之所凌厲，無述<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01054','1244357',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1054</span></i>土風。<span class="zhuanming">班超</span>侯而未遠，<span class="zhuanming">張騫</span>望而非博。至於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記，微爲詳盡，其迂辭瑋説，多從翦弃，綴<a class="zhuhao" href="#10674" id="10640">〔26〕</a>爲《大唐西域記》<a class="zhuhao" href="#10675" id="10641">〔27〕</a>一十二卷，繕寫如别。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>禀質愚魯，昧於𦂝實<a class="zhuhao" href="#10676" id="10642">〔28〕</a>，望須<a class="zhuhao" href="#10677" id="10643">〔29〕</a>之右筆，餝<a class="zhuhao" href="#10678" id="10644">〔30〕</a>以左言，截此蕪辭，採其實録，標百王之稱首<a class="zhuhao" href="#10679" id="10645">〔31〕</a>，符<a class="zhuhao" href="#10680" id="10646">〔32〕</a>九丘於皇代！庶使《山經》閟彩，《汲傳》韜華。無任區區，謹詣闕奉進，輕塵旒扆，伏深戰灼！謹言<a class="zhuhao" href="#10681" id="10647">〔33〕</a>。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>廿年七月十三日沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>狀上<a class="zhuhao" href="#10682" id="10648">〔34〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10615" id="10649">〔1〕</a>此表文據《京大本》卷首附録轉載，原見於<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">智恩院</span>所藏《大唐三藏法師玄奘表啓》零卷中，爲<span class="zhuanming">奈良時代</span>（公元710—784）舊寫本，來源頗古，較之《慈恩法師傳》載的表文有出入。今校其異文於次。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10616" id="10650">〔2〕</a>《傳》蟠木前有竊尋二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10617" id="10651">〔3〕</a>《傳》羌作母。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10618" id="10652">〔4〕</a>《傳》后作主。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10619" id="10653">〔5〕</a>《傳》賄作奉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10620" id="10654">〔6〕</a>原本濟作齊，從《傳》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10621" id="10655">〔7〕</a>《傳》若木二字作弱水。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10622" id="10656">〔8〕</a>《傳》霈作圃。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10623" id="10657">〔9〕</a>《傳》賮作贐，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10624" id="10658">〔10〕</a>原本力作󵾶，字書無此字，疑是當時俗字。今從《傳》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10625" id="10659">〔11〕</a>《傳》上作憑。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01055','1244357',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1055</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10626" id="10660">〔12〕</a>《傳》無下資螾命四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10627" id="10661">〔13〕</a>《傳》邁迹二字作進影，無求遐自邇四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10628" id="10662">〔14〕</a>《傳》譯誤作驛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10629" id="10663">〔15〕</a>《傳》雀作㲉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10630" id="10664">〔16〕</a>《傳》欲作願。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10631" id="10665">〔17〕</a>《傳》援作窺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10632" id="10666">〔18〕</a>《傳》栖作觀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10633" id="10667">〔19〕</a>《傳》麗迤空三字作髣像猶，像是佛字之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10634" id="10668">〔20〕</a>《傳》舍作城。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10635" id="10669">〔21〕</a>《傳》婆陁作坡陁，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10636" id="10670">〔22〕</a>《傳》可陟二字作尚在。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10637" id="10671">〔23〕</a>《傳》忽將二紀四字作淹逾一紀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10638" id="10672">〔24〕</a>《傳》百有卅八國五字作百有二十八國。按<span class="zhuanming">敬播</span>《序》云：“親踐者一百一十國，傳聞者二十八國”，則《傳》文二當是三之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10639" id="10673">〔25〕</a>《傳》亥作允，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10640" id="10674">〔26〕</a>《傳》自至於以下至綴字止凡二十字作“今所記述，有異前聞，雖未極大千之疆，頗窮<span class="zhuanming">葱</span>外之境，皆存實録，匪敢彫華，謹具編裁，稱”三十四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10641" id="10675">〔27〕</a>《傳》記下有凡字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10642" id="10676">〔28〕</a>《傳》無<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>至𦂝實十字。𦂝爲緝之俗字，見《干禄字書》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10643" id="10677">〔29〕</a>《傳》須作班。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10644" id="10678">〔30〕</a>《傳》餝作飾，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10645" id="10679">〔31〕</a>《傳》自截此至稱首十四字作“掩博物於<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>臣”六字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10646" id="10680">〔32〕</a>《傳》符作廣。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01056','1244357',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1056</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10647" id="10681">〔33〕</a>《傳》無自庶使以下至謹言二十九字，作“但<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>智識淺短，遺漏實多，兼拙於筆語，恐無足觀覽”二十一字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10648" id="10682">〔34〕</a>《傳》無此結尾具名銜語。</span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014543hplp.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
</>
七、自在天祠及箭泉
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153977" key="1153977"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 劫比羅伐窣堵國 &gt; 七、自在天祠及箭泉 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153978" key="1153978"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00520','1244115',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P520</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000865"><b>七﹑自在天祠及箭泉</b></p><p> <span>城東門内路左有窣堵波，昔<span class="zhuanming">一切義成太子</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5570" id="5557">（一）</a>於此習諸技藝。門外有<span class="zhuanming">自在天</span>祠。祠<a class="zhuhao" href="#5565" id="5558">〔1〕</a>中<a class="zhuhao" href="#5566" id="5559">〔2〕</a>石天像，危然起勢，是太子在襁褓<a class="zhuhao" href="#5567" id="5560">〔3〕</a>中所入祠也。<span class="zhuanming">淨飯王</span>自<span class="zhuanming">臘伐尼園</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5568" id="5561">〔4〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#5571" id="5562">（二）</a>迎太子還也，途次天祠。王曰：“此天祠多靈鑒，諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>童稚求祐必效，宜將太子至彼修敬。”是時傅母抱而入祠，其石天像起迎太子。太子<a class="zhuhao" href="#5569" id="5563">〔5〕</a>已出，天像復坐<a class="zhuhao" href="#5572" id="5564">（三）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5558" id="5565">〔1〕</a>《石本》祠下有之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5559" id="5566">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》中下有有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5560" id="5567">〔3〕</a>《石本》襁褓二字作繦緥。按襁褓二字正作襁緥，俗或皆從衣作襁褓，或皆從糸作繦緥也（《干禄字書》繦與鏹通用）。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00521','1244115',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P521</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5561" id="5568">〔4〕</a>原本園作國，《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作園；《石本》作薗，與園通用。按<span class="zhuanming">臘伐尼</span>又作<span class="zhuanming">藍毗尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">嵐毗尼</span>，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>誕生之王園，下文“臘伐尼林”，卽其地。《法顯傳》云：“園名<span class="zhuanming">論民</span>”是也。國字顯誤，今正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5563" id="5569">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》無下太子二字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5557" id="5570">（一）</a>一切義成太子：梵文Sarvārthasiddha意譯。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>青少年時的美稱。音譯<span class="zhuanming">薩婆曷剌他悉陀</span>（見本書卷第七）。sarva（薩婆）義云“一切”，artha（曷剌他）義云“目的”或“意義”，siddha（悉陀）義云“被成就的”﹑“被實現的”，全名意譯當爲“一切目的皆實現者”。音譯又作<span class="zhuanming">悉達多</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5562" id="5571">（二）</a>臘伐尼園：<span class="zhuanming">臘伐尼</span>，地名，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石柱銘文作Luṁmini，梵文﹑巴利文作Lumbinī，今名<span class="zhuanming">魯明台</span>（Rummindei＜lumbinīdevī）。佛典中舊譯作<span class="zhuanming">嵐毗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">龍毗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">流民</span>，<span class="zhuanming">論民</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">隣鞞</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">隆頻</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">藍毗尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">龍弭彌</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">林牟尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">流彌尼</span>。《法顯傳》：“城東五十里有王園，園名<span class="zhuanming">論民</span>，”卽指此。《慧琳音義》卷二五《大般湼槃經音義》作<span class="zhuanming">林微尼園</span>，云：“<span class="zhuanming">林微尼園</span>，梵云<span class="zhuanming">藍軬尼</span>。此云<span class="zhuanming">樂勝園光</span>，是天女名也。昔因遊此，故得名耳也。”通常譯作<span class="zhuanming">藍毗尼園</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5564" id="5572">（三）</a>天像復坐：關于<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在襁褓中到<span class="zhuanming">自在天</span>祠，天像起迎的宗教傳説，並見《普曜經》卷三﹑《方廣大莊嚴經》卷四。</span> </p><p> <span>城南門外路左有窣堵波，是太子與諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>角<a class="zhuhao" href="#5585" id="5573">〔1〕</a>藝，射鐵鼓<a class="zhuhao" href="#5596" id="5574">（一）</a>。從此東南三十餘里，有小窣堵波。其側有泉，泉<a class="zhuhao" href="#5586" id="5575">〔2〕</a><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00522','1244115',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P522</span></i>流澄鏡。是太子與諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>引强<a class="zhuhao" href="#5587" id="5576">〔3〕</a>挍<a class="zhuhao" href="#5588" id="5577">〔4〕</a>能，弦矢既分<a class="zhuhao" href="#5589" id="5578">〔5〕</a>，穿鼓過<a class="zhuhao" href="#5590" id="5579">〔6〕</a>表，至地<a class="zhuhao" href="#5591" id="5580">〔7〕</a>没羽，因涌清流。時俗相傳，謂之<span class="zhuanming">箭泉</span>。夫<a class="zhuhao" href="#5592" id="5581">〔8〕</a>有疾病，飲沐<a class="zhuhao" href="#5593" id="5582">〔9〕</a>多愈。遠方之人，持泥<a class="zhuhao" href="#5594" id="5583">〔10〕</a>以歸，隨其所苦，漬<a class="zhuhao" href="#5595" id="5584">〔11〕</a>以塗額，靈神冥衛，多蒙痊愈。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5573" id="5585">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》角並作觕，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5575" id="5586">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》無下泉字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5576" id="5587">〔3〕</a>《中本》强下有弓字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5577" id="5588">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》挍作校，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5578" id="5589">〔5〕</a>《中本》分作八。按《説文》八字云：“别也，象分别相背之形。”分字云：“别也。”義可相通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5579" id="5590">〔6〕</a>《石本》鼓過二字互倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5580" id="5591">〔7〕</a>原本地作池，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作地，《方志》及《珠林》三十八引亦同，今據正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5581" id="5592">〔8〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》夫作人。《徑山本》校記云：“人，今正。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5582" id="5593">〔9〕</a>《古本》沐作浴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5583" id="5594">〔10〕</a>《中本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》泥作埿，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5584" id="5595">〔11〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》漬作潰，上屬讀。《珠林》作“持泥附額”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5574" id="5596">（一）</a>太子與諸釋角藝射鐵鼓：此一故事又見《因果經》卷二﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00523','1244115',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P523</span></i>《佛本行集經》卷十三﹑《方廣大莊嚴經》卷四等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、進《西域記》表
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153981" key="1153981"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 一、進《西域記》表 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153974" key="1153974"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01053','1244357',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1053</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001783">一﹑進《西域記》表<a class="zhuhao" href="#10649" id="10615">〔1〕</a></p><p> <span>沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>言：蟠木<a class="zhuhao" href="#10650" id="10616">〔2〕</a>幽陵，雲官紀<span class="zhuanming">軒皇</span>之壤；流沙滄海，夏載首<span class="zhuanming">伊堯</span>之域。<span class="zhuanming">西羌</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10651" id="10617">〔3〕</a>白環，薦垂衣之后<a class="zhuhao" href="#10652" id="10618">〔4〕</a>；<span class="zhuanming">東夷</span>楛矢，賄<a class="zhuhao" href="#10653" id="10619">〔5〕</a>刑措之君。固已飛英曩代，式徽前典。</span> </p><p> <span>伏惟陛下握紀乘時，提衡範物。刳舟弦木，威天下而濟<a class="zhuhao" href="#10654" id="10620">〔6〕</a>羣生；螯足蘆灰，堙方輿而補圓蓋。曜武經於七德，闡文教於十倫。澤漏泉源，化霑蕭葦，房芝發秀，井浪開華，樂囿馴班，巢阿響律，浮紫膏於貝闕，霏白雲於玉檢。遂使苑<span class="zhuanming">若木</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10655" id="10621">〔7〕</a>而池<span class="zhuanming">濛氾</span>，霈<a class="zhuhao" href="#10656" id="10622">〔8〕</a>炎火而照積氷，梯赤坂而承朔，泛蒼津而委賮<a class="zhuhao" href="#10657" id="10623">〔9〕</a>，史曠前良，事絶故府！豈如<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>開<span class="zhuanming">張掖</span>，近接<span class="zhuanming">金城</span>；<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>戍<span class="zhuanming">桂林</span>，裁通<span class="zhuanming">珠浦</span>而已？</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>幸屬天地貞觀，<span class="zhuanming">華</span>夷静謐，冥心梵境，敢符好事，命均朝露，力<a class="zhuhao" href="#10658" id="10624">〔10〕</a>譬秋螽。徒以上<a class="zhuhao" href="#10659" id="10625">〔11〕</a>假皇靈，下資螾命<a class="zhuhao" href="#10660" id="10626">〔12〕</a>，飄身邁迹，求遐自邇<a class="zhuhao" href="#10661" id="10627">〔13〕</a>。展轉膜拜之鄉，流離重譯<a class="zhuhao" href="#10662" id="10628">〔14〕</a>之外。<span class="zhuanming">條支</span>巨雀<a class="zhuhao" href="#10663" id="10629">〔15〕</a>，方驗前聞；<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>孤鸞，還稽曩實。時移歲積，人欲<a class="zhuhao" href="#10664" id="10630">〔16〕</a>天從。遂得下<span class="zhuanming">雪岫</span>而泛<span class="zhuanming">提河</span>，援<a class="zhuhao" href="#10665" id="10631">〔17〕</a><span class="zhuanming">鶴林</span>而栖<a class="zhuhao" href="#10666" id="10632">〔18〕</a><span class="zhuanming">鷲嶺</span>，<span class="zhuanming">祇園</span>之路麗迤空<a class="zhuhao" href="#10667" id="10633">〔19〕</a>存，<span class="zhuanming">王舍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10668" id="10634">〔20〕</a>之基婆陁<a class="zhuhao" href="#10669" id="10635">〔21〕</a>可陟<a class="zhuhao" href="#10670" id="10636">〔22〕</a>。尋求歷覽，言反帝京，忽將二紀<a class="zhuhao" href="#10671" id="10637">〔23〕</a>，所聞所見，百有卅八國<a class="zhuhao" href="#10672" id="10638">〔24〕</a>。</span> </p><p> <span>竊以<span class="zhuanming">章亥</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#10673" id="10639">〔25〕</a>之所踐籍，空陳廣袤；<span class="zhuanming">夸父</span>之所凌厲，無述<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01054','1244357',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1054</span></i>土風。<span class="zhuanming">班超</span>侯而未遠，<span class="zhuanming">張騫</span>望而非博。至於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記，微爲詳盡，其迂辭瑋説，多從翦弃，綴<a class="zhuhao" href="#10674" id="10640">〔26〕</a>爲《大唐西域記》<a class="zhuhao" href="#10675" id="10641">〔27〕</a>一十二卷，繕寫如别。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>禀質愚魯，昧於𦂝實<a class="zhuhao" href="#10676" id="10642">〔28〕</a>，望須<a class="zhuhao" href="#10677" id="10643">〔29〕</a>之右筆，餝<a class="zhuhao" href="#10678" id="10644">〔30〕</a>以左言，截此蕪辭，採其實録，標百王之稱首<a class="zhuhao" href="#10679" id="10645">〔31〕</a>，符<a class="zhuhao" href="#10680" id="10646">〔32〕</a>九丘於皇代！庶使《山經》閟彩，《汲傳》韜華。無任區區，謹詣闕奉進，輕塵旒扆，伏深戰灼！謹言<a class="zhuhao" href="#10681" id="10647">〔33〕</a>。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>廿年七月十三日沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>狀上<a class="zhuhao" href="#10682" id="10648">〔34〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10615" id="10649">〔1〕</a>此表文據《京大本》卷首附録轉載，原見於<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">智恩院</span>所藏《大唐三藏法師玄奘表啓》零卷中，爲<span class="zhuanming">奈良時代</span>（公元710—784）舊寫本，來源頗古，較之《慈恩法師傳》載的表文有出入。今校其異文於次。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10616" id="10650">〔2〕</a>《傳》蟠木前有竊尋二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10617" id="10651">〔3〕</a>《傳》羌作母。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10618" id="10652">〔4〕</a>《傳》后作主。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10619" id="10653">〔5〕</a>《傳》賄作奉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10620" id="10654">〔6〕</a>原本濟作齊，從《傳》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10621" id="10655">〔7〕</a>《傳》若木二字作弱水。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10622" id="10656">〔8〕</a>《傳》霈作圃。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10623" id="10657">〔9〕</a>《傳》賮作贐，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10624" id="10658">〔10〕</a>原本力作󵾶，字書無此字，疑是當時俗字。今從《傳》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10625" id="10659">〔11〕</a>《傳》上作憑。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01055','1244357',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1055</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10626" id="10660">〔12〕</a>《傳》無下資螾命四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10627" id="10661">〔13〕</a>《傳》邁迹二字作進影，無求遐自邇四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10628" id="10662">〔14〕</a>《傳》譯誤作驛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10629" id="10663">〔15〕</a>《傳》雀作㲉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10630" id="10664">〔16〕</a>《傳》欲作願。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10631" id="10665">〔17〕</a>《傳》援作窺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10632" id="10666">〔18〕</a>《傳》栖作觀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10633" id="10667">〔19〕</a>《傳》麗迤空三字作髣像猶，像是佛字之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10634" id="10668">〔20〕</a>《傳》舍作城。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10635" id="10669">〔21〕</a>《傳》婆陁作坡陁，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10636" id="10670">〔22〕</a>《傳》可陟二字作尚在。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10637" id="10671">〔23〕</a>《傳》忽將二紀四字作淹逾一紀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10638" id="10672">〔24〕</a>《傳》百有卅八國五字作百有二十八國。按<span class="zhuanming">敬播</span>《序》云：“親踐者一百一十國，傳聞者二十八國”，則《傳》文二當是三之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10639" id="10673">〔25〕</a>《傳》亥作允，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10640" id="10674">〔26〕</a>《傳》自至於以下至綴字止凡二十字作“今所記述，有異前聞，雖未極大千之疆，頗窮<span class="zhuanming">葱</span>外之境，皆存實録，匪敢彫華，謹具編裁，稱”三十四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10641" id="10675">〔27〕</a>《傳》記下有凡字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10642" id="10676">〔28〕</a>《傳》無<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>至𦂝實十字。𦂝爲緝之俗字，見《干禄字書》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10643" id="10677">〔29〕</a>《傳》須作班。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10644" id="10678">〔30〕</a>《傳》餝作飾，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10645" id="10679">〔31〕</a>《傳》自截此至稱首十四字作“掩博物於<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>臣”六字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10646" id="10680">〔32〕</a>《傳》符作廣。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01056','1244357',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1056</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10647" id="10681">〔33〕</a>《傳》無自庶使以下至謹言二十九字，作“但<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>智識淺短，遺漏實多，兼拙於筆語，恐無足觀覽”二十一字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10648" id="10682">〔34〕</a>《傳》無此結尾具名銜語。</span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014543hplp.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
</>
五、釋種誅死處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153985" key="1153985"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 劫比羅伐窣堵國 &gt; 五、釋種誅死處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153986" key="1153986"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00516','1244113',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P516</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000857"><b>五﹑釋種誅死處</b></p><p> <span>大城西北有數百千窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種誅死處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5518" id="5505">（一）</a>也。<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇<a class="zhuhao" href="#5512" id="5506">〔1〕</a>迦王</span>既克<a class="zhuhao" href="#5513" id="5507">〔2〕</a>諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>，虜其族類，得九千九百九十万人，並從殺戮，積尸<a class="zhuhao" href="#5514" id="5508">〔3〕</a>如莽<a class="zhuhao" href="#5515" id="5509">〔4〕</a>，流血成池。天警<a class="zhuhao" href="#5516" id="5510">〔5〕</a>人心，收骸󵽻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5517" id="5511">〔6〕</a>葬。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5506" id="5512">〔1〕</a>擇原作釋，《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》等作擇，據改，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5507" id="5513">〔2〕</a>《石本》克作尅，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5508" id="5514">〔3〕</a>《古本》尸作屍，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5509" id="5515">〔4〕</a>《石本》莽作芥，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5510" id="5516">〔5〕</a>《石本》警作驚，音之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5511" id="5517">〔6〕</a>《石本》󵽻作󵾤；《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00517','1244113',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P517</span></i>山本》並作瘞字。按瘞乃正作，《干禄字書》又有󵾥﹑󵽻二作。󵾤疑爲瘞之别作也。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5505" id="5518">（一）</a>釋種誅死處：關於<span class="zhuanming">毘盧擇迦王</span>誅殺<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>的故事，參見前注。《增一阿含經》卷二六﹑《四分律》卷四一﹑《五分律》卷二一有類似的記載。</span> </p><p> <span>誅<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>西南有四小窣堵波，四<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種拒軍處。初<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>嗣位也，求婚<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種，<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種鄙其非類，謬以家人之女<a class="zhuhao" href="#5527" id="5519">〔1〕</a>，重禮娉焉。<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>立爲正后，其産子男，是爲<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦王</span>。<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦</span>欲就舅氏請益受業，至此城南，見新講堂，卽中憇<a class="zhuhao" href="#5528" id="5520">〔2〕</a>駕。諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>聞之，逐而詈<a class="zhuhao" href="#5529" id="5521">〔3〕</a>曰：“卑賤婢子，敢居此室！此室諸<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>建也，擬佛居焉。”<span class="zhuanming">毗盧擇迦</span>嗣<a class="zhuhao" href="#5530" id="5522">〔4〕</a>位之後，追復先<a class="zhuhao" href="#5531" id="5523">〔5〕</a>辱，便興甲兵<a class="zhuhao" href="#5532" id="5524">〔6〕</a>，至此屯軍。<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>種四人躬耕畎畝，便卽抗拒，兵寇退散。已而入城，族人以爲承輪王之祚胤，爲法王<a class="zhuhao" href="#5534" id="5525">（一）</a>之宗子，敢行凶暴，安忍殺害，汙辱宗門，絶親遠放。四人被逐，北趣<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，一爲<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>王，一爲<span class="zhuanming">梵衍那國</span>王，一爲<span class="zhuanming">呬摩呾羅國</span>王，一爲<span class="zhuanming">商彌<a class="zhuhao" href="#5533" id="5526">〔7〕</a>國</span>王，奕世傳業，苗裔不絶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5519" id="5527">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》女並作子。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5520" id="5528">〔2〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（憩）《説文》從心作愒。愒亦歇也。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00518','1244113',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P518</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5521" id="5529">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》詈並作駡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5522" id="5530">〔4〕</a>《石本》嗣作副。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5523" id="5531">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》先作前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5524" id="5532">〔6〕</a>《石本》甲兵二字互倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5526" id="5533">〔7〕</a>《石本》彌下有迦字。按<span class="zhuanming">商彌國</span>見卷十二。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5525" id="5534">（一）</a>法王：指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>。《法華經》卷二《譬喻品》：“我爲法王，於法自在。”《釋迦方志》卷上：“凡人極位名曰輪王，聖人極位名曰法王。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
小孤城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153991" key="1153991"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 窣利地區總述 &gt; 小孤城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153992" key="1153992"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00078','1384581',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P78</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000116"><b>小孤城</b></p><p> <span>南行十餘里有<span class="zhuanming">小孤城</span>，三百餘户，本<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>人也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1380" id="1377">（一）</a>，昔爲<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>所掠，後遂鳩集同國，共保此城，於中宅居。衣服去就，遂同<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>；言辭儀範，猶存<a class="zhuhao" href="#1379" id="1378">〔1〕</a>本國。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1378" id="1379">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》存作在。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00079','1384581',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P79</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1377" id="1380">（一）</a>本中國人也：在<span class="zhuanming">呾邏私城</span>南之<span class="zhuanming">小孤城</span>居住之<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>人，未詳何時移居此地。《資治通鑑》卷一九三<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>五年：“<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>末，<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>人多没於<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。及<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>降，上遣使以金帛贖之。五月乙丑，有司奏，凡得男女八萬口。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
呾邏私城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153995" key="1153995"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 窣利地區總述 &gt; 呾邏私城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153996" key="1153996"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00077','1384580',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P77</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000113"><b>呾邏私城</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">千泉</span>西行百四五十里，至<span class="zhuanming">呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#1374" id="1371">〔1〕</a>邏私城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1376" id="1372">（一）</a>。城周八九里，諸國商胡雜居也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1375" id="1373">〔2〕</a>。土宜氣序，大同素葉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1371" id="1374">〔1〕</a>《石本》無至字。《敦甲本》呾作󵾏，下同，疑呾之異作。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1373" id="1375">〔2〕</a>商胡雜居也，《徑山本》作“商胡雜其居”，卷尾《校記》云：“共字譌其，今正。”蓋謂其字原作共也。今檢諸本無如此作者。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1372" id="1376">（一）</a>呾邏私城：位於<span class="zhuanming">呾邏斯河</span>畔。《漢書》卷七○《陳湯傳》所記<span class="zhuanming">郅支單于</span>侵佔之<span class="zhuanming">都賴水</span>，當爲文獻中<span class="zhuanming">呾邏私河</span>之最早記載。公元568年，<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人Zemarchos曾出使Taλαs。（見《希臘史料叢殘》[Fragmenta historicorum graecorum]1841—1844年，<span class="zhuanming">巴黎</span>，第4卷，頁228，此據<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《古突厥碑銘年代考》，頁6，《伊斯蘭百科全書》德文第一版第七卷頁720轉引）<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對<span class="zhuanming">呾邏私城</span>的記述，當爲<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00078','1384580',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P78</span></i>文獻中對此城最早之記載。稍晚，<span class="zhuanming">杜環</span>《經行記》﹑<span class="zhuanming">賈耽</span>《皇華四達記》也有記述。公元893年<span class="zhuanming">呾邏私城</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>勢力所征服。<span class="zhuanming">納爾沙希</span>《布哈拉史》（<span class="zhuanming">弗萊</span>R.N.<span class="song">Frye</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>譯本，<span class="zhuanming">美國</span><span class="zhuanming">麻薩諸塞州</span><span class="zhuanming">劍橋</span>，1954年，第86—87頁）稱Tarāz。據十一世紀<span class="zhuanming">馬哈木</span>�<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶里</span>記載，十一世紀時，此城和<span class="zhuanming">八剌沙袞</span>一樣，居民操<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語及<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語（《突厥語辭典》，第1卷，頁31）。十一至十二世紀爲此城隆盛時期。<span class="zhuanming">蒙古</span>統治及<span class="zhuanming">帖木</span>兒時期，另築新城，名<span class="zhuanming">養吉</span>（yangi）或<span class="zhuanming">養吉塔拉斯</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">呾邏私</span>故址在今<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span><span class="zhuanming">哈薩克斯坦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">江布爾城</span>，今名<span class="zhuanming">塔拉斯</span>之城已移至<span class="zhuanming">江布爾</span>東南偏東八十公里處。<span class="zhuanming">江布爾</span>城在1936年以前名<span class="zhuanming">奥利耶阿塔</span>（Aulia-Ata），此言“聖父”城。因該城在十一至十二世紀正當黑汗王朝鼎盛時期築有聖墓而得名。1936—1938年，<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span><span class="zhuanming">伯恩施塔姆</span>（A.H.БepнштaМ）領導的考古隊發掘表明，今<span class="zhuanming">江布爾</span>的部分城區建立在原<span class="zhuanming">呾邏私城</span>部分遺址之上。<span class="zhuanming">呾邏私</span>故城平面圖見<span class="zhuanming">伯恩施塔姆</span>《塔拉斯河流域古蹟考》（ПaMятники cтapины тaлacкoй долины，<span class="zhuanming">阿拉木圖</span>，1941年）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、大會場
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1153999" key="1153999"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 屈支國 &gt; 三、大會場 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154000" key="1154000"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00061','1384574',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P61</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000089"><b>三﹑大會場</b></p><p> <span>大城西門外路左右各<a class="zhuhao" href="#1233" id="1225">〔1〕</a>有立佛像，高九十餘尺。於此像前建五年一大會<a class="zhuhao" href="#1239" id="1226">（一）</a>處，每歲秋分數十日間，舉國僧徒皆來<a class="zhuhao" href="#1234" id="1227">〔2〕</a>會集。上自君王，下至士庶，捐<a class="zhuhao" href="#1235" id="1228">〔3〕</a>廢俗務，奉持齋戒，受經聽法，渴<a class="zhuhao" href="#1236" id="1229">〔4〕</a>日忘疲。諸僧伽藍莊嚴佛像，瑩以珍寶，飾之錦綺<a class="zhuhao" href="#1237" id="1230">〔5〕</a>，載諸輦輿，謂之行像<a class="zhuhao" href="#1240" id="1231">（二）</a>，動以千<a class="zhuhao" href="#1238" id="1232">〔6〕</a>數，雲集會所。常以月十五日晦日，國王大臣謀議國事，訪及高僧，然後宣布。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1225" id="1233">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無各字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1227" id="1234">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》無來字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1228" id="1235">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》捐皆作損。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00062','1384574',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P62</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1229" id="1236">〔4〕</a>《古本》渴作謁，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1230" id="1237">〔5〕</a>《古本》綺作帛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1232" id="1238">〔6〕</a>《敦甲本》脱千字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1226" id="1239">（一）</a>五年一大會：卽無遮大會，爲梵文Pañcapariṣad，Pañ-cavarṣikā-pariṣad；音譯般闍於瑟﹑般遮婆栗史迦﹑般遮跋利沙﹑般遮婆瑟﹑般遮越師。指國王每五年一次的大齋會。《阿育王傳》卷二：“便造般遮于瑟，以四十萬兩金﹑國土﹑宫人﹑輔相﹑己身﹑子<span class="zhuanming">駒那羅</span>等，盡施衆僧而還歸家。”《法顯傳》<span class="zhuanming">竭叉國</span>及本書卷五<span class="zhuanming">鉢邏耶伽國</span>，均載有無遮大會詳細情況。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1231" id="1240">（二）</a>行像：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒每年在佛誕辰（我國作四月初八），將佛像載在車上巡行，見《觀佛三昧經》。其盛況《法顯傳》<span class="zhuanming">摩竭提國</span>及《洛陽伽藍記》均有所載，從略。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、福地
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154003" key="1154003"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 薩他泥濕伐羅國 &gt; 一、福地 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154004" key="1154004"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00389','1384695',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P389</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000631"><b>一﹑福地</b></p><p> <span>大城四周二百里内，彼土之人謂爲福地<a class="zhuhao" href="#4356" id="4338">（一）</a>。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#4348" id="4339">〔1〕</a>曰：昔<span class="zhuanming">五印度國</span>二王分治，境壤相侵，干戈不息。兩主合謀，欲決兵戰，以定雌雄，以寧氓<a class="zhuhao" href="#4349" id="4340">〔2〕</a>俗。黎庶胥怨，莫從君命。王以爲衆庶者難與慮始也，神可動物，權可立功。時有梵志素知高才，密賷束帛，命入後庭，造作法書，藏諸巖穴。歲月既久，樹皆合拱。王於朝坐，告諸臣曰：“吾以不德，忝居大位，天帝垂照，夢賜靈書，今在某山<a class="zhuhao" href="#4350" id="4341">〔3〕</a>，藏於某嶺。”於是下令營求，得書山林之下。群官稱慶，衆庶悦豫，宣示遠近，咸使聞知。其大略曰：“夫生死無崖<a class="zhuhao" href="#4351" id="4342">〔4〕</a>，流轉無極<a class="zhuhao" href="#4352" id="4343">〔5〕</a>，含靈淪溺，莫由自濟。我以奇謀，令離諸苦。今此王城周二百里，古先帝世福利之地。歲月極遠，銘記堙滅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4353" id="4344">〔6〕</a>。生靈不悟，遂沈苦海。溺而不救，夫何謂歟？汝諸含識<a class="zhuhao" href="#4357" id="4345">（二）</a>，臨敵兵死，得生人中，多殺無辜，受天福樂。順孫孝子，扶<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00390','1384695',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P390</span></i>侍親老，經遊此地，獲福無窮。功少福多，如何失利？一喪人身，三途冥漠。是故含生各務修業！”於是人皆<a class="zhuhao" href="#4354" id="4346">〔7〕</a>兵戰，視死如歸。王遂下令招募勇烈，兩國合戰，積屍如莾<a class="zhuhao" href="#4355" id="4347">〔8〕</a>。迄于今時，遺骸遍野。時既古昔，人骸偉大，國俗相傳，謂之福地。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4339" id="4348">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》先志二字作耆舊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4340" id="4349">〔2〕</a>《石本》氓作民，義同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4341" id="4350">〔3〕</a>《中本》山下有嶺字。按下有某嶺，此不當有，疑涉下文而衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4342" id="4351">〔4〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》崖作涯。按《莊子·養生主》“吾生也有涯”。《釋文》“涯，本又作崖。”是涯崖二字固通用也，今則習用涯字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4343" id="4352">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《崇本》﹑《一本》及《隨函録》極作亟。《音釋》亦作亟，音“去記反”又“音棘”，云：“遽也。”義亦可通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4344" id="4353">〔6〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》堙作湮，通用。《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》湮作煙。《慧琳音義》及《音釋》則作湮，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4346" id="4354">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》皆作習。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4347" id="4355">〔8〕</a>《隨函録》莾作莽，同字異體。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4338" id="4356">（一）</a>福地：<span class="zhuanming">塔内莎爾</span>以南，<span class="zhuanming">色羅斯瓦底</span>（Sarasvatī）與<span class="zhuanming">德里夏德伐蒂</span>（Dṛṣadvatī）兩河之間地區以東，稱爲<span class="zhuanming">俱盧</span>之野（Kurukṣe-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00391','1384695',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P391</span></i>tra），又稱爲“法地”（Dharmakṣetra）。有人認爲這一名稱卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在本段中“福地”所指。這就是大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》所描繪的<span class="zhuanming">俱盧</span>（Kuru）與<span class="zhuanming">般度</span>（Pāṇḍu）兩族大戰的古戰場所在。又<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在這里所引用的：“其大略曰……”以下的一段話與史詩中的《薄伽梵歌》（Bhagavadgītā）的内容頗爲相似，可能是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>取材於當地流行的傳説的緣故。關於這場大戰，民間傳説頗多，如附會“積尸如莾”﹑“遺骸遍野”，至今<span class="zhuanming">塔内莎爾</span>西郊還有一個名爲<span class="zhuanming">尸骸城</span>（Asthipur）的地方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4345" id="4357">（二）</a>含識：《大乘章義》卷三：“識者，乃是神知之别名也。”含識，泛指人類。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、昭怙釐二伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv43544" key="43544"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 屈支國 &gt; 二、昭怙釐二伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154006" key="1154006"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00060','1384573',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P60</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000086"><b>二﹑昭怙釐二伽藍</b></p><p> <span>荒城北四十餘里，接山阿隔一河水，有二伽藍，同名<span class="zhuanming">昭<a class="zhuhao" href="#1220" id="1215">〔1〕</a>怙釐</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1224" id="1216">（一）</a>，而東西隨<a class="zhuhao" href="#1221" id="1217">〔2〕</a>稱。佛像莊飾，殆越人工。僧徒清肅<a class="zhuhao" href="#1222" id="1218">〔3〕</a>，誠爲勤勵。<span class="zhuanming">東昭怙釐</span>佛堂中有玉石，面廣二尺餘，色帶黄白，狀如海蛤。其上有佛足履之迹，長尺有八寸，廣餘六<a class="zhuhao" href="#1223" id="1219">〔4〕</a>寸矣。或有齋日，照燭光明。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1215" id="1220">〔1〕</a>原本昭作照，《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作昭，與下文相合，今據改，俾前後畫一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1217" id="1221">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》隨作相。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1218" id="1222">〔3〕</a>原本肅作齋，今據《石本》《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1219" id="1223">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《異本》﹑《酬本》六作八。</span> </p>注釋：          <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00061','1384573',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P61</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1216" id="1224">（一）</a>昭怙釐：《水經注》引<span class="zhuanming">釋氏</span>《西域記》作<span class="zhuanming">雀離大清浄</span>。《高僧傳》卷二《鳩摩羅什傳》作<span class="zhuanming">雀梨大寺</span>。依<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>考證，<span class="zhuanming">昭怙釐</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">雀離</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">雀梨</span>均爲*Čäküri，*Čöguri（＜*Čökiri），*Čäkür等名的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>字不同寫法，並釋爲“窣堵波尖”。（參見<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>《吐火羅語與庫車語》，載<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯《吐火羅語考》，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，1957，頁131）此字似來自古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>——<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>語Cakir（梵文Cakra），意爲“輪”，轉義爲“寺院”。其遺址在今<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>北<span class="zhuanming">蘇巴什</span>地方<span class="zhuanming">銅廠河</span>兩岸。（參見<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>Innermost Asia，Ⅱ，頁806；<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>Site de Koutcha：Douldour-Agour et Soubachi，<span class="zhuanming">巴黎</span>，1967.）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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薩他泥濕伐羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154009" key="1154009"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 薩他泥濕伐羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154010" key="1154010"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00388','1384694',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P388</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000628">薩他泥濕伐羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">薩他泥濕伐羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4337" id="4332">（一）</a>周七千<a class="zhuhao" href="#4335" id="4333">〔1〕</a>餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。土地沃壤，稼穡滋盛。氣序温暑，風俗澆薄。家室富饒，競爲奢侈。深閑幻術，高尚異能。多逐利，少務農，諸方奇貨多聚其國。伽藍三所，僧徒七百餘人，並皆習學小乘法教。天祠百餘所，異道甚多<a class="zhuhao" href="#4336" id="4334">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4333" id="4335">〔1〕</a>《石本》千作十。按《方志》亦作“七千餘里”，十字訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4334" id="4336">〔2〕</a>《石本》多下有也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4332" id="4337">（一）</a>薩他泥濕伐羅國：梵文Sthāneśvara——由sthāna（國土﹑住處）與īśvara（自在）兩詞合成，爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>有名的古都之一。據《戒日王傳》記載，此地是<span class="zhuanming">室利康塔國</span>（Śrīkaṇṭhajanapada）首都。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲現今的<span class="zhuanming">塔内莎爾</span>（Thānesar），在<span class="zhuanming">安巴拉</span>（Ambala）以南約<span class="song">30</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里和<span class="zhuanming">巴尼巴特</span>（Panipat）以北<span class="song">40</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的地方。當地至今還有一圮毁的土堡，頂部約達1200平方<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺。這一比定雖然爲<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>所贊同，但正如<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>所指出，這與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載，無論方向﹑里程均不相符。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載此國在<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅國</span>“東北行五百餘里”的地方，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00389','1384694',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P389</span></i>但<span class="zhuanming">塔内莎爾</span>却在其北北西方向。照<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>的意見，這句話勢必非改爲“西北行九百餘里”不可。因此，在没有更圓滿的比定之前，<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>的意見，只能姑備一説。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>《印度古代地理》<span class="zhuanming">馬宗達</span>注本（Cunningham’s Ancient Geography of India，noted by Surendran-ath Majumdar Sastri，Calcutta，1924）主張比定此地爲《律藏大品》（Vinaya Mahāvagga V.13﹑12）中的<span class="zhuanming">吐那</span>（Thūna，卽Sthūna），也尚待進一步研究。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、大龍池及金花王
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152462" key="1152462"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 屈支國 &gt; 一、大龍池及金花王 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154012" key="1154012"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00057','1384572',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P57</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000083"><b>一﹑大龍池及金花王</b></p><p> <span>國東境城北天祠<a class="zhuhao" href="#1212" id="1191">（一）</a>前有<span class="zhuanming">大龍池</span>。諸龍易形<a class="zhuhao" href="#1203" id="1192">〔1〕</a>，交合牝馬，遂生龍駒，𢤱戾<a class="zhuhao" href="#1204" id="1193">〔2〕</a>難馭。龍駒之子，方乃馴駕。所以此國多出<a class="zhuhao" href="#1205" id="1194">〔3〕</a>善馬。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#1206" id="1195">〔4〕</a>曰：近代有王，號曰<span class="zhuanming">金花</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1213" id="1196">（二）</a>，政教明察，感龍馭乘。王<a class="zhuhao" href="#1207" id="1197">〔5〕</a>欲終没，鞭觸其耳，因卽潛隱，以至於今。城中無井，取汲<a class="zhuhao" href="#1208" id="1198">〔6〕</a>池水。龍變爲人，與諸婦會，生子驍勇，走及奔馬。如是漸染，人皆龍種<a class="zhuhao" href="#1209" id="1199">〔7〕</a>，恃力作威，不<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00058','1384572',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P58</span></i>恭王命。王乃<a class="zhuhao" href="#1210" id="1200">〔8〕</a>引搆<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1214" id="1201">（三）</a>，殺此城人，少長俱戮，略無噍類<a class="zhuhao" href="#1211" id="1202">〔9〕</a>。城今荒蕪，人烟斷絶。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1192" id="1203">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》形作刑，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1193" id="1204">〔2〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《音釋》戾作悷，《方志》同。戾﹑悷通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1194" id="1205">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》出作生。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1195" id="1206">〔4〕</a>諸先志，《古本》先志作耆舊。《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》諸先志作之耆舊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1197" id="1207">〔5〕</a>《中本》王下有既字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1198" id="1208">〔6〕</a>《石本》無取字。原本汲作彼，今據《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》改。惟《珠林》十一引作彼，同《麗本》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1199" id="1209">〔7〕</a>《敦甲本》脱種字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1200" id="1210">〔8〕</a>《敦甲本》無乃字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1202" id="1211">〔9〕</a>《敦甲本》脱無噍二字。《宋本》﹑《酬本》噍作󵾊。《音釋》作噍。本書卷四“奢羯羅故城”條則作󵾋。󵾊﹑󵾋二字皆不見字書，並從焦聲，不能定其孰是。疑爲噍之異體字。《珠林》十一引噍類作“遺類”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1191" id="1212">（一）</a>天祠：原指祭祀<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>（<span class="zhuanming">摩醯首伐羅</span>Maheśvara）的祠所，此處似指<span class="zhuanming">祆教</span>的祠所。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1196" id="1213">（二）</a>金花：<span class="zhuanming">金花王</span>似指<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>王<span class="zhuanming">蘇發勃駛</span>。《舊唐書·龜兹傳》<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00059','1384572',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P59</span></i>載：“<span class="zhuanming">高祖</span>卽位，其主<span class="zhuanming">蘇發勃駛</span>遣使來朝。<span class="zhuanming">勃駛</span>尋卒，子<span class="zhuanming">蘇發疊</span>（約618—630年在位）代立……。<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>四年（公元630年），又遣使獻馬，<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>賜以璽，撫慰甚厚，由此歲貢不絶。”據<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>附近出土的古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語木簡和梵文寫本殘卷，<span class="zhuanming">蘇伐疊</span>爲Suvarṇate（來自梵文Suvarṇadeva，意爲“金天”），<span class="zhuanming">蘇伐勃駛</span>爲Suvarṇapuṣpa（梵文suvarṇa意爲‘金’，puṣpa意爲“花”）的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文寫法。（參見<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯<span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>文章《所謂乙種吐火羅語卽龜兹語考》，載《吐火羅語考》，1957，頁15—16；H.Lüders本書頁55注釋（一）引文頁252—253，及同氏Weitere Beiträge，zur Geschichte und Geographie von Ostturkestan，SPAW，1930，頁25-27）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1201" id="1214">（三）</a>突厥：爲六至八世紀我國北方廣大地區的部落聯合體。古代<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>碑銘中作Türk或Türük，有“強有力的”之意。<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文“突厥”一詞爲Türküt（-üt爲古代<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語或<span class="zhuanming">蒙古</span>語複數字尾）一詞的譯音。近年的研究趨向于認爲<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>就是Türk或Türük的對音，參見<span class="zhuanming">蒲立本</span>（E.Pulleyblank）撰《突厥的漢語名字》（The Chinese Name for the Turks），《美國東方學會會刊（JAOS）第85卷第2期，1965年。現在仍屬<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語系的民族有我國的<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">哈薩克</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">柯爾克孜</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">撒拉</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">裕固</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">烏兹别克</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">塔塔爾</span>等民族和國外的<span class="zhuanming">土耳其</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿塞爾拜疆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">土庫曼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">雅庫特</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">楚瓦什</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">土瓦</span>等民族。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">公元552—744年<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>人曾建立了強盛一時的<span class="zhuanming">突厥汗國</span>。建立<span class="zhuanming">突厥汗國</span>的統治氏族<span class="zhuanming">阿史那族</span>原居住在<span class="zhuanming">阿爾泰山脈</span>的西南﹑東部<span class="zhuanming">天山山脈</span>的北麓﹑<span class="zhuanming">準噶爾盆地</span>一帶，爲<span class="zhuanming">柔然族</span>的鍛奴，其族首領<span class="zhuanming">土門</span>滅<span class="zhuanming">柔然汗國</span>，建立<span class="zhuanming">突厥汗國</span>，自稱<span class="zhuanming">伊利可汗</span>，其統治中心移至<span class="zhuanming">蒙古高原</span><span class="zhuanming">於都斤</span>（Ütüken）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>一帶。其後至公元582年，<span class="zhuanming">突厥汗國</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00060','1384572',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P60</span></i>分裂爲據有<span class="zhuanming">蒙古高原</span>的<span class="zhuanming">東突厥汗國</span>和統治<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>各地的<span class="zhuanming">西突厥汗國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">東突厥</span>於公元585年歸附於<span class="zhuanming">隋朝</span>，<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span>於公元658年歸附於<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>。公元682年（<span class="zhuanming">唐高宗</span><span class="zhuanming">永淳</span>元年）<span class="zhuanming">骨咄禄</span>復興<span class="zhuanming">突厥汗國</span>。至八世紀四十年代，爲<span class="zhuanming">回紇</span>所滅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到西域期間正是<span class="zhuanming">西突厥汗國</span><span class="zhuanming">統葉護可汗</span>末期。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、獼猴獻蜜及釋迦等遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154015" key="1154015"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 秣菟羅國 &gt; 三、獼猴獻蜜及釋迦等遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154016" key="1154016"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00387','1384693',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P387</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000624"><b>三﹑獼猴獻蜜及釋迦等遺迹</b></p><p> <span>石室東南二十四五里，至大涸池，傍有窣堵波。在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>行經此處，時有獼猴持蜜奉佛<a class="zhuhao" href="#4329" id="4324">（一）</a>，佛令水和，普遍大衆。獼猴喜躍<a class="zhuhao" href="#4327" id="4325">〔1〕</a>，墮坑而死；乘兹福力，得生人中<a class="zhuhao" href="#4328" id="4326">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4325" id="4327">〔1〕</a>《石本》躍作踊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4326" id="4328">〔2〕</a>《中本》此句下有“成阿羅漢”四字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4324" id="4329">（一）</a>持蜜奉佛：<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>遊化傳教的事蹟，見《雜阿含經》卷四十二，參見《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷十。關於獼猴獻蜜的傳説，見《賢愚經》卷十二和《佛五百弟子自説本起經》等。這一傳説被廣泛地用于<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的雕刻中，如<span class="zhuanming">桑奇</span>（Sanchi）北門右柱的浮雕，以菩提樹象徵<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>，描述了獼猴捧鉢奉獻的情景。</span> </p><p> <span>池北不遠大林中，有過去四佛經行遺迹，其側有<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>等千二百五十大阿羅漢習定之處，並建窣堵波，以記遺迹。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，屢遊此國，説法之所並有封樹。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">薩他<a class="zhuhao" href="#4331" id="4330">〔1〕</a>泥濕伐羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00388','1384693',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P388</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4330" id="4331">〔1〕</a>《石本》他作陀，《方志》同。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
屈支國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv47247" key="47247"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 屈支國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154018" key="1154018"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00054','1384571',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P54</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000080">屈支國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">屈支國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1186" id="1163">（一）</a>東西千餘里，南北六百餘里。國<a class="zhuhao" href="#1177" id="1164">〔1〕</a>大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#1187" id="1165">（二）</a>周十七八里。宜<a class="zhuhao" href="#1178" id="1166">〔2〕</a>穈麥，有粳稻，出蒲萄<a class="zhuhao" href="#1179" id="1167">〔3〕</a>﹑石榴，多梨﹑柰﹑桃﹑杏。土産黄金﹑銅﹑鐵﹑鉛﹑錫。氣序和，風俗質<a class="zhuhao" href="#1180" id="1168">〔4〕</a>。文<a class="zhuhao" href="#1181" id="1169">〔5〕</a>字取則<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，粗有改變。管絃伎樂，特善諸國<a class="zhuhao" href="#1188" id="1170">（三）</a>。服飾錦褐，斷髮巾帽。貨用金錢<a class="zhuhao" href="#1182" id="1171">〔6〕</a>﹑銀錢﹑小銅錢。王，<span class="zhuanming">屈支</span>種也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1189" id="1172">（四）</a>，智謀寡<a class="zhuhao" href="#1183" id="1173">〔7〕</a>昧，迫於强臣。其俗生子以木押頭，欲其匾㔸<a class="zhuhao" href="#1184" id="1174">〔8〕</a>也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1190" id="1175">（五）</a>。伽藍百餘所，僧徒五千餘人，習學小乘教説一切有部。經教律儀，取則<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，其習讀者，卽本文矣。尚拘漸教，食雜三淨。潔清耽翫<a class="zhuhao" href="#1185" id="1176">〔9〕</a>，人以功競。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1164" id="1177">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無國字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1166" id="1178">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》宜上有土字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1167" id="1179">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》作蒲陶。原本蒲作蒱，校改見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1168" id="1180">〔4〕</a>《中本》質下有直字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00055','1384571',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P55</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1169" id="1181">〔5〕</a>《敦甲本》脱文字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1171" id="1182">〔6〕</a>《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》無錢字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1173" id="1183">〔7〕</a>《石本》寡作㝠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1174" id="1184">〔8〕</a>原本匾㔸作遍遞，《敦甲本》與之同，今據《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慧琳音義》改，下同。《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《音釋》作匾󵾉。《一本》作匾㔸，《異本》作匾逓。《慧琳音義》云：“《字統》云：‘匾㔸，薄闊皃。’二字並從匚，音方，有從厂或從辵，並非。匚作爲正。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1176" id="1185">〔9〕</a>《敦甲本》耽作躭，俗字。《石本》翫作學。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1163" id="1186">（一）</a>屈支國：卽今我國<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span><span class="zhuanming">維吾爾自治區</span><span class="zhuanming">阿克蘇</span>專區<span class="zhuanming">庫車縣</span>。現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語稱Kuča（r），我國古代稱<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>或<span class="zhuanming">丘兹</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">丘慈</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">屈茨</span>等，均爲古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語kutsi的不同譯法。此處<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>根據ku tsi的梵文形式kuci譯作<span class="zhuanming">屈支</span>。（參見P.Pelliot：Notes on Marco Polo，I，1959，頁414；H.Lüders：Zur Geschichte und Geographie Ostturkestans，1922，頁249）。九世紀中期<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>西遷<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>後，<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>屬<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span><span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>王國。<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>稱該地爲käsün（～küšän）<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文作<span class="zhuanming">曲先</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">苦先</span>等。küsän或küšän似來自古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語kütsi的形容詞形式kücäññe。（參見B.V.S.Vorob，ev-Desyatovskiy：pamyatniki tse-ntral’noaziatskoy pis，m e n n o s ti，載Učennïe zapiski Instituta Vastokovedeniya XⅥ，1958，頁305）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">十一世紀七十年代<span class="zhuanming">馬合木</span>·<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶里</span>（Maḥm ūd Kashgharī）編寫的《突厥語辭典》同時著録該地名的兩種形式：Kuča和<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00056','1384571',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P56</span></i>küsän。有的學者認爲現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語的Kuča（r）形式來自Kuča十ri，爲古代（<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語“城市”之意）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1165" id="1187">（二）</a>國大都城：<span class="zhuanming">屈支</span>都城<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>至<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>稱<span class="zhuanming">延城</span>，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代名<span class="zhuanming">伊邏廬城</span>，似爲<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>附近之<span class="zhuanming">皮郎</span>舊城。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1170" id="1188">（三）</a>管弦伎樂特善諸國：<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span><span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>地區的音樂﹑歌舞自古以來就有盛名。這一方面可從<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>附近<span class="zhuanming">千佛洞</span>壁畫和出土骨灰盒上畫的樂隊歌舞場面清楚看到，另一方面也可以從<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文史籍中得到證明。歷史上<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>音樂曾給内地<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>族音樂以很大影響。據《晉書·吕光傳》，公元384年（晉太元九年）<span class="zhuanming">吕光</span>伐<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>，曾把<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>的樂人帶到<span class="zhuanming">凉州</span>。這是<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>音樂正式傳入内地的見諸正史的最初記載。在<span class="zhuanming">凉州</span>，<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>樂與内地<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>族固有的音樂及其他少數民族音樂相混，於是産生了所謂<span class="zhuanming">西凉</span>樂。在<span class="zhuanming">北魏</span>和<span class="zhuanming">北齊</span>時這種音樂不論在宫廷和民間都十分流行，到處可聽到胡樂的演奏，看到胡舞的表演。在<span class="zhuanming">北齊</span>時，除<span class="zhuanming">西凉</span>樂外，還有獨立的<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>樂。它分爲四部（部此處爲樂隊之意），由一伶官領導，隸屬中書監。當時<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>琵琶大師<span class="zhuanming">曹妙達</span>享有盛名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">六世紀<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>音樂大師<span class="zhuanming">蘇衹婆</span>的七調也對我國的音樂理論發生了一定的影響。《隋書》卷一四《音樂志》載稱：“先是<span class="zhuanming">周武帝</span>時，有<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>人曰<span class="zhuanming">蘇衹婆</span>，從<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>皇后入國，善胡琵琶，聽其所奏，一均之中間有七聲。因而問之，答云：‘父在西域，稱爲知音。代相傳習，調有七種。’以其七調，勘校七聲，冥若合符。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">隋</span>時七部樂中有一部是<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>樂（其它六部是：國樂﹑清商樂﹑<span class="zhuanming">高麗</span>樂﹑<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>樂﹑<span class="zhuanming">安國</span>樂﹑文康樂）。<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>樂又分爲<span class="zhuanming">西龜兹</span>，<span class="zhuanming">齊龜兹</span>和<span class="zhuanming">土龜兹</span>三部。所謂<span class="zhuanming">西龜兹</span>應指<span class="zhuanming">西魏</span>或<span class="zhuanming">北周</span>時傳入的<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>樂，<span class="zhuanming">齊龜兹</span>指<span class="zhuanming">北齊</span>時傳入的<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>樂，而<span class="zhuanming">土龜兹</span>則應指當時直接從<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>傳入的<span class="zhuanming">庫<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00057','1384571',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P57</span></i>車</span>樂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">公元605年和616年間，七部樂又擴大爲九部樂，增加了<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>樂和<span class="zhuanming">疏勒</span>樂，到<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代，又增加了<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>樂。這樣，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代十部樂中僅<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>樂就占了三部（三個樂隊）。由此可見古代<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>（包括<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>）音樂對内地音樂影響之大。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1172" id="1189">（四）</a>王屈支種也：<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>王室自<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>至<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>（<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十一年爲<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>所滅）姓<span class="zhuanming">白</span>。見<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>《論龜兹白姓》﹑馮承鈞《再説龜兹白姓》，載《女師大學術季刊》二卷一期。據<span class="zhuanming">英</span>人H.W.Bailey的意見，<span class="zhuanming">白</span>姓來自當地地名<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>kutsi，有“白”﹑“明亮”之意。（Bailey，Ttaugara，BSOAS，vol.Ⅷ ，part4，1937，頁900-901）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1175" id="1190">（五）</a>欲其匾㔸也：本書卷十二<span class="zhuanming">佉沙國</span>亦載此俗。匾㔸，《方言》：“物之薄者，曰匾㔸。”此指匾而不圓。此一古代民族習俗，今從<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>附近考古發掘墓葬的頭蓋骨和壁畫﹑塑像等已獲証實。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、釋迦弟子等遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154021" key="1154021"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 秣菟羅國 &gt; 一、釋迦弟子等遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154022" key="1154022"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00381','1384692',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P381</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000616"><b>一﹑釋迦弟子等遺迹</b></p><p> <span>有三窣堵波，並<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也。過去四佛遺迹甚多。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>諸聖弟子遺身窣堵波，謂<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4302" id="4266">（一）</a>﹑</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">舍梨子</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4290" id="4267">〔1〕</a>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>，訛略也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4303" id="4268">（二）</a>﹑</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">目乾<a class="zhuhao" href="#4291" id="4269">〔2〕</a>連</span>，訛<a class="zhuhao" href="#4292" id="4270">〔3〕</a>也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">布剌拏梅呾麗衍尼弗呾羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4304" id="4271">（三）</a>﹑</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">滿慈子</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">彌多羅尼子</span>，訛略也<a class="zhuhao" href="#4293" id="4272">〔4〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">鄔波釐</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4294" id="4273">〔5〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#4305" id="4274">（四）</a>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿難陁</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4295" id="4275">〔6〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#4306" id="4276">（五）</a>﹑<span class="zhuanming">羅怙羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4307" id="4277">（六）</a>﹑</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">羅睺羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4296" id="4278">〔7〕</a>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">羅云</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4297" id="4279">〔8〕</a>，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00382','1384692',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P382</span></i>皆訛略也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">曼殊室利</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4308" id="4280">（七）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">妙吉祥</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">濡首</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">文殊師利</span>，或言<span class="zhuanming">曼殊尸利</span>，譯曰<span class="zhuanming">妙德</span>，訛<a class="zhuhao" href="#4298" id="4281">〔9〕</a>也。</span> <span>諸菩薩窣堵波等<a class="zhuhao" href="#4299" id="4282">〔10〕</a>。每歲三長及月六齋<a class="zhuhao" href="#4309" id="4283">（八）</a>，僧徒相競，率其同好，賷持供具，多營奇玩，隨其所宗，而致像<a class="zhuhao" href="#4300" id="4284">〔11〕</a>設。阿毗達磨<a class="zhuhao" href="#4310" id="4285">（九）</a>衆供養<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>，習定之徒供養<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>，誦持經者供養<span class="zhuanming">滿慈子</span>，學毗奈耶<a class="zhuhao" href="#4311" id="4286">（一○）</a>衆供養<span class="zhuanming">鄔波釐</span>，諸苾蒭尼<a class="zhuhao" href="#4312" id="4287">（一一）</a>供養<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>，未受具戒<a class="zhuhao" href="#4313" id="4288">（一二）</a>者供養<span class="zhuanming">羅怙羅</span>，其學大乘者供養諸菩薩。是日也，諸窣堵波競修供養，珠旛布列<a class="zhuhao" href="#4301" id="4289">〔12〕</a>，寶蓋駢羅，香煙若雲，花散如雨，蔽虧日月，震蕩谿谷。國王大臣，修善爲務。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4267" id="4290">〔1〕</a>原本梨作利，《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》利並作梨。按若作“舍利子”，與正文無異，不當作“舊曰”云云，顯非。今從各本改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4269" id="4291">〔2〕</a>《翻譯集》乾作犍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4270" id="4292">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》訛下並有略字。《翻譯集》亦有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4272" id="4293">〔4〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4273" id="4294">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》鄔並作優，下同。《方志》作優婆釐，夾注云：“優波離也。”《珠林》三十八亦作優婆釐，夾注云：“舊名優波離。”按《翻譯集·十大弟子篇》作鄔波離，云：“鄔，安古切。……或翻近執，以佛爲太子時，彼爲親近執事之臣。……訛云優波離。”然則有作鄔者。鄔優音近，譯文通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00383','1384692',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P383</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4275" id="4295">〔6〕</a>《崇本》無陁字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4278" id="4296">〔7〕</a>原本無羅字，今據《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4279" id="4297">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》云並作雲，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4281" id="4298">〔9〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》訛上有皆字。《翻譯集》訛下有略字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4282" id="4299">〔10〕</a>《珠林》此下有夾注云：“尋此諸塔，未必遺身，但應立像設供呈心。如<span class="zhuanming">羅怙羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">文殊室利</span>等，依經未滅度，准可知也。”《方志》所記略同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4284" id="4300">〔11〕</a>《中本》像下有所字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4289" id="4301">〔12〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》等列誤作烈。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4266" id="4302">（一）</a>舍利子：梵文Śāriputra，人名，舍利爲śāri音譯，子爲pu-tra意譯；全名音譯<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗多羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">奢利富多羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>等等，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">鶖鷺子</span>，從其母得名，見《法華玄贊》卷一等。<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>十大弟子之一，號稱智慧第一，初與<span class="zhuanming">目犍連</span>從“六師外道”之一<span class="zhuanming">删闍耶毗羅胝子</span>出家學道，後於途中遇<span class="zhuanming">馬勝</span>比丘説“因緣所生法”之偈，乃與<span class="zhuanming">目犍連</span>改信<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，見《增一阿含經》卷三﹑《大般湼槃經》卷二十六，《佛本行集經》卷四十八。今《藏經》中《阿毗達磨集異門足論》，一説爲其所著。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4268" id="4303">（二）</a>没特伽羅子：梵文Maudgalaputra，又稱Maudgalyāya-na，音譯<span class="zhuanming">目犍連</span>，或作Mahāmaudgalyāyana（<span class="zhuanming">大目犍連</span>），略稱<span class="zhuanming">目犍</span>或<span class="zhuanming">目連</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">采菽氏</span>。原屬婆羅門種姓，後皈依<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>，爲其十<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00384','1384692',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P384</span></i>大弟子之一，號稱神通第一，見《增一阿含經》卷三及《佛本行集經》等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4271" id="4304">（三）</a>布剌拏梅呾麗衍尼弗呾羅：梵文Pūrṇamaitrāyaṇīputra音譯，其異譯頗多，一作<span class="zhuanming">富樓那</span>（Pūrṇa），意譯<span class="zhuanming">滿慈子</span>，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>十大弟子之一，號稱説法第一。傳説他成佛後號稱<span class="zhuanming">法明如來</span>，我國所謂“無量壽佛”卽其人，詳《增一阿含經》卷三﹑《法華經》卷四《五百弟子授記品》等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4274" id="4305">（四）</a>鄔波釐：梵文Upāli音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">優波離</span>。意譯<span class="zhuanming">近取</span>或<span class="zhuanming">近執</span>，原爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦尼牟尼</span>爲太子時的近侍，賤民出身，宫廷中的剃髮工奴。他後皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>十大弟子之一，號稱持律第一，見《增一阿含經》卷三﹑《優波離問佛經》﹑《佛本行集經》卷五十三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4276" id="4306">（五）</a>阿難陁：梵文Ānanda音譯，又譯<span class="zhuanming">阿難陀</span>，略作<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">歡喜</span>，據云爲<span class="zhuanming">斛飯王</span>之子，<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>之弟，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>十大弟子之一。傳説<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>生於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>成道夜，二十五歲出家，後隨侍<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>二十五年，長於記憶，稱“多聞第一”，因之，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世後，第一次會誦<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>總集《三藏》時，<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>爲主誦人。詳《增一阿含經》卷三，《中阿含經》卷八﹑《智度論》卷三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4277" id="4307">（六）</a>羅怙羅：梵文Rāhula音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">羅睺羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">羅雲</span>等，意譯<span class="zhuanming">覆障</span>。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳説爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>之子，十五歲出家爲沙彌（依戒律已受十戒，尚未受具足戒的男性），爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>有沙彌之始，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>十大弟子之一，號稱密行第一。詳《佛本行集經》卷五十五，《未曾有因緣經》等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4280" id="4308">（七）</a>曼殊室利：梵文Mañjuśrī音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">文殊師利</span>等，略稱<span class="zhuanming">文殊</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">妙吉祥</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">妙德</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">妙首</span>等。他與<span class="zhuanming">普賢</span>爲一對，左右隨侍<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>，而司智慧，爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>菩薩衆的上首。詳見《大日經》等。<span class="zhuanming">曼殊室<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00385','1384692',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P385</span></i>利</span>與以上<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>諸大弟子不同，他是一個虚構的人物，屬于大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4283" id="4309">（八）</a>每歲三長及月六齋：三長，又名三齋月，指每年的一月﹑五月﹑九月長齋。《梵網經》卷下：“於六齋日年三長齋月，作殺生劫盗破齋犯戒者，犯輕垢罪。”月六齋，指每月的八﹑十四﹑十五﹑二十三﹑二十九﹑三十這六天持齋，見《摩訶般若經》卷十四。《增一阿含經》卷十六。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4285" id="4310">（九）</a>阿毗達磨：梵文abhidharma音譯。或作阿鼻達磨﹑阿毗曇。《玄應音義》卷一七：“阿毗曇，或言阿毗達磨，或云阿鼻達磨，皆梵言轉也。此譯云勝法，或言無比法，以詮慧故也。或云向法，以因向果；或名對法，以智對境也。”阿毗達磨衆，此指學阿毗達磨者，卽論藏學者。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4286" id="4311">（一○）</a>毗奈耶：梵文vinaya音譯，意譯律。學毗奈耶衆指學律者。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4287" id="4312">（一一）</a>苾蒭尼：梵文bhikṣuṇī音譯，或作比丘尼，俗云尼姑。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4288" id="4313">（一二）</a>具戒：卽具足戒。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>信徒須通過一定儀式，接受師父授與的戒條。戒有五戒﹑八戒﹑十戒和具足戒之别。因而受戒的年齡和儀式也各不同。具足戒，就是圓滿完成的戒，凡二百五十戒條。未受具足戒者，一般指出家僅受十戒的沙彌。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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窣利地區總述
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154025" key="1154025"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 窣利地區總述 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154026" key="1154026"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00072','1384578',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P72</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000107">窣利地區總述</p><p> <span>自<span class="zhuanming">素葉水城</span>至<span class="zhuanming">羯霜那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1358" id="1349">（一）</a>，地名<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1359" id="1350">（二）</a>，人亦謂焉。文字語言，卽隨稱矣。字源簡略，本二十<a class="zhuhao" href="#1356" id="1351">〔1〕</a>餘言，轉而相生，其流浸廣<a class="zhuhao" href="#1360" id="1352">（三）</a>。粗有書記，竪讀其文，遞相傳授，師資無替。服氈褐，衣皮㲲，裳服褊急，齊髮露頂，或總剪剃，繒彩絡額<a class="zhuhao" href="#1361" id="1353">（四）</a>。形容偉大，志性恇怯。風俗澆訛，多行詭詐，大抵貪求，父子計利<a class="zhuhao" href="#1362" id="1354">（五）</a>，財多爲貴，良賤無<a class="zhuhao" href="#1357" id="1355">〔2〕</a>差。雖富巨萬，服食麁𡚁，力田逐利者雜半矣。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00073','1384578',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P73</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1351" id="1356">〔1〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》二十作三十，《中本》作二千，千乃十之誤。按下《覩貨邏國》條云：“字源二十五言，轉而相生，用之備物。書以横讀，自左向右，文記漸多，逾廣<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>。”説明<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>語與<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>語關係相近而較緊，此文亦云“字源簡略”，則當以作“二十”爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1355" id="1357">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》無作无，下同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1349" id="1358">（一）</a>羯霜那國：見本書頁97—<span class="song">98</span><span class="zhuanming">羯霜那國</span>條及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1350" id="1359">（二）</a>窣利：關於<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>一名的來源，<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>（J.Marquart）認爲是中世<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語（Pahlavī）中Sūlik之對音。見<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《古突厥碑銘年代考》（Die Chronologie des Alttürkishen Inschriften），<span class="zhuanming">萊比錫</span>，1899年，頁56。<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>（H.W.Bailey）從<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>卷子（編號Ch.00209第78行）檢出Sūlya一名，考訂其爲<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>之對音。見<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>《吐火羅考》（Ttaugara），<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>大學《東方學院院刊》（BSOS），第8卷第4期，1937年，頁883，918。按：<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>，《後漢書·西域傳》作<span class="zhuanming">粟弋</span>，《南海寄歸内法傳》﹑《大唐西域求法高僧傳·玄照傳》作<span class="zhuanming">速利</span>，《梵語千字文》作<span class="zhuanming">孫鄰</span>，《梵語雜名》胡條夾注作<span class="zhuanming">蘇哩</span>。此名均卽《北史》卷九七《西域傳》中之<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>（Soghdiana），<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語中作Sjwδyk，見<span class="zhuanming">弗萊曼</span>（A.A.ΦpeйМaн）《粟特文集》（Coгдийcкий Cбоpниk），<span class="zhuanming">列寧格勒</span>，1943，頁33以下；又作（S）Wt，yk，見<span class="zhuanming">痕寧</span>（W.B.Henning）《粟特語雜考》（Sogdica），<span class="zhuanming">倫敦</span>，1940年，頁8﹑9《國名表》。<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>語作Sujda，<span class="zhuanming">阿美尼亞</span>語作Suguda，見<span class="zhuanming">馬迦特</span>《古突厥碑銘年代考》頁56；<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語作Al-S.gh.d或Al-ṣ.gh.d。關於<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>一名寫法的<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00074','1384578',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P74</span></i>各種變體，見<span class="zhuanming">安德里安斯</span>（F．K.Andreas）《粟特語餘論二則》（Zwei Soghdische Exkurse），<span class="zhuanming">普魯士</span>科學院會議録（SBPAW），1910年XV，頁308以下；<span class="zhuanming">貝利</span>《伊朗語研究》（Iranian Studies），《東方學院刊》（BSOS），第6卷第4期，1932年，頁948。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>或<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>通常用以指<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>和<span class="zhuanming">錫爾河</span>之間的<span class="zhuanming">昭武</span>九姓國而言，大概始自<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>時期。例如<span class="zhuanming">伊斯塔赫里</span>（al-Iṣṭakhrī）卽認爲<span class="zhuanming">布哈拉</span>以東直至<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>地區爲<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>。（<span class="zhuanming">德</span>·<span class="zhuanming">胡耶</span>[De Goeje]刊《阿拉伯輿地叢刊》第1卷，頁316。）然《西域記》謂“自<span class="zhuanming">素葉水城</span>至<span class="zhuanming">羯霜那國</span>，地名<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>，人亦謂焉”，反映了如下一個事實：<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>時期的<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>之範圍遠比古代的狹窄。參見<span class="zhuanming">巴托爾德</span>撰Soghd條，《伊斯蘭百科全書》<span class="zhuanming">德</span>文版，第4卷，頁511；九卷本《巴托爾德著作集》第3卷，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>，1965年，頁487。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1352" id="1360">（三）</a>字源簡略……其流浸廣：<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文字起源於Aramaic文字。<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文字雖在<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>本土多處出土，但人們對它的演變過程尚未進行周詳的研究。根據現已出土的資料，<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文字在其本土似乎至少有三種變體。其中<span class="zhuanming">薩秣建</span>（<span class="zhuanming">撒馬爾罕</span>）變體占主導地位，通常被人們逕稱爲“<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文字”。這種字體隨<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>移民而流入許多地區。在我國西部地區也有大量<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文書出土。<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span>以西長城烽燧出土的“<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>書簡”（<span class="zhuanming">萊謝爾特</span>[Reichelt]《英國博物館藏粟特文殘簡》[Die Soghd，Handschriftenreste des Britain Museum]第2卷，頁1—56）屬於第四世紀初年（<span class="zhuanming">痕寧</span>《粟特語古信年代考》，BSOAS，第Ⅻ卷，1948年，頁601—615），其字母彼此有清楚的區别，大部分彼此之間互不聯寫。公元五○○年前後，出現了佛經<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>字體。最晚到七世紀之内，又形成了草體<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文字。這種草體到八世紀初完全定型。例如，<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span><span class="zhuanming">那密水</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">澤拉夫珊河</span>流域<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00075','1384578',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P75</span></i>之<span class="zhuanming">穆格</span>（Mug）山出土文書表明草體<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文書已經發展成熟。至於<span class="zhuanming">摩尼</span><span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語文書，則大部分屬於八至十世紀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語作爲<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>地區廣泛流行的語言，絶迹於十三世紀<span class="zhuanming">蒙古</span>入侵時期。據學者研究，今<span class="zhuanming">帕米爾高原</span>的<span class="zhuanming">雅格諾比</span>語（Yagnōbī）卽<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語的遺存。參見<span class="zhuanming">邦旺尼斯特</span>（E.Benveniste）《雅格諾比語詞彙》，《亞洲學報》第253卷第2分册，1955年，<span class="zhuanming">巴黎</span>；<span class="zhuanming">奥蘭斯基</span>（И.M.Opaнcкий）《伊蘭系語言》，1963年，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>，頁164。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>文有從右向左横寫者，也有自上而下豎寫向右移行者。參看<span class="zhuanming">格倫貝克</span>（K.Grφnbech）《印度藝術和文字》（Indian Art and Letters），XXII/2，頁1—7，轉引自《東方學手册》（Handbuch der Orientalistik），第1輯，第4卷，《伊朗學》，（第1分册，語言，<span class="zhuanming">萊頓</span>，1958年，頁56）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>字母顯然屬於中古<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語文字系統，然導源於古<span class="zhuanming">阿拉米</span>字母。古<span class="zhuanming">阿拉米</span>字母共22個，中世<span class="zhuanming">波斯語</span>從中借用了18個，<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語借用了17個，卽：，β ϒ w z h y k δ m n s p č r š t。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>於七世紀初記載<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>字母二十餘言，這大概是指“本來的”“最初的”<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>字母而言（痕寧：《中古伊朗語》（Mitteliranisch），載《東方學手册》第1輯，第4卷，第1分册，頁61。）參看<span class="zhuanming">葛提歐</span>（R.Gauthiot）《論粟特字母》一文所附<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>字母表，載《亞洲學報》，1911年，頁81—95，<span class="zhuanming">馮承均</span>譯文題作《窣利語字母之研究》，未載該字母表。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1353" id="1361">（四）</a>裳服褊急……繒綵絡額：關於<span class="zhuanming">窣利</span>（<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>）人的服飾，《册府元龜》卷九六一：“<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>（<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>）…丈夫剪髮或辮髮。其王冠氊帽，飾以金寶。婦女盤髻，幪以皂布，飾以金花。”參看今<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span><span class="zhuanming">旁吉肯特</span>（Panjikand）遺址所發掘的壁畫。（<span class="zhuanming">别列尼茨基</span>[A.M.Бeле-ницкий]等編：《旁吉肯特的建築和繪畫》，1959年，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>。）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00076','1384578',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P76</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1354" id="1362">（五）</a>行多詭詐……父子計利：《唐會要》卷九九<span class="zhuanming">康國</span>條：“深目高鼻，多鬚髯。生子必以蜜食口中，以膠置手内，欲其成長口嘗甘言，持錢如膠之粘物。習善商賈，争分銖之利。男子二十卽送之他國，來過<span class="zhuanming">中夏</span>。利之所在，無所不至”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、大伽藍及衆賢與世親故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154029" key="1154029"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 秣底補羅國 &gt; 二、大伽藍及衆賢與世親故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154030" key="1154030"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00400','1384699',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P400</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000653"><b>二﹑大伽藍及衆賢與世親故事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">德光伽藍</span>北三四里，有大伽藍，僧徒二百餘人，並學小乘法教，是<span class="zhuanming">衆賢論師</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4481" id="4438">（一）</a>壽終之處。論師<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>人也，聰敏博達，幼傳雅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4461" id="4439">〔1〕</a>譽，特深研究説<a class="zhuhao" href="#4462" id="4440">〔2〕</a>一切有部《毗婆沙論》。時有<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>一<a class="zhuhao" href="#4463" id="4441">〔3〕</a>心玄道，求解言外，破毗婆沙師所執，作《阿毗達磨俱舍論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4482" id="4442">（二）</a>。辭義<a class="zhuhao" href="#4464" id="4443">〔4〕</a>善巧，理致精高。<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>循<a class="zhuhao" href="#4465" id="4444">〔5〕</a>覽，遂有心焉，於是沈研鑽極十有二歲，作《俱舍雹論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4483" id="4445">（三）</a>二萬五千頌，凡八十萬言矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#4466" id="4446">〔6〕</a>。所謂言深致遠，窮幽洞微。告門人曰：“以我逸才，持我正論，逐<a class="zhuhao" href="#4467" id="4447">〔7〕</a>斥<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>，挫其鋒鋭，無令老叟<a class="zhuhao" href="#4468" id="4448">〔8〕</a>獨擅先名！”於是學徒四三俊彦持所作論，推訪<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>。<span class="zhuanming">世親</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4469" id="4449">〔9〕</a>是時在<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span><span class="zhuanming">奢羯羅城</span>，遠傳聲問<a class="zhuhao" href="#4470" id="4450">〔10〕</a><span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>當至。<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>聞已，卽治行裝。門人懷疑，前進諫曰：“大師德高先哲，名擅當時，遠近<a class="zhuhao" href="#4471" id="4451">〔11〕</a>學徒，莫不推謝。今聞<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>，一何惶遽？必有所下，我曹厚顔。”<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>曰：“吾今遠遊，非避此子。顧此國中無復監達<a class="zhuhao" href="#4472" id="4452">〔12〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>後進也，詭辯<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00401','1384699',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P401</span></i>若流。我衰耄矣，莫能持論，欲以一言頽其異執，引至<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>，對諸髦彦，察乎真僞，詳乎得失。”尋卽命侣負笈遠遊。<span class="zhuanming">衆賢論師</span>當<a class="zhuhao" href="#4473" id="4453">〔13〕</a>後一日至此伽藍，忽覺氣衰<a class="zhuhao" href="#4474" id="4454">〔14〕</a>。於是裁書謝<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅，弟子部執，傳其宗學，各擅專門，黨同道，疾<a class="zhuhao" href="#4475" id="4455">〔15〕</a>異部。愚以寡昧，猥承傳習，覽所製《阿毗達磨俱舍論》，破毗婆沙師大義，輒不量力，沈究彌年，作爲此論，扶正宗學。智小謀大，死其<a class="zhuhao" href="#4476" id="4456">〔16〕</a>將至！菩薩宣暢微言，抑揚至理，不毁所執，得存遺文，斯爲幸矣，死何悔哉！”於是歷選門人有辭辯者，而告之曰：“吾誠後學，輕凌先達，命也如何，當從斯没。汝持是書及所製論，謝彼菩薩，代我悔過。”授辭適畢，奄爾云亡。門人奉<a class="zhuhao" href="#4477" id="4457">〔17〕</a>書，至<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>所而致辭曰：“我師<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>已捨壽命，遺言致書，責躬謝咎，不墜其名，非所敢望！”<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>覽書閲論，沈吟久之，謂門人曰：“<span class="zhuanming">衆賢論師</span>聰敏後<a class="zhuhao" href="#4478" id="4458">〔18〕</a>進，理雖不足，辭乃有餘。我今欲破<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>之論，若指諸掌。顧以垂終之託，重其知難之辭，苟緣大義，存其宿志。況乎此論發明我宗。”遂爲改題爲《順正<a class="zhuhao" href="#4479" id="4459">〔19〕</a>理論》。門人諫曰：“<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>未没，大師遠迹。既得其論，又爲改題。凡厥學徒，何顔受愧？”<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>欲除衆疑而説頌曰：“如師子王，避豕遠逝<a class="zhuhao" href="#4480" id="4460">〔20〕</a>。二力勝負，智者應知。”<span class="zhuanming">衆賢</span>死已，焚屍收骨，於伽藍西北二百餘步菴没羅林中，起窣堵波，今猶現在。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4439" id="4461">〔1〕</a>《中本》雅作邪。按此處爲褒美語，不當着貶辭，邪字誤。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00402','1384699',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P402</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4440" id="4462">〔2〕</a>《石本》説作論，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4441" id="4463">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《中本》一作業。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4443" id="4464">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》辭義二字作論辭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4444" id="4465">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》循作脩，字形相近之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4446" id="4466">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》矣作允，屬下讀亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4447" id="4467">〔7〕</a>《中本》﹑《一本》逐作遂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4448" id="4468">〔8〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（叟）俗字也，或作𠋢，古作叜﹑𡨎，皆古字也。今俗通用作叟。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4449" id="4469">〔9〕</a>《石本》不重世親二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4450" id="4470">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》問作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4451" id="4471">〔11〕</a>《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》近作邇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4452" id="4472">〔12〕</a>《石本》監達二字作鑒遠。《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》監並作鑒。監鑒二字通用。《詩·大雅·蕩》“殷鑒不遠。”《漢書·劉向傳》鑒作監。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4453" id="4473">〔13〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》當並作常。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4454" id="4474">〔14〕</a>原本作“忽衰氣覺”，不通，顯有訛倒，《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作“忽覺氣衰”，今從正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4455" id="4475">〔15〕</a>《石本》疾作嫉，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4456" id="4476">〔16〕</a>《徑山本》其作期，校記云：“《藏》作其，今正。”按其猶殆也，不必改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4457" id="4477">〔17〕</a>《中本》奉作捧，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4458" id="4478">〔18〕</a>《中本》後作俊，疑形之譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4459" id="4479">〔19〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》正作道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4460" id="4480">〔20〕</a>《石本》逝作遊。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00403','1384699',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P403</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4438" id="4481">（一）</a>衆賢論師：卽本書卷三<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">僧伽跋陀羅論師</span>，見該條及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4442" id="4482">（二）</a>阿毗達磨俱舍論：梵名Abhidharmakośaśāstra，約公元四世紀至五世紀時<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>（<span class="zhuanming">婆藪槃豆</span>）著。<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>先是小乘説一切有部論師，後改宗大乘。本書係其改宗前所著。它主要是用小乘佛教的“經部”學説，來修訂“有部”的理論。故主要根據“有部”的理論來闡發<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>哲學，也引用了其他部派的學説，是一部向大乘有宗（瑜伽宗）過渡的著作，因此作爲大﹑小乘學徒研究<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>學説的基礎書籍，向爲學者所重視。它傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>後，有<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>和<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>兩種譯本，成爲“俱舍宗”的根本經典。現存有<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>門人<span class="zhuanming">普光</span>的《俱舍論記》﹑<span class="zhuanming">法寶</span>的《俱舍論疏》和<span class="zhuanming">圓暉</span>的《俱舍頌疏》等許多著作爲它作注釋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4445" id="4483">（三）</a>俱舍雹論：<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>將此書名還原作梵文Kośaśilāśāstra；<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>還原作梵文Kośakarakāśāstra。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
素葉水城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154033" key="1154033"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 跋禄迦國 &gt; 素葉水城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154034" key="1154034"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00071','1384577',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P71</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000104"><b>素葉水城</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">清池</span>西北行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">素葉水<a class="zhuhao" href="#1344" id="1339">〔1〕</a>城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1348" id="1340">（一）</a>。城周六七里，諸國商胡<a class="zhuhao" href="#1345" id="1341">〔2〕</a>雜居也。土宜糜<a class="zhuhao" href="#1346" id="1342">〔3〕</a>﹑麥﹑蒲萄<a class="zhuhao" href="#1347" id="1343">〔4〕</a>，林樹稀踈。氣序風寒，人衣氈褐。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1339" id="1344">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》無水字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1341" id="1345">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》無胡字。按《新唐書·西域傳》亦云“商胡雜居”，胡字不當無。<span class="zhuanming">杜甫</span>《解悶詩》“商胡離别下<span class="zhuanming">揚州</span>”，可證爲<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>人習用之詞。商胡猶胡商。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1342" id="1346">〔3〕</a>《石本》糜作麻，非。糜同穈﹑𪎭，説見前校。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1343" id="1347">〔4〕</a>《敦甲本》萄作陶，《石本》作𬞌。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1340" id="1348">（一）</a>素葉水城：亦作<span class="zhuanming">碎葉城</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">素葉城</span>，因<span class="zhuanming">碎葉水</span>（Sūyāb，或作<span class="zhuanming">細葉水</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">睢合水</span>）而得名。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代一度爲<span class="zhuanming">安西</span>四鎮之一，公元679年（<span class="zhuanming">唐高宗調露</span>元年）<span class="zhuanming">王方翼</span>曾加改築。《西域記》﹑《慈恩傳》﹑<span class="zhuanming">杜佑</span>《通典》卷一九一引<span class="zhuanming">杜環</span>《經行記》﹑《新唐書》卷四三下《地理志》七下引<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">賈耽</span>《皇華四達記》，均指明其地位於<span class="zhuanming">熱海</span>之西。<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>地理學家<span class="zhuanming">伊本</span>·<span class="zhuanming">忽爾達兹比赫</span>（Ibn Khurdādhbih）撰《道里與諸國志》（Kitāb al-Masālik Wa al-Mamālik）﹑<span class="zhuanming">忽達瑪</span>（Qudāma ibn Ja‘far）撰《税<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00072','1384577',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P72</span></i>册》（Kitāb al-Kharāj）著録此城，所記道里﹑方位與<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>籍基本一致。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">近人根據<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span>考古發掘材料指出，<span class="zhuanming">碎葉</span>故址當在<span class="zhuanming">托克瑪克城</span>西南八公里處之<span class="zhuanming">阿克</span>-<span class="zhuanming">貝西姆</span>。首先提出此説者爲<span class="zhuanming">英</span>人（T.Claus-on撰Ak-Beshim S ūyāb，載《英國王家亞洲學會雜誌》，1961年4月號頁1—13），<span class="zhuanming">蘇聯</span><span class="zhuanming">克里亞施托爾内</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">日本</span><span class="zhuanming">護雅夫</span>贊同其説（見C.Г.Kляштopный撰《古代突厥魯尼字體碑銘考》，<span class="zhuanming">莫斯科</span>，1964年，頁124；<span class="zhuanming">護雅夫</span>撰《古代遊牧帝國》，<span class="zhuanming">東京</span>，1976年，頁186—202）。參閲<span class="zhuanming">張廣達</span>《碎葉考》，載《北京大學學報》1979年第5期，頁70—82。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">素葉</span>已西數十孤城，城皆立長，雖不相禀命，然皆役屬<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、德光伽藍及傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154037" key="1154037"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 秣底補羅國 &gt; 一、德光伽藍及傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154038" key="1154038"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00398','1384698',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P398</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000650"><b>一﹑德光伽藍及傳説</b></p><p> <span>大城南四五里，至小伽藍，僧徒五十餘人。昔<span class="zhuanming">瞿拏鉢剌<a class="zhuhao" href="#4425" id="4412">〔1〕</a>婆</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4432" id="4413">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於此作《辯真》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4433" id="4414">（二）</a>等論，凡百餘部。論師少而英傑，長而弘敏，博物强識，碩學多聞。本習大乘，未窮玄奥，因覽《毗婆沙論》，退業而學小乘，作數十部論，破大乘綱紀，成小乘執着。又製俗書數十餘部，非斥先進所作典論，覃<a class="zhuhao" href="#4426" id="4415">〔2〕</a>思佛經，十數不決。研精雖久，疑情未除。時有<span class="zhuanming">提婆犀那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4434" id="4416">（三）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">天軍</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">羅漢</span>往來<span class="zhuanming">覩史多天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4435" id="4417">（四）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>願見<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>，決疑請益。<span class="zhuanming">天軍</span>以神通力接上天宫。既見<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>，長揖不禮。<span class="zhuanming">天軍</span>謂曰：“<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>次紹佛位，何乃自高，敢不致敬！方欲受業，如何不屈？”<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>對曰：“尊者此言，誠爲指誨。然我具戒苾蒭﹑出家弟子，<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>受天福樂，非出家之侣，而欲<a class="zhuhao" href="#4427" id="4418">〔3〕</a>作禮，恐非所宜。”菩薩知其我慢心固，非聞法器<a class="zhuhao" href="#4436" id="4419">（五）</a>，往來三返，不得決<a class="zhuhao" href="#4428" id="4420">〔4〕</a>疑。更請<a class="zhuhao" href="#4429" id="4421">〔5〕</a><span class="zhuanming">天軍</span>重欲覲禮，<span class="zhuanming">天軍</span>惡其我慢，蔑<a class="zhuhao" href="#4430" id="4422">〔6〕</a>而不對。<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>既不遂心，便起恚恨，卽趣山林，修發通定<a class="zhuhao" href="#4437" id="4423">（六）</a>，我慢未除，不證道果<a class="zhuhao" href="#4431" id="4424">〔7〕</a>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00399','1384698',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P399</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4412" id="4425">〔1〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》剌作賴，《翻譯集》作類。剌﹑賴﹑類三字聲同紐，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4415" id="4426">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》覃作潭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4418" id="4427">〔3〕</a>《石本》無而欲二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4420" id="4428">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《中本》決作請。《翻譯集》引亦作請。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4421" id="4429">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《中本》請作謂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4422" id="4430">〔6〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》蔑作懱，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4424" id="4431">〔7〕</a>不證道果，《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作“不時證果”。《徑山本》校記云：“時當作得。”按二語皆通，《徑山》校記則爲蛇足。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4413" id="4432">（一）</a>瞿拏鉢剌婆：梵文Guṇaprabha音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">瞿拏鉢賴婆</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span><span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多國</span>人，據《慈恩傳》卷二載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>從<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>的弟子年已九十的<span class="zhuanming">密多斯那</span>學習《辯真論》﹑《發智論》等，由此推知<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>當爲六世紀時人。<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>著論百餘部，今<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文佛經中還保存了《菩薩地論釋》﹑《菩薩地戒輪迴疏》﹑《五藴注》《毘奈耶經釋》﹑《增一業報百頌》﹑《毘奈耶釋名相疏》﹑《毘奈耶經》七部。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四謂“<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>乃再弘律藏”。從今<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文佛經所存的論著看來，<span class="zhuanming">德光</span>有三部毘奈耶論疏，可知其深於律學。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4414" id="4433">（二）</a>辯真：卽《辯真論》，梵名Tattvasatyaśāstra，《慈恩傳》卷二音譯作《怛埵三弟鑠論》，係薩婆多部（説一切有部）的論著，共二萬五千頌。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00400','1384698',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P400</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4416" id="4434">（三）</a>提婆犀那：梵文Devasena音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">天軍</span>，羅漢名，生平不詳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4417" id="4435">（四）</a>覩史多天：見本書卷三<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span><span class="zhuanming">達麗羅川</span>條及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4419" id="4436">（五）</a>法器：指能接受佛法者。《法華經》卷四《提婆達多品》：“女人垢穢，非是法器。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4423" id="4437">（六）</a>修發通定：指修習發願能獲得神通的禪定。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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跋禄迦國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154041" key="1154041"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 跋禄迦國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154042" key="1154042"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00066','1384576',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P66</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000096">跋禄迦國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">跋禄迦國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1300" id="1293">（一）</a>東西六百餘里，南北三百餘里。國大都城周五六<a class="zhuhao" href="#1297" id="1294">〔1〕</a>里。土宜﹑氣序﹑人性﹑風俗﹑文字﹑法則同<span class="zhuanming">屈支國</span>，語言少異。細氈細褐，鄰國所重。伽藍數十<a class="zhuhao" href="#1298" id="1295">〔2〕</a>所，僧徒<a class="zhuhao" href="#1299" id="1296">〔3〕</a>千餘人，習學小乘教説一切有部。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1294" id="1297">〔1〕</a>《方志》五六作五十。按此一小國面積狹小，都城決無五十里之廣，十字顯誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1295" id="1298">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》十下有餘字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1296" id="1299">〔3〕</a>《酬本》僧作佛。按本書於伽藍之下皆稱“僧徒”若干人，此佛字亦當作僧。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1293" id="1300">（一）</a>跋禄迦國：跋禄迦，梵文Bālukā或Vālukā的音譯，義云“沙”，卽今<span class="zhuanming">阿克蘇</span>。我國史籍<span class="zhuanming">漢代</span>作<span class="zhuanming">姑墨</span>，<span class="zhuanming">亟墨</span>，<span class="zhuanming">唐代</span>作<span class="zhuanming">撥换</span>。<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭教</span>史家作Bakhouan，Barwan，Barman。<span class="zhuanming">元代</span><span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文文獻作<span class="zhuanming">八里茫</span>。（參見P.Pelliot，La Ville de Bakhouan dans la Géogra-phie d，Idrîçī，T，oung Pao，1906，頁550—556；同氏，Notes Sur les anciens noms de Kučā，d，Aqsu et d，Üč-Turfan，T，oung Pao，1923，Vol.22，頁128—129）其都城所在有幾種説法：一，今<span class="zhuanming">温宿縣</span>（<span class="zhuanming">阿克蘇</span>舊城），<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>等主此説。二，<span class="zhuanming">哈拉巴克</span>，<span class="zhuanming">黄文弼</span>主此説，見<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00067','1384576',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P67</span></i>其《塔里木盆地考古記》，頁40。三，<span class="zhuanming">雅哈阿里克</span>，《西域圖志》卷一六及《河源紀略》卷二七主之。四，<span class="zhuanming">喀拉玉爾衮</span>，<span class="zhuanming">李光庭</span>主之，《漢西域圖考》卷一﹑二。五，今<span class="zhuanming">拜城縣</span>，<span class="zhuanming">丁謙</span>主之，《西域記考證》。案，考《新唐書》卷二二一上《西域傳》和此處<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記從<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>（<span class="zhuanming">屈支</span>）到<span class="zhuanming">阿克蘇</span>的里數，以及今<span class="zhuanming">阿克蘇</span>在<span class="zhuanming">南疆</span>地理和人口上的重要性，<span class="zhuanming">跋禄迦</span>都城在今<span class="zhuanming">温宿縣</span>的説法較有根據。因<span class="zhuanming">阿克蘇</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">南疆</span>交通要道上，人口衆多，以此比定爲當時<span class="zhuanming">跋禄迦國</span>之首府較合乎歷史。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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秣底補羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154045" key="1154045"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 秣底補羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154046" key="1154046"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00396','1384697',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P396</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000647">秣底補羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4410" id="4406">（一）</a>周六千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。宜<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00397','1384697',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P397</span></i>穀麥，多花果。氣序和暢，風俗淳質。崇尚學藝，深閑呪術，信邪正者，其徒相半。王，戍陀<a class="zhuhao" href="#4409" id="4407">〔1〕</a>羅種也<a class="zhuhao" href="#4411" id="4408">（二）</a>，不信佛法，敬事天神。伽藍十餘所，僧徒八百餘人，多學小乘教説一切有部。天祠五十餘所，異道雜居。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4407" id="4409">〔1〕</a>原本陀作達，《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作陀，《慈恩傳》亦然，今從改。“戍陀羅”見卷二《印度總述》。達﹑陀聲同紐，雖可通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4406" id="4410">（一）</a>秣底補羅國：梵文原名可能是Matipura。先是<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>（St.Martin）比定爲<span class="zhuanming">羅希爾甘德</span>（Rohil Khand）的<span class="zhuanming">比杰諾爾</span>（Bijnor）以北約八<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處大鎮<span class="zhuanming">馬達瓦爾</span>（Madāvar，又稱Maṇḍāw-ar，Mandore），北緯29度29分，東經78度08分。<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>并認爲<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅</span>人可能就是<span class="zhuanming">麥加斯忒尼</span>（Megasthenes）所記的<span class="zhuanming">馬特</span>人（Mathae），居住在<span class="zhuanming">艾莉勒斯</span>（Erinesses）河沿岸（見Julien：Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales，1857—58，Paris，Ⅱ，p.342）。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>贊同這一比定。但正如<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>所指出，<span class="zhuanming">馬達瓦爾</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">窣禄勤那</span>的東南，“<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>之門”（Gaṅgādvāra）以南，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅</span>在<span class="zhuanming">窣禄勤那</span>以及“<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>河源”以東的記載不符，<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>也贊同<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>的反駁意見，他們認爲<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅</span>應求之於<span class="zhuanming">窣禄勤那</span>渡河對岸的地方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4408" id="4411">（二）</a>王戍陀羅種也：戍陀羅爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>社會中地位最低的種姓。但也有一些戍陀羅出身的人當上了國王。這在公元前後編成的《摩奴法論》中也有反映。如其中第四章第六十一頌明文規定婆羅門<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00398','1384697',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P398</span></i>“不得在首陀羅爲王的國家裏居住。”（F.Max Müller：The Sacred Books of the East，Vol.XXV，Oxford，1886，p.338）可見“戍陀羅爲王的國家”（śūdrarājya）久已有之。（參閲<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>《羅摩衍那初探》，<span class="zhuanming">外國文學出版社</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北京</span>，1979，第87—102页）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、阿奢理貳伽藍及其傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154049" key="1154049"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 屈支國 &gt; 四、阿奢理貳伽藍及其傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154050" key="1154050"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00062','1384575',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P62</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000092"><b>四﹑阿奢理貳伽藍及其傳説</b></p><p> <span>會場西北，渡<a class="zhuhao" href="#1264" id="1241">〔1〕</a>河至<span class="zhuanming">阿奢理貳<a class="zhuhao" href="#1265" id="1242">〔2〕</a>伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1284" id="1243">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">奇特</span>。</span> <span>庭宇顯敞，佛像工<a class="zhuhao" href="#1266" id="1244">〔3〕</a>飾。僧徒肅穆，精勤匪怠，並是耆艾宿德，碩<a class="zhuhao" href="#1267" id="1245">〔4〕</a>學高才，遠方俊彦，慕<a class="zhuhao" href="#1268" id="1246">〔5〕</a>義至止。國王﹑大臣﹑士庶﹑豪右<a class="zhuhao" href="#1269" id="1247">〔6〕</a>四事供養<a class="zhuhao" href="#1285" id="1248">（二）</a>，久而彌敬。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#1270" id="1249">〔7〕</a>曰：昔此國先王<a class="zhuhao" href="#1271" id="1250">〔8〕</a>崇敬三寶<a class="zhuhao" href="#1286" id="1251">（三）</a>，將欲遊方觀禮聖迹，乃命母弟攝知留事。其弟受命，竊自割勢，防未萌也。封之金函，持以上王：王<a class="zhuhao" href="#1272" id="1252">〔9〕</a>曰：“斯何謂也？”對曰：“迴駕之日，乃可開發。”卽付<a class="zhuhao" href="#1273" id="1253">〔10〕</a>執事，隨軍掌護。王之還也，果有搆禍者曰：“王令<a class="zhuhao" href="#1274" id="1254">〔11〕</a>監國，婬<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00063','1384575',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P63</span></i>亂中宫。”王聞震怒，欲置嚴刑。弟曰：“不敢逃責，願開金函！”王遂發而視之，乃斷勢也，曰：“斯何異物，欲何發明？”對曰：“王昔遊方，命知留事，懼有讒禍，割勢自明。今<a class="zhuhao" href="#1275" id="1255">〔12〕</a>果有徵，願垂照覽！”王深驚<a class="zhuhao" href="#1276" id="1256">〔13〕</a>異，情愛彌隆，出入後庭，無所禁礙。王弟於後行，遇<a class="zhuhao" href="#1277" id="1257">〔14〕</a>一夫擁<a class="zhuhao" href="#1278" id="1258">〔15〕</a>五百牛，欲事刑<a class="zhuhao" href="#1279" id="1259">〔16〕</a>腐。見而惟<a class="zhuhao" href="#1280" id="1260">〔17〕</a>念，引類增懷<a class="zhuhao" href="#1281" id="1261">〔18〕</a>，“我今形虧，豈非宿業？”卽以財寶贖此羣牛，以慈善力，男形漸具。以形具故，遂不入宫。王怪而問之，乃<a class="zhuhao" href="#1282" id="1262">〔19〕</a>陳其始末。王以爲奇特也，遂建伽藍，式旌美迹，傳芳後葉<a class="zhuhao" href="#1283" id="1263">〔20〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1241" id="1264">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《中本》渡作度。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1242" id="1265">〔2〕</a>《異本》理作利。《慈恩傳》貳作兒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1244" id="1266">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》工作功；《古本》作巧。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1245" id="1267">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》碩皆作博。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1246" id="1268">〔5〕</a>《敦甲本》慕誤作暮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1247" id="1269">〔6〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》右作碩。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1249" id="1270">〔7〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《石本》諸先志三字作之耆舊。《古本》先志二字作耆舊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1250" id="1271">〔8〕</a>《敦甲本》脱王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1252" id="1272">〔9〕</a>《敦甲本》無下王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1253" id="1273">〔10〕</a>《敦甲本》脱付字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1254" id="1274">〔11〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》令作命。《金<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00064','1384575',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P64</span></i>陵本》作今，乃令之誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1255" id="1275">〔12〕</a>《敦甲本》今作金。按《漢尚方鏡銘》“壽敝󵾌石侯王”。󵾌卽今字，借作金。（見《隸篇再續》）今之作金，猶金可作今，同音假借。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1256" id="1276">〔13〕</a>《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》驚並作敬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1257" id="1277">〔14〕</a>《敦甲本》遇作過。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1258" id="1278">〔15〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》擁作權。《釋帖》二十一引作驅。《方志》此文作“犍五百牛”，則併“欲事刑腐”言之，非别出異文也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1259" id="1279">〔16〕</a>原本刑作形，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1260" id="1280">〔17〕</a>《一本》惟作憶。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1261" id="1281">〔18〕</a>原本懷作壞，今從《敦甲本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1262" id="1282">〔19〕</a>《敦甲本》無乃字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1263" id="1283">〔20〕</a>《釋帖》十四引此故事，作“迦膩色迦王”，疑出<span class="zhuanming">義楚</span>臆加，不足信。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1243" id="1284">（一）</a>阿奢理貳伽藍：阿奢理當爲古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語aśari之譯音。aśari來自梵文āścarya（意卽奇特，參見Sieg，Siegling und Sch-ultze：Tocharische Grammatik，§92）。貳，古音爲ni，當爲古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語形容詞字尾-ññe（參見前面<span class="zhuanming">屈支國</span>條注）的譯音。<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>認爲其遺址在今<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>西部<span class="zhuanming">庫木土拉河</span>對岸的Douldour-agour地方。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00065','1384575',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P65</span></i>（參見<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>《吐火羅語與庫車語》，載<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯《吐火羅語考》，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，1957，頁111）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1248" id="1285">（二）</a>四事供養：指對<span class="zhuanming">阿奢理貳伽藍</span>僧徒供給飲食﹑衣服﹑卧具﹑醫藥。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1251" id="1286">（三）</a>三寶：卽佛寶﹑法寶﹑僧寶。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒稱<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>爲“佛寶”；對他的一切説教稱爲“法寶”；對出家修業的僧衆稱爲“僧寶”。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西行六百餘里，經小沙磧，至<span class="zhuanming">跋</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1290" id="1287">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">禄迦國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊謂<span class="zhuanming">姑墨</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1291" id="1288">〔2〕</a>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">亟墨</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1292" id="1289">〔3〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1287" id="1290">〔1〕</a>《古本》及《石本》朱校跋作𧿡，疑跋之俗字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1288" id="1291">〔2〕</a>原本墨作黑，今從《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》及各本改。《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》及《釋帖》二十三姑墨並作始墨。按<span class="zhuanming">姑墨國</span>見《漢書·西域傳》。《新唐書·西域傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">跋禄迦</span>，小國也，一名<span class="zhuanming">亟墨</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">姑墨國</span>。”則始乃姑之形譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1289" id="1292">〔3〕</a>原本墨作黑，今從《敦甲本》﹑《古本》﹑《石本》及各本改。《敦甲本》亟墨作極墨，《古本》﹑《石本》作丞墨，《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《酬本》﹑《金陵本》及《方志》作函墨。按《新唐書·西域傳》亦作亟墨，亟與姑聲同字異，其實一也。丞﹑函並爲亟之形譌，極從亟聲，可通用。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、殑伽河源及提婆誘化故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154053" key="1154053"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 窣禄勤那國 &gt; 二、殑伽河源及提婆誘化故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154054" key="1154054"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00394','1384696',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P394</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000644"><b>二﹑殑伽河源及提婆誘化故事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">閻牟那河</span>東行八百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>。河<a class="zhuhao" href="#4394" id="4382">〔1〕</a>源廣三四里，東南流，入海處廣十餘里。水色滄浪，波流<a class="zhuhao" href="#4395" id="4383">〔2〕</a>浩汗，靈怪雖<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00395','1384696',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P395</span></i>多，不爲物害。其味甘美，細沙隨流，彼俗書記謂之福水<a class="zhuhao" href="#4402" id="4384">（一）</a>。罪咎雖積，沐浴便除。輕命自沈，生天受福<a class="zhuhao" href="#4396" id="4385">〔3〕</a>。死而投骸，不墮惡趣。揚波激流<a class="zhuhao" href="#4397" id="4386">〔4〕</a>，亡魂獲濟。時<span class="zhuanming">執師子國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4403" id="4387">（二）</a><span class="zhuanming">提婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#4404" id="4388">（三）</a>菩薩</span>深達實相，得諸法性，愍諸愚夫，來此導<a class="zhuhao" href="#4398" id="4389">〔5〕</a>誘。當是時也，士女咸會，少長畢萃，於河之濱，揚波激流。<span class="zhuanming">提婆菩薩</span>和光汲引，俯首反激<a class="zhuhao" href="#4399" id="4390">〔6〕</a>，狀異衆人。有外道曰：“吾子何其異乎？”<span class="zhuanming">提婆菩薩</span>曰：“吾父母親宗在<span class="zhuanming">執師子國</span>，恐苦飢渴，冀斯遠濟。”諸外道曰：“吾子謬矣，曾不再思，妄行此事。家國綿<a class="zhuhao" href="#4400" id="4391">〔7〕</a>邈，山川遼夐，激揚此水，給濟彼飢，其猶却行以求前及，非所聞也。”<span class="zhuanming">提婆菩薩</span>曰：“幽途罪累，尚蒙此水。山川雖阻，如何不濟<a class="zhuhao" href="#4401" id="4392">〔8〕</a>？”時諸外道知難謝屈，捨邪見，受正法<a class="zhuhao" href="#4405" id="4393">（四）</a>，改過自新，願奉教誨。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4382" id="4394">〔1〕</a>《中本》無河字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4383" id="4395">〔2〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》流作濤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4385" id="4396">〔3〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八受福作受樂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4386" id="4397">〔4〕</a>《中本》無激流二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4389" id="4398">〔5〕</a>《石本》導作道，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4390" id="4399">〔6〕</a>《釋帖》十八引作“逆擊其水”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4391" id="4400">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》綿作縣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4392" id="4401">〔8〕</a>幽途……不濟，《釋帖》作“幽夜上天，豈能及乎。”蓋約取其意，非原文也。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00396','1384696',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P396</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4384" id="4402">（一）</a>福水：梵文puṇyodaka意譯。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>習俗以<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>（<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>）爲福德之水。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4387" id="4403">（二）</a>執師子國：卽<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>，見本書卷十一<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>條及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4388" id="4404">（三）</a>提婆：梵文Deva，意譯<span class="zhuanming">天</span>（神），約公元三世紀<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>（生於<span class="zhuanming">執師子國</span>）人，出身於婆羅門家庭，爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>哲學家。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>繼承<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>之學，宣揚大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>中觀宗教義，歷遊<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>各地，破折小乘，降服外道，著有《百論》﹑《外道小乘四宗論》﹑《外道小乘湼槃論》﹑《四百論》等。《西域記》卷五﹑卷八﹑卷十均載有<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>的故事。生平詳見《提婆菩薩傳》﹑《付法藏因緣傳》。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>的弟子<span class="zhuanming">羅睺羅</span>多承傳其學説，其後有<span class="zhuanming">青目</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堅意</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">清辯</span>等。<span class="zhuanming">清辯</span>弟子<span class="zhuanming">智光</span>在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>講學，盛倡中觀宗學説，與<span class="zhuanming">戒賢</span>相頡頏。<span class="zhuanming">智光</span>弟子<span class="zhuanming">師子光</span>卽與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>爲同學，而教義見解則不同。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>之學承傳至七世紀末有<span class="zhuanming">勝光</span>，此外還有<span class="zhuanming">智護</span>，<span class="zhuanming">進友</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">智友</span>等人，以後就無所聞了。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4393" id="4405">（四）</a>正法：此指大乘佛法（教義）。</span> </p><p> <span>渡河東岸，至<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
（四）外文期刊
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154057" key="1154057"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 二、主要參考書目 &gt; （四）外文期刊 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154058" key="1154058"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01070','1244363',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1070</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001789"><b>（四）外文期刊</b></p><p> <span>東方学，東方学会，東京</span> </p><p> <span>東方学報，京都大学人文科学研究所，京都</span> </p><p> <span>東洋学報，東洋文庫，東京</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01071','1244363',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1071</span></i><p> <span>仏教研究，東京仏教研究会，東京</span> </p><p> <span>仏教芸術，仏教芸術学会，東京</span> </p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p><p> <span>Arche ological Survey of India，<span class="song">Calcutta</span></span> </p><p> <span>Bulletin de 1’École Français d，Extrême-Orient，Paris and Hanoi Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies，London Central Asiatic Journal，<span class="song">Wiesbaden</span></span> </p><p> <span>East and West，<span class="song">Roma</span></span> </p><p> <span>Indian Antiquary，<span class="song">Bombay</span></span> </p><p> <span>Indo-Iranica，<span class="song">Calcutta</span></span> </p><p> <span>Journal Asiatique，<span class="song">Paris</span></span> </p><p> <span>Journal of the American Oriental Society，<span class="song">Baltimore</span></span> </p><p> <span>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ire-land，<span class="song">London</span></span> </p><p> <span>Sitzungsbrichte der Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaft，<span class="song">Berlin</span></span> </p><p> <span>T，oung-Pao，<span class="song">Leiden</span></span> </p><p> <span>Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes，<span class="song">Wien</span></span> </p><p> <span>Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft，Wie-<span class="song">sbaden</span></span> </p><p> <span>Zeitschrift für Indologie und Iranistik，<span class="song">Leipzig</span></span> </p><p> <span>Acta Orientalia，<span class="song">Copenhagen</span></span> </p><p> <span>Acta Orientalia，Hungaricae，<span class="song">Budapest</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
四、灰炭窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154061" key="1154061"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 藍摩國 &gt; 四、灰炭窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154062" key="1154062"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00534','1244122',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P534</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000891"><b>四﹑灰炭窣堵波</b></p><p> <span>太子剃髮窣堵波東南，曠野中行百八九十里，至<span class="zhuanming">尼拘盧陁林</span>，有窣堵波，高三十餘尺。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅，舍利已分，諸婆羅門無所得獲，於湼疊般那<a class="zhuhao" href="#5723" id="5721">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言焚燒。舊云闍維，訛也。</span> <span>地收餘灰炭，持至本國，建此靈基，而修供養。自兹已降，奇迹相仍，疾病之人，祈請多愈。灰炭窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#5724" id="5722">（二）</a>側故伽藍中，有過去四佛座及經行遺迹之所。故伽藍左右，數百窣堵波。其一大者，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也，崇基雖陷，高餘百尺。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5721" id="5723">（一）</a>湼疊般那：梵文niṣṭapana或nidhāpana的對音，義云“焚燒”。<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>和<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>都没有把這個字還原。<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>和<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>把這個字還原成nirdahana。nirdahana這個字雖然意義是“焚燒”，但是其讀音與湼疊般那不完全對得上，尤其是其中的-ha-與“般”的讀音相差太遠。<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>按湼疊般那的讀音構擬了一個梵<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00535','1244122',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P535</span></i>文字*nirdhyāpana，並注明義云“焚燒”的梵文字是niḥkṣāpana，巴利文是nijjhāpana。這樣仍然没有解決問題，因爲nirdhyāpana是構擬的，梵文里没有這個字（且不説它與湼疊般那在讀音上也不完全對應）；而niḥkṣāpana則又與湼疊般那的讀音明顯地對不上（且不説在一般的梵文字典里也查不到這個字）。兹據<span class="zhuanming">艾特爾</span>（E.J.Eitel）的《Hand-Book of Chinese Buddhism》，增訂版，1904，Tokyo.p.107b.湼疊般那應還原爲niṣṭapana。niṣṭapana這個字不僅讀音與湼疊般那可以對應，而且核之<span class="zhuanming">莫尼·威廉斯</span>（M.Monier-Wil-liams）的Sanskrit-English Dictionary，1899，Oxford，p.563，col.1，其意義也正是“焚燒”。又，W.Soothill的A Dictionary ofChinese Buddhist Terms一書中收有一個梵文詞nidhāpana，其意義和讀音則與湼疊般那完全相同。（原書重印版，1977，Dehli，p.329）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5722" id="5724">（二）</a>灰炭窣堵波：《根本説一切有部毗奈耶雜事》卷三九：“有摩納婆（Mānava，指外道中人）名<span class="zhuanming">畢鉢羅</span>（Pippala），亦在衆中，告諸人曰：<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>恩無不普，於仁聚落而般湼槃，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>舍利非我有分，其餘炭燼，幸願與我，於<span class="zhuanming">畢鉢羅</span>處起塔供養。”<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>般湼槃處在<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅城</span><span class="zhuanming">有金河</span>之北。</span> </p><p> <span>自此東北大林中行，其路艱險，經途危阻，山牛﹑野象﹑羣盗﹑獵師，伺求行旅，爲害不絶<a class="zhuhao" href="#5727" id="5725">〔1〕</a>。出此林已，至<a class="zhuhao" href="#5728" id="5726">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5725" id="5727">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》絶作細。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00536','1244122',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P536</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5726" id="5728">〔2〕</a>《珠林》三十八至上有“行五百里”四字；《方志》有“五百里”三字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、注釋條目索引
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154065" key="1154065"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154066" key="1154066"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01072','1244366',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1072</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001792">一畫</p><p> <span>一（1078）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
（二）日文部分
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154069" key="1154069"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 二、主要參考書目 &gt; （二）日文部分 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154070" key="1154070"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01059','1244361',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1059</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001787"><b>（二）日文部分</b></p><p> <span>堀謙徳：解説西域記，前川文栄閣，<span class="song">1912</span></span> </p><p> <span>京都帝国大学文科大学：大唐西域記考異，東京，<span class="song">1910</span></span> </p><p> <span>小野玄妙訳：大唐西域記，国訳一切經，史傳部一六，大東出版社，1936，第二版，<span class="song">1959</span></span> </p><p> <span>足立喜六：大唐西域記の研究，上﹑下，法蔵館，1942—<span class="song">43</span></span> </p><p> <span>水谷真成訳：大唐西域記，中国古典文学大系22，平凡社，1972，第二版，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span>野村耀昌訳：大唐西域記，国譯一切經，史伝部十六上，大東出版社，<span class="song">1983</span></span> </p><p> <span>高桑駒吉：大唐西域記に記せる東南印度諸国の研究，森江書店，<span class="song">1926</span></span> </p><p> <span>白鳥庫吉：西域史研究，上﹑下，岩波書店，1941﹑<span class="song">1944</span></span> </p><p> <span>寺本婉雅：于闐国史，丁字屋書店，<span class="song">1921</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01060','1244361',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1060</span></i><p> <span>内田吟風：吐火羅国史考，東方学会創立二十五周年東方学論集，<span class="song">1972</span></span> </p><p> <span>中村元：インド古代史，二冊，春秋社，1963﹑<span class="song">1966</span></span> </p><p> <span>づツタの世界，東京学習研究社，<span class="song">1980</span></span> </p><p> <span>高楠順次郎：印度仏跡実写，巧藝社，<span class="song">1927</span></span> </p><p> <span>天詔俊一：印度仏塔巡礼記，秋田屋，<span class="song">1944</span></span> </p><p> <span>樋口隆康：インドの仏跡，朝日新聞社，<span class="song">1968</span></span> </p><p> <span>山田龍城：梵語仏典の諸文献，平楽寺書店，<span class="song">1959</span></span> </p><p> <span>宇井伯寿：陳那著作の研究，岩波書店，<span class="song">1958</span></span> </p><p> <span>望月信亨：仏教大辞典，仏教大辞典発行所，1931—<span class="song">36</span></span> </p><p> <span>荻原雲来：漢訳対照梵和大辞典，講談社，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span>榊亮三郎：翻訳名義大集，京都，<span class="song">1916</span></span> </p><p> <span>世界美術全集，一一，平凡社，<span class="song">1953</span></span> </p><p> <span>世界考古大系，八﹑九，平凡社，1961﹑<span class="song">1962</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
千泉
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154073" key="1154073"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 窣利地區總述 &gt; 千泉 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154074" key="1154074"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00076','1384579',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P76</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000110"><b>千泉</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">素葉城</span>西行四百餘里至<span class="zhuanming">千泉</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1370" id="1363">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">千泉</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1367" id="1364">〔1〕</a>者，地方二百餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#1368" id="1365">〔2〕</a>，南面<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，三陲<a class="zhuhao" href="#1369" id="1366">〔3〕</a>平陸。水土沃潤，林樹扶疏，暮春之月，雜花若綺，泉池千所，故以名焉。<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>可汗每來避暑。中有羣鹿，多飾鈴鐶，馴狎於人，不甚驚走。可汗愛賞，下命羣屬：“敢加殺害，有誅無赦。”此羣鹿得終其壽。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1364" id="1367">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》千泉二字不重。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1365" id="1368">〔2〕</a>二百餘里，《慈恩傳》作“數百里”。《新唐書·西域傳》作“地贏二百里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1366" id="1369">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》陲皆作垂。按《方志》及《西域傳》亦作垂。陲﹑垂通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1363" id="1370">（一）</a>千泉：《慈恩傳》卷二作屏聿，兩《唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">千泉</span>。<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>稱：<span class="zhuanming">屏聿</span>當是Bing-yul的對音，爲<span class="zhuanming">千泉</span>的<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語音譯。（<span class="zhuanming">伯希<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00077','1384579',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P77</span></i>和</span>：《玄奘記傳中之千泉》，見<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>《西域南海史地考證譯叢》五編，1956年，頁5—6。）或謂<span class="zhuanming">屏聿</span>當爲<span class="zhuanming">屏筆</span>，爲ming-bulag之對音，意義亦爲<span class="zhuanming">千泉</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">九世紀<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>地理學家<span class="zhuanming">伊本</span>·<span class="zhuanming">忽爾達兹比赫</span>撰《道里與諸國志》，記載<span class="zhuanming">白水城</span>與<span class="zhuanming">怛邏私</span>之間<span class="zhuanming">阿巴爾扎只</span>（Abārjāj）之地有丘岡，環丘冒出水泉千眼，匯爲東流之河。人們在此地獵取黑雉。參看<span class="zhuanming">德</span>·<span class="zhuanming">胡耶</span>刊《阿拉伯輿地叢刊》第6卷，頁28。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
（三）西文部分
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154077" key="1154077"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 二、主要參考書目 &gt; （三）西文部分 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154078" key="1154078"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01060','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1060</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001788"><b>（三）西文部分</b></p><p> <span>Agrawala，V.S.：</span> </p><p> <span>India as known to Pāṇini，2nd ed.，Varanasi，<span class="song">1963</span></span> </p><p> <span>al-Bīrūni：</span> </p><p> <span>Alberuni，s India，ed.and trans.by E.C.Sachau，London，1888，reissued in 1914 and <span class="song">1964</span></span> </p><p> <span>Ali，S.M.：</span> </p><p> <span>The Geography of the Purāṇas，Delhi，<span class="song">1966</span></span> </p><p> <span>Bagchi，P.C.：</span> </p><p> <span>India and Central Asia，Calcutta，<span class="song">1955</span></span> </p><p> <span>India and China，new ed.，Calcutta，<span class="song">1981</span></span> </p><p> <span>Bailey，H.W.：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01061','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1061</span></i><p> <span>Dictionary of Khotan Saka，Cambridge，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span>Kotanese Texts，I-Ⅵ，Cambridge，1945-<span class="song">67</span></span> </p><p> <span>Bāna：</span> </p><p> <span>Harṣacarita，a.ed.by P.V.Kane，Bombay，1918；b.Eng.trans.by E.B.Cowell and F.W.Thomas，Lon-don，1897，2nd ed.，<span class="song">1929</span></span> </p><p> <span>Barthold，W.：</span> </p><p> <span>Turkestan down to the Mongol Invasion，4th ed.by C.E.Bosworth，London，<span class="song">1977</span></span> </p><p> <span>Basham，A.L.（ed.）：</span> </p><p> <span>Papers on the Date of Kaniṣka，Leiden，<span class="song">1968</span></span> </p><p> <span>The Wonder that was India，reprinted，London，<span class="song">1967</span></span> </p><p> <span>Beal，S.：</span> </p><p> <span>Si-Yu-Ki，Buddhist Record of the Western World，Lon-don，<span class="song">1884</span></span> </p><p> <span>The Life of Hiuen Tsiang by the Shaman Hwui Li，Lon-don，<span class="song">1911</span></span> </p><p> <span>Bechert，H.：</span> </p><p> <span>Contribution to The Discussion of The Date of the Bu-ddha reconsidered，Stochholm，<span class="song">1980</span></span> </p><p> <span>Chattopadhyaya，D.：</span> </p><p> <span>History of Buddhism in India，Calcutta，<span class="song">1980</span></span> </p><p> <span>Chavannes，E.：</span> </p><p> <span>Documents sur les T，ou-kiue（Turcs）occidentaux，St.Pe-tersburg，<span class="song">1903</span></span> </p><p> <span>Cowell，E.B.：</span> </p><p> <span>Jātaka，Eng.trans.，reprinted，6 vols.，Delhi，1973-<span class="song">78</span></span> </p><p> <span>Cunningham，A.</span> </p><p> <span>Ancient Geography of India，rev.by Majumdar，Calcutta，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01062','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1062</span></i>1924，reprinted，Delhi，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span>de Goeje，M.J.（ed.）：</span> </p><p> <span>Bibliotheca Geographorum Arabicorum，photomech.reprint of the 1879-1939 ed.Vols.I-Ⅷ ，Leiden，<span class="song">1967</span></span> </p><p> <span>Devahuti，D.：</span> </p><p> <span>Harsha：a Political Study，Oxford，<span class="song">1970</span></span> </p><p> <span>Dey，N.L.：</span> </p><p> <span>The Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medieval In-dia，3rd ed.，Delhi，<span class="song">1971</span></span> </p><p> <span>Dresden，M.J.：</span> </p><p> <span>Khotanese（Saka）Manuscripts，A provisional handlist，Va-ria 1976，（Acta Iranica 16），Leiden-Téhéran-Liège，<span class="song">1977</span></span> </p><p> <span>Dutt，S.：</span> </p><p> <span>Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India，London，<span class="song">1962</span></span> </p><p> <span>Edgerton，F.：</span> </p><p> <span>Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary，Yale Univ.，<span class="song">1953</span></span> </p><p> <span>Eitel，E.J.：</span> </p><p> <span>Handbook of Chinese Buddhism，Tokyo，<span class="song">1904</span></span> </p><p> <span>Emmerick，R.E.：</span> </p><p> <span>A Guide to the Literature of Khotan，Tokyo，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span>Tibetan Texts concerning Khotan，Oxford，<span class="song">1967</span></span> </p><p> <span>Faccena，D.：</span> </p><p> <span>A Guide to the Excavation in Swat（Pakistan）1956-62，Rome，<span class="song">1964</span></span> </p><p> <span>Fergusson，J.</span> </p><p> <span>History of Indian and Eastern Architecture，rev.ed.，Lon-don，<span class="song">1910</span></span> </p><p> <span>Ghosh，A.：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01063','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1063</span></i><p> <span>A Guide to Nālandā，Delhi，<span class="song">1946</span></span> </p><p> <span>Ghosh，N.N.</span> </p><p> <span>Early History of Kauśāmbī，Allahabad，<span class="song">1935</span></span> </p><p> <span>Giles，H.A.（trans.）：</span> </p><p> <span>The Travels of Fa-hsien，Cambridge，1923，reprinted，<span class="song">1956</span></span> </p><p> <span>Gupta，D.K.：</span> </p><p> <span>Society and Culture in the Time of Daṇḍin，Delhi，<span class="song">1972</span></span> </p><p> <span>Henning，W.B.：</span> </p><p> <span>Sogdica，London，1940；also in‘W.B.<span class="song">Henning</span></span> </p><p> <span>Selected Papers，，vol.Ⅰ-Ⅱ，Acta Iranica，vol.14-15，Leiden，<span class="song">1977</span></span> </p><p> <span>Hoernle，A.F.R.：</span> </p><p> <span>Manuscript Remains of Buddhist Literature found in Eastern Turkestan，Oxford，<span class="song">1916</span></span> </p><p> <span>Hultzsch，H.：</span> </p><p> <span>Inscriptions of Asoka，Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum，vol.I，Oxford，1925，2nd ed.，Delhi，<span class="song">1969</span></span> </p><p> <span>Ingholt，H.：</span> </p><p> <span>Gandharan Art in Pakistan，New York，<span class="song">1957</span></span> </p><p> <span>Joshi，J.</span> </p><p> <span>Studies in the Buddhistic Culture of India during the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.，Calcutta，<span class="song">1967</span></span> </p><p> <span>Julien，S.：</span> </p><p> <span>Histoire de la Vie de Hiouen-Thsang et de ses Voyages dans 1，Ind depuis l，An 629 jusqu，en 645，par Hoei-li et Yen-Thsong；suivi de Documents et d，Eclaircissements Geographiques tires de la Relation Originale de Hiouen-Thsang，Paris，<span class="song">1853</span></span> </p><p> <span>Mémoires sur les contrées occidentales，traduits du San-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01064','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1064</span></i>scrit en Chinois，en l，An 648，par Hiouen-Thsang，et du Chinois en Français，Paris，1857-<span class="song">58</span></span> </p><p> <span>Kalhaṇa：</span> </p><p> <span>Rājataraṇgiṇī，a.Eng.trans.by A.Stein，London，1900，reprinted：1961；b.Eng.trans.by R.S.Pandit，Delhi，<span class="song">1935</span></span> </p><p> <span>Kane，P.V.：</span> </p><p> <span>The Harṣacarita of Bāṇabhaṭṭa，2nd ed.，Delhi，<span class="song">1965</span></span> </p><p> <span>Kangle，R.P.：</span> </p><p> <span>The Kauṭilīya Arthaśāstra，3 parts，with Skr.text，Eng.trans.and a Study，Bombay，1960，1963，<span class="song">1965</span></span> </p><p> <span>Kauṭilya：</span> </p><p> <span>Arthaśāstra，ed.by S.V.Gairola，Varanasi，<span class="song">1962</span></span> </p><p> <span>Konow，S：</span> </p><p> <span>Kharoṣṭhī Inscription，Calcutta，<span class="song">1929</span></span> </p><p> <span>Saka Studies，Oslo，<span class="song">1932</span></span> </p><p> <span>Lamotte，É.：</span> </p><p> <span>Histoire du Bouddhisme Indien，Louvain，<span class="song">1976</span></span> </p><p> <span>Laufer，B.：</span> </p><p> <span>Sino-Iranica，Chicago，<span class="song">1919</span></span> </p><p> <span>Law，B.C.：</span> </p><p> <span>Historical Geography of Ancient India，reprinted，Delhi，<span class="song">1976</span></span> </p><p> <span>Li Yung-hsi（trans.）：</span> </p><p> <span>A Record of the Buddhist Countries，Peking，<span class="song">1957</span></span> </p><p> <span>The Life of Hsuan-Tsang，Peking，<span class="song">1959</span></span> </p><p> <span>Lüders，F.：</span> </p><p> <span>Zur Geschichte und Geographie Ostturkestans，Berlin，<span class="song">1922</span></span> </p><p> <span>Lüders，H.：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01065','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1065</span></i><p> <span>Bruchstücke der Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā des Kumāralāta，Lei-pzig，<span class="song">1926</span></span> </p><p> <span>Maḥmūd al-Kāshgharī：</span> </p><p> <span>Kitāb Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk（Divanü Lūġat at-Turk），ed.by B.Atalay，c.I-Ⅲ，Ankara，<span class="song">1940</span></span> </p><p> <span>Majumdar，N.B.：</span> </p><p> <span>A Guide to Sārnāth，Delhi，<span class="song">1937</span></span> </p><p> <span>Majumdar，R.C.：</span> </p><p> <span>The Classical Accounts of India，Calcutta，<span class="song">1960</span></span> </p><p> <span>The History and Culture of the Indian People，Vol.3，The Classica1 Age，Bombay，<span class="song">1954</span></span> </p><p> <span>Marquart，J.：</span> </p><p> <span>Ērānšahr，nach der Geographie des Ps.Moses Xorenac，i，Berlin，<span class="song">1901</span></span> </p><p> <span>A Catalogue of the Provincial Capitals of Ērānšahr，Rome，<span class="song">1931</span></span> </p><p> <span>Wehrot und Arang，Leiden，<span class="song">1938</span></span> </p><p> <span>Marshall，J.：</span> </p><p> <span>A Guide to Taxila，reprinted，Cambridge，<span class="song">1960</span></span> </p><p> <span>McCrinde，J.W.（ed.and trans.）：</span> </p><p> <span>Ancient India as described by Ptolemy，Calcutta，<span class="song">1927</span></span> </p><p> <span>Minorsky，V.</span> </p><p> <span>Hudūd al-‘Ālam，ed.and trans.，London，<span class="song">1937</span></span> </p><p> <span>Sharaf al-Zamān Tahir Marvazī on China，the Turks and India，London，<span class="song">1942</span></span> </p><p> <span>Mongait，A.L.：</span> </p><p> <span>Archaeology in the U.S.S.R.，Harmondsworth，<span class="song">1961</span></span> </p><p> <span>Monier-Williams，M.：</span> </p><p> <span>A Sanskṛit-English Dictionary，new ed.Oxford，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01066','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1066</span></i><p> <span>Morgenstierne，G.：</span> </p><p> <span>Indo-Iranian Frontier Languages，Vol.Ⅱ，Oslo，<span class="song">1938</span></span> </p><p> <span>Report on a Linguistic Mission to North-Western India，Norway，<span class="song">1932</span></span> </p><p> <span>Oldenberg，H.（ed.and trans.）</span> </p><p> <span>Dīpavaṃsa，An Ancient Buddhist Historical Record，Lon-don，<span class="song">1879</span></span> </p><p> <span>Pāṇini：</span> </p><p> <span>Aṣṭādhyāyī，ed.and trans.by S.C.Vasu.Allahabad，1891-98，reprinted，<span class="song">1962</span></span> </p><p> <span>Pansikar，V.L.（ed.）</span> </p><p> <span>Manusmṛti，with Kull ūka，s Commentary Manvartha-Muktā-valī，Bombay，<span class="song">1920</span></span> </p><p> <span>Patañjali：</span> </p><p> <span>The Vyākaraṇa-Mahābhāṣya，ed.by F.Keilhorn，Bombay，1880-85，reprinted，<span class="song">1970</span></span> </p><p> <span>Pathak，V.：</span> </p><p> <span>History of Kosa！a，Delhi，<span class="song">1963</span></span> </p><p> <span>Pelliot，P.：</span> </p><p> <span>Notes on Marco Polo，Vol.I-Ⅲ，Paris，1959-<span class="song">1973</span></span> </p><p> <span>Petech，L.：</span> </p><p> <span>Northern India according to the Shui-Ching-Chu，Roma，<span class="song">1950</span></span> </p><p> <span>Pischel，R.：</span> </p><p> <span>Grammatik der Prakrit-Sprachen，Strassburg，<span class="song">1900</span></span> </p><p> <span>Pliny（Plinius Secundus）：</span> </p><p> <span>Natural History（Historia Naturalis），ed.and trans.by H.Rackham，London，<span class="song">1942</span></span> </p><p> <span>Prakash，O.：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01067','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1067</span></i><p> <span>Food and Drinks in Ancient India，Delhi，<span class="song">1961</span></span> </p><p> <span>Puri，B.N.：</span> </p><p> <span>Cities of Ancient India，Delhi，<span class="song">1966</span></span> </p><p> <span>Rawlinson，G.H.：</span> </p><p> <span>Intercourse betwecn India and The Western World，Com-bridge，<span class="song">1926</span></span> </p><p> <span>Raychaudhuri，H.：</span> </p><p> <span>The Political History of Ancient India，reprinted，Calcut-ta，<span class="song">1953</span></span> </p><p> <span>Rhys Davids，T.W.：</span> </p><p> <span>Milindapañhā，Eng.trans.，2 vols.，S.B.E.vols.35-36，Oxford，1890-<span class="song">94</span></span> </p><p> <span>Pali-English Dictionary London，<span class="song">1925</span></span> </p><p> <span>Schoff，W.H.（trans.）：</span> </p><p> <span>The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea（Periplus Maris Ery-thraei），London，<span class="song">1912</span></span> </p><p> <span>Schwartzberg，J.E.（ed.）：</span> </p><p> <span>A Historical Atlas of South Asia，Chicago and London，<span class="song">1978</span></span> </p><p> <span>Sharma，G.R.</span> </p><p> <span>Excavation at Kauśāmbī 1949-50，Delhi，<span class="song">1969</span></span> </p><p> <span>Sieg，Siegling und Schulze：</span> </p><p> <span>Tocharische Grammatik，Göttingen，<span class="song">1931</span></span> </p><p> <span>Sinha，B.P.：</span> </p><p> <span>Archaeology and Art of India，Delhi，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span>Sircar，D.C.：</span> </p><p> <span>Studies in the Geography of Ancient and Medieval India，Delhi，<span class="song">1960</span></span> </p><p> <span>Sköld H.：</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01068','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1068</span></i><p> <span>Materialen zu den Iranischen Pamirsprachen，Lund，<span class="song">1936</span></span> </p><p> <span>Smith，V.A.：</span> </p><p> <span>The Early History of India，reprinted，Oxford，<span class="song">1924</span></span> </p><p> <span>Soothill，W.：</span> </p><p> <span>A Dictionary of Chinese Buddhism Terms，London，1937，reprinted，Delhi，<span class="song">1977</span></span> </p><p> <span>Srivastava，B.</span> </p><p> <span>Trade and Commerce in Ancient India，Varanasi，<span class="song">1968</span></span> </p><p> <span>Stein，A.：</span> </p><p> <span>Ancient Khotan，Оxford，1907，reprinted，3 vols.，Delhi，<span class="song">1981</span></span> </p><p> <span>Innermost Asia，Oxford，1928，reprinted，5 vols.，Delhi，<span class="song">1981</span></span> </p><p> <span>On Alexander，s Track to the Indus，London，<span class="song">1928</span></span> </p><p> <span>Оn Ancient Central Asian Tracks，London，<span class="song">1933</span></span> </p><p> <span>Sand-buried Ruins of Khotan，London，<span class="song">1903</span></span> </p><p> <span>Serindia，Oxford，1921，reprinted，4 vols.，Delhi，<span class="song">1980</span></span> </p><p> <span>Strabo：</span> </p><p> <span>The Geography of Strabo，trans.by H.L.Jones and J.Sterrett，8 vols.，Cambridge，1917-<span class="song">32</span></span> </p><p> <span>Tāranātha：</span> </p><p> <span>a.Geschichte des Buddhismus in Indien，trans.by F.A.Schiefner，St.Petersburg，1869；</span> </p><p> <span>b.History of Buddhism in India，trans.by Lama Chimpa and A.Chattopadhyaya，Simla，<span class="song">1970</span></span> </p><p> <span>Tarn，W.W.：</span> </p><p> <span>The Greeks in Bactria and India，Cambridge，<span class="song">1951</span></span> </p><p> <span>Thakur，U.：</span> </p><p> <span>The Hūṇas in India，Varanasi，<span class="song">1967</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01069','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1069</span></i><p> <span>Thapar，R.：</span> </p><p> <span>Ancient India Social History，Delhi，<span class="song">1978</span></span> </p><p> <span>Thomas，F.W.：</span> </p><p> <span>Tibetan Literary Texts and Documents concerning Chinese Turkestan，4vols.，London，1935-<span class="song">63</span></span> </p><p> <span>Tomaschek，W.：</span> </p><p> <span>Centralasiatische Studien，I.Sogdiana，Sitzungsberichte der Philosophisch-historischen Classe der Kaiserlichen Akade-mie der Wissenschaften，Bd.87，1877，<span class="song">Wien</span></span> </p><p> <span>Trenckner，V.（ed.）</span> </p><p> <span>Milindapañhā，Pali text ed.，London，<span class="song">1880</span></span> </p><p> <span>Tripathi，S.：</span> </p><p> <span>History of Kanauj，Delhi，<span class="song">1964</span></span> </p><p> <span>Warder，A.K.：</span> </p><p> <span>Indian Buddhism，Delhi，<span class="song">1970</span></span> </p><p> <span>Watters，T.：</span> </p><p> <span>On Yuan Chwang，s Travels in India，2 vols.，London，1904-05，reprinted，Delhi，<span class="song">1961</span></span> </p><p> <span>Yazdani，G.：</span> </p><p> <span>Ajanta，4 vols.，Оxford，1930-<span class="song">55</span></span> </p><p> <span>The Early History of the Deccan，2 vols.，Оxford，<span class="song">1960</span></span> </p><p> <span>Yule，H.and Burnell：</span> </p><p> <span>Hobson-Jobson，A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases and of Kindred Terms，Etymological，Historical，Geographical and Discursive，London，<span class="song">1903</span></span> </p><p> <span>Yule，H.and H.Cordier：</span> </p><p> <span>Travels of Marco Polo，trans.，2 vols.，3rd ed.，London，<span class="song">1926</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01070','1244362',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1070</span></i><p> <span>Бapтoльд，B.B：</span> </p><p> <span>Coчинeния，Ⅰ-Ⅸ，Mocквa，1963-<span class="song">1977</span></span> </p><p> <span>Бeлeницкий，A.M；Бeнтoвич，И.Б；Бoльшaкoв，O，Г：</span> </p><p> <span>Cpeднeвeкoвый гopoд Cpeднeй Aзии，Лeнингpaд，<span class="song">1973</span></span> </p><p> <span>БepнштaМ，A.H：</span> </p><p> <span>ПaМятники Cтapины Taлacкoй дoлины，AлМa-Aтa，<span class="song">1941</span></span> </p><p> <span>Бypякoв，Ю.Φ：</span> </p><p> <span>Иcтopичecкaя тoпoгpaфия дpeвниx Taшкeнтcкoгo oaзиca，Taшкeнт，<span class="song">1975</span></span> </p><p> <span>CМиpнoвa，O.И：</span> </p><p> <span>Kaтaлoг Мoнeт c гopoдиЩa Пeнджикeнтa（Maтepиaлы 1949-1956гг.）Mocквa，<span class="song">1963</span></span> </p><p> <span>CМиpнoвa，O.И：</span> </p><p> <span>Oчepки из Иcтopии Coгдa，Mocквa，<span class="song">1970</span></span> </p><p> <span>Cтaвиcкий，Б.Я：</span> </p><p> <span>Kyшaнcкaя Бaктpия——ПpoблeМa Иcтopии и Kyль-тypы，Mocквa，<span class="song">1977</span></span> </p><p> <span>Kляштopный，C.Г：</span> </p><p> <span>Дpeвнeтюpcкиe pyничecкиe пaМятники кaк иcтoчник пo иcтopии Cpeднeй Aзии，Mocквa，<span class="song">1964</span></span> </p><p> <span>Tyгyшeвa，Л.Ю：</span> </p><p> <span>ΦpaгМeнты yйгypcкoй вepcии Биoгpaфии Cюaнь-Цзaнa，Mоcквa，<span class="song">1980</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
（一）中文部分
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154081" key="1154081"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 二、主要參考書目 &gt; （一）中文部分 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153970" key="1153970"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01057','1244360',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1057</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001786"><b>（一）中文部分</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">司馬遷</span>：《史記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">班固</span>：《漢書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">范曄</span>：《後漢書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">袁宏</span>：《後漢紀》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">陳壽</span>撰，<span class="zhuanming">裴松之</span>注：《三國志》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">房玄齡</span>等：《晉書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">沈約</span>：《宋書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">姚思廉</span>：《梁書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">魏收</span>：《魏書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">令狐德棻</span>等：《周書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">魏徵</span>等：《隋書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">李延壽</span>：《北史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">劉昫</span>等：《舊唐書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">歐陽修</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">宋祁</span>：《新唐書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">薛居正</span>等：《舊五代史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">歐陽修</span>：《新五代史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">脱脱</span>等：《宋史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">宋濂</span>等：《元史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">張廷玉</span>等：《明史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">杜佑</span>：《通典》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">司馬光</span>：《資治通鑑》</span> </p><p> <span>《册府元龜》</span> </p><p> <span>《全唐文》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">常璩</span>：《華陽國志》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">酈道元</span>：《水經注》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">楊衒之</span>：《洛陽伽藍記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">樊綽</span>：《蠻書》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">范成大</span>：《吴船録》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">耶律楚材</span>：《西游録》</span> </p><p> <span>《元朝秘史》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">徐松</span>：《西域水道記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">丁謙</span>：《西域記考證》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>：《法顯傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧皎</span>：《高僧傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>：《續高僧傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">贊寧</span>：《宋高僧傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧立</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">彦悰</span>：《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>：《大唐西域求法高僧傳》﹑《南海寄歸内法傳》</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01058','1244360',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1058</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>：《往五天竺國傳》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">圓照</span>：《悟空入竺記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>：《釋迦方誌》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span>本《西天路竟》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">世友</span>撰，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯：《異部宗輪論》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">窺基</span>：《異部宗輪論述記》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">道世</span>：《法苑珠林》﹑《諸經要集》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>：《一切經音義》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧苑</span>：《新譯大方廣佛華嚴經音義》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>：《一切經音義》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">希麟</span>：《續一切經音義》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">法雲</span>：《翻譯名義集》</span> </p><p> <span>《大正新脩大藏經》</span> </p><p> <span>《縮刷藏經》﹑《續藏經》</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>：《唐代長安與西域文明》，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">湯用彤</span>：《漢魏兩晉南北朝佛教史》，全二册，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，<span class="song">1983</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>：《印度佛學源流略講》，<span class="zhuanming">上海人民出版社</span>，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">黄文弼</span>：《塔里木盆地考古記》，<span class="zhuanming">科學出版社</span>，<span class="song">1958</span></span> </p><p> <span>《西北史地論叢》，<span class="zhuanming">上海人民出版社</span>，<span class="song">1981</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>：《中印文化關係史論文集》，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>，<span class="song">1982</span></span> </p><p> <span>《印度古代語言論集》，<span class="zhuanming">中國社會科學出版社</span>，<span class="song">1982</span></span> </p><p> <span>《羅摩衍那初探》，<span class="zhuanming">外國文學出版社</span>，<span class="song">1979</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">金克木</span>：《梵語文學史》，<span class="zhuanming">人民文學出版社</span>，<span class="song">1980</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">辛哈</span>：《印度通史》，全四册，<span class="zhuanming">張若達</span>等譯，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>，<span class="song">1973</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">潘尼迦</span>：《印度簡史》，<span class="zhuanming">吴之椿</span>等譯，<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>，<span class="song">1957</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">周連寬</span>：《大唐西域記史地研究叢稿》，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，<span class="song">1984</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">張曼濤</span>主編：《玄奘大師研究》上﹑下册，<span class="zhuanming">台北</span>，<span class="zhuanming">大乘文化出版社</span>，<span class="song">1977</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">張星烺</span>：《中西交通史料彙編》，全六册，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>增訂版，1977—<span class="song">79</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>：《西域南海史地考証論著滙輯》，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>1957：《西域南海史地考証譯叢》，一至九編，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，1956—<span class="song">58</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01059','1244360',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1059</span></i><span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>：《西突厥史料》，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，<span class="song">1958</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>：《大孔雀經藥叉名録輿地考》，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>，<span class="song">1931</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>：《吐火羅語考》，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，<span class="song">1957</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">羽溪了諦</span>：《西域之佛教》，<span class="zhuanming">賀昌羣</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>，<span class="song">1956</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">勞費爾</span>：《中國伊朗編》，<span class="zhuanming">林筠因</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書舘</span>，<span class="song">1964</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吴其昌</span>：《印度釋名》，載《燕京學報》，第1—4期</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>：《大唐西域記的校勘問題》，載《現代佛學》1964，<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>：《原始佛教的歷史起源問題》，載《歷史研究》1965，<span class="song">3</span></span> </p><p> <span>《關於大乘上座部的問題》，載《中國社會科學》，1981，<span class="song">5</span></span> </p><p> <span>《論釋迦牟尼》，載《世界宗教研究》，1982，<span class="song">2</span></span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、阿波邏羅龍泉及佛遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154084" key="1154084"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 二、阿波邏羅龍泉及佛遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154085" key="1154085"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00274','1244008',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P274</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000445"><b>二﹑阿波邏羅龍泉及佛遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span>東北二百五六十里入大山，至<span class="zhuanming">阿波邏羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3299" id="3283">〔1〕</a>龍泉</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3311" id="3284">（一）</a>，卽<span class="zhuanming">蘇婆伐<a class="zhuhao" href="#3300" id="3285">〔2〕</a>窣堵河</span>之源也。派流西南，春夏含<a class="zhuhao" href="#3301" id="3286">〔3〕</a>凍，晨<a class="zhuhao" href="#3302" id="3287">〔4〕</a>夕飛雪。雪霏五彩，光流四照。此龍者，<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>時<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00275','1244008',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P275</span></i>生在人趣<a class="zhuhao" href="#3312" id="3288">（二）</a>，名曰<span class="zhuanming">殑祇</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3303" id="3289">〔5〕</a>，深閑呪術，禁禦<a class="zhuhao" href="#3304" id="3290">〔6〕</a>惡龍，不令暴雨。國人賴之，以稸<a class="zhuhao" href="#3305" id="3291">〔7〕</a>餘糧<a class="zhuhao" href="#3306" id="3292">〔8〕</a>。居人<a class="zhuhao" href="#3307" id="3293">〔9〕</a>衆庶感恩懷德，家税斗<a class="zhuhao" href="#3308" id="3294">〔10〕</a>穀以饋遺焉。既積歲時，或有逋課，<span class="zhuanming">殑祇</span>含怒，願爲毒龍，暴行風雨，損傷苗稼。命終之後，爲此地龍，泉流白水<a class="zhuhao" href="#3309" id="3295">〔11〕</a>，損傷地利。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>大悲御世，愍此國人獨遭斯難，降神至此，欲化暴龍。<span class="zhuanming">執<a class="zhuhao" href="#3310" id="3296">〔12〕</a>金剛神</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3313" id="3297">（三）</a>杵擊山崖，龍王震懼。乃出歸依，聞佛説法，心淨信悟。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>遂制勿損農稼。龍曰：“凡有所食，賴收人田。今蒙聖教，恐難濟給。願十二歲一收糧儲！”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>含覆，愍而許焉。故今十二年一遭白水之災<a class="zhuhao" href="#3314" id="3298">（四）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3283" id="3299">〔1〕</a>《方志》無邏字，《續僧傳》無羅字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3285" id="3300">〔2〕</a>《石本》無伐字。按異文見上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3286" id="3301">〔3〕</a>《石本》含作合，《中本》作冷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3287" id="3302">〔4〕</a>原本晨作昏，《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作晨，《方志》同。按晨夕與春夏相對，義長，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3289" id="3303">〔5〕</a>《新麗本》祇原作祇，下同，《京大本》從《宋本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3290" id="3304">〔6〕</a>《中本》禦作御，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3291" id="3305">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》稸並作蓄，同。《慧琳音義》云：“（稸）或從艸作蓄，形聲字。”《中本》作福，蓋稸之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3292" id="3306">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》粮並作糧，同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00276','1244008',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P276</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3293" id="3307">〔9〕</a>居人，《古本》﹑《中本》作“君人”；《石本》作“人君”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3294" id="3308">〔10〕</a>《石本》斗作升。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3295" id="3309">〔11〕</a>泉流白水，《石本》作“白水流泉”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3296" id="3310">〔12〕</a>原本執作報，今從《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3284" id="3311">（一）</a>阿波邏羅龍泉：阿波邏羅，梵文﹑巴利文apalāla音譯。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>書卷一第229頁引<span class="zhuanming">迪恩</span>根據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記距離及方向比定爲<span class="zhuanming">柯昔斯坦</span>（Kohistan）的<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭姆</span>（Kālam）地方，<span class="zhuanming">烏特洛特</span>（Utrot）及<span class="zhuanming">烏蘇</span>（Ushu）二溪合流處，卽是<span class="zhuanming">斯瓦特河</span>源頭。阿波邏羅意爲“無稻草”，舊譯爲“無苗”﹑“無稻芉”。<span class="zhuanming">阿波邏羅龍</span>的傳説見於多種佛經，但所記地方各有不同，如《菩薩本行經》所記的是<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span>，《佛所行讚》及《智度論》僅記<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>，《阿育王傳》所記與《西域記》相同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3288" id="3312">（二）</a>人趣：六趣之一。趣，梵文gati意譯，其義爲靈魂在輪迴中的歸趣。在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>興起之前，古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>就早已具有這一思想。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>沿襲此説認爲凡是一切有生命的東西（衆生），如果不能求得“解脱”，則由于業因的差别永遠在六趣（天﹑人﹑阿修羅﹑地獄﹑餓鬼﹑畜生）中，如同車輪般迴轉不停，生死相續；詳《六趣輪迴經》。人趣，卽人界。由于五戒善因而投生人界，見《業報差别經》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3297" id="3313">（三）</a>執金剛神：一名<span class="zhuanming">金剛神</span>，或<span class="zhuanming">金剛力士</span>，爲手執金剛杵護佛法的神祇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3298" id="3314">（四）</a>白水之災：古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">蘇婆伐窣堵河</span>的上源山谷，在每年一定的雨期因山嶽土壤溶化，白色的砂土和河水順流而下，往往泛<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00277','1244008',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P277</span></i>濫成災。因之民間流傳龍王與白水之災的神話傳説。又傳説因每年的婆達羅鉢陀月（夏季第三個月）的二十六﹑二十七兩天，<span class="zhuanming">濕婆神</span>在<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>洗滌衣服，故現白水。此一傳説在<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>作家<span class="zhuanming">阿爾伯魯尼</span>（Alberuni）的《印度志》上也有所記載，參見Alberuni，Indica，vol.Ⅱp.182。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿波邏羅龍泉</span>西南三十餘里，水<a class="zhuhao" href="#3320" id="3315">〔1〕</a>北岸大磐石上有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>足所履迹<a class="zhuhao" href="#3322" id="3316">（一）</a>，隨人福力，量有短長。是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>伏此龍<a class="zhuhao" href="#3323" id="3317">（二）</a>已，留迹而去，後人於上積石爲室，遐邇相趍，花香供養。順流而下三十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>濯衣石<a class="zhuhao" href="#3324" id="3318">（三）</a>，袈娑之文焕<a class="zhuhao" href="#3321" id="3319">〔2〕</a>焉如鏤。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3315" id="3320">〔1〕</a>《石本》水上校補“白”字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3319" id="3321">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》焕作懦；《徑山本》作宛。《明北本》作焕，與此同。懦字非。《慈恩傳》作“文相宛然”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3316" id="3322">（一）</a>如來足所履迹：並見《法顯傳》和《洛陽伽藍記》卷五所載。遺址在<span class="zhuanming">斯瓦特河</span>上流西岸Tirāt村，石高1米，寬0.87米，厚1.3米，足迹下部刻有佉盧文題銘“<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>足迹”。見<span class="zhuanming">柯瑙</span>《佉盧文碑銘》第8頁（S.Konow，Kharoṣṭhī Inscriptions，p.8，pl.1.5）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3317" id="3323">（二）</a>如來伏此龍：<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>降服<span class="zhuanming">阿波邏羅龍</span>的宗教傳説，見《菩薩本行經》卷中，《根本説一切有部毗奈耶藥事》四，《佛所行讚》四，《智度論》九。《西域記》本文已作了概敍。但據《善見律毗婆沙》卷二，降服龍王的則爲<span class="zhuanming">末闍提</span>（Madhyāntika）。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00278','1244008',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P278</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3318" id="3324">（三）</a>如來濯衣石：《法顯傳》與《洛陽伽藍記》卷五均有記載。又《水經·河水注》亦云：<span class="zhuanming">犍陀羅國</span>北“重復尋川水，西北十里有<span class="zhuanming">阿步羅龍淵</span>，佛到淵上洗衣處，浣石尚存。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
[卷第三　八國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv979365" key="979365"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154087" key="1154087"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00269','1244006',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P269</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000437"><b>大唐西域記卷第三</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>八國</span> </p><p> <span>烏仗那國　鉢露羅國</span> </p><p> <span>呾叉始羅國　僧訶補<a class="zhuhao" href="#3235" id="3231">〔1〕</a>羅國</span> </p><p> <span>烏剌尸國　迦濕彌羅國</span> </p><p> <span>半笯</span> <span class="font12 zhu">奴故反</span> <span>嗟<a class="zhuhao" href="#3236" id="3232">〔2〕</a>國　曷<a class="zhuhao" href="#3237" id="3233">〔3〕</a>邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#3238" id="3234">〔4〕</a>闍補羅國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3231" id="3235">〔1〕</a>原本補作捕，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作補，以下本文亦作補，今從改，歸於畫一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3232" id="3236">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》嗟並作蹉；《方志》﹑《慧琳音義》﹑《音釋》亦作蹉。《慈恩傳》則作嗟，與此同。按此下本文亦作嗟，嗟蹉二字聲近通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3233" id="3237">〔3〕</a>原本曷作遏，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作曷，以下本文亦作曷，今從改，歸於畫一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3234" id="3238">〔4〕</a>原本邏作羅，《敦甲本》作邏。以下本文亦作邏，今從改，歸於畫一。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154089" key="1154089"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 四畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154090" key="1154090"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01072','1244369',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1072</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001795">四畫</p><p> <span>今（1081）引（1081）木（1081）水（1081）心（1081）牛（1081）巴（1081）井（1081）方（1081）比（1081）分（1081）日（1081）化（1081）不（1081）户（1081）火（1081）月（1081）六（1081）太（1081）文（1082）中（1082）王（1082）五（1082）天（1083）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154092" key="1154092"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 二畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154093" key="1154093"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01072','1244367',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1072</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001793">二畫</p><p> <span>人（1078）二（1078）九（1078）入（1078）七（1078）八（1078）十（1079）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154095" key="1154095"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 三畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154096" key="1154096"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01072','1244368',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1072</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001794">三畫</p><p> <span>弓（1079）土（1079）乃（1079）山（1079）凡（1079）子（1079）千（1079）于（1079）小（1079）尸（1079）上（1079）大（1080）三（1080）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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拘尸那揭羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154099" key="1154099"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154100" key="1154100"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00536','1244123',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P536</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000894">拘尸那揭羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5730" id="5729">（一）</a>城郭頽毁，邑里蕭條，故城甎基，周十餘里。居人稀曠，閭巷荒蕪。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5729" id="5730">（一）</a>拘尸那揭羅國：梵文Kuśinagara（Kuśinagarī，Kuśana-gara，Kuśigrāmaka，Kuśinārā）。舊譯：<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那伽羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拘夷那竭</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">俱尸那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鳩尸那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拘夷</span>等，義譯<span class="zhuanming">上茅城</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">香茅城</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">茅堂城</span>，又譯<span class="zhuanming">角城</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅</span>是<span class="zhuanming">末羅</span>（Malla，義云“力士”）人的住地之一，又稱<span class="zhuanming">力士生地</span>，古名<span class="zhuanming">拘舍伐蒂</span>（Kusāvatī）。<span class="zhuanming">末羅</span>人的國家在<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>時代爲共和政體。該城<span class="zhuanming">末羅</span>人的一切政教大事均須在議會大廳討論解決。當時<span class="zhuanming">末羅</span>人勢力強盛，又篤信<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒供養特厚。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>自<span class="zhuanming">吠舍離</span>赴<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>時，途中得病，於此城娑羅雙樹下入湼槃。因此，<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅</span>被佛徒視爲聖地。關於<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>逝世前一段時間在此地的情況，除本段外，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>譯《大般湼槃經》卷下﹑<span class="zhuanming">曇無讖</span>譯北本《大般湼槃經》卷二﹑《根本説一切有部毗奈耶雜事》卷三六﹑三七﹑三八﹑《佛般泥洹經》﹑《長阿含經》卷三﹑巴利文本《大般湼槃經》（Mahāparinibbānasutta Ⅳ.13—24）等均有詳盡記載，可資參考。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00537','1244123',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P537</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu">這一佛教聖地也是我國赴<span class="zhuanming">印</span>高僧必然去巡禮的地方。例如《法顯傳》中有記載：“復東行十二由延，到<span class="zhuanming">拘夷那竭城</span>。城北雙樹間希連<span class="zhuanming">禪河</span>邊，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>於此北首而般泥洹及<span class="zhuanming">須跋</span>最後得道處，以金棺供養<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>七日處，金剛力士放金杵處，八王分舍利處，此諸處皆起塔，有僧伽藍，今悉現在。其城中人民亦希曠，止有衆僧民户。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之後，<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>也到過此地。其《往五天竺國傳》云：“至<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那國</span>，佛入湼槃處，其城荒廢，無人住也。佛入湼槃處置塔，有禪師在彼掃灑，每年八月八日，僧尼道俗，就彼大設供養。”<span class="zhuanming">北宋</span><span class="zhuanming">乾德</span>二年（公元964年）赴<span class="zhuanming">印</span>的<span class="zhuanming">繼業法師</span>也曾到過該處，並由此取道<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>歸國：“至<span class="zhuanming">花氏城</span>，<span class="zhuanming">育王</span>故都也。自此渡河，北至<span class="zhuanming">毗耶離</span>城，有<span class="zhuanming">維摩方丈</span>故迹，又至<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那城</span>及<span class="zhuanming">多羅</span>聚落，踰大山數重，至<span class="zhuanming">泥波羅國</span>。”（<span class="zhuanming">范成大</span>《吴船録》）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅</span>雖然是這樣重要的一個<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>聖地，但現代對其地望的考證却有不同的説法：先是<span class="zhuanming">威爾遜</span>比定<span class="zhuanming">迦西亞</span>（Kasia）<span class="zhuanming">村</span>爲此城遺址，該村在<span class="zhuanming">廓拉克浦爾</span>（Gorakhpur）以東<span class="song">35</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，在兩條大道交叉處。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>也表示贊同。這一説法雖然與我國高僧的記載不符合，但此後在該村附近的<span class="zhuanming">湼槃寺</span>後面的窣堵波内出土一銅盤，上有銘文：Parinirvāṇa-caitya-tāmra-paṭṭa（<span class="zhuanming">般泥洹寺</span>銅盤）。這一出土文物提供了強有力的佐證。因此上述比定目前已爲學術界廣泛接受。其他各種不同的説法有：<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>主張的尼泊爾境内<span class="zhuanming">小拉普特</span>（Little Rāpti）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">甘達克</span>（Gandak）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>匯流處，（V.Smith：Early History of India，4th ed.p.167；Watters：On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India，Vol.Ⅱ.pp.339—340）；<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>所主張的<span class="zhuanming">拉普特河</span>沿岸Eta-anda地方，以及<span class="zhuanming">戴維支</span>（Rhys Davids）關於應求之於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦族</span>土地以東，<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃國</span>以北的<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00538','1244123',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P538</span></i>説法，均不如<span class="zhuanming">威爾遜</span>及<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>的主張那樣有説服力。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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（一）檢字表
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154103" key="1154103"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154066" key="1154066"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01072','1244366',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1072</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001792">一畫</p><p> <span>一（1078）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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憍薩羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154105" key="1154105"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 憍薩羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154106" key="1154106"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00823','1244245',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P823</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001395">憍薩羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8553" id="8551">（一）</a>周六千餘里，山嶺周境，林藪連接。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8554" id="8552">（二）</a>周四十餘里。土壤膏腴，地利滋盛。邑里相望，人户殷實。其形偉，其色黑，風俗剛猛，人性勇烈，邪正兼信，學藝高明。王，刹帝利也，崇敬佛法，仁慈深遠。伽藍百餘所，僧徒減万人，並皆習學大乘法教。天祠七十餘所，異道雜居。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8551" id="8553">（一）</a>憍薩羅國：<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅</span>，梵文Kosala音譯。《慈恩傳》卷四作<span class="zhuanming">南憍薩羅國</span>，因爲北方另有一<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>，見本書卷六），稱爲北<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>，故《慈恩傳》冠一“南”字以示區别。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>名見於史詩《羅摩衍那》及《廣博本集》﹑《毘濕奴往世書》等古籍。在記述<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的<span class="zhuanming">三謨陀羅笈多</span>（Samudragupta）功業的<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>石柱銘刻中稱爲<span class="zhuanming">摩訶憍薩羅</span>（Mahākosala）。其領域包括<span class="zhuanming">納格浦爾</span>以南<span class="zhuanming">錢達</span>（Chandā）全部及其以東<span class="zhuanming">康克爾</span>（Ka-nker）一帶地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8552" id="8554">（二）</a>國大都城：關於<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>國都的比定，異説很多。先是<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>根據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記方位及里程，比定爲<span class="zhuanming">哥達瓦里河</span>支流<span class="zhuanming">瓦爾達</span>（Wardha）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>北岸的<span class="zhuanming">錢達</span>（Chandā）。<span class="zhuanming">高桑駒吉</span>大體上也贊同這一<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00824','1244245',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P824</span></i>意見，認爲<span class="zhuanming">錢達</span>卽現今的<span class="zhuanming">錢德拉浦爾</span>（Chandrapur，“月城”之義），在該城西北距<span class="zhuanming">瓦羅拉</span>（Warora）車站十二<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的村莊中，<span class="zhuanming">伐喀達卡</span>（Vākātaka）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>的故都<span class="zhuanming">般達克</span>（Bhāndak）的遺址尚存，其附近地區如<span class="zhuanming">德瓦拉</span>（Dewālā）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>及<span class="zhuanming">文賈莎尼</span>（Winjhāsanī）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>一帶出土的許多神殿﹑宫殿﹑城寨遺址，足以證明此地在古代是一大城市。該地與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記西北距<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽國</span>一千八百餘里﹑東南距<span class="zhuanming">案達羅國</span>九百餘里的距離相吻合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>等人則認爲此國領域在今<span class="zhuanming">查提斯葛爾</span>（Chattisgarh），其國都在今<span class="zhuanming">維拉葛爾</span>（Wairagarh）。<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>則比定此地以東的<span class="zhuanming">康克爾</span>（Kanker）爲其國都。近年又有人比定爲<span class="zhuanming">瓦爾達河</span>南<span class="zhuanming">賴依浦爾</span>（Raipur）東南三十七<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">希爾浦爾</span>（Sirpur）（B.C.Law誤東南爲東北，見其Historical Geography of Ancient India，p.330）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154108" key="1154108"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 一畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154066" key="1154066"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01072','1244366',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1072</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001792">一畫</p><p> <span>一（1078）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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阿耆尼國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152456" key="1152456"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 阿耆尼國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154110" key="1154110"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00048','1384570',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P48</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000076">阿耆尼國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿耆尼國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1146" id="1123">（一）</a>東西六百餘里，南北四百餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#1147" id="1124">（二）</a>周六七里，四面據山，道險易守。泉<a class="zhuhao" href="#1139" id="1125">〔1〕</a>流交帶，引水爲田。土宜穈<a class="zhuhao" href="#1140" id="1126">〔2〕</a>﹑黍﹑宿麥﹑香棗<a class="zhuhao" href="#1141" id="1127">〔3〕</a>﹑蒲萄<a class="zhuhao" href="#1142" id="1128">〔4〕</a>﹑梨﹑柰諸菓。氣序和暢，風俗質直。文字取則<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1148" id="1129">（三）</a>，微有增損<a class="zhuhao" href="#1143" id="1130">〔5〕</a>。服飾氈<a class="zhuhao" href="#1144" id="1131">〔6〕</a>褐<a class="zhuhao" href="#1149" id="1132">（四）</a>，斷髮無巾。貨用金錢﹑銀錢﹑小銅錢。王，其國人也，勇而寡略<a class="zhuhao" href="#1145" id="1133">〔7〕</a>，好自稱伐。國無綱紀，法不整肅<a class="zhuhao" href="#1150" id="1134">（五）</a>。伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#1151" id="1135">（六）</a>十餘所，僧徒二千餘人，習學小乘教説一切有部<a class="zhuhao" href="#1152" id="1136">（七）</a>。經教律儀，既遵<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，諸習學者，卽其文而翫之。戒行律儀，潔清勤勵，然食雜三淨<a class="zhuhao" href="#1153" id="1137">（八）</a>，滯於漸教矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#1154" id="1138">（九）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1125" id="1139">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》泉作衆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1126" id="1140">〔2〕</a>穈，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《中本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》﹑《釋帖》二十一引皆作麋，下同。《慧琳音義》作𪋩，云：“《聲類》云：‘𪋩，穄也。’《説文》從黍，麋省聲。今俗用或從禾從麻，並非也。”則穈乃當時俗字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1127" id="1141">〔3〕</a>棗，《考異》云：“《石本》作󵾈，《麗本》作󵽾，今從《宋本》。”按各本皆作棗。󵾈﹑󵽾乃棗之俗作。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1128" id="1142">〔4〕</a>原本蒲作蒱，今從《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00049','1384570',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P49</span></i>本》﹑《酬本》改，下同。《中本》作󲰣陶，󲰣亦誤字。《釋帖》二十一引作葡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1130" id="1143">〔5〕</a>原本增損作繒絹，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》等改。《釋帖》二十一引作增減。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1131" id="1144">〔6〕</a>《宋本》﹑《徑山本》氈作㲲。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“氈毼俱是毛布作，㲲則是棉布，疑作㲲爲是。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1133" id="1145">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》脱寡字，《敦甲本》亦有寡字。《石本》寡下有好字，涉下“好自稱伐”而衍。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1123" id="1146">（一）</a>阿耆尼國：<span class="zhuanming">阿耆尼</span>爲梵文Agni（意爲“火”）的譯音。今<span class="zhuanming">新疆維吾爾自治區</span><span class="zhuanming">焉耆回族自治縣</span>，現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語稱Qarašähr（黑城）。自<span class="zhuanming">兩漢</span>至<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文史籍一般寫作<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>（《法顯傳》作<span class="zhuanming">烏夷</span>），當爲古代<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>語Argi/Arki或Arśi的音寫。（W.B.Henning，Argi and the Tokharians，BSOS，Ⅸ，1938，頁564—571。）九世紀中期<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>西遷<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>後，稱此地爲Solmï/Sulmï。（參見<span class="zhuanming">耿世民</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">張廣達</span>《唆里迷考》，載《歷史研究》1980年第二期，頁147—159）<span class="zhuanming">元代</span><span class="zhuanming">漢</span>名作<span class="zhuanming">唆里迷</span>，十四﹑十五世紀<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭教</span>傳入當地後稱Čališ。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">其疆域<span class="zhuanming">魏</span><span class="zhuanming">晉</span>以後已併有<span class="zhuanming">漢代</span>之<span class="zhuanming">危須</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">尉犁</span>。“故<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>東境，當東至<span class="zhuanming">榆樹溝</span>（<span class="zhuanming">喀剌和色驛</span>）而與<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>交界，西南出<span class="zhuanming">鐵關谷</span>至<span class="zhuanming">庫爾勒</span>而與<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>接壤。”（<span class="zhuanming">黄文弼</span>《塔里木盆地考古記》第一章《焉耆》，1958年，頁1）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1124" id="1147">（二）</a>國大都城：<span class="zhuanming">阿耆尼國</span>首府，據<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>稱爲今<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>南之Bagdâdshahr。（A.Stein，Serindia，Ⅲ，頁1182）據<span class="zhuanming">黄文弼</span>稱，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>都城在今<span class="zhuanming">焉耆縣</span><span class="zhuanming">四十里城子</span>東四里。（《塔里木盆地考古記》，頁<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00050','1384570',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P50</span></i>6，136）二人比定同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1129" id="1148">（三）</a>文字取則印度：近代<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span><span class="zhuanming">塔里木盆地</span>考古學上的重大發現之一爲古代<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>-<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語文獻的發現和解讀。十九世紀末二十世紀初以來，在<span class="zhuanming">吐魯番</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>和<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>等地發現用一種<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>（Brāhmī）字體（或稱<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字體<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>斜體）寫成的大量寫本殘卷。開始時，人們既不懂這種語言，也不知道如何稱呼它。<span class="zhuanming">德</span>人<span class="zhuanming">勞依曼</span>（E.Leumann）先稱之爲<span class="zhuanming">喀什噶爾</span>語（Kaschgarisch），後改稱爲第一種語言（Sprache I）。這種不恰當的名稱後來都放棄不用了。1907年<span class="zhuanming">德</span>人<span class="zhuanming">繆勒</span>（F.W.K.Müller）在一篇題作《中亞未知語言考》的論文中根據一<span class="zhuanming">回鶻文</span>佛經跋文（内中説，此經某某從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>語製爲Twγry語，某某又從Twγry語譯爲<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語），把這種語言定名爲<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>語。這裏，他認爲<span class="zhuanming">回鶻文</span>跋文中説的Twγry（Toγry）語就是史籍中常見的<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>人（住地在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>北部一帶）的語言。同時有的學者（如<span class="zhuanming">俄</span>人<span class="zhuanming">鋼和泰</span>〔Staël-Holstein〕和<span class="zhuanming">挪威</span>人<span class="zhuanming">斯坦</span>·<span class="zhuanming">寇瑙</span>〔Sten Konow〕）則認爲<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>一名應用來稱古<span class="zhuanming">和闐塞</span>語。在這期間，兩位<span class="zhuanming">德國</span>語言學家<span class="zhuanming">西額</span>和<span class="zhuanming">西額林</span>（E.Sieg﹑W.Siegling）進一步研究了這種語言的文獻，他們在其1908年發表的《吐火羅語——印度斯基泰人的語言》論文中指出，這種語言屬于<span class="zhuanming">印歐</span>語系的Kantum語組，并區分爲兩種很不同的方言，他們稱之爲甲﹑乙兩種方言（A與B）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">1913年<span class="zhuanming">法國</span>學者<span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>（S.Lévi）發表了《所謂乙種吐火羅語卽龜兹語考》一文，進一步證明這種語言在七世紀時爲<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>一帶的通用語（當地發現的用這種語言寫成的木簡上見有屬于這個時代的當地王名Swarnate，卽《舊唐書·龜兹傳》中的<span class="zhuanming">蘇伐叠</span>）。據此證明所謂“乙種<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅語</span>”應稱爲<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>（<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>古名）語。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00051','1384570',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P51</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu">1949年英國<span class="zhuanming">痕寧</span>（W.Henning）在其《吐火羅語名稱考》一文中指出，<span class="zhuanming">繆勒</span>在1916年發表的另一篇文章《Maitrisimit經和“吐火羅”語》中提出<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>文經跋中twγry語經文譯者的出生地Nakridiš（梵文Nagaradeśa）卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>《大唐西域記》卷二所説<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾河</span>流域的<span class="zhuanming">那揭羅曷</span>（Nagarāhāra）（其遺址在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>Jalālābād），從而認爲twγry語應爲吐<span class="zhuanming">火羅語</span>的論據也是站不住脚的；這裏的Nakridiš實際上應作Aknidis（來自梵文Agnideśa），意卽爲<span class="zhuanming">焉耆國</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">二次大戰後<span class="zhuanming">法國</span>考古隊在<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>北部發現了據稱是真正的<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>語的碑文（爲<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>字母寫成的一種<span class="zhuanming">伊蘭</span>語）後，有的學者主張把這兩種<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時期在我國<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span><span class="zhuanming">阿克蘇</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>一帶流行的語言，分别改稱爲<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語（乙種方言）和<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span><span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>語（甲種方言）。但一些審慎的學者對真<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>語的定名仍持保留態度。關於這種語言的名稱的争論至今并未結束。有的<span class="zhuanming">德國</span>學者仍然認爲<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>語一名可能是正確的。見<span class="zhuanming">托馬斯</span>《論梵文Tocharika和它在吐火羅語中相應的詞》一文（W.Thomas，Zu skt.Tocharika und seiner Entsprechung im Tocharischen，載ZK，卽《比較語言學報》第95卷，第一册，第126—133頁，1981年）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">用古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語﹑<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span><span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>語寫成的文學作品中，值得一提的爲劇本，其中著名的有《Maitreyasamitināṭaka》（關於彌勒的劇本殘卷），其他還有《Nandacaritanāṭaka》（關於佛弟子<span class="zhuanming">難陀</span>生平的劇本）等。詩歌方面有愛情詩等。尚有許多民間故事，如《畫師與木匠的故事》，《福力太子的故事》等。此外，尚有醫學文獻﹑字書（梵語——<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語﹑<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語——<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>語）﹑寺院賬曆﹑官文書﹑壁畫題跋文等。最近還發現有用古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語寫成的《摩尼教贊美詩》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">用古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語﹑<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span><span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>語寫成的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>文獻，主要有《法句<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00052','1384570',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P52</span></i>經》（Dharmapada）及其註釋《一百五十讚歌》（Śatapañcāśatika-stotra）等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">用古代<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span><span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>語寫作的作家，除著名的<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>外，尚有<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>人<span class="zhuanming">聖月</span>（Āryacan d r a）﹑<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>人<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅佛提</span>（K umāra-buddhi）﹑<span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>人<span class="zhuanming">木叉麴多</span>（Mokṣagupta）﹑<span class="zhuanming">勿提羼魚</span>（Utpaitsirau-wñe）等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1132" id="1149">（四）</a>氈褐：氈另本作㲲，見《校記》。褐或作毼，<span class="zhuanming">高麗</span>本作“褐”是。氈爲毛織物，氈原指麻布，或獸毛織的布，此疑爲棉布。《南史》卷七九《高昌傳》：<span class="zhuanming">高昌國</span>“有草實如繭，繭中絲如細纑，名曰白疊子，國人取織以爲布，布甚軟白。”又“氈”它本或作“㲲”（見《校記》），㲲又稱白疊，卽白棉布。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1134" id="1150">（五）</a>王其國人也……法不整肅：案<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>當時統治者爲<span class="zhuanming">龍鳩尸卑那</span>（Kushipina）後裔，<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>代爲<span class="zhuanming">龍突騎支</span>，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初隸屬於<span class="zhuanming">西突厥</span>，後<span class="zhuanming">郭孝恪</span>破<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>，詳《新唐書》卷二二一上《焉耆傳》。《魏書》﹑《北史》均謂<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>“無綱紀法令”，與《西域記》所云相符。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1135" id="1151">（六）</a>伽藍：一名僧伽藍，卽寺院。梵文Saṅghārāma（僧伽囉磨），意譯爲衆園，爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒静修的場所。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1136" id="1152">（七）</a>小乘教説一切有部：小乘，梵文Hīnayāna意譯。公元一世紀後，由於大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>流行，把原有的各部派<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>概貶爲小乘。實際上小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在很大程度上還保持了早期<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的精神面貌，只信奉《阿含經》等根本教典，重在自我解脱，以證得阿羅漢果爲其止境，他們自認爲是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的正統派。説一切有部，小乘二十部派之一，梵名薩婆多部（Sarvāstivāda），一名説因部，簡稱有部。據説是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>卒後三百年，從根本上座部分裂而成的一個主要部派。《異部宗輪論述記》卷中：“説一切有者，一切有二：一有爲，二無爲。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00053','1384570',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P53</span></i>有爲三世，無爲離世，其體皆有，名一切有。”這一部派把一切有爲﹑無爲諸法，認爲是實有的，并且一一説明它的緣由，故名説一切有部。因爲這一部派一方面講三世實有，法體恒有，一方面卻以“我”是空的，故又名我空法有宗。它依據《大毘婆沙論》﹑《六智論》﹑《發智論》，持説，斷﹑修﹑證四事，在小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>中勢力頗大。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1137" id="1153">（八）</a>三浄：卽三種浄肉，小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>戒律中凡：一，不見其爲我殺者；二，不聞爲我殺者；三，無爲我殺之疑者，這三種浄肉對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒並不禁止，見《十誦律》卷三七﹑《四分律》卷四二。這是原始<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的習慣，但在大乘經律就斷然禁止肉食了。又據《十誦律》，鳥殘之物，亦屬于三浄。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1138" id="1154">（九）</a>漸教：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>各教派對於其教主<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>一生所説的教法，有不同的判教説，在我國如天台﹑法相﹑華嚴諸宗各異。一般以漸教和頓教判攝<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>一代的教法。所謂“漸”，指説法的淺深階梯，故《止觀》卷三云：“漸名以第，籍淺由深。”由漸到頓，卽由小乘到大乘，這裏指小乘。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>認爲該國僧徒還是停留在初淺的階段，故云“漸教”。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西南行二百餘<a class="zhuhao" href="#1159" id="1155">〔1〕</a>里，踰一小山，越二大河<a class="zhuhao" href="#1160" id="1156">〔2〕</a>，西得平川<a class="zhuhao" href="#1161" id="1157">〔3〕</a>，行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">屈</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">居勿反</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">支國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1162" id="1158">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1155" id="1159">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》無餘字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1156" id="1160">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》作“前渡一大河”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1157" id="1161">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》得作渡，《金陵本》作度。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“疑此作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00054','1384570',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P54</span></i>得爲是。平川猶<span class="zhuanming">秦川</span>，言平原爾。度﹑渡俱由誤會川字之義也。”按《慈恩傳》作“履平川”，則<span class="zhuanming">向</span>説有理。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1158" id="1162">〔4〕</a>《翻譯集》引此下云：“又音丘慈”，此疑是後人所附加“龜兹”之音讀也。《慈恩傳》此下有“訛也”二字。《新唐書·西域傳》“<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>，一曰<span class="zhuanming">丘兹</span>，一曰<span class="zhuanming">屈兹</span>。”“屈兹”卽“屈支”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
秣菟羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154112" key="1154112"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 秣菟羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154113" key="1154113"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00379','1384691',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P379</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000613">秣菟羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4265" id="4262">（一）</a>周五千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。土地膏腴，稼穡是務。菴没羅菓家植成林，雖同一名而有兩種，小者生青熟黄，大者始終青色。出細班㲲及黄金。氣序暑熱，風俗善順，好修冥福，崇德尚學。伽藍二十餘所，僧徒二千餘人，大小二乘兼功<a class="zhuhao" href="#4264" id="4263">〔1〕</a>習學。天祠五所，異道雜居。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4263" id="4264">〔1〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《異本》功並作攻。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4262" id="4265">（一）</a>秣菟羅國：梵文Mathurā，俗語Madhurā，巴利文Ma-dhurā。<span class="zhuanming">阿爾伯魯尼</span>《印度志》作Māhūra，Mahura。<span class="zhuanming">亞里安</span>及<span class="zhuanming">普林尼</span>作Methora，<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>作Madoura。舊譯<span class="zhuanming">摩偷羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩鍮羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩頭羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩突羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩度羅</span>；意譯<span class="zhuanming">蜜善</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">美蜜</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孔雀</span>。在今<span class="zhuanming">朱木拿</span>（Jumna）河西岸的<span class="zhuanming">馬特拉</span>（Muttra）故城遺址較爲徧南；由於河流長期浸蝕的緣故，新城不得不建立在靠北地區。故城在<span class="zhuanming">憍賞彌</span>（Kosambī）的西北<span class="song">217</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>與西方通商路上之重要地點。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代十六大國之一的<span class="zhuanming">蘇羅森那</span>（Śūrasena）的首都，相傳是<span class="zhuanming">羅摩</span>的幼弟<span class="zhuanming">設睹盧祇那</span>（Śatrughna）所建立。《吠陀》文<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00380','1384691',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P380</span></i>獻中雖無關於<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>的記載，但<span class="zhuanming">波檀闍利</span>的《大疏》（1，1，2；1，3，1；2，4，1等）中却提到此城，《女瑜伽行者呾多羅》（Yoginītantra2，2，120）中也提到此城。由於地當<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>通往西方的商道的要衝，西方典籍中提到它的也不少。如<span class="zhuanming">普林尼</span>《博物志》第六卷第十九章談到<span class="zhuanming">朱木那河</span>（Jomanes—Jumna）流經Methora（卽<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>）與Chryso-bara城之間的<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>而注入<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>。據<span class="zhuanming">拉森</span>（Lassen，《印度考古學》1ndische Alterthumskunde）考證，上文中的Chrysobara卽<span class="zhuanming">黑天城</span>（Kṛṣṇapura，在今<span class="zhuanming">阿格拉</span>地方）。據<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>作家記載，<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅城</span>在<span class="zhuanming">朱木那河</span>畔﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿格拉</span>以上三十五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處。據《摩訶婆羅多·大會篇》記載，此城位於<span class="zhuanming">因陀羅波羅薩他那城</span>（Indraprasthāna）以南。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">我國<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>曾訪問過此地。據他記載該地“有二十僧伽藍，可有三千僧。”與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>本段所記“伽藍二十餘所，僧徒二千餘人”相對比，足以表明其間<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>逐漸衰微的情況。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據《摩訶婆羅多》及《往世書》記載，最初統治<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅國</span>的是<span class="zhuanming">耶杜</span>或<span class="zhuanming">耶陀婆</span>（Yadu或Yādava）家族。在<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>興起之前，先後有七個<span class="zhuanming">那伽</span>（Nāga）國王曾經統治此地。<span class="zhuanming">設睹盧祇那</span>及其二子<span class="zhuanming">蘇伐護</span>和<span class="zhuanming">蘇羅森那</span>也曾君臨此城。但<span class="zhuanming">毗摩莎特伐多</span>（Bhīmasātvata）逼走其子，而奪位自立。此後<span class="zhuanming">設睹盧祇那</span>在<span class="zhuanming">朱木那河</span>西岸擊潰<span class="zhuanming">莎特伐多</span><span class="zhuanming">耶陀婆</span>人（Sātvatayādava），殺死<span class="zhuanming">摩陀伐</span><span class="zhuanming">羅伐那</span>（Mādhava-lavana），建立<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅城</span>，該國從此命名爲<span class="zhuanming">蘇羅森那</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">佛典中有關於<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>的記載，如《島史》（Dīpavaṃsa）稱此地爲<span class="zhuanming">莎定那</span>（Sādhīna）王的子孫所統治，<span class="zhuanming">耆那</span>經典也曾提到過<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅城</span>的名王<span class="zhuanming">槃藪天</span>（Vāsudeva）。此後<span class="zhuanming">海護</span>（Samudragupta）﹑<span class="zhuanming">彌蘭王</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">貴霜</span>王﹑<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span><span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人都曾統治過<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>。在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>宗教史上此城有其特殊地位，是傳説中的<span class="zhuanming">黑天</span>（Kṛṣṇa）誕生之地，<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>遍入<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00381','1384691',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P381</span></i>天派的中心，其前身薄伽梵派（Bhagavatism）就發祥於此。到<span class="zhuanming">貴霜王朝</span>該派在此地的勢力才衰微。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在此地也盛行過數世紀之久。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>的弟子<span class="zhuanming">摩訶迦多衍那</span>（Mahākātyāyana）曾在此地説法并評論種姓制度。尊者<span class="zhuanming">鄔波毱多</span>（Upagupta，<span class="zhuanming">近護</span>）在爲<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>聘往<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>之前，也曾在此地説法，并主持<span class="zhuanming">那吒婆吒寺</span>（Naṭavaṭavi-hāra），有人認爲卽本段中之“山伽藍”。<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>的<span class="zhuanming">近護寺</span>在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上的地位十分重要，<span class="zhuanming">鄔波毱多</span>在此寺曾度過數千俗人爲佛弟子。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>在此地的勢力也相當强大。該教文獻中<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>號稱爲“成就境地”（Siddhakṣetra），因爲該教的兩位聖者都在此地取得圓滿成就，教主<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>也曾在此地説法佈道。衆多的<span class="zhuanming">貴霜王朝</span>末期的銘文表明該地不僅建立過<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>僧團，而且教團也還在此地化分爲小集團。<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅城</span>的<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>浮雕表明<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>藝術中西北派傳統在此地根深蒂固。此地也出土過許多有年代和無年代的<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>像及菩薩像。<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>廟宇雕飾的富麗堂皇使<span class="zhuanming">伽色尼王朝</span>的<span class="zhuanming">馬茂德</span>（Mahmud）驚嘆不已，使他決心按照<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅</span>的藝術風格來裝飾自己的首都。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
波理夜呾羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154116" key="1154116"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 波理夜呾羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154117" key="1154117"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00376','1384690',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P376</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000610">波理夜呾羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">波理夜呾羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4256" id="4254">（一）</a>周三千餘里。國大都城周十四五里。宜穀稼，豐宿麥，有異稻，種六十日而收穫焉。多牛羊，少花菓。氣序暑熱，風俗剛猛，不尚學藝，信奉外道。王，吠奢種也<a class="zhuhao" href="#4257" id="4255">（二）</a>，性勇烈，多武畧。伽藍八所，傾毁已甚，僧徒寡少，習學小乘。天祠十餘所，異道千餘人。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00377','1384690',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P377</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4254" id="4256">（一）</a>波理夜呾羅國：梵文Pāriyātra。<span class="zhuanming">雷諾</span>（M.Reinaud）比定爲Paryātra（卽<span class="zhuanming">拜拉特</span>Bairāṭ），<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>等都贊同此説。<span class="zhuanming">拜拉特</span>（Bairāṭ或Vairāṭa）是古代<span class="zhuanming">摩嗟</span>（Matsya）的首都，又稱<span class="zhuanming">拜拉塔城</span>（Vairatanagara）。在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代傳説中頗負盛名，大史詩中的主角<span class="zhuanming">般度</span>（Paṇḍu）族五弟兄曾在此地度過長達十三年的流放生涯。此地人民以勇敢善戰著稱，《摩奴法論》（7.193）稱軍隊的前鋒應由<span class="zhuanming">俱盧</span>之野（Kurukṣetra）的<span class="zhuanming">摩嗟</span>等四個地方的人組成。又稱<span class="zhuanming">拜拉塔人</span>上陣，無不身先士卒，以一人敵數人。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也稱當地居民“風俗剛猛”，其國王“性勇烈，多武略”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">現在的<span class="zhuanming">拜拉特</span>新城位於一圓形山谷中，谷東西長約五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，南北廣約三﹑四<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，四周爲低而秃的紅色邱陵所環繞，以産銅出名，在<span class="zhuanming">德里</span>（Delhi）西南約<span class="song">105</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，<span class="zhuanming">齋浦爾</span>（Jāipur）以北<span class="song">41</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，舊城卽Vairatanagara，荒蕪達數百年之久，至十七世紀初始重新有人居住。當地出土文物甚多，最著名爲兩個<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石刻詔勅。<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>時的其他遺物也很多，有各式各樣陶器陶瓶，頭足已殘的舞女像，<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>及<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人時代的冲壓貨幣；還有一片棉布，爲研究公元初衣物及紡織史的珍貴文物。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4255" id="4257">（二）</a>王吠奢種也：據古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>婆羅門編撰的各種《法經》﹑《法論》所規定的種姓制度，王者應爲刹帝利種姓。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>訪問<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>時，雖然大多數地方的統治者屬刹帝利種姓，但是屬於其餘三種姓而稱王者，亦屢見不鮮。據本書記載：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">婆羅門種姓稱王的有三國：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那國</span>　<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>（卷第十一）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">擲枳陁國</span>　<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>（卷第十一）</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00378','1384690',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P378</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu">摩醯濕<span class="zhuanming">伐羅補羅國</span>　<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>（卷第十一）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">吠奢種姓稱王的有兩國：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>　<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>（卷第五）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">波理夜呾羅國</span>　<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>（卷第四）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">戍陀羅種姓稱王的也有兩國：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅國</span>　<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>（卷第四）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>　<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>（卷第十一）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">上列情況表明，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的種姓關係，特别是種姓與職業的關係，實際上並不像婆羅門企求和規定的那樣，井然有序，有條不紊。一個婆羅門名爲僧侣，但在實際生活中，可以從事多種職業，包括體力勞動在内。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>“被賊”脱險後就曾“遇一婆羅門耕地”（《慈恩傳》卷二）也可以證明這一點。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">秣菟<a class="zhuhao" href="#4260" id="4258">〔1〕</a>羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊名<span class="zhuanming">摩偷羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4261" id="4259">〔2〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4258" id="4260">〔1〕</a>《金陵本》菟作兔，下同。《慧琳音義》亦作兔，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4259" id="4261">〔2〕</a>原本無“舊名摩偷羅國”六字，《珠林》三十八引有此六字，但偷訛作倫。《方志》作“古云摩偷羅”。今據《珠林》補。《華嚴經疏》云：“摩偷羅，此云孔雀，亦云密蓋，並是古世因事。”《疏鈔》云：“（西域）《記》中不説孔雀之緣。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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至那僕底國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154120" key="1154120"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 至那僕底國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154121" key="1154121"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00365','1384684',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P365</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000585">至那僕底國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">至那僕底國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4157" id="4154">（一）</a>周二千餘里。國大都城周十四五里。稼穡滋茂，菓木稀疎。編户安業，國用豐贍。氣序温暑，風俗怯弱。學綜真俗，信兼邪<a class="zhuhao" href="#4156" id="4155">〔1〕</a>正。伽藍十所，天祠八所。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00366','1384684',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P366</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4155" id="4156">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》邪作衺，同</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4154" id="4157">（一）</a>至那僕底國：<span class="zhuanming">至那</span>，<span class="zhuanming">脂那</span>，<span class="zhuanming">支那</span>均爲梵文Cīna一詞音譯，意卽<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">至那僕底</span>，《西域記》原注“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>封”，意卽<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>封地，係根據傳説中的<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>質子冬季所居住的地方而得名。此字<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Cīnapati，意爲“<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>主子”，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原爲Cīnabhukti，意爲“<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>領地”，其對音及意義都較前一説爲確切。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此國地望尚待進一步研究。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>以“僕底”比附Patti爲此國國都，卽指距離<span class="zhuanming">卡蘇爾</span>（Kasur）東北二十七<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里﹑<span class="zhuanming">比阿斯河</span>以西十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的一個大而古老的城鎮。但此説與《慈恩傳》卷三中的記載顯然矛盾，卽與<span class="zhuanming">至那僕底</span>國“大城東南行五十餘里至<span class="zhuanming">答秣蘇伐那僧伽藍</span>，……從此東北行百四五十里至<span class="zhuanming">闍爛達羅國</span>”的説法是相違的。<span class="zhuanming">夏斯特里</span>認爲指<span class="zhuanming">阿姆利則</span>（Amritsar）至<span class="zhuanming">奢羯羅城</span>途中的Chini-yari，也缺乏有力佐證。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>認爲此國都城應在<span class="zhuanming">費羅兹浦爾</span>（Ferozpore）附近，也屬於類似情況。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據《慈恩傳》記載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到達<span class="zhuanming">至那僕底國</span>後，曾在<span class="zhuanming">突舍薩那寺</span>（Toṣasana-vihā<span class="song">ra</span><span class="zhuanming">樂授寺</span>）拜訪大德<span class="zhuanming">毘膩多鉢臘婆</span>（Vinī<span class="song">taprabha</span><span class="zhuanming">調伏光</span>），此人原係<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>王子，出家後持律嚴謹，學貫三藏，著有《五藴論釋》﹑《唯識三十論釋》等書。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>留該寺十四個月，從他學習《對法論》﹑《顯宗論》和《理門論》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">本段中所記<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>質子一事見本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>質子伽藍條。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、世親製論及其他遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154125" key="1154125"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 磔迦國 &gt; 二、世親製論及其他遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154126" key="1154126"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00364','1384683',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P364</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000579"><b>二﹑世親製論及其他遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">奢羯羅故城</span>中有一伽藍，僧徒百餘人，並學小乘法。<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>昔於此中製《勝義諦論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4147" id="4144">（一）</a>。其側窣堵波，高二百餘尺，過去四佛於此説法，又有四佛經行遺迹之所。伽藍西北五六里有窣堵波，高二<a class="zhuhao" href="#4146" id="4145">〔1〕</a>百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，是過去四佛説法之處。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4145" id="4146">〔1〕</a>《石本》二作三。按《方志》作“塔高二十餘丈”，與此“高二百餘尺”合。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4144" id="4147">（一）</a>勝義諦論：<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>著，<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>和<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>將它的梵文名稱還原作Paramārthasatyaśāstra。未經傳譯，故不見於<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯藏經。</span> </p><p> <span>新都城東北十餘里，至石窣堵波，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>往北方行化中路止處。《印度<a class="zhuhao" href="#4150" id="4148">〔1〕</a>記》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4151" id="4149">（一）</a>曰：窣堵波中有多舍利，或有齋日，時放光明。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00365','1384683',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P365</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4148" id="4150">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》印度二字作先賢。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4149" id="4151">（一）</a>印度記：此處《印度記》不詳爲何許樣書，又見於本書卷七<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>條。<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>曾經提出，<span class="zhuanming">隋煬帝</span>命沙門<span class="zhuanming">彦琮</span>“撰有《西域傳》一部，又命其共<span class="zhuanming">裴矩</span>訂正《天竺記》。此《天竺記》不知爲何人撰，疑與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>《西域記》所引之《印度記》同爲一書”（<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>：《宋雲行記箋注》附録《唐代以前中國記述印度之書》，<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯《西域南海史地考證譯叢六編》，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>，1956，頁66。）但無論《天竺記》，還是《印度記》，究竟是一部什麽樣的書，何人撰於何時，至今無考。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東行五百餘里，至<a class="zhuhao" href="#4153" id="4152">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">至那僕底國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4152" id="4153">〔1〕</a>原本無至字，今從《石本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》補。《徑山本》有校注云：“至，闕一字，今補。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、奢羯羅故城及大族王興滅故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154129" key="1154129"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 磔迦國 &gt; 一、奢羯羅故城及大族王興滅故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154130" key="1154130"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00354','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P354</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000572"><b>一﹑奢羯羅故城及大族王興滅故事</b></p><p> <span>大城西南十四五里，至<span class="zhuanming">奢羯羅故城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4051" id="4048">（一）</a>。垣堵雖壞，基趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#4050" id="4049">〔1〕</a>尚固，周二十餘里。其中更築小城，周六七里。居人富饒，卽此國之故都也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4049" id="4050">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》趾作址。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4048" id="4051">（一）</a>奢羯羅故城：梵文Śākala，俗語Sāgala，巴利文Sākala，<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>《八章書》（iv.2.75）中作Sāṅkala。<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯又作<span class="zhuanming">奢揭羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">沙柯<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00355','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P355</span></i>羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">沙竭</span>。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">拉維</span>（Ravi）河以西的Sāṅglawāla Tiba（北緯31度43分，東經73度27分），也有人比定爲<span class="zhuanming">錫亞爾科特</span>（Śiālkoṭ，見Fleet’s Note in the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Oriental Congress）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">奢羯羅</span>是古代<span class="zhuanming">摩陀羅</span>（Madra）國的首都。這一城名多次出現於大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》中。<span class="zhuanming">德</span>國學者<span class="zhuanming">拉森</span>（Lassen）曾將史詩中有關該城材料輯成《印度五河流域》（Pentapotamia Indica）一書。又據巴利文佛典《彌蘭王問經》（Milindapañha，内容相當於譯自梵文的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文《那先比丘經》），稱此城是一巨大的貿易中心。此城位於肥沃的丘陵地帶，是往昔<span class="zhuanming">約納伽</span>（Yonaka）的名勝之地。城周有許多碉樓堡壘利於防衛。公元前四世紀此城曾受<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大大帝</span>統治，<span class="zhuanming">馬其頓</span>人一度摧毁了<span class="zhuanming">奢羯羅城</span>。但不久爲<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span><span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>國王之一，<span class="zhuanming">德美特洛斯</span>（Demetrios）所重建，爲了紀念他的父親<span class="zhuanming">攸色德摩斯</span>（Euthydemos）而將此城改名爲<span class="zhuanming">攸色德米亞</span>（Euthydemia）。前述有名的<span class="zhuanming">彌蘭王</span>大約在公元後78年君臨<span class="zhuanming">奢羯羅</span>，當時此地十分繁榮。在<span class="zhuanming">彌蘭王</span>之前<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>已在該地傳佈。（參考Rhys Davids：Psalms of the Sisters p.48；Psalms of the Brethren p.359）。公元後六世紀上葉此城成爲<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠王</span><span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>的首都，他君臨此地並征服四境。又古代<span class="zhuanming">摩陀羅</span>諸王與<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯</span>及<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>（Kaliṅga）諸王間曾互通婚姻，結成聯盟，以抗外侮。</span> </p><p> <span>數百年前，有王號<span class="zhuanming">摩醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#4089" id="4052">〔1〕</a>邏矩羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4124" id="4053">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>。</span> <span>都治此城，王諸<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。有才智，性<a class="zhuhao" href="#4090" id="4054">〔2〕</a>勇烈，鄰境諸國，莫不臣伏。機務餘閑，欲習佛法，令於僧中推一俊德。時諸僧徒莫敢應命。少欲無爲，不求聞達。博學高明，有懼威嚴。是時王<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00356','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P356</span></i>家舊僮染衣已久，辭論清雅，言談贍敏，衆共推舉，而以應命。王曰：“我敬佛法，遠訪名僧，衆推此󵾙<a class="zhuhao" href="#4091" id="4055">〔3〕</a>，與我談論。常謂僧中賢明肩比，以今知之，夫何敬哉！”於是宣令<span class="zhuanming">五印度國</span>，繼<a class="zhuhao" href="#4092" id="4056">〔4〕</a>是佛法並皆毁滅，僧徒斥逐<a class="zhuhao" href="#4093" id="4057">〔5〕</a>，無復孑遺。摩揭<span class="zhuanming">陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#4094" id="4058">〔6〕</a>羅阿迭多王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4125" id="4059">（二）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#4095" id="4060">〔7〕</a><span class="zhuanming">幼日</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4096" id="4061">〔8〕</a>。</span> <span>崇敬佛法，愛育黎元。以<span class="zhuanming">大族王</span>淫刑虐政，自守疆埸，不恭<a class="zhuhao" href="#4097" id="4062">〔9〕</a>職貢。時<span class="zhuanming">大族王</span>治兵將<a class="zhuhao" href="#4098" id="4063">〔10〕</a>討，<span class="zhuanming">幼日王</span>知其聲問<a class="zhuhao" href="#4099" id="4064">〔11〕</a>，告諸臣曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#4100" id="4065">〔12〕</a>：“今聞寇至，不忍鬭其兵也，幸諸僚庶<a class="zhuhao" href="#4101" id="4066">〔13〕</a>赦而不罪，賜此微軀，潛行草澤！”言畢出宫，依緣山野。國中感恩慕從者數萬餘人，棲<a class="zhuhao" href="#4102" id="4067">〔14〕</a>竄海島。<span class="zhuanming">大族王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4103" id="4068">〔15〕</a>以兵付弟<a class="zhuhao" href="#4104" id="4069">〔16〕</a>，浮海往伐。<span class="zhuanming">幼日王</span>守其阨<a class="zhuhao" href="#4105" id="4070">〔17〕</a>險，輕騎誘戰，金鼓一震，奇兵四起，生擒<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>，反接引見<a class="zhuhao" href="#4106" id="4071">〔18〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">大族王</span>自愧失道<a class="zhuhao" href="#4107" id="4072">〔19〕</a>，以衣蒙面。<span class="zhuanming">幼日王</span>踞師子牀，羣官周衛，乃命侍臣告<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>曰：“汝露其面，吾欲有辭。”<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>對曰：“臣主<a class="zhuhao" href="#4108" id="4073">〔20〕</a>易位，怨敵相視，既非交好，何用面談？”再三告示，終不從命。於是宣令<a class="zhuhao" href="#4109" id="4074">〔21〕</a>數其罪曰：“三寶福田，四生攸<a class="zhuhao" href="#4110" id="4075">〔22〕</a>賴，苟任豺狼傾毁勝業。福不祐汝，見擒於我。罪無可赦，宜從<a class="zhuhao" href="#4111" id="4076">〔23〕</a>刑辟。”時<span class="zhuanming">幼日王</span>母博聞强識，善達占相，聞殺<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>也，疾告<span class="zhuanming">幼日王</span>曰：“我嘗聞<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>奇姿多智，欲一見之。”<span class="zhuanming">幼日王</span>命引<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>至母宫中，<span class="zhuanming">幼日</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4112" id="4077">〔24〕</a>母曰：“嗚呼，<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>，幸勿恥也！世間無常，榮辱更事，吾猶汝母，汝若吾子。宜去蒙衣，一言面對。”<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>曰：“昔爲敵國之君，今爲俘囚<a class="zhuhao" href="#4113" id="4078">〔25〕</a>之虜，隳廢王業，亡滅宗祀，上愧先靈，下慚黎庶，誠恥面目，俯仰天地。不勝<a class="zhuhao" href="#4114" id="4079">〔26〕</a>自喪，故此蒙衣。”王母曰：“興廢隨<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00357','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P357</span></i>時，存亡有運，以心齊物，則得喪俱忘；以物齊心，則毁譽更起。宜信業報，與時推移。去蒙<a class="zhuhao" href="#4115" id="4080">〔27〕</a>對語，或存軀命。”<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>謝曰：“苟以不才，嗣膺王業，刑政失道，國祚<a class="zhuhao" href="#4116" id="4081">〔28〕</a>亡滅，雖在縲紲之中，尚貪旦夕之命。敢承大造，面<a class="zhuhao" href="#4117" id="4082">〔29〕</a>謝厚恩！”於是去蒙衣，出其面。王母曰：“子其<a class="zhuhao" href="#4118" id="4083">〔30〕</a>自愛，當終爾壽。”已而告<span class="zhuanming">幼日王</span>曰：“先典有訓，宥過好生。今<span class="zhuanming">大族王</span>積惡雖久<a class="zhuhao" href="#4119" id="4084">〔31〕</a>，餘福未盡。若殺此人，十二年中，菜色相視。然有<a class="zhuhao" href="#4120" id="4085">〔32〕</a>中興之氣，終非大國之王，當據北方，有小<a class="zhuhao" href="#4121" id="4086">〔33〕</a>國土。”<span class="zhuanming">幼日王</span>承慈母之命，愍失國之君，娉以稚女，待<a class="zhuhao" href="#4122" id="4087">〔34〕</a>以殊禮，總其遺兵，更加衞從。來<a class="zhuhao" href="#4123" id="4088">〔35〕</a>出海島。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4052" id="4089">〔1〕</a>《新麗本》醯原作󵾘，《京大本》從《宋本》改作醯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4054" id="4090">〔2〕</a>《石本》無性字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4055" id="4091">〔3〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》󵾙作𨽻。󵾙乃𨽻之異體。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4056" id="4092">〔4〕</a>《崇本》繼作經，非。《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《異本》﹑《中本》並作絓。《音釋》亦作絓，云：“音畫字。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4057" id="4093">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》有夾注云：“斥當用黜，後同。”蓋校者之語，其實斥字自通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4058" id="4094">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》婆作波。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4060" id="4095">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》曰並作言。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4061" id="4096">〔8〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00358','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P358</span></i>本》幼並作幻，下同。《釋帖》一引亦作“幻日”。按婆羅阿迭多是梵文bālāditya的譯音。“婆羅”義云“幼”，“阿迭多”義云“日”。以“幼日”爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4062" id="4097">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》恭作供。《釋帖》一作恭，與此同。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“似以作恭爲勝。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4063" id="4098">〔10〕</a>《釋帖》將作來。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4064" id="4099">〔11〕</a>《中本》問作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4065" id="4100">〔12〕</a>《石本》無曰字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4066" id="4101">〔13〕</a>《中本》無庶字。《釋帖》僚庶作“臣僚”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4067" id="4102">〔14〕</a>原本棲作捿，今從諸本改正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4068" id="4103">〔15〕</a>《釋帖》引王下有得國二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4069" id="4104">〔16〕</a>《石本》弟作苐，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4070" id="4105">〔17〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“阨或作隘”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4071" id="4106">〔18〕</a>《崇本》反誤作及。原本見作現，《金陵本》作見，義較長，據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4072" id="4107">〔19〕</a>《釋帖》道作國，義似勝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4073" id="4108">〔20〕</a>《中本》主作王。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4074" id="4109">〔21〕</a>《中本》及《釋帖》令作命。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4075" id="4110">〔22〕</a>《釋帖》攸作依。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4076" id="4111">〔23〕</a>《釋帖》從作行。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4077" id="4112">〔24〕</a>《石本》朱校日下有王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4078" id="4113">〔25〕</a>《崇本》囚作罔。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4079" id="4114">〔26〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》勝並作能。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4080" id="4115">〔27〕</a>《中本》蒙下有衣字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00359','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P359</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4081" id="4116">〔28〕</a>《中本》祚作社。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4082" id="4117">〔29〕</a>《釋帖》面作而。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4083" id="4118">〔30〕</a>《釋帖》其作宜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4084" id="4119">〔31〕</a>《中本》久作多；《釋帖》作大。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4085" id="4120">〔32〕</a>《釋帖》有作存。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4086" id="4121">〔33〕</a>《石本》小作少。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4087" id="4122">〔34〕</a>《石本》待作侍，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4088" id="4123">〔35〕</a>原本來作未，今從《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》改。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>校作未，云：“似以作未爲勝。”恐未然。“來出海島”與下“<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>失位，藏竄山野”語相應。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4053" id="4124">（一）</a>摩醯邏矩羅：梵文Mahirakula的對音，mahira義云“太陽”，kula義云“族”，全名應當意譯“日族”。本書注曰“大族”，顯然是把梵文的mahā（摩訶，義云“大”）與mahira兩字的意義弄混了。Mahirakula卽Mihirakula（梵文Mahira與Mihira爲同字異讀），<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人。其父<span class="zhuanming">多羅摩那</span>（Toramāṇa）曾於公元五世紀末或六世紀初率領<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人從<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>進軍，征服了<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西部的大部分地區，甚至一直打到<span class="zhuanming">埃倫</span>（Eran），卽今<span class="zhuanming">中央邦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">薩加爾</span>縣（Saugor Distri-ct）。他所鑄造的錢幣表明他曾統治過今<span class="zhuanming">北方邦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拉賈斯坦邦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普邦</span>和<span class="zhuanming">克什米爾</span>等地。後來，可能由於被<span class="zhuanming">印度笈多</span>王朝的<span class="zhuanming">跋努笈多王</span>（Bhānugupta）所敗，<span class="zhuanming">多羅摩那</span>的勢力終於趨向衰落，以致<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人的統治被迫退到<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>以西地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>大約在公元515年繼其父爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">白匈奴帝國</span>之王。卽<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>在<span class="zhuanming">乾陀羅國</span>所見到的那個“凶慢無禮，坐受詔書”的<span class="zhuanming">勅<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00360','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P360</span></i>懃王</span>。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">迦爾罕納</span>的《王河》（I，306—307）也稱他爲“貨真價實的破壞之神”。此人入侵<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>僅在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之前數十年，本書所謂“數百年前”恐爲傳説不實之辭。據本書記載，他定都於<span class="zhuanming">奢羯羅城</span>（Śā-kala），一説卽今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦伊斯蘭共和國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">錫亞爾科特</span>（Śiālkoṭ）。當時，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>正處在<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝後期，盛極一時的<span class="zhuanming">笈多帝國</span>由於内部的矛盾已經分崩瓦解，許多地方首領紛紛自立爲王，戰亂不止。<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>乘機東山再起，侵佔了<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>大片土地。他的統治至少曾擴張到<span class="zhuanming">瓜廖爾</span>（Gwālior），可能還達到更遠的地方。這無疑大大削弱了<span class="zhuanming">笈多帝國</span>的力量，加速了<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝的覆滅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">本書把<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>的年代推至“數百年前”（至少當從著書年代上推三百年，卽公元345年以前），已被多數學者否定；“王諸印度”之説，亦失之籠統，或者言過其實。至於其反對<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的原因，以及這次戰争的經過等等，恐怕都是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒們爲了宣傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義而杜撰出來的。儘管如此，其中關於<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多</span>王終於戰勝<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>，從而使<span class="zhuanming">笈多帝國</span>免遭白<span class="zhuanming">匈奴人</span>的繼續掠奪這一情節，仍受到<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史學家的重視。（參閲U.Thakur：The Hūṇas in India，pp.132—185，Varanasi，1967；R.C.Majumdar：The History and Culture of the Indian People，vol.III，pp.35—38，Bombay，1954。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4059" id="4125">（二）</a>婆羅阿迭多王：<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多</span>爲梵文Bālāditya的音譯，義云“幼日”。<span class="zhuanming">印度笈多王朝</span>晚期的一個皇帝<span class="zhuanming">那羅辛訶笈多</span>（Narasiṃ-ha-gupta）在他的錢幣上自號爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多</span>（Bālāditya），因此有些學者認爲他就是本書所述的<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多王</span>。他大約在公元六世紀初卽位。其時，由於王室内鬨，藩臣割據，外族入侵，<span class="zhuanming">笈多帝國</span>的權力已限於其統治中心<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>和鄰近地區。據本書記載，他在位時<span class="zhuanming">笈多帝國</span>甚至一度向<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>統治的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">白匈奴帝國</span>稱<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00361','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P361</span></i>臣納貢。後來，大概在<span class="zhuanming">伊夏那伐摩</span>（Iśānavarman）爲首的<span class="zhuanming">穆克里族</span>（Maukharis）和其它藩臣的幫助下，他終於摧毁了<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴帝國</span>在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的統治。（R.C.Majumdar：The History and Culture of the Indian People，Bombay，vol.Ⅲ，pp.34，42—43，1954。）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據本書卷九<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>下<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁僧伽藍</span>條，<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多王</span>曾在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>修建了一座寺院，卽《慈恩傳》卷三所記<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>初到<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁寺</span>留學時住宿過的“幼日王院”。有人認爲這是他戰勝<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅王</span>以後“推恩及於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>”而建的（<span class="zhuanming">辛哈</span>和<span class="zhuanming">班納吉</span>：《印度通史》，<span class="zhuanming">中</span>譯本，<span class="zhuanming">商務印書館</span>，1964，頁128）。另外，在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>發現的一篇屬於公元八世紀左右的銘文也提到Bālāditya這個稱號，説他是一位勇不可擋的大王，他消滅了所有的敵人和贏得整個世界以後，在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>建了一座非同尋常的大寺院。（R.C.Majumdar上引書，p.43）這篇銘文不僅可以證明<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的上述記載不誤，而且説明他戰勝<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅王</span>這一事跡一直被傳頌到兩個世紀以後。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">值得注意的是，本書卷九提到<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多王</span>前面的三個國王是<span class="zhuanming">呾他揭多毱多王</span>（Tathāgata-gupta）﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛陀毱多</span>（Bhuddha-gupta）﹑<span class="zhuanming">鑠迦羅阿迭多</span>（Śakrāditya）。<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝的每一個皇帝的名字的後一部分都是gupta這個字（“笈多”﹑“毱多”的對音，<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝因此得名；義云“護”），並且其中有幾個皇帝的稱號的後一部分又是āditya一字（“阿迭多”的對音，義云“日”）。從這個特點來看，把Bālāditya考訂爲<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>王朝的皇帝是合理的；而號爲Bāladitya的<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>帝王唯Narasiṃha-gupta一人，因此認爲本書所記的<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多</span>（Bālāditya）就是<span class="zhuanming">那羅辛訶笈多</span>（Narasiṃha-gupta）也是合理的。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">大族王</span>弟還國自立。<span class="zhuanming">大族</span>失位，藏竄山野，北投<span class="zhuanming">迦濕<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00362','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P362</span></i>彌羅國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅王</span>深加禮命，愍以失國，封以土邑。歲月既淹，率其邑人，矯殺<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅王</span>，而自尊立。乘其戰勝之威，西討<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4142" id="4126">（一）</a>，潛兵伏甲，遂殺其王。國族大臣，誅鋤<a class="zhuhao" href="#4135" id="4127">〔1〕</a>殄滅。毁窣堵波，廢僧伽藍，凡一千六百所。兵殺之外，餘有九億人，皆欲誅戮，無遺󵾋<a class="zhuhao" href="#4136" id="4128">〔2〕</a>類。時諸輔佐咸進諫曰：“大王威懾强敵，兵不交鋒，誅其首惡。黎庶何咎？願以微躬，代所應死。”王曰：“汝信佛法，崇重冥福，擬成佛果，廣説本生，欲傳我惡於未來世乎？汝宜復位，勿有再辭！”於是以三億上族臨<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>流<a class="zhuhao" href="#4137" id="4129">〔3〕</a>殺之，三億中族下<a class="zhuhao" href="#4138" id="4130">〔4〕</a>沈<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>流殺之，三億下族分賜兵士。於是持其亡國之貨，振旅而歸。曾未改歲，尋卽徂<a class="zhuhao" href="#4139" id="4131">〔5〕</a>落。于時<a class="zhuhao" href="#4140" id="4132">〔6〕</a>雲霧冥晦，大地震動，暴風奮發。時證果人愍而歎曰：“枉<a class="zhuhao" href="#4141" id="4133">〔7〕</a>殺無辜，毁滅佛法，墮無間獄<a class="zhuhao" href="#4143" id="4134">（二）</a>，流轉未已！”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4127" id="4135">〔1〕</a>《石本》鋤作戮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4128" id="4136">〔2〕</a>《石本》󵾋作種；《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》並作噍。按卷一“<span class="zhuanming">屈支國</span>大龍池”條“噍類”《宋本》作“󵾋類”，與󵾋當爲一字。説詳彼校。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4129" id="4137">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》流並作岸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4130" id="4138">〔4〕</a>《石本》無下字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4131" id="4139">〔5〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》徂並作殂，通用。《中本》誤作祖。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00363','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P363</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4132" id="4140">〔6〕</a>于時，《石本》作徂落之時四字；《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》，《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作“殂落之時”四字。《中本》于前有“落之”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4133" id="4141">〔7〕</a>《新麗本》原書枉作抂，《京大本》從《石本》﹑《宋本》改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4126" id="4142">（一）</a>西討健馱邏國：<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人早在公元460年就從<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>流域越過<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>佔領了<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>，並於公元484年打敗<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>以後，建立了包括<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北部和中亞廣大地區在内的<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴帝國</span>。以後，<span class="zhuanming">多羅摩那</span>（Toramāṇa）和<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>（Mahirakula）一直以<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北的<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>作爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人的根據地向次大陸内地擴張。有人認爲。《洛陽伽藍記》卷五所記<span class="zhuanming">北魏</span>使者<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>於公元520年遇到的<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏王</span>就是<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>；稍後不久的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人<span class="zhuanming">科斯瑪斯</span>（Cosmas）在他的《基督教地誌》（Christian Topography，translated into English byJ.W.Mc’Crindle，London，1897.）一書中所描寫的<span class="zhuanming">印度白匈奴</span>人首領Gollas也是<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>，而該書同時也明確記載<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>是<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人的帝國與<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>其他各國之間的界河。（R.C.Ma-jumdar：The History and Culture of the Indian People，Bombay，1954，vol.Ⅲ，p.36）因此<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人佔領<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>的時間是在<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>敗於<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多王</span>以前，而不是以後。<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>和<span class="zhuanming">科斯瑪斯</span>也都提到他們所遇到的<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏王</span>與<span class="zhuanming">罽賓</span>（卽本書的<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>）的戰争，《王河》（Rājataraṅgiṇī）則説Mahirakula曾做過<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國王</span>。如果<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人真的統治過<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>的話，恐怕時間也在<span class="zhuanming">摩醯邏矩羅</span>敗於<span class="zhuanming">婆羅阿迭多王</span>以前，而不是以後。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4134" id="4143">（二）</a>無間獄：卽無間地獄。無間是梵文avici的意譯，音譯<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00364','1384682',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P364</span></i>阿鼻旨﹑阿鼻至﹑阿鼻﹑阿毗。指所受痛苦無有間斷之時。無間獄在地獄的最底層。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
磔迦國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154133" key="1154133"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 磔迦國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154134" key="1154134"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00352','1384681',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P352</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000569">磔迦國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4043" id="4032">（一）</a>周萬餘里，東據<span class="zhuanming">毗播奢河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4044" id="4033">（二）</a>，西臨<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#4045" id="4034">（三）</a>周二十餘里。宜粳稻，多宿麥，出金﹑銀﹑鍮石﹑銅﹑鐵。時候<a class="zhuhao" href="#4040" id="4035">〔1〕</a>暑熱，土多風飈。風俗暴惡<a class="zhuhao" href="#4041" id="4036">〔2〕</a>，言辭鄙褻。衣服鮮白，所謂憍奢耶<a class="zhuhao" href="#4042" id="4037">〔3〕</a>衣﹑朝霞衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#4046" id="4038">（四）</a>等。少信佛法，多事天神。伽藍十所，天祠數百。此國已往多有福舍<a class="zhuhao" href="#4047" id="4039">（五）</a>，以贍貧匱。或施藥，或施食，口腹之資，行旅無累。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4035" id="4040">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》候作唯。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00353','1384681',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P353</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4036" id="4041">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》惡作忍。《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作急。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4037" id="4042">〔3〕</a>《石本》耶作邪，同。《中本》作那，形之訛。按憍奢耶衣見卷二“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>總述”，同作耶。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4032" id="4043">（一）</a>磔迦國：磔迦，梵文Ṭakka的音譯。此指整個<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>平原，卽東起<span class="zhuanming">毘播奢河</span>（Vipāśā），西至<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>，北起<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>麓，南至<span class="zhuanming">木爾坦</span>（Multan）以下五河合流處爲止的廣大地區。在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時<span class="zhuanming">磔迦</span>既是國名，也是城名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據《慈恩傳》卷二記載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到該國巡禮時還遇到一番不小的波折。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>自<span class="zhuanming">曷邏闍補羅國</span>出發，經二日，渡<span class="zhuanming">旃達羅婆伽河</span>（Can-drabhāgā，卽現代的Chenab河），到達<span class="zhuanming">闍耶補羅城</span>（Jayapura），又到達<span class="zhuanming">奢羯羅城</span>，由此出<span class="zhuanming">那羅僧訶城</span>（Nārasiṃha），東至<span class="zhuanming">波羅奢</span>大森林中，突然遇到羣賊五十餘人，不但<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的衣物全都被搶劫，幾乎還遭到殺害。幸而由池邊水穴逃離險境，並遇一婆羅門召集羣衆八十餘人驅走羣賊，並救出其餘同伴，才化險爲夷。又<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>東境還拜訪了一位高壽婆羅門，此人“神理淹審，明《中》﹑《百》諸論，善《吠陀》等書”。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>因此停留一月，從他學習《經百論》和《廣百論》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4033" id="4044">（二）</a>毘播奢河：梵文Vipāśā，西方文獻中稱Hyphasis（Arri-an，vi.8），Bibasis（Ptolemy，vii.i.26，27），Hypasis（Pliny，vii.17，21），Hypanis（Strabo，xv）。卽今<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>的<span class="zhuanming">比阿斯</span>（Bias）河。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4034" id="4045">（三）</a>國大都城：據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">阿莎魯爾</span>（Asarur），卽七世紀時<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>的首府，在<span class="zhuanming">拉合爾</span>（Lahore）與<span class="zhuanming">品第巴梯衍</span>（Pindi <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00354','1384681',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P354</span></i>Bhatiyan）之間的公路線以南二<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，距前者約<span class="song">45</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，距後者<span class="song">25</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里。該城在外族入侵<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>時曾受嚴重破壞，遂湮没無聞，直至<span class="zhuanming">莫卧兒王朝</span><span class="zhuanming">阿克巴大帝</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">烏加爾沙</span>（Ugar Shah）始在該地重建<span class="zhuanming">馬斯季德城</span>（Masjid）。該地遺址中各處出土有大磚與大量的<span class="zhuanming">大月氏</span>古錢，均足以證明該處原是一古城。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4038" id="4046">（四）</a>朝霞衣：極薄的綿布所製的衣服，喻其如朝霞。《新唐書》卷二二《禮樂志》十二：“<span class="zhuanming">扶南</span>樂，舞者二人，以朝霞爲衣。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4039" id="4047">（五）</a>福舍：梵文puṇyaśālā的意譯，本書卷十二<span class="zhuanming">朅盤陁國</span>條音譯奔穰舍羅。原爲説教場所，兼管慈善事業。又，《慈恩傳》卷二作“達摩舍羅”，其注曰：“唐言福舍。王教所立，使招延行旅，給貧乏也。”按：達摩舍羅係梵文dharmaśala音譯，義同奔穰舍羅。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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序二
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154137" key="1154137"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 序二 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154138" key="1154138"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00013','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P13</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000049"><b>序二<a class="zhuhao" href="#715" id="695">〔1〕</a></b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">尚書左僕射燕國公于志寧<a class="zhuhao" href="#716" id="696">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#722" id="697">（一）</a>製</span> </p><p> <span>若夫玉毫<a class="zhuhao" href="#717" id="698">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#723" id="699">（二）</a>流照，甘露<a class="zhuhao" href="#724" id="700">（三）</a>灑於大千<a class="zhuhao" href="#725" id="701">（四）</a>；金鏡<a class="zhuhao" href="#726" id="702">（五）</a>揚輝<a class="zhuhao" href="#718" id="703">〔4〕</a>，薰風<a class="zhuhao" href="#727" id="704">（六）</a>被於有截<a class="zhuhao" href="#728" id="705">（七）</a>。故知示現<a class="zhuhao" href="#719" id="706">〔5〕</a>三界<a class="zhuhao" href="#729" id="707">（八）</a>，粤稱天下之尊；光宅四表<a class="zhuhao" href="#730" id="708">（九）</a>，式標域<a class="zhuhao" href="#720" id="709">〔6〕</a>中之大。是以慧日淪影<a class="zhuhao" href="#731" id="710">（一○）</a>，像<a class="zhuhao" href="#721" id="711">〔7〕</a>化之跡東歸<a class="zhuhao" href="#732" id="712">（一一）</a>，帝猷<a class="zhuhao" href="#733" id="713">（一二）</a>宏闡，大章<a class="zhuhao" href="#734" id="714">（一三）</a>之步西極。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#695" id="715">〔1〕</a>原本無此序，<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">元</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">明</span>《南北藏》﹑《徑山藏》本及《中本》﹑《酬本》﹑《金陵本》並有之，《金陵本》後出，較善，今據爲底本。《中本》此序與上《敬播序》前後順序互易。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#696" id="716">〔2〕</a>諸本均無“于志寧”三字，獨《中本》有之，《金陵本》從增，是也。《徑山本》在“燕國公”下補“張説”二字，卷一尾校記云：“闕<span class="zhuanming">張燕公</span>名，今補。”按<span class="zhuanming">張説</span>亦封<span class="zhuanming">燕國公</span>，但年代不符，張冠李戴，大誤。<span class="zhuanming">清</span>代<span class="zhuanming">徐松</span>等編《全唐文》因之而輯入“<span class="zhuanming">張説</span>文”内，亦不細考之過。<span class="zhuanming">英</span>人<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>（Watters）在On Yuan Chwang，s Travels in India已詳辯之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#698" id="717">〔3〕</a>《中本》毫作豪，古可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#703" id="718">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》輝作暉，通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00014','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P14</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#706" id="719">〔5〕</a>《中本》現作見。按見可讀現。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#709" id="720">〔6〕</a>《中本》域作城，形近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#711" id="721">〔7〕</a>《中本》像作象，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#697" id="722">（一）</a>于志寧：<span class="zhuanming">雍州</span><span class="zhuanming">高陵</span>（<span class="zhuanming">陝西省</span>）人，字<span class="zhuanming">仲謐</span>，<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>三年任中書侍郎﹑太子左庶子。<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>元年，加光禄大夫，進封<span class="zhuanming">燕國公</span>。<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>二年爲尚書左僕射，參與修撰各種律令﹑禮典，並與<span class="zhuanming">李勣</span>修定《本草》。<span class="zhuanming">麟德</span>二年卒，年七十八，有集二十卷。生平詳見《新唐書》卷一○四﹑《舊唐書》卷七八本傳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#699" id="723">（二）</a>玉毫：卽眉間的白毫，爲佛所謂三十二大人相中之最上相，亦作爲佛之别稱。見《觀佛三昧經》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#700" id="724">（三）</a>甘露：梵文amṛta，或譯不死藥。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>把自己的教義比喻作甘露。《妙法蓮華經》卷三《藥草品》：“爲大衆説甘露浄法。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#701" id="725">（四）</a>大千：卽大千世界，一名三千大千世界。是古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>傳説中對廣大無極世界的名稱。它想像以<span class="zhuanming">須彌山</span>爲中心，同一日月所照臨的四天下是一個小世界，綜合這一千個小世界構成一個小千世界；綜合一千個小千世界構成一個中千世界；綜合一千個中千世界，便成大千世界。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>對廣漠無垠的宇宙，採用其説，却認爲它是一佛的“化境”。故後<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>序云：“三千大千國土，爲一佛之化攝也。”詳見《智度論》卷七﹑《佛地論》卷六等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#702" id="726">（五）</a>金鏡：《太平御覽》卷七一七引《尚書考靈耀》：“<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>失金鏡，魚目入珠”。注云：“金鏡喻明道也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#704" id="727">（六）</a>薰風：和風，喻大治。《史記》卷二四《樂書》：“<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>作五弦之琴，以歌南風。”《集解》：“其辭曰：‘南風之薰兮，可以解吾民之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00015','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P15</span></i>愠兮。’”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#705" id="728">（七）</a>有截：《詩經·商頌·長發》：“相土烈烈，海外有截。”<span class="zhuanming">鄭</span>《箋》：“截，整齊也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#707" id="729">（八）</a>三界：泛指宇宙世界。據《俱舍論》卷八《分别世品》的“三界義”，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>把“衆生”所住的世界分爲三界：一“欲界”，是淫欲和食欲旺盛的衆生所住的世界；二“色界”，在欲界之上，已離開粗淺的欲念，而享受精妙境象的衆生所住的世界，一名“四禪天”。三“無色界”，在色界之上，是離開物質享受，一無所有，只有心識（精神）存在於深妙的禪定狀態的衆生所住的世界，一名“四空處”。三者合稱三界。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#708" id="730">（九）</a>光宅四表：見《尚書·堯典》，又云“光被四表”，指<span class="zhuanming">堯</span>有光明之德，充滿於四面八方。這與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>序中“光格四表”意同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#710" id="731">（一○）</a>慧日淪影：慧日，喻佛（<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>）；淪影，指逝世。《無量壽經》卷下：“慧日照世間，清除生死雲。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#712" id="732">（一一）</a>像化之跡東歸：據<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的傳説，在<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世後，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的流傳爲正法五百年，像法千年，末法萬年。此指像法時期<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>東傳至<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#713" id="733">（一二）</a>帝猷：與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>序中“皇猷”同。猷，卽治，亦卽帝王的統治之道。《書經·周書》：“若昔大猷。”《北史·牛弘傳》：“皇遒遐聞，化覃海外。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#714" id="734">（一三）</a>大章：傳説是<span class="zhuanming">唐堯</span>時的音樂名稱。《禮·樂記》：“大章，章之也。”注：“言<span class="zhuanming">堯</span>德章明也。”《白虎通》謂大章“大明天地人之道也”，此指<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>的聲教遠至西方。</span> </p><p> <span>有<span class="zhuanming">慈恩道場</span><span class="zhuanming">三藏法師</span>，諱<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>，俗姓<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>氏，其先<span class="zhuanming">潁<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00016','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P16</span></i>川</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#794" id="735">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#809" id="736">（一）</a>人也。<span class="zhuanming">帝軒</span>提象<a class="zhuhao" href="#810" id="737">（二）</a>，控<span class="zhuanming">華渚</span>而開源<a class="zhuhao" href="#811" id="738">（三）</a>；<span class="zhuanming">大舜</span>賓門<a class="zhuhao" href="#812" id="739">（四）</a>，基<span class="zhuanming">歷山</span>而聳構<a class="zhuhao" href="#813" id="740">（五）</a>。三恪照於<span class="zhuanming">姬</span>載<a class="zhuhao" href="#814" id="741">（六）</a>，六奇光於<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>祀<a class="zhuhao" href="#815" id="742">（七）</a>。書奏而承朗月<a class="zhuhao" href="#816" id="743">（八）</a>，遊道而聚德星<a class="zhuhao" href="#817" id="744">（九）</a>。縱壑駢鱗，培風齊翼<a class="zhuhao" href="#818" id="745">（一○）</a>。世濟之美，鬱爲景胄<a class="zhuhao" href="#819" id="746">（一一）</a>。法師籍慶誕生，含和降德，結根深而䓲茂，導<a class="zhuhao" href="#795" id="747">〔2〕</a>源浚而靈長。奇開之歲，霞軒月舉；聚沙<a class="zhuhao" href="#820" id="748">（一二）</a>之年，蘭薰桂馥。洎乎成立，藝殫墳素<a class="zhuhao" href="#821" id="749">（一三）</a>。九皐載響<a class="zhuhao" href="#822" id="750">（一四）</a>，五府<a class="zhuhao" href="#823" id="751">（一五）</a>交辟。以夫早悟真假，夙昭<a class="zhuhao" href="#796" id="752">〔3〕</a>慈慧，鏡真筌而延佇，顧生涯而永息。而朱紱紫纓，誠有界<a class="zhuhao" href="#824" id="753">（一六）</a>之徽<a class="zhuhao" href="#797" id="754">〔4〕</a>網；寶車丹枕，實出世之津途。由是擯落塵滓，言歸閑曠。令兄<span class="zhuanming">長捷法師</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#825" id="755">（一七）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">釋</span>門之棟榦者也。擅龍象<a class="zhuhao" href="#826" id="756">（一八）</a>於身世，挺<span class="zhuanming">鶖鷺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#798" id="757">〔5〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#827" id="758">（一九）</a>於當年。朝野挹其風猷，中外羨其聲彩。既而情深友愛，道睦天倫。法師服勤請益，分陰靡棄。業光上首<a class="zhuhao" href="#828" id="759">（二○）</a>，擢秀檀林<a class="zhuhao" href="#829" id="760">（二一）</a>；德契中庸<a class="zhuhao" href="#830" id="761">（二二）</a>，騰芬蘭室<a class="zhuhao" href="#831" id="762">（二三）</a>。抗策平道<a class="zhuhao" href="#832" id="763">（二四）</a>，包《九部》<a class="zhuhao" href="#833" id="764">（二五）</a>而吞<span class="zhuanming">夢</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#834" id="765">（二六）</a>；鼓枻玄津，俯《四韋》<a class="zhuhao" href="#835" id="766">（二七）</a>而小<span class="zhuanming">魯</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#836" id="767">（二八）</a>。自兹徧遊談肆，載移涼燠。功既成矣，能亦畢矣。至於<span class="zhuanming">泰初</span>日月<a class="zhuhao" href="#837" id="768">（二九）</a>，獨耀<a class="zhuhao" href="#799" id="769">〔6〕</a>靈臺<a class="zhuhao" href="#838" id="770">（三○）</a>；<span class="zhuanming">子雲</span>鞶帨<a class="zhuhao" href="#800" id="771">〔7〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#839" id="772">（三一）</a>，發揮神府<a class="zhuhao" href="#840" id="773">（三二）</a>。於是金文<a class="zhuhao" href="#841" id="774">（三三）</a>暫啓，佇秋駕而雲趨；玉柄纔撝<a class="zhuhao" href="#842" id="775">（三四）</a>，披霧市<a class="zhuhao" href="#801" id="776">〔8〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#843" id="777">（三五）</a>而波屬。若會斲輪<a class="zhuhao" href="#844" id="778">（三六）</a>之旨，猶知拜<a class="zhuhao" href="#802" id="779">〔9〕</a>瑟<a class="zhuhao" href="#845" id="780">（三七）</a>之微。以瀉瓶之多聞<a class="zhuhao" href="#846" id="781">（三八）</a>，泛虚舟而獨遠<a class="zhuhao" href="#803" id="782">〔10〕</a>。迺於<span class="zhuanming">轘轅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#804" id="783">〔11〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#847" id="784">（三九）</a>之地，先摧鍱腹<a class="zhuhao" href="#805" id="785">〔12〕</a>之誇<a class="zhuhao" href="#848" id="786">（四○）</a>；<span class="zhuanming">井<a class="zhuhao" href="#806" id="787">〔13〕</a>絡</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#849" id="788">（四一）</a>之鄉，遽表浮杯<a class="zhuhao" href="#807" id="789">〔14〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#850" id="790">（四二）</a>之異。遠邇宗挹，爲之語曰：“昔聞<span class="zhuanming">荀</span>氏八龍<a class="zhuhao" href="#851" id="791">（四三）</a>，今見<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>門雙驥。”<span class="zhuanming">汝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">潁</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#808" id="792">〔15〕</a>多奇士<a class="zhuhao" href="#852" id="793">（四四）</a>，誠哉此言。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00017','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P17</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#735" id="794">〔1〕</a>原本潁作穎，《章校本》改作潁。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>校本亦改作潁，云：“當作潁，各本俱誤。”按《説文》水部“潁”字云：“<span class="zhuanming">潁水</span>出<span class="zhuanming">潁川</span><span class="zhuanming">陽城</span><span class="zhuanming">乾山</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">段</span>注：“<span class="zhuanming">潁川</span>以水名郡，字當從水，而<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>碑郡名多從禾。蓋<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>時相習如此寫。……恐《漢志》﹑《説文》古本郡名亦當從禾耳。”然則“穎川”作穎亦有來由。按之地理自應作潁，今從改。原本川作州，諸本並作川，<span class="zhuanming">冥祥</span>《玄奘法師行狀》作“穎川”，<span class="zhuanming">潁川</span>，郡名，州字顯誤，今改正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#747" id="795">〔2〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》導作道，古可通用。《中本》作導，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#752" id="796">〔3〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》昭作照，古可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#754" id="797">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》徽作微，形之訛。《中本》作美。《音釋》亦作徽，云：“音暉。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#757" id="798">〔5〕</a>《中本》鶖作鵝，非。《音釋》作鶖鷺，云：“卽<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗</span>是。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#769" id="799">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》耀作曜，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#771" id="800">〔7〕</a>諸本帨作悦，非，詳見注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#776" id="801">〔8〕</a>《中本》市作布。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#779" id="802">〔9〕</a>《中本》拜作琴。《徑山本》卷一尾校記云：“拜字譌，未詳。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#782" id="803">〔10〕</a>原本遠作達，《中本》同，其他諸本並作遠，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#783" id="804">〔11〕</a>轘轅，原本轘誤作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014430vg3r.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，諸本並作轘，《音釋》同，今從正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#785" id="805">〔12〕</a><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“據<span class="zhuanming">于志寧</span>《序》，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在故鄉時曾與人進行辯論，摧敗邪説，‘鍱腹’云云卽指此而言。唯《慈恩傳》及《唐高僧傳·玄奘傳》俱不著此事。疑<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之軼聞遺事湮没不彰者多矣，此僅其一例耳。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00018','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P18</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#787" id="806">〔13〕</a>《明南本》﹑《徑山本》井作并，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#789" id="807">〔14〕</a>《徑山本》杯作桮，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#792" id="808">〔15〕</a>原本潁作穎，諸本同，今改，説見上。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#736" id="809">（一）</a>潁川：<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>置<span class="zhuanming">潁川郡</span>，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>因之，治所在<span class="zhuanming">陽翟</span>，今<span class="zhuanming">河南省</span><span class="zhuanming">禹縣</span>。<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>移治<span class="zhuanming">許昌</span>，<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span><span class="zhuanming">宋</span>治<span class="zhuanming">召陵</span>，今<span class="zhuanming">河南省</span><span class="zhuanming">郾城縣</span>東三十五里，<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>廢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#737" id="810">（二）</a>帝軒提象：<span class="zhuanming">帝軒</span>，<span class="zhuanming">黄帝</span>。《史記》卷一《五帝本紀》：“<span class="zhuanming">黄帝</span>者，<span class="zhuanming">少典</span>之子，姓<span class="zhuanming">公孫</span>，名曰<span class="zhuanming">軒轅</span>。”《集解》引<span class="zhuanming">譙周</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">有熊</span>國君，<span class="zhuanming">少典</span>之子也。”<span class="zhuanming">皇甫謐</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">有熊</span>，今<span class="zhuanming">河南</span><span class="zhuanming">新鄭</span>是也。”提象，天所垂象。因<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>是<span class="zhuanming">河南</span>人，故引<span class="zhuanming">帝軒</span>以説明其所自。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#738" id="811">（三）</a>控華渚而開源：華渚，《太平御覽》卷七九引《帝王世紀》：“<span class="zhuanming">黄帝</span>時有大星如虹，下流華渚。”《史記》卷三六《陳𣏌世家》：“<span class="zhuanming">陳</span><span class="zhuanming">胡公滿</span>者，<span class="zhuanming">虞帝舜</span>之後也。”據《史記》卷一《五帝本紀》，<span class="zhuanming">虞舜</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">顓頊</span>之後。此處説明<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>姓的由來。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#739" id="812">（四）</a>大舜賓門：《史記》卷一《五帝本紀》：“（<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>）賓於四門，四門穆穆，諸侯遠方賓客皆敬。”《集解》引<span class="zhuanming">馬融</span>曰：“四門，四方之門。諸侯羣臣朝者，<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>賓迎之，皆有美德也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#740" id="813">（五）</a>基歷山而聳構：《史記》卷一《五帝本紀》：“<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>耕<span class="zhuanming">歷山</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">歷山</span>所在有數説，《集解》引<span class="zhuanming">鄭玄</span>曰：“在<span class="zhuanming">河東</span>。”《正義》引《括地志》云：“<span class="zhuanming">蒲州</span><span class="zhuanming">河東縣</span><span class="zhuanming">雷首山</span>，一名<span class="zhuanming">中條山</span>，亦名<span class="zhuanming">歷山</span>，……南有<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>井。”又云：“<span class="zhuanming">越州</span><span class="zhuanming">餘姚縣</span>有<span class="zhuanming">歷山</span><span class="zhuanming">舜</span>井，<span class="zhuanming">濮州</span><span class="zhuanming">雷澤縣</span>有<span class="zhuanming">歷山</span><span class="zhuanming">舜</span>井。”據《水經註》“<span class="zhuanming">歷城縣</span>南對山，山上有<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>祠，<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>耕<span class="zhuanming">歷山</span>，亦云在此”，則在<span class="zhuanming">山東</span><span class="zhuanming">歷城縣</span>，今屬<span class="zhuanming">濟南市</span>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00019','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P19</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#741" id="814">（六）</a>三恪照於姬載：因<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>俗姓<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>，此從其姓氏窮源竟委。《左傳》<span class="zhuanming">襄</span>二十五年：“庸以元女大<span class="zhuanming">姬</span>配<span class="zhuanming">胡公</span>而封諸<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>，以備三恪。”據説<span class="zhuanming">胡公</span>是<span class="zhuanming">虞閼</span>父的兒子，是<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>的後裔。恪，古作愙，敬的意思。故<span class="zhuanming">杜預</span>注：“<span class="zhuanming">周</span>得天下，封<span class="zhuanming">夏</span><span class="zhuanming">殷</span>二王後，又封<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>後，謂之恪，並二王後爲三國，其禮轉降，示敬而已，故曰三恪。”<span class="zhuanming">周</span>，<span class="zhuanming">姬</span>姓，故云：“三恪照<span class="zhuanming">於</span>姬載。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#742" id="815">（七）</a>六奇光於漢祀：<span class="zhuanming">漢朝</span>的建立，據云與<span class="zhuanming">陳平</span>的“六出奇計”有關。《史記》卷五六《陳丞相世家》：“凡六出奇計。”但又云“奇計或頗秘，世莫能聞也。”《漢書》卷四○《陳平傳》同。故後人著作如《通鑑輯覽》與<span class="zhuanming">錢大昭</span>所列舉六事，似出於臆測。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#743" id="816">（八）</a>書奏而承朗月：此與上句均指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span><span class="zhuanming">陳</span>氏先世的著名事迹。朗月：《文選·魏文帝與吴質書》：“白日既匿，繼以朗月。”書奏，似指<span class="zhuanming">陳寵</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">陳忠</span>父子，數上書奏，請於斷獄“務從寬恕”事（見《後漢書》卷四十六本傳）及<span class="zhuanming">陳琳</span>書檄事（見《三國志》卷二十一本傳）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#744" id="817">（九）</a>遊道而聚德星：此同上均頌<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的“先德”。《世説新語》卷一《德行》注引<span class="zhuanming">檀道鸞</span>《續晉陽秋》：“<span class="zhuanming">陳仲弓</span>（<span class="zhuanming">寔</span>）從諸子侄共造<span class="zhuanming">荀（季和）</span>父子，于時德星聚，太史奏五百里賢人聚。”又見《異苑》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#745" id="818">（一○）</a>縱壑駢鱗培風齊翼：均喻指<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>氏歷代人材輩出。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#746" id="819">（一一）</a>景胄：《書經》有“命汝典樂，教胄子”句。胄子，長子，卽嫡子；景，大。此指<span class="zhuanming">陳</span>氏本支繁茂，成爲著名望族。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#748" id="820">（一二）</a>聚沙：《妙法蓮華經》卷一《方便品》：“乃至童子戲，聚沙爲佛塔。”奇開﹑聚沙二句均指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>童年早慧。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#749" id="821">（一三）</a>墳素：泛指古代典籍。《文選·閑居賦》：“傲墳素之場圃。”<span class="zhuanming">李善</span>注：<span class="zhuanming">賈逵</span>曰：“三墳，三皇之書；五典，五帝之典。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00020','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P20</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#750" id="822">（一四）</a>九臯載響：《詩·小雅·鶴鳴》：“鶴鳴九臯，聲聞於天。”此指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>“洎乎成立”時已知名於四方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#751" id="823">（一五）</a>五府：《漢書》卷六九《趙充國辛慶忌傳》：“詔舉可護<span class="zhuanming">羌</span>校尉者，時<span class="zhuanming">充國</span>病，四府舉<span class="zhuanming">辛武賢</span>小弟<span class="zhuanming">湯</span>，……五府復舉<span class="zhuanming">湯</span>。”據<span class="zhuanming">王先謙</span>《漢書補注》<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代稱丞相﹑御史﹑車騎將軍﹑前將軍之府爲四府，並後將軍爲五府。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#753" id="824">（一六）</a>有界：卽世界。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>對欲界﹑色界﹑無色界（三界）總名爲有世界，略稱有界。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#755" id="825">（一七）</a>長捷法師：卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>仲兄<span class="zhuanming">陳素</span>，早年出家，住<span class="zhuanming">東都</span><span class="zhuanming">浄土寺</span>，法名<span class="zhuanming">長捷</span>，詳見《大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》（以後簡稱《慈恩傳》）一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#756" id="826">（一八）</a>龍象：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>稱<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的修行勇猛精進，有最大能力的爲龍象。《智度論》卷三：“那伽（梵文nāga），或名龍，或名象，是五千阿羅漢，諸無數阿羅漢中最大力，以是故言如龍如象。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#758" id="827">（一九）</a>鶖鷺：卽<span class="zhuanming">鶖鷺子</span>，<span class="zhuanming">舍利弗多羅</span>（Śāriputra）的意譯，傳説是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的十大弟子之一，以智慧第一著稱。初與<span class="zhuanming">目犍連</span>從六師外道之一<span class="zhuanming">删闍耶毗羅胝子</span>出家學道，後逢<span class="zhuanming">馬勝</span>比丘，乃與<span class="zhuanming">目犍連</span>改信<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。據云《阿毗達磨集異門足論》爲其所著，一説是另一同名人所著。詳《大明經》﹑《增一阿含經》卷三﹑《智度論》卷四十等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#759" id="828">（二○）</a>上首：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>寺院僧侣中的主位，卽首座﹑主席。如《觀無量壽經》在三萬二千菩薩衆中，舉<span class="zhuanming">文殊師利</span>一人爲上首。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#760" id="829">（二一）</a>檀林：旃檀之林之略，寺院的尊稱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#761" id="830">（二二）</a>中庸：這不是儒家的所謂中庸之道，指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂的“中道”。中者，不二之義，亦名中道觀。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00021','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P21</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#762" id="831">（二三）</a>蘭室：佛寺的異稱，或謂梵語阿蘭若（āraṇya）之略，或謂取蘭草芬芳之義。《俱舍論頌疏論本》卷一：“咀以真詮，狎以蘭室。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#763" id="832">（二四）</a>平道：此指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的所謂“平等法”。《法華經》卷一《方便品》：“自證無上道，大乘平等法。”它認爲佛具平等度一切衆生之力，也是一切衆生平等成佛之法，故云平道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#764" id="833">（二五）</a>九部：卽九部經，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>十二部經中除去《授記》﹑《無問自説》﹑《方廣》三部外，是小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的九部經。亦云九分教。它根據佛經的内容與體裁而分類，有大小乘之别。大乘的九種分類，據《湼槃經》第三，卽一修多羅﹑二祗夜﹑三和伽羅那﹑四伽陀﹑五優陀那﹑六伊帝目多伽﹑七闍陀伽﹑八毘佛略﹑九阿浮陀達磨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#765" id="834">（二六）</a>吞夢：古代<span class="zhuanming">雲</span><span class="zhuanming">夢</span>並稱，指今兩湖地區的沼澤湖泊地區。《文選》<span class="zhuanming">司馬相如</span>《子虚賦》：“吞若<span class="zhuanming">雲</span><span class="zhuanming">夢</span>者八九於其胸中，曾不蒂芥。”本書此處與下句“小<span class="zhuanming">魯</span>”相對，以喻<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>學殖廣大。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#766" id="835">（二七）</a>四韋：卽四《吠陀》，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">雅利安</span>人最早的文獻紀録。詳卷二吠陀註。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#767" id="836">（二八）</a>小魯：《孟子·盡心》：“<span class="zhuanming">孔子</span>登<span class="zhuanming">東山</span>而小<span class="zhuanming">魯</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">春秋</span>時<span class="zhuanming">魯國</span>在今<span class="zhuanming">山東省</span>境内。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#768" id="837">（二九）</a>泰初日月：《世説新語》卷五《容止》：“時人目<span class="zhuanming">夏侯泰初</span>，朗朗如日月之入懷。”本書此處指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>儀容舉止。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#770" id="838">（三○）</a>靈臺：《莊子·庚桑楚》：“不可内於靈臺”。<span class="zhuanming">成玄英</span>疏：“靈臺，心也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#772" id="839">（三一）</a>子雲鞶帨：<span class="zhuanming">子雲</span>，<span class="zhuanming">東漢</span>大學者<span class="zhuanming">揚雄</span>字。其所著《法言·寡見》云：“今之學也，非獨爲之華藻，又從而綉其鞶帨。”<span class="zhuanming">李軌</span>注：“鞶，大帶也；帨，佩巾也。”《後漢書》卷七九下《儒林傳論》引<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00022','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P22</span></i>此文，<span class="zhuanming">李賢</span>注：“喻學者文煩碎也”。鞶，古代皮製的束衣帶；但據《禮·内則》“男鞶革，女鞶絲”。注：“鞶，小囊，盛帨巾者，男用韋，女用繒”則又作小囊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#773" id="840">（三二）</a>神府：一作靈府，指人精神所聚。《莊子·德充符》：“不可入於靈府。”<span class="zhuanming">成玄英</span>疏：“靈府者，精神之所宅也，所謂心也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#774" id="841">（三三）</a>金文：此指佛經。佛所説“教法”稱爲“金言”。《大法炬陀羅尼經》卷九：“卽是<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>金言教誨。”《洛陽伽藍記》卷四記城西<span class="zhuanming">融覺寺</span>：“雖石室之寫金言，草堂之傳真教，不能過也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#775" id="842">（三四）</a>玉柄纔撝：玉柄，<span class="zhuanming">魏</span><span class="zhuanming">晉</span>人清談時常執的麈尾所製拂塵。《世説新語》卷五《容止》：“<span class="zhuanming">王夷甫</span>容貌整麗，妙於談玄，恒捉白玉柄麈尾，與手都無分别。”撝通揮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#777" id="843">（三五）</a>霧市：《史記》卷二七《天官書》：“海旁蜄氣象樓臺，廣野氣成宫闕然；雲氣各象其山川人民所聚積。”此爲海市蜃樓之所出。《後漢書》卷三六《張楷傳》：“性好通術，能作五里霧”，故霧市借喻迷離恍惚不知所從。此句指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對於<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>理論的紛歧，能“披霧市而波屬”，理解清晰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#778" id="844">（三六）</a>斲輪：語出《莊子·天道》，原指車工斲木制造車輪，後借喻經驗豐富，技藝精湛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#780" id="845">（三七）</a>拜瑟：未詳。或有譌字，見《校記》〔9〕。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#781" id="846">（三八）</a>瓶瀉之多聞：<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>以“多聞第一”著稱，北本《湼槃經》卷四十：佛云“<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>事我二十餘年，……持我所説十二部經，一經其耳，曾不再問，如瀉瓶水。”此喻<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#784" id="847">（三九）</a>轘轅：<span class="zhuanming">轘轅山</span>在今<span class="zhuanming">河南</span><span class="zhuanming">偃師縣</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>故鄉<span class="zhuanming">洛州</span><span class="zhuanming">緱氏</span>）東南，山道奇險，古稱<span class="zhuanming">轘轅道</span>。《管子·地圖》：“<span class="zhuanming">轘轅</span>之險。”注：“謂路形若轅而又轘曲；<span class="zhuanming">緱氏</span>東南有<span class="zhuanming">轘轅道</span>是也。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00023','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P23</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#786" id="848">（四○）</a>鍱腹之誇：鍱，銅鐵鎚鍊成的薄片，見《説文》<span class="zhuanming">段玉裁</span>注。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳説有<span class="zhuanming">薩遮祇</span>尼犍子外道自誇其腹中容納一切智慧，恐其破裂，以銅鍱鍱腹保護之，見《智度論》卷二十六。本書卷十《羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國》載“<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>有一外道，腹錮銅鍱，首戴明炬，來入此城，振擊論鼓，求欲明義。”<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>《大唐西域記》校稿云：“據<span class="zhuanming">于志寧</span>《序》，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在故鄉時曾與人進行辯論，摧敗邪説，‘鍱腹’云云卽指此事而言。唯《慈恩傳》及《唐高僧傳·玄奘傳》俱不著此事。疑<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之軼聞軼事湮没不彰者多矣。此僅其一例。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#788" id="849">（四一）</a>井絡之鄉：指<span class="zhuanming">蜀地</span>。井絡，星名。<span class="zhuanming">左思</span>《蜀都賦》：“<span class="zhuanming">岷山</span>之精，上爲井絡。”《河圖括地象》：“<span class="zhuanming">岷山</span>之地，上爲井絡。”據《慈恩傳》卷一，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>於<span class="zhuanming">大業</span>末年遊<span class="zhuanming">蜀</span>受業，自<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>經<span class="zhuanming">子午谷</span>，入<span class="zhuanming">漢川</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">成都</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#790" id="850">（四二）</a>浮杯：《高僧傳》卷十<span class="zhuanming">杯度</span>傳記<span class="zhuanming">劉</span><span class="zhuanming">宋</span>時有僧人<span class="zhuanming">杯度</span>，常以木杯渡水，後人因而稱僧人遊歷爲“浮杯”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#791" id="851">（四三）</a>荀氏八龍：<span class="zhuanming">東漢</span><span class="zhuanming">荀淑</span>有子八人，“并有名稱，時人謂之八龍。”（《後漢書》卷六二《荀淑傳》）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#793" id="852">（四四）</a>汝潁多奇士：《三國志》卷一四《郭嘉傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">汝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">潁</span>固多奇士。”</span> </p><p> <span>法師自幼迄長，遊心<a class="zhuhao" href="#863" id="853">〔1〕</a>玄籍<a class="zhuhao" href="#864" id="854">〔2〕</a>。名流先達，部執<a class="zhuhao" href="#865" id="855">（一）</a>交馳，趨末忘本，摭華捐實，遂有南北異學<a class="zhuhao" href="#866" id="856">（二）</a>，是非紛糾。永言於此，良用憮然。或恐傳譯踳駮，未能筌究，欲窮香象之文<a class="zhuhao" href="#867" id="857">（三）</a>，將罄<span class="zhuanming">龍宫</span>之目。以絶倫之德，屬會昌之期，杖錫拂衣，第如遐境。於是背玄<span class="zhuanming">灞</span>而延望<a class="zhuhao" href="#868" id="858">（四）</a>，指<span class="zhuanming">葱山</span>而矯迹。川<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00024','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P24</span></i>陸綿長，備嘗艱險。陋<span class="zhuanming">博望</span>之非遠，嗤<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#869" id="859">（五）</a>之爲局。遊踐之處，畢究方言，鐫求幽賾，妙窮津會。於是詞發雌黄<a class="zhuhao" href="#870" id="860">（六）</a>，飛英<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>；文傳貝葉<a class="zhuhao" href="#871" id="861">（七）</a>，聿歸<span class="zhuanming">振旦</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#872" id="862">（八）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#853" id="863">〔1〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《酬本》心作刄。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#854" id="864">〔2〕</a>《中本》籍作藉，古可通用。《徑山本》作理。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#855" id="865">（一）</a>部執：<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世後百餘年，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>分裂爲上座﹑大衆二大部派。後又不斷分裂，形成更多的部派。詳見後有關各條註釋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#856" id="866">（二）</a>南北異學：<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所開創的法相宗，其主要依據的有六部經和十一部論，有的在<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span><span class="zhuanming">劉宋</span>時已有所譯出，到<span class="zhuanming">梁朝</span>時傳來的更多，因所譯依的“論”之不同，分爲南北二宗。在北方的<span class="zhuanming">菩提流支</span>和<span class="zhuanming">勒那摩提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛陀扇多</span>於<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>譯出<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>的《十地經論》（法相宗所依據的十一論之一），主張如來藏緣起説，談六相圓融，明一乘佛性，僧衆研究的漸多，成立了地論宗學派。在南方則<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>譯出<span class="zhuanming">無著</span>的《攝大乘論》（法相宗所依據的十一論之一），成立攝論宗學派。主張無塵唯識義，兼立九識的理論。於是南北兩派對峙，學説分歧，而地論宗因<span class="zhuanming">勒那摩提</span>和<span class="zhuanming">菩提流支</span>的弟子間所承受的學説亦有分歧，又分裂爲南道和北道兩個派系，聚訟紛紜，莫衷一是。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>爲了解決南﹑北異學的紛争，探究所謂“佛性”的問題，因此對這些宗教理論的“是非紛糾”，“良用憮然。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00025','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P25</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#857" id="867">（三）</a>香象之文：佛典的通稱。《大方便佛報恩經》卷四：“（<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>）雖復能多讀誦六萬香象經，而不能免<span class="zhuanming">阿鼻</span>地獄罪。”但此似指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>欲至<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>親自承<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>之學。《俱舍論頌疏論本》卷一載<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>造《俱舍論》“如是次第成六百頌，攝大婆沙，其義周盡，標頌香象，擊鼓宣令云，誰能破者，吾當謝之。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#858" id="868">（四）</a>背玄灞而延望：<span class="zhuanming">玄灞</span>，指<span class="zhuanming">灞水</span>，泛指<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>，此句指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>開始西行。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#859" id="869">（五）</a>法顯：（約公元337—422年）：俗姓<span class="zhuanming">龔</span>，<span class="zhuanming">平陽</span><span class="zhuanming">武陽</span>（<span class="zhuanming">山西</span><span class="zhuanming">襄垣縣</span>）人，於公元399年（<span class="zhuanming">東晉</span><span class="zhuanming">隆安</span>三年）與<span class="zhuanming">慧景</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道整</span>等從<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>西行求法。渡流沙，越<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>，歷北﹑西﹑中﹑東<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>等地，並至<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>（今<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>），於412年（<span class="zhuanming">義熙</span>八年）經<span class="zhuanming">爪哇島</span>由海道返國，前後十四年，游歷三十餘國，携回梵本佛經多種，在<span class="zhuanming">建康</span>（<span class="zhuanming">江蘇</span><span class="zhuanming">南京市</span>）<span class="zhuanming">道場寺</span>與<span class="zhuanming">佛馱陀羅</span>合譯經論六部，二十四卷；又著有《法顯傳》（或稱《佛國記》），爲研究五世紀<span class="zhuanming">南亞</span>次大陸各國史地的重要資料。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#860" id="870">（六）</a>雌黄：此指<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>改正論師的錯誤。<span class="zhuanming">周密</span>《齊東野語》：卷十九：“近世諸公，多作考異﹑證誤﹑糾謬等書，以雌黄前輩。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#861" id="871">（七）</a>貝葉：“貝”或“貝多”是“貝多羅”的簡寫，爲梵文pattra或patra音譯。基本含義有二：一，樹葉；二，貝多羅樹（學名Laurus cassia）和它的葉子。這種葉子可以用來抄寫經文，所謂貝葉經，就是指這種東西。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">段成式</span>《酉陽雜俎》卷一八對此有所論述。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#862" id="872">（八）</a>振旦：又作<span class="zhuanming">震旦</span>，梵文Cīnasthāna的音譯，爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>對<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>之稱。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">太宗文皇帝</span>金輪纂御，寶位居尊。載佇風徽，召見青蒲<a class="zhuhao" href="#884" id="873">（一）</a>之上；迺睠通識，前膝黄屋<a class="zhuhao" href="#885" id="874">（二）</a>之間。手詔綢繆，中使繼<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00026','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P26</span></i>路。俯摛睿思，乃製《三藏聖教序》<a class="zhuhao" href="#886" id="875">（三）</a>，凡七百八十言<a class="zhuhao" href="#882" id="876">〔1〕</a>。今上<a class="zhuhao" href="#887" id="877">（四）</a>昔在春闈，裁《述聖記》<a class="zhuhao" href="#888" id="878">（五）</a>，凡五百七十九言。啓玄妙之津，盡<a class="zhuhao" href="#883" id="879">〔2〕</a>揄揚之旨。蓋非道映<span class="zhuanming">雞林</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#889" id="880">（六）</a>，譽光<span class="zhuanming">鷲嶽</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#890" id="881">（七）</a>，豈能緬降神藻，以旌時秀！</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#876" id="882">〔1〕</a>七百八十言，原本八誤作六，今從諸本改。<span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>先生云：“七百六十言，蓋據《弘教藏》而誤。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#879" id="883">〔2〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》盡作書。《宋本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》作盡，與此同。盡字爲長。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#873" id="884">（一）</a>青蒲：皇帝的卧室。《漢書》卷八二《史丹傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">丹</span>以親密臣得侍視疾，候上閒獨寢時，<span class="zhuanming">丹</span>直入卧内，頓首伏青蒲上。”<span class="zhuanming">應劭</span>注：“以青規地曰青蒲，自非皇后不得至此。”<span class="zhuanming">孟康</span>注：“以蒲青爲席，用蔽地也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#874" id="885">（二）</a>黄屋：指皇帝車輛，上以黄繒爲蓋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#875" id="886">（三）</a>三藏聖教序：《大唐三藏聖教序》（簡稱《聖教序》），<span class="zhuanming">李世民</span>撰。《述三藏聖教序記》（簡稱《述聖記》）<span class="zhuanming">李治</span>爲太子時撰。<span class="zhuanming">李治</span>卽皇帝位後，將《聖教序》和《述聖記》刻石立碑。碑有四種：一﹑<span class="zhuanming">弘福寺</span>僧<span class="zhuanming">懷仁</span>集摹<span class="zhuanming">晉</span><span class="zhuanming">王羲之</span>的行書，刻成“序”和“記”二文，公元672年（<span class="zhuanming">咸亨</span>三年）立。原石在公元1555年（<span class="zhuanming">明</span><span class="zhuanming">嘉靖</span>三十四年因地震爲塔頂墜壓所斷裂，<span class="zhuanming">明</span>代曾翻刻，碑今在<span class="zhuanming">西安</span>碑林。二﹑<span class="zhuanming">褚遂良</span>楷書，卽“雁塔聖教本”，公元653年（<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>四年）立，碑今在<span class="zhuanming">西安</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00027','1384567',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P27</span></i><span class="zhuanming">慈恩寺</span><span class="zhuanming">大雁塔</span>，“序”﹑“記”分刻二碑，三﹑“<span class="zhuanming">同州</span>聖教本”，是<span class="zhuanming">褚</span>書的臨本，663年（<span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>三年）立於<span class="zhuanming">同州</span>（今<span class="zhuanming">陝西</span><span class="zhuanming">大茘縣</span>），碑陰刻有<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">金</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">明</span>等題名。四﹑<span class="zhuanming">王行滿</span>楷書本，657年（<span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>二年）立於<span class="zhuanming">河南</span><span class="zhuanming">偃師</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#877" id="887">（四）</a>今上：指<span class="zhuanming">唐高宗</span><span class="zhuanming">李治</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#878" id="888">（五）</a>述聖記：見上“三藏聖教序”注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#880" id="889">（六）</a>雞林：<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子</span>城附近寺院名，梵名Kukkuṭārāma，又作<span class="zhuanming">雞園寺</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">雞林精舍</span>。本書卷八<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>上作<span class="zhuanming">屈屈</span><span class="zhuanming">吒阿濫摩僧伽藍</span>。參見該條及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#881" id="890">（七）</a>鷲嶽：卽<span class="zhuanming">鷲峯</span>，見本書卷九<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>下<span class="zhuanming">鷲峯山</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span>奉詔翻譯梵本，凡六百五十七部。具覽遐方異俗，絶壤殊風，土著之宜，人倫<a class="zhuhao" href="#894" id="891">〔1〕</a>之序，正朔所暨<a class="zhuhao" href="#896" id="892">（一）</a>，聲教所覃<a class="zhuhao" href="#895" id="893">〔2〕</a>，著《大唐西域記》，勒成一十二卷。編録典奥，綜覈明審，立言不朽，其在兹焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#891" id="894">〔1〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》倫誤作備。《中本》作倫，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#893" id="895">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》覃作單。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#892" id="896">（一）</a>正朔所暨：正，一年的開始；朔，一月的開始。《史記》卷二六《曆書》：“王者易姓受命，必慎始初，改正朔，易服色。”此處意謂<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>聲威所及，西域各地都奉<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>曆法。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
屈露多國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154141" key="1154141"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 屈露多國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154142" key="1154142"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00372','1384688',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P372</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000599">屈露多國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">屈露多國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4229" id="4216">（一）</a>周三千餘里，山周四境。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#4230" id="4217">（二）</a>周十四五里。土地沃壤，穀稼時播，花果茂盛，卉木滋榮。既鄰雪山，遂多珍藥，出金﹑銀﹑赤銅及火珠﹑雨石<a class="zhuhao" href="#4224" id="4218">〔1〕</a>。氣序逾<a class="zhuhao" href="#4225" id="4219">〔2〕</a>寒，霜雪微降。人貌麁𡚁，既癭且尰<a class="zhuhao" href="#4231" id="4220">（三）</a>，性剛猛，尚氣勇。伽藍二十餘所，僧徒千餘人，多學大乘，少習諸部。天祠十五<a class="zhuhao" href="#4226" id="4221">〔3〕</a>，異道雜居。依巖據嶺，石室相距<a class="zhuhao" href="#4227" id="4222">〔4〕</a>，或羅漢所居，或仙人所止。國中有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之<a class="zhuhao" href="#4228" id="4223">〔5〕</a>建也，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>曾至此國説法度人，遺迹斯記。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00373','1384688',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P373</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4218" id="4224">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》“雨石”校記云：“雨疑鍮誤。”《金陵本》據之作“鍮石”。按本書所記各國物産無雨石之名，鍮與雨音近易誤，似以作鍮爲是。但各舊本及《方志》皆作雨石，不宜輙改，今仍之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4219" id="4225">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《中本》逾作漸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4221" id="4226">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》五下有所字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4222" id="4227">〔4〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》距作岠。《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作歫。《石本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014432vwjm.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，乃岠之訛。按距﹑歫﹑岠爲同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4223" id="4228">〔5〕</a>《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》之下並有所字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4216" id="4229">（一）</a>屈露多：<span class="zhuanming">屈露多</span>，梵文Kulūta的音譯。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>説是在<span class="zhuanming">闍爛達羅</span>東北，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲正與<span class="zhuanming">比阿斯（Bias）河</span>流域上游<span class="zhuanming">西姆拉</span>西北的<span class="zhuanming">屈露</span>（Kulu）地區位置相符，在今之<span class="zhuanming">康拉縣</span>（Kangra）。《毗濕奴往世書》稱一種居民叫做Ulūta或Ku1ūta，正與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>書中的<span class="zhuanming">屈露多</span>相合。《羅摩衍那》稱之爲Kolūta或Kolūka。至於今之<span class="zhuanming">屈露</span>（Kulu）可能是古名的簡化。它的都城是<span class="zhuanming">納加科特</span>（Nagarkoṭ）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4217" id="4230">（二）</a>國大都城：今<span class="zhuanming">屈露</span>的首府爲<span class="zhuanming">蘇丹浦爾</span>（Sultānpur），舊都至今仍稱爲<span class="zhuanming">那迦爾</span>（Nagara，城市﹑都城之意），卽Nagarkoṭ。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4220" id="4231">（三）</a>既癭且尰：癭，此指頸上囊狀的贅生物。尰，卽大脖子，《説文·尢部》尰，脛氣腫，本作𤺄，從疒童聲。後作尰，《詩·小雅》：“既徵且尰”。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00374','1384688',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P374</span></i><p> <span>從此北路千八九百里，道路危險，踰山越谷，至<span class="zhuanming">洛護羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4233" id="4232">（一）</a>。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4232" id="4233">（一）</a>洛護羅國：卽我國<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>的<span class="zhuanming">洛域</span>（Lho-yul，卽南方地區之意），<span class="zhuanming">屈露</span>人稱之爲Lāhul，但<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>語語言學者<span class="zhuanming">耶司克</span>（Jäschke）則不贊成這一説法。</span> </p><p> <span>此北二千餘里，經途艱<a class="zhuhao" href="#4238" id="4234">〔1〕</a>阻，寒風飛雪，至<span class="zhuanming">秣<a class="zhuhao" href="#4239" id="4235">〔2〕</a>邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#4240" id="4236">〔3〕</a>娑國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4241" id="4237">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">亦謂<span class="zhuanming">三波訶國</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4234" id="4238">〔1〕</a>《中本》艱作難。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4235" id="4239">〔2〕</a>《石本》秣作秼，訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4236" id="4240">〔3〕</a>《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》邏並作羅。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4237" id="4241">（一）</a>秣羅娑國：<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲“娑”爲“婆”字之誤，卽<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>語Mar-po，意卽“紅色地域”，又作<span class="zhuanming">拉達克</span>（Ladakh），因該地土壤呈紅色的緣故。但<span class="zhuanming">夏斯特里</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">秣羅娑</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>語Mar-sa的對音，Mar-sa或Mar-yul，意卽“低地”，爲<span class="zhuanming">拉達克</span>今古之通稱。至於原注中“亦謂<span class="zhuanming">三波訶國</span>”，至今尚無確切解釋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又，以上二國是傳聞之國，非<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>親履之地。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00375','1384688',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P375</span></i><p> <span>自<span class="zhuanming">屈露多國</span>南行七百餘里，越大山，濟大<a class="zhuhao" href="#4243" id="4242">〔1〕</a>河，至<span class="zhuanming">設多圖盧</span>國。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4242" id="4243">〔1〕</a>《中本》無大字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
序一
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv921071" key="921071"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 序一 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv921072" key="921072"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00001','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000039"><b>序一<a class="zhuhao" href="#540" id="533">〔1〕</a></b></p><p> <span>竊以穹儀方載<a class="zhuhao" href="#543" id="534">（一）</a>之廣，藴識懷靈<a class="zhuhao" href="#544" id="535">（二）</a>之異，談天<a class="zhuhao" href="#545" id="536">（三）</a>無以<a class="zhuhao" href="#541" id="537">〔2〕</a>究其極，括地<a class="zhuhao" href="#542" id="538">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#546" id="539">（四）</a>詎足辯其原？是知方志所未傳聲教所不暨者，豈可勝道哉！</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#533" id="540">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">宋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">元</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">明</span>各《藏》本無此序。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#537" id="541">〔2〕</a>無以，《石本》﹑《異本》作以無。非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#538" id="542">〔3〕</a>括地，《中本》括作栝。按古寫本從扌從木之字常淆。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#534" id="543">（一）</a>穹儀方載：泛指天地。古稱天圓地方，又謂天覆地載。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#535" id="544">（二）</a>藴識懷靈：泛指人類。《書經·泰誓》：“惟人萬物之靈。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#536" id="545">（三）</a>談天：《史記·荀卿列傳》<span class="zhuanming">裴駰</span>《集解》引<span class="zhuanming">劉向</span>《别録》：“<span class="zhuanming">騶（鄒）衍</span>之所言，五德始終，天地廣大，書言天事，故曰‘談天’。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#539" id="546">（四）</a>括地：<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代緯書有《河圖括地象》，爲古地理書，今佚。<span class="zhuanming">張華</span>《博物志》卷首引此書；《周禮·春官·保章氏》<span class="zhuanming">賈公彦</span>曾疏引之，可見此書<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時尚存。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初<span class="zhuanming">李泰</span>曾輯《括地志》五百五十卷。</span> </p><p> <span>詳夫<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#622" id="547">（一）</a>之爲國也，其來尚矣。聖賢以之疊軫<a class="zhuhao" href="#623" id="548">（二）</a>，仁<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00002','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P2</span></i>義於焉成俗。然事絶於曩代，壤隔於中土，《山經》<a class="zhuhao" href="#624" id="549">（三）</a>莫之紀，《王會》<a class="zhuhao" href="#625" id="550">（四）</a>所不書。<span class="zhuanming">博望</span>鑿空，徒寘懷於<span class="zhuanming">邛</span>竹<a class="zhuhao" href="#600" id="551">〔1〕</a>；<span class="zhuanming">昆明</span>道閉<a class="zhuhao" href="#601" id="552">〔2〕</a>，謬肆力於<span class="zhuanming">神池</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#626" id="553">（五）</a>。遂使瑞表恒星，鬱玄妙於千載<a class="zhuhao" href="#627" id="554">（六）</a>；夢彰<a class="zhuhao" href="#602" id="555">〔3〕</a>佩日，秘神光於萬里<a class="zhuhao" href="#628" id="556">（七）</a>。暨於<span class="zhuanming">蔡愔</span>訪道，<span class="zhuanming">摩騰</span>入<span class="zhuanming">洛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#629" id="557">（八）</a>，經藏<span class="zhuanming">石室</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#630" id="558">（九）</a>，未盡龍宫之奥<a class="zhuhao" href="#631" id="559">（一○）</a>，像畫<span class="zhuanming">涼臺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#632" id="560">（一一）</a>，寧極<span class="zhuanming">鷲峯</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#633" id="561">（一二）</a>之美<a class="zhuhao" href="#603" id="562">〔4〕</a>？自兹厥後，時政多虞。閹豎乘㩲<a class="zhuhao" href="#604" id="563">〔5〕</a>，潰<a class="zhuhao" href="#605" id="564">〔6〕</a><span class="zhuanming">東京</span>而鼎峙；母后成釁<a class="zhuhao" href="#606" id="565">〔7〕</a>，剪<a class="zhuhao" href="#607" id="566">〔8〕</a>中朝而幅裂<a class="zhuhao" href="#634" id="567">（一三）</a>。憲章泯於<span class="zhuanming">函</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#608" id="568">〔9〕</a><span class="zhuanming">雒</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#635" id="569">（一四）</a>，烽燧警於關塞，四郊因<a class="zhuhao" href="#609" id="570">〔10〕</a>而多壘<a class="zhuhao" href="#636" id="571">（一五）</a>，況兹邦之絶遠哉！然而釣<a class="zhuhao" href="#610" id="572">〔11〕</a>奇之客，希世間至。頗存記注，寧盡物土之宜？徒採神經<a class="zhuhao" href="#637" id="573">（一六）</a>，未極真如<a class="zhuhao" href="#638" id="574">（一七）</a>之旨。有<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>一統，寔務恢疆<a class="zhuhao" href="#611" id="575">〔12〕</a>，尚且睠<a class="zhuhao" href="#612" id="576">〔13〕</a><span class="zhuanming">西海</span>而咨嗟<a class="zhuhao" href="#639" id="577">（一八）</a>，望<span class="zhuanming">東離</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#613" id="578">〔14〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#640" id="579">（一九）</a>而杼軸<a class="zhuhao" href="#641" id="580">（二○）</a>。揚旌<a class="zhuhao" href="#614" id="581">〔15〕</a><span class="zhuanming">玉門</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#642" id="582">（二一）</a>之表，信亦多人；利涉<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#643" id="583">（二二）</a>之源，蓋無足紀。曷能指<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#644" id="584">（二三）</a>而長騖<a class="zhuhao" href="#615" id="585">〔16〕</a>，望<span class="zhuanming">龍池</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#645" id="586">（二四）</a>而一息者哉！良由德不被物，威不及遠。我大<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>之有天下也，闢寰宇而創帝圖，掃攙搶<a class="zhuhao" href="#616" id="587">〔17〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#646" id="588">（二五）</a>而清天步<a class="zhuhao" href="#647" id="589">（二六）</a>，功侔造化，明等照臨。人荷再生，肉骨<a class="zhuhao" href="#617" id="590">〔18〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#648" id="591">（二七）</a>豺狼之吻；家蒙錫壽，還魂鬼蜮<a class="zhuhao" href="#618" id="592">〔19〕</a>之墟。總異類於<span class="zhuanming">藁街</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#619" id="593">〔20〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#649" id="594">（二八）</a>，掩遐荒於輿地，菀<a class="zhuhao" href="#620" id="595">〔21〕</a>十洲<a class="zhuhao" href="#621" id="596">〔22〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#650" id="597">（二九）</a>而池環海<a class="zhuhao" href="#651" id="598">（三○）</a>，小五帝而鄙上皇<a class="zhuhao" href="#652" id="599">（三一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#551" id="600">〔1〕</a>邛竹，《新麗本》﹑《隨函録》邛作卬，《京大本》從《異本》﹑《石本》作卭，《中本》作功。按此字地名當屬邑旁，《説文》﹑《廣韻》並作邛，今據正。《史記·大宛傳》﹑《漢書·張騫傳》﹑《宋本》並作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00003','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P3</span></i>卭，則衍誤已久。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#552" id="601">〔2〕</a>閉，《中本》﹑《異本》作閑，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#555" id="602">〔3〕</a>彰，《中本》作章，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#562" id="603">〔4〕</a>《異本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》美下有矣字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#563" id="604">〔5〕</a>㩲，《異本》﹑《石本》並作權。按《九經字樣》㩲乃“古拳字，俗作權，譌。”今權行而㩲廢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#564" id="605">〔6〕</a>潰，《金陵本》作憒，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#565" id="606">〔7〕</a>釁，《異本》及《隨函録》作舋，《石本》作󵾀。󵾀乃舋之譌。《慧琳音義》云：“釁，《序》作舋，俗字也。”然則<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>所見《序》亦作舋也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#566" id="607">〔8〕</a>剪，《異本》﹑《石本》及《隨函録》作翦，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#568" id="608">〔9〕</a>原本函作亟，乃函之俗字，今從《校本》改，下同。《異本》﹑《石本》作󵾁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#570" id="609">〔10〕</a>因，《古本》作困。依文義因字爲長，困乃形近而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#572" id="610">〔11〕</a>《異本》﹑《石本》釣作鈎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#575" id="611">〔12〕</a>疆，原本作壃，《慧琳音義》作畺，云：“或從土作壃。”今從通用字改，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#576" id="612">〔13〕</a>睠，《中本》作腃，字形之誤。《金陵本》作󱖊。《慧琳音義》作眷，云：“或作󱖊﹑󵾂。《序》作󱖊，俗字也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#578" id="613">〔14〕</a>離，原本作雒，《異本》作離，《中本》作雖。按“東離”見《後漢書·西域傳》（詳注），“東雒”則指<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>東都<span class="zhuanming">雒陽</span>，依文義似作東離爲長。今改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#581" id="614">〔15〕</a>旌，原作󵾃，今從《異本》﹑《金陵本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#585" id="615">〔16〕</a>騖，原作騖，今通作騖。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“一本作鶩，以從馬爲是。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#587" id="616">〔17〕</a>攙搶，《異本》作欃槍，《石本》﹑《中本》作槍欃，《隨函録》作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00004','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P4</span></i>欃鎗。按攙搶偏旁從扌從木從金並通用。二字爲雙聲連緜詞，故或作槍欃。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#590" id="617">〔18〕</a>肉骨，《石本》肉作完，《考異》云：“乃𡧢之譌。”按𡧢乃肉之俗字。《金陵本》作骨肉，非。肉骨乃“生死而肉白骨”意，與下文“還魂”爲對偶。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#592" id="618">〔19〕</a>鬼蜮，《異本》﹑《中本》蜮誤作域。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#593" id="619">〔20〕</a>藁街，《中本》藁作稾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#595" id="620">〔21〕</a>菀，《異本》作苑，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#596" id="621">〔22〕</a>洲，《古本》作州。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#547" id="622">（一）</a>天竺：古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的别稱，詳本書卷二《印度總敍》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#548" id="623">（二）</a>疊軫：疊，《玉篇》：“疊，重也，累也。”軫，《考工記·總序》：“車軫四尺。”<span class="zhuanming">鄭玄</span>注：“輿下四面材合而收輿謂之軫”，卽車箱底部四面的横木。疊軫，言車馬來往的盛況，此借喻<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的“聖賢”輩出。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#549" id="624">（三）</a>山經：指我國古代地理名著《山海經》。《山海經》十八卷，作者與時代均不詳，原似爲口頭傳説，約在<span class="zhuanming">戰國</span>時紀録成文，<span class="zhuanming">秦</span><span class="zhuanming">漢</span>時又有所增補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#550" id="625">（四）</a>王會：《逸周書》的篇名，記載<span class="zhuanming">成周</span>之會，諸侯入朝的事蹟。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#553" id="626">（五）</a>博望鑿空徒寘懷於邛竹昆明道閉謬肆力於神池：<span class="zhuanming">博望</span>，<span class="zhuanming">張騫</span>以功封<span class="zhuanming">博望侯</span>。鑿空，《漢書》卷六十一《張騫傳》：“然<span class="zhuanming">騫</span>鑿空。”<span class="zhuanming">蘇林</span>曰：“鑿，開也。空，通也。<span class="zhuanming">騫</span>始通西域道也。”寘，《説文》：“置也。”<span class="zhuanming">邛</span>竹，<span class="zhuanming">邛山</span>（在今<span class="zhuanming">四川</span><span class="zhuanming">榮經縣</span>西南）所産竹杖。《史記》卷一<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00005','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P5</span></i>二三《大宛列傳》：“（<span class="zhuanming">騫</span>）在<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>時，見<span class="zhuanming">邛</span>竹杖﹑<span class="zhuanming">蜀</span>布”，問之，“市之<span class="zhuanming">身</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">毒。”<span class="zhuanming">騫</span>乃建議由我國西南開闢通<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的道路。但“<span class="zhuanming">昆明</span>之屬無君</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">長，善寇盗，輒殺略<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>使，終莫得通。”其後，<span class="zhuanming">漢武帝</span>聽説<span class="zhuanming">昆明</span>有池，</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">爲了練習水戰，又在<span class="zhuanming">上林苑</span>中開鑿周圍四十里的<span class="zhuanming">昆明池</span>。見《漢</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">書》卷六《武帝本紀》。據《三秦記》：“<span class="zhuanming">昆明池</span>，<span class="zhuanming">漢武帝</span>鑿之習水戰，</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">中有<span class="zhuanming">靈沼</span><span class="zhuanming">神池</span>，云<span class="zhuanming">堯</span>時洪水，停船此池，池通<span class="zhuanming">白鹿原</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#554" id="627">（六）</a>瑞表恆星鬱玄妙於千載：此指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>誕生時所謂“祥瑞”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#556" id="628">（七）</a>夢彰佩日秘神光於萬里：<span class="zhuanming">袁宏</span>《後漢紀》卷十：“初<span class="zhuanming">（明）帝</span>夢見金人，長大，項有日月光，以問羣臣。或曰：西方有神，其名曰佛。而問其道術，遂於中國而圖其形像焉。”案<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>之始，有種種傳説，一般認爲在<span class="zhuanming">東漢</span>初（公元一世紀），參見<span class="zhuanming">湯用彤</span>《漢魏兩晉南北朝佛教史》第二章《永明求法傳説之考證》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#557" id="629">（八）</a>蔡愔訪道摩騰入洛：<span class="zhuanming">梁</span><span class="zhuanming">慧皎</span>《高僧傳》卷一《攝摩騰傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">永平</span>中（一般作七年），<span class="zhuanming">明皇帝</span>夜夢金人飛空而至，……帝以爲然，卽遣郎中<span class="zhuanming">蔡愔</span>﹑博士弟子<span class="zhuanming">秦景</span>等，使往<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>尋訪佛法，<span class="zhuanming">愔</span>等於彼遇見<span class="zhuanming">摩騰</span>，乃要還<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>地。<span class="zhuanming">騰</span>誓志弘通，不憚疲苦，冒涉流沙，至乎<span class="zhuanming">雒邑</span>。<span class="zhuanming">明帝</span>甚加賞接，於城西門外立精舍以處之。”<span class="zhuanming">攝摩騰</span>，一作<span class="zhuanming">迦葉摩騰</span>（Kāśyapa-mātaṅga）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#558" id="630">（九）</a>經藏石室：《高僧傳》卷一《攝摩騰傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">騰</span>譯《四十二章經》一卷，初緘在<span class="zhuanming">蘭臺</span>石室第十四間中。”<span class="zhuanming">牟子</span>《理惑論》作“中郎<span class="zhuanming">蔡愔</span>﹑羽林郎中<span class="zhuanming">秦景</span>﹑博士弟子<span class="zhuanming">王遵</span>等十二人，於<span class="zhuanming">大月支</span>寫佛經四十二章，藏在<span class="zhuanming">蘭臺</span>石室第十四間。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#559" id="631">（一○）</a>龍宫之奥：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳説龍王的宫殿在大海底下，龍王請佛至龍宫供養，大海化作大殿，無量珠寶，種種莊嚴，見《海龍王經·<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00006','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P6</span></i>請佛經》。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>又有佛法隱没在龍宫的傳説，見《摩訶摩耶經》等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#560" id="632">（一一）</a>涼臺：據《高僧傳》卷一《竺法蘭傳》，<span class="zhuanming">漢明帝</span>“永平求法”，郎中<span class="zhuanming">蔡愔</span>“於西域得畫<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>倚像，是<span class="zhuanming">優填王</span>栴檀像師第四作也。既至<span class="zhuanming">雒陽</span>，<span class="zhuanming">明帝</span>卽令畫工圖寫，置清涼臺中及<span class="zhuanming">顯節陵</span>上。”涼臺卽清涼臺。相傳原是<span class="zhuanming">漢明帝</span>避暑讀書的地方。今<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span><span class="zhuanming">白馬寺</span>後院有磚砌高臺，傳説卽是此清涼臺，爲寺中古迹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#561" id="633">（一二）</a>鷲峯：卽<span class="zhuanming">靈鷲山</span>，見本書卷九之<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>下<span class="zhuanming">鷲峯山</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#567" id="634">（一三）</a>閹豎乘㩲潰東京而鼎峙母后成釁剪中朝而幅裂：指<span class="zhuanming">東漢</span>後期統治集團内部宦官與外戚的鬥争，相互殘殺，以至<span class="zhuanming">董卓</span>入<span class="zhuanming">洛</span>，<span class="zhuanming">東京</span>（<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>）殘破，形成三國分裂的局面。詳《後漢書》卷十上《和熹鄧皇后傳》，卷十下《靈思何皇后傳》，卷六十九《竇何列傳》，卷七十二《董卓傳》，卷七十八《宦者列傳·張讓》等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#569" id="635">（一四）</a>函雒：指<span class="zhuanming">函谷關</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">洛陽</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#571" id="636">（一五）</a>四郊因而多壘：《禮記·曲禮上》：“四郊多壘，此卿大夫之辱也。”<span class="zhuanming">鄭玄</span>注：“壘，軍壁也；數見侵伐則多壘。”喻敵軍充斥於四郊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#573" id="637">（一六）</a>神經：指古代志怪小説集《神異經》，僞託<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">東方朔</span>撰，<span class="zhuanming">晉</span><span class="zhuanming">張華</span>注，已亡佚。今本一卷乃輯<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">宋</span>類書所引逸文而成，多載神奇怪異之事。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#574" id="638">（一七）</a>真如：梵文Bhūtatathatā意譯。關於真如的解釋，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>大﹑小乘各宗派説各不同。《成唯識論》卷九：“真，謂真實，顯非虚妄；如，謂如常，表無變易。謂此真實，於一切位，常如其性，故曰真如。”也就是本體湛然不妄之義。所以佛經上又稱真如爲法性，卽一切事物的性質。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00007','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P7</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#577" id="639">（一八）</a>睠西海而咨嗟：指<span class="zhuanming">東漢</span><span class="zhuanming">和帝</span><span class="zhuanming">永元</span>九年“<span class="zhuanming">班超</span>遣掾<span class="zhuanming">甘英</span>窮臨<span class="zhuanming">西海</span>而還”事。見《後漢書》卷八八《西域傳》。<span class="zhuanming">西海</span>，後人考釋或云<span class="zhuanming">黑海</span>，或云<span class="zhuanming">裏海</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波斯灣</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">地中海</span>，似泛指西邊的海洋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#579" id="640">（一九）</a>東離：《後漢書》卷八十八《西域傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">東離國</span>居<span class="zhuanming">沙奇城</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>東南三千餘里，大國也。其土氣﹑物類與<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>同。”<span class="zhuanming">丁謙</span>謂卽《法顯傳》之<span class="zhuanming">多摩梨帝國</span>，亦卽本書卷十之<span class="zhuanming">耽摩栗底國</span>。待考。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#580" id="641">（二○）</a>杼軸：本爲織機上執經緯線的工具，後引申爲“懷念”﹑“思量”之義。<span class="zhuanming">陸機</span>《文賦》云：“雖杼軸於懷，怵他人之先。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#582" id="642">（二一）</a>玉門：卽<span class="zhuanming">玉門關</span>，《後漢書·班超傳》<span class="zhuanming">李賢</span>注：“<span class="zhuanming">玉門關</span>屬<span class="zhuanming">敦煌郡</span>，今<span class="zhuanming">沙州</span>也。去<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>三千六百里。關在<span class="zhuanming">敦煌縣</span>西北。”<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代<span class="zhuanming">玉門關</span>故址在今<span class="zhuanming">甘肅省</span><span class="zhuanming">敦煌縣</span>西北小<span class="zhuanming">方盤城</span>，以西域輸入玉石取道於此而得名。它與西南的<span class="zhuanming">陽關</span>同爲當時通西域的交通門户。六朝時<span class="zhuanming">玉門關</span>址東移至<span class="zhuanming">晉昌城</span>（今<span class="zhuanming">甘肅</span><span class="zhuanming">安西</span><span class="zhuanming">雙塔堡</span>附近），在<span class="zhuanming">唐代</span>爲中西交通的重要關隘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#583" id="643">（二二）</a>葱嶺：今<span class="zhuanming">帕米爾高原</span>一帶，古稱<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>。古代中西交通，多經<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>山道。參見本書卷十二<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#584" id="644">（二三）</a>雪山：一般指今<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>。本書述<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>多處，具體所指見有關各條及注釋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#586" id="645">（二四）</a>龍池：此似指本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span><span class="zhuanming">龍池</span>。本書記載<span class="zhuanming">龍池</span>多處，詳各條注釋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#588" id="646">（二五）</a>攙搶：《史記·天官書》作欃槍，卽彗星。見《爾雅·釋天》。古代迷信，以爲彗星出現，國有禍亂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#589" id="647">（二六）</a>天步：指國家命運。《詩經·小雅·白華》：“天步艱難。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#591" id="648">（二七）</a>肉骨：肉，動詞。肉骨，謂蒙再生的恩惠。《鹽鐵論》：<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00008','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P8</span></i>“<span class="zhuanming">扁鵲</span>不能肉白骨，<span class="zhuanming">微</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">箕</span>不能存亡國。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#594" id="649">（二八）</a>藁街：<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>代<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>街名，爲少數民族與外國人聚居之處。《三輔黄圖·雜録》：“蠻夷邸在<span class="zhuanming">長安</span><span class="zhuanming">藁街</span>。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#597" id="650">（二九）</a>菀十洲：菀卽苑，以十洲爲苑。《海内十洲記》：“<span class="zhuanming">漢武帝</span>既聞<span class="zhuanming">西王母</span>説八方巨海之中有<span class="zhuanming">祖洲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">瀛洲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄洲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">炎洲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">長洲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">元洲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">流洲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">生洲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鳳麟洲</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">聚窟洲</span>。有此十洲，乃人迹所稀絶處。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#598" id="651">（三○）</a>池環海：卽以環海爲池。《史記》卷七四《孟荀列傳》：“中國外，如<span class="zhuanming">赤縣神州</span>者九，……於是有禆海環之。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#599" id="652">（三一）</a>小五帝而鄙上皇：五帝，其説不一，一般指<span class="zhuanming">黄帝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">顓頊</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">帝嚳</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">唐堯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">虞舜</span>。上皇，泛指上古帝皇。《詩譜序》：“詩之興也，諒不於上皇之世。”</span> </p><p> <span>法師幼漸法門，慨<span class="zhuanming">祇園</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#664" id="653">（一）</a>之莫履；長懷真迹，仰<span class="zhuanming">鹿野</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#665" id="654">（二）</a>而翹心。褰裳淨境，實<a class="zhuhao" href="#661" id="655">〔1〕</a>惟素蓄。會淳風之西偃，屬候律<a class="zhuhao" href="#666" id="656">（三）</a>之東歸，以<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>三年<a class="zhuhao" href="#662" id="657">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#667" id="658">（四）</a>杖錫遵路。資皇靈而抵殊俗，冒重險其若夷；假冥助而踐畏塗，幾必危而已濟。暄寒驟徙，展轉方達。言尋真相，見不見於空有之間；博考精微，聞不聞於生滅之際。廓羣疑於性海<a class="zhuhao" href="#668" id="659">（五）</a>，啟<a class="zhuhao" href="#663" id="660">〔3〕</a>妙覺於迷津。於是隱括衆經，無片言而不盡；傍稽聖迹，無一物而不窺。周流多載，方始旋返。十九年正月，屆于<span class="zhuanming">長安</span>。所獲經論六百五十七部，有詔譯焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#655" id="661">〔1〕</a>實，《異本》作𥦎，疑實之形訛。《中本》作冥。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00009','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P9</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#657" id="662">〔2〕</a>三年，《章校》云：“疑是元年之誤。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#660" id="663">〔3〕</a>啟，《異本》﹑《石本》作启。《慧琳音義》亦作启，云：“《説文》從户作啟。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#653" id="664">（一）</a>祇園：卽<span class="zhuanming">給孤獨園</span>，見本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#654" id="665">（二）</a>鹿野：卽<span class="zhuanming">鹿野伽藍</span>，見本書卷七<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯國</span>條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#656" id="666">（三）</a>候律：候，候應，見《逸周書·時訓解》。我國古代曆法將一年分爲七十候。律，法則。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#658" id="667">（四）</a>貞觀三年：三年或爲元年之譌，説見<span class="zhuanming">楊廷福</span>：《玄奘西行首途年月考釋》，載《上海師範大學學報》哲學社會科學版，1978年第1期。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#659" id="668">（五）</a>性海：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>譬喻“真如”的理性，深廣如海洋。</span> </p><p> <span>親踐者一百一十國，傳聞者二十八國，或事見於前典，或名始於今代。莫不餐和<a class="zhuhao" href="#682" id="669">〔1〕</a>飲澤<a class="zhuhao" href="#689" id="670">（一）</a>，頓顙而知歸；請吏革音，梯山而奉賮<a class="zhuhao" href="#683" id="671">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#690" id="672">（二）</a>。歡闕庭<a class="zhuhao" href="#684" id="673">〔3〕</a>而相抃，襲冠帶<a class="zhuhao" href="#691" id="674">（三）</a>而成羣。爾其物産風土之差，習俗山川之異，遠則稽之於國典，近則詳之於故老。邈矣殊方，依然在目。無勞握槧<a class="zhuhao" href="#685" id="675">〔4〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#692" id="676">（四）</a>，已詳油素<a class="zhuhao" href="#693" id="677">（五）</a>，名爲《大唐西域記》，一帙<a class="zhuhao" href="#686" id="678">〔5〕</a>十二卷。竊惟書事記言，固已緝<a class="zhuhao" href="#687" id="679">〔6〕</a>於微婉；𤨏詞小道，冀<a class="zhuhao" href="#688" id="680">〔7〕</a>有補於遺闕。秘書著作佐郎<span class="zhuanming">敬播</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#694" id="681">（六）</a>序之云爾。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#669" id="682">〔1〕</a>餐和，《異本》﹑《中本》餐作饗，《隨函録》作飱。飱乃飧之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00010','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P10</span></i>俗作。餐字爲長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#671" id="683">〔2〕</a>賮，《石本》作𧶁，《中本》作責，乃賮之誤。《金陵本》作贐，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#673" id="684">〔3〕</a>歡闕庭，原本闕作󵽹，乃闕之俗字，見《干禄字書》，今改從正字。下同。《石本》讀歡爲款，闕作𨷂。按歡與“相抃”呼應，作動詞用自通，不必改讀。𨷂爲闕之或作。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#675" id="685">〔4〕</a>握槧，《古本》作掘󵾄，《異本》﹑《中本》作掘塹，《石本》握作掘，並誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#678" id="686">〔5〕</a>原本帙作秩。《異本》及《隨函録》作袠。《慧琳音義》亦作袠云：“亦作帙，或作袟。”秩乃袟之形訛。今從通行字改作帙。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#679" id="687">〔6〕</a>緝，《古本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014429clmk.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《石本》作𦂝，並緝之形譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#680" id="688">〔7〕</a>冀，《金陵本》作異，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#670" id="689">（一）</a>餐和飲澤：《莊子》：“故或不言，而能飲人以和。”意謂以德施人，感戴不已。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#672" id="690">（二）</a>梯山而奉賮：梯山，卽登山，引伸爲翻山越嶺。賮卽贐。奉賮，贈送禮物。<span class="zhuanming">梁</span><span class="zhuanming">簡文帝</span>《大法頌序》：“航海梯山，奉白環之使。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#674" id="691">（三）</a>襲冠帶：指接受<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>族文化。《漢書》卷六四下《終軍傳》：“殆將有解編髮，削左衽，襲冠帶，要衣裳而蒙化者焉。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#676" id="692">（四）</a>槧：爲古代書寫的版片，引伸爲刻本﹑書籍。<span class="zhuanming">王充</span>《論衡·量知》：“斷木爲槧，㭊之爲板，力加刮削，乃成奏牘。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#677" id="693">（五）</a>油素：光澤如油的白色絹，古人作爲書畫之用，帛書卽其一。<span class="zhuanming">揚雄</span>《答劉歆書》：“<span class="zhuanming">雄</span>常把三寸弱翰，齎油素四尺，以問其異語。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00011','1384566',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P11</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#681" id="694">（六）</a>敬播：<span class="zhuanming">蒲州</span><span class="zhuanming">河東</span>人，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>初進士。<span class="zhuanming">顔師古</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">孔穎達</span>著《隋書》，<span class="zhuanming">敬播</span>至祕書内省參纂，後爲著作佐郎，兼修國史。復遷太子司儀郎，又與<span class="zhuanming">令狐德棻</span>等撰《晉書》。<span class="zhuanming">永徽</span>後，歷諫議大夫﹑給事中，與<span class="zhuanming">許敬宗</span>撰《高祖實録》﹑《太宗實録》。後坐事出爲<span class="zhuanming">越州</span>長史，徙<span class="zhuanming">安州</span>卒。詳《新唐書》卷一九八本傳。</span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/1401442986hw.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
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闍爛達羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154145" key="1154145"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 闍爛達羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154146" key="1154146"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00370','1384687',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P370</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000595">闍爛達羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">闍爛達羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4209" id="4202">（一）</a>東西千餘里，南北八<a class="zhuhao" href="#4206" id="4203">〔1〕</a>百餘里。國大都城周十二三里。宜穀稼，多粳稻，林樹扶疎，花菓茂盛。氣序温暑，風俗剛烈，容貌鄙陋，家室富饒<a class="zhuhao" href="#4207" id="4204">〔2〕</a>。伽藍五十餘所，僧徒二千餘人，大小二乘，專門習學。天祠三所，外道五百餘人，並塗灰之侣也。此國先王，崇<a class="zhuhao" href="#4208" id="4205">〔3〕</a>敬外道，其後遇羅<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00371','1384687',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P371</span></i>漢，聞法信悟，故<span class="zhuanming">中印度王</span>體其淳信，<span class="zhuanming">五印度國</span>三寶之事，一以總監。混彼此，忘愛惡，督察僧徒，妙窮淑慝。故道德著聞者，竭誠敬仰；戒行虧犯者，深加責罸。聖迹之所，並皆旌建，或窣堵波，或僧伽藍，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境内無不周遍。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4203" id="4206">〔1〕</a>《方志》八作六。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4204" id="4207">〔2〕</a>《崇本》饒作餘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4205" id="4208">〔3〕</a>《中本》崇作宗。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4202" id="4209">（一）</a>闍爛達羅國：梵文Jālaṃdhara，《慈恩傳》卷二作<span class="zhuanming">闍爛達那</span>，卷五作<span class="zhuanming">闍蘭達</span>，《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷上作<span class="zhuanming">闍闌陀</span>，《繼業行紀》作<span class="zhuanming">左欄陀羅</span>。據《蓮華往世書》（Padmapurāṇa）記載，此城爲<span class="zhuanming">戴迪亞族</span>（Daitya）王<span class="zhuanming">闍爛達羅</span>的國都，因而得名，又稱<span class="zhuanming">特里迦塔</span>（Trigartta）。<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理誌》中稱爲<span class="zhuanming">庫林德靈</span>（Kulindrine），可能卽Sulindrine一詞的訛誤，因爲古<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>文手稿中K與S經常互轉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此地在今<span class="zhuanming">阿姆利則</span>東南的<span class="zhuanming">朱隆杜爾</span>（Jullundur），在<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭</span>教徒進入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之前<span class="zhuanming">闍爛達羅</span>古國的領域相當廣大，據《女瑜珈行者呾多羅》（Yoginītantra）記載，該國領土包羅北方的<span class="zhuanming">贍婆</span>（Chamba），東方的<span class="zhuanming">曼地</span>（Mandi）﹑<span class="zhuanming">蘇克特</span>（Sukhet），東南方的<span class="zhuanming">莎他德魯</span>（Sata-dru）。據《慈恩傳》卷二記載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到達該國後曾停留四月，在<span class="zhuanming">那伽羅馱那寺</span>（Nagaradhanavihāra）從大德<span class="zhuanming">旃達羅伐摩</span>（Candrava-rman，<span class="zhuanming">月胄</span>）學習《衆事分毘婆沙》。又同書卷五記載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>歸國途<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00372','1384687',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P372</span></i>中，曾“至<span class="zhuanming">闍蘭達國</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>王都，復停一月，<span class="zhuanming">烏地</span>（Udita）王遣人引送，西行二十餘日至<span class="zhuanming">僧訶補羅國</span>。”又據《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷上，<span class="zhuanming">玄照法師</span>曾在該國留學四年，“學經律，習梵文。”逗留期間，深受國王的優待。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北，踰峻嶺，越洞<a class="zhuhao" href="#4213" id="4210">〔1〕</a>谷，經危途，涉險<a class="zhuhao" href="#4214" id="4211">〔2〕</a>路，行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">屈</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">居勿反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">露多國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4215" id="4212">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4210" id="4213">〔1〕</a>《異本》洞作㵎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4211" id="4214">〔2〕</a>《崇本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》險作嶮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4212" id="4215">〔3〕</a>《方志》多下有羅字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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《大唐西域記》諸本對勘常見異體字
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152447" key="1152447"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 校勘例言 &gt; 《大唐西域記》諸本對勘常見異體字 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154148" key="1154148"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00148','1384565',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P148</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000037">《大唐西域記》諸本對勘常見異體字</p><p> <span>一﹑依正字筆劃多寡爲序。</span> </p><p> <span>二﹑正字居前，異體字居後，加括號。</span> </p><p> <span>互（<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140144289836.png" style="width: 16px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>）　叫（𠮧﹑呌）　災（灾）　坐（座）　采（採）　函（凾）　糾（糺）　斥（𢇛）　役（伇）　沈（沉）　往（徃）　花（華）　仙（僊）　回（廻）　冰（氷）　邪（耶）　你（儞）　陀（陁）　析（㭊）　刺（刾）﹑折（扸）　那（𨚗）　技（伎）　低（仾﹑󵽷）　果（菓）　怪（恠）　於（于）　胥（󵽸）　柰（奈）　祗（𥘡）　途（塗）　陵（凌）　寂（𡧯）　剪（翦）　蛇（虵）　無（无）　鼓（皷）　稚（稺）　號（号）　爾（尒）　罰（罸）　踈（疏）　鄰（隣）　辨（辯）　邇（迩）　濕（涇）　醫（毉）　闕（󵽹﹑𨷂）　驅（駈）　鶴（鸖）　胝（𦙁﹑󵽺）　毘（毗）　惟（唯﹑維）　乾（𠃵）　訛（譌）　備（俻）　萬（万）　羣（群）　實（寔﹑𥦽）　蝨（虱）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-D00149','1384565',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P149</span></i>歎（嘆）　瘞（󵽻）　斂（歛）　彌（𢏏）　聰（聰﹑聪）　總（揔﹑搃﹑縂﹑）　辭（辤﹑辝）　鐵（䥫）　羈（羇）　珍（󰉌）　紆（󵽼）　胸（𦙄﹑胷）　殺（煞）　敕（勑）　軫（𨋏）　徧（遍）　逾（踰）　腰（𦝫）　蒲（蒱）　厭（猒）　綵（彩）　劍（劒）　葱（蔥﹑󵽽）　褐（毼）　趨（趍）　懦（愞）　蟲（虫）　藴（蕰）　讚（賛）　鬱（欝）　芻（蒭）　庵（菴）　婆（媻）　皎（晈）　腴（膄）　棗（󵽾）　裔（𧛨）　塼（甎）　槃（󵽿）　輿（轝）　舉（擧）　聲（声）　禮（礼）　疆（畺﹑壃）</span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140144288cje.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
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二、闇林伽藍及迦多衍那論師遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154151" key="1154151"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 至那僕底國 &gt; 二、闇林伽藍及迦多衍那論師遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154152" key="1154152"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00368','1384686',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P368</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000591"><b>二﹑闇林伽藍及迦多衍那論師遺迹</b></p><p> <span>大城東南行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">荅秣蘇伐那僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4198" id="4178">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">闇</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4189" id="4179">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">林</span>。</span> <span>僧徒三百餘人，學説一切有部，衆儀肅穆，德行清高。小乘之學，特爲博究。賢劫<a class="zhuhao" href="#4190" id="4180">〔2〕</a>千佛，皆於此地集天人衆，説深妙法。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>涅槃之後，第三百年中，有<span class="zhuanming">迦多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4191" id="4181">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">衍那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4199" id="4182">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#4192" id="4183">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">迦旃延</span>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#4193" id="4184">〔5〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>者，於此製《發智論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#4194" id="4185">〔6〕</a>焉。<span class="zhuanming">闇林伽藍</span>中有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，其側則<a class="zhuhao" href="#4195" id="4186">〔7〕</a>有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之處。小窣堵波﹑諸大石室，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00369','1384686',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P369</span></i>鱗次相望，不詳其數，並是劫初已來諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#4196" id="4187">〔8〕</a>果聖人於此寂滅，差<a class="zhuhao" href="#4197" id="4188">〔9〕</a>難備舉，齒骨猶在。繞山伽藍周二十里，佛舍利窣堵波數百千所，連隅接影。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4179" id="4189">〔1〕</a>原本闇作闍，今從《石本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》及《翻譯集》引改，下同。《崇本》﹑《資福本》及《珠林》三十八作暗，暗﹑闇同字。《中本》及<span class="zhuanming">明</span>諸本下文並作闇，《宋本》﹑《資福本》則作闍，與此同訛。荅秣蘇伐那，梵文作Tamasāvana，<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>謂Tamasā闇也，vana義爲林園，闇林爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4180" id="4190">〔2〕</a>《中本》劫下有中字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4181" id="4191">〔3〕</a>《翻譯集》引多作陀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4183" id="4192">〔4〕</a>《石本》曰作言。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4184" id="4193">〔5〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4185" id="4194">〔6〕</a>《珠林》三十八引“發智論”作“大智論”，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4186" id="4195">〔7〕</a>《崇本》無則字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4187" id="4196">〔8〕</a>《古本》諸作證。《石本》諸下有證字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4188" id="4197">〔9〕</a>《資福本》差作𦍑，乃差字書寫異體，或以爲𦍑字，非也。《金陵本》及《隨函録》遂訛爲羗。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4178" id="4198">（一）</a>荅秣蘇伐那僧伽藍：梵文Tamasāvanasaṅghārāma，意譯闍林寺。《西域記》各種版本都作“大城東南行五百餘里”，但《慈恩傳》卷二作“大城東南行五十餘里”，<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>認爲應從《慈恩傳》（《解説西域記》頁229），<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>認爲《西域記》五百餘里應爲<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00370','1384686',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P370</span></i>百五十餘里之誤（《大唐西域記の研究》頁301）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">該地據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普省</span><span class="zhuanming">阿姆利則</span>東南五十餘里處的<span class="zhuanming">蘇丹浦爾</span>（Sultānpur），又稱<span class="zhuanming">羅怙那特浦爾</span>（Raghunathpura）。<span class="zhuanming">荅秣蘇伐那</span>既是地名，也是寺名。在古代該寺是一有名的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>勝地，該寺大德中曾有人受<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>邀請參加結集。在《雜阿含經》中該寺又名爲“苦行林”（Tapovana）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4182" id="4199">（二）</a>迦多衍那：梵文Kātyāyana音譯，舊譯<span class="zhuanming">迦旃延</span>，也有作<span class="zhuanming">迦底耶夜那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦陀衍那</span>的。據《婆藪槃豆傳》，<span class="zhuanming">迦多衍那</span>爲佛滅後五百年時人，約在公元前後爲西北<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>宣揚<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的論師。著有《發智論》，卽《阿毗達磨發智論》二十卷，是闡明説一切有部宗教理論的名著，有<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span><span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯本。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北行百四五十里，至<span class="zhuanming">闍爛達羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#4201" id="4200">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4200" id="4201">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》羅作那。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、國號由來
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154154" key="1154154"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 至那僕底國 &gt; 一、國號由來 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154155" key="1154155"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00367','1384685',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P367</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000588"><b>一﹑國號由來</b></p><p> <span>昔<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>之<a class="zhuhao" href="#4168" id="4158">〔1〕</a>御宇<a class="zhuhao" href="#4169" id="4159">〔2〕</a>也，聲<a class="zhuhao" href="#4170" id="4160">〔3〕</a>振鄰國，威被殊俗，河西蕃維，畏威送質<a class="zhuhao" href="#4171" id="4161">〔4〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>既得質子，賞遇隆厚，三時易舘<a class="zhuhao" href="#4172" id="4162">〔5〕</a>，四兵警衛。此國則<a class="zhuhao" href="#4173" id="4163">〔6〕</a>冬所居也，故曰<span class="zhuanming">至那僕底</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>封。</span> <span>質子所居，因爲國號。此境已往洎<a class="zhuhao" href="#4174" id="4164">〔7〕</a>諸<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，土無梨﹑桃<a class="zhuhao" href="#4177" id="4165">（一）</a>，質子所植，因謂桃曰至那你，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>持來。</span> <span>梨曰至那羅闍弗呾邏。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>王子。</span> <span>故此國人深敬東土<a class="zhuhao" href="#4175" id="4166">〔8〕</a>，更相指<a class="zhuhao" href="#4176" id="4167">〔9〕</a>語：“是我先王本國人也。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4158" id="4168">〔1〕</a>《中本》無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4159" id="4169">〔2〕</a>《中本》宇下有彼字，似非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4160" id="4170">〔3〕</a>《中本》聲上有名字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4161" id="4171">〔4〕</a>《中本》質上有子字，似宜在質下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4162" id="4172">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》舘作館，下同。按舘﹑館同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4163" id="4173">〔6〕</a>《崇本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》則下並有“質子”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4164" id="4174">〔7〕</a>原本洎作泊，今從《崇本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4166" id="4175">〔8〕</a><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“東土，諸本同，一本作東士。據下文‘更相指告云’，則作東士，語實可通也。”按<span class="zhuanming">向</span>所云一本，不詳何本。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00368','1384685',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P368</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4167" id="4176">〔9〕</a>《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》指下有告字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4165" id="4177">（一）</a>土無梨桃：關於梨桃的傳入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>問題，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>云，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>稱桃爲“至那你”（Cīnanī，意卽“<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>傳來的”），梨爲“至那羅闍弗呾邏”（Cīnarājaputra，意卽“<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>王子”），此梵名僅見於此。按桃李原産<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代也有野生桃子，但味酸，無梵名。<span class="zhuanming">勞費爾</span>（B.Laufer）稱：“以前的作者們把桃李向西方移植這件事很公平地看做與<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>在<span class="zhuanming">張騫</span>出使西域之後，和<span class="zhuanming">西亞細亞</span>來往密切起來是有關的。”（《中國伊朗編》<span class="zhuanming">商務</span><span class="zhuanming">中</span>譯本，1964年版，頁369）<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>桃種傳入<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>當在公元前一﹑二世紀，由<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>而<span class="zhuanming">亞美尼亞</span>，而<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>，而<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>。傳入<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>約在一世紀帝政開始時期。<span class="zhuanming">白里内</span>謂之<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>樹（Persica），大約爲<span class="zhuanming">漢武帝</span>時<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>使者帶歸的。梨﹑桃傳植<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，與桃李傳植<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>大致同時。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
九畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154157" key="1154157"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 九畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154158" key="1154158"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01074','1244374',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1074</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001800">九畫</p><p> <span>俞（1094）括（1094）科（1094）亭（1094）准（1094）軍（1094）突（1094）活（1094）段（1094）思（1094）指（1094）星（1094）面（1094）契（1094）昭（1095）負（1095）施（1095）荀（1095）斫（1095）故（1095）勃（1095）珂（1095）耐（1095）弭（1095）枳（1095）建（1095）洩（1095）郁（1095）重（1095）持（1095）毒（1095）洛（1095）既（1095）貞（1095）背（1095）紇（1095）爲（1095）姞（1095）矩（1095）宣（1095）並（1095）荅（1095）神（1095）染（1095）南（1095）信（1095）胡（1095）珊（1095）故（1095）修（1095）前（1095）香（1095）城（1096）帝（1096）浄（1096）是（1096）曷（1096）室（1096）毘（1096）毗（1097）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
十畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154160" key="1154160"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 十畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154161" key="1154161"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01074','1244375',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1074</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001801">十畫</p><p> <span>倳（1097）凌（1097）振（1097）陳（1097）哥（1097）純（1097）浹（1097）高（1097）殺（1097）候（1097）馬（1097）破（1097）起（1097）鬼（1097）脅（1097）捕（1097）唯（1097）泰（1097）珠（1097）栗（1097）奚（1097）案（1097）狼（1097）留（1097）般（1097）栴（1097）殊（1097）書（1097）軒（1097）莊（1097）逝（1097）都（1098）家（1098）容（1098）逐（1098）真（1098）浮（1098）訖（1098）莫（1098）耆（1098）旃（1098）部（1098）海（1098）瓶（1098）秦（1098）俱（1098）索（1098）時（1098）素（1098）唐（1098）師（1098）納（1098）娑（1098）秣（1099）烏（1099）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
序論
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152453" key="1152453"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 序論 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154163" key="1154163"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00032','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P32</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000063">序論<a class="zhuhao" href="#945" id="929">〔1〕</a></p><p> <span>歷選皇猷，遐觀帝録，<span class="zhuanming">庖犧</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#946" id="930">〔2〕</a>出震之初<a class="zhuhao" href="#953" id="931">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">軒轅</span>垂衣之始<a class="zhuhao" href="#954" id="932">（二）</a>，所以司牧黎元，所以疆畫<a class="zhuhao" href="#947" id="933">〔3〕</a>分野。暨乎<span class="zhuanming">唐堯</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#955" id="934">（三）</a>之受天運，光格四表；<span class="zhuanming">虞舜</span>之納地圖<a class="zhuhao" href="#956" id="935">（四）</a>，德流九土<a class="zhuhao" href="#957" id="936">（五）</a>。自兹已降，空傳書事之册；逖聽前修，徒聞記言之史。豈若時逢有道，運屬無爲者歟！我大<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>御極則天，乘時握紀，一六合而光宅，四<span class="zhuanming">三皇</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#958" id="937">（六）</a>而照臨。玄化滂流，祥風遐扇，同乾坤之覆載，齊<a class="zhuhao" href="#948" id="938">〔4〕</a>風雨之皷潤。與夫東夷入貢，西戎卽敍，創<a class="zhuhao" href="#949" id="939">〔5〕</a>業垂統，撥亂反正，固以跨越前王，囊括先代。同文共軌，至治神功，非載記無以贊大猷，非昭宣何以光盛業？<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>輒隨遊至，舉其風土，雖未<a class="zhuhao" href="#950" id="940">〔6〕</a>考方辯俗，信已越五踰三<a class="zhuhao" href="#959" id="941">（七）</a>。含生之疇<a class="zhuhao" href="#951" id="942">〔7〕</a>，咸被凱澤；能言之類，莫不稱功。越自天府<a class="zhuhao" href="#960" id="943">（八）</a>，暨諸<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>，幽荒異俗，絶域殊邦，咸承正朔，俱霑聲教。贊武功之績，諷成口實；美文德之盛，鬱爲稱首。詳觀載籍，所未嘗聞；緬惟圖牒<a class="zhuhao" href="#952" id="944">〔8〕</a>，誠無與二。不有所敍，何記化洽？今據聞見，於是載述。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#929" id="945">〔1〕</a>序論：自“歷選皇猷”至“語在後記”止，《慧琳音義》與《敬播序》連接，題作“西域記序”列於三十四國國名之前，《章校本》從之，似復<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>本原來面目。但尋繹再三，意有未妥，理由如次：（1）今<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00033','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P33</span></i>所見<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">元</span>舊刻及古寫諸本無有如此者。《宋藏》及古寫本源皆出於<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>本，輾轉鈔刊，文字或有脱訛，排次不應參差如此之鉅。（2）若此大段文字别爲書首之《序》，何以<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>《法苑珠林》及<span class="zhuanming">法雲</span>《翻譯名義集》引其文稱《奘師傳》（《珠林》引《西域記》多異稱，如《奘法師西國傳》﹑《西國記》﹑《西域行傳》等），或稱《西域記》，不稱“序”？（3）若此文列作書序，本《記》開首云“出<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>故地，自近者始，曰<span class="zhuanming">阿耆尼國</span>”，起句突兀，上無所承，文氣不相應。（4）此文結尾“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>風土，語在後記”，與本卷“拘謎陁國”條“自<span class="zhuanming">活國</span>東南至<span class="zhuanming">闊悉多國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">安呾羅縛國</span>，事在迴記”；卷二“推<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>入胎﹑初生﹑出家﹑成佛﹑湼槃日月皆有參差，語在後記”，文意相同，所謂“迴記”“後記”者，謂本《記》之下文。彼爲本書之語，此不當視作書外序文。綜此數疑，終嫌孤證難信。反觀原文，亦未見抵牾。按此書雖屬地志之類，而其體裁結構，頗多取則《史》﹑《漢》（從<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>《記讚》中可見之）。例如此文猶《表》﹑《志》﹑《合傳》之前序；中記各國風土人事，尾綴《記讚》，猶《紀》﹑《傳》之記事與論讚。比類稽文，可以喻旨。如此循讀原文，脈絡貫通，並無障礙，不須更移舊次，别標“序”稱。爲便於讀者領解起見，另加新標題“序論”，原排次不變動。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#930" id="946">〔2〕</a>庖犧，《古本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》犧並作羲，《隨函録》同。《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》作義，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#933" id="947">〔3〕</a>疆畫，《石本》作畫畺，畺同疆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#938" id="948">〔4〕</a>《石本》齊作濟。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#939" id="949">〔5〕</a>《古本》創作剏，乃𠛝之俗作，𠛝與創通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#940" id="950">〔6〕</a>《宋本》未下有能字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#942" id="951">〔7〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》疇作儔，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#944" id="952">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》牒作諜，古<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00034','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P34</span></i>通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#931" id="953">（一）</a>庖犧出震之初：<span class="zhuanming">庖犧</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">伏羲氏</span>，傳説中説他教民結網﹑漁獵﹑畜牧，養犧牲以充庖厨，又造書契，作八卦，以象徵自然現象。故《易·説卦》“帝出乎震。”出震之初，指六十四卦之一“震上震下”䷲，萬物發動，意味着雷震霹靂，人類紀元。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#932" id="954">（二）</a>軒轅垂衣之始：<span class="zhuanming">軒轅</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">黄帝</span>。《易·繫辭》下：“<span class="zhuanming">黄帝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>垂衣裳而天下治。”《論衡·自然》：“垂衣裳者，垂拱無爲也。”此指傳説中的<span class="zhuanming">黄帝</span>爲統治<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的開始。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#934" id="955">（三）</a>唐堯：傳説中的我國原始社會部落聯盟的首領。詳《尚書·堯典》</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#935" id="956">（四）</a>虞舜之納地圖：<span class="zhuanming">虞舜</span>，傳説中的我國原始社會部落聯盟的首領。詳見僞古文《尚書·舜典》。納地圖，《開元占經》卷一一三引《帝王世紀》云：“<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>時……<span class="zhuanming">西王母</span>慕<span class="zhuanming">舜</span>之德，來獻白環及貢蓋地圖。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#936" id="957">（五）</a>九土：卽九州。九州所指不一。據《尚書·禹貢》，爲<span class="zhuanming">冀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">兖</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">青</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">徐</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">揚</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">荆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">豫</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">梁</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">雍</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#937" id="958">（六）</a>四三皇：三皇，指上文之<span class="zhuanming">轅軒</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">唐堯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">虞舜</span>。四，謂<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>皇帝的功績足以比配三皇，故合三皇而爲四。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#941" id="959">（七）</a>越五踰三：謂<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>之功德已超越三皇五帝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#943" id="960">（八）</a>天府：指<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>。《國策·<span class="zhuanming">秦策</span>》：“<span class="zhuanming">蘇秦</span>説<span class="zhuanming">秦惠王</span>曰：大王之國，所謂天府。”</span> </p><p> <span>然則<span class="zhuanming">索<a class="zhuhao" href="#989" id="961">〔1〕</a>訶世界</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1006" id="962">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">娑婆世界</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">娑訶世界</span>，皆訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#990" id="963">〔2〕</a>。</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00035','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P35</span></i> <span>三千大千國土，爲一佛之化攝也。今一日月所臨四天下者，據三千大千世界之中，諸佛世尊，皆此垂化，現生現滅，導聖導凡。<span class="zhuanming">蘇迷盧山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1007" id="964">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">妙高山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#991" id="965">〔3〕</a>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">須彌</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">須彌婁</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#992" id="966">〔4〕</a>，皆訛略也<a class="zhuhao" href="#993" id="967">〔5〕</a>。</span> <span>四寶合成，在大海中，據金輪<a class="zhuhao" href="#1008" id="968">（三）</a>上，日月之所照迴<a class="zhuhao" href="#994" id="969">〔6〕</a>，諸天<a class="zhuhao" href="#1009" id="970">（四）</a>之所遊舍，七山七海<a class="zhuhao" href="#1010" id="971">（五）</a>，環峙環列。山間海水，具八功德<a class="zhuhao" href="#1011" id="972">（六）</a>。七金山外，乃<span class="zhuanming">鹹海</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#995" id="973">〔7〕</a>也。海中可居者，大略有四洲焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#996" id="974">〔8〕</a>。東<span class="zhuanming">毘提訶<a class="zhuhao" href="#1012" id="975">（七）</a>洲</span>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">弗婆提</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#997" id="976">〔9〕</a>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">弗于逮</span>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#998" id="977">〔10〕</a>。</span> <span>南<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1013" id="978">（八）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">閻浮提洲</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">剡浮洲</span>，訛也。</span> <span>西<span class="zhuanming">瞿陁尼<a class="zhuhao" href="#1014" id="979">（九）</a>洲</span>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">瞿耶尼</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">劬<a class="zhuhao" href="#999" id="980">〔11〕</a>伽尼</span>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1000" id="981">〔12〕</a>。</span> <span>北<span class="zhuanming">拘盧<a class="zhuhao" href="#1015" id="982">（一○）</a>洲</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">鬱單越</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">鳩樓</span>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1001" id="983">〔13〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">金輪王</span>乃化被四天下，<span class="zhuanming">銀輪王</span>則政隔北<span class="zhuanming">拘盧</span>，<span class="zhuanming">銅輪王</span>除<a class="zhuhao" href="#1002" id="984">〔14〕</a>北<span class="zhuanming">拘盧</span>及西<span class="zhuanming">瞿陁尼</span>，<span class="zhuanming">鐵輪王</span>則唯<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>。夫輪王者，將卽大位，隨福所感，有大輪寶浮空來應。感<a class="zhuhao" href="#1003" id="985">〔15〕</a>有金銀銅鐵之異，境<a class="zhuhao" href="#1004" id="986">〔16〕</a>乃四三二一之差，因其先<a class="zhuhao" href="#1005" id="987">〔17〕</a>瑞，卽以爲號<a class="zhuhao" href="#1016" id="988">（一一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#961" id="989">〔1〕</a>《異本》索作素。索﹑素聲同可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#963" id="990">〔2〕</a>皆訛也，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無也字。按關於音譯正訛，《翻譯名義集序》有解釋云：“能詮之名，胡﹑梵音别。自<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>至<span class="zhuanming">隋</span>，皆指西域以爲胡國。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>有<span class="zhuanming">彦琮</span>法師獨分胡﹑梵，<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>已西並屬梵種，<span class="zhuanming">鐵門</span>之左皆曰胡鄉。”又云：“或問：‘<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>三藏﹑<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>法師西遊<span class="zhuanming">梵國</span>，東譯<span class="zhuanming">華</span>言，指其古翻，證曰舊訛。豈可初地<span class="zhuanming">龍樹</span>，論<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>音而不親，三賢<span class="zhuanming">羅什</span>，譯<span class="zhuanming">秦</span>言而未正？既皆紕繆，安得感通？’今試釋曰：<span class="zhuanming">秦</span><span class="zhuanming">楚</span>之國，筆聿名殊，<span class="zhuanming">殷</span><span class="zhuanming">夏</span>之時，文質體别。況其<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>别，千載日遥，時移俗化，言變名遷。遂致<span class="zhuanming">梁</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>之新傳，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00036','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P36</span></i>乃殊<span class="zhuanming">秦</span><span class="zhuanming">晉</span>之舊譯。苟能曉意，何必封言！設筌隆殊，得魚安别！”語焉猶未詳。<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>先生《論梵文ṭḍ的音譯》云：“在<span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>《音義》﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>《音義》和<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>《大唐西域記》裏，我們常看到：‘舊言某某，訛也（或訛略也）’，這類的句子。其實這些舊日的音譯也不‘訛’，也不‘略’，因爲據我們現在的研究，有很多<span class="zhuanming">中</span>譯佛典的原文不是梵文，而是俗語，或<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>古代語言。這些認爲是‘訛略’的舊譯就是從俗語或<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>古代語言譯過來的。”（《中印文化關係史論文集》<span class="zhuanming">三聯書店</span>1982年版頁377）又《四庫總目提要》七十一謂“有校正譯語云舊作某某譌者，……疑爲後人所加”。按此語未然。<span class="zhuanming">法雲</span>《翻譯名義集》明著<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之言，<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>《法苑珠林》時亦引之；<span class="zhuanming">敦煌</span>寫本又不遺音注及辨訛之文，豈爲後人所增入乎？</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#965" id="991">〔3〕</a>唐言妙高山，《石本》﹑《中本》無此五字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#966" id="992">〔4〕</a>須彌婁，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》婁作樓，《翻譯集》引同。婁﹑樓聲同相通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#967" id="993">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》皆無也字。<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>先生在《中印文化關係史論文集》（頁110）内謂“<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>語甲方言裏是Sumer，乙方言（<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語）同。毫無可疑，這就是，須彌，的來源。”（《吐火羅語的發現與考釋及其在中印文化交流中的作用》）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#969" id="994">〔6〕</a>照迴，《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》照迴作迴薄，《徑山本》作回薄，同。《翻譯集》引作迴泊，泊乃薄之借字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#973" id="995">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》海下有水字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#974" id="996">〔8〕</a>《方志》作“可居者六，略有四”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#976" id="997">〔9〕</a>《中本》婆作波。聲同常通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#977" id="998">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》無也字。《中本》訛下有之字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00037','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P37</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#980" id="999">〔11〕</a>原本劬作的，今據《宋本》﹑《石本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》改。《翻譯集》亦作劬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#981" id="1000">〔12〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》無也字。《翻譯集》亦無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#983" id="1001">〔13〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#984" id="1002">〔14〕</a>《翻譯集》引除上有則字，與上下文一律。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#985" id="1003">〔15〕</a>《宋本》感作咸，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#986" id="1004">〔16〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》境上有其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#987" id="1005">〔17〕</a>《中本》先作光。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#962" id="1006">（一）</a>索訶世界：梵文Sahālokadhātu的譯名。<span class="zhuanming">索訶</span>是Sahā的音譯，又譯作索阿﹑娑婆（梵文sabhā的音譯，同sahā）﹑娑訶，意爲“堪忍”﹑“忍土”，古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>傳説中包括三千大千世界的名稱。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>沿用其説，以<span class="zhuanming">索訶世界</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>所教化的範圍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#964" id="1007">（二）</a>蘇迷盧山：梵語Sumeru音譯，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">須彌</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">須彌樓</span>等，意譯有妙高﹑妙光﹑安明﹑善積諸義。<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>《一切經音義》卷一：“<span class="zhuanming">蘇迷廬山</span>，梵語寶山名。……梵音云<span class="zhuanming">蘇迷嚧</span>……，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">妙高山</span>。《俱舍論》云：四寶所成，東面白銀，北面黄金，西面頗梨，南面青琉璃。《大論》云：四寶所成曰妙，出過衆山曰高。”案<span class="zhuanming">蘇迷盧山</span>卽古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人所泛稱的<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>之一，此實指<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>以其做爲<span class="zhuanming">南瞻部洲</span>的中心，頂上爲<span class="zhuanming">帝釋天</span>所居。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#968" id="1008">（三）</a>金輪：又作金剛輪。據《俱舍論》卷一一，世界的最下層爲風輪，此風輪依虚空而住。厚十億由旬，其堅固如金剛；風輪上有水輪，深八億由旬；水輪上有金輪，厚三億二萬由旬，由輪形之金<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00038','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P38</span></i>剛而成，故名金輪。此金輪之上有九山八海，是爲地輪。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#970" id="1009">（四）</a>諸天：天，梵語Deva（提婆），又名Sura（素羅），有光明﹑自然﹑清浄諸義。這裏不作<span class="zhuanming">自在天</span>解，泛指天神，乃<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂的“六趣”之一的“天趣”。《婆娑論》卷一七二：“於諸趣中，彼趣最勝﹑最樂﹑最善﹑最妙﹑最高，故名天趣。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#971" id="1010">（五）</a>七山七海：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>對廣大宇宙的想像。它以爲圍繞着<span class="zhuanming">蘇迷盧山</span>有七重金山，在山與山之間有一大海，故名。佛經此説甚繁，説亦不一，如依《起世經》卷一﹑《長阿含經》卷十八，則有九山八海之説。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>則據《俱舍論》卷十一。所謂七山是<span class="zhuanming">踰健達羅山</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">伊沙䭾羅山</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">刼地洛迦山</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">蘇達梨舍那山</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">額濕羯拏山</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">毘那怛迦山</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">尼民達羅山</span>，在山與山之間有一大海，故云七山七海。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#972" id="1011">（六）</a>八功德：卽八種優良的屬性，據《稱讚浄土經》爲澄浄﹑清泠﹑甘美﹑輕軟﹑潤澤﹑安和﹑除饑渴﹑長養諸根，《俱舍論》卷十一略同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#975" id="1012">（七）</a>毘提訶洲：梵語Videha音譯，洲名，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">弗婆提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">弗提媻</span>，<span class="zhuanming">弗于逮</span>等，意譯勝身。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#978" id="1013">（八）</a>贍部洲：梵文Jambudvīpa。又譯<span class="zhuanming">琰浮洲</span>，<span class="zhuanming">閻浮提</span>等。<span class="zhuanming">贍部</span>，梵文Jambu，樹名。傳説此洲以此樹得名，在<span class="zhuanming">蘇迷盧山</span>南<span class="zhuanming">鹹海</span>中。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>卽在此洲之上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#979" id="1014">（九）</a>瞿陁尼洲：梵文Godānīya的音譯，巴利文Goyānīya或Goyāna。有<span class="zhuanming">瞿耶尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">瞿伽尼</span>等異譯，意譯牛貨，在<span class="zhuanming">蘇迷盧山</span>的西方。據《慧苑音義》上：“瞿耶尼，具云阿鉢唎瞿陀尼（Aparagodānīya）。言阿鉢唎者，此云西。或云鉢執忙，此云後，謂日没邊處也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#982" id="1015">（一○）</a>拘盧洲：梵文Kuru音譯，有俱盧﹑拘摟﹑究留﹑究溜﹑句嚧﹑鬱單越等異譯，意譯爲高勝，在<span class="zhuanming">蘇迷盧山</span>之北。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00039','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P39</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#988" id="1016">（一一）</a>卽以爲號：據<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳説，<span class="zhuanming">轉輪王</span>（梵文Cakravarti-rāja）卽位時由於天降寶輪，轉其寶輪而降伏四方，所以稱爲<span class="zhuanming">轉輪王</span>。其寶輪有金﹑銀﹑銅﹑鐵四種，故有金﹑銀﹑銅﹑鐵四輪王。所謂<span class="zhuanming">金輪王</span>爲劫初時生，其時有金輪寶自然出現，金輪寶爲<span class="zhuanming">金輪王</span>所感得七寶之一。四輪王如其次第主宰四﹑三﹑二﹑一的大洲，卽<span class="zhuanming">金輪王</span>主四洲，<span class="zhuanming">銀輪王</span>主東﹑西﹑南三洲，<span class="zhuanming">銅輪</span>王主東﹑南二洲，<span class="zhuanming">鐵輪王</span>則主<span class="zhuanming">南瞻部</span>一洲。參見《阿毘達磨藏顯宗論》卷十七，《俱舍論》卷十二，《智度論》卷四等。</span> </p><p> <span>則<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>之中地<a class="zhuhao" href="#1043" id="1017">〔1〕</a>者，<span class="zhuanming">阿那婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#1044" id="1018">〔2〕</a>答多池</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1059" id="1019">（一）</a>也，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">無熱惱</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">阿耨達池</span>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1045" id="1020">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span>在<span class="zhuanming">香山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1060" id="1021">（二）</a>之南，<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>之北，周八百里矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#1046" id="1022">〔4〕</a>。金﹑銀﹑琉璃<a class="zhuhao" href="#1047" id="1023">〔5〕</a>﹑頗胝<a class="zhuhao" href="#1061" id="1024">（三）</a>飾其岸焉。金沙彌漫，清波皎鏡。八<a class="zhuhao" href="#1048" id="1025">〔6〕</a>地菩薩<a class="zhuhao" href="#1062" id="1026">（四）</a>以願力故，化爲龍王，於中潜宅，出清泠<a class="zhuhao" href="#1049" id="1027">〔7〕</a>水<a class="zhuhao" href="#1063" id="1028">（五）</a>，給<a class="zhuhao" href="#1050" id="1029">〔8〕</a><span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>。是以池東面銀牛口，流出<span class="zhuanming">殑</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">巨勝反<a class="zhuhao" href="#1051" id="1030">〔9〕</a></span> <span><span class="zhuanming">伽河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1064" id="1031">（六）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">恒伽</span>，訛也。</span> <span>繞池一匝<a class="zhuhao" href="#1052" id="1032">〔10〕</a>，入東南海；池南面金象口，流出<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1065" id="1033">（七）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">辛頭河</span>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1053" id="1034">〔11〕</a>。</span> <span>繞池一匝，入西南海；池西面琉璃馬口，流出<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1054" id="1035">〔12〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1066" id="1036">（八）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">博叉河</span>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1055" id="1037">〔13〕</a>。</span> <span>繞池一匝，入西北海；池北面頗胝師子口，流出<span class="zhuanming">徙<a class="zhuhao" href="#1056" id="1038">〔14〕</a>多河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1067" id="1039">（九）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">私陁河</span>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#1057" id="1040">〔15〕</a>。</span> <span>繞池一匝，入東北海。或曰潜流地下出<span class="zhuanming">積石山</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span>之流，爲<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>之<span class="zhuanming">河</span>源云<a class="zhuhao" href="#1058" id="1041">〔16〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#1068" id="1042">（一○）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1017" id="1043">〔1〕</a>《珠林》四引則作其，《章校本》據之改字。按諸本皆作則，則有作假設之用，同“若”（見《詞銓》），於義自通，不必改字。《翻譯<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00040','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P40</span></i>集》引無則字。《古本》地作池，涉下池字而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1018" id="1044">〔2〕</a>《方志》婆作陀。按本書卷六《拘尸那揭羅國》有<span class="zhuanming">阿那婆答多龍王</span>，卽此池之龍王，陀字殆非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1020" id="1045">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》無也字。《中本》訛前有皆字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1022" id="1046">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》“八百里矣”作“八百餘里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1023" id="1047">〔5〕</a>《翻譯集》引“金銀”下有“銅鐵”二字。按下文牛﹑象﹑馬﹑師子語，與金﹑銀﹑琉璃﹑頗胝相應，不當再有“銅鐵”。此二字誤衍。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》琉皆作瑠，下同。琉﹑瑠通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1025" id="1048">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》作大。《珠林》四﹑《翻譯集》引亦作大。《異本》作十。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1027" id="1049">〔7〕</a>《酬本》﹑《金陵本》泠作冷。《珠林》四﹑《翻譯集》引亦作冷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1029" id="1050">〔8〕</a>《古本》給作洽。《珠林》四引作屬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1030" id="1051">〔9〕</a>巨勝反，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》﹑《金陵本》勝皆作升。按殑字見《廣韻》下平聲《蒸韻》，音“其拯切”，與“巨升反”音合。又去聲《證韻》亦有殑字，音“其𩜁切”，與“巨勝反”音合。《證韻》殑字注云：“釋典殑伽”；又《唐韻殘卷》去聲《證韻》其𩜁反下殑字注云：“内典有殑伽”，二書相同，則作“巨勝反”爲是，或又作平聲讀也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1032" id="1052">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》匝作帀，下同。《翻譯集》作迊，乃匝之别體。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1034" id="1053">〔11〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》無<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00041','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P41</span></i>也字。《珠林》四引“辛頭河”下有者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1035" id="1054">〔12〕</a>原本縛芻二字作縳蒭，縳乃縛之形譌，當正。芻﹑蒭通用，時見參差，今從一律改作芻，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1037" id="1055">〔13〕</a>《宋本》﹑《元本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1038" id="1056">〔14〕</a>《石本》徙作徒，形近而譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1040" id="1057">〔15〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》等無也字。《珠林》四引“私陁河”下有者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1041" id="1058">〔16〕</a>《中本》云作尔。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1019" id="1059">（一）</a>阿那婆答多池：梵文Anavatapta音譯；巴利文Anot-atta，譯作<span class="zhuanming">阿耨達池</span>；意譯無熱惱。《慧琳音義》卷一：“此池在五<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北，<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>北，<span class="zhuanming">香山</span>南，二山中間，有此龍池。”<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳説認爲它是<span class="zhuanming">殑伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">信度</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">縛芻</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">徙多</span>四河之源。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1021" id="1060">（二）</a>香山：梵文Gandhagiri的意譯。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>傳説認爲它是<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>最高中心，舊説指<span class="zhuanming">崑崙山</span>，似以<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>（<span class="zhuanming">帕米爾高原</span>）爲當。<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>注謂指<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>中mānasa湖北岸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1024" id="1061">（三）</a>頗胝：梵文sphaṭika（塞玻胝迦），巴利文phaḷika，俗語phaḷiha，又作頗梨﹑頗黎﹑玻璃等，實卽水晶，有紫﹑白﹑紅﹑碧四色。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1026" id="1062">（四）</a>八地菩薩：菩薩，梵文bodhisattva，全譯<span class="zhuanming">菩提薩埵</span>，略稱菩薩。菩提意譯“覺”，薩埵意爲“衆生”。據《翻譯名義集》卷一就是所謂“以智上求菩提，用悲下救衆生。”“地”，原爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒修證的階梯。這裏“八地菩薩以願力故，化爲龍王”，據《法華經·序品》指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂“八部衆”中的“龍衆”（Nāga），卽水族之王，有所謂八大龍王。<span class="zhuanming">阿耨達龍王</span>，卽八大龍王之一，詳《長阿含經》卷十八﹑《智度<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00042','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P42</span></i>論》卷七。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1028" id="1063">（五）</a>清泠水：“八功德水”之一，見前“八功德”注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1031" id="1064">（六）</a>殑伽河：卽<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>，<span class="zhuanming">殑伽</span>，梵文Gaṅgā音譯，又譯<span class="zhuanming">強伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">弶伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">恒伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">恒架</span>，《法顯傳》作<span class="zhuanming">洹水</span>，意譯爲“天堂來”。《玄應音義》卷八：“<span class="zhuanming">強伽</span>，舊名<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>是也，亦名<span class="zhuanming">殑伽</span>，從<span class="zhuanming">阿耨</span>大池東面象口流出，入<span class="zhuanming">東海</span>，其沙細，與水同流也。”因此<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經典有“<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>沙數”的比喻。<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>實源出今<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>南麓，流經<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉國</span>，注入<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉灣</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1033" id="1065">（七）</a>信度河：卽<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>，梵文Sindhu音譯，巴利文Sindhu，俗語Siṃdhu又譯作<span class="zhuanming">辛頭河</span>，源出我國<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span><span class="zhuanming">岡底斯山</span>西麓，經<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span>，注入<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯海</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1036" id="1066">（八）</a>縛芻河：古<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>作Waxšu，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>誤作Čakṣu﹑Suča kṣu，又作Waṅkṣu。《史記》﹑《漢書》稱<span class="zhuanming">嬀水</span>，《魏書》﹑《隋書》﹑《新﹑舊唐書》作<span class="zhuanming">烏滸水</span>，爲<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>語Oxus之對音，爲今<span class="zhuanming">瓦赫什河</span>（Vaksa R.）。<span class="zhuanming">烏滸水</span>今又名<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>（Amu-Daria）。嚴格説來，<span class="zhuanming">縛芻河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>有區别。<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>源出<span class="zhuanming">帕米爾</span>，西流匯合<span class="zhuanming">帕米爾河</span>後稱<span class="zhuanming">噴赤河</span>，再曲折西流匯合<span class="zhuanming">瓦赫什河</span>後稱爲<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>，注入<span class="zhuanming">鹹海</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1039" id="1067">（九）</a>徙多河：梵語Śīta音譯，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">私陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">私多</span>，今<span class="zhuanming">葉爾羌河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">塔里木河</span>。參看本書卷十二<span class="zhuanming">朅盤陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">徙多河</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1042" id="1068">（一○）</a>爲中國之河源云：案：<span class="zhuanming">黄河</span>源出<span class="zhuanming">青海省</span><span class="zhuanming">巴顔喀拉山脉</span><span class="zhuanming">雅合拉達合澤山</span>東麓的<span class="zhuanming">古宗列渠</span>。但在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時代，囿于《禹貢》﹑《山海經》等<span class="zhuanming">黄河</span>源于<span class="zhuanming">崑崙</span>出<span class="zhuanming">積石山</span>，和《水經注》卷一“河自<span class="zhuanming">蒲昌</span>，潛行地下，南出<span class="zhuanming">積石</span>”的舊説，這是錯誤的。</span> </p><p> <span>時無輪王應運，<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>地有四主焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#1102" id="1069">（一）</a>。南象主則暑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00043','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P43</span></i>濕<a class="zhuhao" href="#1087" id="1070">〔1〕</a>宜象，西寶主乃臨海盈<a class="zhuhao" href="#1088" id="1071">〔2〕</a>寶，北馬主寒勁宜馬，東人主和暢多人。故象主之國，躁烈篤學，特閑異術，服則横巾右袒<a class="zhuhao" href="#1089" id="1072">〔3〕</a>，首則中髻<a class="zhuhao" href="#1090" id="1073">〔4〕</a>四垂，族類邑居，室宇重閣。寶主之鄉，無禮義，重財<a class="zhuhao" href="#1091" id="1074">〔5〕</a>賄，短製左衽，斷髮長髭<a class="zhuhao" href="#1092" id="1075">〔6〕</a>，有城郭之居，務殖貨之利。馬主之俗，天資獷暴<a class="zhuhao" href="#1093" id="1076">〔7〕</a>，情忍殺<a class="zhuhao" href="#1094" id="1077">〔8〕</a>戮，毳張穹廬，鳥居逐牧。人主之地，風俗機惠<a class="zhuhao" href="#1095" id="1078">〔9〕</a>，仁義照<a class="zhuhao" href="#1096" id="1079">〔10〕</a>明，冠帶右衽，車服有序<a class="zhuhao" href="#1097" id="1080">〔11〕</a>，安土重遷，務資有類。三主<a class="zhuhao" href="#1098" id="1081">〔12〕</a>之俗，東方爲上。其居室則東闢其户，旦日則東向以拜。人主之地，南面爲尊。方俗殊風，斯其大概。至於君臣上下之禮，憲章文軌之儀，人主之地無以加也。清心釋累之訓，出離生死之教<a class="zhuhao" href="#1103" id="1082">（二）</a>，象主之國其理優矣。斯皆著之經誥，問<a class="zhuhao" href="#1099" id="1083">〔13〕</a>諸土俗，博關<a class="zhuhao" href="#1100" id="1084">〔14〕</a>今古，詳考見聞。然則佛興西方，法流東國，通譯音訛，方言語謬，音訛則義失，語謬則理乖，故曰“必也正名乎”，<a class="zhuhao" href="#1104" id="1085">（三）</a>貴無乖謬矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#1101" id="1086">〔15〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1070" id="1087">〔1〕</a>《珠林》引濕作温。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1071" id="1088">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》盈作多。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1072" id="1089">〔3〕</a>《明南本》袒作但。袒音但，音同而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1073" id="1090">〔4〕</a>《中本》中髻作中󵾆。《石本》則中作中則。並非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1074" id="1091">〔5〕</a>《古本》財作賂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1075" id="1092">〔6〕</a>長髭，《中本》髭作鬢。《釋帖》十三引長作留。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1076" id="1093">〔7〕</a>《慧琳音義》暴作曓云：“今記中從米作㬥，是曬㬥字，非此義。”按此據《説文》爲説，今通作暴矣。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00044','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P44</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1077" id="1094">〔8〕</a>原本殺作煞，乃殺之或作。此本殺多作煞，今改從通行字，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1078" id="1095">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》惠作慧，古通用。《珠林》引作變。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1079" id="1096">〔10〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》照作昭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1080" id="1097">〔11〕</a>車服有序，《釋帖》十三引作“車服雅正，長幼有序”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1081" id="1098">〔12〕</a>三主，《珠林》引三作四。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1083" id="1099">〔13〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》問作聞，《珠林》亦作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1084" id="1100">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《一本》關作開。《石本》作關，讀爲開。《珠林》作閑。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1086" id="1101">〔15〕</a>《宋本》﹑《徑山本》無矣字。《徑山本》卷尾《校記》云：“末贅句，今删。”蓋删去矣字耳。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1069" id="1102">（一）</a>贍部洲地有四主焉：<span class="zhuanming">迦留陀伽</span>（Kālodaka，“時水”，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人，<span class="zhuanming">東晉</span>譯師）譯《十二遊經》：“<span class="zhuanming">閻浮提</span>中有十六大國，八萬四千城，有八國王，四天子。東有<span class="zhuanming">晉</span>天子，人民熾盛。南有<span class="zhuanming">天竺國</span>天子，土地多名象。西有<span class="zhuanming">大秦國</span>天子，土地饒金銀璧玉。西北有<span class="zhuanming">月支</span>天子，土地多好馬。”一般認爲南象主指五<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，西寶主泛指<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">大食</span>以至<span class="zhuanming">大秦</span>，北馬主泛指<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">回紇</span>，東人主則指<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。關于<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所云四主之説，詳見<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>《四天子説》（載<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯《西域南海史地考證譯叢》三編，頁84—103）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1082" id="1103">（二）</a>清心釋累之訓出離生死之教：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的基本教義是所謂苦﹑集﹑滅﹑道“四諦”（真理）和八種修習方法（一正見﹑二正思維﹑三<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00045','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P45</span></i>正語﹑四正業﹑五正命﹑六正精進﹑七正念﹑八正定的所謂“八正道”）。修證的標準在於是否能破二執（我執和法執），証二空（我空和法空）﹑斷二障（煩惱障和所知障），從而滅絶一切欲望，達到不生不滅的湼槃境界。作者用“清心釋累”和“出離生死”二語，概括了<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的基本教義，但“清心釋累”語出《後漢書》卷八八《西域傳論》：“詳其清心釋累之訓，空有兼遣之宗，道書之流也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1085" id="1104">（三）</a>必也正名乎：語出《論語·子路篇》。</span> </p><p> <span>夫人有剛柔異性，言音不同，斯則繫風土之氣，亦習俗之致也。若其山川物産之異，風俗性類之差，則人主之地，國史詳焉。馬主之俗，寶主之鄉，史誥備載，可略言矣。至於象主之國，前古未詳，或書<a class="zhuhao" href="#1112" id="1105">〔1〕</a>地多暑濕，或載俗好仁慈，頗存方志，莫能詳舉。豈道有行藏之致，固世有推移之運矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#1113" id="1106">〔2〕</a>。是知候律以歸化，飲澤而來賓，越重險而欵<span class="zhuanming">玉門</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1114" id="1107">〔3〕</a>，貢方奇而拜絳闕者，蓋難得而言焉。由是之故，訪道遠遊，請益之隙，存記風土。<span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1118" id="1108">（一）</a>已來，莫非胡俗。雖戎<a class="zhuhao" href="#1115" id="1109">〔4〕</a>人同貫，而族類羣分，畫界封疆，大率土著。建城郭，務殖<a class="zhuhao" href="#1116" id="1110">〔5〕</a>田畜，性重財賄，俗輕仁義。嫁娶無禮，尊卑無次，婦言是用，男位居下。死則焚骸，喪期無數。󱂗<a class="zhuhao" href="#1117" id="1111">〔6〕</a>面截耳，斷髮裂裳，屠殺羣畜，祀祭幽魂。吉乃素服，凶則皂衣。同風類俗，略舉條貫。異政殊制，隨地别敍。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>風俗，語在後記。</span> </p>校勘：          <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00046','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P46</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1105" id="1112">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》書作言。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1106" id="1113">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》矣作乎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1107" id="1114">〔3〕</a>《中本》欵作疑。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“<span class="zhuanming">蔣禮鴻</span>《敦煌變文字義通釋》二二六頁‘欵玉門’作‘疑玉門’，謂卽度過玉門之意。”按文義自以欵爲長。“疑”有度義，尚待他証，録之以備一説。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1109" id="1115">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《明南本》戎作戍，疑是戎字之損壞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1110" id="1116">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》皆無殖字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1111" id="1117">〔6〕</a>原本󱂗作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431kzvn.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《石本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431l2in.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《宋本》﹑《異本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《酬本》作󵾇，《徑山本》作󱂗，《金陵本》作釐。按此字正作剺，從刀，𠩺聲，諸作並有譌，今正。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1108" id="1118">（一）</a>黑嶺：一作<span class="zhuanming">黑山</span>，<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>《解説西域記》頁31謂“卽<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語Siyahkoh山脉”，案卽今<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>。又一説謂係泛指山嶺顔色，從<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>本土北望<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>南的雪嶺，北面叢山重叠，終年積雪，而南則降雪少，故就北面白皚皚的高嶺對黑黶黶的南麓而言，稱<span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span>。</span> </p><p> <span>出<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#1122" id="1119">（一）</a>故地，自近者始，曰<span class="zhuanming">阿耆尼國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">焉耆</span>。<a class="zhuhao" href="#1121" id="1120">〔1〕</a></span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1120" id="1121">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《酬本》﹑《徑山本》焉並作烏，《方志》﹑《翻譯集》同。《古寫本》及<span class="zhuanming">高麗</span>藏本《慈恩傳》作鄔。《新唐書·西域傳》作焉耆，與此同。按焉﹑烏﹑鄔並音近相通。《古本》﹑《石本》耆下有“訛略也”三字，《翻譯集》有“訛也”二字，《中<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00047','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P47</span></i>本》有“國也”二字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#1119" id="1122">（一）</a>高昌：古<span class="zhuanming">高昌城</span>，約廢於十五世紀左右，遺址在今我國<span class="zhuanming">新疆維吾爾自治區</span><span class="zhuanming">吐魯番縣</span>東南六十餘里。城址周圍約十里，大部尚完整，是我國現存比較完整的古城址之一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>在<span class="zhuanming">西漢</span>時稱<span class="zhuanming">高昌壁</span>。《北史》卷九七《西域傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>者，<span class="zhuanming">車師</span>前王之故地……地勢高敞，人庶昌盛，因名<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>”。五世紀中葉至七世紀中，爲<span class="zhuanming">高昌國</span>都城，公元640年<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>在此置<span class="zhuanming">高昌縣</span>，屬<span class="zhuanming">西州</span>，一度置<span class="zhuanming">安西都</span>護府。<span class="zhuanming">遼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">金</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">元</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">明</span>時<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文史籍又依<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>語寫作<span class="zhuanming">和州</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">霍州</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">火州</span>等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>（古代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>）文獻如十一世紀七十年代成書的《突厥語辭典》中稱作Qoco～Qocu，來自<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文“高昌”（“昌”字鼻音ng，因受中古<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>語西北方言影響丢失，元音a按<span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>語元音諧和律變爲o～u）。（<span class="zhuanming">伯希和</span>：《高昌和州火州哈喇和卓考》，載<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>《西域南海史地考証譯叢七編》，1957，頁18—24）。案<span class="zhuanming">元</span><span class="zhuanming">歐陽玄</span>《圭齋集》卷十一《高昌偰氏家傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>者，今<span class="zhuanming">哈喇和綽</span>也。<span class="zhuanming">和綽</span>本<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>言<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>。高之音近和，綽之音近昌，遂爲<span class="zhuanming">和綽</span>也”，則我國學者於其對音早已有所説明。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">該地現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語稱Daqiyanus或Idiqutšähri。後者意爲“亦都護城”（亦都護爲<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span><span class="zhuanming">回鶻</span>王的稱號，來自<span class="zhuanming">拔悉蜜</span>ïduq qut，意爲“神聖的陛下”）。現代<span class="zhuanming">維吾爾</span>語Qara-hoja（<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文寫作<span class="zhuanming">哈喇和綽</span>）一名現指<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>古城所在地區，非指古城本身，此名來自民間詞源學，意爲“黑和卓”，前加qara“黑”字，并把Hoja（＜Qoču）與後來<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭教</span>的和卓（Hwaja）（“聖裔”之意）聯繫起來。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00048','1384569',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P48</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>於<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二年（公元628年）初至<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>，逗留一月餘，受到<span class="zhuanming">高昌</span>王<span class="zhuanming">麴文泰</span>的熱情款待。參見《慈恩傳》卷一。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
七畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154165" key="1154165"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 七畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154166" key="1154166"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01073','1244372',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1073</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001798">七畫</p><p> <span>豆（1088）杙（1088）肘（1088）利（1088）希（1088）李（1088）花（1088）夾（1088）汩（1088）何（1088）車（1088）吞（1088）貝（1088）束（1088）形（1088）返（1088）佉（1088）㤄（1088）私（1088）步（1088）我（1088）役（1088）言（1088）杜（1088）作（1088）每（1088）况（1088）卽（1088）坐（1088）折（1088）没（1088）赤（1088）初（1088）吠（1088）沙（1089）戒（1089）妙（1089）近（1089）伽（1089）劫（1089）佛（1089）阿（1089）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
[卷第一　三十四國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv18213" key="18213"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv18214" key="18214"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00029','1384568',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P29</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000061"><b>大唐西域記卷第一</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰<a class="zhuhao" href="#913" id="897">〔1〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>三十四國<a class="zhuhao" href="#914" id="898">〔2〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>阿耆尼國　屈支國<a class="zhuhao" href="#915" id="899">〔3〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>跋<a class="zhuhao" href="#916" id="900">〔4〕</a>禄迦國　笯</span> <span class="font12 zhu">奴故反</span> <span>赤建國</span> </p><p> <span>赭時國　㤄</span> <span class="font12 zhu">敷廢反</span> <span>捍國<a class="zhuhao" href="#917" id="901">〔5〕</a></span> </p><p> <span>窣</span> <span class="font12 zhu">蘇没反</span> <span>堵利瑟那國　颯秣<a class="zhuhao" href="#918" id="902">〔6〕</a>建國</span> </p><p> <span>弭秣賀國　劫布呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#919" id="903">〔7〕</a>那國</span> </p><p> <span>屈霜</span> <span class="font12 zhu">去聲</span> <span>你伽<a class="zhuhao" href="#920" id="904">〔8〕</a>國　喝捍<a class="zhuhao" href="#921" id="905">〔9〕</a>國</span> </p><p> <span>捕喝國　伐地<a class="zhuhao" href="#922" id="906">〔10〕</a>國</span> </p><p> <span>貨利習彌伽國　羯霜</span> <span class="font12 zhu">去聲<a class="zhuhao" href="#923" id="907">〔11〕</a></span> <span>那國</span> </p><p> <span>呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#924" id="908">〔12〕</a>密國　赤鄂衍那國</span> </p><p> <span>忽露摩國　愉</span> <span class="font12 zhu">色俱反</span> <span>漫國</span> </p><p> <span>鞠和衍那國　鑊<a class="zhuhao" href="#925" id="909">〔13〕</a>沙國</span> </p><p> <span>珂咄羅國　拘謎</span> <span class="font12 zhu">莫閇<a class="zhuhao" href="#926" id="910">〔14〕</a>反</span> <span>陁國</span> </p><p> <span>縛伽浪國　紇露悉泯健國</span> </p><p> <span>忽懍國　縛喝國</span> </p><p> <span>鋭秣陁國　胡寔健國</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00030','1384568',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P30</span></i><p> <span>呾剌<a class="zhuhao" href="#927" id="911">〔15〕</a>健國　揭職<a class="zhuhao" href="#928" id="912">〔16〕</a>國</span> </p><p> <span>梵衍那國　迦畢試國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#897" id="913">〔1〕</a>《中本》無此二行題名。按本書作者題名，各本皆如此作，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>與<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>分二行並列名。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>人書如<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>《法苑珠林》﹑<span class="zhuanming">靖邁</span>《古今譯經圖記》﹑<span class="zhuanming">圓照</span>《貞元釋教録》﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>《一切經音義》則皆作“<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>撰”。《進西域記表》亦是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>一人具名，詔修之書，例當如是。然<span class="zhuanming">辯機</span>承旨綴撰，既詳於其所作本書尾《記讚》，又見於<span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>《續高僧傳》﹑<span class="zhuanming">智昇</span>《開元釋教録》，理合附名，意存記實，所以循舊不改。<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>《一切經音義》則作“三藏沙門<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>奉勅撰”。至於“譯”與“撰”的分辨，别詳<span class="zhuanming">賀昌羣</span>先生《大唐西域記之譯與撰》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#898" id="914">〔2〕</a>原本此四字在書首“卷第一”下，卷第二的國數亦在卷次下，但自第三卷以后乃列於國名目録之前，别起行。今遵從其例皆移於國名目録之前，以示畫一。《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》﹑《金陵本》亦如此。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#899" id="915">〔3〕</a>屈支，《中本》屈下有夾注“居勿反”三字。《慧琳音義》云：“（屈）居物反”。《音釋》云：“居勿反”，與《中本》同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#900" id="916">〔4〕</a>跋，《石本》﹑《中本》作𧿡，《異本》作跛。𧿡乃跋之俗字，見《龍龕手鑑》卷四。跛是跋之形譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#901" id="917">〔5〕</a>㤄</span> <span class="font12 xiaozhu">敷廢反</span> <span class="font12 xiao">捍國，《古本》㤄作㤄，《中本》作怖。《慧琳音義》㤄作󵾅，云：“音番發反”。《音釋》㤄音“芳發反”。廢，原本作發。《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》並作廢，《廣韵·廢韵》有㤄字，音“方廢切”，與之合，今據改正。㤄字右傍作巿，本字作“𢚭”（見《説文·心部》），作怖者誤。《方志》作悚捍，音敷世。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00031','1384568',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P31</span></i>音不誤，字亦𢚭之形譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#902" id="918">〔6〕</a>颯秣，《古本》﹑《中本》秣作秼。按《音釋》“音未”，則作秼者非。下秣字，《古本》亦作秼，字書無秼字，並形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#903" id="919">〔7〕</a>呾，《慧琳音義》作咀，音“單割反”，則似當作呾，咀乃形譌。説詳後本文校記。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#904" id="920">〔8〕</a>你伽，《宋本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》伽作加。《元本》作迦。《慧琳音義》云：“伽或作迦，亦通。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#905" id="921">〔9〕</a>喝捍，《異本》喝作噣。按《音釋》作噣，音“竹救反，”與《異本》合。《慧琳音義》無捍字。《新唐書·西域傳》作“喝汗”。汗﹑捍音同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#906" id="922">〔10〕</a>伐地，《敦甲本》伐作戊（在本文），《石本》﹑《中本》作代，《異本》作戍。按《音釋》作戍，音“思律反”。據音則字當作戌。《西域傳》作“戊地”，與《敦甲本》合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#907" id="923">〔11〕</a>《中本》無“去聲”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#908" id="924">〔12〕</a>《中本》呾作怛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#909" id="925">〔13〕</a>鑊，《慧琳音義》作護。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#910" id="926">〔14〕</a>莫閇，《石本》閇作閑，音不合，非。《音釋》作“莫閉反”，閉同閇字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#911" id="927">〔15〕</a>原本呾作咀，《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《金陵本》作呾，《音釋》字作咀，音“丁達反”，則咀亦呾之譌。按下本文作呾，今據改。《慧琳音義》剌作辢，字之異體。《古本》作賴，剌賴同聲，翻譯無定字，聲諧可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#912" id="928">〔16〕</a>《古本》職作𥦽，𥦽同寔字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
設多圖盧國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154169" key="1154169"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第四　十五國 &gt; 設多圖盧國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154170" key="1154170"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00375','1384689',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P375</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000606">設多圖盧國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">設多圖盧國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#4251" id="4244">（一）</a>周二千餘里，西臨大河。國大都城周十七八里。穀稼殷盛，果實<a class="zhuhao" href="#4248" id="4245">〔1〕</a>繁茂。多金銀，出珠珍<a class="zhuhao" href="#4249" id="4246">〔2〕</a>。服用鮮素，裳衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#4250" id="4247">〔3〕</a>綺靡。氣序暑熱，風俗淳和，人性善順，上下有序。敦信佛法，誠心質敬。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4245" id="4248">〔1〕</a>《石本》無實字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4246" id="4249">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》校記云：“珠珍疑倒。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4247" id="4250">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》校記云：“裳衣疑倒。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4244" id="4251">（一）</a>設多圖盧國：關於此國的考證至今尚無令人滿意的説法，爲大家所公認的只是把該國國名還原爲梵文Śatadru（意卽“百川匯流”，又作Śutudri，Śutudru，Śitadru），卽<span class="zhuanming">薩特累季</span>（Sutlej）河的古名。在西方古典作品中，如<span class="zhuanming">普林尼</span>《博物志》（Naturalis Historia）稱之爲Hesidrus，<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理志》稱之爲Zara-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00376','1384689',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P376</span></i>dros或Zadadres。據《西域記》，從<span class="zhuanming">屈露多國</span>到此地須“越大山，濟大河。”可能是指翻越<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>西南的突出部分並渡過<span class="zhuanming">薩特累季河</span>而到達此國，該國可能以河名爲國名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此國都城，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">沙爾亨德</span>（Sarhind），意卽“<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>邊境”。</span> </p><p> <span>王城内外伽藍十所，庭宇荒涼，僧徒尠少。</span> </p><p> <span>城東南三四里，有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，傍有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p><p> <span>復從此西南，行八百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">波理<a class="zhuhao" href="#4253" id="4252">〔1〕</a>夜呾羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#4252" id="4253">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》理作里，《方志》作貍，音同通用。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
八畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154172" key="1154172"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 八畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154173" key="1154173"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01073','1244373',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1073</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001799">八畫</p><p> <span>牀（1090）果（1090）所（1091）服（1091）周（1091）性（1091）沮（1091）奇（1091）拜（1091）苦（1091）杼（1091）函（1091）定（1091）姑（1091）亟（1091）知（1091）含（1091）命（1091）述（1091）苾（1091）拂（1091）盲（1091）供（1091）事（1091）非（1091）或（1091）肥（1091）昏（1091）抽（1091）穹（1091）泥（1091）苫（1091）直（1091）庖（1091）河（1091）度（1091）祇（1091）私（1091）油（1091）耶（1091）忽（1091）呬（1091）卑（1092）奔（1092）於（1092）若（1092）刹（1092）具（1092）茂（1092）長（1092）居（1092）昔（1092）東（1092）青（1092）呾（1092）其（1092）舍（1092）屈（1093）金（1093）波（1093）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01074','1244373',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1074</span></i>法（1093）拘（1093）迦（1094）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154175" key="1154175"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 五畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154176" key="1154176"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01072','1244370',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1072</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001796">五畫</p><p> <span>幼（1083）失（1083）平（1083）史（1083）甘（1083）未（1083）占（1083）主（1083）司（1083）本（1083）右（1083）立（1083）半（1083）央（1083）必（1083）印（1083）出（1083）以（1083）目（1083）玉（1084）生（1084）示（1084）弗（1084）石（1084）白（1084）外（1084）北（1084）世（1084）正（1084）布（1084）末（1084）尼（1085）四（1085）</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
六畫
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154178" key="1154178"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 附録 &gt; 三、注釋條目索引 &gt; （一）檢字表 &gt; 六畫 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154179" key="1154179"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01073','1244371',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1073</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001797">六畫</p><p> <span>名（1085）肉（1085）亘（1085）米（1085）戍（1085）色（1085）而（1085）合（1085）危（1085）成（1085）先（1085）汝（1085）各（1085）字（1085）匠（1085）安（1085）朽（1085）行（1085）灰（1086）吐（1086）池（1086）曲（1086）年（1086）此（1086）至（1086）自（1086）多（1086）光（1086）因（1086）西（1086）伊（1086）地（1086）伐（1086）有（1087）那（1087）如（1087）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、建國傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154181" key="1154181"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 一、建國傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154182" key="1154182"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01006','1244339',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1006</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001724"><b>一﹑建國傳説</b></p><p> <span>王甚驍武，敬重佛法，自云“<span class="zhuanming">毗沙門天</span>之祚<a class="zhuhao" href="#10070" id="10053">〔1〕</a>胤也<a class="zhuhao" href="#10085" id="10054">（一）</a>。”昔者此國虚曠無人，<span class="zhuanming">毗沙門天</span>於此棲止<a class="zhuhao" href="#10071" id="10055">〔2〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>太子在<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>被抉目已，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>怒譴<a class="zhuhao" href="#10072" id="10056">〔3〕</a>輔佐，遷其豪族，出<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>北，居荒谷間<a class="zhuhao" href="#10086" id="10057">（二）</a>。遷人逐牧<a class="zhuhao" href="#10073" id="10058">〔4〕</a>，至此西界，推舉酋<a class="zhuhao" href="#10074" id="10059">〔5〕</a>豪，尊立爲王<a class="zhuhao" href="#10075" id="10060">〔6〕</a>。當是時<a class="zhuhao" href="#10076" id="10061">〔7〕</a>也，東土帝子蒙譴流徙<a class="zhuhao" href="#10077" id="10062">〔8〕</a>，居此東界，羣下勸進，又自稱王。歲月已積，風教不通。各因田<a class="zhuhao" href="#10078" id="10063">〔9〕</a>獵，遇會荒澤，更問宗緒，因而争長。忿形辭語，便欲交兵。或有諫曰：“今何遽乎？因獵決戰，未盡兵鋒。宜歸治兵，期而後集。”於是迴駕而返，各歸其國，挍習戎馬，督勵士卒，至期兵會，旗皷相望。旦日合戰，西主不利，因而逐北，遂斬其首。東主<a class="zhuhao" href="#10079" id="10064">〔10〕</a>乘勝，撫集亡國，遷都中地，方建城郭。憂其無土，恐難成功，宣告遠近，誰識地理。時有塗灰外道負大瓠，盛滿水而自<a class="zhuhao" href="#10080" id="10065">〔11〕</a>進曰：“我知地理。”遂以其水屈曲遺<a class="zhuhao" href="#10081" id="10066">〔12〕</a>流，周而復始，因卽疾驅，忽而不見。依彼水迹，峙其基堵，遂得興功，卽斯國治<a class="zhuhao" href="#10082" id="10067">〔13〕</a>，今王所都於此城<a class="zhuhao" href="#10083" id="10068">〔14〕</a>也。城非崇峻，攻擊難剋<a class="zhuhao" href="#10084" id="10069">〔15〕</a>，自古已來，未能有勝。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10053" id="10070">〔1〕</a>《華嚴鈔》五十八引祚作祀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10055" id="10071">〔2〕</a>《華嚴鈔》止作宅。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01007','1244339',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1007</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10056" id="10072">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》譴作遣，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10058" id="10073">〔4〕</a>原本牧作物，今從《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》及《華嚴鈔》改。《慈恩傳》亦云“養牧”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10059" id="10074">〔5〕</a>《華嚴鈔》酋作尊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10060" id="10075">〔6〕</a>《華嚴鈔》尊作首，王作主。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10061" id="10076">〔7〕</a>《華嚴鈔》時作地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10062" id="10077">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》徙並作徒，疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10063" id="10078">〔9〕</a>《徑山本》及《華嚴鈔》田作畋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10064" id="10079">〔10〕</a>《華嚴鈔》主作王。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10065" id="10080">〔11〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》而自二字並作自而。《趙城本》及《華嚴鈔》作而自，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10066" id="10081">〔12〕</a>《徑山本》遺作遣，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10067" id="10082">〔13〕</a>《古本》國治二字作治國，誤倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10068" id="10083">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並無城字。《趙城本》及《華嚴鈔》有之，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10069" id="10084">〔15〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》剋並作克，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10054" id="10085">（一）</a>自云毗沙門天之祚胤也：<span class="zhuanming">毘沙門天</span>，<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>文作Vaiśra-maṇa，梵文作Vaiśravaṇa，俗語作Vesamaṇa，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯文作<span class="zhuanming">多聞天</span>，原爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>施福之神，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>奉爲四天王之一，卽守護北方之神。在古代<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>，<span class="zhuanming">毗沙門天</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>保護神。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10057" id="10086">（二）</a>居荒谷間：參閲本書卷三<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>條：“……王乃<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01008','1244339',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1008</span></i>責彼輔臣，詰諸僚佐，或黜或放，或遷或死，諸豪世禄移居<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>東北砂磧之中。”《慈恩傳》卷五：“（<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那國</span>）王之先祖卽<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之太子。在<span class="zhuanming">怛叉始羅國</span>，後被譴出<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>北，養牧逐水草，至此建都。”兩書説法歧異。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>太子壞目事在佛經中屢有涉及，《慈恩傳》此説恐誤，可能是原稿有錯漏。</span> </p><p> <span>其王遷都作邑，建國安人，功績已成，齒耋<a class="zhuhao" href="#10095" id="10087">〔1〕</a>云暮，未有胤嗣，恐絶宗緒。乃往<span class="zhuanming">毗沙門天神</span>所<a class="zhuhao" href="#10101" id="10088">（一）</a>，祈禱請嗣。神像額上，剖出嬰孩，捧<a class="zhuhao" href="#10096" id="10089">〔2〕</a>以迴駕，國人稱慶。既不飲乳，恐其不壽，尋詣<a class="zhuhao" href="#10097" id="10090">〔3〕</a>神祠，重請育養<a class="zhuhao" href="#10098" id="10091">〔4〕</a>。神前之地忽然隆起，其狀如乳，神童飲吮，遂至成立。智勇光前，風教遐被，遂營神祠，宗<a class="zhuhao" href="#10099" id="10092">〔5〕</a>先祖也。自<a class="zhuhao" href="#10100" id="10093">〔6〕</a>兹已降，奕世相承，傳國君臨，不失其緒。故今神廟多諸珍寶，拜祠享祭，無替於時。地乳所育，因爲國號<a class="zhuhao" href="#10102" id="10094">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10087" id="10095">〔1〕</a>《華嚴鈔》耋作耄。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10089" id="10096">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《趙城本》捧作拾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10090" id="10097">〔3〕</a>《中本》詣作諸，疑是形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10091" id="10098">〔4〕</a>《中本》及《華嚴鈔》育養二字作養育。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10092" id="10099">〔5〕</a>《華嚴鈔》宗作崇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10093" id="10100">〔6〕</a>《趙城本》自作曰，誤。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01009','1244339',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1009</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10088" id="10101">（一）</a>毗沙門天神所：《慧琳音義》卷十一<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>條下注云：“於彼城中有<span class="zhuanming">毘沙門天</span>神廟，七層木樓，神居樓上，甚有靈驗。其國界有<span class="zhuanming">牛頭山</span>，天神時來，棲宅此山。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10094" id="10102">（二）</a>地乳所育因爲國號：關於<span class="zhuanming">于闐</span>建國傳説，在<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文文獻中也有類似的故事，見<span class="zhuanming">寺本婉雅</span>《于闐國史》第三章；<span class="zhuanming">托瑪斯</span>（F.W.Thomas），《關於新疆的藏文文獻和文書》（Tibetan Literary Texts and Documents concerning Chinese Turkestan，§3.The Annals of the Li Country）；<span class="zhuanming">恩默瑞克</span>（R.E.Emmerick）《關於和闐的藏文文獻》（Tibetan Texts Concerning Khotan，1967）。它從一個側面反映了古代當地居民在族源上的複雜情況。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、童受伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154185" key="1154185"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 朅盤陁國 &gt; 二、童受伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154186" key="1154186"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00987','1244332',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P987</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001696"><b>二﹑童受伽藍</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9886" id="9881">（一）</a>命世，卽其宫中建窣堵波。其王於後遷居宫東北隅，以其故宫爲尊者<span class="zhuanming">童受<a class="zhuhao" href="#9885" id="9882">〔1〕</a>論師</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9887" id="9883">（二）</a>建僧伽藍。臺閣高廣，佛像威嚴。尊者<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>人也，幼而穎悟，早離俗塵，遊心典籍，棲神玄旨，日誦三萬二千言，兼書三萬二千字，故能學冠時彦，名高當世，立正法，摧邪見，高論清舉，無難不酬。<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>國咸見推高。其所製論凡數十部，並盛宣行，莫不翫習，卽經部本師<a class="zhuhao" href="#9888" id="9884">（三）</a>也。當此之時，東有<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>，南有<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>，西有<span class="zhuanming">龍猛</span>，北有<span class="zhuanming">童受</span>，號爲四日照世。故此國王聞尊者盛德，興兵動衆，伐<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅國</span>，脅而得之，建此伽藍，式昭瞻仰。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9882" id="9885">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》童受作童壽。下同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9881" id="9886">（一）</a>無憂王：此<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>（Aśoka）當非公元前三世紀<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00988','1244332',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P988</span></i>朝</span>之<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>，而爲同名之另一人，生平無考。據下文他應爲<span class="zhuanming">童受論師</span>的同時代人，也卽公元後三世紀時人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9883" id="9887">（二）</a>童受論師：音譯<span class="zhuanming">拘摩羅邏多</span>，見本書卷三及注。據<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>典籍，<span class="zhuanming">童受</span>爲喻論（dṛṣṭānta）大師，著作有《喻鬘論》等數十部，今皆不傳。二十世紀初<span class="zhuanming">德國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">勒柯克</span>（Le Coq）曾在<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span><span class="zhuanming">庫車</span>發現梵文寫本《大莊嚴經論》殘卷。該寫本跋文説作者爲<span class="zhuanming">童受</span>，而不是傳統所説的<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>。著名的<span class="zhuanming">德國</span>梵學家<span class="zhuanming">吕德斯</span>（H.Lüders）認爲寫本的名稱應爲Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā，作者應爲<span class="zhuanming">童受</span>，<span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>則認爲其原名爲Dṛṣtāntapaṅkti，Kalpanāmaṇḍitikā爲修飾語，並提出是<span class="zhuanming">馬鳴</span>《大莊嚴經論》的改寫本。（參見<span class="zhuanming">師覺月</span>〔P.C.Bagchi〕《印度與中亞》，India and Central Asia，頁43，101）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9884" id="9888">（三）</a>經部本師：創立經量部的大師。但《出三藏記集》卷十二説<span class="zhuanming">童受</span>是薩婆多部卽有説一切部之論師。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、二石室入定羅漢
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154189" key="1154189"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 朅盤陁國 &gt; 三、二石室入定羅漢 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154190" key="1154190"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00988','1244333',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P988</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001699"><b>三﹑二石室入定羅漢</b></p><p> <span>城東南行三百餘里，至大石崖，有二石室，各一羅漢於中入滅盡定，端然而坐，難以動摇。形若羸人，膚骸不朽，已經七百餘嵗。其鬚<a class="zhuhao" href="#9890" id="9889">〔1〕</a>髮恒長，故衆僧年别爲剃髮易衣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9889" id="9890">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》鬚作鬢。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
婆羅痆斯國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154193" key="1154193"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 婆羅痆斯國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154194" key="1154194"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00557','1384751',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P557</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000932">婆羅痆斯國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯<a class="zhuhao" href="#5972" id="5953">〔1〕</a>國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5984" id="5954">（一）</a>周四千餘里。國大都城西<a class="zhuhao" href="#5973" id="5955">〔2〕</a>臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，長十八九里，廣五六里。閭閻櫛比<a class="zhuhao" href="#5974" id="5956">〔3〕</a>，居人殷盛，家積巨萬，室盈奇貨。人性温恭，俗重强<a class="zhuhao" href="#5975" id="5957">〔4〕</a>學。多信外道，少敬<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00558','1384751',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P558</span></i>佛法。氣序和，穀稼盛<a class="zhuhao" href="#5976" id="5958">〔5〕</a>，果木扶踈，茂<a class="zhuhao" href="#5977" id="5959">〔6〕</a>草靃<a class="zhuhao" href="#5978" id="5960">〔7〕</a>靡<a class="zhuhao" href="#5985" id="5961">（二）</a>。伽藍三十餘所，僧徒三千<a class="zhuhao" href="#5979" id="5962">〔8〕</a>餘人，並學小乘正量部法<a class="zhuhao" href="#5986" id="5963">（三）</a>。天祠百餘所，外道萬餘人，並多宗事<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5980" id="5964">〔9〕</a>，或<a class="zhuhao" href="#5981" id="5965">〔10〕</a>斷髮<a class="zhuhao" href="#5987" id="5966">（四）</a>，或椎<a class="zhuhao" href="#5982" id="5967">〔11〕</a>髻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5988" id="5968">（五）</a>，露形無服<a class="zhuhao" href="#5989" id="5969">（六）</a>，塗身以灰<a class="zhuhao" href="#5990" id="5970">（七）</a>，精勤苦行<a class="zhuhao" href="#5983" id="5971">〔12〕</a>，求出生死。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5953" id="5972">〔1〕</a>婆羅痆斯，《説郛》七十七引《西域志》作波羅奈斯，與上文尾注舊稱相合，非<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>本文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5955" id="5973">〔2〕</a>《石本》西下有監字。按監乃下臨字之誤衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5956" id="5974">〔3〕</a>《音釋》云：“（比）正作枇。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5957" id="5975">〔4〕</a>《中本》强作族，疑非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5958" id="5976">〔5〕</a>《中本》盛上有滋字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5959" id="5977">〔6〕</a>《石本》無茂字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5960" id="5978">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《徑山本》靃作藿，《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》作𧆑。《慧琳音義》﹑《音釋》作靃，與此同，三字可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5962" id="5979">〔8〕</a>《慈恩傳》三作二。《方志》作三，與此同。《元本》千訛作十。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5964" id="5980">〔9〕</a>《方志》大自在天下有根也二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5965" id="5981">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》或並訛作成。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5967" id="5982">〔11〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》椎作堆；《中本》﹑《元本》作推。推當是椎之誤（古寫本從木從才之字常淆），堆又推之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5971" id="5983">〔12〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》行作身。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00559','1384751',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P559</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5954" id="5984">（一）</a>婆羅痆斯國：梵文Bārāṇasī﹑Vārāṇasī，巴利文Bārāṇasī，又譯<span class="zhuanming">波羅那斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波羅痆斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波羅㮈</span>，曾名<span class="zhuanming">貝拿勒斯</span>（Benares），今名<span class="zhuanming">瓦臘納西</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">阿拉哈巴德</span>（Allāhābād）下游八十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，位於<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>左岸。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>云<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯國</span>“西臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>”，則應在<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>右岸。這可能是：一﹑<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之後<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>曾改道；二﹑故城原在<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>右岸，後來則遷至左岸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯國</span>亦卽古代的<span class="zhuanming">迦尸國</span>（Kāśī）。此兩名（Kāśī和Bārā-ṇasī）本來可以交替使用或聯合使用，但後來一般用<span class="zhuanming">迦尸國</span>作國名，<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯</span>作首都名。所以《<span class="zhuanming">法顯傳</span>》卽稱“<span class="zhuanming">迦尸國</span><span class="zhuanming">波羅㮈城</span>。”一説<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯城</span>因處於<span class="zhuanming">波羅拏</span>（Varaṇā）與<span class="zhuanming">阿悉</span>（Asī）兩河之間而得名，爲古代<span class="zhuanming">迦尸國</span>的首都，故又名<span class="zhuanming">迦尸城</span>（Kāśīnagara，Kāśīpura）。<span class="zhuanming">迦尸</span>是古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的十六大國之一。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>之前，<span class="zhuanming">迦尸</span>是<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>最強大的國家之一。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>時代<span class="zhuanming">迦尸</span>已經衰落。<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>卽位以前，<span class="zhuanming">迦尸國</span>已被<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>吞併。<span class="zhuanming">勝軍王</span>之父<span class="zhuanming">摩訶憍薩羅</span>把女兒嫁給<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span><span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>時，就以<span class="zhuanming">迦尸村</span>作爲嫁妝。當<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span><span class="zhuanming">未生怨王</span>打敗<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>﹑稱霸<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">迦尸國</span>終於被併入<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯</span>位於水陸交通中心，工商業繁榮，人口衆多，爲<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>重鎮。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>一生中相當大的一部分在此地度過。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>初轉法輪（卽第一次説教）就是在這裏。以後還多次在此宣講過他的重要教義。有名的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>聖迹<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>窣堵波等都在此地。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的創始者<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>（Mahāvīra）及其弟子的許多故事軼聞，也發生於此地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">迦尸</span>一直是可能起源於前《吠陀》時期的非<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人的<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>（Mahādeva，卽<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>）派的根據地，<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>是<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯</span>的保護神。這一派和後來的<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>派爲了争奪<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯</span>進行過激烈的鬥<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00560','1384751',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P560</span></i>争。大史詩《摩訶婆羅多·備戰篇》中關於<span class="zhuanming">黑天</span>（Kṛṣṇa——<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>的化身）多次焚毁<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯</span>城的神話，就暗示着這場鬥争的頻繁與劇烈。結果是以雙方妥協而收場。此後兩千餘年來，<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯</span>遂成爲<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>的神聖中心。<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>流經該城附近的那段也被視爲聖水。<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>派在此地尤其根深蒂固。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">我國<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒如<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">悟空</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">繼業</span>和<span class="zhuanming">朝鮮</span>僧人<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>都曾到過這裏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5961" id="5985">（二）</a>靃靡：卽霍靡，靃爲霍的本字。茂草隨風披拂之狀。《楚辭》：“薠草靃靡。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5963" id="5986">（三）</a>學小乘正量部法：《慈恩傳》卷三稱婆羅痆斯國“僧二千餘人，學小乘一切有部。”與此不同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5966" id="5987">（四）</a>斷髮：指耆那教徒的乞食薙髮（或拔髮）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5968" id="5988">（五）</a>椎髻：結髮髻如椎形。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5969" id="5989">（六）</a>露形無服：指耆那教的天衣派，以天爲衣，卽裸體。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5970" id="5990">（七）</a>塗身以灰：卽塗灰外道。以上注（四）至注（六）亦見本書卷二《印度總述》衣飾條。</span> </p><p> <span>大城中天祠二十所<a class="zhuhao" href="#5993" id="5991">〔1〕</a>，層臺祠宇，彫石文木。茂林相蔭，清流交帶<a class="zhuhao" href="#5994" id="5992">〔2〕</a>。鍮石天像量減百尺，威嚴肅然，懔懍如在。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5991" id="5993">〔1〕</a>《方志》所下有天根高百餘尺六字。按《方志》此文與上“大自在天根也”相應，正與其所記<span class="zhuanming">劫比他國</span><span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>像合，疑皆是<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00561','1384751',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P561</span></i><span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>據《西域記》最初寫本而録之，其後爲人删去。説詳卷四“劫比他國”闕文校記。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5992" id="5994">〔2〕</a>《古本》交帶二字作相交。《石本》無帶字。</span> </p><p> <span>大城東北<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆<a class="zhuhao" href="#5998" id="5995">〔1〕</a>河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5999" id="5996">（一）</a>西，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，高百餘尺。前建石柱<a class="zhuhao" href="#6000" id="5997">（二）</a>。碧鮮若鏡，光潤凝流。其中常現<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>影像。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5995" id="5998">〔1〕</a>《古本》及《慈恩傳》痆下有斯字，下同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5996" id="5999">（一）</a>婆羅痆河：卽Varaṇā（Barṇa）河。《慈恩傳》卷三誤作<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆斯河</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5997" id="6000">（二）</a>石柱：爲<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>所建石柱，近代曾發現片段，今藏於<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭</span>禮拜寺内。見Mookerji：Asoka，p.85。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、阿折羅伽藍及石窟
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154197" key="1154197"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 摩訶剌侘國 &gt; 二、阿折羅伽藍及石窟 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154198" key="1154198"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00895','1384872',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P895</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001495"><b>二﹑阿折羅伽藍及石窟</b></p><p> <span>國東境有大山，疊嶺連障<a class="zhuhao" href="#9171" id="9163">〔1〕</a>，重巒絶巘。爰有伽藍，基於幽谷，高堂邃宇，疏崖枕峯<a class="zhuhao" href="#9172" id="9164">〔2〕</a>；重閣層臺，背巖面<a class="zhuhao" href="#9173" id="9165">〔3〕</a>󵾮<a class="zhuhao" href="#9174" id="9166">〔4〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">阿折羅</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">所行</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿羅漢</span>所建<a class="zhuhao" href="#9175" id="9167">〔5〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#9178" id="9168">（一）</a>。羅漢<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>人也，其母既終，觀生何趣，見於此國，受女人身。羅漢遂來至此，將欲導化，隨機攝受，入里乞食，至母生家。女子持食來施，乳便流汁。親屬既見，以爲不祥。羅漢説本因緣，女子便證聖果。羅漢感<a class="zhuhao" href="#9176" id="9169">〔6〕</a>生育之恩，懷<a class="zhuhao" href="#9177" id="9170">〔7〕</a>業緣之致，將酬厚德，建此伽藍。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9163" id="9171">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》障並作嶂，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9164" id="9172">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》峯作岑。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9165" id="9173">〔3〕</a>《中本》面作向</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9166" id="9174">〔4〕</a>《古本》󵾮作谷。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作壑。《趙城本》作󵾮，同此本。按󵾮爲壑之俗字，見《干禄字書》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9167" id="9175">〔5〕</a>《中本》建下有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9169" id="9176">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》感作懷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9170" id="9177">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》懷作感。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00896','1384872',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P896</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9168" id="9178">（一）</a>阿折羅阿羅漢所建：卽<span class="zhuanming">阿折羅伽藍</span>，梵文Ācārasaṃ-ghārāma。多數學者同意比定此地爲<span class="zhuanming">阿旃陀</span>（Ajaṇṭā）石窟寺，其位置在<span class="zhuanming">奥蘭伽巴德</span>（Auraṅgābād）西北<span class="song">60</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里﹑<span class="zhuanming">布莎瓦爾</span>（Bhusaval）以南約<span class="song">35</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的<span class="zhuanming">瓦哥拉</span>（Waghora）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>河曲。取道<span class="zhuanming">高止山</span>山麓的小鎮<span class="zhuanming">法爾達普爾</span>（Phardapur）卽可到達該地。該石窟羣開鑿於高達76公尺的玄武岩斷岩之下，在長約550公尺的地段，共鑿有大小二十九窟，均已編號。石窟分爲兩大羣，一羣爲公元前一﹑二世紀至公元後一世紀間所開鑿，其中以九號及十號窟爲最古，另一羣開鑿於公元後五至七世紀期間。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>衰微之後，僧侣相率離散，石窟寺中荒漠無人，以後逐漸爲山巔崩頽的泥土流沙所湮没近千年之久，直到十九世紀之初才重見天日。1819年<span class="zhuanming">馬德拉斯</span>軍團的一連士兵在<span class="zhuanming">英迪耶德利</span>（Indhyadri）山脉野外演習時首先發現了它。1824年<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>人<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>（James Alexander）參觀後才開始向外界人士介紹該寺宏大壯麗的情景。1828年<span class="zhuanming">格里斯勒</span>（Captain Gresley）﹑<span class="zhuanming">拉爾福</span>（Ralph）﹑<span class="zhuanming">柏爾德</span>（Dr.J.Bird）三人聯袂前往，調查研究。其中<span class="zhuanming">拉爾福</span>關於寺内壁畫的文章發表於《孟加拉亞洲學會會刊》（Journal of Asiatic Society of Bengal.Vol.5，p.560）。1839年<span class="zhuanming">勃勒克</span>中尉（Leutenant Blake）也發表了他關於<span class="zhuanming">阿旃陀</span>石窟寺的調查報告。同年<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>（James Fergusson）也赴該地進行考察，其成果爲1843年公布的《印度巖鑿寺院》（Rock-cut Temples in lndia）一書，該寺藝術品的重要性才在<span class="zhuanming">亞洲學會</span>引起廣泛的注意。現代東西方學者研究<span class="zhuanming">阿旃陀</span>的建築與藝術的專著爲數甚多，不一一介紹。總之，<span class="zhuanming">阿旃陀</span>石窟寺的發現是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>藝術史上的一件大事，爲數繁多的浮雕與壁畫栩栩如生地描繪出古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>生活的許多方面，對<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>文<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00897','1384872',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P897</span></i>化史的研究也有其重大價值。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍大精舍，高百餘尺。中有石佛像，高七十餘尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#9184" id="9179">〔1〕</a>，上有石蓋七重，虚懸無綴<a class="zhuhao" href="#9185" id="9180">〔2〕</a>，蓋間相去各三尺餘。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#9186" id="9181">〔3〕</a>曰：斯乃羅漢願力之所持也。或曰神通之力，或曰藥術之功。考厥實録，未詳其致。精舍四周彫鏤石壁，作<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔修菩薩行<a class="zhuhao" href="#9187" id="9182">〔4〕</a>諸因地事。證聖果之禎祥，入寂滅之靈應，巨細無遺，備盡鐫鏤。伽藍門外南北左右，各一石象。聞之土<a class="zhuhao" href="#9188" id="9183">〔5〕</a>俗曰：此象時大聲吼，地爲震動。昔<span class="zhuanming">陳那菩薩</span>多止此伽藍。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9179" id="9184">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》作長八丈許，《珠林》三十九作長八丈餘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9180" id="9185">〔2〕</a>《釋帖》二十一引作“石蓋空懸七重，隨人轉。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9181" id="9186">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》諸先志三字作之耆舊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9182" id="9187">〔4〕</a>《中本》行上有之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9183" id="9188">〔5〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》土作士，非。</span> </p><p> <span>自此西行<a class="zhuhao" href="#9193" id="9189">〔1〕</a>千餘里，渡<span class="zhuanming">耐𥘯<a class="zhuhao" href="#9194" id="9190">〔2〕</a>陁河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9196" id="9191">（一）</a>，至<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">昌葉反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#9195" id="9192">〔3〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9189" id="9193">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》西行作西北行。《方志》則亦作西行。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00898','1384872',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P898</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9190" id="9194">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》𥘯作秣，《慈恩傳》同。《建本》作殊，殆誤。《趙城本》作𥘯，同此本。《方志》作末。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9192" id="9195">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》婆作波，下同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9191" id="9196">（一）</a>耐𥘯陁河：<span class="zhuanming">耐𥘯陁</span>，梵文名Narmadā；<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理學》Ⅶ.I.稱之爲Namados。此河卽今<span class="zhuanming">納巴達河</span>，發源於<span class="zhuanming">温德亞</span>（Vin-dhya）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>，向西於<span class="zhuanming">布羅奇</span>（Broach）流入<span class="zhuanming">坎貝</span>（Cambay）<span class="zhuanming">灣</span>，爲<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>與<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>最重要的河流。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、鹿野伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154201" key="1154201"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 婆羅痆斯國 &gt; 一、鹿野伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154202" key="1154202"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00561','1384752',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P561</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000938"><b>一﹑鹿野伽藍</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆河</span>東北行十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">鹿野伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6006" id="6001">（一）</a>。區界八分，連垣周堵，層軒重閣，麗窮規矩。僧徒一千五百人，並學小乘正量部法。大垣中有精舍，高二百餘尺，上以黄金隱起，作菴没羅果。石爲基階<a class="zhuhao" href="#6004" id="6002">〔1〕</a>，甎作層龕，翕<a class="zhuhao" href="#6005" id="6003">〔2〕</a>帀四周，節<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00562','1384752',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P562</span></i>級百數，皆有隱起黄金佛像。精舍之中，有鍮石佛像，量等<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>身，作轉法輪勢。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6002" id="6004">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》階並作陛。《慈恩傳》作“石階甎龕”，與此相合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6003" id="6005">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》翕並作龕。義俱可通。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6001" id="6006">（一）</a>鹿野伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">鹿野</span>，梵文Mṛgadāva，巴利文Migadāya。又譯作<span class="zhuanming">鹿野苑</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">施鹿苑</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">仙人鹿野</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">施鹿林等</span>，在今<span class="zhuanming">瓦臘納西</span>以北約四<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的Sārnāth。<span class="zhuanming">鹿野伽藍</span>在<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>時代已負盛名，爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>四大聖地之一。另三處爲佛誕生處<span class="zhuanming">藍毗尼園</span>﹑佛成道處<span class="zhuanming">菩提伽耶</span>，佛湼槃處拘<span class="zhuanming">尸那揭羅</span>。<span class="zhuanming">鹿野</span>一名的來源見本卷下文。<span class="zhuanming">鹿野伽藍</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">鹿野苑</span>中之一寺。《法顯傳》云：“城東北十里許，得<span class="zhuanming">仙人鹿野苑</span>精舍。此苑本有<span class="zhuanming">辟支佛</span>住，常有野鹿棲宿。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>將成道，諸天於空中唱言，<span class="zhuanming">白浄王</span>子出家學道，却後七日當成佛。<span class="zhuanming">辟支佛</span>聞已，卽取泥洹，故名此處爲<span class="zhuanming">仙人鹿野苑</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所描繪的<span class="zhuanming">鹿野伽藍</span>，十三世紀時爲侵入該地的<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭教</span>徒所摧毁。但其遺址及遺物今已續有發現。其最著者有<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石柱等。其附近還發現了七個宏大建築物遺址，牆基均厚十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，四周磚基相連，密如蜂房。由此尚可想見《慈恩傳》卷三中所載該地當年“臺觀連雲，長廊四合”的盛況。</span> </p><p> <span>精舍西南有石窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6016" id="6007">（一）</a>，基雖傾陷，尚餘<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00563','1384752',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P563</span></i>百尺。前建石柱，高七十餘尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#6017" id="6008">（二）</a>。石含玉潤，鑒照<a class="zhuhao" href="#6013" id="6009">〔1〕</a>映徹。慇懃祈<a class="zhuhao" href="#6014" id="6010">〔2〕</a>請，影見衆像，善惡之相，時有見者，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>成正<a class="zhuhao" href="#6015" id="6011">〔3〕</a>覺已初轉法輪處也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6018" id="6012">（三）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6009" id="6013">〔1〕</a>《石本》鑒照二字作靈鑒照三字，《中本》作露鑒燭照四字，露疑靈之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6010" id="6014">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》無祈字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6011" id="6015">〔3〕</a>《石本》正下有學字，乃覺字之誤衍。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6007" id="6016">（一）</a>有石窣堵波無憂王建也：<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>所建塔，卽Dharmarā-jika stūpa。此塔直徑十三公尺半，全爲磚造，遺址於一七九四年發現。當發掘時，曾發現二盒，内有遺骨，傳説爲佛舍利。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6008" id="6017">（二）</a>前建石柱高七十餘尺：此處<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石柱，現仍殘存，柱身已碎成五段，最下一段石基仍留在原處，其餘四段豎在四周。最下段高十六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺八<span class="zhuanming">英</span>寸，底部直徑二<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>寸，石柱下段刻<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>敕銘。柱頭現已移至<span class="zhuanming">鹿野苑</span><span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">考古學博物院</span>内，高約七<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，上刻四首獅子一個，面向四方，身連一處，神采栩栩，雕刻之纖細優美，令人讚嘆不已。石呈青灰色，滑膩如鏡，光澤似玉，一如<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所説“石含玉潤，鑒照映徹”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6012" id="6018">（三）</a>初轉法輪處也：輪，梵文cakra意譯，又指一種武器，狀如車輪。此以輪喻佛所説的法。初轉法輪，指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>首次講述<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教義。詳見後文所敍，參見《因果經》卷三﹑《方廣大莊嚴經》卷七﹑《四分律》卷三二﹑《五分律》卷十五﹑《佛本行集經》卷三三﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00564','1384752',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P564</span></i>三四﹑《增一阿含經》卷十四等等。</span> </p><p> <span>其側不遠<a class="zhuhao" href="#6023" id="6019">〔1〕</a>窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">阿若憍陳如</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6026" id="6020">（一）</a>等見菩薩捨<a class="zhuhao" href="#6024" id="6021">〔2〕</a>苦行，遂不侍衛，來至於此而自習定<a class="zhuhao" href="#6025" id="6022">〔3〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6019" id="6023">〔1〕</a>《石本》遠下朱校有有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6021" id="6024">〔2〕</a>《中本》捨上有身字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6022" id="6025">〔3〕</a>《石本》定下有所也二字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6020" id="6026">（一）</a>阿若憍陳如：梵文Ājñātakauṇḍinya，巴利文Aññā-koṇḍañña。阿若意爲智慧淵廣，用爲悟道有成者之稱。<span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>原爲<span class="zhuanming">浄飯王</span>派遣衛護<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>修行之五名侍從之一，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>修行六年後未果，<span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>等五人乃離<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>而去。後來<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>修行成正果，首先至<span class="zhuanming">鹿野苑</span>傳佈佛法，<span class="zhuanming">憍陳如</span>等五人成爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的第一批弟子。見《五分律》卷一五；《四分律》卷三二；Dīghanikāya，I；Mahāvagga，I.6，10等。</span> </p><p> <span>其傍窣堵波，是五百獨覺<a class="zhuhao" href="#6029" id="6027">（一）</a>同入湼槃處。又三窣堵波，過去三佛<a class="zhuhao" href="#6030" id="6028">（二）</a>坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6027" id="6029">（一）</a>獨覺：梵文pratyekabuddha之意譯，音譯爲辟支佛，指<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00565','1384752',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P565</span></i>獨自修行而悟道者。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6028" id="6030">（二）</a>過去三佛：指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>以前的三佛，卽<span class="zhuanming">拘留孫佛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拘那含牟尼佛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>。見前注。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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跋禄羯呫婆國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154205" key="1154205"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 跋禄羯呫婆國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154206" key="1154206"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00898','1384873',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P898</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001501">跋禄羯呫婆國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9198" id="9197">（一）</a>周二千四五百里。國大都城周二十餘里。土地鹹鹵，草木稀踈，煑海爲鹽，利海爲業。氣序暑熱，廻風飈起。土俗澆薄，人性詭詐，不知學藝，邪正兼信。伽藍十餘所，僧徒三百餘人，習學大乘上座部法。天祠十餘所，異道雜居。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9197" id="9198">（一）</a>跋禄羯呫婆國：<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆</span>，梵文Bharukacchapa的音譯。梵名又作Bharukaccha，《孔雀王經》<span class="zhuanming">僧伽婆羅</span>譯本作<span class="zhuanming">婆樓割車</span>，<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>譯本作<span class="zhuanming">婆盧羯車</span>，<span class="zhuanming">不空</span>譯本作<span class="zhuanming">婆盧羯泚</span>；《諸蕃志》<span class="zhuanming">南毗國</span>條作<span class="zhuanming">弼離沙</span>；<span class="zhuanming">賈耽</span>《皇華四達記·廣州通海夷道》作<span class="zhuanming">拔䫻</span>。此國名<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00899','1384873',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P899</span></i><span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Barou—gatcheva，<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>還原爲Bāroukatcheva，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲卽古代銘文中的Bhārukaccha，我們認爲以<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>意見爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">諸家一致的意見比定此國爲今<span class="zhuanming">布羅奇</span>（Broach或Bharoach）。自古該地就是著名的海港，與<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>及<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯半島</span>有頻繁的海上交通。除上引<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古籍外，《本生經》如Sussondī Jātaka，《往世書》如Mārkaṇḍeya-purāṇa等也有該地海運的記載，前者中説此港有船運航金地（Suvarṇabhūmi，此指<span class="zhuanming">下緬甸</span>）。外國著作如佚名的《厄里特里亞海週航記》﹑<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理學》中也都提到此港，名爲Barygaza，稱其爲一大城市，位於<span class="zhuanming">耐𥘯陁河</span>北岸，距海口約<span class="song">30</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於此國方位，本書作“自此（<span class="zhuanming">阿折羅伽藍</span>）西行千餘里，渡<span class="zhuanming">耐𥘯陁河</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆國</span>”，《慈恩傳》作“西北行”，以後者爲是。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西北行二千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#9202" id="9199">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">卽<span class="zhuanming">南羅羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#9203" id="9200">〔2〕</a>國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#9204" id="9201">〔3〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9199" id="9202">〔1〕</a>《建本》婆作波，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9200" id="9203">〔2〕</a>原本無下羅字，《石本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》及《慈恩傳》並有下羅字。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》羅下並有之字。之字爲同上字符號𠚤的形訛，羅之卽羅羅。按羅羅爲梵文Lāṭa音譯。今補下羅字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9201" id="9204">〔3〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》境下有也字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1.慈氏及護明受記窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154209" key="1154209"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 婆羅痆斯國 &gt; 一、鹿野伽藍 &gt; 1.慈氏及護明受記窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154210" key="1154210"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00565','1384753',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P565</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000946">1.慈氏及護明受記窣堵波</p><p> <span>三佛經行側有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">梅呾麗耶</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">慈</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6039" id="6031">〔1〕</a>，卽姓也。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>，訛略<a class="zhuhao" href="#6040" id="6032">〔2〕</a>也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6044" id="6033">（一）</a>受成佛記處。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span><span class="zhuanming">鷲峯山</span>告諸苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#6041" id="6034">〔3〕</a>：“當來之世，此<span class="zhuanming">贍<a class="zhuhao" href="#6042" id="6035">〔4〕</a>部洲</span>土地平正，人壽八萬歲，有婆羅門子<span class="zhuanming">慈氏</span>者，身真金色，光明照朗，當捨家成正覺，廣爲衆生，三會<a class="zhuhao" href="#6045" id="6036">（二）</a>説法，其濟度者，皆我遺法植福衆生也。其於三寶，深敬一心，在家出家，持戒犯戒，皆蒙化導，證果解脱。三會説法之中，度我遺法之徒，然後乃化同緣善友<a class="zhuhao" href="#6046" id="6037">（三）</a>。”是時<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>聞佛此説，從座<a class="zhuhao" href="#6043" id="6038">〔5〕</a>起，白佛言：“願我作彼<span class="zhuanming">慈氏世尊</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>告曰：“如汝所言，當證此果。如上所説，皆汝教化之儀也。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6031" id="6039">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集》引言作云，慈下有氏字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6032" id="6040">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》引並無略字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6034" id="6041">〔3〕</a>《石本》苾芻作比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6035" id="6042">〔4〕</a>《石本》贍作瞻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6038" id="6043">〔5〕</a>《石本》座下有而字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00566','1384753',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P566</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6033" id="6044">（一）</a>梅呾麗耶菩薩受成佛記處：<span class="zhuanming">梅呾麗耶</span>，梵文爲Maitreya（或Maitriya，Maitrīya），巴利文作Metteyya，卽<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>，或<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>，見前注。關於<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>繼<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>佛位的預言，亦見《長阿含經》卷六﹑《大寳積經》卷四二等。此菩薩受記塔，卽今之<span class="zhuanming">達麥塔</span>（Dhāmekh stūpa），爲<span class="zhuanming">鹿野苑</span>諸遺迹中最大者。塔高一百四十三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，圓形。上層磚築；下層以石爲基礎，直徑九十三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，高四十三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，分八面，彫刻精緻花紋，爲距今一千四五百年前<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>之遺物。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6036" id="6045">（二）</a>三會：卽所謂“龍華三會”。據《增一阿含經》卷四十四及《彌勒下生經》，<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>在龍華園中龍華樹下成道，三度説法，度盡上﹑中﹑下三根之衆生，故名三會。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6037" id="6046">（三）</a>乃化同緣善友：《法顯傳》師子國條：“<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>出世，初轉法輪時，先度<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>遺法中弟子，出家人及受三歸五戒八齋法，供養三寳者。第二﹑第三次，度有緣者。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>受記西有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦菩薩</span>受記之處。賢劫中人壽二萬歲，<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>出現於世，轉妙法輪，開化含識，授<span class="zhuanming">護明<a class="zhuhao" href="#6051" id="6047">〔1〕</a>菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6054" id="6048">（一）</a>記曰：“是菩薩於當來世衆生壽命百歲之時，當得成<a class="zhuhao" href="#6052" id="6049">〔2〕</a>佛，號<a class="zhuhao" href="#6053" id="6050">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6047" id="6051">〔1〕</a>《中本》護明二字作灌頂。按<span class="zhuanming">護明</span>乃<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>過去世之號，亦見《傳法正宗記》一。灌頂爲密教之傳法儀式，與此不合，當誤。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》三十八並作<span class="zhuanming">護明</span>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00567','1384753',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P567</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6049" id="6052">〔2〕</a>《石本》得成二字誤例。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6050" id="6053">〔3〕</a>《中本》號下有曰字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6048" id="6054">（一）</a>護明菩薩：<span class="zhuanming">護明</span>，梵文Prabhāpāla的意譯。據《佛本行集經》卷五，<span class="zhuanming">護明</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>前身，係<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波佛</span>的弟子。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">釋迦菩薩</span>受記南不遠，有過去四佛經行遺迹，長五十餘步，高可七尺，以青石積成，上作<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>經行之像。像形傑異<a class="zhuhao" href="#6058" id="6055">〔1〕</a>，威嚴肅然，肉髻之上，特出髾<a class="zhuhao" href="#6059" id="6056">〔2〕</a>髮<a class="zhuhao" href="#6060" id="6057">（一）</a>，靈相無隱，神鑒有徵。於其垣内，聖迹寔多。諸精舍﹑窣堵波數百餘所，略舉二三，難用詳述。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6055" id="6058">〔1〕</a>《元本》異誤作男。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6056" id="6059">〔2〕</a>原本髾作鬚，今從《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》改。《慧琳音義》亦作髾，引《埤蒼》云：“作髻垂髮髾也。”《音釋》亦作髾，音“所交反。”《石本》作鬢，《中本》作髻，《異本》作󵷤。《珠林》引作鬚，與《新麗本》同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6057" id="6060">（一）</a>髾髮：卽頭髮梢。《宋史》卷四八九《占城國傳》：“撮髮爲髻，散垂餘髾於其後。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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摩臘婆國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154213" key="1154213"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 摩臘婆國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154214" key="1154214"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00900','1384874',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P900</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001504">摩臘婆國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9216" id="9205">（一）</a>周六千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9217" id="9206">（二）</a>周三十餘里，據<span class="zhuanming">莫醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#9212" id="9207">〔1〕</a>河</span>東南。土地膏腴，稼穡殷盛。草木榮茂，花菓繁實。特宜宿麥，多食餅麨。人性善順，大抵聰敏，言辭雅亮<a class="zhuhao" href="#9213" id="9208">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#9218" id="9209">（三）</a>，學藝優深。<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>境，兩國重學，西南<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>，東北<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>，貴德尚仁，明敏强學。而此國也，邪正雜信。伽藍數百所<a class="zhuhao" href="#9214" id="9210">〔3〕</a>，僧徒二萬餘人，習學小乘正量部法。天祠數百，異道寔衆，多是塗灰之<a class="zhuhao" href="#9215" id="9211">〔4〕</a>侣也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9207" id="9212">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》醯作訶，聲同可通用。《石本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503h1w0.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9208" id="9213">〔2〕</a>《中本》雅作稚，形之訛。《建本》亮作高。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9210" id="9214">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》作百餘所。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9211" id="9215">〔4〕</a>《中本》無之字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9205" id="9216">（一）</a>摩臘婆國：<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>，梵文Mālava音譯。<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>是<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">梅特拉迦</span>（Maitraka）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>的東方分國（參見本卷<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>條注。）關於此國的比定真是聚訟紛紜，莫衷一是。大别可分爲兩派，一派（如<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">弗里特</span>等人）比定此國相當於今<span class="zhuanming">馬爾瓦</span>（Mālwā），卽<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍</span>（Ujjayinī）﹑<span class="zhuanming">毘爾薩</span>（Bhilsā）<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00901','1384874',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P901</span></i>周圍一帶地方；换言之，爲古代十六大國之一<span class="zhuanming">阿槃底</span>（Avantī）的一部分。<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>地方出土的公元七世紀的碑文可爲這種説法提供有利證據，是其所長。其缺點是，如果比定<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>爲Mālwā，則本書所記從<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆</span>“西北行二千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>”必須改爲“東北行”；又下面所注的“卽<span class="zhuanming">南羅羅國</span>”也應改爲“<span class="zhuanming">北羅羅國</span>”。因爲<span class="zhuanming">羅羅</span>（梵文Lāṭa，巴利文Lāḷa）是<span class="zhuanming">馬希</span>（mahī）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">金河</span>（Kim）之間地區的名稱（B.C.Law：Historical Geography of Ancient India，pp：287—288，322），而<span class="zhuanming">馬爾瓦</span>則在該地北部。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">另一派可以<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>的説法爲代表，比定此國爲<span class="zhuanming">凱拉</span>（Kaira）和<span class="zhuanming">阿默達巴德</span>（Ahmadabād）一帶，包括一部分<span class="zhuanming">巴羅達</span>（Baroda）領域，卽相當於<span class="zhuanming">北古吉拉特</span>地區。<span class="zhuanming">史氏</span>在《印度古代史》（Early History of India，pp.323—326，341 ff.）並在《德國東方學會會刊》（ZDMG，1904，s.787）上均有專文論述他的觀點，並對前一派的説法多所指責。但<span class="zhuanming">史氏</span>的説法，正如<span class="zhuanming">格里遜</span>的文章（G.Griesson：The Yuan Chwang’s Mo-la-po，JRAS，p.95，ff.）中所指出，如比定<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">北古吉拉特</span>，則前引本書中“西北行二千餘里”勢必改爲“二百餘里”不可。<span class="zhuanming">格氏</span>還引證該地區古代歷史指出<span class="zhuanming">史氏</span>牽强附會及不當之處。<span class="zhuanming">格氏</span>結論仍然贊同比定此國爲Mālwā。<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>是一周六千里的大國，決不僅限於<span class="zhuanming">北古吉拉特</span>一隅之地。此外，如<span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>也不贊同<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>的意見。我們基本上贊同前一派的説法。當然，《西域記》上所記載這一地區的方位有些不明確，甚至可能有錯訛之處，這一問題還值得進一步的研究。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9206" id="9217">（二）</a>國大都城：如前所述，由於對國土的比定有很大分歧，國都的地望也隨之而各不相同。前述的第一派，卽主張<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>在<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍</span>一帶地區的人中，多數比定此國都爲古城<span class="zhuanming">達爾</span>（Dhār，古稱<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00902','1384874',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P902</span></i>Dharanagara），該城距<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍</span>約80公里，據<span class="zhuanming">馬希河</span>上游；也有人（如<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>）比定爲<span class="zhuanming">東加爾普爾</span>（Dongarpur），該城位於<span class="zhuanming">馬希河</span>中游一條支派上。前述的第二派，如<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>則主張此國都爲<span class="zhuanming">阿默達巴德</span>——古名<span class="zhuanming">阿薩瓦爾</span>（Asawal），他將國都所臨的河流（<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">元</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">明</span>諸本作<span class="zhuanming">莫訶河</span>，或作<span class="zhuanming">莫醯河</span>）理解爲“大河”，認爲卽指<span class="zhuanming">薩巴馬提</span>（Sāba-rmatī）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9209" id="9218">（三）</a>言辭雅亮：在<span class="zhuanming">馬爾瓦</span>地區，通行<span class="zhuanming">馬爾瓦</span>語（Mālwālī，Malvī或Mārwārī）；它是<span class="zhuanming">印度亞利安</span>語<span class="zhuanming">拉賈斯坦</span>方言（Rājasthānī）之一。這種語言很早就成爲文學語言，有豐富的文獻。在<span class="zhuanming">阿默達巴德</span>一帶使用<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉特</span>方言（Gujarātī）；在古代這種方言和<span class="zhuanming">馬爾瓦</span>語並無多大區别。在促進屬於中期<span class="zhuanming">印度亞利安</span>語的“訛語”（Apa-bhraṃśa）的形成上，<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉特</span>語起過很大作用。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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2.三龍池及釋迦遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154217" key="1154217"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 婆羅痆斯國 &gt; 一、鹿野伽藍 &gt; 2.三龍池及釋迦遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154218" key="1154218"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00568','1384754',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P568</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000953">2.三龍池及釋迦遺迹</p><p> <span>伽藍垣西有一清池，周二<a class="zhuhao" href="#6066" id="6061">〔1〕</a>百餘步，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>嘗中盥浴。次西大池，周一百八十步，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>嘗中滌器。次北有池，周百五十步，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>嘗中浣衣。凡此三池，並有龍止。其水既<a class="zhuhao" href="#6067" id="6062">〔2〕</a>深，其味又甘，澄淨皎潔，常無增減。有人慢心濯此池者，金毗羅獸<a class="zhuhao" href="#6070" id="6063">（一）</a>多爲之<a class="zhuhao" href="#6068" id="6064">〔3〕</a>害。若深恭敬，汲用無懼。浣衣池側大方石上，有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>袈娑之迹，其文明徹，焕如彫鏤。諸淨信者每來供養。外道凶人輕蹈此石，池中龍王便<a class="zhuhao" href="#6069" id="6065">〔4〕</a>興風雨。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6061" id="6066">〔1〕</a>《珠林》三十八引二作三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6062" id="6067">〔2〕</a>《中本》既作更。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6064" id="6068">〔3〕</a>《舊麗本》之作定，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6065" id="6069">〔4〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》便作輙。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6063" id="6070">（一）</a>金毗羅獸：金毗羅，梵文kumbhīra音譯，又作宫毗羅；卽鰐魚。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、戒日王遺事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154221" key="1154221"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 摩臘婆國 &gt; 一、戒日王遺事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154222" key="1154222"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00902','1384875',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P902</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001507"><b>一﹑戒日王遺事</b></p><p> <span>國志<a class="zhuhao" href="#9225" id="9219">〔1〕</a>曰：六十年前，王號<span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9230" id="9220">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">戒日</span>。</span> <span>機慧高明，才學贍敏，愛育四生，敬崇<a class="zhuhao" href="#9226" id="9221">〔2〕</a>三寶。始自誕靈，洎乎没齒，貌無瞋色，手不害生。象馬飲水，漉而後𩚅<a class="zhuhao" href="#9227" id="9222">〔3〕</a>，恐傷水性<a class="zhuhao" href="#9228" id="9223">〔4〕</a>也。其仁慈如此。在位五十餘年，野獸狎人。舉國黎庶，咸不殺害。居宫之側，建立精舍，窮諸工巧，備盡莊嚴，中作<a class="zhuhao" href="#9229" id="9224">〔5〕</a>七佛世尊之像。每歲恒設無遮大會，招集四方僧徒，修施四事供養，或以三衣道具，或以七寶珍奇。奕世相承，美業無替。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00903','1384875',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P903</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9219" id="9225">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》志作記。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9221" id="9226">〔2〕</a>《古本》崇作宗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9222" id="9227">〔3〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》𩚅作飲。按上文云飲水，此不當復云飲。《音釋》亦作𩚅，云：“餧也”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9223" id="9228">〔4〕</a>《慈恩傳》水性二字作水居之命。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9224" id="9229">〔5〕</a>《中本》作作位。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9220" id="9230">（一）</a>王號尸羅阿迭多：此王與本書卷五所記<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>的<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>（Śilāditya）<span class="zhuanming">喜增</span>（<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>）並非同一人物。這裏所説的<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毘國</span>王，亦卽<span class="zhuanming">梅特拉迦王朝</span>第八代國王<span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多一世</span>，又名<span class="zhuanming">法日</span>（Dharmāditya）。其統治時期約爲公元595年至610或615年。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載説他是一個很虔誠的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒。但據考古資料，他似乎兼信<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>，本世紀上半葉曾發現公元608或609年他所頒發的銅盤，賞賜土地以供奉日神廟宇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又，<span class="zhuanming">霍爾勒</span>（Hoernle）曾比定這位<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>爲擊敗<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>的名王<span class="zhuanming">耶輸達摩</span>（Yaśodharma）。但其論據頗爲薄弱。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十一、族姓
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154225" key="1154225"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 十一、族姓 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154226" key="1154226"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00197','1384633',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P197</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000327"><b>十一﹑族姓</b></p><p> <span>若夫族姓<a class="zhuhao" href="#2464" id="2459">（一）</a>殊<a class="zhuhao" href="#2462" id="2460">〔1〕</a>者，有四流焉：一曰婆羅門，净行也，守道居貞，潔白其操。二曰刹帝利，王種也，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰刹利，略也。</span> <span>奕世君臨，仁恕爲志。三曰吠奢，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰毘舍，訛也。</span> <span>商賈也，貿遷有無，逐利遠近。四曰戍陀羅，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰首陀，訛也。</span> <span>農人也，肆力疇壠，勤身稼穡。凡兹四姓，清濁殊流，婚娶通親，飛伏異路，内外宗枝，姻媾不雜。婦人一嫁，終無再醮。自餘雜姓，實繁種族，各隨類聚<a class="zhuhao" href="#2463" id="2461">〔2〕</a>，難以詳載。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2460" id="2462">〔1〕</a>《中本》無殊字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2461" id="2463">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》聚作娶。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2459" id="2464">（一）</a>族姓：又稱種姓﹑姓；梵文原名varṇa，後來改稱jāti；指<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00198','1384633',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P198</span></i><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的一種社會等級集團。近代人稱這種社會等級制度爲種姓制度。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>種姓制度的研究資料，最主要的有兩類。第一類是從《梨俱吠陀》起一直到各種各樣的《法經》﹑《法論》，是婆羅門編的。第二類是佛經。第一類以《梨俱吠陀》最古，該書第十卷第九十首卽《人的頌歌》（或譯《原人歌》）已提到四個種姓的來源，成爲後來的諸法論的依據。《摩奴法論》是這一類的代表。關於四個種姓的來源，它説：“爲了諸界的繁榮興旺，他（指創造神<span class="zhuanming">大梵天</span>——譯者）從自己的口﹑臂﹑腿和脚分别生出婆羅門﹑刹帝利﹑吠舍和首陀羅。”（《摩奴法論》1.31，譯自《印度叢書》第256種，《摩奴法論梅他帝梯注釋本》，<span class="zhuanming">殑伽那他</span>·<span class="zhuanming">賈</span>校刊本，<span class="zhuanming">加爾各答</span>，1932年，下同。）關於四個種姓的職業或義務，它説：“爲了保護這整個世界，那光輝赫赫的梵天給從他的口﹑臂﹑腿和脚生出來的四個種姓安排了各自的行爲。”（1.87）“他給婆羅門安排的行爲是教授和學習《吠陀》，祭祀和替别人祭祀，以及布施和接受布施。”（1.88）“他給刹帝利安排的行爲是保護衆生，布施，祭祀，學習吠陀和不執着于感官享受。”（1.89）“牧畜，布施，祭祀，學習《吠陀》，經商，放債和務農是吠舍的行爲。”（1.90）“主（指<span class="zhuanming">大梵天</span>——譯者）給首陀羅安排的唯一的行爲是甘心情願地爲上述三個種姓服務。”（1.91）所有的法論幾乎都這樣説。稍加分析就可以看出，教授《吠陀》﹑替别人祭祀﹑接受布施這三件事是婆羅門想要的特權。我們不難得出結論：婆羅門最初是壟斷科學知識，壟斷文化教育，壟斷一切祭祀大典的種姓，他們爲了利養（接受布施），不恤信口雌黄，揑造事實，竄改歷史。他們編造的法論中那一大堆關於種姓的理論，是他們的幻想，是他們的願望和意志的表現。在第二類研究資料——佛經裏，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00199','1384633',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P199</span></i>《長阿含經》卷十三《阿摩晝經》説：“世有四姓：刹利﹑婆羅門﹑居士﹑首陀羅。”《佛開解梵志阿颰經》説：“今天下有四種人：君子﹑梵志﹑田家﹑工伎。”《增一阿含經》卷二一《苦樂品》説：“云何爲四？刹利﹑婆羅門﹑長者﹑居士種。”《雜阿含經》卷二十説：“諸婆羅門﹑刹利﹑居士﹑長者。”《雜阿含經》卷四六説：“若刹利﹑若婆羅門﹑若鞞舍﹑若首陀羅。”總之，在佛經裏雖然四個種姓的數目基本上保存着，但是真正按照婆羅門經典提出的順序列舉四種姓的極少；刹（帝）利幾乎都安排在第一位；而吠舍和首陀羅的名字幾乎見不到，而代之以長者﹑居士﹑田家﹑工伎等等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">《西域記》在這裏總述七世紀初<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的種姓制度時，基本上襲用了婆羅門的理論。這一方面説明婆羅門的這一套理論久經宣傳，起了作用；另一方面，正因爲是總述，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也就用了最簡便的辦法，照着婆羅門的傳統的説法，概括地介紹了一下四個種姓。但是實際情況并不是這樣。這裏説婆羅門（梵文Brāhmaṇa）“净行也，守道居貞，潔白其操。”然而，在<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">擲枳陀國</span>和<span class="zhuanming">摩醯溼伐羅國</span>却都是“王，婆羅門種也”（均見《西域記》卷十一）。這裏説<span class="zhuanming">吠奢</span>（梵文Vaiśya）“商賈也，貿遷有無，逐利遠近。”然而，在<span class="zhuanming">波理夜呾羅國</span>却是“王，吠奢種也”（見《西域記》卷四）。在<span class="zhuanming">薩他泥溼伐羅國</span>也是“今王，本吠奢種也”（見《西域記》卷五）。這裏説戍陀羅（梵文Śūdra）“農人也，肆力疇隴，勤身稼穡。”然而，在<span class="zhuanming">秣底補羅</span>國（見《西域記》卷四）和<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>（見《西域記》卷十一）却是“王，戍陀羅種也。”可見這裏所説的“奕世君臨，仁恕爲志”的國王，決不只是刹帝利（梵文Kṣatriya），事實上哪個種姓都可以做。婆羅門據説是“特爲清貴”，而戍陀羅則是最低賤的“農人”；然而《慈恩傳》卷二却説<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>“……遇一婆羅門耕地，告之被賊。彼聞驚愕，卽解牛<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00200','1384633',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P200</span></i>與法師，向村吹貝，聲鼓相命，得八十餘人……”這裏的婆羅門却明明是一個普通的牽牛耕地的農民。根據巴利文佛典的記載，婆羅門除了祭祀以外，還可以當醫生﹑信差﹑税吏﹑樵夫﹑商人﹑兵士﹑手工業者﹑地主﹑牧人﹑屠户﹑侍衞﹑獵人﹑木匠等等。以上僅就種姓和職業的關繫而論，一方面，婆羅門的法論把它規定得有條不紊，井然有序；另一方面，在事實上，却是一個種姓的職業，所有的種姓都可以去做；或者，所有的種姓的職業，任何一個種姓都可以去做；情形非常混亂。（參見<span class="zhuanming">季羨林</span>：《羅摩衍那初探》，<span class="zhuanming">外國文學出版社</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北京</span>，1979年，第87-116頁。）</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十、佛教
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154229" key="1154229"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 十、佛教 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154230" key="1154230"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00193','1384632',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P193</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000324"><b>十﹑佛教</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>理教<a class="zhuhao" href="#2443" id="2403">（一）</a>，隨類得解<a class="zhuhao" href="#2444" id="2404">（二）</a>。去聖悠遠，正法醇醨<a class="zhuhao" href="#2445" id="2405">（三）</a>，任其見解之心，俱獲聞知<a class="zhuhao" href="#2431" id="2406">〔1〕</a>之悟。部執峰峙<a class="zhuhao" href="#2446" id="2407">（四）</a>，諍論波濤<a class="zhuhao" href="#2432" id="2408">〔2〕</a>，異學專門，殊途同致。十有八部<a class="zhuhao" href="#2447" id="2409">（五）</a>，各擅鋒鋭。大小二乘，居止區别。其<a class="zhuhao" href="#2433" id="2410">〔3〕</a>有宴默思惟<a class="zhuhao" href="#2448" id="2411">（六）</a>，經行<a class="zhuhao" href="#2449" id="2412">（七）</a>住立，定慧<a class="zhuhao" href="#2450" id="2413">（八）</a>悠隔，諠静良殊，隨其衆居，各製<a class="zhuhao" href="#2434" id="2414">〔4〕</a>科防<a class="zhuhao" href="#2451" id="2415">（九）</a>。無云律論，絓<a class="zhuhao" href="#2435" id="2416">〔5〕</a>是佛經<a class="zhuhao" href="#2452" id="2417">（一○）</a>，講宣一部，乃免僧知事<a class="zhuhao" href="#2453" id="2418">（一一）</a>；二部，加上房資具；三部，差侍者祗承；四部，給净人<a class="zhuhao" href="#2454" id="2419">（一二）</a>役使；五部，則行乘象輿<a class="zhuhao" href="#2455" id="2420">（一三）</a>；六部<a class="zhuhao" href="#2436" id="2421">〔6〕</a>，又導<a class="zhuhao" href="#2437" id="2422">〔7〕</a>從周衛。道德既高，旌命亦異。時集講論，考其優劣，彰别善惡，黜涉幽明。其有商攉<a class="zhuhao" href="#2438" id="2423">〔8〕</a>微言，抑揚妙理，雅辭贍美，妙辯敏捷<a class="zhuhao" href="#2439" id="2424">〔9〕</a>，於是馭乘寶象，導從如林。至乃義門虚闢，辭鋒挫鋭，理寡而辭繁，義乖而言順，遂卽面塗赭<a class="zhuhao" href="#2440" id="2425">〔10〕</a>堊<a class="zhuhao" href="#2456" id="2426">（一四）</a>，身岔塵土，斥于曠野，棄之溝壑。既旌淑慝<a class="zhuhao" href="#2441" id="2427">〔11〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2457" id="2428">（一五）</a>，亦表賢愚。人知<a class="zhuhao" href="#2442" id="2429">〔12〕</a>樂道，家勤志學。出家歸俗，從其所好。罹咎犯律，僧中科罰，輕則衆命訶責，次又衆不與語，重乃衆不共住。不共住者，斥擯不齒，出一住<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00194','1384632',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P194</span></i>處，措身無所，羇旅艱辛，或返初服<a class="zhuhao" href="#2458" id="2430">（一六）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2406" id="2431">〔1〕</a>原本知作智，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2408" id="2432">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》濤並作騰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2410" id="2433">〔3〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》無其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2414" id="2434">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》製並作制。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2416" id="2435">〔5〕</a>原本絓作經，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》作絓。《慧琳音義》亦作絓，云：“音卦。《韻詮》云：‘絲結也。’”與之合，今據改。《中本》經上有絓字，疑是校者於經旁注絓字，誤併入正文耳。《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》經下有紀凡二字，不同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2421" id="2436">〔6〕</a>《石本》無六部二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2422" id="2437">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《異本》導作遵。《大本》校書作導。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2423" id="2438">〔8〕</a>《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》攉作搉，《慧琳音義》則作榷，三字今通用。按《説文》榷字“從木，隺聲。”<span class="zhuanming">段</span>注云：“凡言大榷﹑揚榷﹑辜榷，當作此字，不當從手。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2424" id="2439">〔9〕</a>《麗本》捷原作𢱅，《京大本》從《古本》及《宋本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2425" id="2440">〔10〕</a>《古本》赭作赬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2427" id="2441">〔11〕</a>原本慝作匿，今從《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《慧琳音義》亦作“淑慝”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2429" id="2442">〔12〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》知並<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00195','1384632',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P195</span></i>作智。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2403" id="2443">（一）</a>理教：凡與事（事物）相對的謂理（道理），指對於表面難於認識而在本體却有一定不變的“理”存在。因此，它以“理”爲真諦，以“事”爲俗諦。《釋門歸敬儀》卷上：“入道多門不過理事，理謂道理，通聖心之遠懷；事謂事局，約凡情之延度。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2404" id="2444">（二）</a>隨類得解：指佛以同一聲音説同一教法，而聽衆根據他們根性的利鈍差異，領解﹑覺悟有深淺的不同。《維摩經》卷上：“佛以一音演説法，衆生隨類各得解。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2405" id="2445">（三）</a>正法醇醨：酒味厚的謂“醇”，薄的謂“醨”。此喻佛法的深﹑淺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2407" id="2446">（四）</a>部執峰峙：意思是許多學派堅持己見，各立門户。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2409" id="2447">（五）</a>十有八部：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>區分有十八部，異論紛紜。相傳<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世後一百年，古<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>東部<span class="zhuanming">跋耆族</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>僧人因提出十條戒律新主張，與僧團中以<span class="zhuanming">耶舍</span>爲首的長老們發生激烈争論（一説因僧人<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>不滿僧團中的長老派而提出異議），遂分裂爲兩大部派，前者稱爲大衆部，後者稱上座部（長老派），從此進入<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上所謂部派<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>時期。據《異部宗輪論》等，其後大衆部又分裂成八部：一説部﹑説出世部﹑鷄胤部﹑多聞部﹑説假部﹑制多山部﹑西山住部﹑北山住部，連同大衆部共爲九部。上座部在佛滅後三百年，初分裂爲雪山部與説一切有部。説一切有部又分化爲犢子部﹑化地部﹑飲光部﹑經量部。而犢子部又分裂成法上﹑賢胄﹑正量﹑密林山四部；化地部又變爲法藏部。共爲十一部。連同大衆﹑上座，共爲二十一部派。但雪山部爲上座部的轉名，故<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00196','1384632',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P196</span></i>只算做二十部。除去大衆﹑上座，故稱“一十八部”。<span class="zhuanming">義净</span>則區分爲大衆七部﹑上座三部﹑根本説一切有部四部﹑正量部四部，共十八部。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2411" id="2448">（六）</a>思惟：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒在禪定前須集中思想，謂“思惟”。《觀無量壽佛經》：“教我思惟，教我正受”。<span class="zhuanming">善導</span>《觀經疏》卷二云：“言教我思惟者，卽是定前方便，思想憶念彼國依正二報﹑四種莊嚴也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2412" id="2449">（七）</a>經行：指在一定的地方旋繞往來。《釋氏要覽》卷下：“《十誦律》云，經行有五利，一勦健，二有力﹑三不病﹑四消食﹑五意堅固。《三千威儀經》：有五處可經行，一閑處﹑二户前﹑三講堂前﹑四塔下﹑五閣下。”《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三：“五天之地，道俗多作經行，直去直來，唯遵一路，隨時適性，勿居閙處。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2413" id="2450">（八）</a>定慧：卽禪定與智慧。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒以爲静坐歛心，專注一境，就能觀照事理明净，求得智慧。這是一種宗教神秘主義的修行方法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2415" id="2451">（九）</a>科防：此指<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教團所制定的約束預防教徒的條規。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2417" id="2452">（一○）</a>無云律論絓是佛經：律是指律藏（Vinaya-piṭaka），論是指論藏（Abhidharma-piṭaka），絓字在此處没有意義，疑應作線字，因修多羅或素怛纜（sūtra），卽箋書或契書，其義爲線。絓可能是線之誤。全句意謂，無論律藏﹑論藏和法戒之書都屬于佛經。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2418" id="2453">（一一）</a>僧知事：寺院中的事務﹑雜務工作。《僧史略》卷中：“案西域知事僧總曰羯磨陀那（karmadāna），譯爲知事，亦曰悦衆，謂知其事悦其衆也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2419" id="2454">（一二）</a>净人：供比丘差遣的俗人（未出家的）。《資持記》卷中三上：“知屬前人，净在比丘，由解此義，故號净人。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00197','1384632',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P197</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2420" id="2455">（一三）</a>五部則行乘象輿：指能講宣五部佛經的高僧出入乘象輿。但據《慈恩傳》卷三，<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀</span>“行乘象輿”者“合有十人”，必須解五十部經。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2426" id="2456">（一四）</a>赭堊：紅白粘土。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2428" id="2457">（一五）</a>淑慝：善﹑惡，好﹑壞。《尚書·畢命》：“旌别淑慝，表厥宅里。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2430" id="2458">（一六）</a>返初服：指還俗。<span class="zhuanming">屈原</span>《離騷》：“退將復吾初服。”此指還俗之後重操舊業。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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九、教育
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154233" key="1154233"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 九、教育 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154234" key="1154234"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00185','1384631',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P185</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000316"><b>九﹑教育</b></p><p> <span>而開蒙誘進，先導<a class="zhuhao" href="#2379" id="2373">〔1〕</a>十二章<a class="zhuhao" href="#2383" id="2374">（一）</a>。七歲之後，漸授五明<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00186','1384631',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P186</span></i>大論<a class="zhuhao" href="#2384" id="2375">（二）</a>。一曰聲明，釋詁訓字，詮目流<a class="zhuhao" href="#2380" id="2376">〔2〕</a>别；二工<a class="zhuhao" href="#2381" id="2377">〔3〕</a>巧明，伎術機關，陰陽曆數；三醫方明，禁呪閑邪，藥石針艾；四謂<a class="zhuhao" href="#2382" id="2378">〔4〕</a>因明，考定正邪，研覈真僞；五曰内明，究暢五乘，因果妙理。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2373" id="2379">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》引導並作遵。《中本》作道，乃導之借字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2376" id="2380">〔2〕</a>原本流作疏，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》及《翻譯集》引並作流，義長，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2377" id="2381">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》工並作曰。《翻譯集》引作“工巧明”，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2378" id="2382">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》謂作曰，《翻譯集》引亦作曰。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2374" id="2383">（一）</a>先導十二章：十二章卽悉曇章（Siddham，成就之意）。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>兒童初學梵文的書籍，講述字母﹑拼法﹑連聲等基本語法知識。義净《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四“西方學法”條：“創學悉談章，亦名悉地羅窣覩（Siddhirastu，希望成就之意）。斯乃小學標章之稱，俱以成就吉祥爲目，本有四十九字，共相乘轉，成一十八章，總有一萬餘字，合三百餘頌（śloka）。凡言一頌，乃有四句，一句八字，總成三十二言。更有小頌大頌，不可具述。六歲童子學之，六月方了。”悉曇章有九章﹑十二章﹑十八章等分法，<span class="zhuanming">義净</span>採用後一種分法，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>採用第二種。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2375" id="2384">（二）</a>五明大論：明，梵文vidyā意譯，有見﹑闡明﹑知識﹑學識<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00187','1384631',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P187</span></i>和智慧等意義。五明卽五種學科：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一﹑聲明（梵文śabda-vidyā），研究語音﹑語法﹑修辭的學問。<span class="zhuanming">義净</span>《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四“西方學法”條對此有較詳細的記載。《慈恩傳》卷三對聲明也有敍述。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">二﹑工巧明（梵文śilpakarmasthāna-vidyā），工藝﹑數學﹑天文﹑星象﹑音樂﹑美術等科學技術和藝術的總稱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三﹑醫方明（梵文cikitsā-vidyā），<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代醫學，爲四種《副吠陀》（upaveda）之一，稱爲《壽命吠陀》（Āyurveda），一般認爲從屬于《梨俱吠陀》；但也有人如名醫<span class="zhuanming">妙聞</span>（Suśruta）認爲是《阿闥婆吠陀》的一部分，被視爲聖學之一，很受尊重。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">四﹑因明（梵文hetu-vidyā），卽論理學（形式邏輯）。因明又稱正理明（梵文nyāya-vidyā），梵文nyāya有準則﹑規律﹑體系﹑論式等義，佛典中概稱爲“正理”。現存的關於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>邏輯最古的著作，是《正理經》（梵文Nyāya-sūtra），作者<span class="zhuanming">喬答摩</span>（梵文Gautama，與<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>同名，但係另一人），又稱<span class="zhuanming">足目</span>（梵文Akṣapāda或Akşacaraṇa），<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>於《因明入正理論大疏》中讚曰：“劫初<span class="zhuanming">足目</span>，創標真僞”。這派思想體系起源可能在公元前二世紀左右，《正理經》整理成現行體裁，可能在公元後四至五世紀間。其注疏中重要而又較早的，爲<span class="zhuanming">犢子氏</span>（Vātsyāyana）所作的《正理經大疏》（Nyāya-bhāṣya）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">五﹑内明（梵文Adhyātma-vidyā），卽關于宗教哲學的知識。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒稱<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>爲内教或内學，教外各派爲外道。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">前四明在各教派之間基本相同，惟内明因涉及各派教義，彼此之間分歧極大。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經典中論説甚繁，兹不具引。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00188','1384631',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P188</span></i><p> <span>其婆羅門學四《吠陀論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#2386" id="2385">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰毘陀，訛也：</span> <span>一曰壽，謂養生繕性；二曰祠，謂享祭祈禱；三曰平，謂禮儀﹑占卜﹑兵法﹑軍陣；四曰術，謂異能﹑伎數﹑禁呪﹑醫方。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2385" id="2386">（一）</a>四吠陀論：吠陀爲梵文Veda音譯。我國舊譯有毘陀﹑皮陀﹑韋陀﹑圍陀﹑違陀﹑鞞陀﹑薛陀﹑吠馱等。此字來源于詞根vid，原意爲知﹑明，轉而爲知識﹑聖知等義，所以又意譯爲“明”。“論”的意思是“教訓”﹑“學説”，“吠陀論”或“明論”的梵文是vedaśāstra。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">《吠陀》是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人最古的文獻，是研究<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代社會的文化寶庫，也是<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>最根本的聖典。具體的成書年代無法確定，大多數學者認爲，最古老的《梨俱吠陀》的現行本約編成于公元前十五至十世紀之間，其中一部分頌歌還更爲古老，作成于<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人進入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">所謂四《吠陀》卽：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一﹑《梨俱吠陀》（Ṛgveda），或譯《讚頌明論》。分爲長短不等的十卷，含頌詩一○一七首，在第八卷中還附有另一種傳本中的頌詩十一首，全書共一○二八首。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">二﹑《夜柔吠陀》（Yajurveda），或譯《祭祀明論》。梵文yajur有願文﹑禱詞﹑祭祀等意義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三﹑《娑摩吠陀》（Sāmaveda），或譯《歌詠明論》。全書分兩大部，共有詩歌一五四九首（現存三種傳本，彼此之間頗有差異）。其中除七十五首外，都是採用《梨俱吠陀》中的頌歌，配上曲調編輯而成，供祭祀時歌詠之用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">前三種《吠陀》很早時期就被婆羅門推爲聖典，所以《摩奴法<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00189','1384631',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P189</span></i>論》（Manu-smṛti）中只承認三《吠陀》，《長阿含》中也只提到《三明經》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">四﹑《阿闥婆吠陀》（Atharvaveda），意卽《禳災明論》。成書比前三者都晚，内容也十分龎雜。全書分二十卷，七百三十一首詩，約六千節。全書約六分之一爲散文。第二十卷是附録性質，幾乎全部取材于《梨俱吠陀》。第十九卷也是後加的。全書大都是驅邪降魔﹑捉鬼治病的咒語。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">四《吠陀》盡人皆知就是以上四種。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>説的《吠陀》却變成了壽﹑祠﹑平﹑術。這引起了一些學者的議論。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>就説：<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對《吠陀》所知甚少。他知道的只是用文字記載下來的那一些，師徒口耳相傳的那一些則不包括在内。這説法顯然違反事實。據《慈恩傳》的記載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>東境大菴羅林中，就曾和一位“明《中》﹑《百》諸論，善《吠陀》等書”的老婆羅門，“延納甚歡”。據同書的記載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>“又從<span class="zhuanming">戒賢法師</span>學《瑜伽論》，爰至外籍羣言﹑四《吠陀》典﹑天文﹑地理﹑醫方﹑術數，無不究覽根源，窮盡枝葉。”可見説他對《吠陀》所知甚少，是没有根據的。此外，<span class="zhuanming">吴</span><span class="zhuanming">竺律炎</span>共<span class="zhuanming">支謙</span>譯《摩登伽經》卷上《明往緣品》第二説：“其後有仙，名曰<span class="zhuanming">白净</span>，出興于世，造四《圍陀》：一者讚誦，二者祭祀，三者歌詠，四者禳災。”這與<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的提法完全一致。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>決不會連這樣的<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯佛經都没有讀過。那麽，他爲什麽又這樣説呢？</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以後，一些注釋佛經的和尚，也用<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的説法來解釋四《吠陀》。比如《慧琳音義》卷三十一《新翻密嚴經音義》説：“四《吠陀》，梵語也，此譯云明論，謂壽﹑祀﹑平﹑術，名四《吠陀》。古云《圍陀》，一也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">這里的關鍵在于以下兩點：一，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>没有提《梨俱吠陀》，而只<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00190','1384631',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P190</span></i>提“壽”；二，在“平”的下面加上了“兵法﹑軍陣”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">我們先看一看三條佛典的注釋。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>《雜阿毘曇心論音義》説：“《毘陀》，或者《韋陀》，皆訛也。應言《鞞陀》，此云分也。亦云知也。四名者：一名阿由，此云命，謂醫方諸事；二名夜殊，謂祭祀也；三名婆（娑？）磨，此云等，謂國儀﹑卜相﹑音樂﹑戰法諸事；四名阿闍（闥？）婆拏，謂呪術也。”<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">慧沼</span>疏《金光明最勝王經》卷第七《大辯才天女品》第十五之一，疏第五本説：“四明法，卽四《薜陀》，舊云《韋陀》，或《毘伽羅論》，皆訛謬也。一，《頡力薜陀》，此云《壽明》，釋命長短事；二，《耶樹薜陀》，此云《祠祀明》，釋祠祀之事；三，《婆（娑？）摩薜陀》，此云《平明》，平是非事；四，《阿達薜陀》，此云《術明》，釋伎術事。此經云：幻化呪等皆通達者，則第四明也。”<span class="zhuanming">法雲</span>《翻譯名義集》五《半滿書籍篇》第五十四説：“《韋陀》，亦名《吠陀》，此云《智論》，知此生智卽邪。《智論》亦翻《無對》。舊云《毘陀》，訛也。《韋陀》有四：一，阿由，此云方命，亦曰壽，謂養生繕性；二，殊夜（應作夜殊），謂祭祀祈禱；三，婆（娑？）磨，謂禮儀﹑占卜﹑兵法﹑軍陣，四，阿達婆，謂異能﹑技數﹑禁呪﹑醫方。《索隱》引《摩蹬伽經》云：初人名<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>，造一《韋陀》；次有仙名<span class="zhuanming">白净</span>，變一爲四：一名讀（讚？）誦，二名祭祀，三名歌詠，四名穰災。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">這三條注釋的内容基本上是一致的。三個注釋者都在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以後，他們對<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的説法是不會不知道的。現在我們根據這三條注釋來研究一下那兩個關鍵問題。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>講的“壽”，<span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>和<span class="zhuanming">法雲</span>都説是“阿由”，這是梵文字Āyur（-veda）的音譯，義云“壽（明）”。如果<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的“壽”不够清楚的話，這里的阿由決不含糊。《阿由吠陀》是所謂“副吠陀”（upaveda）之一。根據《妙聞本集》（Suśruta-saṃhitā），Āyurveda屬于《阿闥婆吠陀》，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00191','1384631',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P191</span></i>是它的副吠陀。但是，根據Caraṇavy ūha，Āyurveda是《梨俱吠陀》的“副吠陀”。這樣，問題就清楚了：<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>和<span class="zhuanming">玄應</span>以及<span class="zhuanming">法雲</span>是以副吠陀來代表正吠陀的。此外，要解決這個問題，還要同當時的教育情況聯繫起來。因爲四《吠陀》一般説來是屬于教育范疇的。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>學者D.K.Gupta在他的著作Society and Culture in the Time of Daṇḍin（《曇丁時代的社會和文化》）中談到<span class="zhuanming">曇丁</span>時代的教育。<span class="zhuanming">曇丁</span>約生于公元八世紀前半，較<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>稍晚，但仍然屬于同一時代。<span class="zhuanming">曇丁</span>在所著Avantisundarīkathā中列舉了Rājavāhana等王子要學習的學科，除《吠陀》和《吠陀》分支外，還有副吠陀：Āyurveda（醫學）﹑Dhanurveda（軍事）﹑Gandharveda（音樂）和Sthāpatya（建築），以及Itihāsaveda（指的是兩大史詩和古事記）。此外，還要學習《法論》和《愛經》等等。這樣，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以《阿由吠陀》來代替《梨俱吠陀》就完全可以理解了。根據<span class="zhuanming">曇丁</span>列舉的這些學科，第二個關鍵問題，在“平”下面<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>加上了“兵法﹑軍陣”也就可以基本解決了。“兵法﹑軍陣”，指的是副吠陀Dhanurveda，也是王子們的必修科目。這里只有一個難點還要進一步加以闡釋，這就是，一般説來Dhanurveda是《夜柔吠陀》的副吠陀，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在這里却把它歸入《娑摩吠陀》。</span> </p><p> <span>師必博究精微，貫窮玄奥，示之大義，導以微言，提撕<a class="zhuhao" href="#2392" id="2387">（一）</a>善誘，彫朽<a class="zhuhao" href="#2393" id="2388">（二）</a>勵薄。若乃識量通敏，志懷逋逸，則拘縶反關<a class="zhuhao" href="#2391" id="2389">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2394" id="2390">（三）</a>，業成後已。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2389" id="2391">〔1〕</a>原本反關作反開。《宋本》作及開；《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作及關；《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《中本》﹑《金<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00192','1384631',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P192</span></i>陵本》作反關。按“反關”義長，今從改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2387" id="2392">（一）</a>提撕：《慧琳音義》卷八二：“提撕者，一一分析，善説之也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2388" id="2393">（二）</a>彫朽：《論語·公冶長》：“朽木不可雕也”。這里反用其義，認爲朽木也是可以彫琢成材的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2390" id="2394">（三）</a>拘縶反關：謂反閉其門，潛心學習。</span> </p><p> <span>年方三十，志立學成，卽居禄位，先酬師德。其有博古好雅，肥遁居貞<a class="zhuhao" href="#2402" id="2395">（一）</a>，沈浮物外，逍遥事表，寵辱不驚，聲問以<a class="zhuhao" href="#2399" id="2396">〔1〕</a>遠，君王雅尚，莫能屈迹。然而國重聰叡，俗貴高明，褒贊既隆，禮命亦重。故能强志篤<a class="zhuhao" href="#2400" id="2397">〔2〕</a>學，忘疲遊藝，訪道依仁，不遠千里。家雖豪富，志均羇旅，口腹之資，巡匄<a class="zhuhao" href="#2401" id="2398">〔3〕</a>以濟。有貴知道，無耻匱財。娱遊惰業，媮食靡衣，既無令德，又非時習，耻辱俱至，醜聲載揚。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2396" id="2399">〔1〕</a>問以，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作聞已。《中本》問作聞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2397" id="2400">〔2〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《金陵本》篤作爲。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2398" id="2401">〔3〕</a>原本匄作匂，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》等並作匄。《慧琳音義》亦作匃云：“從人（疑當作勹）從亡。匄，乞也。”今從正。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00193','1384631',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P193</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2395" id="2402">（一）</a>肥遁居貞：退隱的堅貞之士。遁又作遯。《易經·遯》：“上九，肥遯，無不利。”肥遯，指退隱。《文選》<span class="zhuanming">桓温</span>《薦譙元彦表》：“抱德肥遁”。<span class="zhuanming">吕延濟</span>注：“肥遁，隱逸也”。居貞，貞，堅貞，此指堅貞之士。見《韓非子·和氏》：“貞士而名之以誑。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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摩訶剌侘國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154237" key="1154237"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 摩訶剌侘國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154238" key="1154238"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00891','1384870',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P891</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001491">摩訶剌侘國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9160" id="9143">（一）</a>周六千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9161" id="9144">（二）</a>西臨大河，周三十餘里。土地沃壤，稼穡殷盛。氣序温暑，風俗淳質。其形偉大，其性傲逸，有恩必報，有怨必復<a class="zhuhao" href="#9153" id="9145">〔1〕</a>。人或陵辱，殉命以讎。窘急投分<a class="zhuhao" href="#9154" id="9146">〔2〕</a>，忘身以濟。將復怨也，必先告之。各被堅甲，然後争鋒。臨陣逐北，不殺已降。兵將失利，無所刑罸，賜之女服，感激自死。國養勇士，有數百人。每將決戰，飲酒酣醉，一人摧<a class="zhuhao" href="#9155" id="9147">〔3〕</a>鋒，萬夫挫鋭。遇人肆害，國刑不加。每出遊行，擊鼓前導。復𩚅<a class="zhuhao" href="#9156" id="9148">〔4〕</a>暴象<a class="zhuhao" href="#9157" id="9149">〔5〕</a>，凡數百頭，將欲陣戰，亦先飲酒，羣馳蹈踐，前無堅敵。其王恃<a class="zhuhao" href="#9158" id="9150">〔6〕</a>此人象，輕陵鄰國。王，刹帝利種也，名<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9162" id="9151">（三）</a>，謀猷弘遠，仁慈廣被。臣下事之，盡其忠矣。今<span class="zhuanming">戒日大王</span>東征西伐，遠賓邇肅，唯此國人獨不臣伏。屢率<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>甲兵及募召<a class="zhuhao" href="#9159" id="9152">〔7〕</a>諸國烈將，躬往討伐，猶未克勝。其兵也如此，其俗也如彼。人知好學，邪正兼崇。伽藍百餘所，僧徒五千餘人，大小二乘兼功綜習。天祠百所，異道甚多。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9145" id="9153">〔1〕</a>《中本》復作傷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9146" id="9154">〔2〕</a>《中本》分作忿，非。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00892','1384870',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P892</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9147" id="9155">〔3〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》摧並作推。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9148" id="9156">〔4〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑𩚅作飲。此殆誤改𩚅字，非也。𩚅同飼。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9149" id="9157">〔5〕</a>《趙城本》暴象作異󰺞，下同。󰺞爲象之古字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9150" id="9158">〔6〕</a>《建本》恃作持。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9152" id="9159">〔7〕</a>《金陵本》召作招。《建本》召下有賢人二字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9143" id="9160">（一）</a>摩訶剌侘國：<span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘</span>，俗語Maharaṭṭha，梵文Mahā-rāṣṭra，又譯<span class="zhuanming">摩訶勒吒</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩訶賴吒</span>，或義譯爲“大國”（見《翻梵語》卷八）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此國名早在<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>銘文中稱爲Mahāraṭhika，《大史》第十二章及<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯《善見律毘婆沙》卷二對此國均有記載。據稱它是<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>所派遣的高僧<span class="zhuanming">摩訶</span><span class="zhuanming">曇無德</span>（巴利文Mahādhammarakkhita，梵文名Mahādharmarakṣita）前往弘法的地區。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘國</span>包括<span class="zhuanming">哥達瓦里河</span>上游流域及該河與<span class="zhuanming">克里希那河</span>之間地區。據<span class="zhuanming">艾霍爾</span>銘文（Aihole Inscription）記載，此國分三部分，七世紀時每部分均稱爲一個<span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘迦</span>（Mahārāṣṭraka），義卽大國。此國領域相當於現代的<span class="zhuanming">馬哈拉施特拉邦</span>（Mahārastra）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘</span>是<span class="zhuanming">西遮婁其</span>（Chālukya）<span class="zhuanming">王國</span>所在地。<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>人的起源至今還是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史中尚待解決的問題之一，異説不少。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>認爲是<span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅</span>人（Gurjaras），甚至於有人認爲是<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span><span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>人（Sogdians）的後裔，這些説法都論據薄弱。目前<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史學界較傾向於認爲<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>人是當地的自稱屬於刹帝利種姓的<span class="zhuanming">坎納拉</span>（Kan-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00893','1384870',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P893</span></i>arese）家族。公元後六世紀中葉至八世紀中葉之間，<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>一强大王國。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在這裏所提到的<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍王</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>（Pulakeśin Ⅱ，610—642 A.D）是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史上有名的統治者之一。他弱冠卽位，卽迅速平定内亂，不久卽出兵南征北戰，先後佔領了<span class="zhuanming">迦丹巴</span>（Kadamba）人的首都<span class="zhuanming">婆拏婆尸</span>（Vanavāsī），降服<span class="zhuanming">南邁索爾</span>的<span class="zhuanming">恆伽</span>（Gaṅga）人；北部的<span class="zhuanming">臘吒</span>（Lāṭa）人﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>（Mālava）人，<span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅</span>人也被降服。612年秋有名的<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>也敗於其手下。除本書外，<span class="zhuanming">艾霍爾</span>刻銘也詳細記載這一戰役。取得這一勝利後，<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>成爲<span class="zhuanming">三摩訶剌侘迦</span>的主宰。約在公元630年前後，他沿海岸向<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>進軍，經<span class="zhuanming">建志</span>附近<span class="zhuanming">波勒魯羅</span>（Paḷḷalūra）一役，擊潰<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆王</span><span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅伐摩一世</span>的軍隊，迫使他困守<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅城</span>。<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>還與<span class="zhuanming">朱羅</span>人﹑<span class="zhuanming">凱拿拉</span>（Kerala）人及<span class="zhuanming">潘底亞</span>人結盟，以孤立<span class="zhuanming">跋羅婆</span>人。<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>的統治才能還表現在他的外交方面。他的使節遠到<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>宫廷，<span class="zhuanming">穆斯林</span>史學家<span class="zhuanming">塔巴里</span>（Ṭabari）記載，公元625—626年<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>王<span class="zhuanming">庫思魯二世</span>（Khusrū Ⅱ）接見過<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其王</span>的使者，<span class="zhuanming">阿旃陀</span>壁畫上也繪有<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>接待<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>使臣的情景。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>大約在640年前後他極盛時期到達該國，他對該國相當讚賞，並對<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍</span>用了“謀猷弘遠，仁慈廣被”這樣的讚美言辭。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>去後不久，約在642年，<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍</span>終爲<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅</span>之子<span class="zhuanming">那羅僧訶伐摩</span>所戰敗，已見前述。（參見本書卷十<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼國</span>條注）<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>曾與我國建立過友好關係，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">天授</span>三年（692年）三月，“<span class="zhuanming">南天竺國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其拔羅</span>……來朝獻。”（《册府元龜》卷九七○）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9144" id="9161">（二）</a>國大都城：<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>人曾幾次遷都，因此對其國都的考訂分歧頗多。先是<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>曾比定<span class="zhuanming">提婆稽里</span>（Devagiri，卽現今的Deo-ghir）。此説的缺點，正如<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>所指出，該城並未面臨大河，而其<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00894','1384870',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P894</span></i>與<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆</span>的距離也同<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記不合。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">加里亞尼</span>（Kalyāṇi），該城一度曾爲<span class="zhuanming">遮婁其</span>人古都，並有<span class="zhuanming">凱拉斯</span>（Kailas）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>流經該城之西。<span class="zhuanming">弗里特</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">布爾吉斯</span>等人比定爲<span class="zhuanming">哥達瓦里河</span>畔之<span class="zhuanming">納昔克</span>（Nāsik）或其附近地方，因爲該城曾爲<span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘</span>故都，附近又有佛寺等遺跡，除了不是“西臨大河”，大都與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載相符。但當代學者更多認爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時該國首都爲<span class="zhuanming">巴達密</span>（Bādāmi），卽Vātā-pīpura，位於北緯15度55分，東經75度45分。（B.C.Law：Historical Geography of Ancient India，p.171）這一比定較爲可信，因爲遷都<span class="zhuanming">納昔克</span>是在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>巡禮該國之後。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9151" id="9162">（三）</a>補羅稽舍：<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在這裏所説的是<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>，其事跡已見前注。他的祖父<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍一世</span>約於公元550年卽位於<span class="zhuanming">婆塔比</span>（Vātāpī）。當時<span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘</span>只是一中等國家，他卽位後，力求擴張。爲了争取霸權，他曾舉行馬祭（aśvamedha）。他的兒子<span class="zhuanming">稱鎧</span>（Kīrtivarman）與<span class="zhuanming">吉祥主</span>（Maṅgaleśa），先後繼位，東征西討，又使該國領域大爲擴張。其後<span class="zhuanming">稱鎧</span>之子與其叔父<span class="zhuanming">吉祥主</span>之間發生戰争。戰争以<span class="zhuanming">吉祥主</span>之死告終，<span class="zhuanming">稱鎧</span>之子於610年登位，是爲<span class="zhuanming">補羅稽舍二世</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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七、饌食
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154241" key="1154241"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 七、饌食 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154242" key="1154242"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00181','1384630',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P181</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000308"><b>七﹑饌食</b></p><p> <span>夫其潔清自守，非矯其志。凡有饌食，必先盥洗，殘宿不再，食器不傳。瓦木<a class="zhuhao" href="#2340" id="2331">〔1〕</a>之器，經用必棄。金銀銅鐵，每加摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#2341" id="2332">〔2〕</a>瑩。饌食既訖，嚼楊枝<a class="zhuhao" href="#2346" id="2333">（一）</a>而爲淨。澡漱未終，無相執觸。每有溲溺，必事澡灌<a class="zhuhao" href="#2342" id="2334">〔3〕</a>。身塗諸香，所謂旃<a class="zhuhao" href="#2343" id="2335">〔4〕</a>檀<a class="zhuhao" href="#2347" id="2336">（二）</a>﹑鬱金<a class="zhuhao" href="#2348" id="2337">（三）</a>也。君王將浴<a class="zhuhao" href="#2344" id="2338">〔5〕</a>，鼓奏絃歌。祭祀拜祠<a class="zhuhao" href="#2345" id="2339">〔6〕</a>，沐浴盥洗。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2331" id="2340">〔1〕</a>《中本》瓦木二字作凡夫，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2332" id="2341">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》摩作磨，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2334" id="2342">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》灌並作濯。《音釋》亦作濯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2335" id="2343">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《金陵本》旃並作栴。按栴檀香木之栴，字或作旃，或作㮵，皆同，以下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2338" id="2344">〔5〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》浴作趨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2339" id="2345">〔6〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》祠作詞。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2333" id="2346">（一）</a>嚼楊枝：見本書卷一頁158鞞鐸佉條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2336" id="2347">（二）</a>旃檀：又作栴檀，梵文candana，卽檀香。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00182','1384630',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P182</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2337" id="2348">（三）</a>鬱金：卽鬱金香。《魏略》：“鬱金香生<span class="zhuanming">大秦國</span>，二三月花如紅藍，四五月採之，其香十二葉，爲百草之冠。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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[卷第七　五國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1023231" key="1023231"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154244" key="1154244"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00557','1384750',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P557</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000930"><b>大唐西域記卷第七</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>五國</span> </p><p> <span>婆羅痆</span> <span class="font12 zhu">女黠<a class="zhuhao" href="#5950" id="5947">〔1〕</a>反</span> <span>斯國　戰主國</span> </p><p> <span>吠舍釐<a class="zhuhao" href="#5951" id="5948">〔2〕</a>國　弗栗恃國</span> </p><p> <span>尼波<a class="zhuhao" href="#5952" id="5949">〔3〕</a>羅國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5947" id="5950">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》黠作點。《慈恩傳》亦作點。按痆字在《廣韻·黠韻》女黠切下，點乃形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5948" id="5951">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》釐下並有力支反三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5949" id="5952">〔3〕</a>《中本》波作婆。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、附近諸迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154247" key="1154247"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 摩訶剌侘國 &gt; 一、附近諸迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154248" key="1154248"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00894','1384871',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P894</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001494"><b>一﹑附近諸迹</b></p><p> <span>大城内外五窣堵波，並過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建也。自餘石甎諸窣堵波，其數甚多，難以備舉。</span> </p><p> <span>城南不遠，有故伽藍，中有<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>石像。靈鑒潛被，願求多果。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十五、病死
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154251" key="1154251"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 十五、病死 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154252" key="1154252"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00207','1384637',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P207</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000339"><b>十五﹑病死</b></p><p> <span>凡遭疾病，絶粒七日<a class="zhuhao" href="#2546" id="2545">（一）</a>，期限之中，多有痊愈。必未瘳差，方乃餌藥。藥之性類，名種不同。醫之工伎，占候有異。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2545" id="2546">（一）</a>絶粒七日：遇病絶食，是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代民間治療方法之一。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三云：“大凡候病源，旦朝自察，若覺四候乖舛，卽以絶粒爲先。縱令大渴，勿進漿水，斯其極禁，或一日二日，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00208','1384637',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P208</span></i>或四朝五朝，以差爲期。”又云：“其<span class="zhuanming">西天</span><span class="zhuanming">羅荼國</span>凡有病者，絶食或經半月，或經一月，要待病可，然後方食。<span class="zhuanming">中天</span>極多七日，<span class="zhuanming">南海</span>二三日矣。”</span> </p><p> <span>終没臨喪，哀號相泣，裂裳拔髮，拍額椎胸<a class="zhuhao" href="#2557" id="2547">〔1〕</a>。服制<a class="zhuhao" href="#2558" id="2548">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2565" id="2549">（一）</a>無間<a class="zhuhao" href="#2559" id="2550">〔3〕</a>，喪期<a class="zhuhao" href="#2560" id="2551">〔4〕</a>無數。送終殯葬，其儀有三：一曰火葬，積薪焚燎；二曰水葬，沈流漂散；三曰野葬，棄林𩚅<a class="zhuhao" href="#2561" id="2552">〔5〕</a>獸。國王殂<a class="zhuhao" href="#2562" id="2553">〔6〕</a>落，先立嗣君，以主喪祭，以定上下。生立德號，死無議謚。喪禍之家，人莫就食。殯葬之後，復常無諱。諸有送死，以爲不潔，咸於郭外浴而後入。至於年耆壽耄，死期將至，嬰累沈痾，生崖<a class="zhuhao" href="#2563" id="2554">〔7〕</a>恐極，厭離塵俗，願棄人間，輕鄙生死，希遠世路。於是親故知友，奏樂餞會，泛舟鼓棹，濟<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，中流自溺，謂得生天。十有<a class="zhuhao" href="#2564" id="2555">〔8〕</a>其一，未盡鄙見。出家僧衆，制無號哭，父母亡喪，誦念酬恩。追遠慎終，寔資冥福<a class="zhuhao" href="#2566" id="2556">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2547" id="2557">〔1〕</a>《石本》胸作匈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2548" id="2558">〔2〕</a>《中本》制作製。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2550" id="2559">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》間作聞。《大本》作間同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2551" id="2560">〔4〕</a>《中本》期上有斬字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2552" id="2561">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》𩚅作飼。按𩚅卽飤字，與飼通，見《玉篇》。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00209','1384637',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P209</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2553" id="2562">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》殂作徂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2554" id="2563">〔7〕</a>《金陵本》崖作涯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2555" id="2564">〔8〕</a>《一本》十有二字互倒。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2549" id="2565">（一）</a>服制：指我國古代喪服的制度，按照與死者的親疏和情誼，分爲斬衰，齊衰﹑大功﹑小功﹑緦麻五等服制。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2556" id="2566">（二）</a>寔資冥福：《南海寄歸内法傳》卷二“尼衣喪制”條：“理應爲其亡者净飾一房，或可隨時權施蓋幔，讀經念佛，具設香華，冀使亡魂托生善處，方成孝子，始是報恩。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、不穿耳伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154255" key="1154255"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 戰主國 &gt; 二、不穿耳伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154256" key="1154256"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00582','1384759',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P582</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000977"><b>二﹑不穿耳伽藍</b></p><p> <span>大城東行<a class="zhuhao" href="#6258" id="6251">〔1〕</a>二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">阿避陁羯剌<a class="zhuhao" href="#6259" id="6252">〔2〕</a>拏僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6264" id="6253">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">不穿耳</span>。</span> <span>周垣不廣，彫飾甚工，花池交影，臺閣連甍。僧徒肅穆，衆儀庠序。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#6260" id="6254">〔3〕</a>曰：昔<span class="zhuanming">大雪山</span>北<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>有樂學沙門，二三同志禮誦餘閑，每相謂曰：“妙理幽玄，非言談所究；聖迹昭著，可足趾所<a class="zhuhao" href="#6261" id="6255">〔4〕</a>尋。宜詢莫逆，親觀聖迹。”於是二三交友杖錫同<a class="zhuhao" href="#6262" id="6256">〔5〕</a>遊，既至<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，寓諸伽藍，輕其邊鄙，莫之見舍。外迫風露，内累口腹，顔色憔悴，形容枯<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00583','1384759',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P583</span></i>槁。時此國王出遊近郊，見諸客僧，怪而問曰：“何方乞士，何所因來？耳既不穿，衣又垢弊。”沙門對曰：“我<span class="zhuanming">覩<a class="zhuhao" href="#6263" id="6257">〔6〕</a>貨邏國</span>人也。恭承遺教，高蹈俗塵，率其同好，觀禮聖迹。慨以薄福，衆所同棄，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>沙門，莫顧羈旅。欲還本土，巡禮未周，雖迫勤苦，心遂後已。”王聞其説，用增悲感，卽斯勝地建立伽藍，白㲲題書爲之制曰：“我惟尊居世上，貴極人中，斯皆三寶之靈祐也。既爲人王，受佛付囑，凡厥染衣，吾當惠濟。建此伽藍，式招羈旅。自今已來，諸穿耳僧，我此伽藍不得止舍。”因其事迹，故以名焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6251" id="6258">〔1〕</a>《方志》東行二字作東北。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6252" id="6259">〔2〕</a>《方志》剌作賴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6254" id="6260">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》先志二字作耆舊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6255" id="6261">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》所作相。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6256" id="6262">〔5〕</a>《石本》同作周。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6257" id="6263">〔6〕</a>《中本》覩作都。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6253" id="6264">（一）</a>阿避陁羯剌拏僧伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">阿避陁羯剌拏</span>，梵文Aviddha-karṇa音譯，意譯卽<span class="zhuanming">不穿耳</span>。此寺遺址據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>考證在<span class="zhuanming">迦齊浦耳</span>以東約三十三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里之<span class="zhuanming">巴利亞</span>（Baliya）附近，今名<span class="zhuanming">畢卡浦耳村</span>（Bikapur）。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>習俗，人們均穿耳戴金屬耳環，國王亦然。而<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span><span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國</span>無此習俗，故下文云沙門“耳既不穿”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十四、敬儀
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154259" key="1154259"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 十四、敬儀 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154260" key="1154260"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00205','1384636',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P205</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000336"><b>十四﹑敬儀</b></p><p> <span>致敬之式，其儀九等<a class="zhuhao" href="#2530" id="2515">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2539" id="2516">（一）</a>：一發言慰問，二俯首示敬，三舉手高揖，四合掌平拱<a class="zhuhao" href="#2531" id="2517">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2540" id="2518">（二）</a>，五屈膝，六長跪<a class="zhuhao" href="#2532" id="2519">〔3〕</a>，七手膝踞<a class="zhuhao" href="#2533" id="2520">〔4〕</a>地，八五輪俱屈<a class="zhuhao" href="#2541" id="2521">（三）</a>，九五體投地<a class="zhuhao" href="#2534" id="2522">〔5〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2542" id="2523">（四）</a>。凡斯九等，極唯一拜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2543" id="2524">（五）</a>。跪而讚德，謂之盡敬。遠則稽顙拜手，近則舐<a class="zhuhao" href="#2535" id="2525">〔6〕</a>足摩踵<a class="zhuhao" href="#2536" id="2526">〔7〕</a>。凡其致辭受命，褰裳長跪，尊賢受拜，必有慰辭。或摩其頂，或拊其背，善言誨導，以示親厚。出家沙門，既受敬禮，唯加善願，無<a class="zhuhao" href="#2537" id="2527">〔8〕</a>止跪拜。隨所宗<a class="zhuhao" href="#2538" id="2528">〔9〕</a>事，多有旋繞，或唯一周，或復三帀<a class="zhuhao" href="#2544" id="2529">（六）</a>。宿心别請，數則從欲。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2515" id="2530">〔1〕</a>《釋帖》六此文標目爲“禮儀十種”，此處作“九等”，有異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2517" id="2531">〔2〕</a>《釋帖》拱作恭。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00206','1384636',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P206</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2519" id="2532">〔3〕</a>原本跪作踞，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》引改。《大本》校書長踞二字作䠆跪。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2520" id="2533">〔4〕</a>《釋帖》踞作跪。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2522" id="2534">〔5〕</a>《釋帖》引此下有“十，接足讚詠”，與標目十種相合。按《翻譯集·衆善行法篇》“槃那寐”條引此文相同，又引其他論疏，皆無十種之説。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2525" id="2535">〔6〕</a>原本舐作鳴，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》改。《金陵本》則從此本作鳴。按“鳴足”義不通，疑鳴乃嗚之誤。《世説新語·惑溺篇》：“兒見（賈）<span class="zhuanming">充</span>喜躍，<span class="zhuanming">充</span>就乳母手中嗚之。”嗚之謂以口接觸之也，今俗語猶有然者。“嗚足”猶言以口觸足。但無其他古本可證，姑從諸本改字。《新唐書·西域傳》云：“以舐足摩踵爲致禮。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2526" id="2536">〔7〕</a>《慧琳音義》踵作歱，云：“或從足作踵，亦通。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2527" id="2537">〔8〕</a>《徑山本》無作不。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2528" id="2538">〔9〕</a>《大本》﹑《異本》宗作崇。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2516" id="2539">（一）</a>其儀九等：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的種姓制度有繁瑣的下對上的致敬儀式。據《阿帕斯坦巴法經》（Āpastamba-dharmasūtra）：“婆羅門伸出右手到前方耳朵高，刹帝利到胸高，吠舍到腰高，戍陀羅合手低舉，身向前屈。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>可能是根據他在<span class="zhuanming">五印</span>的見聞而作綜合的敍述，又見於《智度論》卷十﹑《毘奈耶雜事》卷七。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2518" id="2540">（二）</a>合掌平拱：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>以合掌爲敬。《法苑珠林》卷二十：“律云，當令一心合十指爪掌，供養釋師子。或云，叉手白佛者，皆是<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00207','1384636',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P207</span></i>歛容呈恭，制心不令馳散，然心使難防，故制掌合而一心也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2521" id="2541">（三）</a>五輪俱屈：五輪卽五體别稱，指兩臂﹑兩膝和頭，因它們都呈圓形，故云五輪。五輪俱屈爲致敬之隆重禮節。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2523" id="2542">（四）</a>五體投地：卽雙膝雙手及頭着地，是古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>最敬重的禮節。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>沿用此禮，見《行事鈔》卷下。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2524" id="2543">（五）</a>極唯一拜：我國古代有三拜﹑九拜等習俗，而<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>僅以一拜致敬。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三“師資之道”云：在拜時“足跟雙豎，脊項平直，十指布地，方始叩頭。……尋常一禮便罷，中間更無起義。西國見爲三拜，人皆怪也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2529" id="2544">（六）</a>或復三帀：卽向右繞三匝，是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代致敬的一種儀式，一般向<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>或塔寺作禮拜後進行，但對國王和特致敬意的人也舉行這種儀式。旋繞，一名行道，又作旋右。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三“旋右觀時”云：“言旋右者，梵云鉢喇特崎拏（pradakṣiṇa）。”禮拜的人依順時針方向，繞着被敬禮者旋行，往復一周或三周。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十三、刑法
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154263" key="1154263"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 十三、刑法 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154264" key="1154264"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00203','1384635',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P203</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000333"><b>十三﹑刑法</b></p><p> <span>夫其俗也，性雖狷<a class="zhuhao" href="#2503" id="2491">〔1〕</a>急，志甚貞質，於財無苟得，於義有餘讓，懼冥運之罪，輕生事之業，詭譎不行，盟誓爲信。政教尚質，風俗猶和。凶悖羣小，時虧國憲，謀危君上，事迹彰明，則常幽囹圄，無所刑戮<a class="zhuhao" href="#2513" id="2492">（一）</a>，任其生死，不齒人倫。犯傷禮義，悖逆忠孝，則劓<a class="zhuhao" href="#2504" id="2493">〔2〕</a>鼻﹑截耳﹑斷手﹑刖足，或驅出國，或放荒<a class="zhuhao" href="#2505" id="2494">〔3〕</a>裔。自餘咎犯，輸財贖罪。理獄占辭，不加刑<a class="zhuhao" href="#2506" id="2495">〔4〕</a>朴，隨問款對，據事平科。拒違所犯，耻過飾非。欲究情實，事須案者，凡有四條：水﹑火﹑稱﹑毒<a class="zhuhao" href="#2514" id="2496">（二）</a>。水則罪人與石，盛以連囊，沈之深流，校其真僞。人沉石浮則有犯，人浮石沉則無隱。火乃燒鐵<a class="zhuhao" href="#2507" id="2497">〔5〕</a>，罪人踞上，復使足蹈，既遣掌案，又令舌舐，虚無所損，實有所傷。愞<a class="zhuhao" href="#2508" id="2498">〔6〕</a>弱之人不堪炎熱，捧未開花，散之向焰，虚則花發，實則花焦。稱則人石平衡，輕重取驗，虚則人低石舉，實則石重人輕。毒則以一羖<a class="zhuhao" href="#2509" id="2499">〔7〕</a>羊，剖<a class="zhuhao" href="#2510" id="2500">〔8〕</a>其右髀，隨被訟人所食之分，雜諸毒藥置右<a class="zhuhao" href="#2511" id="2501">〔9〕</a>髀中，實則毒發而死，虚則毒歇而蘇<a class="zhuhao" href="#2512" id="2502">〔10〕</a>。舉四條之例，防百非之路。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2491" id="2503">〔1〕</a>《中本》狷作猛。《慧琳音義》云：“（狷）或作獧。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2493" id="2504">〔2〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（劓）或從臬作㓷。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00204','1384635',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P204</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2494" id="2505">〔3〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》荒作流。《慧琳音義》作荒裔，與此同。流字非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2495" id="2506">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》刑並作荆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2497" id="2507">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》鐵作鐃。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2498" id="2508">〔6〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》愞作懦。按愞乃懦之異字，以下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2499" id="2509">〔7〕</a>《異本》羖作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140144316cpt.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>。字書無<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431lmsm.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>字，疑󵾔之形訛，󵾔卽羝異體字。《周易·大壯》：“羝羊觸藩。”《釋文》：“羖羊也。”是羝與羖異字同義。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2500" id="2510">〔8〕</a>《異本》剖作割。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2501" id="2511">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》右並作剖。《中本》作部，亦剖之形訛。《異本》作割。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2502" id="2512">〔10〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》蘇作穌，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2492" id="2513">（一）</a>無所刑戮：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代，特别是<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>初期，執行嚴刑竣法。<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>之後，刑法放寬，及中世紀相當長的時期，也是如此。《法顯傳》中稱：“王治不用刑斬，有罪者但罰其錢，隨事輕重。雖復惡逆，不過截右手而已。”其後<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》也説：“<span class="zhuanming">五天</span>國法，無有枷棒牢獄。有罪之者，據輕重罰錢，亦無刑戮。”但需指出，上述情況只是對一般自由民而言，在種姓制度下，各個種姓在刑法上的差别是十分顯著的，如首陀羅駡高級種姓要割舌頭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">曇丁</span>認爲國王治術（rājavidyā）共分四類：一﹑邏輯（ānvīkṣikī），其中包括數論﹑瑜伽和順世外道；二﹑三明（trayī），卽三吠陀；三﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00205','1384635',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P205</span></i>vārītā，農﹑牧﹑商；四﹑刑法（daṇḍanīti），卽統治之術。足證刑法在當時之重要。閲參D.K.Gupta：《曇丁時代的社會和文化》，頁108。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2496" id="2514">（二）</a>水火稱毒：這四種裁判對證法，卽古代所謂“神判”，在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>似乎流行了很長的時間。早在《摩奴法論》（約成書於公元前二百—公元後二百年）卷八就有所記載。凡是原告和被告双方所争執的案件，如果没有證據以判定是非時，都用這類方法解決：或者採用在王前起誓的辦法，或者法官令有關的一方手執燄火，或投入水中，或用手觸摸其妻及子的頭部，如不爲燄火燒傷，下水不溺死，妻及子在規定的期限内不遇災難，就證明他的誓言真實，宣告無罪。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十二、兵術
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154267" key="1154267"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 十二、兵術 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154268" key="1154268"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00200','1384634',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P200</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000330"><b>十二﹑兵術</b></p><p> <span>君王奕世，惟刹帝利。弑篡<a class="zhuhao" href="#2478" id="2465">〔1〕</a>時起，異姓稱尊<a class="zhuhao" href="#2488" id="2466">（一）</a>。國之戰士，驍雄畢<a class="zhuhao" href="#2479" id="2467">〔2〕</a>選，子父傳業，遂窮兵術<a class="zhuhao" href="#2489" id="2468">（二）</a>。居則宫<a class="zhuhao" href="#2480" id="2469">〔3〕</a>廬周衛，征則奮旅前鋒。凡有四兵，步馬車象<a class="zhuhao" href="#2490" id="2470">（三）</a>。象則被以堅甲，牙施利距，一將安乘，授其節度，兩卒左右，爲之駕馭。車乃駕以駟馬，兵<a class="zhuhao" href="#2481" id="2471">〔4〕</a>帥居其<a class="zhuhao" href="#2482" id="2472">〔5〕</a>乘，列卒周衛，扶輪挾轂。馬軍散禦，逐北<a class="zhuhao" href="#2483" id="2473">〔6〕</a>奔命<a class="zhuhao" href="#2484" id="2474">〔7〕</a>。步軍輕捍，敢勇充選，負大樐<a class="zhuhao" href="#2485" id="2475">〔8〕</a>，執長戟，或持刀劍，前奮行陣<a class="zhuhao" href="#2486" id="2476">〔9〕</a>。凡諸戎器，莫不鋒鋭，所謂矛﹑楯<a class="zhuhao" href="#2487" id="2477">〔10〕</a>﹑弓﹑矢﹑刀﹑劍﹑鉞﹑斧﹑戈﹑殳﹑長矟﹑輪索之屬，皆世習矣。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2465" id="2478">〔1〕</a>原本弑篡作篡<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431tba8.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，今從《古本》﹑《一本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00201','1384634',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P201</span></i>本》﹑《徑山本》改。《宋本》﹑《資福本》作纂弑，《隨函録》作篡殺。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2467" id="2479">〔2〕</a>《石本》畢作異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2469" id="2480">〔3〕</a>《古本》及《石本》校書宫作穹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2471" id="2481">〔4〕</a>《一本》無兵字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2472" id="2482">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並無其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2473" id="2483">〔6〕</a>《中本》北作逃。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2474" id="2484">〔7〕</a>《慧琳音義》二六引命作馳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2475" id="2485">〔8〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（樐）或作櫓，亦通。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2476" id="2486">〔9〕</a>《慧琳音義》二六引奮作鋒；又陣下有“四兵和合，名之曰軍”八字。《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》劍誤作歛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2477" id="2487">〔10〕</a>《隨函録》矛楯作楯矛。《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》楯作盾。《音釋》作楯。二字通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2466" id="2488">（一）</a>異姓稱尊：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>國王本來是世襲的，但除刹帝利外，其他種姓也有稱王的，故稱異姓稱尊。如卷四所記<span class="zhuanming">波理夜呾羅國</span>王，就是吠奢種。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2468" id="2489">（二）</a>子父傳業遂窮兵術：指刹帝利是世襲的武士種姓，掌握着軍事技術。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2470" id="2490">（三）</a>步馬車象：散見於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古籍中關於兵制及戰鬥情況的記載爲數不少。在吠陀時代只有步兵（patti）和車兵（rathin）。在史詩中也發展爲“四兵種”（caturaṅgabala），卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所謂“凡有四兵，步馬車象。”《摩訶婆羅多·森林篇》308.11等史詩中也有類似的記載。但也有把“四兵種”分爲“六兵種”的，如《摩訶婆羅<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00202','1384634',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P202</span></i>多·和平篇》103.38：“步﹑騎﹑車﹑象，外加輜重（kośa）與機械（yantra）。”甚至于還有分爲八個兵種的，例如《摩訶婆羅多》曾列舉車﹑象﹑騎﹑步﹑輜重﹑戰船﹑諜報﹑嚮導等軍隊的各部分。軍官雖然爲刹帝利，但士兵却召募自各階層，甚至有外國人。如上書《大會篇》和《戰備篇》中都曾提到組成<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span><span class="zhuanming">福授</span>（Bhāgadatta）的軍隊中有山野之民（kirāta）和<span class="zhuanming">支那</span>人。各兵種裏以步兵和車兵爲最重要。史詩和《往世書》中都十分强調這點，史詩中所描繪的英雄大都是乘車的武士。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代所用武器一般爲弓（dhanus）﹑箭（iṣu）﹑矛（śakti）﹑標槍（tomāra）﹑槌（gadā）﹑斧（kuṭhāra），也有投擲器（yantra，śataghnī）和輪索（cakra），大都用于防守堡壘﹑城門等處。防身器械有盾（āvaraṇa）﹑甲胄（varman）﹑頭盔（śiratrāṇa）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代水師的成立也相當早，據曾出使<span class="zhuanming">旃陀羅笈多一世</span>宫廷的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人<span class="zhuanming">麥加斯忒尼</span>（Megasthenes）的記載，<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>的兵部下分六部，卽1.海軍部，2.輜重部，3.步兵部，4.騎兵部，5.車兵部，6.象兵部。<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>作家<span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>（Arrian）以及<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>《利論》（Artha-śāstra）上都曾提到海軍的組織。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代兵制，《利論》一書中有較詳記載（特别是該書第七卷），其中按軍隊的性質分爲下列五類：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">1.世襲兵（maula），卽常備軍或正規軍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">2.僱傭軍（bhṛta）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">3.協約軍（śreṇībala），根據協議，參加短時期戰鬥的隊伍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">4.輔助部隊（āṭavika），由山間蠻族組成。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">5.友軍（mitrabala），由藩屬或盟友所派遣的部隊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於軍隊的招募及薪俸﹑組織等：步兵大都是每十人組成一班，有班長（padika），每十個班長之上設一隊長（senāpati），十個隊長之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00203','1384634',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P203</span></i>上則爲統領（nāyaka）。一直到近代，<span class="zhuanming">英國</span>人侵占<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之前，如<span class="zhuanming">濕婆吉</span>（Śivaji）的部隊組織還是大體上如此。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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3.戮、鳥、鹿王本生故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154271" key="1154271"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 婆羅痆斯國 &gt; 一、鹿野伽藍 &gt; 3.碆、鳥、鹿王本生故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154272" key="1154272"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00568','1384755',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P568</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000956">3.𧰼﹑鳥﹑鹿王本生故事</p><p> <span>池側不遠有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>修菩薩行時爲六牙象王<a class="zhuhao" href="#6078" id="6071">（一）</a>，獵人利<a class="zhuhao" href="#6075" id="6072">〔1〕</a>其牙也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6076" id="6073">〔2〕</a>，詐服袈裟，彎弧伺捕，象王爲敬袈裟，遂捩<a class="zhuhao" href="#6077" id="6074">〔3〕</a>牙而授焉。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00569','1384755',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P569</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6072" id="6075">〔1〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》利並作剥。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6073" id="6076">〔2〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6074" id="6077">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》捩作拔；《方志》及《珠林》三十八亦作拔。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6071" id="6078">（一）</a>六牙象王：六牙，梵文ṣaḍḍanta，巴利文chaddhanta。其故事爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>美術中常見題材，參見《六度集經》卷四﹑《雜譬喻經》卷上﹑《雜寳藏經》卷二﹑巴利文《本生經》第514等。</span> </p><p> <span>捩牙側不遠有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>修菩薩行時愍世無禮，示爲鳥身<a class="zhuhao" href="#6084" id="6079">（一）</a>，與彼獮猴﹑白象，於此相問誰先見是尼拘律樹，各言事迹，遂編長幼，化漸遠近，人知上下，道<a class="zhuhao" href="#6082" id="6080">〔1〕</a>俗歸依<a class="zhuhao" href="#6083" id="6081">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6080" id="6082">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》﹑《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》道作導。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6081" id="6083">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》無歸依二字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6079" id="6084">（一）</a>示爲鳥身：此故事見《智度論》卷一二﹑《四分律》卷五○﹑《五分律》卷一七等。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00570','1384755',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P570</span></i><p> <span>其<a class="zhuhao" href="#6099" id="6085">〔1〕</a>側不遠大林中有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔與<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>俱爲鹿王斷事之處。昔於此處大林之中，有兩羣鹿，各五百餘。時此國王畋<a class="zhuhao" href="#6100" id="6086">〔2〕</a>遊原澤，菩薩<a class="zhuhao" href="#6101" id="6087">〔3〕</a>鹿王前請王曰：“大王挍<a class="zhuhao" href="#6102" id="6088">〔4〕</a>獵中原，縱燎<a class="zhuhao" href="#6103" id="6089">〔5〕</a>飛矢<a class="zhuhao" href="#6104" id="6090">〔6〕</a>，凡我徒屬，命盡兹晨<a class="zhuhao" href="#6105" id="6091">〔7〕</a>，不日腐臭，無所充膳。願欲次差，日輸一鹿。王有割鮮之膳，我延旦夕之命。”王善其言，迴駕而返。兩羣之鹿，更次輸命。<span class="zhuanming">提婆</span>羣中有懷孕鹿，次當就死，白其王<a class="zhuhao" href="#6106" id="6092">〔8〕</a>曰：“身雖應死，子未次也。”鹿王怒曰：“誰不寶命？”雌鹿歎曰：“吾王不仁，死無日矣！”乃告急菩薩鹿王，鹿王曰：“悲哉慈母之心，恩及未形之子<a class="zhuhao" href="#6107" id="6093">〔9〕</a>！吾今代汝。”遂至王門，道路之人傳聲唱曰：“彼大鹿王今來入邑。”都人士庶莫不馳觀。王之聞<a class="zhuhao" href="#6108" id="6094">〔10〕</a>也，以爲不誠。門者白王<a class="zhuhao" href="#6109" id="6095">〔11〕</a>，王乃信然，曰：“鹿王何遽來耶？”鹿<a class="zhuhao" href="#6110" id="6096">〔12〕</a>曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#6111" id="6097">〔13〕</a>：“有雌鹿當死，胎子未産，心不能忍，敢以身代！”王聞歎曰：“我人身鹿也，爾鹿身人也！”於是悉放諸鹿，不復輸命，卽以其林爲諸鹿藪，因而謂之<span class="zhuanming">施鹿林</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6112" id="6098">（一）</a>焉。<span class="zhuanming">鹿野</span>之號，自此而興。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6085" id="6099">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》無其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6086" id="6100">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》畋作田，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6087" id="6101">〔3〕</a>《中本》無菩薩二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6088" id="6102">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》挍作校。《宋本》﹑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00571','1384755',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P571</span></i>《資福本》作狡。按《干禄字書》有挍校二字，注云：“上比挍，下校尉。”據斯則此以作挍爲是，但古寫本常淆，二字當時固通用也。若狡字則音形相近而譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6089" id="6103">〔5〕</a>《石本》燎作獠；《中本》﹑《金陵本》作撩。《慧琳音義》燎作撩，云：“《漢書》撩，取也，獵也，掠取也，從手。”<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>本蓋如此，獠亦撩之形訛。然燎義自通，因各存其本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6090" id="6104">〔6〕</a>《石本》矢作失。按此句燎如作撩，則失或可能，否則爲矢之形譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6091" id="6105">〔7〕</a>《中本》晨作辰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6092" id="6106">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》王並作主。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6093" id="6107">〔9〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無之子二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6094" id="6108">〔10〕</a>《中本》之聞二字作聞之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6095" id="6109">〔11〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》王並作至。《中本》無王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6096" id="6110">〔12〕</a>《古本》鹿下有王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6097" id="6111">〔13〕</a>《石本》曰作白。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6098" id="6112">（一）</a>施鹿林：此一傳説故事，見《六度集經》卷三﹑《智度論》卷十六﹑《雜譬喻經》﹑《出曜經》卷十四及<span class="zhuanming">巴利文</span>《本生經》第12等。此傳説常作爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>繪畫﹑雕刻的題材，如<span class="zhuanming">婆羅浮屠</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿旃陀</span>所保存的，卽其著者。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
阿吒釐國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv242863" key="242863"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 阿吒釐國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154274" key="1154274"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00907','1384876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P907</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001515">阿吒釐國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿吒釐國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9293" id="9285">（一）</a>周六千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。居人殷盛，珍寶盈積。稼穡雖備，興販爲業。土地沙鹵，花菓稀少。出胡椒樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#9294" id="9286">（二）</a>，樹葉<a class="zhuhao" href="#9291" id="9287">〔1〕</a>若<span class="zhuanming">蜀</span>椒也。出薰陸香樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#9295" id="9288">（三）</a>，樹葉若棠梨<a class="zhuhao" href="#9296" id="9289">（四）</a>也。氣序熱，多風埃。人性澆薄，貴財賤德。文字語言，儀形法則，大同<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>。多不信福，縱有信者，宗事天神。祠館十<a class="zhuhao" href="#9292" id="9290">〔2〕</a>餘所，異道雜居。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00908','1384876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P908</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9287" id="9291">〔1〕</a>《中本》無葉字，《方志》同。《慈恩傳》有葉字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9290" id="9292">〔2〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》十作千。《方志》作十，同此。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9285" id="9293">（一）</a>阿吒釐國：此國名<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Aṭali，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>認爲可還原爲Aḍal或Akshal或Aṭli，就<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯例看，如譯Samataṭa爲<span class="zhuanming">三摩呾吒</span>，譯Vaiśālī爲<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>，我們認爲以還原爲Aṭali爲妥。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此國地望不詳。雖然本書上段末云：“西北行二千四五百里，至<span class="zhuanming">阿吒釐國</span>”，《慈恩傳》卷四緊接着<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>亦云：“自此西北行二千四五百里至<span class="zhuanming">阿吒釐國</span>”，但是據本段末句“從<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>西北行三日至<span class="zhuanming">契吒國</span>”來看，<span class="zhuanming">阿吒釐國</span>似爲傳聞之國，而非<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>親踐之地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9286" id="9294">（二）</a>胡椒樹：梵文名Pippali，學名Piper Longum。胡椒自古以來卽爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西海岸的特産，尤以西海岸南部的<span class="zhuanming">馬拉巴爾</span>（Malabar）所産的質地爲最優。<span class="zhuanming">段成式</span>《酉陽雜俎》卷十八謂其産於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀</span>，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯爲昧履支。據<span class="zhuanming">勞費爾</span>《中國伊朗編》（<span class="zhuanming">林筠因</span>譯本，頁200）謂昧履支係梵文marīca的音譯，爲胡椒的綽號。又案此胡椒樹非草本胡椒，爲灌木的長胡椒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9288" id="9295">（三）</a>薰陸香樹：梵文作kunduru，學名爲Boswellia thuri-fera，一稱君杜嚕樹或君杜魯樹。薰陸香是用這種樹的樹脂汁液所製造的香料，梵文作kunduruka，俗語作kuṃdurukka。薰陸香樹樹脂滴下後，形如乳頭，故一名乳頭香或乳香，爲極珍貴的香料，與其他香料摻合供燒香之用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00909','1384876',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P909</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9289" id="9296">（四）</a>棠梨：《爾雅·釋木》：“杜，赤棠，白者棠。”棠梨，亦名白棠，學名Pirus betulaefolia，薔薇科，落葉亞喬木。據《本草綱目》：“棠梨，樹似梨而小，葉似蒼朮，葉亦有團者﹑三叉者，葉邊皆有鋸齒，色頗黲白。二月開白花，結實如小楝子大，霜後可食。其樹接梨甚佳。”</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>西北行三日<a class="zhuhao" href="#9298" id="9297">〔1〕</a>，至<span class="zhuanming">契吒國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9297" id="9298">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》三日二字作三百里三字；《徑山本》作三百餘里四字。《趙城本》及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》作三日，同此本。《方志》下有注云：“彼百里爲一日行。”然則作三百里者亦有所據。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、三獸窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154277" key="1154277"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 婆羅痆斯國 &gt; 三、三獸窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154278" key="1154278"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00579','1384756',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P579</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000968"><b>三﹑三獸窣堵波</b></p><p> <span>烈士池<a class="zhuhao" href="#6223" id="6209">〔1〕</a>西有三獸窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>修菩薩行時燒身之處。劫<a class="zhuhao" href="#6224" id="6210">〔2〕</a>初時，於此林野有狐﹑兔<a class="zhuhao" href="#6225" id="6211">〔3〕</a>﹑猨<a class="zhuhao" href="#6226" id="6212">〔4〕</a>，異類相悦。時<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>欲驗修菩薩行者，降靈應<a class="zhuhao" href="#6227" id="6213">〔5〕</a>化爲一老夫，謂三獸曰：“二三子善安隱乎<a class="zhuhao" href="#6228" id="6214">〔6〕</a>？無驚懼耶？”曰：“涉豐草，遊茂林，異類同歡，既安且樂。”老夫曰：“聞二三子情厚意密，忘其老弊，故此遠尋。今正飢乏，何以饋<a class="zhuhao" href="#6229" id="6215">〔7〕</a>食？”曰：“幸少留此，我躬馳訪。”於是同心虚己，分路營求。狐沿水濱<a class="zhuhao" href="#6230" id="6216">〔8〕</a>銜一鮮鯉，猨於林樹採異花菓，俱來至止，同進老夫。唯兎空還，遊躍左右。老夫謂曰：“以吾觀之，爾曹未和<a class="zhuhao" href="#6231" id="6217">〔9〕</a>。猨狐同志，各能役心，唯兔空返<a class="zhuhao" href="#6232" id="6218">〔10〕</a>，獨無相饋。以此言之，誠可知也。”兔聞譏議，謂狐﹑猨曰：“多聚藮<a class="zhuhao" href="#6233" id="6219">〔11〕</a>蘇，方有所作。”狐﹑猨競馳，銜草曳木，既已蕰崇，猛焰將熾。兔曰：“仁者，我身卑劣，所求難遂，敢以微躬，充此一飡！”辭畢入火，尋卽致死。是時老夫復<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>身，除燼收骸，傷歎良久，謂狐﹑猨曰：“一何至此！吾感其心，不泯其迹，寄之月輪，傳乎<a class="zhuhao" href="#6234" id="6220">〔12〕</a>後世。”故彼咸言，月中之兔自斯而<a class="zhuhao" href="#6235" id="6221">〔13〕</a>有<a class="zhuhao" href="#6236" id="6222">（一）</a>。後人於此建窣堵波。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6209" id="6223">〔1〕</a>《中本》無烈士池三字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00580','1384756',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P580</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6210" id="6224">〔2〕</a>《古本》劫上有昔字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6211" id="6225">〔3〕</a>《中本》兔作菟，下同，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6212" id="6226">〔4〕</a>《翻譯集》引猨作猿，下同，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6213" id="6227">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》應作變。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6214" id="6228">〔6〕</a>《異本》乎作耶。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6215" id="6229">〔7〕</a>《翻譯集》饋下有小注“渠位切”三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6216" id="6230">〔8〕</a>《徑山本》濱作瀕，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6217" id="6231">〔9〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》和作如。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6218" id="6232">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》返並作還。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6219" id="6233">〔11〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》藮作樵，同。《慧琳音義》亦作樵。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6220" id="6234">〔12〕</a>《翻譯集》乎作於。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6221" id="6235">〔13〕</a>《石本》朱校而下有顯字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6222" id="6236">（一）</a>月中之兔自斯而有：此傳説亦見《六度集經》卷三﹑《生經》卷三一﹑《菩薩本生鬘論》卷六﹑《雜寶藏經》卷十一﹑《撰集百緣經》卷三八及巴利文《本生經》第316等，略有異同。所謂月宫兔影，這是世界一些國家廣泛流傳的神話故事。以兔王本生故事作爲題材的圖像的斷片，曾在<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>的Nāgārjunīkoṇḍa發現。</span> </p><p> <span>從此順<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>流東行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">戰主國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
契吒國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154283" key="1154283"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 契吒國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154284" key="1154284"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00909','1384877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P909</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001519">契吒國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">契吒國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9300" id="9299">（一）</a>周三千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。人户殷盛，家室富饒。無大君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>。風土物産，遂同其俗。伽藍十餘所，僧徒千餘人，大小二乘兼功習學。天祠數十，外道衆多。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9299" id="9300">（一）</a>契吒國：本書《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》及《釋迦方志》均載：“從<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>西北行三百里至<span class="zhuanming">契吒國</span>。”與<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00910','1384877',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P910</span></i>“西北行三日”不同。這一分歧使此國的原名及其方位難於確定。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲kheḍa，卽現在<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉特</span>的<span class="zhuanming">凱拉</span>（Kaira）<span class="zhuanming">市</span>。這樣作就必須將<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記的“三日”或“三百里”改爲“一千三百里”——卽<span class="zhuanming">凱拉</span>與<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>國都<span class="zhuanming">達爾</span>之間的距離。這是難於接受的。<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>認爲此國位置應在<span class="zhuanming">坎貝灣</span>頭，<span class="zhuanming">馬希河</span>北岸的<span class="zhuanming">坎貝</span>或其附近。<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>及<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>比定爲Kaccha，卽現代的<span class="zhuanming">卡奇</span>（Cutch），<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>都贊同此説，但此地在<span class="zhuanming">卡奇半島</span>西南部，四周有許多大小不等的沼澤，與《西域記》的“人户殷盛，家室富饒”的記載很不相符。在考古方面此地也未出土過任何歷史文物足以支持這一考證，因此關於此國的地望還有待繼續研究。</span> </p><p> <span>從此北<a class="zhuhao" href="#9305" id="9301">〔1〕</a>行千<a class="zhuhao" href="#9306" id="9302">〔2〕</a>餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">卽<span class="zhuanming">北<a class="zhuhao" href="#9307" id="9303">〔3〕</a>羅羅國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#9308" id="9304">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9301" id="9305">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》亦作北行，《支那内學院本》北字傍校云：“應是南字。”但各本及《方志》皆作北。從下文“北羅羅國”觀之，北字不誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9302" id="9306">〔2〕</a>《古本》千作十。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9303" id="9307">〔3〕</a>原本北作比，《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》並作北，今從改。<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">南羅羅國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毘國</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">北羅羅國</span>，疑原<span class="zhuanming">羅羅國</span>後析爲二也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9304" id="9308">〔4〕</a>《中本》無此小注九字。《方志》小注作“<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">北羅羅</span>之别也”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十七、物産
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv402025" key="402025"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 十七、物産 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154287" key="1154287"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00211','1384639',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P211</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000346"><b>十七﹑物産</b></p><p> <span>風壤既别，地利亦殊。花草果木，雜種異名，所謂菴没羅果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2608" id="2587">（一）</a>﹑菴弭羅果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2609" id="2588">（二）</a>﹑末<a class="zhuhao" href="#2603" id="2589">〔1〕</a>杜迦果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2610" id="2590">（三）</a>﹑跋<a class="zhuhao" href="#2604" id="2591">〔2〕</a>達羅果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2611" id="2592">（四）</a>﹑劫比他果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2605" id="2593">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2612" id="2594">（五）</a>﹑阿末羅果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2613" id="2595">（六）</a>﹑鎮杜迦果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2614" id="2596">（七）</a>﹑烏曇跋羅果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2615" id="2597">（八）</a>﹑茂遮果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2616" id="2598">（九）</a>﹑那利葪羅果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2606" id="2599">〔4〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2617" id="2600">（一○）</a>﹑般橠<a class="zhuhao" href="#2607" id="2601">〔5〕</a>娑果<a class="zhuhao" href="#2618" id="2602">（一一）</a>。凡厥此類，難以備載，見珍人世者，略舉言焉。至於棗﹑栗﹑椑﹑柿，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>無聞。梨﹑柰﹑桃﹑杏﹑蒲萄等果，<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>已來，徃徃間植。石榴﹑甘橘，諸國皆樹。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2589" id="2603">〔1〕</a>《磧砂本》末作未。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00212','1384639',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P212</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2591" id="2604">〔2〕</a>《異本》跋作跛。《石本》及《大本》校書作𧿡，下同。𧿡乃跋之俗字。跛乃形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2593" id="2605">〔3〕</a>劫比他果，《石本》劫作却。《中本》他作化。按劫比他，梵名Kapittha，二異文疑皆形譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2599" id="2606">〔4〕</a>那利葪羅果，原本葪作󰵞，《古本》﹑《大本》﹑《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》及《隨函録》並作葪。《慧琳音義》亦作葪，云：“音計。”今從改。《石本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作薊，《異本》作制，《或本》作萠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2601" id="2607">〔5〕</a>原本橠作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431ofl5.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，不成字，今從諸本訂。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2587" id="2608">（一）</a>菴没羅果：菴没羅，樹名，梵文āmra音譯，又譯作菴羅﹑菴婆羅﹑菴摩羅﹑阿摩勒，學名Mangitera Indica，俗稱芒果樹（漆樹科芒果屬喬木）。菴没羅果卽芒果。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2588" id="2609">（二）</a>菴弭羅果：菴弭羅，樹名，梵文āmla音譯，學名Tamarin-dus Indica，卽羅望子樹﹑答滿林（豆科常緑喬木），其果羅望子可做清凉飲料。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2590" id="2610">（三）</a>末杜迦果：末杜迦，樹名，梵文madh ūka的音譯，又譯作摩頭﹑末度迦，學名爲Bassia Latifolia。其花與種子爲製酒和榨油的原料。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2592" id="2611">（四）</a>跋達羅果：跋達羅，樹名，梵文badara音譯，學名Ziz-yphus Jujuba，卽酸棗樹之一種，又稱滇刺棗，鼠李科，棗屬落葉喬木，比我國普通棗樹開花結果時間遲，果體小，其杈枝花及葉的背面均覆有絹狀的柔毛，與我國普通棗樹異，故<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>後稱“棗……<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>無聞。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00213','1384639',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P213</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2594" id="2612">（五）</a>劫比他果：劫比他，樹名，梵文kapittha的音譯，又譯作劫彼陀﹑劫畢他，學名爲Feronia Elephantum，其果似苹果，屬于芸香科植物。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2595" id="2613">（六）</a>阿末羅果：阿末羅，樹名，梵文āmalaka，<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語amola，amala音譯。亦作菴摩勒﹑阿摩落迦等。學名Emblica Myrobalan或Embilca Officinalis，或Phy1lanthus Emblica。其果味酸而有回甘，我國古稱餘甘子。《翻譯名義大集》作“山查”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2596" id="2614">（七）</a>鎮杜迦果：鎮杜迦，樹名，梵文tinduka，又譯作丁土迦﹑底孕覩娑﹑鎮頭迦，學名Diospyros Embryopteris，屬柿科柿屬喬木或灌木，其果汁性粘，可作填補器皿縫隙和塗料之用。《翻譯名義大集》作“柿木”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2597" id="2615">（八）</a>烏曇跋羅果：烏曇跋羅，樹名，梵文udumbara，又譯作優曇鉢羅﹑優頭跋羅﹑烏暫婆羅﹑優曇波羅﹑優曇鉢﹑優曇，意爲“靈瑞”﹑“瑞應”，學名Ficus Glomerata，屬桑科榕屬喬木。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2598" id="2616">（九）</a>茂遮果：茂遮，樹名，梵文moca，卽辣木，學名Musa Sapientum，辣木科辣木屬喬木。其根有辛辣味，種子可榨油，嫩莢和葉用作蔬食和淹漬。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2600" id="2617">（一○）</a>那利葪羅果：那利葪羅，樹名，梵文nārikela，本書卷十<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>條作那羅雞羅，卷十一<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>條作那羅稽羅，卽椰子樹，學名Cocus Nucifera，棕櫚科椰子屬喬木。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2602" id="2618">（一一）</a>般橠娑果：般橠娑，樹名，梵文panasa音譯，學名Art-ocarpus Iniegrifolia，又稱波羅蜜﹑樹波羅﹑木波羅，桑科波羅蜜屬喬木，果型巨大，重可達二十公斤，種子周圍淡黄色的果肉可食，有特殊的甜味。其樹液和葉可作藥用，消腫解毒，木材可製染料，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>僧人用以染法衣。參見本書卷一○<span class="zhuanming">奔那伐彈那國</span>所記般橠娑果。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00214','1384639',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P214</span></i><p> <span>墾田農務，稼穡耕耘，播植隨時，各從勞逸。土宜所出，稻麥尤多。</span> </p><p> <span>蔬菜則有薑﹑芥﹑瓜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2622" id="2619">〔1〕</a>﹑瓠﹑葷陁菜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2623" id="2620">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2624" id="2621">（一）</a>等。葱蒜雖少，噉食亦希，家有食者，驅令出郭。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2619" id="2622">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《磧砂本》瓜作苽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2620" id="2623">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">向達</span>謂葷陁菜卽<span class="zhuanming">李時珍</span>《本草綱目》中之菾菜，一名莙薘菜也。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2621" id="2624">（一）</a>葷陁菜：葷陁，梵文kaṇḍu或kanda音譯。學名Am-orphophallus Campanulatus，<span class="zhuanming">杜環</span>《經行記》作軍達，《慧琳音義》卷八二作軍達菜，《酉陽雜俎》作莙達。爲甜菜的變種，原産<span class="zhuanming">西亞</span><span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>各地。</span> </p><p> <span>至於乳酪﹑膏酥<a class="zhuhao" href="#2630" id="2625">〔1〕</a>﹑粆<a class="zhuhao" href="#2631" id="2626">〔2〕</a>糖﹑石蜜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2633" id="2627">（一）</a>﹑芥子油﹑諸餅麨，常所膳也。魚﹑羊﹑麞﹑鹿，時薦肴胾<a class="zhuhao" href="#2634" id="2628">（二）</a>。牛﹑驢﹑象﹑馬﹑豕﹑犬﹑狐﹑狼﹑師子﹑猴﹑猨<a class="zhuhao" href="#2632" id="2629">〔3〕</a>，凡此毛羣，例無味噉。噉者鄙耻，衆所穢惡，屏居郭外，希迹人間。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2625" id="2630">〔1〕</a>原本酥作蘇，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00215','1384639',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P215</span></i>本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2626" id="2631">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》﹑《金陵本》粆並作沙。按《集韻》下平聲《麻韻》粆字云：“蔗飴，通作沙，今謂之沙糖。”是粆沙同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2629" id="2632">〔3〕</a>《古本》猴猨作猨猴。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2627" id="2633">（一）</a>石蜜：石蜜含義很多。<span class="zhuanming">萬震</span>《涼州異物志》云：“石蜜非石類，假石之名也。實乃甘蔗汁煎而曝之，則凝如石，而體甚輕，故謂之石蜜也。”<span class="zhuanming">宋</span><span class="zhuanming">王楙</span>《野客叢談》説“嘗考石蜜有數種，《本草》謂崖石間蠭蜜爲石蜜，又有所謂乳餳爲石蜜者，《廣志》謂蔗汁爲石蜜，其不一如此。崖石一義，又安知古人不以櫻桃爲石蜜乎？”<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>一些古書上又有“<span class="zhuanming">西極（國）</span>石蜜”一詞。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>屬于<span class="zhuanming">西極（國）</span>，這裏的石蜜也必然是<span class="zhuanming">西極（國）</span>石蜜。這種石蜜很可能就是《野客叢談》的“乳餳”，也就是加牛乳熬煉成的硬糖塊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2628" id="2634">（二）</a>胾：《説文解字》，“胾，大臠也。”<span class="zhuanming">段</span>注：“切肉之大者也。”</span> </p><p> <span>若其酒醴之差，滋味流别。蒲萄<a class="zhuhao" href="#2639" id="2635">（一）</a>﹑甘蔗，刹帝利飲也；麴糵<a class="zhuhao" href="#2638" id="2636">〔1〕</a>醇醪<a class="zhuhao" href="#2640" id="2637">（二）</a>，吠奢等飲也。沙門﹑婆羅門，飲蒲萄甘蔗漿，非酒醴之謂也。雜姓卑族，無所流别。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2636" id="2638">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《隨函録》糵作󵾕，非。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00216','1384639',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P216</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2635" id="2639">（一）</a>蒲萄：古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>不産葡萄。吠陀時代只有一種稱爲“蘇摩”（soma）的烈性酒，供祭祀中使用。以後才從<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>引種葡萄，釀造甜酒。葡萄酒稱kāpīśāyana，意卽“由<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試</span>來的”。這類酒相當昂貴，所以只有貴族階級的刹帝利才喝得起。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2637" id="2640">（二）</a>麴糵醇醪：指一般米麥酒，價格較低，中等階級的吠奢也可飲用。根據<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>戒律，信徒不許飲酒，所以下文云只許飲用葡萄或甘蔗漿之類果汁。</span> </p><p> <span>然其資用之器，巧<a class="zhuhao" href="#2645" id="2641">〔1〕</a>質有殊。什物之具，隨時無闕，雖釜鑊斯用，而炊甑莫知，多器坯土<a class="zhuhao" href="#2648" id="2642">（一）</a>，少用赤銅。食以一器，衆味相調，手指斟酌，略無匙<a class="zhuhao" href="#2646" id="2643">〔2〕</a>箸，至於老病<a class="zhuhao" href="#2647" id="2644">〔3〕</a>，乃用銅匙。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2641" id="2645">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》巧作功。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2643" id="2646">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《隨函録》﹑《音釋》匙並作匕。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2644" id="2647">〔3〕</a>老病，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作病患。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2642" id="2648">（一）</a>多器坯土：卽多用陶器。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00217','1384639',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P217</span></i><p> <span>若其金﹑銀﹑鍮石<a class="zhuhao" href="#2660" id="2649">（一）</a>﹑白玉﹑火珠<a class="zhuhao" href="#2656" id="2650">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2661" id="2651">（二）</a>，風土所産，彌復盈積。奇珍<a class="zhuhao" href="#2657" id="2652">〔2〕</a>雜寶，異類殊名，出自海隅，易以求貿<a class="zhuhao" href="#2658" id="2653">〔3〕</a>。然其貨用，交遷有無，金錢﹑銀錢<a class="zhuhao" href="#2662" id="2654">（三）</a>﹑貝珠﹑小<a class="zhuhao" href="#2659" id="2655">〔4〕</a>珠。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2650" id="2656">〔1〕</a>《新唐書·西域傳》“天竺國”條云：“出火齊﹑琅玕。”火珠卽火齊珠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2652" id="2657">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》奇珍二字作珍奇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2653" id="2658">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》貿並作貨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2655" id="2659">〔4〕</a>貝，原諸本均作具，應爲貝之訛，故改。《或本》小作沙。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2649" id="2660">（一）</a>鍮石：<span class="zhuanming">勞費爾</span>（B.Laufer）認爲鍮石的意義是名叫“鍮”的石，“鍮”是中古波斯語tūtiya第一音節的譯音。（<span class="zhuanming">林筠因</span>譯《中國伊朗編》頁342）鍮石卽黄銅，主要含銅與鋅。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2651" id="2661">（二）</a>火珠：《新唐書》卷二二二下《南蠻傳》下記<span class="zhuanming">婆利國</span>“多火珠，大者如鷄卵，圓白，照數尺。日中以艾藉珠，輒火出”。《隋唐嘉話》卷中：“<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>初，<span class="zhuanming">林邑</span>獻火珠，狀如水精，云得於<span class="zhuanming">羅刹國</span>。”卽一種水晶石。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2654" id="2662">（三）</a>金錢銀錢：據<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>史家<span class="zhuanming">希羅多德</span>記載，<span class="zhuanming">阿契美尼德</span>王朝每年要向他們佔據的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北部徵收三百六十“塔倫特”（tolent）砂金作爲貢奉。這表明至遲在公元前六世紀<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>已使用黄金作高價通貨。繼後才有真正貨幣，卽有固定重量與標誌的金屬塊，如標<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00218','1384639',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P218</span></i>有三個圓點的銀錠或銀條。繼後有鎚打而成的長方形或圓形的金屬片狀貨幣。最後才有沖壓或鑄造成的貨幣。現在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>各地出土的最古貨幣，大都是公元前六世紀以後的沖壓制成的銀幣和銅幣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">最古的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>貨幣重量以vati爲單位（約合0.118克），標準金幣（suvarṇa）重80vati，銀幣（dharaṇa）重32vati，銅幣（kārṣapaṇa）重80vati。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之境，疆界具舉，風壤之差，大略斯在。同條共貫，粗陳梗㮣。異政殊俗，據國而叙。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
戰主國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154289" key="1154289"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 戰主國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154290" key="1154290"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00581','1384757',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P581</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000971">戰主國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">戰主國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6240" id="6237">（一）</a>周二千餘里。都城臨<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，周十餘里。居人豐樂，邑里相鄰。土地膏腴，稼穡時播。氣序和暢，風俗淳質。人性獷烈，邪正兼信。伽藍十餘所，僧徒減千人，並皆遵習小乘教法。天祠二十，異道雜居<a class="zhuhao" href="#6239" id="6238">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6238" id="6239">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》居下有矣字；《徑山本》有之字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6237" id="6240">（一）</a>戰主國：戰主，梵文Garjanapati（又作Garjapur﹑Garjapatipura）的意譯。其地望據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>考定爲今<span class="zhuanming">迦齊浦耳</span>（Ghāzipur），在<span class="zhuanming">瓦臘納西</span>以東五十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，位於<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>北岸。Ghāzi有“戰勝者”之義，是<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭教</span>徒的命名，但一般推測Ghāzipur可能卽Garjapur的訛音。梵文字根garj原意爲咆哮，引伸有抗拒﹑戰鬥等義。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
伐臘毗國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154297" key="1154297"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 伐臘毗國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154298" key="1154298"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00911','1384878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P911</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001522">伐臘毗國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9313" id="9309">（一）</a>周六千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9314" id="9310">（二）</a>周三十餘里。土地所産，氣序所宜，風俗人性，同<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>。居人殷盛，家室<a class="zhuhao" href="#9312" id="9311">〔1〕</a>富饒，積財百億者，乃有百餘室矣。遠方奇貨，多聚其國。伽藍百餘所，僧徒六千餘人，多學小乘正量部法。天祠數百，異道寔多。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9311" id="9312">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》室作産。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9309" id="9313">（一）</a>伐臘毗國：<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>，梵文Va1abhi或Vallabhi音譯。本書關於這一地區的記載中，有一些不明確的地方，尚待進一步研究。例如在上段末句的<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>下所注的“卽<span class="zhuanming">北羅羅國</span>”似應改爲<span class="zhuanming">南羅羅國</span>，並且將此國列入“<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境”也欠妥。參見本卷<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又，如前所述，關於<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>的比定，争議頗多。卽使<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>的地望目前還難於確定，但是按<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆</span>（西北行三日，或三百里）→<span class="zhuanming">契吒</span>——（北行千余里）→<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毘</span>這樣的方位與里程，<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>的位置未免過於偏北。歷史上的<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>位於<span class="zhuanming">卡提阿瓦半島</span>上，是<span class="zhuanming">梅特拉迦</span>（Maitraka）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>的西方分國，其東方分國爲<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00912','1384878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P912</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu">在<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>廢墟上所崛起的諸國中，以<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>的國祚最爲長久。其始祖<span class="zhuanming">拔吒迦</span>（Bhaṭārka）是一個出身於<span class="zhuanming">梅特拉迦</span>氏族的<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的將軍，曾任<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>的總督。五世紀末該家族逐漸强盛。最初的兩個首領，<span class="zhuanming">拔吒迦</span>及其子<span class="zhuanming">持軍</span>（Dharasena），還稱爲“將軍”（Senāpati），其後人，卽<span class="zhuanming">持軍</span>之弟<span class="zhuanming">德魯納僧訶</span>（Droṇasiṃha），才被<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>封爲“摩訶羅闍”（Mahārāja，大王）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>開國年代目前還無法精確考定，<span class="zhuanming">拔吒迦</span>作將軍大致是在五世紀中葉，<span class="zhuanming">德魯納僧訶</span>大約稱王於五世紀之末。近代在<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>地方發掘出大量文物。六世紀中葉<span class="zhuanming">密軍</span>（Guhasena）以來該國諸王世系則能得到比較準確的考定。前述<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>中<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所提到的那位<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">戒日一世</span>（Śilāditya I）在位時，<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>是<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>最强大的國家，其領域包括<span class="zhuanming">卡提阿瓦半島</span>全部，<span class="zhuanming">馬爾瓦</span>西部及<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆國</span>的一部分。七世紀時該國的經濟文化都很發達繁榮，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>稱其“居人殷盛”，百億富室數以百計，學術地位可與<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>相提並論。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>訪問<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>時統治該國的<span class="zhuanming">杜魯婆跋吒</span>（Dhruvabhaṭṭa），卽<span class="zhuanming">持軍王</span>（Dharasena）<span class="zhuanming">三世</span>之弟<span class="zhuanming">常軍二世</span>（Dhruvasena Ⅱ），大約卽位於公元629年，卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>剛<span class="zhuanming">到達</span>印度那年；在<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>離開該國不久去世。其子<span class="zhuanming">持軍四世</span>繼位，他是<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>諸王中頭一個自尊爲“輪王”的人。這引起他與<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐弹那</span>的衝突，使他一度戰敗，不得不在<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆</span>避難。但不久他又恢復其強盛。他在位期間<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>相當繁榮。著名的詩人<span class="zhuanming">跋底</span>（Bhaṭṭi）就曾服務於他的宫廷。653年左右他死後，<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>陷於混亂，直至<span class="zhuanming">戒日三世</span>（Śīlāditya Ⅲ，662—684 A.D.）統治時期才恢復其國勢。<span class="zhuanming">戒日三世</span>雖然一度爲<span class="zhuanming">西遮婁</span>其人所戰敗，但終於轉敗爲勝，擊潰了<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅伐摩二世</span>（Mahendravarman <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00913','1384878',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P913</span></i>Ⅱ）。七世紀末八世紀初<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>開始遭受<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>人的侵略。八世紀起該國日趨衰弱，約在該世紀中葉，<span class="zhuanming">戒日七世</span>之後滅亡，<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>毁滅的原因至今仍是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史上的一個未解之謎。（R.C.Majum-dar，HCIP.Vol.Ⅲ，pp.61—63，103—105，147—152）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9310" id="9314">（二）</a>國大都城：<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>的故都爲<span class="zhuanming">訖利城</span>（Girinagara），卽現代的<span class="zhuanming">朱納加德</span>（Junāgadh），約在五世紀中葉遷都於<span class="zhuanming">伐臘</span>（Vala或Wala）。此城遺址已於近代發現，在<span class="zhuanming">卡提阿瓦半島</span>東岸，<span class="zhuanming">保納加爾</span>（Bhaonagar）西北<span class="song">18</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，卽北緯21度52分，東經71度57分地方，今名<span class="zhuanming">瓦密拉普羅</span>（Vamilapura）——顯然是<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗城</span>（Valabhipura）一名的訛轉。該地出土的碑銘﹑泥封﹑雕刻頗爲豐富，足以證明是一古老城市，這些文物都保存於<span class="zhuanming">孟買</span>的<span class="zhuanming">西印度威爾斯親王博物院</span>，（Prince of Wales Museum of Western 1ndia）。銘文中關於該城如何美麗富饒的敍述，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記載相符。七世紀時<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>是小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的學術中心，可與大乘派的學術中心<span class="zhuanming">那爛陁</span>相提並論，<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四記載，當時<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒欲求深造，大都得去上述兩處之一，“……然後函丈傳授，經三二年，多在<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>，或居<span class="zhuanming">跋臘毗國</span>。斯兩處者，事等<span class="zhuanming">金馬</span><span class="zhuanming">石渠</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">龍門</span><span class="zhuanming">闕里</span>，英彦雲聚，商搉是非。”其盛況可以想見。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十六、賦税
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154308" key="1154308"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 十六、賦税 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154309" key="1154309"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00209','1384638',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P209</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000343"><b>十六﹑賦税</b></p><p> <span>政教既寬，機務亦簡。户不籍書，人無傜課<a class="zhuhao" href="#2583" id="2567">（一）</a>。王田之内，大分爲四：一充國用祭祀粢<a class="zhuhao" href="#2577" id="2568">〔1〕</a>盛；二以封建輔佐宰臣；三賞聰叡碩學高才；四樹福田<a class="zhuhao" href="#2584" id="2569">（二）</a>，給諸異道。所以賦斂輕薄，傜税儉省，各安世業，俱佃口分<a class="zhuhao" href="#2585" id="2570">（三）</a>。假種王田，六税其一<a class="zhuhao" href="#2586" id="2571">（四）</a>。商賈逐利，來往貿<a class="zhuhao" href="#2578" id="2572">〔2〕</a>遷，津路關防，輕税後過。國家營建，不虚勞役，據其成功，酬之價直。鎮戍征行，宫<a class="zhuhao" href="#2579" id="2573">〔3〕</a>廬營<a class="zhuhao" href="#2580" id="2574">〔4〕</a>衛，量事招募，懸賞<a class="zhuhao" href="#2581" id="2575">〔5〕</a>待人<a class="zhuhao" href="#2582" id="2576">〔6〕</a>。宰牧﹑輔臣﹑庶官﹑僚佐，各有分地，自食封邑。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2568" id="2577">〔1〕</a>《中本》粢誤析作次米二字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00210','1384638',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P210</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2572" id="2578">〔2〕</a>原本貿作貨，《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作貿，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2573" id="2579">〔3〕</a>《古本》及《大本》校書宫作穹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2574" id="2580">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》營並作宿。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2575" id="2581">〔5〕</a>《古本》賞作價。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作償。《大本》及《隨函録》作儐，疑償之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2576" id="2582">〔6〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》人並誤作入。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2567" id="2583">（一）</a>户不籍書人無傜課：指不設户口册，没有傜役。《法顯傳》也説：“無户藉官法。”在古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，國家征收地租是以村社爲對象的，所以不必設户藉，征傜役。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>都以<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>封建制來衡量<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>當時的社會制度，只從表面看，似乎<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的社會制度對勞動人民剥削甚輕，其實並不輕，唯其方式與<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>不同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2569" id="2584">（二）</a>福田：泛指能够産生福報的事業。樹福田，此處指國王們把土地施捨給各種宗教寺院，以求功德福報。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2570" id="2585">（三）</a>各安世業俱佃口分：卽按人口分田，世襲耕作。國内外注釋者及譯者多誤解此二句。按<span class="zhuanming">唐朝</span>的均田法：男丁十八歲以上給田一頃，其中十分之二是永業，十分之八爲口分。“永業”就是“世業”。當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>土地制度不可能同<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>完全相同。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>也可能是借用<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的現成名詞。但是，也有可能，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>土地所有者一部分田地是世襲的，一部分是臨時的。還有可能，一部分人占有世襲的田地，而另一部分人的田地則是臨時租佃的或是國家分配的。這<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00211','1384638',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P211</span></i>個問題有待于進一步研究探討。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2571" id="2586">（四）</a>假種王田六税其一：《摩奴法論》7.128—132説：“水蛭﹑牛犢和黑蜂怎樣一點一點地攝取食物，國王必須也怎樣一點一點地徵收全國的年税。”“國王和經營者怎樣能雙方都得到好處，國王就必須在經過應有的調查以後總是怎樣確定其國内的賦税。”“國王應該得到牲畜和黄金的五十分之一，穀物的八分之一﹑六分之一或者十二分之一。”“他（指國王——譯者）應該得到六分之一的樹木﹑食用肉﹑蜂蜜﹑酥油﹑香料﹑藥草﹑調味汁﹑花﹑根﹑果﹑”“葉子﹑蔬菜﹑草﹑皮革﹑藤竹﹑陶器和所有的石器。”古代的印度國王一般收取六分之一收成的農業税，這是許多古書上基本一致的説法。上引《摩奴法論》的規定也反映了這一點。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、佛舍利窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154313" key="1154313"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 戰主國 &gt; 一、佛舍利窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154314" key="1154314"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00581','1384758',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P581</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000974"><b>一﹑佛舍利窣堵波</b></p><p> <span>大城西北伽藍中窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。《印度<a class="zhuhao" href="#6246" id="6241">〔1〕</a>記》<a class="zhuhao" href="#6250" id="6242">（一）</a>曰：此中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利一升<a class="zhuhao" href="#6247" id="6243">〔2〕</a>。昔者<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>嘗於此處，七<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00582','1384758',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P582</span></i>日之中，爲天﹑人衆顯説妙法。其側則有過去三佛<a class="zhuhao" href="#6248" id="6244">〔3〕</a>坐及經行遺迹之處。鄰此復有<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>像，形量雖小，威神嶷然，靈鑒潛通，奇迹間起<a class="zhuhao" href="#6249" id="6245">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6241" id="6246">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》印度二字作先賢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6243" id="6247">〔2〕</a>原本升作斗，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》。《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作升，《方志》及《珠林》三十八亦同，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6244" id="6248">〔3〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》三佛作四佛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6245" id="6249">〔4〕</a>《古本》起下有也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6242" id="6250">（一）</a>印度記：此或爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>書，書名《印度記》。已佚；或爲古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>傳説，不詳。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、附近遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154319" key="1154319"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 伐臘毗國 &gt; 一、附近遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154320" key="1154320"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00913','1384879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P913</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001525"><b>一﹑附近遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，屢遊此國<a class="zhuhao" href="#9318" id="9315">（一）</a>，故<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>於佛所止，皆樹旌表，建窣堵波。過去三佛坐及經行説法之處，遺迹相間<a class="zhuhao" href="#9317" id="9316">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00914','1384879',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P914</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9316" id="9317">〔1〕</a>《趙城本》間作聞。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9315" id="9318">（一）</a>如來在世屢遊此國：案<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在世時並未至<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>。文中所云佛迹均屬附會，所云<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建窣堵波，今已不存。但有名的<span class="zhuanming">吉爾納</span>（Girnār）的摩崖碑文則存於半島中偏南地方的<span class="zhuanming">吉爾納山</span>的西麓。關於該國當時<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的情況，詳<span class="zhuanming">約希</span>著《公元七﹑八世紀印度佛教文化研究》（L.Joshi：Studies in the Buddhist Culture of lndia，during the 7th and 8th Centuries A.D.，1967，Ca1-cutta，頁50）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十、古戰場
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154325" key="1154325"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 十、古戰場 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154326" key="1154326"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01025','1244349',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1025</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001754"><b>十﹑古戰場</b></p><p> <span>王城東三百餘里大荒澤中，數十頃地，絶無蘖<a class="zhuhao" href="#10271" id="10269">〔1〕</a>草，其<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01026','1244349',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1026</span></i>土赤黑。聞諸耆舊曰：敗軍之地也。昔者東國軍師百萬西伐，此時<span class="zhuanming">瞿薩旦那王</span>亦整齊戎馬數十萬衆，東禦强敵。至於此地，兩軍相遇，因卽合戰。西兵失利，乘勝殘殺，虜其<a class="zhuhao" href="#10272" id="10270">〔2〕</a>王，殺其將，誅戮士卒，無復孑遺。流血染地，其迹斯在。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10269" id="10271">〔1〕</a>原本蘖作蘗，據《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》及《音釋》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10270" id="10272">〔2〕</a>《中本》其下有新字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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九、龍鼓傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154339" key="1154339"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十二　二十二國 &gt; 瞿薩旦那國 &gt; 九、龍鼓傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154340" key="1154340"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01024','1244348',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1024</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001751"><b>九﹑龍鼓傳説</b></p><p> <span>城<a class="zhuhao" href="#10259" id="10249">〔1〕</a>東南百餘里有大河<a class="zhuhao" href="#10267" id="10250">（一）</a>，西北流，國人利之，以用溉田。其後斷流，王深怪異。於是命駕問羅漢僧曰：“大河之水，國人取給，今忽斷流，其咎安在？爲政有不平，德有不洽乎？不然，垂譴何重也！”羅漢曰：“大王治國，政化清和。河水斷流，龍所爲耳。宜速祠求，當復昔利。”王因廻駕，祠祭河龍。忽有一女凌波而至曰：“我夫早喪，主命無從。所以河水絶流，農人失利。王於國内選一貴臣，配我爲夫，水流如昔。”王曰：“敬聞，任所欲<a class="zhuhao" href="#10260" id="10251">〔2〕</a>耳。”龍遂目<a class="zhuhao" href="#10261" id="10252">〔3〕</a>悦國之大臣。王既廻駕，謂羣下曰：“大臣者，國之重鎮。農務者，人之命食。國失鎮則危，人絶食則死。危死之事，何所宜行？”大臣越席跪而對曰：“久已虚薄，謬當重任。常思報國，未遇其時。今而預選，敢塞深責。苟利萬姓，何𠫤<a class="zhuhao" href="#10262" id="10253">〔4〕</a>一臣？臣者國之佐，人者國之本，願大王不再思也！幸爲修福，建僧伽藍！”王允所求，功成不日。其臣又請早入龍宫。於是舉國僚庶，鼓樂飲餞。其臣乃衣素服，乘白馬，與王辭訣，敬謝國人。驅馬入河，履水不溺，濟乎中流，麾鞭畫<a class="zhuhao" href="#10263" id="10254">〔5〕</a>水，水爲中開，自兹没矣。頃之白馬浮出，負一栴<a class="zhuhao" href="#10264" id="10255">〔6〕</a>檀大鼓，封一函書。其書大略曰：“大王不遺細微，謬參神選，願多營福，益<a class="zhuhao" href="#10265" id="10256">〔7〕</a>國滋臣。以此大鼓懸城東南。若有寇至，鼓先聲震。”河水遂流，至今利用<a class="zhuhao" href="#10266" id="10257">〔8〕</a>。歲月浸遠，龍鼓久無。舊懸之處，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L01025','1244348',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P1025</span></i>今仍有鼓池側伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#10268" id="10258">（二）</a>，荒圯無僧。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10249" id="10259">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》城上有王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10251" id="10260">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《趙城本》欲作敬，疑涉上敬字而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10252" id="10261">〔3〕</a>《中本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》目作自。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10253" id="10262">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》𠫤並作恡；《明南本》﹑《明北本》作悋；《徑山本》作吝。恡﹑悋﹑吝並同𠫤字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10254" id="10263">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》畫作書，非。《音釋》亦作畫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10255" id="10264">〔6〕</a>《中本》及《酉陽雜俎·物異篇》栴作旃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10256" id="10265">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》益作蓋，疑形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10257" id="10266">〔8〕</a>《酉陽雜俎》記此事，簡略。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10250" id="10267">（一）</a>城東南百餘里有大河：當指今<span class="zhuanming">玉瓏哈什河</span>（Yörüngqaš，<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語意爲“白玉”）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#10258" id="10268">（二）</a>鼓池側伽藍：據<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>在《古代和闐》一書（頁226—227）中所説，在<span class="zhuanming">姚頭岡</span>東南有一湖，名叫Aiding-köl（按<span class="zhuanming">突厥</span>語意爲“明亮之湖”），約四分之三平方<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里。在此湖之東南有一當地稱之爲Naghāra-khāna（意爲“鼓室”）之大土堆，當爲此“鼓池側伽藍”。類似的傳説也見於《于闐國史》。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、二百億比丘故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154345" key="1154345"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 伊爛拏鉢伐多國 &gt; 二、二百億比丘故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154346" key="1154346"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00781','1244225',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P781</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001318"><b>二﹑二百億比丘故事</b></p><p> <span>三佛經行西不遠，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">室縷多頻設底拘胝</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8246" id="8243">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">聞二百億</span>。舊譯曰<span class="zhuanming">億耳</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8245" id="8244">〔1〕</a>，謬也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">苾芻</span>生處。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8244" id="8245">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集·宗釋論主篇》引此文同；又引《西域記》云：“富一億財一洛叉，便耳著珠墜，人知富也。”今《記》無此文。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8243" id="8246">（一）</a>室縷多頻設底拘胝：此人名在佛經中通常作Śroṇa-ko-ṭi-viṃśa（梵文）﹑Soṇa-koli-vīsa（巴利文），<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文佛經譯作<span class="zhuanming">首樓那二十億</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">室路拏二十俱底</span>，又意譯<span class="zhuanming">二十億耳</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">億耳</span>等。本書的<span class="zhuanming">室縷多頻設底拘胝</span>當是梵文Śruta-viṃśati-koṭi的譯音，意譯應作<span class="zhuanming">聞二十億</span>。本書譯作<span class="zhuanming">聞二百億</span>，不確切。他皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的經過，見《增一阿含經》卷十三﹑《四分律》卷三八及<span class="zhuanming">錫蘭</span>佛傳和<span class="zhuanming">西藏</span>佛傳。</span> </p><p> <span>昔此城有長者，豪貴巨富，晚有繼嗣，時有報者，輒賜金錢二百億，因名其子<span class="zhuanming">聞二百億</span>。洎乎成立，未曾履地，故其足跖毛長尺餘，光潤細軟，色若黄金。珍愛此兒，備諸玩好，自其居家以至<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，亭傳連隅，僮僕交路，凡須妙<a class="zhuhao" href="#8265" id="8247">〔1〕</a>藥，遞相<a class="zhuhao" href="#8266" id="8248">〔2〕</a>告語，轉而以授，曾不踰時<a class="zhuhao" href="#8267" id="8249">〔3〕</a>。其豪富如此。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>知<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00782','1244225',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P782</span></i>其善根將發也<a class="zhuhao" href="#8268" id="8250">〔4〕</a>，命<span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>而往化焉。既至門下，莫由自通。長者家祠<span class="zhuanming">日天</span>，每晨朝時，東向以<a class="zhuhao" href="#8269" id="8251">〔5〕</a>拜。是時尊者以神通力，從日輪中降立於前。長者子疑<span class="zhuanming">日天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8281" id="8252">（一）</a>也，因施香飯而歸，其飯香氣遍<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>。時<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>駭其異馥，命使歷問，乃<span class="zhuanming">竹林精舍</span><span class="zhuanming">没特伽羅子</span>自長者家持來。因知長者子有此奇異<a class="zhuhao" href="#8270" id="8253">〔6〕</a>，乃使召焉。長者承命，思何安步？泛舟鼓棹，有風波之危；乘車馭象，懼蹶躓<a class="zhuhao" href="#8271" id="8254">〔7〕</a>之患。於是自其居家至<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>，鑿渠通漕，流滿芥子，御舟安止，長縆<a class="zhuhao" href="#8272" id="8255">〔8〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#8282" id="8256">（二）</a>以引。至<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>，先禮<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告曰：“<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>命使召汝，無過欲見足下毛耳。王欲觀者，宜結跏<a class="zhuhao" href="#8273" id="8257">〔9〕</a>坐。伸<a class="zhuhao" href="#8274" id="8258">〔10〕</a>脚向王，國法當死。”長者子受<a class="zhuhao" href="#8275" id="8259">〔11〕</a>誨而往，引入廷謁。王欲視毛，乃跏<a class="zhuhao" href="#8276" id="8260">〔12〕</a>趺坐。王善其有禮，特深珍愛<a class="zhuhao" href="#8277" id="8261">〔13〕</a>。亦既得<a class="zhuhao" href="#8278" id="8262">〔14〕</a>歸，還至佛所，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>是時説法誨喻，聞而感悟，遂卽出家。於是精勤<a class="zhuhao" href="#8279" id="8263">〔15〕</a>修習，思求果證，經行不捨<a class="zhuhao" href="#8280" id="8264">〔16〕</a>，足遂流血。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告曰：“汝善男子，在家之時，知鼓琴耶？”曰：“知。”“若然者，以此爲喻。絃急則聲不合韻，絃緩則調不和雅。非急非緩，其聲乃和。夫修行者亦然。急則身疲心怠，緩則情舒志逸。”承佛指教，奉以周旋，如是不久，便獲果證。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8247" id="8265">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》妙作好。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8248" id="8266">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》無相字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8249" id="8267">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》轉而以授曾不踰時八字作轉相授不得踰時。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00783','1244225',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P783</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8250" id="8268">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》也作因，屬下讀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8251" id="8269">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》以作而。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8253" id="8270">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》異作瑞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8254" id="8271">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》蹶躓二字作蹎蹶。《隨函録》作蹶蹎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8255" id="8272">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》縆並作絙；《音釋》作縆，同此本。按縆﹑絙同字，或書作緪﹑絚。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8257" id="8273">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》跏並作加，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8258" id="8274">〔10〕</a>《古本》伸作申，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8259" id="8275">〔11〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》受下有佛字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8260" id="8276">〔12〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》跏並作加。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8261" id="8277">〔13〕</a>《古本》珍愛二字作愛珍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8262" id="8278">〔14〕</a>《徑山本》亦既得三字作既而辭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8263" id="8279">〔15〕</a>《古本》勤作懃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8264" id="8280">〔16〕</a>《古本》捨作舍，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8252" id="8281">（一）</a>日天：見本書卷五<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span><span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>附近諸佛跡條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8256" id="8282">（二）</a>長縆：縆，粗繩。長縆卽長的粗繩。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
[卷第十　十七國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154351" key="1154351"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154352" key="1154352"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00777','1244223',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P777</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001310"><b>大唐西域記卷第十</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>十七國</span> </p><p> <span>伊爛拏鉢伐多國　瞻波國</span> </p><p> <span>羯朱嗢<a class="zhuhao" href="#8216" id="8207">〔1〕</a>祇<a class="zhuhao" href="#8217" id="8208">〔2〕</a>羅國　奔那伐彈<a class="zhuhao" href="#8218" id="8209">〔3〕</a>那國</span> </p><p> <span>迦摩縷波國　三摩呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#8219" id="8210">〔4〕</a>吒國</span> </p><p> <span>耽摩栗底國　羯羅拏蘇伐剌<a class="zhuhao" href="#8220" id="8211">〔5〕</a>那國</span> </p><p> <span>烏荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#8221" id="8212">〔6〕</a>國　恭御陁國</span> </p><p> <span>羯𩜁</span> <span class="font12 zhu">力甑反</span> <span>伽國　憍薩羅國</span> </p><p> <span>案<a class="zhuhao" href="#8222" id="8213">〔7〕</a>達羅國　馱那羯磔迦國</span> </p><p> <span>珠<a class="zhuhao" href="#8223" id="8214">〔8〕</a>利耶國　達羅毗荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#8224" id="8215">〔9〕</a>國</span> </p><p> <span>秣羅矩吒國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8207" id="8216">〔1〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《中本》嗢作唱，形之訛。《音釋》嗢字音“烏没反。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8208" id="8217">〔2〕</a>《新麗本》原書祇作祇，《京大本》從《石本》﹑《宋本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8209" id="8218">〔3〕</a>《明北本》﹑《徑山本》彈作潬，但本文又並作彈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8210" id="8219">〔4〕</a>原本呾作咀，《舊麗本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00778','1244223',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P778</span></i>北本》﹑《徑山本》並作呾。按本文亦作呾。此國名梵文爲Samataṭa，呾字音諧，今從改。《音釋》呾字音“丁割反”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8211" id="8220">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》剌作賴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8212" id="8221">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》荼並作茶。按初<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時無茶字，茶字始見於中<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>間，詳見<span class="zhuanming">顧炎武</span>《唐韻正》。此不當作茶。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8213" id="8222">〔7〕</a>《中本》案作安。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8214" id="8223">〔8〕</a>《古本》珠作秣，《中本》作殊。按此國名梵文作Colya，珠字爲是。他作訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8215" id="8224">〔9〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》荼並作茶。字當作荼，説見上。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、太子解衣剃髮處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154355" key="1154355"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 藍摩國 &gt; 三、太子解衣剃髮處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154356" key="1154356"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00531','1384740',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P531</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000885"><b>三﹑太子解衣剃髮處</b></p><p> <span>沙彌伽藍東大林中，行百餘里，至大窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，是太子踰城至此解寶衣去纓絡<a class="zhuhao" href="#5695" id="5681">〔1〕</a>命僕還處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5704" id="5682">（一）</a>。太子夜半踰城，遲明至此，既允宿心，乃形言曰：“是我出籠樊<a class="zhuhao" href="#5696" id="5683">〔2〕</a>，去羈鏁<a class="zhuhao" href="#5697" id="5684">〔3〕</a>，最後釋駕之處也。”於<a class="zhuhao" href="#5698" id="5685">〔4〕</a>天冠中，解末尼寶<a class="zhuhao" href="#5705" id="5686">（二）</a>，命僕夫曰：“汝持此寶還白父王，今兹<a class="zhuhao" href="#5699" id="5687">〔5〕</a>遠遁，非苟違離，欲斷無常，絶諸有漏<a class="zhuhao" href="#5706" id="5688">（三）</a>。”<span class="zhuanming">闡鐸迦</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5707" id="5689">（四）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">車匿</span>，訛也。</span> <span>曰：“詎<a class="zhuhao" href="#5700" id="5690">〔6〕</a>有何心，空駕而返？”太子善言慰喻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5701" id="5691">〔7〕</a>，感<a class="zhuhao" href="#5702" id="5692">〔8〕</a>悟而還。迴駕窣堵波東，有贍<a class="zhuhao" href="#5703" id="5693">〔9〕</a>部樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#5708" id="5694">（五）</a>，枝葉雖凋，枯株尚在。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5681" id="5695">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》纓絡二字作瓔珞。按瓔珞寶飾，正字宜從玉旁，纓絡乃假借詞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5683" id="5696">〔2〕</a>《金陵本》樊作攀，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5684" id="5697">〔3〕</a>《石本》鏁作鑽，乃鎻之訛。鎻﹑鏁同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5685" id="5698">〔4〕</a>《石本》無於字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5687" id="5699">〔5〕</a>《明南本》兹作玄。疑兹字壞損其半而誤爾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5690" id="5700">〔6〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》詎作巨；《中本》作臣，乃巨之訛。詎，巨可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5691" id="5701">〔7〕</a>《古本》喻作諭，同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00532','1384740',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P532</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5692" id="5702">〔8〕</a>《石本》感作減，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5693" id="5703">〔9〕</a>《石本》贍作瞻。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5682" id="5704">（一）</a>太子踰城至此解寶衣去纓絡命僕還處：據《佛本行集經》卷十六﹑十七的記載，<span class="zhuanming">悉達多</span>太子騎白馬<span class="zhuanming">犍陟</span>（Kaṇţaka）帶<span class="zhuanming">車匿</span>出<span class="zhuanming">迦維羅衞</span>城；在<span class="zhuanming">羅摩村</span>附近，解<span class="zhuanming">犍陟</span>和服飾交與<span class="zhuanming">車匿</span>，命回報父王。參見《普曜經》卷四﹑《方廣大莊嚴經》卷六等。據<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>《解説西域記》頁450謂其地爲Maurya種族（巴利文作Moriya）領土所在的Anomā河畔的Anupiya林。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5686" id="5705">（二）</a>末尼寶：末尼，梵文﹑巴利文maṇi音譯，亦作摩尼，意爲真珠﹑珠玉﹑寶石。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5688" id="5706">（三）</a>有漏：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>以煩惱爲漏。凡有煩惱的事物稱爲有漏，它認爲世間一切事物都是所謂“有漏法”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5689" id="5707">（四）</a>闡鐸迦：梵文Chandaka音譯，巴利文作Channa；<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯又作<span class="zhuanming">車匿</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">闡陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">闡那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">闡怒</span>。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>出家時侍從的僕人，後皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5694" id="5708">（五）</a>贍部樹：贍部，梵文﹑巴利文jambu音譯，又作剡浮﹑琰浮﹑染部。遍生於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的一種喬木，葉落卽出，其果味酸甜，學名Eugenia jambolana。</span> </p><p> <span>其傍復有小窣堵波，太子以餘寶衣易鹿皮衣處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5717" id="5709">（一）</a>。太子既斷髮易裳，雖去瓔珞<a class="zhuhao" href="#5714" id="5710">〔1〕</a>，尚有天衣，曰：“斯服太<a class="zhuhao" href="#5715" id="5711">〔2〕</a>侈，如何改易？”時<span class="zhuanming">淨居天</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5718" id="5712">（二）</a>化作獵人，服鹿皮衣，持弓負羽。太<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00533','1384740',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P533</span></i>子舉其衣而謂曰：“欲相貿易，願見允從！”獵人曰：“善。”太子解其上服，授與獵人。獵人得已，還復天身，持<a class="zhuhao" href="#5716" id="5713">〔3〕</a>所得衣，凌虚而去。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5710" id="5714">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》瓔珞二字作纓絡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5711" id="5715">〔2〕</a>《慧琳音義》太作大，大可讀作太。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5713" id="5716">〔3〕</a>《中本》持作投。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5709" id="5717">（一）</a>太子以餘寶衣易鹿皮衣處：鹿皮衣卽以鹿皮所製的衣服。《瑞應本起經》卷上：“行數十里，逢兩獵客。太子自念，我已棄家，在此山澤，不宜如凡人被服寶衣，有慾態也。乃脱身寶裘，與獵者貿鹿皮衣。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5712" id="5718">（二）</a>浄居天：梵文Śuddhāvāsa﹑巴利文Suddhāvāsa意譯。卽所謂已斷絶欲界諸惑﹑在<span class="zhuanming">五浄居天</span>所住的天人。《俱舍論頌疏》卷八：“此五天名浄居天，唯聖人居，無異生雜，故名浄居。”</span> </p><p> <span>太子易衣側不遠，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，是太子剃髮處。太子從<span class="zhuanming">闡鐸迦</span>取刀自斷其髮，<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>接上天宫，以爲供養。時<span class="zhuanming">淨居天子</span>化作剃髮人，執持銛刀，徐步而至。太子謂曰：“能剃髮乎？幸爲我淨之！”化人受命，遂爲剃髮。踰城出家時亦不定<a class="zhuhao" href="#5720" id="5719">（一）</a>，或云菩薩年十九，或曰二十九，以吠舍佉月後半八日踰城出家，當此三月八日，或云以吠<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00534','1384740',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P534</span></i>舍佉月後半十五日，當此三月十五日。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5719" id="5720">（一）</a>踰城出家時亦不定：關於<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>出家的年齡有二説：《瑞應本起經》﹑《因果經》﹑《修行本起經》作十九歲；《長阿含經》卷四﹑《中阿含經》卷五六﹑《雜阿含經》卷三五﹑《增一阿含經》卷三七作二十九歲。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、執師子傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154359" key="1154359"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 僧伽羅國 &gt; 一、執師子傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154360" key="1154360"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00868','1384861',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P868</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001457"><b>一﹑執師子傳説</b></p><p> <span>此國本寶渚也<a class="zhuhao" href="#8981" id="8897">（一）</a>，多有珍寶，棲止鬼神。其後<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>有一國王，女娉鄰國，吉日送歸，路逢師子，侍衞之徒棄女逃難。女居<a class="zhuhao" href="#8941" id="8898">〔1〕</a>轝<a class="zhuhao" href="#8982" id="8899">（二）</a>中，心甘喪命。時師子王負女而去，入深山，處幽谷，捕鹿採菓，以時資給。既積歲月，遂孕男女，形貌同人，性種畜也。男漸長大，力格<a class="zhuhao" href="#8942" id="8900">〔2〕</a>猛獸。年方弱冠，人智斯發，謂<a class="zhuhao" href="#8943" id="8901">〔3〕</a>其母曰：“我何謂乎？父則野獸，母乃是人。既非族類，如何配偶？”母乃述昔事以告其子，子<a class="zhuhao" href="#8944" id="8902">〔4〕</a>曰：“人畜殊途，宜速逃逝。”母曰：“我先已逃，不能自濟。”其子於後逐師子父，登山踰嶺，察其遊止，可以逃難。伺父去已，遂擔負母妹，下趨人里。母<a class="zhuhao" href="#8945" id="8903">〔5〕</a>曰：“宜各慎密，勿説事源。人或知聞，輕鄙我等。”於是至父本<a class="zhuhao" href="#8946" id="8904">〔6〕</a>國，國非家族，宗祀已滅。投寄邑人，人謂之曰：“爾曹何國人也？”曰：“我本此國，流離異域。子母相携，來歸故里。”人皆哀愍，更共資<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00869','1384861',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P869</span></i>給。其師子王還無所見，追戀男女<a class="zhuhao" href="#8947" id="8905">〔7〕</a>，憤恚既發，便出山谷，往來村邑，咆哮震吼，暴害人物，殘毒生類。邑人輒出，遂<a class="zhuhao" href="#8948" id="8906">〔8〕</a>取而殺。擊鼓吹貝，負弩持矛<a class="zhuhao" href="#8949" id="8907">〔9〕</a>，羣從<a class="zhuhao" href="#8950" id="8908">〔10〕</a>成旅，然後免害。其王懼仁化之不洽也，乃縱獵<a class="zhuhao" href="#8951" id="8909">〔11〕</a>者，期於擒獲。王躬率四兵，衆以萬計，掩薄<a class="zhuhao" href="#8952" id="8910">〔12〕</a>林藪，彌跨山谷。師子震吼，人畜僻<a class="zhuhao" href="#8953" id="8911">〔13〕</a>易。既不擒獲，尋復招募，其有擒執師子除國患者，當酬重賞，式旌<a class="zhuhao" href="#8954" id="8912">〔14〕</a>茂績。其<a class="zhuhao" href="#8955" id="8913">〔15〕</a>子聞王之令<a class="zhuhao" href="#8956" id="8914">〔16〕</a>，乃謂母曰：“飢寒已甚<a class="zhuhao" href="#8957" id="8915">〔17〕</a>，宜可應募，或有所得，以相撫育。”母曰：“言不可若是，彼<a class="zhuhao" href="#8958" id="8916">〔18〕</a>雖<a class="zhuhao" href="#8959" id="8917">〔19〕</a>畜也，猶謂父焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#8960" id="8918">〔20〕</a>。豈以艱辛，而興逆害？”子曰：“人畜異類，禮義安在？既以違<a class="zhuhao" href="#8961" id="8919">〔21〕</a>阻，此心何冀？”乃袖小刀<a class="zhuhao" href="#8962" id="8920">〔22〕</a>，出應招募。是時千衆萬騎，雲屯霧合。師子踞在林中，人莫敢近。子卽<a class="zhuhao" href="#8963" id="8921">〔23〕</a>其前，父遂馴伏。於是乎<a class="zhuhao" href="#8964" id="8922">〔24〕</a>親愛忘怒，乃剚<a class="zhuhao" href="#8965" id="8923">〔25〕</a>刃<a class="zhuhao" href="#8983" id="8924">（三）</a>於腹中，尚懷慈愛，猶無忿毒。乃至刳腹，含苦而死。王<a class="zhuhao" href="#8966" id="8925">〔26〕</a>曰：“斯何人哉，若此之異也？”誘之以福利，震之以威禍<a class="zhuhao" href="#8967" id="8926">〔27〕</a>，然後具陳始末，備述情事。王曰：“逆哉，父而尚害，況非親乎？畜種難馴，兇<a class="zhuhao" href="#8968" id="8927">〔28〕</a>情易動。除民之害，其功大矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#8969" id="8928">〔29〕</a>。斷父之命，其心逆矣。重賞以酬其功，遠放以誅其逆，則國典不虧，王言不二<a class="zhuhao" href="#8970" id="8929">〔30〕</a>。”於是裝二大船<a class="zhuhao" href="#8971" id="8930">〔31〕</a>，多儲糧糗。母留在國，周給賞功。子女<a class="zhuhao" href="#8972" id="8931">〔32〕</a>各從一舟，隨波飄蕩。其男船泛海，至此寶渚，見豐珍<a class="zhuhao" href="#8973" id="8932">〔33〕</a>玉，便於中止。其後商人採寶，復<a class="zhuhao" href="#8974" id="8933">〔34〕</a>至渚中，乃殺其商主，留其子女<a class="zhuhao" href="#8975" id="8934">〔35〕</a>。如是繁息，子孫衆多，遂立君臣，以位上下，建都築邑，據有疆<a class="zhuhao" href="#8976" id="8935">〔36〕</a>域。以其先祖擒執師子，因舉元<a class="zhuhao" href="#8977" id="8936">〔37〕</a>功而爲國號。其女船者，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00870','1384861',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P870</span></i>泛至<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯</span>西。神鬼所魅<a class="zhuhao" href="#8978" id="8937">〔38〕</a>，産育群女，故今<span class="zhuanming">西大<a class="zhuhao" href="#8979" id="8938">〔39〕</a>女國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8984" id="8939">（四）</a>是也。故<span class="zhuanming">師<a class="zhuhao" href="#8980" id="8940">〔40〕</a>子國</span>人形貌卑黑，方頤大顙，情性獷烈，安忍鴆毒，斯亦猛獸遺種。故其人多勇健，斯一説也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8898" id="8941">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》居作在。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8900" id="8942">〔2〕</a>《一本》格作挌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8901" id="8943">〔3〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《珠林》十一引謂並作請。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8902" id="8944">〔4〕</a>原本子字不重，《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並重子字，有之易明，今從補。《珠林》亦脱子字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8903" id="8945">〔5〕</a>《趙城本》無母字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8904" id="8946">〔6〕</a>《珠林》引無本字。《慈恩傳》無父字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8905" id="8947">〔7〕</a>《珠林》男女二字作妻兒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8906" id="8948">〔8〕</a>《建本》讀遂爲逐。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8907" id="8949">〔9〕</a>《珠林》矛作鉾。鉾乃矛之古文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8908" id="8950">〔10〕</a>《石本》從作徒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8909" id="8951">〔11〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》﹑及《珠林》獵作獠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8910" id="8952">〔12〕</a>《珠林》薄作捕。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8911" id="8953">〔13〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《珠林》僻作辟，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8912" id="8954">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》旌作族，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8913" id="8955">〔15〕</a>《珠林》無其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8914" id="8956">〔16〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》令作命。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00871','1384861',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P871</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8915" id="8957">〔17〕</a>《珠林》甚作久。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8916" id="8958">〔18〕</a>《珠林》彼下有獸字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8917" id="8959">〔19〕</a>《中本》雖下有是字，《珠林》同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8918" id="8960">〔20〕</a>《珠林》猶謂父焉四字作猶是汝父。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8919" id="8961">〔21〕</a>《徑山本》違訛作達。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8920" id="8962">〔22〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《珠林》刀並作刃。《趙城本》則作刀，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8921" id="8963">〔23〕</a>《石本》卽作則。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8922" id="8964">〔24〕</a>《徑山本》無乎字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8923" id="8965">〔25〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《建本》﹑《趙城本》及《隨函録》剚作事；《或本》作串；《宋本》﹑《資福本》及《音釋》作󵾭；《石本》校書作倳。《慧琳音義》作倳，引《韻英》云：“倳，插也。”按剚﹑倳﹑事同音通用。󵾭乃事之别作。串讀穿去聲，義亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8925" id="8966">〔26〕</a>《中本》王下有問字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8926" id="8967">〔27〕</a>《中本》禍作猛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8927" id="8968">〔28〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《徑山本》兇作凶，《明北本》﹑《明南本》作㐫，並同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8928" id="8969">〔29〕</a>《中本》矣作哉。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8929" id="8970">〔30〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》二並作貳。《趙城本》作二，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8930" id="8971">〔31〕</a>《趙城本》船作舩，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8931" id="8972">〔32〕</a>《古本》子女二字作男女，《中本》作女男；《建本》作女子男子四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8932" id="8973">〔33〕</a>《中本》珍作珠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8933" id="8974">〔34〕</a>《珠林》復作後。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00872','1384861',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P872</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8934" id="8975">〔35〕</a>《建本》子女二字作女子。《慈恩傳》作留其婦女。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8935" id="8976">〔36〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》疆作場。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8936" id="8977">〔37〕</a>《建本》元作先。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8937" id="8978">〔38〕</a>《石本》所魅二字作魅所。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8938" id="8979">〔39〕</a>《中本》大下有王字。《慈恩傳》作<span class="zhuanming">西天女國</span>。《珠林》西訛作四。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8940" id="8980">〔40〕</a>《建本》師上有執字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8897" id="8981">（一）</a>此國本寶渚也：寶渚，梵文Ratnadvīpa﹑巴利文Ratnadīpa的意譯，又作寶洲﹑寶所。所謂寶最初可能是指<span class="zhuanming">印度半島</span>上的人航海來<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>尋求的芝麻﹑大米﹑豆類﹑胡椒和珍珠之類物産，以後附會成此島上盛産珍珠及寶石，傳説流行得就更爲廣泛而長久。六世紀初<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>的<span class="zhuanming">科斯摩士</span>（Cosmas），就記載有關於此島的紅寶石的異聞；以後<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>作家，以至<span class="zhuanming">馬可波羅</span>都有關於此島出産寶石的種種傳説的記載。九世紀的<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>人也稱此島爲寶島。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於獅子的神話暗示着古代人關於<span class="zhuanming">僧訶羅族</span>的起源和此島開始有人類居住的傳説，也見於《大史》（Mahāvaṃsa）﹑《島史》（Dīpavaṃsa）﹑《諸王世系》（Rājavalī）等，其内容與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記大同小異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8899" id="8982">（二）</a>轝：同輿。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8924" id="8983">（三）</a>倳：同剚。倳刃，以刀刺入。<span class="zhuanming">張衡</span>《思玄賦》：“<span class="zhuanming">梁叟</span>患夫<span class="zhuanming">黎丘</span>兮，丁厥子而剚刃。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8939" id="8984">（四）</a>西大女國：見本書本卷<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯國</span><span class="zhuanming">西女國</span>條注。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、准陁故宅
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154363" key="1154363"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 &gt; 一、准陁故宅 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154364" key="1154364"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00538','1384741',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P538</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000896"><b>一﹑准陁故宅</b></p><p> <span>城内<a class="zhuhao" href="#5734" id="5731">〔1〕</a>東北隅有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建，<span class="zhuanming">准陁</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5736" id="5732">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">純陁</span>訛也。</span> <span>之故宅也。宅中有井，將營獻供，方乃鑿焉。歲月雖淹，水猶清美<a class="zhuhao" href="#5735" id="5733">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5731" id="5734">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》内作門，誤。諸本皆作内，《慈恩傳》﹑《珠林》並作城内。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5733" id="5735">〔2〕</a>《石本》美下有也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5732" id="5736">（一）</a>准陁：梵文Cunda音譯，亦作<span class="zhuanming">周那</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">淳陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">純陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">准他</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">準提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">淳菟</span>等。義譯爲<span class="zhuanming">妙義</span>，又云<span class="zhuanming">稚小</span>。<span class="zhuanming">准陁</span>的住所有二説：《長阿含經》卷三作<span class="zhuanming">波婆</span>（Pāvā）<span class="zhuanming">城</span>（今Gandak河上游的Palpe），稱他是該城的工師之子，在<span class="zhuanming">波婆城</span>奉佛；<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">覺賢</span>譯《大般泥洹經》卷一與<span class="zhuanming">曇無讖</span>譯北本《大般湼槃經》卷二作在<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅城</span>；<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>係從後説。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>從<span class="zhuanming">尸舍婆林</span>至<span class="zhuanming">禪頭園</span>受<span class="zhuanming">准陁</span>供養，翌日卽發病，是否食物中毒？疑莫能定。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
二、僧伽羅傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154367" key="1154367"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 僧伽羅國 &gt; 二、僧伽羅傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154368" key="1154368"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00873','1384862',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P873</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001460"><b>二﹑僧伽羅傳説</b></p><p> <span>佛法所記<a class="zhuhao" href="#9042" id="8985">（一）</a>，則曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#9014" id="8986">〔1〕</a>：昔此寶洲大鐵城中，五百羅刹女之所居也。城樓之上豎二高幢，表吉凶之相。有吉事吉幢動，有凶事凶幢動。恒伺商人至寶洲者，便變爲美女，持香花，奏音樂，出迎慰問，誘入鐵城。樂讌<a class="zhuhao" href="#9015" id="8987">〔2〕</a>會已，而置鐵牢中，漸取食<a class="zhuhao" href="#9016" id="8988">〔3〕</a>之。時<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>有大商主<span class="zhuanming">僧伽</span>者，其子字<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>。父既年老，代知家務，與五百商人入海採寶，風波飄蕩，遇至寶洲。時羅刹女望吉幢動，便賷香花，鼓奏音樂，相携迎候，誘入鐵城。商主於是對羅刹女王歡娱樂會。自餘商侣，各相配合，彌歷歲時，皆生一子。諸羅刹女情疎故人，欲幽之鐵牢，更伺商侣。時<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>夜感惡夢，知非吉祥，竊求歸路，遇<a class="zhuhao" href="#9017" id="8989">〔4〕</a>至鐵牢，乃聞悲號<a class="zhuhao" href="#9018" id="8990">〔5〕</a>之聲。遂昇高樹<a class="zhuhao" href="#9019" id="8991">〔6〕</a>，問曰：“誰相拘縶<a class="zhuhao" href="#9020" id="8992">〔7〕</a>而此怨傷？”曰：“爾不知耶？城中諸女，並是羅刹。昔誘我曹入城娱樂。君既將至，幽牢我曹，漸充所食，今已太<a class="zhuhao" href="#9021" id="8993">〔8〕</a>半，君等不久亦遭此禍。”<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>曰：“當圖何計，可免危難？”對曰：“我聞海濱有一天馬，至誠祈請，必相濟<a class="zhuhao" href="#9022" id="8994">〔9〕</a>渡。”<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>聞已，竊告商侣，共望海濱，專精<a class="zhuhao" href="#9023" id="8995">〔10〕</a>求救。是時天馬來告人曰：“爾輩各執我毛鬣不廻顧者，我濟汝曹，越海免難，至<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>，吉<a class="zhuhao" href="#9024" id="8996">〔11〕</a>達鄉國。”諸商人奉指告，專一無二<a class="zhuhao" href="#9025" id="8997">〔12〕</a>，執其髦<a class="zhuhao" href="#9026" id="8998">〔13〕</a>鬣。天馬乃騰驤雲路，越濟海岸。諸羅刹女忽覺夫逃，遞相告語，異其所去，各携稚子凌虚往<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00874','1384862',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P874</span></i>來。知諸商人將出海濱，遂相召命，飛行遠訪。嘗未踰時，遇諸商侣，悲喜俱至，涕淚交流，各掩泣而言曰：“我惟感遇，幸會良人，室家有慶，恩愛已久。而今遠棄，妻子孤遺，悠悠此心，誰其能忍？幸願留顧，相與還城！”商人之心未肯廻慮。諸羅刹女策説無功，遂縱妖媚，備行嬌<a class="zhuhao" href="#9027" id="8999">〔14〕</a>惑。商侣愛戀，情難堪忍，心疑去留，身皆退墮。羅刹諸女更相拜賀，與彼商人，擕持而去。<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>者，智慧深固，心無滯累，得越大海，免斯危難。時羅刹女王空還鐵城，諸女謂曰：“汝無智略，爲夫所棄，既寡藝能，宜勿居此。”時羅刹女王<a class="zhuhao" href="#9028" id="9000">〔15〕</a>持<a class="zhuhao" href="#9029" id="9001">〔16〕</a>所生子，飛至<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>前，縱極媚惑，誘請令還。<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>口誦神呪，手揮利劍，叱而告曰：“汝是羅刹，我乃是人。人鬼異路，非其匹合。若<a class="zhuhao" href="#9030" id="9002">〔17〕</a>苦相逼，當斷汝命。”羅刹女知誘惑之不遂也，凌虚而去，至<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>家，詐<a class="zhuhao" href="#9031" id="9003">〔18〕</a>其父<span class="zhuanming">僧伽</span>曰：“我是某國王女，<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>娶我爲妻，生一子矣。賷持寶貨，來還鄉國，泛海遭風，舟檝漂没。唯我子母及<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>，僅而獲濟。山川道阻，凍餒<a class="zhuhao" href="#9032" id="9004">〔19〕</a>艱辛，一言忤意，遂見棄遺。詈言不遜，駡<a class="zhuhao" href="#9033" id="9005">〔20〕</a>爲羅刹。歸則家國遼遠，止則孤遺羈旅，進退無依，敢陳情事！”<span class="zhuanming">僧伽</span>曰：“誠如所言，宜時卽入<a class="zhuhao" href="#9034" id="9006">〔21〕</a>室。”居未久<a class="zhuhao" href="#9035" id="9007">〔22〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>至。父謂之曰：“何重財寶，而輕妻子？”<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>曰：“此羅刹女也。”則以先事具白父母，而親宗戚屬，咸事驅逐。時羅刹女遂以訴王，王欲罪<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>曰：“羅刹之女，情多妖惑。”王以爲不誠也，而情悦其淑美，謂<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>曰：“必棄此女，今留後宫。”<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>曰：“恐爲灾<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00875','1384862',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P875</span></i>禍。斯既羅刹，食唯血肉。”王不聽<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>之言，遂納爲妻。其後夜分，飛還寶渚，召餘五百羅刹鬼女，共至王宫，以毒呪術，殘害宫中，凡諸人畜，食肉飲血，持其餘屍，還歸寶渚。旦日，群臣朝集，王門閇而不開，候聽久之，不聞人語。於是排其户，闢其門，相從趨進，遂至宫庭，閴其無人，唯有駭骨。群官僚佐相顧失圖，悲號慟哭，莫測禍源。<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>具告始末，臣庶信然，禍自招矣。於是國輔老臣群官宿將，歷問明德，推據崇高，咸仰<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>之福智也，乃相議曰：“夫君人者，豈苟且哉？先資福智，次體明哲。非福智無以享寶位，非明哲何以理機務？<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>者，斯其人矣。夢察禍機，感應天馬，忠以諫主<a class="zhuhao" href="#9036" id="9008">〔23〕</a>，智足謀身。曆<a class="zhuhao" href="#9037" id="9009">〔24〕</a>運在兹，惟新成詠。”衆庶樂推，尊立<a class="zhuhao" href="#9038" id="9010">〔25〕</a>爲王。<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>辭不獲免，允執其中，恭揖群官，遂卽王位。於是沿革前弊，表式賢良，乃下令曰：“吾先商侣在羅刹國，死生莫測，善惡不分。今將救難，宜整兵甲。拯危恤患，國之福也。收珍藏寶，國之利也。”於是治兵，浮海而往。時鐵城上凶幢<a class="zhuhao" href="#9039" id="9011">〔26〕</a>遂動，諸羅刹女覩而惶怖，便縱妖媚，出迎誘誑。王素知其詐，令諸兵士口誦神呪，身奮武威。諸羅刹女蹎墜退敗，或逃隱孤<a class="zhuhao" href="#9040" id="9012">〔27〕</a>島，或沈溺洪流。於是毁鐵城，破鐵牢，救得商人，多獲珠<a class="zhuhao" href="#9041" id="9013">〔28〕</a>寶。招募黎庶，遷居寶洲，建都築邑，遂有國焉。因以王名而爲國號。<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>者，則<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>本生之事也。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00876','1384862',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P876</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8986" id="9014">〔1〕</a>《珠林》十一作“則依起世經”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8987" id="9015">〔2〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》讌下有歡字，《趙城本》無之，同此本。《音釋》讌作醼。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8988" id="9016">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》食作飡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8989" id="9017">〔4〕</a>《古本》遇作適，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8990" id="9018">〔5〕</a>《中本》號作蹄，當是啼之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8991" id="9019">〔6〕</a>《中本》樹作俯，下屬讀。《建本》作府，俯之省借。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8992" id="9020">〔7〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》縶作繫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8993" id="9021">〔8〕</a>《中本》太作大。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8994" id="9022">〔9〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》濟作資。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8995" id="9023">〔10〕</a>《石本》精作請。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8996" id="9024">〔11〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》吉作告。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8997" id="9025">〔12〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》二並作貳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8998" id="9026">〔13〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》髦作髮。《音釋》作毛。上文亦作毛鬣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8999" id="9027">〔14〕</a>《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》嬌並作矯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9000" id="9028">〔15〕</a>《趙城本》無王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9001" id="9029">〔16〕</a>《中本》持作將。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9002" id="9030">〔17〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》若苦二字作苦苦，《趙城本》作若苦，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9003" id="9031">〔18〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》詐並作謂，《徑山本》作化。按《爾雅·釋言》：“訛，化也。”互訓化猶訛也，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00877','1384862',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P877</span></i>與詐義近。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9004" id="9032">〔19〕</a>原本餒作餧，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《慧琳音義》﹑《音釋》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9005" id="9033">〔20〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《建本》駡作詈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9006" id="9034">〔21〕</a>《中本》無入字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9007" id="9035">〔22〕</a>《中本》未久二字作無何，《或本》作未幾，《建本》作無幾何二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9008" id="9036">〔23〕</a>《建本》主作王。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9009" id="9037">〔24〕</a>《古本》曆作歷。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9010" id="9038">〔25〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》立下並有之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9011" id="9039">〔26〕</a>原本幢作憧，今從《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9012" id="9040">〔27〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》孤並作海。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9013" id="9041">〔28〕</a>《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》珠並作珍。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8985" id="9042">（一）</a>佛法所記：佛典關於<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>建國的傳説，最早見於巴利文《本生經》中的《雲馬本生》（Jātaka，No.196，vol.Ⅱ，pp.127-130，Valāhassa）。此外，《六度集經》卷六﹑《佛本行集經》卷四九﹑《中阿含經》卷三四等也有類似的故事記載。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此島由於地處東西方航線中心，自古海上貿易發達，各地商人雲集。佛經中的神話卽暗示這一事實。《法顯傳》對此也有所記載：<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00878','1384862',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P878</span></i>“其國本無人民，止有鬼神及龍居之。諸國商人共市易。市易時鬼神不自現身，但出寶物，題其價值。商人則依價值取物。因商人來往住，故諸國人聞其土樂，悉亦復來，於是遂成大國。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154371" key="1154371"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 &gt; 二、娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154372" key="1154372"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00538','1384742',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P538</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000899"><b>二﹑娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處</b></p><p> <span>城西北三四里，渡<span class="zhuanming">阿<a class="zhuhao" href="#5756" id="5737">〔1〕</a>恃多伐底河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5772" id="5738">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">無勝</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5757" id="5739">〔2〕</a>，此世<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00539','1384742',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P539</span></i>共稱耳。舊云<span class="zhuanming">阿利羅跋提河</span>，訛也。典<a class="zhuhao" href="#5758" id="5740">〔3〕</a>謂言之<span class="zhuanming">尸賴<a class="zhuhao" href="#5759" id="5741">〔4〕</a>拏伐底河</span>，譯曰<span class="zhuanming">有金</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5760" id="5742">〔5〕</a><span class="zhuanming">河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5761" id="5743">〔6〕</a>。</span> <span>西岸不遠，至娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#5762" id="5744">〔7〕</a>羅林<a class="zhuhao" href="#5773" id="5745">（二）</a>。其樹類槲，而皮青白，葉甚光潤<a class="zhuhao" href="#5763" id="5746">〔8〕</a>。四樹特高，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅之所也。其大甎精舍中，作<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>湼槃之像，北首而卧。傍有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建，基雖傾陷，尚高二<a class="zhuhao" href="#5764" id="5747">〔9〕</a>百餘尺。前建石柱，以記<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅之事。雖有文記，不書日月。聞<a class="zhuhao" href="#5765" id="5748">〔10〕</a>諸先記曰：佛以生年八十，吠舍佉月後半十五日入般<a class="zhuhao" href="#5766" id="5749">〔11〕</a>湼槃，當此三月十五日也。説一切有部則佛以迦剌底迦月後半八日入般湼槃，當此<a class="zhuhao" href="#5767" id="5750">〔12〕</a>九月八日也。自佛湼槃，諸部異議<a class="zhuhao" href="#5774" id="5751">（三）</a>，或云千二百餘年<a class="zhuhao" href="#5768" id="5752">〔13〕</a>，或云千三百餘年<a class="zhuhao" href="#5769" id="5753">〔14〕</a>，或云千五百餘年，或云已過九百<a class="zhuhao" href="#5770" id="5754">〔15〕</a>﹑未滿千年<a class="zhuhao" href="#5771" id="5755">〔16〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5737" id="5756">〔1〕</a>《石本》阿作河，非。各本及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》等並作阿。梵文阿恃多伐底作Ajitavatī。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5739" id="5757">〔2〕</a>《石本》勝校書作稱，疑涉下稱字而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5740" id="5758">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑典作舊。《翻譯集》作典，與此同。上已云舊，此似作典爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5741" id="5759">〔4〕</a>《石本》尸賴二字作㕧剌；《翻譯集》同，㕧下注云：“許梨切”；剌下注云：“力葛切”。《中本》作維剌。維字音異，疑雖字之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5742" id="5760">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》金下有沙字。《方志》﹑《珠林》作“有金”，無沙字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5743" id="5761">〔6〕</a>《石本》河下有也字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00540','1384742',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P540</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5744" id="5762">〔7〕</a>《石本》娑作婆。按各本及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》皆作娑，唯《翻譯集》作婆。佛經中多作娑羅，與梵文śāla音合，婆當是形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5746" id="5763">〔8〕</a>而皮青白葉甚光潤，《慈恩傳》作“而皮青葉白，甚光潤”，稍異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5747" id="5764">〔9〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》二作三。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》並作二，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5748" id="5765">〔10〕</a>《翻譯集·林木篇》引“聞諸先志”前有“菩薩以吠舍佉月後半八日，當此三月八日；上座部則以吠舍佉月後半十五日，當此三月十五日”三十八字。此文見於本書卷八“摩揭陁國上”所記菩提樹垣下，乃佛成等正覺之日，與湼槃月日不同。《翻譯集》併引之耳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5749" id="5766">〔11〕</a>《翻譯集》引無般字，次同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5750" id="5767">〔12〕</a>原本當此作此當，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《翻譯集》改。上文亦作當此。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5752" id="5768">〔13〕</a>《石本》無或云千二百餘年七字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5753" id="5769">〔14〕</a>《古本》年下有或云千四百餘年七字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5754" id="5770">〔15〕</a>《石本》九百下有年字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5755" id="5771">〔16〕</a>《翻譯集》引諸部異議下作“或云已過九百，未滿千年；或云一千二百餘年；或云一千三百餘年；或云一千五百餘年”，先後有參差。《慈恩傳》記此作“相傳云：佛處世八十年，以吠舍佉月後半十五日入湼槃，當此二月十五日；説一切有部復云佛以迦剌底迦月後半入湼槃，當此九月八日。自湼槃以來，或云千二百歲或千五百；或云過九百未滿千年。”《方志》作“石柱記佛滅相，有云當此土三月十五日者。有部復云當此九月八日。諸部異議云至今<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00541','1384742',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P541</span></i>十年，則經一千二百一十二年矣。此依<span class="zhuanming">菩提寺</span>石柱記也。或云千三百年或千五百餘年。或云始過九百未千年者”。《珠林》引與之大同，唯“諸部異議”下作“至今<span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>三年，則經一千二百年”，爲異耳。按<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span><span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十年（公元六四六）乃《西域記》成書之時，<span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>著此以明其所本。<span class="zhuanming">高宗</span><span class="zhuanming">龍朔</span>三年（公元六六三），相距十七年，疑爲<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>轉録之時。又《珠林》一二○引<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>《西域行傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">摩伽陀國</span><span class="zhuanming">菩提寺</span>大德僧<span class="zhuanming">賒那去線陀</span>據經算出云：<span class="zhuanming">釋迦菩薩</span>年至十九，四月十五日初夜出城，至三十成道，至七十九入般湼槃已來，算至<span class="zhuanming">咸亨</span>二年（公元六七一），始有一千三百九十五年。”説各不同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5738" id="5772">（一）</a>阿恃多伐底河：<span class="zhuanming">阿恃多伐底</span>是梵文Ajitavatī音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">阿恃多跋利</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿爾</span>（？）<span class="zhuanming">多嚩底</span>，畧稱<span class="zhuanming">跋底河</span>；梵文又作Airāvati，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯<span class="zhuanming">阿利羅跋提</span>，<span class="zhuanming">阿夷羅跋底</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿夷羅婆提</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿寅羅波帝夜</span>，畧作<span class="zhuanming">阿夷羅</span>；巴利文作Aciravatī，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯<span class="zhuanming">阿市羅跋底</span>。此河又名<span class="zhuanming">希連河</span>（<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文Hiraṇyavatī，巴利文Hiraññavatī），别譯爲<span class="zhuanming">希連禪</span>，<span class="zhuanming">醯連</span>，<span class="zhuanming">熙連禪</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">熙連若婆底</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">󵾧連然鉢底</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">尸賴拏伐底</span>，或義譯爲<span class="zhuanming">有金河</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">金河</span>。在佛典中上述三名似爲同一河流，但據現代實際調查，<span class="zhuanming">希連河</span>及<span class="zhuanming">阿恃多伐底河</span>，卽現在的<span class="zhuanming">小甘達克河</span>（Little Gandak），流經<span class="zhuanming">廓拉克浦爾縣</span>境，在<span class="zhuanming">薩拉</span>（Sārā）<span class="zhuanming">縣</span>西部邊界流入<span class="zhuanming">薩羅踰河</span>（Sarayū，又名<span class="zhuanming">郭格拉</span>或<span class="zhuanming">喀爾喀拉河</span>Gogra或Ghargharā）。Aciravati是<span class="zhuanming">薩羅踰河</span>的一大支流，卽現在<span class="zhuanming">奥德</span>的<span class="zhuanming">拉普提</span>（Rāpti）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>，它流經<span class="zhuanming">巴萊奇</span>（Bahraich）﹑<span class="zhuanming">貢達</span>（Gonda）與<span class="zhuanming">巴斯提</span>（Bastī）<span class="zhuanming">縣</span>境，然後在<span class="zhuanming">廓拉克浦爾縣</span>的<span class="zhuanming">巴爾哈杰</span>（Barhāj）以西流入<span class="zhuanming">薩羅踰河</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5745" id="5773">（二）</a>娑羅林：娑羅，梵文śāla﹑巴利文sāla音譯，槲樹類，高<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00542','1384742',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P542</span></i>達三﹑四十米，學名Shorea robusta。據巴利文《大般湼槃經》謂在<span class="zhuanming">末羅</span>（Malla）種族領地<span class="zhuanming">拘尸城</span>外。《法顯傳》云：“城北雙樹間<span class="zhuanming">希連禪河</span>邊，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>於此北首而般泥洹。”《西域記》謂：“渡<span class="zhuanming">阿恃多伐底河</span>，西岸不遠，至娑羅林。”<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在力士生地（<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span>）的西北隅兩娑羅樹間安置繩牀，枕右手側身卧而逝世，後來所有的卧佛像（佛湼槃像）均此姿勢。今Kasia猶有長六米﹑五世紀所作的大湼槃像，係1876年所發掘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5751" id="5774">（三）</a>自佛湼槃諸部異議：關於佛滅年代，歷來聚訟紛紜。現在南傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>一般都以公元前544年爲佛滅年，這是依據<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>的兩部<span class="zhuanming">巴利</span>文史詩《大史》（Mahāvaṃsa）和《島史》（Dīpavaṃsa）的記載確定的。據<span class="zhuanming">蕭</span><span class="zhuanming">齊</span><span class="zhuanming">永明</span>七年（公元489年）<span class="zhuanming">僧迦跋陀羅</span>所傳的“衆聖點記”（見《出三藏記集》卷十一﹑《歷代三寶記》卷十一），佛滅於公元前486年。又有的近代學者根據<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石刻上所提到的幾個外國國王的年代，考訂出<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>卽位於公元前277—270年。再依《善見律毘婆沙》卷一“過四年已，然後<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>自拜爲王，從此佛湼槃已一（二）百一十八年。”之説，佛滅年代當爲公元前495—488年，與公元前486年説甚近。現在多數學者認爲佛滅於公元前486年左右。（參閲<span class="zhuanming">吕澂</span>《談南傳的佛滅年代》，載《現代佛學》，1956年5月號，頁23—24；R.C.Majumdar：The History and Culture of the Indian People，卷二，1953年第二版，<span class="zhuanming">孟買</span>，頁36，94；<span class="zhuanming">湯用彤</span>《印度哲學史略》第五章；<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>《釋迦牟尼》，載《世界宗教研究》一九八二年第二期）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、佛教二部
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154375" key="1154375"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 僧伽羅國 &gt; 三、佛教二部 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154376" key="1154376"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00878','1384863',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P878</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001463"><b>三﹑佛教二部</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>先時唯宗淫祀。佛去世後第一百年，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>弟<span class="zhuanming">摩醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#9053" id="9043">〔1〕</a>因陁羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9059" id="9044">（一）</a>捨離欲愛，志求聖果，得六神通，具八解脱，足步虚空，來遊此國，弘宣正法，流布遺教。自兹已降，風俗淳信。伽藍數百所<a class="zhuhao" href="#9054" id="9045">〔2〕</a>，僧徒二萬餘人<a class="zhuhao" href="#9055" id="9046">〔3〕</a>，遵行大乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#9056" id="9047">〔4〕</a>上座部法<a class="zhuhao" href="#9060" id="9048">（二）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>至後二百餘年，各擅專門，分成二部。一曰摩訶毗訶羅住部<a class="zhuhao" href="#9061" id="9049">（三）</a>，斥大乘，習小教；二曰阿跋耶祇釐住部<a class="zhuhao" href="#9062" id="9050">（四）</a>，學兼二乘，弘演三<a class="zhuhao" href="#9057" id="9051">〔5〕</a>藏，僧徒乃<a class="zhuhao" href="#9058" id="9052">〔6〕</a>戒行貞潔，定慧凝明，儀範可師，濟濟如也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9043" id="9053">〔1〕</a>《新麗本》原書醯作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140145034l4f.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《京大本》從《宋本》及《隨函録》改。《石本》作𨢸，亦非。《慈恩傳》作醯。<span class="zhuanming">摩醯因陀羅</span>見卷八<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9045" id="9054">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》無數字。《慈恩傳》作百餘所。《方志》作數百。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9046" id="9055">〔3〕</a>二萬餘人，《慈恩傳》作萬人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9047" id="9056">〔4〕</a>《慈恩傳》大乘下有及字。按上座部法爲小乘教之一，有及字意謂此國遵行大乘教與小乘上座部法。《方志》無大乘二字。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00879','1384863',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P879</span></i>但此問題頗多，參閲本書頁694注釋（二）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9051" id="9057">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》三作二。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9052" id="9058">〔6〕</a>《中本》乃下有多字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9044" id="9059">（一）</a>摩醯因陀羅：見本書卷八<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>上，大石室條。其往<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>“弘宣正法，流布遺教”事，見《善見律毗婆娑》卷二和卷三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9048" id="9060">（二）</a>大乘上座部法：見本書頁694“習學大乘上座部法”條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9049" id="9061">（三）</a>摩訶毗訶羅住部：<span class="zhuanming">摩訶毗訶羅</span>，梵文Mahāvihāra音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">大寺</span>。大寺住部，梵文名Mahāvihāravāsin。《法顯傳》<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>條：“城南七里有一精舍，名<span class="zhuanming">摩訶毗可羅</span>，有三千僧住。”據《島史》，<span class="zhuanming">天愛帝須王</span>（Devanampiyatissa）於古都<span class="zhuanming">阿󵹤羅陀城</span>（Anarādhapura）南建立此<span class="zhuanming">大寺</span>。據《善見律毗婆沙》卷三云，此<span class="zhuanming">大寺</span>在<span class="zhuanming">天愛帝須王</span>的<span class="zhuanming">彌迦園</span>（Meghavana）。王從<span class="zhuanming">摩哂陀</span>之説，迎<span class="zhuanming">佛陀伽耶</span>的菩提樹和<span class="zhuanming">摩哂陀</span>之妹<span class="zhuanming">僧伽密多</span>比丘尼，並植菩提樹於<span class="zhuanming">彌伽園</span>，又建立<span class="zhuanming">摩訶毗訶羅</span>，卽成爲上座部的摩訶毘訶羅住部的本山，<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的中心。今古城之南的Ruvanveli塔附近還有其遺跡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9050" id="9062">（四）</a>阿跋耶祇釐住部：<span class="zhuanming">阿跋耶祇釐</span>，梵文Abhayagiri音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">無畏山</span>。無畏山住部，梵文名Abhayagirivāsin。《法顯傳》<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>條：“於王城北跡上起大塔，高四十丈，金銀莊挍，衆寶合成。塔邊復起一僧伽藍，名<span class="zhuanming">無畏山</span>，有五千僧。起一佛殿，金銀刻鏤，悉以衆寶。……”關於阿跋耶祇釐住部<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>部派在<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>的興起情況，參見《善見律毗婆沙》卷二﹑三及《大史》。據云<span class="zhuanming">無畏山伽藍</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">婆<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00880','1384863',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P880</span></i>吒迦摩尼王</span>（Vaṭṭagāmani，一名<span class="zhuanming">無畏王</span>Abhaya）所建。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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1.雉王本生故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154379" key="1154379"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 &gt; 二、娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處 &gt; 1.雉王本生故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154380" key="1154380"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00542','1384743',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P542</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000902">1.雉王本生故事</p><p> <span>精舍側不遠，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>修菩薩行時爲羣雉王<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00543','1384743',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P543</span></i>救火之處。昔於此地有大茂林，毛羣羽族，巢居穴處。驚風四起，猛焰飈急<a class="zhuhao" href="#5781" id="5775">〔1〕</a>，時有一雉，有懷傷愍，鼓濯清流，飛空奮灑。時<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>俯而告曰：“汝何守愚，虚<a class="zhuhao" href="#5782" id="5776">〔2〕</a>勞羽翮？大火方起，焚燎林野，豈汝微軀所能撲滅？”雉曰：“説者爲誰？”曰：“我<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>耳。”雉曰：“今<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5783" id="5777">〔3〕</a>有大福力，無欲不遂，救災拯難，若指諸掌，反誥<a class="zhuhao" href="#5784" id="5778">〔4〕</a>無功，其咎安在？猛火方熾，無得<a class="zhuhao" href="#5785" id="5779">〔5〕</a>多言。”尋復奮飛，往趣流水。<span class="zhuanming">天帝</span>遂以掬水泛灑其林，火滅煙消，生類全命，故今謂之<span class="zhuanming">救火窣堵波</span>也<a class="zhuhao" href="#5786" id="5780">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5775" id="5781">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》急並作逸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5776" id="5782">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑虚並作唐。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5777" id="5783">〔3〕</a>原文無釋字，《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》有之，與上文相應，今據補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5778" id="5784">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》誥並作詰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5779" id="5785">〔5〕</a>《石本》得作待。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5780" id="5786">（一）</a>救火窣堵坡：此一傳説故事參見《智度論》卷一六。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、佛牙精舍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154387" key="1154387"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 僧伽羅國 &gt; 四、佛牙精舍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154388" key="1154388"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00880','1384864',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P880</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001466"><b>四﹑佛牙精舍</b></p><p> <span>王宫側有佛牙精舍<a class="zhuhao" href="#9075" id="9063">（一）</a>，高數百尺。瑩以珠<a class="zhuhao" href="#9070" id="9064">〔1〕</a>珍，飾之奇寶。精舍上建表柱，置鉢曇摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#9071" id="9065">〔2〕</a>羅加<a class="zhuhao" href="#9072" id="9066">〔3〕</a>大寶<a class="zhuhao" href="#9076" id="9067">（二）</a>，寶光赫奕聯暉，照曜晝夜，遠望爛若明星。王以佛牙日三灌洗<a class="zhuhao" href="#9073" id="9068">〔4〕</a>，香水香末，或濯或焚，務極珍奇，式修供養<a class="zhuhao" href="#9074" id="9069">〔5〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9064" id="9070">〔1〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》珠作殊。按此與下文奇寶爲對偶，殊字較長。但珠字自通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9065" id="9071">〔2〕</a>《中本》摩下有伽字，而無下加字，蓋誤移於上耳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9066" id="9072">〔3〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》加並作伽。《方志》注云：“寶大如升，卽琥珀也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9068" id="9073">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》洗作洒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9069" id="9074">〔5〕</a>《明北本》此文下有“<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>，古之<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>也，又曰<span class="zhuanming">無憂國</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>。其地多奇寶，又名曰<span class="zhuanming">寶渚</span>。昔<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼佛</span>化身名<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>，諸德兼備，國人推尊爲王，故國亦以<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>爲號也。以大神通力，破大鐵城，滅羅刹女，拯恤危難，於是建都築邑，化導是方，宣流正教。示寂留牙，在於兹土。金鋼堅固，歷劫不壞。寶光遥爥，如星粲空，如月炫宵，如太陽麗晝。凡有禱禳，應答如響。國有凶荒災異，精意懇祈，靈祥隨至。今之<span class="zhuanming">錫蘭山</span>，卽古之<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>也。王宫側有佛牙精舍，飾以衆寶，輝光赫奕。累世相承，敬禮不衰。今<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00881','1384864',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P881</span></i>國王<span class="zhuanming">阿烈苦奈兒</span>，…………，褻慢佛牙。大<span class="zhuanming">明</span><span class="zhuanming">永樂</span>三年，皇帝遣中使太監<span class="zhuanming">鄭和</span>奉香花往詣彼國供養。<span class="zhuanming">鄭和</span>勸國王<span class="zhuanming">阿烈苦奈兒</span>敬崇佛法，遠離外道。王怒，卽欲加害。<span class="zhuanming">鄭和</span>知其謀，遂去。後復遣<span class="zhuanming">鄭和</span>往賜諸<span class="zhuanming">番</span>，并賜<span class="zhuanming">錫蘭山國王</span>。王益慢，不恭，欲圖殺害使者，用兵五萬人，刊木塞道，分兵以劫海舟。會其下預泄其機，<span class="zhuanming">鄭和</span>等覺，亟回舟，路已阨絶，潜遣人出舟師拒之。<span class="zhuanming">和</span>以兵三千夜由間道攻入王城，守之。其劫海舟番兵乃與其國内番兵四面來攻，合圍數重，攻戰六日，<span class="zhuanming">和</span>等執其王。凌晨開門，伐木取道，且戰且行，凡二十餘里，抵暮始達舟。當就禮請佛牙至舟，靈異非常，光彩照曜，如前所云，訇霆震驚，遠見隱避。歷涉巨海，凡數十萬里，風濤不驚，如履平地。獰龍惡魚；紛出乎前，恬不爲害。舟中之人皆安穩快樂。<span class="zhuanming">永樂</span>九年七月初九日至京師，皇帝命於皇城内裝嚴栴檀金剛寶座貯之，式修供養，利益有情，祈福民庶，作無量功德。”共五百十八字，乃<span class="zhuanming">永樂</span>刻藏時所附益，並非本文。自《徑山本》以下諸本多附焉，或作正文，或作小注，今附於此。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9063" id="9075">（一）</a>佛牙精舍：《法顯傳》<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>條：“城中又起佛齒精舍，皆七寶作。王浄修梵行，城内人敬信之情亦篤。……佛齒常以三月中出之。未出前十日，王莊挍大象，使一辯説人著王衣服，騎象上，擊鼓唱言：‘……却後十日，佛齒當出，至<span class="zhuanming">無畏山</span>精舍，國内道俗欲殖福者，各各平治道路，嚴飭巷陌，辦衆華香供養之具。’如是唱已，王使夾道兩邊，作菩薩五百身已來種種變現。……然後，佛齒乃出，中道而行，隨路供養，到<span class="zhuanming">無畏山</span>精舍佛堂上。”<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>的佛牙馳名中外，故《法顯傳》詳載。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代有不少僧人爲拜謁佛牙而至其<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00882','1384864',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P882</span></i>地。詳見《大唐西域求法高僧傳》。今佛牙安置於<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>中部第一大城市<span class="zhuanming">坎迪</span>（Kandy）<span class="zhuanming">市</span>的<span class="zhuanming">佛牙寺</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9067" id="9076">（二）</a>鉢曇摩羅伽大寶：鉢曇摩羅伽，梵文padmarāga音譯；鉢曇摩（padma）意爲紅蓮花，羅伽（rāga）意爲顔色。全名義云“紅蓮花色”﹑“具紅蓮花色者”，卽紅寶石之名稱。亦譯作映紅﹑紅蓮華寶﹑紅鴉鶻等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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[卷第二　三國]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154394" key="1154394"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154395" key="1154395"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00161','1384622',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P161</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000287"><b>大唐西域記卷第二</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>三國</span> </p><p> <span>濫波國　那揭羅曷國</span> </p><p> <span>健馱邏<a class="zhuhao" href="#2112" id="2111">〔1〕</a>國</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2111" id="2112">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》等邏並作羅，通用。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、比羅娑洛山及龍泉
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154399" key="1154399"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 迦畢試國 &gt; 六、比羅娑洛山及龍泉 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154400" key="1154400"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00156','1384621',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P156</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000281"><b>六﹑比羅娑洛山及龍泉</b></p><p> <span>城西南有<span class="zhuanming">比羅娑洛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2096" id="2089">〔1〕</a>山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2100" id="2090">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">象堅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2097" id="2091">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span>山神作象形，故曰<span class="zhuanming">象堅</span>也。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，<span class="zhuanming">象堅神</span>奉請<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2101" id="2092">（二）</a>及千二百大阿羅漢。山巔有大磐<a class="zhuhao" href="#2098" id="2093">〔3〕</a>石，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>卽之，受神供養。其後<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2102" id="2094">（三）</a>卽磐石上起窣堵波，高百餘尺，今人謂之<span class="zhuanming">象堅窣堵波</span>也。亦云<a class="zhuhao" href="#2099" id="2095">〔4〕</a>中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利，可一升餘。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2089" id="2096">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》娑作婆。《方志》婆洛作娑絡。《珠林》洛作路，可通用。按《翻譯集》作“比羅娑落”與本書同。<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>及<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>梵文作Pilusâra。婆疑是娑之形譌。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>以爲‘比羅’是<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語pilu，其義爲象。娑羅是梵語sāra，義爲堅牢。唯何以山名用<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語與梵語混言成名？<span class="zhuanming">足立</span>之説不無可疑。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00157','1384621',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P157</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2091" id="2097">〔2〕</a>象堅，《敦甲本》象作󰺞，象之古字，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2093" id="2098">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》磐作盤，通用，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2095" id="2099">〔4〕</a>《中本》云作此。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2090" id="2100">（一）</a>比羅娑洛山：<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語pīlu意譯爲象，梵語sāra意譯爲堅固，梵語Pīlusāra意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">象堅</span>神。<span class="zhuanming">比羅娑洛</span>山，卽以<span class="zhuanming">象堅</span>神轉而作爲山名。山在Panjshīr河支流Kōh-Daman河南側，有孤立的三個小丘並列，今猶殘存遺迹。詳見（<span class="zhuanming">樋口隆康</span>《古代印度交通路的研究》，頁97）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2092" id="2101">（二）</a>世尊：梵文Lokanātha或Bhagavat的意譯，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的尊號。以所謂佛具萬德，世所尊重，故名<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2094" id="2102">（三）</a>無憂王：卽<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>（Aśoka）的意譯，舊譯<span class="zhuanming">阿恕伽</span>，新譯<span class="zhuanming">阿輸迦</span>。爲古印度名王<span class="zhuanming">旃陀羅笈多</span>之孫，<span class="zhuanming">賓頭沙羅</span>之子，生年不詳，卒於公元前232年，公元前273年卽位，除<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>半島南端外，幾乎統一<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>全境。公元261年，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>攻占<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>（今<span class="zhuanming">奥里薩邦</span>）後，皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，以<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>爲國教。傳説<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>在<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>舉行過第三次佛典結集，並派人到國外傳教，對以後<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的發展有很大的影響。詳見《阿育王經》﹑《阿育王傳》﹑V.A.<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>《阿育王》，<span class="zhuanming">赫耳兹奇</span>《阿育王的銘刻》﹑《劍橋印度史》第一卷等。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">象堅窣堵波</span>北山巖下有一龍泉。是如來受神飯已，及阿羅漢於中漱口嚼楊枝，因卽種<a class="zhuhao" href="#2106" id="2103">〔1〕</a>根，今爲茂林。後人於此建立伽藍，名<span class="zhuanming">鞞鐸佉</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2108" id="2104">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言嚼楊枝<a class="zhuhao" href="#2107" id="2105">〔2〕</a>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00158','1384621',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P158</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2103" id="2106">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》種作植。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2105" id="2107">〔2〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《經山本》﹑《酬本》枝下並有也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2104" id="2108">（一）</a>鞞鐸佉：<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>認爲這個字是梵文piṇḍaka的音譯，義云“樹叢”﹑“茂林”，本書原注“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言嚼楊枝”是不對的。上文云：“及阿羅漢於中漱口嚼楊枝，因卽種根，今爲茂林。”“茂林”卽此伽藍的名稱，曰鞞鐸佉。（<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>譯《西域記》卷I，頁130）嚼楊枝卽嚼齒木。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷一云：“每日旦朝，須嚼齒木揩齒刮舌，務令如法，……其齒木者，梵云憚哆家瑟詑（Dantakāṣṭha）。憚哆譯之爲齒，家瑟詑卽是其木。長十二指，短不減八指，大如小指。頭緩須熟嚼，良久浄刷牙關。”嚼齒木是古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的一種口腔衞生方法。<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯佛經多把嚼齒木叫做嚼楊枝，但實際上在古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>用作齒木的木本植物有多種，可以是楊枝，但不只限於楊枝。如果<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原鞞鐸佉爲piṇḍaka是對的，原注“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言嚼楊枝”可能就是一種引伸後的解釋。</span> </p><p> <span>自此東行六百餘里，山谷接連，峰巖峭峻，越<span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span>，入<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境，至<span class="zhuanming">濫波國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#2110" id="2109">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2109" id="2110">〔1〕</a>原本度字誤倒在境字下，今從各本正。《珠林》三十八引<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00159','1384621',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P159</span></i>此下有“已前並是胡國，制服威儀不參<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span>，名爲邊國蔑烈車（自注：此云垢濁種也），至此，方合中道。”</span> </p><p> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014430djfh.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00160','1384621',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P160</span></i><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014430ehuv.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p></div></div></div>
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五、舊王及舊王妃伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154403" key="1154403"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第一　三十四國 &gt; 迦畢試國 &gt; 五、舊王及舊王妃伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154404" key="1154404"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00154','1384620',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P154</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000277"><b>五﹑舊王及舊王妃伽藍</b></p><p> <span>王城西北大河南岸<a class="zhuhao" href="#2073" id="2063">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">舊王伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2074" id="2064">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2080" id="2065">（一）</a>，内有<a class="zhuhao" href="#2075" id="2066">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">釋迦菩薩</span>弱齡齓齒<a class="zhuhao" href="#2076" id="2067">〔4〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2081" id="2068">（二）</a>，長餘一寸。其伽藍東南有一伽藍，亦名<span class="zhuanming">舊王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2077" id="2069">〔5〕</a>，有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>頂骨<a class="zhuhao" href="#2082" id="2070">（三）</a>一片，面廣寸餘，其色黄白，髮孔分明。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00155','1384620',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P155</span></i>又<a class="zhuhao" href="#2078" id="2071">〔6〕</a>有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮，髮色青紺，螺旋右縈，引長尺餘，卷可半寸<a class="zhuhao" href="#2079" id="2072">〔7〕</a>。凡此三事，每至六齋，王及大臣散花供養。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2063" id="2073">〔1〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《古本》岸作崖。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2064" id="2074">〔2〕</a>舊王伽藍，《方志》作“古王寺”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2066" id="2075">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》無有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2067" id="2076">〔4〕</a>原本“齓齒”作“齠齓”，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》及《方志》改。《中本》作“<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431lv9l.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>齒”，字書無<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431jmxa.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>字，殆齔之訛字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2069" id="2077">〔5〕</a>舊王，《方志》及《珠林》三十八引並作“古王”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2071" id="2078">〔6〕</a>《敦甲本》無又字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2072" id="2079">〔7〕</a>半寸，《方志》作“寸許”。《珠林》引作“引長丈餘，卷可寸許”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2065" id="2080">（一）</a>舊王伽藍：在今Begrām的古代街市遺跡的北端，有南北一百米，東西二百米的矩形地域，四周用土坯圍成城壁，當地稱作Burdj-i-Abdallah，據云卽<span class="zhuanming">舊王伽藍</span>遺址。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2068" id="2081">（二）</a>齓齒：此指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦菩薩</span>少年時所换的牙齒。《説文》：“男七月生齒，八歲而齓。女七月生齒，七歲而齓。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2070" id="2082">（三）</a>頂骨：卽頭蓋骨。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">頂骨伽藍</span>西南，有<span class="zhuanming">舊王妃<a class="zhuhao" href="#2086" id="2083">〔1〕</a>伽藍</span>，中有金銅窣堵波，高百餘尺。聞諸土俗<a class="zhuhao" href="#2087" id="2084">〔2〕</a>曰：其窣堵波中有佛舍利升餘，每月<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00156','1384620',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P156</span></i>十五日，其夜便放圓光，燭燿<a class="zhuhao" href="#2088" id="2085">〔3〕</a>露盤，聯暉達曙，其光漸歛，入窣堵波。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2083" id="2086">〔1〕</a>《方志》“舊王妃”作“古王妃”。《敦甲本》妃誤作奴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2084" id="2087">〔2〕</a>土俗，《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《酬本》土作士，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2085" id="2088">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》燿作曜。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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僧伽羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154407" key="1154407"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 僧伽羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154408" key="1154408"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00866','1384860',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P866</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001454">僧伽羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8895" id="8891">（一）</a>周七千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#8896" id="8892">（二）</a>周四十餘里。土地沃壤，氣序温暑。稼穡時播，花果具<a class="zhuhao" href="#8894" id="8893">〔1〕</a>繁。人户殷盛，家産富饒。其形卑黑，其性獷烈，好學尚德，崇善勤福。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8893" id="8894">〔1〕</a>《中本》具作甚。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8891" id="8895">（一）</a>僧伽羅國：<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅</span>，俗語Simghala音譯，梵文Siṃhala，巴利文Sīhala，意譯<span class="zhuanming">執師子國</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古籍又稱之爲<span class="zhuanming">銅色國</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00867','1384860',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P867</span></i>（梵文Tāmraparṇī，巴利文Tambapaṇṇī）。還有下列異名：<span class="zhuanming">私訶羅</span>（Sīhala）﹑<span class="zhuanming">寶渚</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">寶洲</span>（Ratnadvīpa）﹑<span class="zhuanming">塸闍洲</span>（Ojadvīpa）﹑<span class="zhuanming">婆羅洲</span>（Varadvīpa）﹑<span class="zhuanming">慢陀洲</span>（Maṇḍadvīpa）﹑<span class="zhuanming">楞伽</span>（Laṅkā）等。<span class="zhuanming">宋代</span>以後著作如《諸蕃志》中作<span class="zhuanming">細蘭</span>（係譯自<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>語的Silan）﹑<span class="zhuanming">細輪叠</span>（Sirendib）。<span class="zhuanming">明代</span>譯名作<span class="zhuanming">錫蘭（山）</span>，沿用頗久，直至該國獨立時仍用此名。一九七二年改名爲<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>（Srilanka）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>與我國交往有悠久歷史，五世紀初<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>由<span class="zhuanming">多摩梨帝</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">躭摩栗底</span>）航海到達此國，住過兩年。《法顯傳》中有關於該國最早而詳盡的記載。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>在該國還看見過該國商人以<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>所産白絹扇供佛，這證明當時<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">斯</span>兩國間已有相當頻繁的貿遷往返。《梁書》卷五四《諸夷傳》<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>條也稱：“<span class="zhuanming">晉</span><span class="zhuanming">義熙</span>（公元405—418年）初，始遣（使）獻玉像，經十載乃至。”這個玉佛像，由沙門<span class="zhuanming">曇摩</span>帶到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，獻給<span class="zhuanming">晉</span><span class="zhuanming">孝武帝</span>。又《宋書》卷九七《夷蠻傳》<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>條稱：“<span class="zhuanming">元嘉</span>五年（公元428年）國王<span class="zhuanming">刹利摩訶南</span>（Kṣatriya Mahānāma）奉表曰：謹白<span class="zhuanming">大宋</span>明主，雖山海殊隔，而音信時通……”足證當時該國與我國往還已相當密切。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">總章</span>三年（670年）﹑<span class="zhuanming">天寶</span>五年（746年）﹑九年（750年）該國都曾遣使到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，送來《大般若經》梵本及白㲲﹑真珠﹑象牙等禮物。<span class="zhuanming">賈耽</span>的著作中曾詳細地記載着由我國<span class="zhuanming">廣州</span>至該國航線。<span class="zhuanming">李肇</span>《國史補》中也有<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>海船到達<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>港口時情況的記載。中世紀時，該國是東西方貿易貨物的集散地。我國由海道運往西方的絲綢，多半先運到<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>，然後再轉運至<span class="zhuanming">西亞</span>與<span class="zhuanming">東歐</span>，西方古典作家如<span class="zhuanming">科斯摩士</span>（Cosmas）﹑<span class="zhuanming">普洛柯庇攸士</span>（Procopius）對此均有紀載。這一切都充分説明<span class="zhuanming">中</span><span class="zhuanming">斯</span>兩國關係的友好與重要。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">南傳佛典中<span class="zhuanming">巴利文</span>的《大史》（Mahāvaṃsa）及《島史》（Dīpava-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00868','1384860',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P868</span></i>ṃsa），均有關於該國古代歷史的重要資料。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>并未親踐該國，故所記該國“周七千餘里”，當係得自傳説，與事實有頗大出入。近代實測該島面積爲六萬五千六百一十平方公里，全島呈梨形，南北長四百餘公里，東西寬二百餘公里，四周不到一千公里。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8892" id="8896">（二）</a>國大都城：卽該島北部的<span class="zhuanming">阿努拉達普拉</span>（Anurādha-pura），舊譯<span class="zhuanming">阿󵹤羅陀城</span>。相傳爲公元前四世紀末，<span class="zhuanming">天愛帝須</span>（Dev-anampiyatissa）在位時的國都。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>訪問時，該城盛行<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，并有供奉佛牙的精舍。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、數量
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154411" key="1154411"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 三、數量 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154412" key="1154412"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00166','1384626',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P166</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000296"><b>三﹑數量</b></p><p> <span>夫數量之稱，謂踰繕那<a class="zhuhao" href="#2162" id="2149">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰由旬，又曰踰闍那，又曰由延，皆訛略也<a class="zhuhao" href="#2158" id="2150">〔1〕</a>。</span> <span>踰繕那者，自古聖王一日軍程<a class="zhuhao" href="#2159" id="2151">〔2〕</a>也。舊傳一踰繕那四十里矣。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>國俗乃三十里，聖教所載唯十六里。窮微之數，分一踰繕那爲八拘盧舍<a class="zhuhao" href="#2163" id="2152">（二）</a>。拘盧舍者，謂大牛鳴聲所極聞，稱<a class="zhuhao" href="#2160" id="2153">〔3〕</a>拘盧舍。分一拘盧舍爲五百弓<a class="zhuhao" href="#2164" id="2154">（三）</a>，分一弓爲四肘<a class="zhuhao" href="#2165" id="2155">（四）</a>，分一肘爲二十四指，分一指節爲七宿麥，乃至虱﹑蟣﹑隙塵﹑牛毛﹑羊毛﹑兔毫﹑銅<a class="zhuhao" href="#2161" id="2156">〔4〕</a>水，次第七分，以至細塵；細塵七分爲極細塵。極細塵者，不可復析，析卽歸空，故曰極微也<a class="zhuhao" href="#2166" id="2157">（五）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2150" id="2158">〔1〕</a>《中本》無略字。《珠林》三引無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2151" id="2159">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《中本》軍作運。《珠林》引亦作運。程，原本作行，據《慧琳音義》一﹑十一﹑《希麟音義》六引改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2153" id="2160">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》無稱字。《中本》稱上有皆字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2156" id="2161">〔4〕</a>原本銅作金，今從《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》改。《翻譯集》作同，疑銅之音訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2149" id="2162">（一）</a>踰繕那：梵文yojana音譯，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代計程單位，又譯<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00167','1384626',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P167</span></i>作瑜膳那﹑踰闍那﹑由旬﹑由延。yojana這個梵文名詞由詞根√yuj構成，原義爲“上軛”，“套牛”；由此，yojana的一般含義爲“套一次牛所行的路程”，並無確定的長度。又解作配合﹑結合。它最初是根據實際生活與傳統習慣而定出的計程單位。由於時代﹑地區及習俗的不同，行程道路也有險夷的差别，加之古代測量欠精確，踰繕那因之有多種，彼此間差異不小。<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>在《根本説一切有部百一羯磨》卷三註中就指出：“言踰膳那者，既無正翻義，當東夏一驛，可三十餘里，舊云由旬者訛略，若準西國俗法，四俱盧舍爲一踰膳那……一俱盧舍有五百弓，弓有一步數，準其步數才一里半餘，將八倍之，當十二里，此乃不充一驛，親驗當今西方踰膳那可有一驛……然則<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>南向<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>，有五俱盧舍，計其里數，可一驛餘耳。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>對於踰繕那的形成與種類都作過較詳細的記載。據<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>推算：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">舊傳踰繕那＝40里＝18.1公里＝11.<span class="song">2</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">國俗踰繕那＝30里＝13.6公里＝8.<span class="song">4</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">聖教踰繕那＝16里＝7.3公里＝4.<span class="song">5</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">（見<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>：《法顯傳考證》<span class="zhuanming">中</span>譯本頁95，<span class="zhuanming">何健民</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">張小柳</span>譯）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">正由於踰繕那長度有多種分歧，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在《大唐西域記》中就未採用，而一律用<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時的里﹑步﹑尺作計算里程。（《法顯傳》中對<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>各國的行程也使用里數，只有在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境内才用由延。）<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>把<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所説的聖教踰繕那與國俗踰繕那混爲一談，並認爲這是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的錯誤，是不公允的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2152" id="2163">（二）</a>拘盧舍：亦作俱盧舍，梵語krośa音譯，長度數量名稱，牛鳴聲可以達到的距離。今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>仍用作<span class="zhuanming">印</span>里之名稱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2154" id="2164">（三）</a>弓：梵語爲dhanus（<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯作馱怒沙），<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>長度名稱。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00168','1384626',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P168</span></i><span class="zhuanming">慧苑</span>《新譯華嚴經音義》卷下：“二尺成一肘，四肘成一弓。”按<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的尺度，原先以人的手指而作度量，而人的指有大小不同，没有一定標準，所以有種種異説，各經論所據有異，折合我國的尺寸就有所不同了。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2155" id="2165">（四）</a>肘：梵語hasta的意譯。人的上臂與前臂部分謂肘，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>作爲尺度名稱。《翻譯名義集》卷三：“一肘，人一尺八寸，佛三尺六寸。”以下由指至極細塵，均爲尺度數量名稱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2157" id="2166">（五）</a>故曰極微也：依<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>《俱舍論》卷十二，七極微爲一微，七微爲一金塵，七金塵爲一水塵，七水塵爲一兔毛塵，七兔毛塵爲一羊毛塵，七羊毛塵爲一牛毛塵，七牛毛塵爲一隙遊塵，七隙遊塵爲一蟣，七蟣爲一虱，七虱爲一穬麥，七穬麥爲一指節，三指節爲一指，二十四指爲一肘，四肘爲一弓，五百弓爲一俱盧舍，八俱盧舍爲一踰󵾓那。與此大同而小異。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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6.八王分舍利傳說
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154415" key="1154415"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 &gt; 二、娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處 &gt; 6.八王分舍利傳說 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154416" key="1154416"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00552','1384748',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P552</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000923">6.八王分舍利傳說</p><p> <span>現足側有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也，是八王分舍利處，前建石柱，刻記其事。佛入湼槃後，湼疊般那已，諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#5901" id="5891">〔1〕</a>八國王<a class="zhuhao" href="#5902" id="5892">〔2〕</a>備四兵至，遣<span class="zhuanming">直</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5903" id="5893">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">性</span>婆羅門<a class="zhuhao" href="#5907" id="5894">（一）</a>謂<span class="zhuanming">拘尸力士</span>曰：“天人導師，此國寂滅，故自遠來，請分舍利！”<span class="zhuanming">力士</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>降尊，卽斯下土<a class="zhuhao" href="#5904" id="5895">〔4〕</a>，滅世間明導，喪衆生慈父，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利，自當供養。徒疲道路，終無得獲。”時諸大王遜辭以求，既不相允，重謂之曰：“禮請不從，兵威非遠。”<span class="zhuanming">直性</span>婆羅門揚言曰：“念哉！大悲<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>忍修福善，彌歷曠劫，想所具聞。今欲相凌，此非宜也。今舍利在此，當均八分，各得供養，何至興兵？”諸力士依其言，卽時均量，欲作八分。<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>謂諸王曰：“天當有分，勿恃<a class="zhuhao" href="#5905" id="5896">〔5〕</a>力競。”<span class="zhuanming">阿那婆答多龍王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5908" id="5897">（二）</a>﹑<span class="zhuanming">文隣龍王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5909" id="5898">（三）</a>﹑<span class="zhuanming">醫</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5906" id="5899">〔6〕</a><span class="zhuanming">那鉢呾羅龍王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5910" id="5900">（四）</a>復作是議：“無遺我曹，若以力者，衆非敵矣。”<span class="zhuanming">直性</span>婆羅門曰：“勿諠諍也。宜共分之。”卽作三分，一諸天，二龍衆，三留人間，八國重分。天﹑龍﹑人王，莫不悲感。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00553','1384748',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P553</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5891" id="5901">〔1〕</a>古《或本》諸作訖，上屬讀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5892" id="5902">〔2〕</a>《石本》王下有分舍利三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5893" id="5903">〔3〕</a>《中本》直作真，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5895" id="5904">〔4〕</a>《新麗本》原書土作上，《京大本》從《石本》﹑《宋本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5896" id="5905">〔5〕</a>《石本》恃作持。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5899" id="5906">〔6〕</a>《古本》醫作㙠；《石本》作瑿。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5894" id="5907">（一）</a>直性婆羅門：<span class="zhuanming">直性</span>，又作<span class="zhuanming">香姓</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">姓烟</span>；梵文Droṇa，droṇa-sama，巴利文doṇa，義云斛；<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯與原文的關係不詳；音譯<span class="zhuanming">突路奈</span>。此指皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的婆羅門。詳見《長阿含經》卷四。在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上以舍利八塔與<span class="zhuanming">直性</span>婆羅所起的瓶塔，<span class="zhuanming">畢鉢羅村</span>人所起的灰塔，合稱十塔。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5897" id="5908">（二）</a>阿那婆答多龍王：見卷一注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5898" id="5909">（三）</a>文鄰龍王：卽<span class="zhuanming">目支隣陀</span>（Mucilinda）。見卷八菩提樹垣南門外條注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5900" id="5910">（四）</a>醫那鉢呾羅龍王：梵文Elāpatra音譯。梵文又作Erāpattra，本書卷三音譯<span class="zhuanming">醫羅鉢呾羅</span>，亦通。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、王城附近諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154419" key="1154419"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 恭建那補羅國 &gt; 一、王城附近諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154420" key="1154420"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00889','1384869',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P889</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001485"><b>一﹑王城附近諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span>王宫城側有大伽藍，僧徒三百餘人，寔唯俊彦也<a class="zhuhao" href="#9133" id="9131">〔1〕</a>。伽藍大精舍高百餘尺，中有<span class="zhuanming">一切義成太子</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9134" id="9132">〔2〕</a>寶冠，高減二尺，飾以寶珍，盛以寶函。每至齋日，出置高座，香花供養，時放光明。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9131" id="9133">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》也作其，《金陵本》也下多其字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9132" id="9134">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》此下有注云：“舊曰<span class="zhuanming">悉達太子</span>，訛也。”</span> </p><p> <span>城側大伽藍中有精舍，高五十餘尺，中有刻檀<span class="zhuanming">慈氏菩薩</span>像，高十餘尺。或至齋日，神光照燭，是<span class="zhuanming">聞<a class="zhuhao" href="#9136" id="9135">〔1〕</a>二百億羅漢</span>之所造也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9135" id="9136">〔1〕</a>《方志》無聞字，誤脱。</span> </p><p> <span>城北不遠，有多羅樹林，周三十餘里。其葉長廣，其色光潤，諸國書寫，莫不採用<a class="zhuhao" href="#9138" id="9137">〔1〕</a>。林中有窣堵波，是過去四佛<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00890','1384869',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P890</span></i>坐及經行遺迹之所，其側則有<span class="zhuanming">聞二百億羅漢</span>遺身舍利窣堵波也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9137" id="9138">〔1〕</a>《釋帖》十八引作“多羅樹，其樹形如此方㯶櫚，樹極高者七八十尺。枝葉繁茂，果熟卽赤，如大石榴，人多食之。<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>土界樹中之上也。”與此文大殊，疑<span class="zhuanming">義楚</span>有所增飾也。</span> </p><p> <span>城東不遠，有窣堵波，基已傾陷，餘高三丈。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#9140" id="9139">〔1〕</a>曰：此中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利。或至齋日，時燭靈光。在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此説法，現神通力，度諸羣生。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9139" id="9140">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》先志二字作耆舊。</span> </p><p> <span>城西南不遠，有窣堵波，高百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，是<span class="zhuanming">聞二百億羅漢</span>於此現大神通，化度衆生。傍有伽藍，唯餘基趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#9142" id="9141">〔1〕</a>，是彼羅漢之所建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9141" id="9142">〔1〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》趾並作址。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西北入大林野，猛獸暴害，羣盜兇殘。行二千四<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00891','1384869',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P891</span></i>五百里，至<span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、疆域
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154426" key="1154426"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 二、疆域 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154427" key="1154427"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00164','1384625',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P164</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000293"><b>二﹑疆域</b></p><p> <span>若其封疆之域，可得而言。<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>之境<a class="zhuhao" href="#2143" id="2127">（一）</a>，周九萬餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#2138" id="2128">〔1〕</a>，三垂大海，北背<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2144" id="2129">（二）</a>。北廣南狹，形如半月<a class="zhuhao" href="#2139" id="2130">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2145" id="2131">（三）</a>。畫野區分，七十餘國<a class="zhuhao" href="#2140" id="2132">〔3〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2146" id="2133">（四）</a>。時特暑熱，地多泉濕。北乃山阜隱軫<a class="zhuhao" href="#2147" id="2134">（五）</a>，丘陵舃鹵<a class="zhuhao" href="#2141" id="2135">〔4〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2148" id="2136">（六）</a>；東則川野沃潤，疇壠<a class="zhuhao" href="#2142" id="2137">〔5〕</a>膏腴；南方草木榮茂；西方土地磽确。斯大㮣也，可略言焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2128" id="2138">〔1〕</a>周九萬餘里，《珠林》三十八引作“周萬九千里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2130" id="2139">〔2〕</a>形如半月，《珠林》作“如月上弦”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2132" id="2140">〔3〕</a>《方志》此下有“同一王命”四字。《珠林》引亦有之，作“依一王命”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2135" id="2141">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》舄鹵作瀉滷。《慧琳音義》作舄鹵云：“（舄）或從水作潟。……（鹵）或作㡿，㡿澤也。蓋爲人所遠棄，故曰㡿。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2137" id="2142">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》及《慧琳音義》壠作隴，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2127" id="2143">（一）</a>五印度之境：<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>又稱<span class="zhuanming">五天竺</span>。簡稱<span class="zhuanming">五印</span>或<span class="zhuanming">五天</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>。<span class="zhuanming">五印</span>的劃分，在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>起源甚古，《往世書》（purāṇa）中的“疆域匯編”（Bhuvanakośa）中就有<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00165','1384625',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P165</span></i>這種劃分法，卽：1.Madhyadeśa（<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>，又譯<span class="zhuanming">中州</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>），2.Udī-cya或Uttarāpatha（<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>），3.Prācya（<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>），4.Dakṣiṇāpatha（<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>），5.Aparānta（<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>）。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所説的<span class="zhuanming">五印度</span>就是採用這種流行的傳統分法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2129" id="2144">（二）</a>三垂大海北背雪山：大海指今<span class="zhuanming">印度洋</span>，（<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>東岸爲<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉灣</span>，西岸爲<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯海</span>），<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>指今<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山脈</span>及<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山脈</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2131" id="2145">（三）</a>北廣南狹形如半月：<span class="zhuanming">南亞</span>次大陸呈三角形。大史詩《摩訶婆羅多》中所描繪的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>爲一等邊三角形，復分爲四個較小的三角形。北廣南狹，正如<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記。“形如半月”的原因，也許如<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>（Cunningham）所説，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>旅行的地域徧北，因此他以<span class="zhuanming">温德亞山脈</span>爲底邊，以<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山脈</span>爲對徑，來比喻<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的形狀。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>（Cunningham）：《印度古代地理》（Ancient Geography of India）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2133" id="2146">（四）</a>七十餘國：一千三百多年前，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>分爲大小七十多個王國。有些王國的統治者要向較爲强大的君主稱藩。例如在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北部，<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>和<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾</span>流域許多小國就向<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試</span>國王納貢；<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅</span>等國是<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>的屬國；而<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>和<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>的（包括<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>流域的全部）許多國家又歸順於<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍</span>的<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那王</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2134" id="2147">（五）</a>隱軫：亦作隱賑，殷𨌑﹑殷賑，意謂衆多和富饒。<span class="zhuanming">左思</span>《蜀都賦》：“邑居隱賑，夾江傍山。”這裏指<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北面山阜衆多。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2136" id="2148">（六）</a>舄鹵：又作斥鹵，指鹽碱地。《漢書》卷二九《溝洫志》：“終古舄鹵兮生稻粱。”<span class="zhuanming">顔師古</span>註：“舄卽斥鹵也，謂鹹鹵之地也。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、二古佛本生處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154430" key="1154430"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 劫比羅伐窣堵國 &gt; 三、二古佛本生處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154431" key="1154431"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00514','1244111',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P514</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000850"><b>三﹑二古佛本生處</b></p><p> <span>城南行五十餘里，至故城，有窣堵波，是賢劫中人壽六万歲時<span class="zhuanming">迦羅迦<a class="zhuhao" href="#5489" id="5485">〔1〕</a>村馱佛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5492" id="5486">（一）</a>本生城也。城南不遠，有窣堵波，成正覺已見父之處。城東南窣堵波，有彼<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>遺身舍利。前建石柱，高三十餘尺，上刻師子之像，傍記寂<a class="zhuhao" href="#5490" id="5487">〔2〕</a>滅之事，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5491" id="5488">〔3〕</a>建焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5485" id="5489">〔1〕</a>《古本》無迦字，次同。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八並作迦羅迦村馱佛，諸本同。《翻譯集·諸佛别名篇》則作迦羅鳩村馱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5487" id="5490">〔2〕</a>《石本》寂作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503o42r.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，下同。字書無此字，疑󵾣之訛。󵾣爲寂之古字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5488" id="5491">〔3〕</a>《石本》王下有所字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5486" id="5492">（一）</a>迦羅迦村馱佛：<span class="zhuanming">迦羅迦村馱</span>，梵文Krakucchanda音譯，巴利文作Kakusaṃdha，舊譯<span class="zhuanming">拘樓秦</span>或<span class="zhuanming">拘留孫</span>；意譯<span class="zhuanming">欽持</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">滅累</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">成就美妙</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">所應斷已斷</span>；是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>所謂的過去七佛之一。見前注。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦羅迦村馱佛</span>城東北<a class="zhuhao" href="#5498" id="5493">〔1〕</a>行三十餘里，至故大城，中有窣堵波，是賢劫中人壽四万歲時<span class="zhuanming">迦諾迦牟尼<a class="zhuhao" href="#5499" id="5494">〔2〕</a>佛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5502" id="5495">（一）</a>本生城<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00515','1244111',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P515</span></i>也。東北不遠，有窣堵波，成正覺已度父之處。次北<a class="zhuhao" href="#5500" id="5496">〔3〕</a>窣堵波，有彼<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>遺身舍利。前建石柱，高二十餘尺，上刻師子之像，傍記寂滅之事，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5501" id="5497">〔4〕</a>建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5493" id="5498">〔1〕</a>《古本》無北字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5494" id="5499">〔2〕</a>迦諾迦牟尼，《翻譯集·諸佛别名篇》作迦那迦牟尼。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5496" id="5500">〔3〕</a>《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》次北下並有有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5497" id="5501">〔4〕</a>《石本》王下有所字；《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並有之所二字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5495" id="5502">（一）</a>迦諾迦牟尼佛：梵文Kanakamunibuddha，舊譯<span class="zhuanming">拘那含牟尼佛</span>，爲過去七佛之一。本文云：“有彼<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>遺身舍利。前建石柱，高二十餘尺，上刻師子之像，傍記寂滅之事，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>建也。”一八九五年A.Führer在<span class="zhuanming">藍毘尼園</span>西北十三<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處Niglīvā村之南，名叫Nigālī Sāgar的池西岸曾發現以婆羅謎字體寫的俗語的<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石柱碑文，云：“<span class="zhuanming">天愛善見王</span>灌頂第十三年，使<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span><span class="zhuanming">迦諾迦牟尼塔</span>增大兩倍；灌頂第二十六年復親來致敬，又建石柱。”現存石柱已折斷爲二，柱頭已失，未載寂滅之文，是否卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所見到的石柱，此石柱是原建於此，還是從他處移來，今尚未有結論。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、大邑聚及羅怙羅神蹟傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154434" key="1154434"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 &gt; 三、大邑聚及羅怙羅神蹟傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154435" key="1154435"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00553','1384749',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P553</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000926"><b>三﹑大邑聚及羅怙羅神蹟傳説</b></p><p> <span>分舍利窣堵波西南行二百餘里，至大邑聚。有婆羅門，豪右巨富，確<a class="zhuhao" href="#5927" id="5911">〔1〕</a>乎不雜，學究五明，敬崇三寶，接其居<a class="zhuhao" href="#5928" id="5912">〔2〕</a><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00554','1384749',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P554</span></i>側，建立僧坊，窮諸資用，備盡珍飾。或有衆僧，往來中路，慇懃請留，罄心供養，或止一宿，乃至七日。其後<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>毁壞佛法<a class="zhuhao" href="#5942" id="5913">（一）</a>，衆僧絶侣，歲月驟淹，而婆羅門每懷懇惻。經行之次，見一沙門，庬<a class="zhuhao" href="#5929" id="5914">〔3〕</a>眉皓髮，杖錫而來。婆羅門馳往迎逆，問所從至，請入僧坊，備諸供養，旦以淳乳煮粥進焉。沙門受已，纔一嚌<a class="zhuhao" href="#5930" id="5915">〔4〕</a>齒，便卽置鉢，沈吟<a class="zhuhao" href="#5931" id="5916">〔5〕</a>長息。婆羅門持<a class="zhuhao" href="#5932" id="5917">〔6〕</a>食跪而問曰：“大德慧<a class="zhuhao" href="#5933" id="5918">〔7〕</a>利隨緣，幸見臨顧，爲夕不安耶？爲粥不味乎？”沙門愍然告曰：“吾悲衆生福祐漸薄，斯言且置，食已方説。”沙門食訖，攝衣卽路<a class="zhuhao" href="#5934" id="5919">〔8〕</a>。婆羅門曰：“向許有説，今何無言？”沙門告曰：“吾非忘<a class="zhuhao" href="#5935" id="5920">〔9〕</a>也<a class="zhuhao" href="#5936" id="5921">〔10〕</a>，談不容易，事或致疑。必欲得<a class="zhuhao" href="#5937" id="5922">〔11〕</a>聞，今當略説。吾向所歎，非薄汝粥，自數百年不嘗此味。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，我時預從，在<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span><span class="zhuanming">竹林精舍</span>，俯清流而滌器，或以澡漱，或以盥沐。嗟乎﹑今之淳<a class="zhuhao" href="#5938" id="5923">〔12〕</a>乳，不及古之淡水！此乃人天福減<a class="zhuhao" href="#5939" id="5924">〔13〕</a>，使之然也。”婆羅門曰：“然則大德乃親見佛耶？”沙門曰：“然。汝豈不聞佛子<span class="zhuanming">羅怙<a class="zhuhao" href="#5940" id="5925">〔14〕</a>羅</span>者，我身是也。爲護正法，未入寂滅。”説是語已，忽然不見。婆羅門遂以所宿之房，塗香灑掃，像設儀肅<a class="zhuhao" href="#5941" id="5926">〔15〕</a>，其敬如在。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5911" id="5927">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《酬本》確作礭，《音釋》亦作礭，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5912" id="5928">〔2〕</a>《石本》居下有住字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5914" id="5929">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》庬作疣，訛。《徑山本》庬作龐，同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00555','1384749',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P555</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5915" id="5930">〔4〕</a>《中本》嚌作齊。《慧琳音義》作嚌，云：“《考聲》云：至齒也。囓也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5916" id="5931">〔5〕</a>《中本》吟作唵，義不合，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5917" id="5932">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》持作待。《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作侍。待疑侍之形訛。持疑侍之音訛，侍義較勝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5918" id="5933">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》慧並作惠，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5919" id="5934">〔8〕</a>原本路作語，《酬本》同，《古本》﹑《石本》作路，今從正。《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》並作去，亦通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5920" id="5935">〔9〕</a>《異本》忘作妄。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5921" id="5936">〔10〕</a>《中本》也作已。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5922" id="5937">〔11〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》得作待。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5923" id="5938">〔12〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》淳作純，通用。按<span class="zhuanming">唐憲宗</span>初名淳，後改名純，此疑<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時寫本由先後避諱而參差。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5924" id="5939">〔13〕</a>原本減作滅，今從《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》改。《石本》作咸，亦減之省誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5925" id="5940">〔14〕</a>《石本》怙誤作枯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5926" id="5941">〔15〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》儀肅二字作肅然。《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》肅下有然字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5913" id="5942">（一）</a>設賞迦王毁壞佛法：<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span>（Śaśaṅka）信奉<span class="zhuanming">濕婆</span>，爲<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span><span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那國</span>國王，見本書卷五<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span>條注。其<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00556','1384749',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P556</span></i>毁佛事，詳見本書卷八。</span> </p><p> <span>復大林中行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">婆羅痆</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">女黠反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">斯<a class="zhuhao" href="#5945" id="5943">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">波<a class="zhuhao" href="#5946" id="5944">〔2〕</a>羅奈國</span>，訛也。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5943" id="5945">〔1〕</a>《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八斯作厮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5944" id="5946">〔2〕</a>《石本》波作婆。</span> </p><p> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014501k20y.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p><p class="weizhi_zhanwei"></p></div></div></div>
</>
一、釋名
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154440" key="1154440"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 一、釋名 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154441" key="1154441"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00161','1384624',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P161</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000290"><b>一﹑釋名</b></p><p> <span>詳夫<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>之稱，異議糾紛，舊云<span class="zhuanming">身毒</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2120" id="2113">〔1〕</a>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">賢豆</span>，今從正音，宜云<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2124" id="2114">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之人，隨地稱國，殊方異俗，遥舉總名，語其所美，謂之<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>者，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言月<a class="zhuhao" href="#2125" id="2115">（二）</a>。月有多名，斯其一稱。言諸群生輪迴不息，無明長夜，莫有司晨，其猶白日既隱，宵月<a class="zhuhao" href="#2121" id="2116">〔2〕</a>斯繼，雖有星光之照，豈如朗月之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00162','1384624',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P162</span></i>明！苟<a class="zhuhao" href="#2122" id="2117">〔3〕</a>緣斯致，因而譬月。良以其土聖賢繼軌，導凡御物，如月照臨<a class="zhuhao" href="#2123" id="2118">〔4〕</a>。由是義故，謂之<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>種姓，族類群分，而婆羅門<a class="zhuhao" href="#2126" id="2119">（三）</a>特爲清貴，從其雅稱，傳以成俗，無云經界之别，總謂<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門國</span>焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2113" id="2120">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集》引毒作篤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2116" id="2121">〔2〕</a>原本月作燭。《希麟音義》二﹑三﹑八並引作月，依上下文義作月是，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2117" id="2122">〔3〕</a>《磧砂本》苟作有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2118" id="2123">〔4〕</a>《釋帖》二十一引云：“（<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>）此名月也。佛日既没，諸教諸聖如月”，蓋簡括大意引之。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2114" id="2124">（一）</a>印度：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之名，起源於梵文Sindhu一詞，此字本義爲河流，後又專指今之<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>。公元前六世紀，操<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語的<span class="zhuanming">波斯人</span>從西北方侵入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，首遇此大河，便以該河名Sindhu命名其所在地。後來此名進而成爲外民族對整個次大陸地區的總稱。由於梵文和古<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語都屬於<span class="zhuanming">印</span><span class="zhuanming">歐</span>語系的同一分支，其讀音中存在s-h相替的現象，而在古<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語中没有dh一類的送氣濁輔音，所以梵語Sindhu一詞在<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語中被讀爲Hindu。後來Hindu一詞因h弱化而成爲Indu。<span class="zhuanming">希臘人</span>因<span class="zhuanming">波斯人</span>而知有<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，但<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>語中無h音，故他們稱<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>爲Indus，印度人爲Indoi。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">我國記載，最早稱<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">身毒</span>，見於《史記·大宛列傳》及《西南夷傳》。<span class="zhuanming">身毒</span>古音爲iw&amp;glyph00741n-d，uok，此系公元前二世紀<span class="zhuanming">張騫</span>在<span class="zhuanming">大夏</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00163','1384624',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P163</span></i>時，從<span class="zhuanming">大月氏</span>人得知的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>名稱。其後又有<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">賢豆</span>諸名，<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>一名始見於《後漢書·西域傳》，古音讀作xien-t’iuk，<span class="zhuanming">賢豆</span>讀作γie-n-d’əu。兩者均爲<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>語Hindu或Hinduka的譯音，經早期來我國傳播<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">康居</span>等地僧人傳入。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古音讀作in-d，ək或induo，來源於<span class="zhuanming">龜兹</span>語，Indak（a），<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>根據該名的某一地區的讀法Indu，譯成<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>語<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，以後就成爲對<span class="zhuanming">南亞</span>次大陸的通稱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人自稱其本土，最早的約在公元前四世紀前後，爲早期佛典及<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>石刻中的Jambudvīpa（<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>），但所指區域很廣泛。在《往世書》中此字兼指整個世界，在佛典中則爲四大部洲之一，而<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>僅爲<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>之一部分。稍後通行的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>自稱爲Bharatavarṣa，意即“<span class="zhuanming">婆羅多王</span>統治的區域”，爲<span class="zhuanming">贍部洲</span>中的九個（或七個）疆域之一，此名一直沿用至今。參見<span class="zhuanming">吴其昌</span>《印度釋名》，《燕京學報》1—4期；<span class="zhuanming">師覺月</span>《古代印度漢名考》，《華裔學志》13期（P.C.Bagchi：Ancient Chinese Names of India.Monumenta Serica Vol.XIII 1948）；B.C.Law：Historical Geography of Ancient India，1954。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2115" id="2125">（二）</a>唐言月：<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>把“印度”一名解釋爲與之讀音相同的梵語名詞indu（意爲“月”）的音譯，並提出所以稱之爲“月”（indu）的原因。<span class="zhuanming">義净</span>曾正確地指出這種説法是錯誤的，他説：“或有傳云，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>譯之爲月，雖有斯理，未是通稱。且如西國名<span class="zhuanming">大唐</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">支那</span>者，直是其名，更無别義。”（《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2119" id="2126">（三）</a>婆羅門：婆羅門（梵文brāhmaṇa）爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>四個種姓的第一等。據<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>教義，婆羅門是生靈之首，是神聖不可侵犯的，享有光榮特權與快樂。（關於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>種姓見本書本卷族姓條註。）古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>亦稱<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門國</span>（梵文Brāhmaṇadeśa），此名在我國<span class="zhuanming">隋代</span>已開始使<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00164','1384624',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P164</span></i>用。《隋書·經籍志》中有《婆羅門天文經》﹑《婆羅門書》﹑《婆羅門藥方》等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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印度總述
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154444" key="1154444"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1153248" key="1153248"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00182','1243981',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P182</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000311"><b>八﹑文字</b></p><p> <span>詳其文字<a class="zhuhao" href="#2364" id="2349">（一）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>所製，原始垂則，四十七言<a class="zhuhao" href="#2358" id="2350">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2365" id="2351">（二）</a>。遇<a class="zhuhao" href="#2359" id="2352">〔2〕</a>物合成，隨事轉用，流演枝派，其源浸廣。因地隨人，微有改變，語其大較，未異本源。而<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>特爲詳正<a class="zhuhao" href="#2366" id="2353">（三）</a>，辭調和雅，與天<a class="zhuhao" href="#2360" id="2354">〔3〕</a>同音<a class="zhuhao" href="#2361" id="2355">〔4〕</a>，氣韻清亮<a class="zhuhao" href="#2362" id="2356">〔5〕</a>，爲人軌則。鄰境異國，習謬成訓，競趨<a class="zhuhao" href="#2363" id="2357">〔6〕</a>澆俗，莫守淳風。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2350" id="2358">〔1〕</a>原本言下有也字，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無之，《翻譯集》引亦然，今據删。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2352" id="2359">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》遇作寓，《金陵本》從之。《慧琳音義》亦作寓，云：“音遇。《韻詮》云：‘寓，寄也。’”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2354" id="2360">〔3〕</a>《中本》天上有梵字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2355" id="2361">〔4〕</a>《翻譯集序》引同音作音同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2356" id="2362">〔5〕</a>《中本》亮作高，疑形之譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2357" id="2363">〔6〕</a>原本趨作趍，今從通行字改，下同。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》趨作欲。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2349" id="2364">（一）</a>文字：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代關于文字的創造者，有幾種不同的傳<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00183','1243981',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P183</span></i>説：一，<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>説，認爲是<span class="zhuanming">大梵天</span>（Brahman）所創造，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒和<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>徒都有贊同此説法的。二，龍宫説，認爲古代諸佛所傳的經典都保存在龍宫中，所有大乘經典都是從龍宫中取出的。三，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>説，《文殊師利問經》卷上《字母品第十四》，就是這種説法。四，<span class="zhuanming">大日如來</span>説，《大日經》中就有這種説法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>字母最古的要算<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>流域文字，本世紀三十年代考古學家在<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>流域<span class="zhuanming">信德</span>（Sind）省的<span class="zhuanming">莫亨焦</span>·<span class="zhuanming">達羅</span>（Mohenjo Daro）及<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普省</span>的<span class="zhuanming">哈拉巴</span>（Harappā）地方發掘出几個古城遺址，證明早在公元前2800—2200年間，<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>流域已有高度發展的文明出現，該地出土的文物中有印章約八百枚，印章上所刻的文字，除少量像形文字外，多數似乎是會意字或拼音符號。字跡清晰的符號已著録的有四百餘個，雖然有過不少人研究，但至今還没有人能識讀這種文字，<span class="zhuanming">捷克</span>人<span class="zhuanming">赫羅兹尼</span>（Hrozny）曾試讀，據稱曾取得某些進展，（見<span class="zhuanming">赫氏</span>所著的《印度﹑西亞及克里特古代史》）。現在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>國内外都有人聲稱，已讀通此種文字。但都没有得到大多數專家學者的承認。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">其次，有文獻可考的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>最早的文字爲<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>字（Kharoṣṭhī）和<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字（Brāhmī）兩種，有名的<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>銘刻就使用過這兩種文字。<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>字自右向左讀，源出于<span class="zhuanming">亞拉美</span>（Aramaic）文字，大約在公元前六世紀傳入<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span><span class="zhuanming">阿契美尼王朝</span>統治下的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北部。通行于<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北的<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>（Gandhāra）和我國<span class="zhuanming">新疆境</span>内的<span class="zhuanming">和闐</span>等地。公元一世紀<span class="zhuanming">貴霜王朝</span>統治時期上述地區<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>字仍然十分流行（近几十年我國<span class="zhuanming">新疆</span>境内發現過不少<span class="zhuanming">佉盧</span>文書），此後逐漸消失而爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字所取代。<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字是絶大多數<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>銘文所使用的字體，由左向右讀（也有極少數銘文例外），有不少人認爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字源出于<span class="zhuanming">塞姆</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00184','1243981',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P184</span></i>族字母，由兩河流域傳入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，但也有不少人認爲是從<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>文字演變而來。繼<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字母之後，公元四至五世紀，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北方流行<span class="zhuanming">笈多</span>體（Gupta）六世紀出現了所謂<span class="zhuanming">悉曇</span>字（Siddhamātṛkā我國保留的梵文碑銘以及<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>所藏古代梵本多用這種字體），<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>訪問<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>時，這種字母仍然流行。但在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>北部及西部已開始出現天城字（Devanāgarī），<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>近代各種字母都由此演變而來，今天<span class="zhuanming">歐洲</span>及<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>大部地區刊行古籍也使用這種字母，<span class="zhuanming">孟加拉</span>及<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>各地則還使用本地字母刊行梵文古典作品。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2351" id="2365">（二）</a>四十七言：指梵文所用的四十七個字母，梵文原稱Saṃskṛta。其一般分類如下：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一，元音（Mātā，舊譯“摩多”，<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>的《大唐西域記の研究》以“摩多”的原字爲Mātrā是錯誤的。此字爲音樂的節拍，或發一個短元音所需的時間）十四個，其中有：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">單元音10個：a，ā，i，ī，u，ū，ṛ，ṝ，ḷ，ī。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">双元音4個：e，ai，o，au。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">二﹑輔音（Vyañjanam，舊譯“體文”）三十三個，根據發音部位和發音方法又分：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">喉音　k，kh，g，gh，ṅ</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">顎音　c，ch，j，jh，ñ</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">舌音　ṭ，ṭh，ḍ，ḍh，ṇ</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">齒音　t，th，d，dh，<span class="song">n</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">唇音　p，ph，b，bh，<span class="song">m</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">半元音　y，r，l，<span class="song">v</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">噝音　ś，ṣ，<span class="song">s</span></span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">氣音　<span class="song">h</span></span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00185','1243981',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P185</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此外還有兩個輔助音，卽送氣音ḥ（舊譯“止聲”，visarga）和鼻化音ṃ（舊譯“隨韻”，anusvāra），它不是輔音，不能在元音前與元音拼合，只能附在元音後面。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四“西方學法”條所説“本有四十九字”就是加上後兩者的緣故。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2353" id="2366">（三）</a>中印度特爲詳正：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>地區遼闊，語言複雜，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>語音爲最純正，視之爲標準語。</span> </p><p> <span>至於記言書事，各有司存，史誥摠稱謂尼羅蔽荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#2370" id="2367">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2372" id="2368">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言青<a class="zhuhao" href="#2371" id="2369">〔2〕</a>藏。</span> <span>善惡具舉，災祥備著。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2367" id="2370">〔1〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》荼作茶。按茶荼同字，但茶字始見於<span class="zhuanming">中唐</span>以後，説見<span class="zhuanming">顧炎武</span>《日知録》卷七及《唐韻正》。本書爲<span class="zhuanming">初唐</span>著作，自以作荼爲是，作茶者後人所改耳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2369" id="2371">〔2〕</a>原本青作清，《石本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並作青，《翻譯集》同，今據改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2368" id="2372">（一）</a>尼羅蔽荼：梵語nīlapiṭa音譯，意卽“青藏”，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代史册﹑官方文書記録的總稱，類似我國史誥。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、跋始婆僧伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1152576" key="1152576"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十　十七國 &gt; 奔那伐彈那國 &gt; 一、跋始婆僧伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154446" key="1154446"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00792','1244230',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P792</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001341"><b>一﹑跋始婆僧伽藍</b></p><p> <span>城西二十餘里，有<span class="zhuanming">跋始<a class="zhuhao" href="#8365" id="8363">〔1〕</a>婆僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#8366" id="8364">（一）</a>，庭宇顯敞，臺閣崇高。僧徒七百餘人，並學大乘教法，<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>境碩學名僧多在於此。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8363" id="8365">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》始作姞。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00793','1244230',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P793</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8364" id="8366">（一）</a>跋始婆僧伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">跋始婆</span>，梵文Vāśibhā，有火焰及光輝之義；<span class="zhuanming">約希</span>認爲是Bhāsura一字的訛音bhasuā，其意義亦同。（見L.Joshi：Studies in the Buddhistic Culture ofIndia，p.72）此寺遺址在上述<span class="zhuanming">摩訶斯坦城</span>西北四<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，Bihar及Vasu-Bihar兩村之間。Vasu似卽<span class="zhuanming">跋始</span>的對音，Bihar似卽毘訶羅（vihāra佛寺）的訛音。該地曾發掘出土<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>時代的文物不少。本段中所提到的<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>（<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>）塔及供養<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>的精舍，均有遺跡可尋。參見本書頁792注（二）引Ahmed書頁62。</span> </p><p> <span>其側不遠，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>三月在此爲諸天人説法之處。或至齋日，時燭<a class="zhuhao" href="#8368" id="8367">〔1〕</a>光明。其側則有四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。去此不遠，復有精舍，中作<span class="zhuanming">觀自在菩薩</span>像。神鑒無隱，靈應有徵，遠近之人，絶粒祈請。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8367" id="8368">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》燭作放。</span> </p><p> <span>自此東行九百餘里，渡大河<a class="zhuhao" href="#8370" id="8369">（一）</a>，至<span class="zhuanming">迦摩縷波國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">東<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#8369" id="8370">（一）</a>渡大河：指<span class="zhuanming">雅魯藏布江</span>下游<span class="zhuanming">布拉瑪普特拉河</span>（Brahma-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00794','1244230',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P794</span></i>putra），或其下段<span class="zhuanming">賈木納河</span>。也有人認爲是指《新唐書》中所提到的<span class="zhuanming">迦羅都河</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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2.救生鹿本生故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154449" key="1154449"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 &gt; 二、娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處 &gt; 2.救生鹿本生故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154450" key="1154450"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00543','1384744',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P543</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000905">2.救生鹿本生故事</p><p> <span>雉救火側不遠，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>修菩薩行時爲鹿<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00544','1384744',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P544</span></i>救<a class="zhuhao" href="#5792" id="5787">〔1〕</a>生之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5796" id="5788">（一）</a>。乃往古昔，此有大林，火炎中野，飛走窮窘，前有駃<a class="zhuhao" href="#5793" id="5789">〔2〕</a>流之阨<a class="zhuhao" href="#5794" id="5790">〔3〕</a>，後困猛火之難，莫不沈溺，喪棄身命。其鹿惻隱，身據横流，穿皮斷骨，自强拯溺。蹇兎<a class="zhuhao" href="#5795" id="5791">〔4〕</a>後至，忍疲苦而濟之，筋力既竭，溺水而死。諸天收骸，起窣堵波。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5787" id="5792">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》救作殺。《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八作救生，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5789" id="5793">〔2〕</a>《石本》駃作𫘆；《宋本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》作駚；《酬本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作駛。《徑山本》校記云：“駛譌作駚，今正。”按字書無𫘆字，當誤。駚字義不合，亦誤。駛字義通，似爲後來校改。駃有二音，音玦與快。《廣韵·夬韻》駃下云：“駃馬日行千里”，駃馬卽快馬。此處駃流卽快流，自通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5790" id="5794">〔3〕</a>《古本》阨作危。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5791" id="5795">〔4〕</a>《石本》兔作菟，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5788" id="5796">（一）</a>鹿救生處：參見《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷三八。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五、俯首佛像傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154453" key="1154453"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 僧伽羅國 &gt; 五、俯首佛像傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154454" key="1154454"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00882','1384865',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P882</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001469"><b>五﹑俯首佛像傳説</b></p><p> <span>佛牙精舍側有小精舍，亦以衆寶而爲瑩飾。中有金佛像，此國先王等身而鑄，肉髻則貴寶飾焉。其後有盜伺欲竊取，而重門周檻，衞守清切。盜乃鑿通孔道，入精舍而穴之，遂欲取寶，像漸高遠。其盜既不果求，退而歎曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔修菩薩行，起廣大心，發弘誓願，上自身命，下至國城，悲愍四生，周給一切。今者知何遺像恡<a class="zhuhao" href="#9080" id="9077">〔1〕</a>寶！静言<a class="zhuhao" href="#9082" id="9078">（一）</a>於此，不明昔行。”像乃俯首而授寶焉。是盜得已，尋持貨賣。人或見者，咸謂之曰：“此寶乃先王金佛像頂髻寶也，爾從何獲，來此鬻賣？”遂擒以白王，王問所從得。盜曰：“佛自與我，我非盜也。”王以爲不誠，命使觀驗，像猶俯首。王覩聖靈，信心淳固，不罪其人，重贖其寶，莊嚴像髻<a class="zhuhao" href="#9081" id="9079">〔2〕</a>，重置頂焉。像因俯首，以至於今。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00883','1384865',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P883</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9077" id="9080">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑及《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《音釋》恡並作悋，《徑山本》作吝，並同。《趙城本》作恡，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9079" id="9081">〔2〕</a>《建本》髻作髮，非。《慈恩傳》亦作髻。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9078" id="9082">（一）</a>静言：《尚書·堯典》：“静言庸違”。孔安國《書傳》：“静，謀，言<span class="zhuanming">共工</span>自爲謀言，起用行事而違背之。”《漢書·王尊傳》引作“靖言”，注：“靖，治也，謂其言假托於治。”義近巧言。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、衣飾
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154458" key="1154458"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 六、衣飾 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154459" key="1154459"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00176','1384629',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P176</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000305"><b>六﹑衣飾</b></p><p> <span>衣裳<a class="zhuhao" href="#2291" id="2251">〔1〕</a>服玩，無所裁製，貴鮮白，輕雜綵<a class="zhuhao" href="#2292" id="2252">〔2〕</a>。男則繞腰絡腋，横巾右袒。女乃襜衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#2319" id="2253">（一）</a>下垂，通肩摠覆。頂爲小髻，餘髮垂下。或有剪髭，别爲詭俗。首冠花鬘，身佩瓔珞<a class="zhuhao" href="#2293" id="2254">〔3〕</a>。其所服者，謂憍奢耶<a class="zhuhao" href="#2294" id="2255">〔4〕</a>衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#2320" id="2256">（二）</a>及㲲布<a class="zhuhao" href="#2321" id="2257">（三）</a>等。憍奢耶者，野蠶絲也。菆摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#2295" id="2258">〔5〕</a>衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#2322" id="2259">（四）</a>，麻之<a class="zhuhao" href="#2296" id="2260">〔6〕</a>類也。顩<a class="zhuhao" href="#2297" id="2261">〔7〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">墟嚴反。</span> <span>鉢羅衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#2323" id="2262">（五）</a>，織細羊毛也。褐剌縭<a class="zhuhao" href="#2298" id="2263">〔8〕</a>衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#2324" id="2264">（六）</a>，織野獸毛也。獸毛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2299" id="2265">〔9〕</a>細䎡<a class="zhuhao" href="#2300" id="2266">〔10〕</a>，可得緝績，故以見<a class="zhuhao" href="#2301" id="2267">〔11〕</a>珍而充服用。其<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>風土寒烈，短製褊衣，頗同胡服。外道服飾<a class="zhuhao" href="#2325" id="2268">（七）</a>，紛雜異製。或衣孔雀羽<a class="zhuhao" href="#2302" id="2269">〔12〕</a>尾，或飾髑髏瓔珞，或無服露形，或草板掩體，或拔髮斷髭，或蓬鬢<a class="zhuhao" href="#2303" id="2270">〔13〕</a>椎<a class="zhuhao" href="#2304" id="2271">〔14〕</a>髻，裳衣無定，赤白不恒<a class="zhuhao" href="#2305" id="2272">〔15〕</a>。沙門<a class="zhuhao" href="#2326" id="2273">（八）</a>法服<a class="zhuhao" href="#2306" id="2274">〔16〕</a>，唯有三衣<a class="zhuhao" href="#2327" id="2275">（九）</a>及僧却崎<a class="zhuhao" href="#2307" id="2276">〔17〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2328" id="2277">（一○）</a>﹑泥縛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2308" id="2278">〔18〕</a>些</span> <span class="font12 zhu">桑箇反。</span> <span>那<a class="zhuhao" href="#2329" id="2279">（一一）</a>。三衣裁製，部執不同。或緣有寬狹，或葉有小大。僧却崎</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言掩腋。舊曰僧祇支<a class="zhuhao" href="#2309" id="2280">〔19〕</a>，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#2310" id="2281">〔20〕</a>。</span> <span>覆左<a class="zhuhao" href="#2311" id="2282">〔21〕</a>肩，掩兩腋，左開右合，長裁過腰。泥縛些那</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言裙。舊曰湼<a class="zhuhao" href="#2312" id="2283">〔22〕</a>槃僧，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#2313" id="2284">〔23〕</a>。</span> <span>既無帶襻，其將服也，集衣爲襵，束帶以縚<a class="zhuhao" href="#2314" id="2285">〔24〕</a>。襵則諸部各異，色乃黄<a class="zhuhao" href="#2315" id="2286">〔25〕</a>赤不同。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00177','1384629',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P177</span></i>刹帝利﹑婆羅門，清素居簡，潔白儉約。國王﹑大臣，服玩良異。花鬘<a class="zhuhao" href="#2316" id="2287">〔26〕</a>寶冠，以爲首飾；環釧瓔珞<a class="zhuhao" href="#2317" id="2288">〔27〕</a>，而作身佩。其有富商大賈<a class="zhuhao" href="#2318" id="2289">〔28〕</a>，唯釧而已。人多徒跣，少有所履。染其牙齒<a class="zhuhao" href="#2330" id="2290">（一二）</a>，或赤或黑。齊髮穿耳，修鼻大眼，斯其貌也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2251" id="2291">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《中本》衣裳作裳衣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2252" id="2292">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《中本》綵作色。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2254" id="2293">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》瓔珞作纓絡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2255" id="2294">〔4〕</a>《中本》﹑《徑山本》耶作邪，下同，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2258" id="2295">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》菆作蒭；《翻譯集》﹑《釋帖》二十二亦作芻。《音釋》菆音“初注反”，云：“諸經作蒭摩。”《慧琳音義》亦作菆摩，云：“上音芻數反，梵語也。”按菆﹑蒭聲同紐通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2260" id="2296">〔6〕</a>《中本》無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2261" id="2297">〔7〕</a>原本顩作頷，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》及《翻譯集》並作顩。《音釋》“顩鉢”條云：“上丘嚴反。或作欽婆羅。今作頷，誤也。”此已訂頷字之訛。《慧琳音義》顩作𩒯，云：“音欽。（𩒯鉢羅）梵語也。”按此字字形紛歧，譯文主音，今以聲訂之。頷無丘嚴反或欽音，顯誤。顩在《廣韻》上聲《寢韻》直稔切﹑《琰韻》魚檢切下，聲亦不類。但《集韻》上聲《琰韻》丘檢切下有顩字，云：“或作𩒯”，聲相近，又各本皆如此，今從之。𩒯卽《慧琳音義》之𩒣。又按《廣韻》下平聲《侵韻》欽紐下有顉字，疑頷乃顉之訛。《釋帖》引顩作欠，疑欽之壞字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2263" id="2298">〔8〕</a>《隨函録》縭作󱨧，󱨧卽緇字。《音釋》云：“（縭）勅知反。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00178','1384629',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P178</span></i>又作緇，側思反。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2265" id="2299">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》無“也獸毛”三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2266" id="2300">〔10〕</a>《石本》細下有而字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2267" id="2301">〔11〕</a>《古本》見作被。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2269" id="2302">〔12〕</a>《釋帖》引羽下有“毛及”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2270" id="2303">〔13〕</a>《異本》鬢作髮。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2271" id="2304">〔14〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》椎作堆。《音釋》及《慧琳音義》作椎，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2272" id="2305">〔15〕</a>赤白不恆，《釋帖》引作“衣或赤或白”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2274" id="2306">〔16〕</a>沙門法服，《石本》﹑《大本》作“衆僧之服”。《釋帖》引沙門作比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2276" id="2307">〔17〕</a>《大本》却校作劫。《慧琳音義》却作卻，云：“卻正體却字也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2278" id="2308">〔18〕</a>《慧琳音義》縛作嚩。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2280" id="2309">〔19〕</a>《翻譯集》引作“舊或名竭支”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2281" id="2310">〔20〕</a>《大本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2282" id="2311">〔21〕</a>《中本》左作右。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2283" id="2312">〔22〕</a>《磧砂本》湼作里。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2284" id="2313">〔23〕</a>《大本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2285" id="2314">〔24〕</a>束帶以縚，《古本》﹑《大本》及《隨函録》作“縚爲羈絡”。《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》縚作絛。《音釋》縚字云：“土高反，正作絛。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2286" id="2315">〔25〕</a>《古本》黄作黑。《釋帖》“色乃黄赤”作“青黄黑赤”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2287" id="2316">〔26〕</a>《磧砂本》鬘誤作曩。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00179','1384629',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P179</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2288" id="2317">〔27〕</a>《大本》﹑《資福本》瓔珞作纓絡。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2289" id="2318">〔28〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（賈）古文估字也。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2253" id="2319">（一）</a>襜衣：圍裙。《詩經·小雅·采緑》：“終朝采藍，不盈一襜。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2256" id="2320">（二）</a>憍奢耶衣：憍奢耶是梵文kauśeya音譯，意爲野蠶絲。憍奢耶衣卽野蠶絲織成的絹衣。《翻釋名義集》卷七：“憍奢耶，<span class="zhuanming">應</span>法師翻爲蟲衣。謂用野蠶絲綿作衣。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2257" id="2321">（三）</a>㲲布：卽細紗棉布。《新唐書》卷二二二下《南蠻傳》下：“古（應爲吉）貝，草也。緝其花爲布，粗曰貝，精曰㲲。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2259" id="2322">（四）</a>菆摩衣：菆摩是梵文kṣauma音譯，意爲麻。菆摩衣卽麻制的衣服。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2262" id="2323">（五）</a>顩鉢羅衣：顩鉢羅是梵文kambala音譯，又譯作欽婆羅，見《摩訶僧祇律》卷九﹑《薩婆多毗尼毗婆沙》卷五，義爲羊毛。顩鉢羅衣指細羊毛織的衣服。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2264" id="2324">（六）</a>褐剌縭衣：此字梵語的還原，今尚未能定。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>（T.Watters）認爲可能是Ral（<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>文山羊毛之意，來自Ra——山羊），見其On Yuan Chwang，s Travels in India。<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>則認爲褐剌係梵語kara，光明之義，褐剌縭爲梵<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>雙舉語，並引《爾雅》“婦人禕謂之縭，縭緌也”。禕﹑緌﹑縭並繫於身體，故縭衣卽襜衣，是婦女珍貴的衣服。而<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>認爲卽《慈恩傳》卷五“唯受<span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅王</span>曷剌釐帔，（卽麤毛下細者所作也），擬在塗防雨”之曷剌釐帔。似爲野獸毛所織成的防雨衣。見<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>《解説西域記》頁123—124。今取<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>之説。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00180','1384629',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P180</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2268" id="2325">（七）</a>外道服飾：這裏指幾種教派信徒的服飾。下文“衣孔雀羽尾”，指<span class="zhuanming">黑天</span>的崇拜者。<span class="zhuanming">黑天</span>（Kṛṣṇa）是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>神話中<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>（Viṣ-ṇ<span class="song">u</span><span class="zhuanming">毗濕奴</span>）第八次下凡時的化身，孔雀是<span class="zhuanming">黑天</span>的神鳥，這派外道以孔雀羽毛爲其裝飾，稱爲“孔雀行者”（Māyūravartin）。“或飾髑髏瓔珞”，指<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>派教徒。<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>（Śiva濕婆）與<span class="zhuanming">大梵天</span>（Bra-hman）﹑<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>同爲<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>的三大主神。<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>既是創造者，又是破壞力量的象徵，他的神像是三眼﹑五面﹑六頸﹑四臂，他的裝飾之一就是許多骷髏結成的項圈，所以又稱爲“飾髑髏瓔珞者”（Ka-pālamālin）。這派教徒也用同一裝飾，因此號稱爲“佩髑髏者”（Kapāladhārin）。“無服露形”指<span class="zhuanming">尼犍子</span>外道（Nirgrantha），卽<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>徒中的一派，所謂“露形外道”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2273" id="2326">（八）</a>沙門：<span class="zhuanming">吐火羅</span>文ṣāmaṃ音譯，梵文作śramaṇa，巴利文作samana，一譯作桑門，出家人的通稱。《翻譯名義集》卷一：“沙門，或云桑門……此言功勞，言修道有多勞也。<span class="zhuanming">什</span>師云：佛法及外道，凡出家者皆名沙門。<span class="zhuanming">肇</span>云：出家之都名也。”《魏書》卷一一四《釋老志》：“諸服其道者，則剃落鬚髮，釋累辭家，結師資，通律度，相與和居，治心修浄，行乞以自給，謂之沙門，或曰桑門，亦聲相近，總謂之僧，皆胡言也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2275" id="2327">（九）</a>三衣：參見本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">縛喝國</span><span class="zhuanming">提謂城</span>及<span class="zhuanming">波利城</span>條注六及八。此指僧伽胝（大衣）﹑鬱多羅僧（上衣）﹑安陀衣（梵文antaravā-saka，下衣或内衣）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2277" id="2328">（一○）</a>僧却崎：見卷一<span class="zhuanming">縛喝國</span><span class="zhuanming">提謂城</span>及<span class="zhuanming">波利城</span>條注九。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2279" id="2329">（一一）</a>泥縛些那：梵文nivāsana音譯，卽繫於腰部的腰衣，也譯作禪裙。它像浴巾一樣圍在腰間，掖在腹部。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2290" id="2330">（一二）</a>染其牙齒：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人似無染牙齒使赤或黑的習慣。牙<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00181','1384629',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P181</span></i>齒由赤到黑可能是長期咀嚼檳榔﹑腐蝕牙齒的結果。<span class="zhuanming">義净</span>《南海寄歸内法傳》卷一：“次行檳榔豆蔻，糅以丁香龍腦，咀嚼能令口香，亦可消食去癊。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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3.善賢證果處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154463" key="1154463"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 &gt; 二、娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處 &gt; 3.善賢證果處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154464" key="1154464"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00544','1384745',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P544</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000908">3.善賢證果處</p><p> <span>鹿拯溺西不遠，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">蘇<a class="zhuhao" href="#5808" id="5797">〔1〕</a>跋陁羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5816" id="5798">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">善賢</span>。<span class="zhuanming">舊</span>曰<span class="zhuanming">須跋陁羅</span>，訛也。</span> <span>入寂滅之處。<span class="zhuanming">善賢</span>者本梵志師也，年百二十，耆舊多智，聞佛寂滅，至雙樹間，問<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#5809" id="5799">〔2〕</a>：“<span class="zhuanming">佛世尊</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00545','1384745',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P545</span></i>將寂滅，我懷<a class="zhuhao" href="#5810" id="5800">〔3〕</a>疑滯，願欲請問！”<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：“佛將湼槃，幸無擾<a class="zhuhao" href="#5811" id="5801">〔4〕</a>也！”曰：“吾聞佛世難遇，正法難聞，我有深疑，恐無所請。”<span class="zhuanming">善賢</span>遂入，先問佛言：“有諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#5812" id="5802">〔5〕</a>别衆，自稱爲師，各有異法，垂訓導俗。<span class="zhuanming">喬荅摩</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">瞿曇</span>，訛略<a class="zhuhao" href="#5813" id="5803">〔6〕</a>也。</span> <span>能盡知耶？”佛言：“吾悉深究。”乃爲演説。<span class="zhuanming">善賢</span>聞已，心淨信解，求入法中受具足戒。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>告曰：“汝豈能耶？外道異學修梵行者，當試四歲<a class="zhuhao" href="#5817" id="5804">（二）</a>，觀其行，察其性，威儀寂静，辭語誠實，則可於我法中淨修梵行。在人行耳，斯何難哉！”<span class="zhuanming">善賢</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>悲愍，含濟無私。四歲試學，三業方順。”佛言：“我先已説，在人行耳。”於是<span class="zhuanming">善賢</span>出家，卽受具戒，勤勵修習，身心勇猛。已而於法無疑，自身作證，夜分未久，果證羅漢。諸漏已盡，梵行已立，不忍見佛入大湼槃，卽於衆中入火界定<a class="zhuhao" href="#5818" id="5805">（三）</a>，現神通事，而先寂滅。是爲<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>最後弟子，乃先滅度，卽昔後渡<a class="zhuhao" href="#5814" id="5806">〔7〕</a>蹇兎<a class="zhuhao" href="#5815" id="5807">〔8〕</a>是也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5797" id="5808">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集》引蘇作須，下注文須則作蘇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5799" id="5809">〔2〕</a>《石本》曰作白。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5800" id="5810">〔3〕</a>《酬本》懷作慢，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5801" id="5811">〔4〕</a>《古本》擾作憂，《石本》作懮。懮同憂，並非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5802" id="5812">〔5〕</a>《石本》有諸二字互倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5803" id="5813">〔6〕</a>《石本》無略字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5806" id="5814">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》渡並<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00546','1384745',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P546</span></i>作度。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5807" id="5815">〔8〕</a>《石本》兔作菟，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5798" id="5816">（一）</a>蘇跋陁羅：梵文Subhadra音譯，亦作<span class="zhuanming">須跋陀羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">藪婆頭羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">須拔陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">須拔</span>等。意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">善賢</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">快賢</span>。<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span>梵志（<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門</span>教徒），爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>最後弟子。其事蹟參見《大般涅槃經》卷五﹑六﹑《長阿含經》卷四﹑《雜阿含經》卷三五﹑《增一阿含經》卷三七﹑《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷三八等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5804" id="5817">（二）</a>當試四歲：據《四分律》卷三四﹑《五分律》卷十七等，諸外道出家受具足戒時，先使受四個月的試驗學習，根據其實績如何才能正式加入僧團，決定授與具足戒否。此言四歲，疑或四月之譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5805" id="5818">（三）</a>火界定：梵文agnidhātu-samādhi意譯，卽本書卷三之火光定，指自焚。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、齋僧及採寶
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154470" key="1154470"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 僧伽羅國 &gt; 六、齋僧及採寶 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154471" key="1154471"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00883','1384866',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P883</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001472"><b>六﹑齋僧及採寶</b></p><p> <span>王宫側建大厨，日營萬八千僧食。食時既至，僧徒持鉢受饌，既得食已，各還其居。自<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>流被，建斯供養，子孫承統繼業至今。十數年來，國中政亂，未有定王，乃廢斯業。</span> </p><p> <span>國濱海隅，地産珍寶，王親祠祭，神呈奇貨。都人士子，往來求採，稱其福報，所獲不同。隨得珠璣，賦税有科。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五、邑居
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154476" key="1154476"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 五、邑居 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154477" key="1154477"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00173','1384628',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P173</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000302"><b>五﹑邑居</b></p><p> <span>若夫邑里閭閻，方城<a class="zhuhao" href="#2235" id="2219">〔1〕</a>廣峙；街衢巷陌，曲徑盤迂<a class="zhuhao" href="#2236" id="2220">〔2〕</a>。闤闠當塗，旗亭夾路。屠﹑釣﹑倡﹑優﹑魁膾﹑除糞<a class="zhuhao" href="#2245" id="2221">（一）</a>，旌厥宅<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00174','1384628',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P174</span></i>居，斥之邑外，行里往來，僻於路左。至於宅居之製<a class="zhuhao" href="#2237" id="2222">〔3〕</a>，垣郭之作，地勢<a class="zhuhao" href="#2238" id="2223">〔4〕</a>卑濕，城多疊塼<a class="zhuhao" href="#2239" id="2224">〔5〕</a>，暨諸牆壁，或編竹木。室宇臺觀，板屋平頭，埿<a class="zhuhao" href="#2240" id="2225">〔6〕</a>以石灰，覆以甎墼<a class="zhuhao" href="#2246" id="2226">（二）</a>。諸異崇構，製同<span class="zhuanming">中夏</span>。苫茅苫草<a class="zhuhao" href="#2241" id="2227">〔7〕</a>，或塼或板。壁以石灰爲飾，地塗牛糞爲淨<a class="zhuhao" href="#2247" id="2228">（三）</a>，時花散布，斯其異也。諸僧伽藍，頗極奇製。隅樓四起，重閣三層<a class="zhuhao" href="#2248" id="2229">（四）</a>。榱梠<a class="zhuhao" href="#2249" id="2230">（五）</a>棟梁，奇形彫鏤；户牖垣牆，圖畫衆綵。黎庶之居，内侈外儉。隩<a class="zhuhao" href="#2242" id="2231">〔8〕</a>室中堂，高廣有異；層臺重閣，形製不拘。門闢東户，朝座東面。至於坐止，咸用繩牀。王族﹑大人﹑士庶﹑豪右，莊<a class="zhuhao" href="#2243" id="2232">〔9〕</a>飾有殊，規矩無異。君王朝坐，彌復高廣，珠璣間錯，謂師子牀<a class="zhuhao" href="#2250" id="2233">（六）</a>，敷以細㲲，蹈以寶机<a class="zhuhao" href="#2244" id="2234">〔10〕</a>。凡百庶僚，隨其所好，刻彫異類，瑩飾奇珍。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2219" id="2235">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》城並域。《大本》作城同此本。依文義，城字爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2220" id="2236">〔2〕</a>盤迂，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》及《隨函録》作盤紆。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作槃紆。《金陵本》從此作盤迂。按諸異字並同音通借。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2222" id="2237">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》製並作制，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2223" id="2238">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》勢作既。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2224" id="2239">〔5〕</a>《金陵本》疊作壘。原本塼作㙛，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作甎。《金陵本》作塼。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00175','1384628',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P175</span></i>按㙛從尃聲，非，乃形之譌，今從正。塼與甎同字，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2225" id="2240">〔6〕</a>《異本》埿作塗。埿同泥，見前校。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2227" id="2241">〔7〕</a>苫茅苫草，《明南本》二苫字並作苦，《金陵本》同。按其他各本皆作苫，《音釋》亦作苫，音“失兼反”。苦字顯訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2231" id="2242">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》隩作奥，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2232" id="2243">〔9〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》莊作校。《大本》作校，校改作莊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2234" id="2244">〔10〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》机作几，同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2221" id="2245">（一）</a>屠釣倡優魁膾除糞：此屠﹑釣﹑倡﹑優﹑魁膾（炊事員，一説劊子手）﹑除糞（清潔工），都屬於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>種姓制中最低賤的一個種姓旃陀羅。他們的職業被認爲是最低下的，<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>徒視他們爲不可接觸者。所以他們只能住在城外，住宅有特殊的標幟。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2226" id="2246">（二）</a>墼：未經窰燒的土坯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2228" id="2247">（三）</a>地塗牛糞爲浄：古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>和後來的<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>視牛爲神聖，並認爲牛糞是最聖潔的，在舉行祭祀的地方必須鋪上一層牛糞。<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三有“牛糞乾揩其地，令使清浄”的話。亦有在浄室和講堂中，以牛糞鋪地，又以樹葉和鮮花蓋在牛糞上的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2229" id="2248">（四）</a>重閣三層：<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>《往五天竺國傳》：“寺及王宅，並皆三重作樓。從下第一重作庫，上二重人住，諸大首領等亦然。屋皆平頭，磚木所造，自外並皆草屋。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2230" id="2249">（五）</a>榱梠：榱，屋椽。《左傳》<span class="zhuanming">襄公</span>三十一年：“棟折榱崩”。梠，屋檐。《方言》第十三：“屋梠謂之欞。”<span class="zhuanming">郭璞</span>注：“雀梠，卽屋<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00176','1384628',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P176</span></i>檐也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2233" id="2250">（六）</a>師子牀：梵名siṃhāsana.《洛陽伽藍記》卷五：“入坐金牀，以六牙白象四獅子爲床。”又稱師子座，《智度論》卷七：“是號名師子，非實師子也。佛爲人中師子，佛所坐處若牀若地，皆名師子座。譬如今者，國王坐處亦名師子座。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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4.執金剛躃地處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154481" key="1154481"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 &gt; 二、娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處 &gt; 4.執金剛躃地處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154482" key="1154482"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00546','1384746',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P546</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000911">4.執金剛躃地處</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">善賢</span>寂滅側有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">執金剛</span>躃地之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5822" id="5819">（一）</a>。大悲<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>隨機利見，化功已畢，入寂滅樂，於雙樹間，北首而卧。<span class="zhuanming">執金剛神</span><span class="zhuanming">密迹力士</span>見佛滅度，悲慟唱言：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>捨我入大湼槃，無歸依，無覆護！”毒箭深入，愁火熾盛，捨金剛杵，悶絶<a class="zhuhao" href="#5821" id="5820">〔1〕</a>躃地。久而又起，悲哀戀慕，互相謂曰：“生死大海，誰作舟檝？無明長夜，誰爲燈炬？”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00547','1384746',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P547</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5820" id="5821">〔1〕</a>《石本》絶作然。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5819" id="5822">（一）</a>執金剛躃地之處：<span class="zhuanming">執金剛</span>，梵文Vajra-pāṇi意譯，亦卽<span class="zhuanming">金剛力士</span>；<span class="zhuanming">密迹力士</span>係<span class="zhuanming">金剛力士</span>之一，下文云<span class="zhuanming">執金剛神</span><span class="zhuanming">密迹力士</span>。參見《佛入涅槃密迹金剛力士哀戀經》。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
七、䮚迦山與那羅稽羅洲
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154485" key="1154485"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 僧伽羅國 &gt; 七、䮚迦山與那羅稽羅洲 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154486" key="1154486"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00883','1384867',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P883</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001473"><b>七﹑䮚迦山與那羅稽羅洲</b></p><p> <span>國東南隅有<span class="zhuanming">䮚</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9087" id="9083">〔1〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">勒鄧反<a class="zhuhao" href="#9088" id="9084">〔2〕</a>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9089" id="9085">（一）</a>，巖谷幽峻，神鬼遊<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00884','1384867',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P884</span></i>舍，在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>於此説《䮚迦經》<a class="zhuhao" href="#9090" id="9086">（二）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰《楞伽經》，訛也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9083" id="9087">〔1〕</a>《金陵本》䮚作𩜁，下同。各本無作𩜁者，不詳所據。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9084" id="9088">〔2〕</a>《中本》無勒鄧反三字。《翻譯集》勒作郎，同聲可通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9085" id="9089">（一）</a>䮚迦山：<span class="zhuanming">䮚迦</span>，梵文Laṅkā音譯。<span class="zhuanming">僧伽羅國</span>也稱<span class="zhuanming">䮚迦島</span>（Laṅkādvīpa）。今<span class="zhuanming">斯里蘭卡</span>之名稱卽來源於梵文Śrīlaṅkā，“斯利”（śrī）意譯“吉祥”，“蘭卡”（laṅka）卽該國古名。<span class="zhuanming">䮚迦山</span>具體指今何山，不詳。可能指該島國南部的高山。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9086" id="9090">（二）</a>䮚迦經：《䮚迦經》亦作《楞伽經》，梵文名Laṅkāvatāra-sūtra。《楞伽經》有四種漢文譯本，今存三種：一﹑<span class="zhuanming">劉宋</span><span class="zhuanming">求那跋陀羅</span>譯《楞伽阿跋多羅寶經》四卷，稱“四卷楞伽”；二﹑<span class="zhuanming">北魏</span><span class="zhuanming">菩提流支</span>譯《入楞伽經》十卷，稱“十卷楞伽”；三﹑<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">實叉難陀</span>譯《大乘入楞伽經》七卷，稱“七卷楞伽”。《楞伽經》的注疏甚多，不列舉。</span> </p><p> <span>國南浮海數千<a class="zhuhao" href="#9094" id="9091">〔1〕</a>里，至<span class="zhuanming">那羅稽羅洲</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9096" id="9092">（一）</a>。洲人卑小<a class="zhuhao" href="#9095" id="9093">〔2〕</a>，長餘三尺，人身鳥喙。既無穀稼，唯食椰子。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9091" id="9094">〔1〕</a>《建本》千作十。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》並作千。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9093" id="9095">〔2〕</a>《中本》無小字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00885','1384867',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P885</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9092" id="9096">（一）</a>那羅稽羅洲：<span class="zhuanming">那羅稽羅</span>，梵文Nārikela，本書卷二作“那利󰵞羅”，卷十作“那羅鷄羅”，義爲椰子。此係傳聞中的島嶼，不詳其確切所在。按其方向及距離，似卽<span class="zhuanming">馬爾代夫羣島</span>。又<span class="zhuanming">科侖坡</span>至今<span class="zhuanming">澳大利亞</span>西南<span class="zhuanming">阿爾般尼</span>（Albany）的航線中途也有一孤島名爲<span class="zhuanming">椰子島</span>。參閲<span class="zhuanming">謝方</span>《中國史籍中之馬爾代夫考》，載《南亞研究》，1982年第2期，頁1—6。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">那<a class="zhuhao" href="#9105" id="9097">〔1〕</a>羅稽羅洲</span>西浮海數千里，孤<a class="zhuhao" href="#9106" id="9098">〔2〕</a>島東崖<a class="zhuhao" href="#9107" id="9099">〔3〕</a>有石佛像，高百餘尺，東面坐，以月愛珠<a class="zhuhao" href="#9112" id="9100">（一）</a>爲肉髻。月將迴照，水卽懸流，滂霈崖嶺，臨<a class="zhuhao" href="#9108" id="9101">〔4〕</a>注谿壑。時有商侣，遭風飄浪，隨波泛濫，遂至孤島。海鹹不可以飲，渴乏者久之<a class="zhuhao" href="#9109" id="9102">〔5〕</a>，是時月十五日也。像頂流水，衆皆獲濟。以爲至誠所感，靈聖拯之，於卽<a class="zhuhao" href="#9110" id="9103">〔6〕</a>留停，遂經數日。每月隱高巖，其水不流。時商主曰：“未必爲濟我曹而流水也。嘗聞月愛珠，月光照卽水流注耳。將<a class="zhuhao" href="#9111" id="9104">〔7〕</a>非佛像頂上有此寶耶？”遂登崖而視之，乃以月愛珠爲像肉髻。當見其人，説其始末。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9097" id="9105">〔1〕</a>《中本》那上有至字，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9098" id="9106">〔2〕</a>《中本》孤上有至字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9099" id="9107">〔3〕</a>《古本》崖作岸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9101" id="9108">〔4〕</a>《建本》臨作旋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9102" id="9109">〔5〕</a>《中本》無之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9103" id="9110">〔6〕</a>《古本》卽作此。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00886','1384867',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P886</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9104" id="9111">〔7〕</a>《建本》將作特，疑形之譌。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9100" id="9112">（一）</a>月愛珠：梵文candra-kānta的意譯，又譯作水晶﹑月長石，是傳説中的珠寶。據云它由月光凝結而成，只有在受到月光的照射時才發出光輝，並射出冰冷的涼氣。</span> </p><p> <span>國西浮海數千里，至大寶洲，無人居止，唯神棲宅。静夜遥望，光燭山水<a class="zhuhao" href="#9114" id="9113">〔1〕</a>。商人往之者多矣，咸無所得。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9113" id="9114">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》水並作川。《趙城本》作水，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span>自<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#9118" id="9115">〔1〕</a>國</span>北<a class="zhuhao" href="#9119" id="9116">〔2〕</a>，入林野中，歷孤城，過小邑，兇人結黨，作害羈旅，行二千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">恭<a class="zhuhao" href="#9120" id="9117">〔3〕</a>建那補羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9115" id="9118">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》荼並作茶，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9116" id="9119">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》北作西北。《方志》則亦作北。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9117" id="9120">〔3〕</a>原本恭作荼，《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》荼並作恭，今據改。下同。《方<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00887','1384867',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P887</span></i>志》作<span class="zhuanming">恭達那補羅國</span>。《慈恩傳》無恭字。據梵文名Koṅkaṇa-pura，作恭爲是，荼爲形訛。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
四、歲時
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154492" key="1154492"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 印度總述 &gt; 四、歲時 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154493" key="1154493"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00168','1384627',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P168</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000299"><b>四﹑歲時</b></p><p> <span>若乃陰陽曆運，日月次舍<a class="zhuhao" href="#2193" id="2167">〔1〕</a>，稱謂雖殊，時候無異，隨其星建，以標月名<a class="zhuhao" href="#2210" id="2168">（一）</a>。時極短者，謂<a class="zhuhao" href="#2194" id="2169">〔2〕</a>刹那<a class="zhuhao" href="#2211" id="2170">（二）</a>也。百二十刹那爲一呾刹那，六十呾刹那爲一臘縛，三十臘縛爲<a class="zhuhao" href="#2195" id="2171">〔3〕</a>一牟呼栗多，五<a class="zhuhao" href="#2196" id="2172">〔4〕</a>牟呼栗多爲一時，六時合成一日一夜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2197" id="2173">〔5〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#2212" id="2174">（三）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">晝三夜三<a class="zhuhao" href="#2198" id="2175">〔6〕</a>。</span> <span>居俗日夜分爲八時<a class="zhuhao" href="#2213" id="2176">（四）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">晝四夜四，於一一<a class="zhuhao" href="#2199" id="2177">〔7〕</a>時各有四分。</span> <span>月盈至滿，謂之白分；月虧<a class="zhuhao" href="#2200" id="2178">〔8〕</a>至晦，謂之黑分<a class="zhuhao" href="#2214" id="2179">（五）</a>。黑分<a class="zhuhao" href="#2201" id="2180">〔9〕</a>或十四日﹑十五日，月有小大故也。黑前白後，合爲一月。六月合爲一行。日遊在内，北行也；日遊在外，南行也<a class="zhuhao" href="#2215" id="2181">（六）</a>。總<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00169','1384627',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P169</span></i>此二行，合爲一歲；又分一歲，以爲六時<a class="zhuhao" href="#2216" id="2182">（七）</a>。正月十六日至三月十五日，漸熱也；三月十六日至五月十五日，盛熱也；五月十六日至七月十五日，雨時也；七月十六日至九月十五日，茂時也；九月十六日至十一月十五日，漸寒也；十一月十六日至正月十五日，盛寒也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>聖教，歲爲三時。正月十六日至五月十五日，熱時也；五月十六日至九月十五日，雨時也；九月十六日至正月十五日，寒時也。或爲四時，春夏秋冬也。春三月謂制呾羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#2202" id="2183">〔10〕</a>月﹑吠舍佉月﹑逝瑟吒月，當此從正月十六日至四月十五日。夏三月謂頞沙荼月﹑室羅伐拏月﹑婆達<a class="zhuhao" href="#2203" id="2184">〔11〕</a>羅鉢陁月，當此從四月十六日至七月十五日。秋三月謂頞濕<a class="zhuhao" href="#2204" id="2185">〔12〕</a>縛庾<a class="zhuhao" href="#2205" id="2186">〔13〕</a>闍月﹑迦剌底迦月﹑末<a class="zhuhao" href="#2206" id="2187">〔14〕</a>伽始羅月，當此從七月十六日至十月十五日。冬三月謂報沙月﹑磨祛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2207" id="2188">〔15〕</a>月﹑頗勒<a class="zhuhao" href="#2208" id="2189">〔16〕</a>窶拏月，當此從十月十六日至正月十五日。故<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>僧徒，依佛聖教，坐雨<a class="zhuhao" href="#2209" id="2190">〔17〕</a>安居<a class="zhuhao" href="#2217" id="2191">（八）</a>，或前三月，或後三月。前三月當此從五月十六日至八月十五日，後三月當此從六月十六日至九月十五日。前代譯經律者，或云坐夏，或云坐臘，斯皆邊裔殊俗，不達中國正音<a class="zhuhao" href="#2218" id="2192">（九）</a>，或方言未融，而傳譯有謬。又推<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>入胎﹑初生﹑出家﹑成佛﹑湼槃日月，皆有參差，語在後記。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2167" id="2193">〔1〕</a>《珠林》三引“次舍”作“旋璣”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2169" id="2194">〔2〕</a>《珠林》引謂下有之字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00170','1384627',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P170</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2171" id="2195">〔3〕</a>《珠林》自“百二十刹那爲”下至此三爲字並作成。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2172" id="2196">〔4〕</a>《翻譯集》引五下有十字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2173" id="2197">〔5〕</a>《珠林》引作“三十牟呼栗多成一晝夜”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2175" id="2198">〔6〕</a>晝三夜三，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作“夜三晝三”。《翻譯集》引同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2177" id="2199">〔7〕</a>一一，《大本》無一字。《中本》作二字，疑兩一字合文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2178" id="2200">〔8〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（虧）從亐，或從兮。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2180" id="2201">〔9〕</a>《中本》分下有月字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2183" id="2202">〔10〕</a>《翻譯集》呾作俎。按各本並作呾，《珠林》三引亦同，俎字恐形訛。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》等羅並作邏，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2184" id="2203">〔11〕</a>原本無達字，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》及《隨函録》﹑《翻譯集》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2185" id="2204">〔12〕</a>《大本》“頞濕”作“濕頞”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2186" id="2205">〔13〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《徑山本》庾作庫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2187" id="2206">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》末作未。《翻譯集》引及《金陵本》作末，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2188" id="2207">〔15〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《一本》及《翻譯集》引祛作袪，二字聲紐同通用。《古本》作𥞋，字形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2189" id="2208">〔16〕</a>《隨函録》頗勒二字作頞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2190" id="2209">〔17〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》雨作兩。《翻譯集》作雨，與此同。按下文云“或前三月，或後三月”，似以作兩爲是。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2168" id="2210">（一）</a>隨其星建以標月名：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代的天文曆法亦稱宿曜明。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00171','1384627',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P171</span></i>古代人們爲了區别日月的運行，時常以肉眼所見到的星宿爲標準而區别天空的分野，其中有二十八宿（梵文nakṣatra），十二宫（梵文rāśi），七曜（梵文graha）之别。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>以建卯爲歲首，以星宿名標誌月名，故以角月（正月）時在春分，氐月（二月），心月（三月），箕月（四月），女月（五月），室月（六月），婁月（七月），昴月（八月），觜月（九月），兔月（十月），星月（十一月），翼月（十二月），與我國極相似，惟相差一月而已，詳見《宿曜經》卷上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2170" id="2211">（二）</a>刹那：梵文kṣaṇa的音譯，爲最小的計時單位，本指婦女紡績一尋線所用的時間，但一般用來表示時間之極短者，如一瞬間。《俱舍論》卷十二：“壯士一疾彈指頃，六十五刹那。”以下呾刹那，梵文tatkṣaṇa；臘縛，梵文1ava；牟呼栗多，梵文muhūrta；時，梵文kāla。以一日一夜分爲六時，一時則等於今四小時。若依此推算，一牟呼栗多等於今四十八分，一臘縛等於今一分三十六秒，一呾刹那等於今一點六秒，一刹那則極短。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2174" id="2212">（三）</a>六時合成一日一夜：這是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的區分。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代的“時”，等於今四小時，故區分一天（二十四小時）爲六時，晝三夜三。晝三時，分爲朝日﹑日中﹑黄昏；夜三時分爲初夜﹑中夜﹑後夜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2176" id="2213">（四）</a>居俗日夜分爲八時：這是世俗的區分，但<span class="zhuanming">那爛陀寺</span>也依照世俗的時制。<span class="zhuanming">義净</span>《南海寄歸内法傳》卷三：“夜有四時，與晝相似，總論一日一夜，成八時也。”兹將<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代的八時，我國古代的十二時及現代時間對照如下：</span> </p><table><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">印度古代八時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">我國古代時刻</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">現代時間</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">夜四時：</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">八時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">辰</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">8時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">晝四時：</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">一時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">9時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">巳</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">10時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00172','1384627',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P172</span></i> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">11時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">二時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">午</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">12時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">13時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">未</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">14時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">三時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">15時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">申</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">16時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">17時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">四時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">酉</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">18時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">19時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">戌</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">20時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">21時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">夜四時：</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">五時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">亥</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">22時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">23時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">六時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">子</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">24時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">1時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">丑</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">2時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">七時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">3時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">寅</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">4時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">5時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">八時</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">卯</span> </p> </td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">6時</span> </p> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"></td><td colspan="1" rowspan="1" style="border:1px solid;"> <p> <span class="font12 zhu">7時</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2179" id="2214">（五）</a>白分　黑分：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代曆法稱每月的前半月爲“黑分”（梵文kṛṣṇapakṣa），指十六日至晦日；稱後半月爲“白分”（梵文śuklapakṣa），指初一至十五日。另一種説法是“白前黑後”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2181" id="2215">（六）</a>北行　南行：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>曆法根據太陽的運行，也有十二宫<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00173','1384627',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P173</span></i>説。據《宿曜經》，此處所謂“日遊在内，北行也”，卽自冬至到夏至；“日遊在外，南行也”，卽從夏至到冬至。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2182" id="2216">（七）</a>分一歲以爲六時：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代的民間習俗，將一年分爲漸熱﹑盛熱﹑雨時﹑茂時﹑漸寒﹑寒時六個季節。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>把一年分爲春﹑夏﹑秋﹑冬四季，每季三個月，每年共十二月：制呾羅月（梵文Cai-tra-māsa）﹑吠舍佉月（梵文Vaiśākha-māsa）﹑逝瑟吒月（Jyeṣṭha-māsa）﹑頞沙荼月（梵文Āṣāḍha-māsa）﹑室羅伐拏月（梵文Śrāvaṇa-māsa）﹑婆達羅鉢陀月（梵文Bhādrapada-māsa）﹑頞濕縛庾闍月（梵文Āśvayuja-māsa）﹑迦剌底迦月（梵文Kārttika-māsa）﹑末伽始羅月（梵文Mārgaśīra-māsa）﹑報沙月（梵文Pauśa-māsa）﹑磨祛月（梵文Māgha-māsa）﹑頗勒窶拏月（梵文Phā！guna-māsa）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2191" id="2217">（八）</a>坐雨安居：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>五月十六日至七月十五日爲雨時，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒每年在雨季三個月間，禪定静坐叫做坐雨安居，亦稱安居﹑坐夏﹑坐臘。但各地安居的具體日期因各地氣候不同而不一。如此處有前三月（五月十六日至八月十五日）和後三月（六月十六日至九月十五日）兩種；卷一“<span class="zhuanming">覩貨邏國故地</span>”之安居則爲十二月十六日至次年三月十五日；卷八<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>之安居則在四月十六日至七月十五日。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2192" id="2218">（九）</a>中國正語：這裏的中國指<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以當時的<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>語爲標準語，卽下文文字條内所謂“<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>特爲詳正”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
5.釋迦寂滅諸神異傳說
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154496" key="1154496"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第六　四國 &gt; 拘尸那揭羅國 &gt; 二、娑羅林及釋迦湼槃處 &gt; 5.釋迦寂滅諸神異傳說 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154497" key="1154497"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00547','1384747',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P547</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000914">5.釋迦寂滅諸神異傳說</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">金剛</span>躃地側有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅已七日供養之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5841" id="5823">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>之將寂滅也，光明普照，人天畢會，莫不悲感，更相謂曰：“大覺<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>今將寂滅，衆生福盡，世間無依！”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>右脇卧師子牀，告諸大衆：“勿謂<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>畢竟寂滅，法身常住<a class="zhuhao" href="#5842" id="5824">（二）</a>，離諸變易。當棄懈怠，早求解脱。”諸苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5834" id="5825">〔1〕</a>等歔欷悲慟，時<span class="zhuanming">阿泥𢫫</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5835" id="5826">〔2〕</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">盧骨反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">陁</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5843" id="5827">（三）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">阿那律</span>，訛也。</span> <span>告諸苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#5836" id="5828">〔3〕</a>：“止，止，勿悲！諸天譏怪。”時<span class="zhuanming">末<a class="zhuhao" href="#5837" id="5829">〔4〕</a>羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#5844" id="5830">（四）</a>衆供養已訖，欲舉金棺，詣湼<a class="zhuhao" href="#5838" id="5831">〔5〕</a>疊般那所。時<span class="zhuanming">阿泥𢫫<a class="zhuhao" href="#5839" id="5832">〔6〕</a>陁</span>告言：“且止。諸天欲留七日供養。”於是天衆持妙天<a class="zhuhao" href="#5840" id="5833">〔7〕</a>花，遊虚空，讚聖德，各竭誠心，共興供養。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5825" id="5834">〔1〕</a>《石本》諸苾芻三字作比丘二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5826" id="5835">〔2〕</a>《中本》𢫫作律。《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八阿泥𢫫陁作阿泥樓陀。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00548','1384747',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P548</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5828" id="5836">〔3〕</a>《石本》苾芻二字作比丘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5829" id="5837">〔4〕</a>《石本》末作未。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5831" id="5838">〔5〕</a>《石本》湼下有槃字，涉下槃字而衍。湼疊槃那舊譯闍維，已見上文。《珠林》亦誤作湼槃般那，《方志》不誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5832" id="5839">〔6〕</a>《明北本》﹑《徑山本》𢫫作律，與上文異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5833" id="5840">〔7〕</a>《古本》妙天二字作天妙，誤倒。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5823" id="5841">（一）</a>如來寂滅已七日供養之處：據《長阿含經》卷四﹑《根本説一切有部毗奈耶雜事》卷三八等記載，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>逝世，依遺法，按照轉輪聖王的葬法，以香湯洗身，纒㲲五百張，納入金棺，供養七天。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5824" id="5842">（二）</a>法身常住：《遺教經》載<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>臨終時對諸弟子云：“自今已後，我諸弟子展轉行之，則是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>法身常在而不滅也。”法身，梵文dharmakāya意譯，指<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>佛的真身。大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>對於法身各有解釋，兹不詳述。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5827" id="5843">（三）</a>阿泥𢫫陁：梵文Aniruddha音譯，巴利文Anuruddha舊譯作<span class="zhuanming">阿那律</span>，又作<span class="zhuanming">阿㝹樓陀</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">無滅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">不滅</span>；<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>十大弟子之一，以所謂“天眼第一”著稱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5830" id="5844">（四）</a>末羅：梵文Malla的對音，種族名兼國名，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">摩羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">滿羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">跋羅</span>，意譯作<span class="zhuanming">力士</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">壯士</span>。據佛經記載，公元前六世紀前葉，<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>出現了十六個國家，<span class="zhuanming">末羅國</span>爲其中之一。該國是由居住在<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>東北部的<span class="zhuanming">末羅族</span>的九個支族聯合組成的共和制國家。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>興起時，其中居住在<span class="zhuanming">拘尸城</span>（Kuśīnārā）和<span class="zhuanming">波婆城</span>（Pāvā）的兩支<span class="zhuanming">末羅</span>人强盛起來，至<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>湼槃時，兩者都參預了八國均分<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00549','1384747',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P549</span></i><span class="zhuanming">佛</span>舍利事（見《長阿含經》卷四）。<span class="zhuanming">末羅</span>族大概不是<span class="zhuanming">雅利安</span>人。原始<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在<span class="zhuanming">末羅國</span>的勢力很大。該國於<span class="zhuanming">佛</span>滅後不久就被<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span>（Magadha）兼併。</span> </p><p> <span>停棺側有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">摩訶摩耶夫人</span>哭佛之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5858" id="5845">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅，棺殮<a class="zhuhao" href="#5852" id="5846">〔1〕</a>已畢，時<span class="zhuanming">阿泥𢫫<a class="zhuhao" href="#5853" id="5847">〔2〕</a>陁</span>上昇<a class="zhuhao" href="#5854" id="5848">〔3〕</a>天宫，告<span class="zhuanming">摩耶夫人</span>曰：“大聖法王<a class="zhuhao" href="#5855" id="5849">〔4〕</a>今已寂滅。”<span class="zhuanming">摩耶</span>聞已，悲哽<a class="zhuhao" href="#5856" id="5850">〔5〕</a>悶絶，與諸天衆至雙樹間，見僧伽胝﹑鉢及錫杖，拊之號慟，絶而復<a class="zhuhao" href="#5857" id="5851">〔6〕</a>聲曰：“人﹑天福盡，世間眼滅，今此諸物，空無有主！”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>聖力，金棺自開，放光明，合掌坐，慰問慈母：“遠來下降，諸行法爾，願勿深悲！”<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>銜哀而請佛曰：“後世問我，將何以對？”曰：“佛已湼槃，慈母<span class="zhuanming">摩耶</span>自天宫降，至雙樹間。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>爲諸不孝衆生，從金棺起，合掌説法。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5846" id="5852">〔1〕</a>原本殮作𣫍，《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作殮，今從正。字書無𣫍字。下𣫍字同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5847" id="5853">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》𢫫作律。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5848" id="5854">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》昇作升，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5849" id="5855">〔4〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》王作主。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5850" id="5856">〔5〕</a>《中本》悲哽二字作哭哽。《石本》哽作更。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5851" id="5857">〔6〕</a>《石本》復作傷。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00550','1384747',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P550</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5845" id="5858">（一）</a>摩訶摩耶夫人哭佛之處：參見《摩訶摩耶經》卷下。</span> </p><p> <span>城北渡河三百餘步，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>焚身之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#5872" id="5859">（一）</a>。地今黄黑，土雜灰炭，至誠求請，或得舍利。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅，人天悲感，七寶爲棺，千㲲纏身，設香花，建幡蓋，<span class="zhuanming">末<a class="zhuhao" href="#5866" id="5860">〔1〕</a>羅</span>之衆奉<a class="zhuhao" href="#5867" id="5861">〔2〕</a>輿發引，前後導<a class="zhuhao" href="#5868" id="5862">〔3〕</a>從，北渡<span class="zhuanming">金<a class="zhuhao" href="#5869" id="5863">〔4〕</a>河</span>，盛滿香油，積多香木，縱火以焚。二㲲不燒，一極󱨸<a class="zhuhao" href="#5870" id="5864">〔5〕</a>身，一最覆外。爲諸衆生分散舍利，唯有髮爪，儼<a class="zhuhao" href="#5871" id="5865">〔6〕</a>然無損。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5860" id="5866">〔1〕</a>《石本》末作未，形之誤。末羅，梵文作malla。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5861" id="5867">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》奉作捧，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5862" id="5868">〔3〕</a>《石本》導作道，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5863" id="5869">〔4〕</a>《古本》金作速；《石本》﹑《中本》作連。按<span class="zhuanming">金河</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">阿恃多伐底河</span>，見上文。速與連並非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5864" id="5870">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》󱨸並作襯。《慧琳音義》亦作襯。《音釋》作󱨸，云：“正作襯”。是󱨸乃襯之俗字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5865" id="5871">〔6〕</a>《中本》儼作徹，疑誤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5859" id="5872">（一）</a>如來焚身之處：《西域記》此處作在城北，《長阿含經》卷四亦作城北。但《大般湼槃經後分》卷下及《佛般泥洹經》卷下作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00551','1384747',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P551</span></i>西門外。《長阿含經》卷四以“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>焚身之處”爲<span class="zhuanming">天冠寺</span>（Makuṭaba-ndhana Caitya），《摩訶僧祇律》卷三二作<span class="zhuanming">天冠塔</span>，而在<span class="zhuanming">金河</span>對岸。</span> </p><p> <span>焚身側有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉波</span>現雙足處。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>金棺已下，香木已積，火燒不然<a class="zhuhao" href="#5882" id="5873">〔1〕</a>，衆咸警駭。<span class="zhuanming">阿泥𢫫陁</span>言：“待<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>耳。”時<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉波</span>與五百弟子自山<a class="zhuhao" href="#5883" id="5874">〔2〕</a>林來，至<span class="zhuanming">拘尸城</span>，問<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：“<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>之身，可得見耶？”<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：“千㲲纏絡，重棺周<a class="zhuhao" href="#5884" id="5875">〔3〕</a>殮<a class="zhuhao" href="#5885" id="5876">〔4〕</a>，香木已積，卽事焚燒。”是時佛於棺内爲出雙足，輪相之上，見有異色。問<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：“何以有此？”曰：“佛初湼槃，人天悲慟，衆淚<a class="zhuhao" href="#5886" id="5877">〔5〕</a>迸染，致使異色。”<span class="zhuanming">迦葉波</span>作禮，旋繞興讚。香木自然<a class="zhuhao" href="#5887" id="5878">〔6〕</a>，大火熾盛。故<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅，三從棺出<a class="zhuhao" href="#5890" id="5879">（一）</a>：初出<a class="zhuhao" href="#5888" id="5880">〔7〕</a>臂，問<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>治路；次起坐，爲母説法；後現<a class="zhuhao" href="#5889" id="5881">〔8〕</a>雙足，示<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉波</span>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5873" id="5882">〔1〕</a>《石本》然作燃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5874" id="5883">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》山並作出。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5875" id="5884">〔3〕</a>《石本》周作固；《中本》作同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5876" id="5885">〔4〕</a>原本殮作𣫍，今據諸本改，詳上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5877" id="5886">〔5〕</a>《異本》淚作泪，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5878" id="5887">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》然作燃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5880" id="5888">〔7〕</a>《石本》初出二字作出初，誤倒。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00552','1384747',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P552</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5881" id="5889">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《酬本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》見作現，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#5879" id="5890">（一）</a>三從捾出：參見《長阿含經》卷四﹑《經律異相》卷四等。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
恭建那補羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154500" key="1154500"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 恭建那補羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154501" key="1154501"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00887','1384868',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P887</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001482">恭建那補羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9129" id="9121">（一）</a>周五千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9130" id="9122">（二）</a>周三十餘里。土地膏腴，稼穡滋盛。氣序温<a class="zhuhao" href="#9126" id="9123">〔1〕</a>暑，風俗<a class="zhuhao" href="#9127" id="9124">〔2〕</a>躁烈，形貌黧黑，情性獷暴。好學業，尚德<a class="zhuhao" href="#9128" id="9125">〔3〕</a>藝。伽藍百餘所，僧徒萬餘人，大小二乘兼功綜習。天祠數百，異道雜居。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9123" id="9126">〔1〕</a>《趙城本》温作濕。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9124" id="9127">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》風俗二字作俗風，誤倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9125" id="9128">〔3〕</a>《建本》德作得，古通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9121" id="9129">（一）</a>恭建那補羅國：<span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅</span>，梵文Koṅkaṇapura音譯。<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>以來各本均作<span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅</span>，但<span class="zhuanming">高麗</span>本作<span class="zhuanming">荼建那補羅</span>，《釋迦方志》作<span class="zhuanming">恭達那補羅</span>，《慈恩傳》作<span class="zhuanming">建那補羅</span>。據《慈恩傳》卷四載，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>“自<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼</span>與<span class="zhuanming">師子國</span>僧七十餘人，西北歸，觀禮聖跡，行二千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">建那補羅國</span>。”關於此國的考證，各家異説頗多。本書及《釋迦方志》均載此國在<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼</span>以北，但《慈恩傳》則説在其西北，<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>等人採用後一種方向。<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>比定此國爲<span class="zhuanming">巴利</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00888','1384868',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P888</span></i>文佛典中的Banavasi（或Vānavasa）。這種主張的缺點，正如<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>所指出，其距離大大超過<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記的里程，其方位也不合。<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記此國“周五千餘里”，其領域爲起自半島西海岸，越過<span class="zhuanming">西高止山脉</span>深入半島腹地的一大片區域，北爲<span class="zhuanming">摩訶剌侘</span>，南爲<span class="zhuanming">達羅毗荼</span>，東爲<span class="zhuanming">馱那羯磔迦</span>，西至於海，卽在<span class="zhuanming">通加巴德臘</span>（Tungabha-dra）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>流域，并以該河北岸的<span class="zhuanming">安納貢底</span>（Annagundi）爲其都城舊址。<span class="zhuanming">費格遜</span>則認爲<span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅</span>都城在今<span class="zhuanming">邁索爾</span>（Mysore）境内。也有人根據《釋迦方志》作<span class="zhuanming">恭達那補羅</span>，將此國名還原作Kuntalapu-ra，認爲卽是<span class="zhuanming">邁索爾</span>的<span class="zhuanming">昔穆加</span>（Shimoga）<span class="zhuanming">縣</span>的，今人稱爲Kubattūr，古代稱爲Kuntala-nagara的地方。（見Yazdani：The Early His-tory of the Deccan，I，p.43）。<span class="zhuanming">布爾吉斯</span>（Burgess）主張<span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅</span>應求之於<span class="zhuanming">柯帕爾</span>（Kopal）或<span class="zhuanming">柯卡拏爾</span>（Kokanūr，Koṅkanūr？）附近，該地距<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅</span>的直線距離爲<span class="song">310</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，距<span class="zhuanming">納昔克</span>（Nāsik）<span class="song">335</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里。<span class="zhuanming">弗里特</span>（Fleet）一度曾比定<span class="zhuanming">恭達那補羅</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">卡爾努爾</span>（Karn ūl），後來也比較傾向於<span class="zhuanming">布氏</span>的意見。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>雖然對上述各家的説法都不以爲然，但也提不出更確切具體的主張，僅認爲<span class="zhuanming">恭建那</span>（Koṅkana）在《廣博本集》（Bṛhat-saṃhitā）中是在南方，<span class="zhuanming">阿爾伯魯尼</span>稱其在南方近海地區（Alberuni’s India，tr.by E.C.Sachau，Vol.I.p.301），并據<span class="zhuanming">麗</span>本作<span class="zhuanming">荼建那補羅</span>，而將此國名還原作Dakkanapura或Thakkanapura。<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>雖然提出一個自認爲與衆不同的看法，比定此國爲現今的<span class="zhuanming">卡納普爾</span>（Khanapura），但該地距<span class="zhuanming">建志補羅</span>爲<span class="song">400</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，卽相當於<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的三千里，<span class="zhuanming">足立</span>説<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記二千里爲三千里之誤，這種説法未免削足適履。因此儘管關於<span class="zhuanming">恭建那補羅</span>的問題還值得進一步研究，我們認爲<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>的説法還是較爲中肯的。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00889','1384868',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P889</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9122" id="9130">（二）</a>國大都城：依<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>的意見，卽<span class="zhuanming">通加巴德臘河</span>北岸的<span class="zhuanming">安納貢底</span>，古代是<span class="zhuanming">耶陀婆</span>（Yādava）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>諸王建都之所，在穆斯林侵入之前，一直是很繁榮的。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
烏仗那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154504" key="1154504"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154505" key="1154505"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00270','1384651',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P270</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000439">烏仗那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3263" id="3239">（一）</a>周五千餘里，山谷相屬<a class="zhuhao" href="#3256" id="3240">〔1〕</a>，川澤連原<a class="zhuhao" href="#3257" id="3241">〔2〕</a>。穀稼雖播，地利不滋，多蒲萄<a class="zhuhao" href="#3258" id="3242">〔3〕</a>，少甘蔗。土産金鐵，宜鬱金香。林樹蓊鬱，花果茂盛。寒暑和暢，風雨順序。人性怯愞，俗情譎詭，好學而不功，禁呪爲藝業。多衣白㲲，少有餘服。語言雖異，大同<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3264" id="3243">（二）</a>，文字禮儀，頗相參預<a class="zhuhao" href="#3259" id="3244">〔4〕</a>。崇重佛法，敬信大乘。夾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3260" id="3245">〔5〕</a><span class="zhuanming">蘇婆伐窣堵<a class="zhuhao" href="#3261" id="3246">〔6〕</a>河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3265" id="3247">（三）</a>，舊有一千四百伽藍，多已荒蕪。昔僧徒一萬八千，今<a class="zhuhao" href="#3262" id="3248">〔7〕</a>漸減少，並學大乗，寂定<a class="zhuhao" href="#3266" id="3249">（四）</a>爲業。善誦其文，未究深義。戒行清潔，特閑禁呪<a class="zhuhao" href="#3267" id="3250">（五）</a>。律儀傳訓，有五部焉：一法密部<a class="zhuhao" href="#3268" id="3251">（六）</a>，二化地部<a class="zhuhao" href="#3269" id="3252">（七）</a>，三飲光部<a class="zhuhao" href="#3270" id="3253">（八）</a>，四説一切有部，五大衆部<a class="zhuhao" href="#3271" id="3254">（九）</a>。天祠十有餘所，異道雜居。堅城四五，其王多治<span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3272" id="3255">（一○）</a>。城周十六七里，居人殷盛。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3240" id="3256">〔1〕</a>山谷相屬，《古本》作“山原邐迤”，《石本》同，但迤作迆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3241" id="3257">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》原作延。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3242" id="3258">〔3〕</a>《敦甲本》﹑《中本》萄作陶。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3244" id="3259">〔4〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》預作類。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3245" id="3260">〔5〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》夾誤作來。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3246" id="3261">〔6〕</a>蘇婆伐窣堵河，《石本》無伐字。《中本》作“蘇婆窣堵波河”，波字殆涉“窣堵波”一詞而誤衍。《慈恩傳》作“蘇婆薩堵河”。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00271','1384651',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P271</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3248" id="3262">〔7〕</a>《敦甲本》今作金。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3239" id="3263">（一）</a>烏仗那國：梵文Udyāna，Uḍḍiyāna，Оḍiyāna，Оddiyāna，巴利文Uyyāna，Ujjāna。《法顯傳》﹑《魏書》作<span class="zhuanming">烏萇</span>，《洛陽伽藍記》卷五作<span class="zhuanming">烏萇</span>或<span class="zhuanming">烏場</span>，《大唐西域求法高僧傳》作<span class="zhuanming">烏長那</span>，《新唐書》卷二二一下《西域傳》下作<span class="zhuanming">烏萇</span>，又作<span class="zhuanming">越底延</span>，《開元釋教録》作<span class="zhuanming">鄔荼</span>，《梵語雜名》作<span class="zhuanming">烏儞也曩</span>。梵文Udyāna意爲花園，《慈恩傳》卷二注云“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言苑，昔<span class="zhuanming">阿輸迦王</span>之苑也。”此國在<span class="zhuanming">斯瓦特河</span>（Swāt）上，包括現代的Pangkora，Bijāwar，Swat與Buna等四縣。歷史上的領域各家記載略有不同。五世紀初，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>及其同伴<span class="zhuanming">慧景</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道整</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">慧達</span>曾來此國巡禮，稱它“是正<span class="zhuanming">北天竺</span>也，盡作<span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>語。”《北史》卷九七<span class="zhuanming">烏萇國</span>條：“<span class="zhuanming">烏萇國</span>在<span class="zhuanming">賒彌</span>（Chitral）南，北有<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>，南至<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>。”<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>也稱它“北接<span class="zhuanming">葱嶺</span>（此指<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>），南連<span class="zhuanming">天竺</span>。”由于該國的物産豐富，人口衆多，很受<span class="zhuanming">宋云</span>的讚賞，把它比擬爲我國的<span class="zhuanming">臨淄</span>與<span class="zhuanming">咸陽</span>。六世紀上半葉<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>和<span class="zhuanming">惠生</span>到達該國時，曾受到國王的接待。他也向國王介紹了我國的文化，引起了國王對我國的仰慕與嚮往，表示：“我當命終，願生彼國。”<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>和<span class="zhuanming">惠生</span>二人曾在此國廣泛巡禮，並在距國都東南八日行程，<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>投身飼虎的遺跡處，建立佛塔，“刻石隸書，銘<span class="zhuanming">魏</span>功德。”在其行紀中談到該國狀況。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>之後<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>也訪問過此國，對該國<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的情況作過詳細描述。<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時<span class="zhuanming">烏萇國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">達磨</span>“<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十六年因<span class="zhuanming">陁訶斯</span>遣使奉表獻方物。”（見《全唐文》卷九九九），又《册府元龜》卷九六四外臣部封册第二：“（<span class="zhuanming">開元</span>八年）四月，遣使册立<span class="zhuanming">烏長國</span>王……并降册文，皆賜綵二百段。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3243" id="3264">（二）</a>語言雖異大同印度：《法顯傳》記載：“<span class="zhuanming">烏長國</span>……盡作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00272','1384651',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P272</span></i><span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>語。<span class="zhuanming">中天竺</span>所謂中國。俗人衣服飲食亦與中國同。”<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>記載也説此國人衣服﹑飲食﹑風俗與<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>相似，語音不同。據此當時<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>似通用<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>語言，但有某些不同之處，目前這一帶地區（鄰近Swāt Kohistan的Gilgit﹑Chitral﹑Kafristan等合稱Dardistan的地區）的居民操<span class="zhuanming">達爾迪</span>語，屬于<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>語系。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3247" id="3265">（三）</a>蘇婆伐窣堵河：梵文Śubhavastu，<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人讀爲Soast-os（Arrian：Indica iv ll）；Souastos（Ptolemy；Geography，vii，c.1，42）。《慈恩傳》作<span class="zhuanming">蘇婆薩堵河</span>，現名<span class="zhuanming">斯瓦特</span>（Swāt）河。《慈恩傳》卷二“（<span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐</span>）城東北二百五十里，入大山，至<span class="zhuanming">阿波邏羅龍泉</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">蘇婆河</span>之上源也。西南流，其地寒冷，春夏恒凍，暮卽飛雪，仍含五色，霏霏舞亂，如雜華焉。”按<span class="zhuanming">蘇婆河</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">蘇婆伐窣堵河</span>。《慈恩傳》所述與《西域記》近似。此河爲<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>支流之一。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3249" id="3266">（四）</a>寂定：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲脱離妄心妄想，專静於一，謂寂定。戒﹑定﹑慧爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的“三法門”，定卽寂定，或禪定，是佛教的一種修持方法。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3250" id="3267">（五）</a>禁咒：梵文dhāraṇī意譯，音譯作陀羅尼，卽能持善法而不使惡法有所起。陀羅尼凡四種：一法﹑二義﹑三咒﹑四忍。禁呪卽呪陀羅尼，是佛菩薩在禪定後所發出秘密語言。《大乘義章》卷十一：“菩薩依禪能起咒術爲衆除患第一神驗，名咒術陀羅尼。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3251" id="3268">（六）</a>法密部：梵文dharmaguptaka意譯。一名法藏部，小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>部派之一，由上座部的薩婆多部（説一切有部）分裂出化地部，由化地部再分出法密部。詳《異部宗輪論述記》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3252" id="3269">（七）</a>化地部：梵文mahīśāsaka意譯，小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的部派之一，由上座部的説一切有部演變而出，但其所説則頗近于大衆部，詳《異部宗輪論述記》。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00273','1384651',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P273</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3253" id="3270">（八）</a>飲光部：梵文Kāśyapūya意譯，小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>部派之一，自上座部的説一切有部分出。詳《異部宗輪論述記》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3254" id="3271">（九）</a>大衆部：梵文Mahāsaṃghika意譯。早期<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的兩大部派之一，約形成于公元前四世紀。因僧團内的長老派對<span class="zhuanming">跋耆</span>地方的僧侣開禁部分戒律有所指斥而引起争論。一説比丘<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>對長老派的保守觀點提出異議，當時曾舉行戒律會誦，意見未能一致，遂分裂爲上座（長老）和大衆兩部。以後大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的興起，似與大衆部的學説有思想淵源的關係。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3255" id="3272">（一○）</a>瞢揭釐城：<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>等均比定爲今Mangalaor，是一重要的市鎮，位於<span class="zhuanming">杜西里</span>（Dosirri）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>西北支脉上，<span class="zhuanming">斯瓦特河</span>左岸，但近年<span class="zhuanming">意大利</span>調查隊比定都城故址爲Mangalaor西南約五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的Mingora，現在該地南郊曾發掘出城市遺跡及佛寺遺址，根據出土文物足以判明古代該地是<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏</span>藝術的重要中心之一。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、光胄王製聲明論
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154508" key="1154508"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 尼波羅國 &gt; 一、光胄王製聲明論 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154509" key="1154509"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00613','1384773',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P613</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001042"><b>一﹑光胄王製聲明論</b></p><p> <span>王刹帝利<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6558" id="6553">〔1〕</a>種也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6561" id="6554">（一）</a>，志學清高<a class="zhuhao" href="#6559" id="6555">〔2〕</a>，純信佛法。近代有王，號<span class="zhuanming">鴦輸伐摩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6562" id="6556">（二）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">光胄</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6560" id="6557">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span>碩學聰叡，自製《聲明論》，重學敬德，遐邇著聞。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6553" id="6558">〔1〕</a>《古本》婆作波。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6555" id="6559">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》高作亮。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00614','1384773',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P614</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6557" id="6560">〔3〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》胄作曺，《音釋》作󵾩，音“直右反。”據音則曺﹑󵾩二字並胄字之訛。《元本》又誤作胃。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6554" id="6561">（一）</a>王刹帝利栗呫婆種也：刹帝利是種姓名稱，<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>是部族名稱（見前注）。自從被<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>征服後，<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>的<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>人的行踪和活動已不爲人知，他們與後來出現在<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾王國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆族</span>統治者之間的關係也無從查考。據推測，<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>人很可能是爲了躲避<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>的頻繁的政治動亂而於公元後二﹑三世紀遷移到<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>的<span class="zhuanming">加德滿都</span>谷地定居的（參閲R.C.Majumdar：HCIP，Bombay，1954，第三卷，頁81—82）。他們在<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>的統治一直延續到公元九世紀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6556" id="6562">（二）</a>鴦輸伐摩：梵文Aṃśuvarman的單數主格Aṃśuvarmā的對音，義云“光胄”。此人原係<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾王國</span><span class="zhuanming">塔庫里</span>（Thakuri）部族的酋長，<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>王朝<span class="zhuanming">濕婆提婆</span>（Śivadeva）<span class="zhuanming">王</span>的封臣。公元六世紀末，<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>王朝一度被外敵<span class="zhuanming">阿毗羅</span>人（Ābhīra）推翻。<span class="zhuanming">濕婆提婆王</span>主要依靠<span class="zhuanming">鴦輸伐摩</span>的武功恢復了<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>王朝的統治。<span class="zhuanming">鴦輸伐摩</span>因此深受<span class="zhuanming">濕婆提婆</span>王的重用，當了首相，成爲王國的實際統治者，並於<span class="zhuanming">濕婆提婆</span>王死後，自立爲王，創建了<span class="zhuanming">塔庫里</span>王朝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">鴦輸伐摩</span>在位期間，曾把女兒<span class="zhuanming">赤貞公主</span>（Bhṛkuṭi）嫁給了<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>王<span class="zhuanming">棄宗弄讚</span>（<span class="zhuanming">松贊干布</span>），其時早於<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>王朝<span class="zhuanming">文成公主</span>入<span class="zhuanming">藏</span>（<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十五年，卽公元641年）。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>認爲他死於公元642年左右（The Early History of India，<span class="zhuanming">牛津</span>，1924年，第四版，頁380）；<span class="zhuanming">雷格米</span>（Regmi）認爲他的在位年代爲公元630—640年（Ancient，Mediaeval and Modern Nepal，轉引自<span class="zhuanming">黄盛璋</span>《關於古代<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00615','1384773',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P615</span></i>中國與尼泊爾的文化文流》，《歷史研究》1962年第一期，頁95—96）。</span> </p><p> <span>〔闕文備考〕城内有閣高二百餘尺，周八十步上容萬人。面别三疊，疊别七層，徘徊四厦，刻以奇異，珍寶飾之<a class="zhuhao" href="#6564" id="6563">〔1〕</a>。（《釋迦方志》卷上）</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6563" id="6564">〔1〕</a>按此闕文見於《方志》，今《西域記》諸本皆無之，從記載體裁觀之，似爲《西域記》文，疑脱去，今附於此。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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狼揭羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154513" key="1154513"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 狼揭羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154514" key="1154514"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00937','1384894',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P937</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001580">狼揭羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">狼揭羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9452" id="9443">（一）</a>東西南北各數千里。國大都城周三十餘里，號<span class="zhuanming">窣菟<a class="zhuhao" href="#9449" id="9444">〔1〕</a>黎濕伐羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9453" id="9445">（二）</a>。土地沃潤，稼穡滋盛。氣序風俗，同<span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅國</span>。居人殷盛，多諸珍寶，臨大海濱，入<span class="zhuanming">西女國</span>之路也。無大君長，據川<a class="zhuhao" href="#9450" id="9446">〔2〕</a>自立，不相承命，役<a class="zhuhao" href="#9451" id="9447">〔3〕</a>屬<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯國</span>。文字大同<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，語言少異<a class="zhuhao" href="#9454" id="9448">（三）</a>。邪正兼信。伽藍百餘所，僧徒六千餘人，大小二乘兼功習學。天祠數百所，塗灰外道，其徒極衆。城中有<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>祠，莊嚴壯麗，塗灰外道之所宗事。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9444" id="9449">〔1〕</a>《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》菟並作㝹。《趙城本》及《音釋》作菟，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9446" id="9450">〔2〕</a>《古本》川作󵾰，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9447" id="9451">〔3〕</a>《趙城本》役作没，形近而訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9443" id="9452">（一）</a>狼揭羅國：<span class="zhuanming">狼揭羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Langala，<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>還原爲Langa，<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>還原爲Longhir，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原爲Lankar，<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>還原爲Laṅghala。其地望一般比定爲<span class="zhuanming">莫克蘭</span>（Mekran）的東部﹑現今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span><span class="zhuanming">俾路支</span>（Balūchistān）<span class="zhuanming">省</span>東南部地方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9445" id="9453">（二）</a>窣菟黎濕伐羅：這一都城名的還原，有幾種不同意<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00938','1384894',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P938</span></i>見。<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>還原爲Sūnurīśvara，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>還原爲Sambhurī-śvara（<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>的尊號），<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原爲Strī-īśvara（意爲“女主宰，女自在”）等等。該國都被比定爲在<span class="zhuanming">胡兹達爾</span>（Khozdar）與<span class="zhuanming">基拉特</span>（Kilāt）之間的<span class="zhuanming">拉柯利安</span>（Lākoriān）地方的大故城廢墟。此地舊名Lakūra，與漢文<span class="zhuanming">狼揭羅</span>一名的語音十分近似。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲Sa-mbhurīśvara，可能只是神殿名稱，而<span class="zhuanming">狼揭羅</span>則爲國名兼都城名。從該城出土遺址的廣大，形勢之險要，與古堡廢墟的建築之宏大﹑堅固與壯麗，均可證明該地原係一古都。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9448" id="9454">（三）</a>文字大同印度語言少異：由於<span class="zhuanming">狼揭羅</span>國地處<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北方言與<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語的分界線上，自古以來語言情況相當複雜。根據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記，當時似以<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北方言爲主。目前該地已通用<span class="zhuanming">俾路支</span>語（Balōchī）。</span> </p><p> <span>自此西北至<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">雖非<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之國，路次附見。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>，略也。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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八、娑羅覩邏邑及波你尼仙
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154518" key="1154518"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 健馱邏國 &gt; 八、娑羅覩邏邑及波你尼仙 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154519" key="1154519"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00262','1384650',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P262</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000431"><b>八﹑娑羅覩邏邑及波你尼仙</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">烏鐸迦漢荼城</span>西北行二十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#3163" id="3151">〔1〕</a>羅覩<a class="zhuhao" href="#3164" id="3152">〔2〕</a>邏邑</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3171" id="3153">（一）</a>，是製《聲明論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#3172" id="3154">（二）</a><span class="zhuanming">波你尼仙</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3173" id="3155">（三）</a>本生處也。遂古之初，文字繁廣，時經劫壞，世界空虚，長壽諸天，降靈導<a class="zhuhao" href="#3165" id="3156">〔3〕</a>俗。由是之故，文籍生焉。自時厥後，其源泛濫。<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">天帝</span>，作則隨時，異道諸仙，各製文字，人相祖述，競習所傳，學者虚功，難用詳究。人壽百歲之時，有<span class="zhuanming">波你尼仙</span>，生知博物，愍時澆薄，欲削浮僞，删定繁猥，遊方問道，遇<span class="zhuanming">自在天</span>，遂申<a class="zhuhao" href="#3166" id="3157">〔4〕</a>述作之志。<span class="zhuanming">自在<a class="zhuhao" href="#3167" id="3158">〔5〕</a>天</span>曰：“盛矣哉，吾當祐汝！”仙人受教而退，於是研精覃<a class="zhuhao" href="#3168" id="3159">〔6〕</a>思，捃<a class="zhuhao" href="#3169" id="3160">〔7〕</a>摭<a class="zhuhao" href="#3170" id="3161">〔8〕</a>羣言，作爲字書，備有千頌<a class="zhuhao" href="#3174" id="3162">（四）</a>，頌三十二言矣。究極今古，總括文言，封以進上。王甚珍異，下令國中，普使傳習，有誦通利，賞千斤錢。所以師資傳授，盛行當世。故此邑中諸婆羅門碩學高才，博物强識。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3151" id="3163">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》娑作婆，《新唐書·西域傳》同。《大本》作婆，校書改作娑。《敦乙本》此作娑，而下文與此本又同作婆，前後不一。<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>還原作Salātura，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00263','1384650',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P263</span></i>謂婆應作娑。姑從其説。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3152" id="3164">〔2〕</a>《石本》覩作都。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3156" id="3165">〔3〕</a>原本導作道，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》改。道導雖通用，但道俗二字易淆，故改之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3157" id="3166">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》申並作伸，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3158" id="3167">〔5〕</a>《敦乙本》脱在字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3159" id="3168">〔6〕</a>《敦乙本》﹑《石本》覃作潭。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3160" id="3169">〔7〕</a>原本捃作採，《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《中本》﹑《金陵本》並作捃，《音釋》同。《徑山本》作攈，亦捃之異字。《慧琳音義》作捃摭云：“（捃）或從鹿從禾作攈。”是各本皆如此，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3161" id="3170">〔8〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（摭）或從石作拓。”按《説文》手部拓摭二字並列，拓云：“拾也，<span class="zhuanming">陳</span><span class="zhuanming">宋</span>語。”摭云：“拓或從庶。”音“之石切”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3153" id="3171">（一）</a>娑羅覩邏邑：<span class="zhuanming">娑羅覩邏</span>，城名，梵文Śalātura音譯。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>將此城比定爲今Оhind附近的Lahor（或稱Lavor），參見<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>：A.G.I.，第66頁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3154" id="3172">（二）</a>聲明論：聲明是梵文śabda-vidyā的意譯，指研究語言的學問，聲明論卽語言學論著，詳下面的<span class="zhuanming">波你尼仙</span>注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3155" id="3173">（三）</a>波你尼仙：<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>，人名，梵文Pāṇini音譯，《慈恩傳》卷三作<span class="zhuanming">波膩尼</span>，約公元前四世紀末<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span><span class="zhuanming">娑羅覩邏城</span>人，古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>最杰出的梵文文法學家。他寫的梵文文法書共有八章，因此名<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00264','1384650',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P264</span></i>《八章書》（梵名Aṣṭādhyāyī），卽上文所説的《聲明論》；又因該書的體裁是經（梵文s ūtra的意譯，音譯作修多羅﹑素怛纜﹑蘇呾囉），所以它又被單稱爲修多羅或蘇呾囉，俗稱《波你尼經》。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷第四“西方學法”條云：“二謂蘇呾囉，卽是一切聲明之根本經也。譯爲《略詮意明》﹑《略詮要義》，有一千頌，是古博學鴻儒<span class="zhuanming">波尼儞</span>所造也。”此書是古典梵文最權威的文法論著，被其後的梵文作家奉爲經典，也是世界上最古的一部完整的文法書。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3162" id="3174">（四）</a>備有千頌：頌，梵文śloka意譯，音譯輸洛迦﹑首盧迦，又名阿奴濕圖樸（梵文anuṣtubh），是梵文﹑巴利文等古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>語言的一種詩律的名稱。這是一種最流行的﹑使用最方便的詩律，古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的兩部大史詩和許多<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古書都是用這種詩律寫成的。每一節這樣的詩叫做一個輸洛迦，或者一頌；一頌分兩行，每行有兩句，每句是八個音節，每個音節的長短都有規定。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷四“西方學法”條云：“凡言一頌，乃有四句；一句八字，總成三十二言。”備有千頌，據《慈恩傳》卷三云：“昔成劫之初，<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>先説，具百萬頌。後至住劫之初，<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>又略爲十萬頌。其後<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span><span class="zhuanming">健馱羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅門覩羅</span>（應作<span class="zhuanming">娑羅覩羅</span>——引者）<span class="zhuanming">邑</span><span class="zhuanming">波膩尼仙</span>又略爲八千頌，卽今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>現行者是。近又<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>婆羅門爲<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>王復略爲二千五百頌，邊鄙諸國多盛流行。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>博學之人所不遵習。此並西域音字之本。其支分相助者，復有《記論略經》，有一千頌。”</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#3198" id="3175">〔1〕</a>羅覩邏邑</span>中有窣堵波，羅漢化<span class="zhuanming">波你尼仙</span>後進之處。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>去世，垂五百年，有大阿羅漢，自<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>遊化至此，乃見梵志捶訓稚童。時阿羅漢謂梵志曰：“何苦此兒？”<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00265','1384650',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P265</span></i>梵志曰：“令學《聲明論<a class="zhuhao" href="#3199" id="3176">〔2〕</a>》，業不時進。”阿羅漢逌爾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3200" id="3177">〔3〕</a>而笑，老梵志曰：“夫沙門者，慈悲爲情，愍傷物類。仁今所笑，願聞其説！”阿羅漢曰：“談不容易，恐致深疑。汝頗嘗<a class="zhuhao" href="#3201" id="3178">〔4〕</a>聞<span class="zhuanming">波你尼仙</span>製《聲明論》，垂訓於世乎？”婆羅門曰：“此邑之子，後進仰德，像設猶在<a class="zhuhao" href="#3202" id="3179">〔5〕</a>。”阿羅漢曰：“今汝此子，卽是彼仙，猶以强識，翫習世典，唯談異論，不究真理，神智唐捐<a class="zhuhao" href="#3203" id="3180">〔6〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#3220" id="3181">（一）</a>，流轉未息。尚乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#3204" id="3182">〔7〕</a>餘善，爲汝愛子。然則世典文辭，徒疲功績<a class="zhuhao" href="#3205" id="3183">〔8〕</a>，豈若<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>聖教，福智冥滋。曩者<a class="zhuhao" href="#3206" id="3184">〔9〕</a>南海之濱<a class="zhuhao" href="#3207" id="3185">〔10〕</a>有一枯樹，五百蝙蝠於中穴<a class="zhuhao" href="#3208" id="3186">〔11〕</a>居。有諸商侣止此<a class="zhuhao" href="#3209" id="3187">〔12〕</a>樹下，時<a class="zhuhao" href="#3210" id="3188">〔13〕</a>屬風寒，人皆飢凍，聚積樵<a class="zhuhao" href="#3211" id="3189">〔14〕</a>蘇，蕰火其下。煙焰漸熾，枯樹遂燃<a class="zhuhao" href="#3212" id="3190">〔15〕</a>。時商侣中有一賈客，夜分已後，誦《阿毗達磨藏》，彼諸蝙蝠雖爲火困，愛好法音，忍而不去<a class="zhuhao" href="#3213" id="3191">〔16〕</a>，於此<a class="zhuhao" href="#3214" id="3192">〔17〕</a>命終。隨業受生，俱得人身，捨家修學，乘聞法聲<a class="zhuhao" href="#3215" id="3193">〔18〕</a>，聰明利智，並證聖果，爲世福田。近<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>與<span class="zhuanming">脇尊者</span>招集五百賢聖於<span class="zhuanming">迦濕彌羅國</span>，作《毘婆沙論》，斯並枯樹之中五百蝙蝠也。余雖不肖，是其一數。斯則優劣良異，飛伏懸殊。仁今愛子，可許出家。出家功德，言不能述。”時阿羅漢説此語已，示神通事，因忽不現。婆羅門深生敬異<a class="zhuhao" href="#3216" id="3194">〔19〕</a>。歎<a class="zhuhao" href="#3217" id="3195">〔20〕</a>善<a class="zhuhao" href="#3218" id="3196">〔21〕</a>久之，具<a class="zhuhao" href="#3219" id="3197">〔22〕</a>告鄰里，遂放其子出家修學。因卽迴信，崇重三寶。鄉人從化，於今彌篤。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3175" id="3198">〔1〕</a>原本娑作婆，《敦乙本》及諸本同，與上文不諧，今從改，使<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00266','1384650',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P266</span></i>前後統一。説見上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3176" id="3199">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無論字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3177" id="3200">〔3〕</a>《慧琳音義》逌爾作哂爾，云：“俗用字，古文作弞，……音與哂同，小笑皃也。《記》中作逌爾，未詳音調。”<span class="zhuanming">慧琳</span>以逌當爲哂，而疑逌爾之文。按《文選》四十五<span class="zhuanming">班孟堅</span>《答賓戲》“主人逌爾而笑曰。”<span class="zhuanming">李善</span>注：“<span class="zhuanming">項岱</span>曰：“𨔁，寬舒顔色之貌也，讀作攸。”音義相合，不必以哂當之。”《音釋》解作“深視之貌”，亦非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3178" id="3201">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》嘗作當。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3179" id="3202">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》在作存。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3180" id="3203">〔6〕</a>《中本》捐作損。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3182" id="3204">〔7〕</a>《中本》乘作垂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3183" id="3205">〔8〕</a>《敦乙本》績作積。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3184" id="3206">〔9〕</a>《三寶感應要略録》中引曩者二字作昔字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3185" id="3207">〔10〕</a>《徑山本》濱作瀕。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3186" id="3208">〔11〕</a>《感應録》穴下有聚字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3187" id="3209">〔12〕</a>《感應録》此作於。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3188" id="3210">〔13〕</a>《感應録》時作既。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3189" id="3211">〔14〕</a>《大本》樵作櫵，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3190" id="3212">〔15〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》燃作然，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3191" id="3213">〔16〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》去並作出。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3192" id="3214">〔17〕</a>《感應録》此作是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3193" id="3215">〔18〕</a>乘聞法聲，《感應録》作“小乘法”三字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00267','1384650',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P267</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3194" id="3216">〔19〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》異並作信。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3195" id="3217">〔20〕</a>原本歎誤作歡，今依《敦乙本》及諸本改正。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3196" id="3218">〔21〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》善並作羡。《異本》﹑《或本》作美。《大本》作喜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3197" id="3219">〔22〕</a>《敦乙本》無具字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3181" id="3220">（一）</a>唐捐：虚耗﹑廢棄之義。《維摩經》卷上：“諸有所作，皆不唐捐。”<span class="zhuanming">僧肇</span>注：“功不可虚設。”</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">烏鐸迦漢荼城</span>北踰山涉川，行六百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">菀</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3226" id="3221">〔1〕</a>，昔輪王<a class="zhuhao" href="#3227" id="3222">〔2〕</a>之苑囿也。舊云<span class="zhuanming">烏塲</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3228" id="3223">〔3〕</a>，或曰<span class="zhuanming">烏荼</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3229" id="3224">〔4〕</a>，皆訛。<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#3230" id="3225">〔5〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3221" id="3226">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》菀作苑，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3222" id="3227">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》輪王作“阿輸迦王”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3223" id="3228">〔3〕</a>舊云烏塲，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作“舊曰烏孫塲”五字。《慈恩傳》作“舊稱烏長”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3224" id="3229">〔4〕</a>原本荼作茶，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》等改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3225" id="3230">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》境下並有也字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00268','1384650',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P268</span></i><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014430hynq.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
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二、小水池
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154522" key="1154522"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 尼波羅國 &gt; 二、小水池 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154523" key="1154523"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00615','1384774',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P615</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001046"><b>二﹑小水池</b></p><p> <span>都城東南有小水池<a class="zhuhao" href="#6566" id="6565">（一）</a>，以人火投之，水卽焰起。更投餘物，亦變爲火。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6565" id="6566">（一）</a>都城東南有小水池：《釋迦方志》卷上對此池有較詳細的記載，見下文所引闕文。《新唐書》卷二二一上《西域傳》亦有類似記載，稱：“池廣數十丈，水常湓沸，共傳旱澇未始耗溢。或抵以物則生煙，釜其上，少選可熟。”據此，此池似爲一温度極高之温泉。</span> </p><p> <span>〔闕文備考〕城東南不遠，有<span class="zhuanming">水火邨</span>。東一里<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00616','1384774',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P616</span></i>許，有<span class="zhuanming">阿耆波<a class="zhuhao" href="#6568" id="6567">（一）</a>沴水</span>，周二十步，旱澇湛然，不流常沸。家火投之，徧池火起，煙焰數尺。以水灑火，火增熾；碎土以投，亦卽然盡，無問投者，並成灰燼。架釜水上，煑熟立食。云：此水中先有金櫃，有國王將人取之。櫃已出泥，人象挽之，不動。夜，神告曰：“此是<span class="zhuanming">慈氏佛</span>冠，下生擬著，不可得也。火龍所護。”城南十餘里，孤山特秀，寺居重疊，狀若雲霞。松竹魚龍，隨人馴附，就人取食。犯者滅門。比者國命並從此國而往還矣。今屬<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>。（《釋迦方志》卷上）</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6567" id="6568">（一）</a>阿耆波：又作阿耆婆，梵文ajīva音譯，意爲死。</span> </p><p> <span>都城東南不遠，有<span class="zhuanming">水火村</span>。東一里許，有<span class="zhuanming">阿耆波沴水</span>，周二十步，旱澇湛然，不流常沸。家火投之，徧池火起，煙焰數尺。以水灑火，火更增熾；碎土以投，亦卽然盡，無問投者，並成灰燼。架釜水上，煑食立熟。賢德傳云：此水中先有金匱，前有國王將人取之，匱已出泥，人象挽之，不動。夜，神告曰：“此是<span class="zhuanming">慈氏佛</span>冠在中，後<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>下生擬著，不可得也。火龍所護。”城南十餘里，孤山特秀，寺居重疊，狀若雲霞。松竹魚龍，隨人馴附，就人取食。犯者滅門。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00617','1384774',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P617</span></i>比者國命並從此國而往還矣，卽<span class="zhuanming">東女國</span>與<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>接界，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>梵相去可一萬餘里。（《法苑珠林》卷三十八）城中有池，中有天金<a class="zhuhao" href="#6571" id="6569">〔1〕</a>光浮水上。古老傳云：<span class="zhuanming">彌勒</span>下生用爲首飾。或有利其寶者，夜往盗之，但見火聚騰焰，都不可近。今則流深，叵窮其底。水又極熱，難得措足。<span class="zhuanming">唐國</span>使者試火投之，焰便涌起。因用煑米，便得成飯。其境北界卽<span class="zhuanming">東女國</span>，與<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>接境，比來國命往還率由此地。約指爲語，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>梵相去一萬餘里，自古迴邅，歧途遠阻。（《續高僧傳·玄奘傳》）<a class="zhuhao" href="#6572" id="6570">〔2〕</a></span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6569" id="6571">〔1〕</a>金下疑脱冠字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6570" id="6572">〔2〕</a>上列闕文三段，《方志》與《珠林》所載大體相同，僅個别字句差異。《續僧傳》較爲簡略，記事亦稍有出入，殆撮述大意改寫之。但三書所記源當出於一，卽是《西域記》。今諸本皆無之，<span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>所見爲最初寫本，與今本有異。三書所記較原文必有增損，然已無法區别，因並列之，以備參考。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又《法苑珠林》卷二十四引《王玄策西國行傳》云：“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>二年（公元657）勑使<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>等往西國送佛袈裟，至<span class="zhuanming">泥婆羅國</span>，西南至<span class="zhuanming">頗羅度來村</span>，東坎下有一<span class="zhuanming">水火池</span>。若將家火照之，其水上卽有火焰於水中出。欲滅，以水沃之，其焰轉熾。<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>使等曾於中架一釜，煑飯得熟。使問彼國王，國王答使人云：‘曾經以杖刺著一金匱，令人挽出，一挽一深。相傳云此是<span class="zhuanming">彌勒佛</span>當來成道天冠金（冠金二字疑<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00618','1384774',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P618</span></i>倒），火龍防守之。此池火乃是火龍火也’。”所記略同，文又參差，是<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>亦曾見之。説詳<span class="zhuanming">范祥雍</span>《大唐西域記闕文考辨》（《文史》第十三輯，<span class="zhuanming">中華書局</span>）。</span> </p><p> <span>從此復還<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>，南渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">摩伽陁</span>，又曰<span class="zhuanming">摩竭提</span>，皆訛也。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p><p><img src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140145010tnu.jpg" style="					max-height:px;				"/><span class="font12 imgDes"> </span></p></div></div></div>
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波剌斯國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv7381" key="7381"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 波剌斯國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154533" key="1154533"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00938','1384895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P938</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001583">波剌斯國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">波剌斯國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9469" id="9455">（一）</a>周數万里。國大都城號<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌薩儻那</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9470" id="9456">（二）</a>，周四十餘里。川土既多<a class="zhuhao" href="#9464" id="9457">〔1〕</a>，氣序亦異，大抵温也。引水爲田，人户富饒，出金﹑銀<a class="zhuhao" href="#9465" id="9458">〔2〕</a>﹑鍮石﹑頗胝﹑水精，奇珍異寶。工織大錦<a class="zhuhao" href="#9466" id="9459">〔3〕</a>﹑細褐﹑𣰰毹<a class="zhuhao" href="#9467" id="9460">〔4〕</a>之類。多善馬﹑橐駝。貨用大銀錢。人性躁暴，俗無禮義。文字語言異於諸國。無學藝，多工技，凡諸造作，隣境所重。婚姻雜亂。死多棄屍。其形偉大，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00939','1384895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P939</span></i>齊髮露頭，衣皮褐，服錦㲲<a class="zhuhao" href="#9468" id="9461">〔5〕</a>。户課賦税，人四銀錢<a class="zhuhao" href="#9471" id="9462">（三）</a>。天祠甚多，提那跋外道<a class="zhuhao" href="#9472" id="9463">（四）</a>之徒爲所宗也。伽藍二三，僧徒數百，並學小乘教説一切有部法。<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>佛鉢，在此王宫。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9457" id="9464">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》多作廣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9458" id="9465">〔2〕</a>原本無銀字，《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》並有之，今據補。《趙城本》無銀字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9459" id="9466">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》錦作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503bv4v.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，訛。《慈恩傳》亦作大錦。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9460" id="9467">〔4〕</a>《慧琳音義》六十四引毹作氀。按氀與毹同，見《集韻·虞韻》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9461" id="9468">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》㲲作氈。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9455" id="9469">（一）</a>波剌斯國：<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯</span>（Pārsa），舊稱<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>（Persīa），卽現在的<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>，是<span class="zhuanming">西亞</span>的文明古國。<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>人與<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人是近親，在遷徙中，曾長期同居一地。其後，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>人卽越過<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山脉</span>，經<span class="zhuanming">克什米爾</span>等地進入<span class="zhuanming">南亞</span>次大陸。<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>人則南下<span class="zhuanming">伊朗高原</span>，直抵<span class="zhuanming">波斯灣</span>。最初隸屬於<span class="zhuanming">米地亞</span>（Media）人，約在公元前546年，<span class="zhuanming">居魯士</span>（Kyros）推翻<span class="zhuanming">米地亞</span>人的統治，開始建立古<span class="zhuanming">波斯帝國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">阿契梅尼</span>（Achaemenes）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>。他積極擴大疆土，鞏固國基。先後在<span class="zhuanming">岡比西</span>（Kambyses）﹑<span class="zhuanming">大流士</span>（Darius）﹑<span class="zhuanming">薛西斯</span>（Xerxes）等幾個君王的强有力的統治之下，古<span class="zhuanming">波斯帝國</span>的領域，東達<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>畔，西抵<span class="zhuanming">地中<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00940','1384895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P940</span></i>海</span>沿岸，北至<span class="zhuanming">裏海</span>及<span class="zhuanming">阿姆河</span>流域，南瀕<span class="zhuanming">印度洋</span>，成爲<span class="zhuanming">西亞</span>空前强大的帝國。<span class="zhuanming">希臘亞歷山大大帝</span>一度吞併古<span class="zhuanming">波斯帝國</span>，他死後，諸將分裂，割據自立。統治<span class="zhuanming">西亞</span>的爲<span class="zhuanming">塞琉古王朝</span>（Seleucus）。公元前250年左右，<span class="zhuanming">帕提亞</span>（Parthia）人在<span class="zhuanming">阿賽西</span>（Arsaces＞Arsak）及其弟<span class="zhuanming">提里達特</span>（Tiridates）率領之下脱離<span class="zhuanming">塞琉古王朝</span>而獨立。我國<span class="zhuanming">漢代</span>史書上稱爲<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">阿賽西</span>的音譯。<span class="zhuanming">密特立達特一世</span>（Mithridates I，171—138/7 B.C.）時，<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>開始强大。他的繼承人<span class="zhuanming">弗拉特二世</span>（Fraates Ⅱ，138—128/7 B.C.）在位時，整個<span class="zhuanming">西亞</span>幾乎全在其統治之下。<span class="zhuanming">張騫</span>到達西域時，就是在這段時間。<span class="zhuanming">密特立達特二世</span>（124—87 B.C.）在位期間，<span class="zhuanming">漢武帝</span>的使者第一次到達<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>。隨着<span class="zhuanming">漢朝</span>使者回國，<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>使者也一同來到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>訪問。<span class="zhuanming">漢代</span><span class="zhuanming">安息</span>曾多次遣使來<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>和<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>是當時世界的三大帝國。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">安息帝國</span>統治繼續了四百六十五年之久。公元226年<span class="zhuanming">阿爾達西爾</span>所建立的<span class="zhuanming">薩珊</span>（Sāsān）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>（公元後226—641年）代<span class="zhuanming">安息</span>而興。並於公元455年與我國<span class="zhuanming">北魏</span>建立友好關係。《魏書》記載<span class="zhuanming">神龜</span>（518—520）年間<span class="zhuanming">薩珊王朝</span>遣使來<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>時，最先用了“<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>”一名。<span class="zhuanming">隋</span><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時，<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>派來<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的使者很多，<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>人留居<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>的更是數以千計。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到達<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>時，正當<span class="zhuanming">薩珊王朝</span>末期；他經過<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>回歸<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>後不久，<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>卽爲<span class="zhuanming">大食</span>所滅。<span class="zhuanming">唐玄宗</span>時<span class="zhuanming">朝鮮</span>僧人<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>的《往五天竺國傳》上也有關於<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>的記載，其書中曾提到<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>有商船直航我國<span class="zhuanming">廣州</span>販運絲綢，這時<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>已成爲<span class="zhuanming">大食</span>屬地，“事天，不識佛法。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於我國與<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>間物質文化交流的情況，可參考<span class="zhuanming">林筠因</span>譯<span class="zhuanming">勞費爾</span>著《中國伊朗編》（B.Laufer：Sino—Iranica）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9456" id="9470">（二）</a>國大都城號蘇剌薩儻那：<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌薩儻那</span>，梵文Surasthā-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00941','1384895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P941</span></i>na音譯，爲“神之居所”之意。此名不詳從何處來。<span class="zhuanming">薩珊王朝</span>之國都爲Persepolis，<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭教</span>入侵後稱Iṣṭakhr。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9462" id="9471">（三）</a>户課賦税人四銀錢：<span class="zhuanming">薩珊王朝</span>賦税，似乎前期與後期有所變化。據《魏書》卷一○二《西域傳》所載，<span class="zhuanming">波斯國</span>“賦税則準地輸銀錢。”這與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記不同。但《隋書》卷八三《西域傳》則稱<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>國：“人年三歲已上，出口錢四文。”與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記相同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9463" id="9472">（四）</a>提那跋外道：提那跋，<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>認爲來源於梵文dinapati，義爲太陽。提那跋外道，似指古代流行於<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>和<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>一帶的<span class="zhuanming">瑣羅亞斯德教</span>。其相傳爲古<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>人<span class="zhuanming">瑣羅亞斯德</span>（Zoroaster，約公元前十至前七世紀之間）所創。其教義保存於最古的<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>文獻《阿吠窣多經》（Avesta），認爲世上有善與惡的對立：善爲光明神<span class="zhuanming">胡臘瑪達</span>（<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>文作<span class="zhuanming">奥爾穆兹德</span>）；惡爲黑暗神<span class="zhuanming">安赫臘曼紐</span>（<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>文作<span class="zhuanming">阿利曼</span>）。它以太陽是神的眼睛，火則爲善與光明的代表，故以禮拜“聖火”爲主要儀式。《魏書》卷一○二《西域傳》云：“俗事火神﹑天神。”《北史》﹑《南史》的“西域列傳”均有所載，<span class="zhuanming">南北朝</span>時傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>，稱爲<span class="zhuanming">拜火教</span>或<span class="zhuanming">祆教</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">火祆教</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波斯教</span>。<span class="zhuanming">大流士一世</span>（Darius I，前558？—前486？）統治時期，曾被定爲<span class="zhuanming">波斯帝國</span>的國教，後爲<span class="zhuanming">伊斯蘭教</span>逐漸消滅，今<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>部分地區和<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">孟買</span>尚有少數教徒。</span> </p><p> <span>國東境有<span class="zhuanming">鶴秣<a class="zhuhao" href="#9475" id="9473">〔1〕</a>城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9476" id="9474">（一）</a>，内城不廣，外郭周六十餘里。居人衆，家産富。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9473" id="9475">〔1〕</a>《中本》﹑《建本》秣作林，《石本》作秼。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》作秣，同此。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00942','1384895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P942</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9474" id="9476">（一）</a>鶴秣城：<span class="zhuanming">鶴秣城</span>至今只有<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>試比定爲Ormus，卽現代有名的<span class="zhuanming">霍爾木兹</span>（Hormuz），爲<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>重要的港口。</span> </p><p> <span>西北接<span class="zhuanming">拂<a class="zhuhao" href="#9480" id="9477">〔1〕</a>懍國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9481" id="9478">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#9482" id="9479">（一）</a>，境壤風俗，同<span class="zhuanming">波剌斯</span>。形貌語言，稍有乖異，多珍寶，亦富饒也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9477" id="9480">〔1〕</a>《方志》拂作󵾱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9478" id="9481">〔2〕</a>《方志》此下有“出伯狗子，本赤頭鴨，生於穴中。”《珠林》三十九同，惟伯作白。拂懍，《隋書》﹑《通典》﹑《舊唐書》﹑《新唐書》並作拂菻。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9479" id="9482">（一）</a>拂懍國：指<span class="zhuanming">東羅馬</span>。中古<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>語及<span class="zhuanming">粟特</span>語作From，Hrum Hrom，Porum，均係<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>（Rum）一字之訛音。《隋書·裴矩傳》及《鐵勒傳》稱爲<span class="zhuanming">拂菻</span>。《新唐書》﹑《舊唐書》均沿用此字，如《舊唐書》卷一九八：“<span class="zhuanming">拂菻國</span>一名<span class="zhuanming">大秦</span>，在西海之上，東南與<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>接。”《新唐書》卷二二一：“<span class="zhuanming">拂菻</span>，古<span class="zhuanming">大秦</span>也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">關於<span class="zhuanming">拂菻</span>及<span class="zhuanming">大秦國</span>的問題，東西方學者作過不少專門研究，可參考<span class="zhuanming">夏德</span>著﹑<span class="zhuanming">朱傑勤</span>譯《大秦國全録》（F.Hirth：China and the Roman Orient）以及<span class="zhuanming">白鳥庫吉</span>《大秦國及拂菻國考》﹑《拂菻問題的新解釋》（以上二篇譯文均見<span class="zhuanming">王古魯</span>譯《塞外史地論文譯叢》第一輯）。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00943','1384895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P943</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">拂懍國</span>西南海島有<span class="zhuanming">西女國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9488" id="9483">（一）</a>，皆是女人，略無男子。多諸珍<a class="zhuhao" href="#9486" id="9484">〔1〕</a>貨，附<span class="zhuanming">拂懍國</span>，故<span class="zhuanming">拂懍王</span>歲遣丈夫配焉。其俗<a class="zhuhao" href="#9487" id="9485">〔2〕</a>産男皆不舉也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9484" id="9486">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》珍下並有寶字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9485" id="9487">〔2〕</a>《中本》俗下有若字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9483" id="9488">（一）</a>西女國：<span class="zhuanming">女國</span>的傳説似乎源出於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，最初傳説是在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西海洋。以後隨着這一傳説的廣泛流傳，<span class="zhuanming">女國</span>的位置也向西移至更遼遠的地方——<span class="zhuanming">東羅馬</span>的西南海島上。中世紀的<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿拉伯</span>作家以及<span class="zhuanming">馬可波羅</span>均有關於<span class="zhuanming">女國</span>的記載。我國除<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>外，<span class="zhuanming">杜環</span>《經行記》及《新唐書》中也有類似的傳説。雖然這傳説荒誕不經，影響似乎不小，有人作過牽强附會的研究（如<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>就認爲是指<span class="zhuanming">波斯灣</span>上有名的港口<span class="zhuanming">尸羅夫</span>〔Siraf〕）；也還有人企圖去該島訪問，如<span class="zhuanming">摩洛哥</span>旅行家<span class="zhuanming">依本·巴圖塔</span>就是其一。甚至隨<span class="zhuanming">達伽馬</span>之後而來<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">葡萄牙</span>水手也曾多次想去尋覓該島。（參考I.Kennedy：A Race of Fair Woman，JRAS，1904，p.163）</span> </p><p> <span>自<span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅國</span>北行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">臂多勢<a class="zhuhao" href="#9490" id="9489">〔1〕</a>羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00944','1384895',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P944</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9489" id="9490">〔1〕</a>原本勢作縶，今從《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及本卷首目録改，下同。《趙城本》作縶。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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[卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上]
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154539" key="1154539"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154540" key="1154540"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00619','1384775',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P619</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001050"><b>大唐西域記卷第八</b></p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三藏法師玄奘奉詔譯</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">大總持寺沙門辯機撰</span> </p><p> <span>一國</span> </p><p> <span>摩揭陁國上</span> </p><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001051">摩揭陁國上</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6587" id="6573">（一）</a>周五千餘里，城少居人，邑多編户。地沃壤<a class="zhuhao" href="#6581" id="6574">〔1〕</a>，滋稼穡，有異稻種，其粒麤大，香味殊越<a class="zhuhao" href="#6582" id="6575">〔2〕</a>，光色特甚，彼俗謂之供大人米<a class="zhuhao" href="#6588" id="6576">（二）</a>。土地墊濕，邑居高原<a class="zhuhao" href="#6583" id="6577">〔3〕</a>。孟夏之後，仲秋之前，平居流水，可以泛舟。風俗淳質，氣序温暑。崇重志學，尊<a class="zhuhao" href="#6584" id="6578">〔4〕</a>敬佛法<a class="zhuhao" href="#6585" id="6579">〔5〕</a>。伽藍五十餘所，僧徒萬有餘人，並多宗習大乘法教。天祠數十，異道寔<a class="zhuhao" href="#6586" id="6580">〔6〕</a>多。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6574" id="6581">〔1〕</a>《慧琳音義》十二引作“其地下濕，出好粳米。”乃約舉其文。《釋帖》二十一引地上有土字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6575" id="6582">〔2〕</a>《慧琳音義》十二引此句作“香色殊”。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00620','1384775',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P620</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6577" id="6583">〔3〕</a>《舊麗本》原作堙。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6578" id="6584">〔4〕</a>原本尊作遵，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《中本》作導，亦尊之形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6579" id="6585">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》無法字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6580" id="6586">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》寔作甚。《方志》亦作甚。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6573" id="6587">（一）</a>摩揭陁國：<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>，梵文﹑巴利文Magadha，俗語Mā-gadha。又譯<span class="zhuanming">摩竭</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩揭</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩訶陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">默竭陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩伽陀</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">墨竭提</span>；意譯<span class="zhuanming">無害</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">無惱害</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">不惡處</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">致甘露處</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">善勝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">聰惠</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">天羅</span>等；爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代十六大國之一。其領域大體相當於現今<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">比哈爾邦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">巴特那</span>（Patna）和<span class="zhuanming">加雅</span>（Gayā）地方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">公元前七世紀<span class="zhuanming">童龍</span>（Śiśunāga）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>時<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>已經很強大，<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅</span>（Bimbisāra）<span class="zhuanming">王</span>在位時，國都爲<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>（Rājagṛha）。舊城被毁於火災後，又另建新<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>。<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅王</span>是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的大保護者，他的兒子<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世</span>（Ajātaśatru）<span class="zhuanming">王</span>却庇護<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>徒。<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>繼位後，南征北戰，討平和兼併了四鄰各小國，使<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>的領域大爲擴張，成爲與<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅</span>對峙的<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>大國。他的兒子<span class="zhuanming">鄔陀耶</span>（Udaya）又在水陸交通便利的要衝之地，建立<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子城</span>（Pāṭaliputra——<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>）。公元前413年，<span class="zhuanming">頻毗娑羅</span>所創立的這一王朝爲<span class="zhuanming">難陀</span>（Nanda）王朝所推翻。公元前326年左右，<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>的<span class="zhuanming">旃陀羅笈多</span>（Candra-gupta，又譯<span class="zhuanming">月護</span>）崛起，在婆羅門<span class="zhuanming">憍底利耶</span>（Kauṭilya）的輔佐之下，始而借助於<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>東征侵入<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>兵力，以鞏固自己力量。<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>的死訊一傳來，他立卽調轉鋒芒，逐走侵入<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>的<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人，然後回師<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>，廢除<span class="zhuanming">難陀王</span>，定都<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>，統一<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00621','1384775',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P621</span></i>建立起<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史上空前强大的孔雀王朝。約公元前305年，<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>的部將，<span class="zhuanming">西亞</span>的霸主<span class="zhuanming">塞琉古·尼伽脱</span>（Seleucus Nicator）再次入侵<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>時，又爲<span class="zhuanming">月護王</span>所擊敗，被迫和婚訂約。<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人退出<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>西北部﹑<span class="zhuanming">俾路支</span>以及<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>的一部分地區，並派使節<span class="zhuanming">麥加斯忒尼</span>（Megasthenes）出使<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>。這時<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>的領域已西北抵<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>麓。公元前273年，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>繼承王位，他東征西討，兵力遠達<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>，討平<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>等國。這時<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>的領域已北抵<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>麓，南達<span class="zhuanming">科弗里河</span>畔，東起<span class="zhuanming">阿薩姆</span>，西北至<span class="zhuanming">興都庫什山</span>。國都<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>是當時<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的政治﹑經濟和文化中心，<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>各地客商雲集之地。<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的大保護者，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒有名的<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>結集就在其首都舉行。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">公元前185年，<span class="zhuanming">華友</span>（Puṣpamitra）推翻<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>，建立了<span class="zhuanming">巽伽</span>（Śuṅga）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>（185—73B.C.）。此後還出現了一個短促的<span class="zhuanming">甘婆</span>（Kāṇva）<span class="zhuanming">王朝</span>（73—28B.C.）。在<span class="zhuanming">巽伽王朝</span>時代，原先爲<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>所征服的<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>諸國，如<span class="zhuanming">羯𩜁伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>（Andhra）相繼獨立。<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>的國勢日趨强大，公元前七十年代幾乎統治了整個<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>。這時<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>也成爲<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>的藩屬。<span class="zhuanming">案達羅</span>王朝一直延續到公元後三世紀初期。公元後320年，<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>的<span class="zhuanming">旃陀羅笈多一世</span>（Candra-gupta I，與<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>的創立者同名）崛起而建立<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>。他的兒子<span class="zhuanming">三謨陀羅笈多</span>（Samudragupta，義云“<span class="zhuanming">海護</span>”）在位時，<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>的國勢又很強盛，他多次征討，使<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>幾乎完全恢復了<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>的盛況。這時是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代文化的復興時代，梵文文學﹑藝術﹑哲學以及經濟都很繁榮，<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>也有復興之勢。不過他對各教派也還能一視同仁。四世紀末，五世紀初，他的兒子<span class="zhuanming">旃陀羅笈多二</span>世繼位，這時可稱是<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的黄金時代，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>就是在這段期間到<span class="zhuanming">印<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00622','1384775',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P622</span></i>度</span>巡禮的。《法顯傳》中描繪<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>都<span class="zhuanming">巴連弗邑</span>（卽<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>）説：“是<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>所治……凡諸中國，唯此國城邑爲大，民人富盛，競行仁義。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">五世紀末，<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠人</span>由西北侵入<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，這時<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>相當衰微，政令僅能行於<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>境内。不久<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>王<span class="zhuanming">耶舍達摩</span>（Yaśo-dharma）奮起，聯合諸國興兵反抗，公元後533年，大敗<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠人</span>於<span class="zhuanming">柯魯爾</span>（Kohrur），光復故土，逐走外寇，他的文治武功也還能與前代媲美。六世紀末<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>才衰亡。七世紀初<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到達時，稱雄於<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐彈那</span>（Harṣavardhana），其先世也曾向<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>稱臣，<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>時首都已移至<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>（關於<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>和<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>的歷史詳見本書卷五，兹不贅述）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>一生中大部分時間都在<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>内度過。佛湼槃後，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒的四次結集中，第一次的<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>結集和第三次的<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>結集，都在<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>内舉行。有關<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>生平的勝跡大都在<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>附近地區，所以<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>一直被視爲<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>聖地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>時<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>曾和我國建立友好關係，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>訪問此國不久之後，<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>十五年（公元641年）<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>（<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span>）自稱<span class="zhuanming">摩伽陁王</span>派使者帶國書至我國。<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>又命雲騎尉<span class="zhuanming">梁懷璥</span>到該國報聘，這是<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>使者第一次到達該國。以後<span class="zhuanming">尸羅逸多</span>又派使者隨同<span class="zhuanming">梁懷璥</span>一起到<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">唐太宗</span>十分優待，又派<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>和<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>出使該國。貞觀二十二年（648年），<span class="zhuanming">太宗</span>又派<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>爲正使，<span class="zhuanming">蔣師仁</span>爲副使，赴<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>在該國曾廣泛巡禮過許多佛教聖跡，並在<span class="zhuanming">摩訶菩提寺</span>立碑留念。我國的製蔗糖方法，相傳就是由<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>傳進來的（參見《新唐書》卷二二一上《西域傳上》）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6576" id="6588">（二）</a>供大人米：《慈恩傳》卷三：“其米大於烏豆（黑大豆），作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00623','1384775',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P623</span></i>飯香鮮，餘米不及。唯<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span>有此粳米，餘處更無，獨供國王及多聞大德，故號爲供大人米。”案Patna所産稻米，今仍爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>良種。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
臂多勢羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154543" key="1154543"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 臂多勢羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154544" key="1154544"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00944','1384896',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P944</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001593">臂多勢羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">臂多勢羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9497" id="9491">（一）</a>周三千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。居人殷盛，無大君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>。土地沙鹵，寒風凄勁。多宿<a class="zhuhao" href="#9495" id="9492">〔1〕</a>麥，少花菓。而風俗獷暴，語異<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9498" id="9493">（二）</a>。不好藝學<a class="zhuhao" href="#9496" id="9494">〔2〕</a>，然知淳信。伽藍五十餘所，僧徒三千餘人，並學小乘正量部法。天祠二十餘所，並塗灰外道也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9492" id="9495">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》宿並作菽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9494" id="9496">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《徑山本》藝學二字作學藝。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9491" id="9497">（一）</a>臂多勢羅國：據《慈恩傳》，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的行程是：“從<span class="zhuanming">狼揭羅國</span>東北行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">臂多勢羅國</span>。”與本書所記的“自<span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅國</span>北行七百餘里”不同。這一國名<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Pītaśaila，義云“淡黄山”。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>還原爲Pāṭāsila，並比定其地望爲<span class="zhuanming">海德拉巴德</span>（Hyda-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00945','1384896',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P945</span></i>rābād）或<span class="zhuanming">尼蘭柯特</span>（Nirankot），卽現今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span><span class="zhuanming">信德省</span>的<span class="zhuanming">海得拉巴</span>，古名<span class="zhuanming">巴塔爾普爾</span>（Patalpur），<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>並認爲卽<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>東征班師時所經的<span class="zhuanming">波塔羅</span>（Patala）。此外，<span class="zhuanming">海格</span>（Haig）比定爲<span class="zhuanming">帕卡爾城</span>（Nagar Pārkar），<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">錫卡爾普爾</span>（Shikarpur），其理由均不如<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>的充足。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9493" id="9498">（二）</a>語異中印度：現在<span class="zhuanming">海得拉巴</span>講的是<span class="zhuanming">信德</span>語中的<span class="zhuanming">維科利</span>（Vicōlī）方言，爲<span class="zhuanming">信德</span>語的標準語。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、波吒釐子城及傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154547" key="1154547"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 一、波吒釐子城及傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154548" key="1154548"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00623','1384776',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P623</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001054"><b>一﹑波吒釐子城及傳説</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>南有故城，周七十餘里，荒蕪雖久，基址<a class="zhuhao" href="#6595" id="6589">〔1〕</a>尚在<a class="zhuhao" href="#6596" id="6590">〔2〕</a>。昔者人壽無量歲時，號<span class="zhuanming">拘蘇摩補羅城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6597" id="6591">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">香花宫城</span>。</span> <span>王宫多花，故以名焉。逮乎人壽數千歲，更名<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6600" id="6592">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#6598" id="6593">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">巴連<a class="zhuhao" href="#6599" id="6594">〔5〕</a>弗邑</span>，訛也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6589" id="6595">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》址作趾，下同，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6590" id="6596">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《華嚴鈔》五十八引在並作存。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6591" id="6597">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》城作國。按《方志》作城，本書下文亦同，疑《傳》誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6593" id="6598">〔4〕</a>《華嚴鈔》引曰作云。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6594" id="6599">〔5〕</a>《石本》巴作已。《慈恩傳》巴連作熙漣。按《方志》及《華嚴鈔》引並作巴連，同各本。《慧琳音義》十二引此句同，但下有“此云無毒害”五字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6592" id="6600">（一）</a>波吒釐子城：<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子</span>，梵文作Pāṭaliputra，波吒釐是pāṭali的譯音，putra義云“子”；音譯又作<span class="zhuanming">波羅利弗多羅</span>，<span class="zhuanming">波羅利<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00624','1384776',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P624</span></i>弗拓路</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波羅利弗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波羅黎弗都盧</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">巴陵弗</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">巴隣</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波羅黎</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">巴連弗</span>；意譯<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>等。<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>人稱之爲Palibothra（Arrian：Indica，X；Strabo：xv，1.36）。<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐</span>（pāṭali）原爲樹名，學名Bignonia suaveolens，該樹開淡紅色花。此城又名<span class="zhuanming">拘蘇摩補羅</span>（Kusumapura，同義異名爲Puṣpapura，梵文kusuma及puṣpa均義爲花，pura意爲城）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">此地原先是<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>畔的一個村莊，名爲<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐村</span>（Pāṭaligrāma），與河對岸的<span class="zhuanming">俱胝村</span>（Koṭigrāma）遥遥相對，扼守着<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>通往<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>等地的交通要道。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>的主要河流如<span class="zhuanming">恆河</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">甘達克</span>（Gandak）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>（Son）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>都在這附近匯合，地位頗爲重要。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>在世時，<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>就命令大臣<span class="zhuanming">蘇尼陀</span>（Sunīdha）和<span class="zhuanming">婆娑迦羅</span>（Varṣakāra）人在此地修築城堡，作爲進攻<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃</span>的前哨基地。這是<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子城</span>建城的開端。約在公元前450年，<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>之子（一説其孫）<span class="zhuanming">鄔陀耶</span>（Udaya）<span class="zhuanming">王</span>時，此城才完全建成。此後，<span class="zhuanming">童龍王朝</span>（Śiśunāga）的晚期，<span class="zhuanming">難陀王朝</span>諸王以及<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>的<span class="zhuanming">月護王</span>和<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>都在此建都。當時的<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子城</span>的規模十分宏大，城外有一條闊六百<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，深三十腕尺（cubits）的護城濠，濠後二十四<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺處有一帶堅固城牆，具有五百七十個箭樓和六十四個城門。<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>時此城四門每天的税收就有錢四十萬枚，他每天上朝時，通常還得十萬枚錢。<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>初期也還是定都在這裏。<span class="zhuanming">三謨陀羅笈多</span>完成其雄圖之後，<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子城</span>雖非其常駐之地，但此城仍不失爲一重鎮。五世紀<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>到達此地，曾描繪這城市的宏大富饒，對於王宫更是讚美：“城中王宫殿，皆使鬼神作，累石起牆闕，雕文刻鏤，非世所造。”六世紀<span class="zhuanming">嚈噠</span>人侵入時，此城遭受嚴重破壞。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子城</span>的地望在現今<span class="zhuanming">巴特那</span>（Patna）西北至<span class="zhuanming">訂那浦爾</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00625','1384776',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P625</span></i>（Dinapore）的中途。近代在此地進行發掘，出土文物不少，如沖壓製成的錢幣，以及<span class="zhuanming">貴霜王朝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>時的貨幣，<span class="zhuanming">巽伽王朝</span>時的棟樑﹑各類偶像，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>所記載的大乘及小乘寺院，以及<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>廟宇等遺跡。</span> </p><p> <span>初有婆羅門，高才博學，門人數千<a class="zhuhao" href="#6619" id="6601">〔1〕</a>，傳以授<a class="zhuhao" href="#6620" id="6602">〔2〕</a>業。諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#6621" id="6603">〔3〕</a>學徒相從遊觀，有一書生徘徊悵<a class="zhuhao" href="#6622" id="6604">〔4〕</a>望，同儔<a class="zhuhao" href="#6623" id="6605">〔5〕</a>謂曰：“夫何憂乎？”曰：“盛色方剛，羈遊履影，歲月已積，藝業無成。顧此爲言，憂心彌劇！”於是學徒戲言之曰：“今將爲<a class="zhuhao" href="#6624" id="6606">〔6〕</a>子求娉婚親。”乃假立二人爲男父母，二人爲女父母，遂坐波吒釐樹，謂女聟<a class="zhuhao" href="#6625" id="6607">〔7〕</a>樹也，採時果，酌清流，陳婚姻之緒，請好合之期。時假女父攀花枝以授書生曰：“斯嘉偶也，幸無辭焉！”書生之心欣然自得，日暮言歸，懷戀而止。學徒曰：“前言戲耳，幸可同歸。林中猛獸恐相殘害。”書生遂留，往來樹側，景夕之後，異光燭野，管弦清雅，帷<a class="zhuhao" href="#6626" id="6608">〔8〕</a>帳陳列。俄見老翁策杖來慰，復<a class="zhuhao" href="#6627" id="6609">〔9〕</a>有一嫗擕引少女，並賓<a class="zhuhao" href="#6628" id="6610">〔10〕</a>從盈路，袨服奏樂。翁乃指少女曰：“此君之弱室也。”酣歌樂讌，經七日焉。學徒疑爲獸害，往而求之，乃見獨坐樹陰，若對上客。告與同歸，辭不從命。後自入城，拜謁親故，説其始末。聞者驚駭，與諸友<a class="zhuhao" href="#6629" id="6611">〔11〕</a>人同往林中，咸見花樹是<a class="zhuhao" href="#6630" id="6612">〔12〕</a>一大第，僮僕役使，驅馳往來，而彼老翁從容接對，陳饌奏樂，賓主禮備。諸友還城，具告遠近。期<a class="zhuhao" href="#6631" id="6613">〔13〕</a>歲之後，生一子男<a class="zhuhao" href="#6632" id="6614">〔14〕</a>，謂其妻曰：“吾今欲歸，未忍離阻。適復留止，棲寄飄露。”其妻既聞，具以<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00626','1384776',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P626</span></i>白父。翁謂書生曰：“人生行樂，詎必故鄉？今將築室，宜無異志。”於是役使靈<a class="zhuhao" href="#6633" id="6615">〔15〕</a>徒<a class="zhuhao" href="#6634" id="6616">〔16〕</a>，功成不日，<span class="zhuanming">香花舊城</span>遷都此邑。由彼子故，神爲築城，自爾之後，因<a class="zhuhao" href="#6635" id="6617">〔17〕</a>名<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子城</span>焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#6636" id="6618">〔18〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6601" id="6619">〔1〕</a>《釋帖》十四引千作百。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6602" id="6620">〔2〕</a>原本授作受，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明局本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作授，今從之。《華嚴鈔》作受，同《麗本》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6603" id="6621">〔3〕</a>《華嚴鈔》引諸上有與字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6604" id="6622">〔4〕</a>原本徘徊作俳佪，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》等及《華嚴鈔》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6605" id="6623">〔5〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》儔作疇，下同。古通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6606" id="6624">〔6〕</a>原本無爲字，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《華嚴鈔》補。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6607" id="6625">〔7〕</a>原本聟作聲，《古本》作聟。《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《華嚴鈔》並作壻，《翻譯集》引作楈。按《干禄字書》有聟﹑󲖮﹑壻三字云：“上俗，中通，下正。”《禮記·昏義》：“壻執鴈入。”《釋文》：“壻，或又作聟，悉見反。依字從士從胥，俗從知下作耳。”然則聲乃聟之形訛，聟﹑壻同字，正俗之别爾，《古本》作聟是也，今從改。楈疑壻之誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6608" id="6626">〔8〕</a>《華嚴鈔》帷作幃，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6609" id="6627">〔9〕</a>《中本》及《華嚴鈔》復作頃。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00627','1384776',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P627</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6610" id="6628">〔10〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》賓作儐，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6611" id="6629">〔11〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》諸友二字互倒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6612" id="6630">〔12〕</a>《中本》樹是二字作林是樹三字，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6613" id="6631">〔13〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》期並作暮。《華嚴鈔》作朞，同此本。從下文“生一子男”言，則作期爲長。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6614" id="6632">〔14〕</a>《華嚴鈔》子男二字作男子。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6615" id="6633">〔15〕</a>原本靈作之，《石本》﹑《中本》及《華嚴鈔》作靈，今從改。下文云“神爲築城，”可證此當作靈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6616" id="6634">〔16〕</a>《華嚴鈔》徒作從。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6617" id="6635">〔17〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》因並作國。按前後文皆云“波吒釐子城，”不當爲國名。《華嚴鈔》作因，同《麗本》，作國者非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6618" id="6636">〔18〕</a>《石本》焉下有也字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、城北諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154551" key="1154551"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 臂多勢羅國 &gt; 一、城北諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154552" key="1154552"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00945','1384897',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P945</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001596"><b>一﹑城北諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span>城北十五六里大林中有窣堵波，高數百尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也。中有舍利，時放光明。是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔作仙人<a class="zhuhao" href="#9500" id="9499">〔1〕</a>爲國王所害之處。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9499" id="9500">〔1〕</a>《方志》仙人二字作忍仙。</span> </p><p> <span>此東不遠，有故伽藍，是昔<span class="zhuanming">大迦多延那大阿羅漢</span>之所建立，其傍則有過去四佛座及經行遺迹之處，建窣堵波以爲旌表。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北行三百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">阿軬荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#9502" id="9501">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9501" id="9502">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》荼作茶，下同。當<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00946','1384897',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P946</span></i>作荼，説見前。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五、摩愉伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154555" key="1154555"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 五、摩愉伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154556" key="1154556"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00281','1384655',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P281</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000456"><b>五﹑摩愉伽藍</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩訶伐<a class="zhuhao" href="#3366" id="3359">〔1〕</a>那伽藍</span>西北，下山三四十里，至<span class="zhuanming">摩愉</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3367" id="3360">〔2〕</a>言<span class="zhuanming">豆</span>。</span> <span>伽藍<a class="zhuhao" href="#3370" id="3361">（一）</a>。有窣堵波高百餘尺，其側大方石上有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>足蹈之迹<a class="zhuhao" href="#3368" id="3362">〔3〕</a>。是佛昔蹈此石，放拘胝<a class="zhuhao" href="#3371" id="3363">（二）</a>光明，照<span class="zhuanming">摩訶伐那伽藍</span>，爲諸人天説本生事。其窣堵波基下有石，色帶黄白，常有津膩。是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔修菩薩行，爲聞正法，於此析<a class="zhuhao" href="#3369" id="3364">〔4〕</a>骨書寫經典<a class="zhuhao" href="#3372" id="3365">（三）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3359" id="3366">〔1〕</a>《石本》伐作代，下同。按上文作伐，此顯爲筆誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3360" id="3367">〔2〕</a>《新麗本》原本唐作摩，《京大本》從《石本》及《宋本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3362" id="3368">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《中本》迹作趾跡二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3364" id="3369">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》析作折，舊寫本從木從手常淆。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3361" id="3370">（一）</a>摩愉伽藍：摩愉，梵文mayū音譯。原書“摩愉”下，注有“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言豆”，因此對於此字的解釋引起不少分歧。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>等認爲may ū是梵文mayūkha一字之略，意卽“光明”﹑“光線”，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00282','1384655',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P282</span></i>這樣可與下文“是佛昔蹈此石，放拘胝光明，照<span class="zhuanming">摩訶伐那伽藍</span>”意義相符。梵文“摩愉”並無“豆”字含義，注作“豆”可能是當地人士對原義誤解所致。此外，如<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>（S.Julien）認爲“愉”爲“輸”字之訛，其對音爲梵文masūra或其<span class="zhuanming">伊朗</span>化的形式masur，意爲“扁豆”。二説未知孰是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3363" id="3371">（二）</a>拘胝：梵文koṭi音譯，又作拘利，俱知；義爲百萬或億。《慧琳音義》卷十九：“拘利，梵語也。卽諸經云俱知也。數法名，此當百萬。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3365" id="3372">（三）</a>於此析骨書寫經典：此本生故事又見《賢愚經》卷一，稱<span class="zhuanming">波羅㮈國</span>有<span class="zhuanming">欝多羅仙人</span>，剥皮析骨，以血和墨書寫偈語。亦見於《智度論》卷四九﹑《菩薩本行經》卷下。《洛陽伽藍記》卷五記載：“王城南一百餘里有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔作<span class="zhuanming">摩休國</span>剥皮爲紙析骨爲筆處。<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>起塔籠之，舉高十丈。析骨之處，髓流著石。觀其脂色，肥膩若新。”卽指此。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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鉢伐多國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154559" key="1154559"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 鉢伐多國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154560" key="1154560"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00933','1384890',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P933</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001568">鉢伐多國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9422" id="9417">（一）</a>周五千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。居人殷盛，役屬<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>。多旱<a class="zhuhao" href="#9420" id="9418">〔1〕</a>稻，宜宿<a class="zhuhao" href="#9421" id="9419">〔2〕</a>麥。氣序調適，風俗質直。人性躁急，言含鄙辭，學藝深博，邪正雜信。伽藍十餘所，僧徒千餘人，大小二乘兼功習學。四窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。天祠二十，異道雜居。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9418" id="9420">〔1〕</a>原本旱作早，《宋本》﹑《趙城本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並作旱，今從改。《建本》作卑，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9419" id="9421">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》宿並作菽。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9417" id="9422">（一）</a>鉢伐多國：<span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多</span>，梵文Parvata音譯，“山岳”之意。這一名稱相當古老，在<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>《八章書》（iv，3.93）中，列爲<span class="zhuanming">呾叉始羅</span>的屬國。從前的學者，如<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>等人均比定爲<span class="zhuanming">克什米爾</span>南部的<span class="zhuanming">查謨</span>（Jammū），但<span class="zhuanming">查謨</span>與<span class="zhuanming">木爾坦</span>相距約<span class="song">250</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，這與本書中所記從<span class="zhuanming">茂羅三部盧國</span>“東北行七百餘里（約<span class="song">117</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里），至<span class="zhuanming">鉢伐多國</span>”相比較，未免相距太遠。近代學者多比定爲<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span><span class="zhuanming">旁遮普省</span>的<span class="zhuanming">哈拉巴</span>（Harappa），這是與<span class="zhuanming">摩亨焦</span>-<span class="zhuanming">達羅</span>（Mahenjo-daro）齊名的﹑著名的“<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>文明”古代遺址的出土地點。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、摩訶伐那伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154563" key="1154563"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 四、摩訶伐那伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154564" key="1154564"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00280','1384654',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P280</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000453"><b>四﹑摩訶伐那伽藍</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span>南二百餘里大山側，至<a class="zhuhao" href="#3354" id="3349">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">摩訶伐那</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">大林</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3357" id="3350">（一）</a>。是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔修菩薩行，號<span class="zhuanming">薩縛達多<a class="zhuhao" href="#3355" id="3351">〔2〕</a>王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3358" id="3352">（二）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">一切施</span>。</span> <span>避敵棄國，潛行至此，遇貧婆羅門方來乞匄<a class="zhuhao" href="#3356" id="3353">〔3〕</a>，既失國位，無以爲施，遂令覊縛，擒往敵王，冀以賞財，迴爲惠施。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3349" id="3354">〔1〕</a>《古本》至作有。《石本》至上有有字，疑其一爲校文，誤併入正文。《方志》作有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3351" id="3355">〔2〕</a>原本多作之。《中本》﹑《金陵本》作多。《石本》作𠚤，爲達之重文；《明北本》﹑《徑山本》作達。《方志》作“薩縛達羅”。<span class="zhuanming">向達</span>云：“按作羅字當由於多字寫作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/140144320jy0.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>字，誤讀爲羅，遂成薩縛達羅耳。此字梵文作Sarvadatta，自以作薩縛達多爲是。”今從其説改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3353" id="3356">〔3〕</a>原本匄作匂，乃匄之或作，見《龍龕手鑑》卷一，不如匄通行，今從諸本改。下同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3350" id="3357">（一）</a>摩訶伐那伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">摩訶伐那</span>是梵文mahāvana的音譯，意卽大森林。其地望，<span class="zhuanming">迪恩</span>認爲應在現在<span class="zhuanming">馬哈般</span>（Mahāban）<span class="zhuanming">山</span>的西或西北麓，在山麓低處及該山上部至今還有不少遺址存在。但<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00281','1384654',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P281</span></i><span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">馬哈般</span>與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記相差太遠，<span class="zhuanming">摩訶伐那寺</span>應在<span class="zhuanming">蘇尼格魯姆</span>（Sunigrum）的<span class="zhuanming">賓吉柯台</span>（Pinjkotai）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3352" id="3358">（二）</a>薩縛達多王：梵文Sarvadatta音譯，義爲一切施。此本生故事並見於《六度集經》卷二﹑《智度論》卷十二。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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十、阿難分身寂滅傳説
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154567" key="1154567"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 十、阿難分身寂滅傳説 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154568" key="1154568"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00605','1384770',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P605</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001027"><b>十﹑阿難分身寂滅傳説</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">濕吠多補羅伽藍</span>東南行三十餘里，<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>南北岸各有一窣堵波，是尊者<span class="zhuanming">阿難陁</span>分身與二國處<a class="zhuhao" href="#6492" id="6469">（一）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">阿難陁</span>者，<span class="zhuanming">如</span>來之從父弟也，多聞總持<a class="zhuhao" href="#6481" id="6470">〔1〕</a>，博物强識，佛去世後，繼<span class="zhuanming">大迦葉</span>任<a class="zhuhao" href="#6482" id="6471">〔2〕</a>持正法，導進<a class="zhuhao" href="#6483" id="6472">〔3〕</a>學人。在<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>，於林中經行，見一沙彌諷誦佛經，章句錯謬，文字紛亂。<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>聞已，感慕增懷，徐詣其所，提撕指授。沙彌笑曰：“大德耄矣，所言謬矣！我師高明，春秋鼎盛，親承示誨，誠無所誤。”<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>默<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00606','1384770',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P606</span></i>然，退而歎曰：“我年雖邁，爲諸衆生，欲久住世，住<a class="zhuhao" href="#6484" id="6473">〔4〕</a>持正法。然衆生垢重，難以誨語。久留無利，可速滅度。”於是去<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>，趣<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>，渡<a class="zhuhao" href="#6485" id="6474">〔5〕</a><span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，泛舟中流。<span class="zhuanming">摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#6486" id="6475">〔6〕</a>揭陁王</span>聞<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>去，情深戀德，卽嚴戎<a class="zhuhao" href="#6487" id="6476">〔7〕</a>駕，疾驅<a class="zhuhao" href="#6488" id="6477">〔8〕</a>追請，數百千衆，營軍南岸。<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐王</span>聞<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>來，悲喜盈心，亦治軍旅，奔馳迎候，數<a class="zhuhao" href="#6489" id="6478">〔9〕</a>百千衆，屯集北岸。兩軍相對，旌旗<a class="zhuhao" href="#6490" id="6479">〔10〕</a>翳日。<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>恐鬭其兵，更相殺害，從舟中起，上昇虚空，示現神變，卽入寂滅。化火焚骸，骸又中析<a class="zhuhao" href="#6491" id="6480">〔11〕</a>，一墮南岸，一墮北岸。於是二王各得一分，舉軍號慟，俱還本國，起窣堵波，而修供養。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6470" id="6481">〔1〕</a>《石本》校書持下有學佛法三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6471" id="6482">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》任作住。按下文作住，他本又作任。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6472" id="6483">〔3〕</a>《石本》導作道。《中本》導進作道集。導﹑道通借。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6473" id="6484">〔4〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》住並作任。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6474" id="6485">〔5〕</a>原本渡作度，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6475" id="6486">〔6〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》摩上並有時字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6476" id="6487">〔7〕</a>《舊麗本》戎作戒，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6477" id="6488">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》驅並<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00607','1384770',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P607</span></i>作馳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6478" id="6489">〔9〕</a>《石本》數上有獲字。此與上“數百千衆營軍南岸”相對爲文，獲字不當有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6479" id="6490">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》旗並作旂。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6480" id="6491">〔11〕</a>原本析爲折，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作析，今從改。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6469" id="6492">（一）</a>阿難陁分身與二國處：此一傳説，見《法顯傳》﹑《阿育王傳》卷三及《根本説一切有部毗奈耶雜事》卷四○。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃<a class="zhuhao" href="#6495" id="6493">〔1〕</a>國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">北人謂<span class="zhuanming">三伐<a class="zhuhao" href="#6496" id="6494">〔2〕</a>恃國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6493" id="6495">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》恃作特，次同。按其他各本並作恃，《方志》亦同，特當是形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6494" id="6496">〔2〕</a>原本伐作代，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《方志》改。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、城側大伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154571" key="1154571"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 鉢伐多國 &gt; 一、城側大伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154572" key="1154572"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00934','1384891',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P934</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001571"><b>一﹑城側大伽藍</b></p><p> <span>城側有大伽藍，僧徒百餘人，並學大乘教，卽是昔<span class="zhuanming">慎那弗呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#9426" id="9423">〔1〕</a>羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9427" id="9424">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">最勝子</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於此製《瑜伽師地釋論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#9428" id="9425">（二）</a>，亦是<span class="zhuanming">賢愛論師</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">德光論師</span>本出家處。此大伽藍爲天火所燒，摧殘荒圮。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9423" id="9426">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》呾作怛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9424" id="9427">（一）</a>慎那弗呾羅：梵文Jinaputra音譯，又作<span class="zhuanming">辰那弗多羅</span>；意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">最勝子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛子</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">最勝真子</span>，此人是<span class="zhuanming">護法</span>的弟子，唯識十大論師之一。參見卷十注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9425" id="9428">（二）</a>瑜伽師地釋論：卽現存的《瑜伽師地論釋》，一卷，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯，<span class="zhuanming">最勝子</span>等著。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>西南行千五六百里，至<span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、醯羅山
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154576" key="1154576"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 三、醯羅山 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154577" key="1154577"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00278','1384653',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P278</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000450"><b>三﹑醯羅山</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span>南四百餘里至<span class="zhuanming">醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#3337" id="3325">〔1〕</a>羅山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3347" id="3326">（一）</a>，谷水西派<a class="zhuhao" href="#3338" id="3327">〔2〕</a>，逆流東上。雜花異果，被澗緣崖。峯巖危險，谿谷盤紆<a class="zhuhao" href="#3339" id="3328">〔3〕</a>，或聞諠語之聲，或聞音樂之響。方石如榻<a class="zhuhao" href="#3340" id="3329">〔4〕</a>，宛若工成，連延相屬，接布崖<a class="zhuhao" href="#3341" id="3330">〔5〕</a>谷。是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔爲聞半頌</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰偈<a class="zhuhao" href="#3342" id="3331">〔6〕</a>，梵文<a class="zhuhao" href="#3343" id="3332">〔7〕</a>略也。或曰偈他<a class="zhuhao" href="#3344" id="3333">〔8〕</a>，梵音訛也。今從正音，宜云伽他。伽他<a class="zhuhao" href="#3345" id="3334">〔9〕</a>者，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言頌，頌三十二言也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3346" id="3335">〔10〕</a>。</span> <span>之法，於此捨身命焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#3348" id="3336">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3325" id="3337">〔1〕</a>《石本》醯作醘，讀爲醯。按《玉篇》酉部有醯䤈二字同，音呼啼切。又有醘字音口盍切，義亦不同。《石本》不詳所據。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3327" id="3338">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》派作流。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3328" id="3339">〔3〕</a>原本紆作󵽼，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》作紆，同，但紆較通行，今改從之。下同。《石本》誤作姧。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3329" id="3340">〔4〕</a>原本榻作塔，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》改。《慧琳音義》亦作榻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3330" id="3341">〔5〕</a>《中本》崖作岸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3331" id="3342">〔6〕</a>原本偈作伽，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》改。《慈恩傳》﹑《翻譯集》亦作偈。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00279','1384653',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P279</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3332" id="3343">〔7〕</a>《翻譯集》文作本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3333" id="3344">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》他作陁；《徑山本》作陀，下並同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3334" id="3345">〔9〕</a>《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》不重伽陁二字。《慈恩傳》有，但無者字。《翻譯集》無伽他者三字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3335" id="3346">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》並無也字。《翻譯集》亦無。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3326" id="3347">（一）</a>醯羅山：醯羅是hiḍḍa或heḍḍa的音譯，來源於梵文haḍḍa。一般比定爲國都Mingora以南約十五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">伊拉姆</span>（Ilām）地方，山高達九千二百五十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺。但這與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>記的距離太不相符。梵文haḍḍa意爲“骨”，有人認爲卽指《法顯傳》上的<span class="zhuanming">那竭國</span>界<span class="zhuanming">醯羅城</span>（Hiḍḍa——現名Kila，卽<span class="zhuanming">佛頂骨城</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>Jalālābād東南四﹑五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處。）另據《洛陽伽藍記》卷五云：“去王城東南山行八日，如來苦行投身餓虎之處，高山籠嵷，危岫入雲，嘉木靈芝，叢生其上，林泉婉麗，花綵曜目……山有<span class="zhuanming">收骨寺</span>，三百餘僧。”按王城卽<span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span>；<span class="zhuanming">收骨寺</span>所在之山距該城的里程與情景雖大體與《西域記》的<span class="zhuanming">醯羅山</span>相當，但其他證據還不足。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3336" id="3348">（二）</a>是如來在昔爲聞半頌之法於此捨身命焉：頌又作伽他，梵文gāthā的音譯，又譯作偈他﹑偈，義譯作頌。一頌（偈）凡三十二言，卽三十二個梵文音節，分作兩半；半頌（偈），爲十六言（音節）。此半頌指“諸行無常，是生滅法。生滅滅已，寂滅爲樂。”的後半頌。此本生故事見北本《大般湼槃經》卷十四，略謂<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>往昔入<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>修菩薩行時，從<span class="zhuanming">羅刹</span>聞前半偈，歡喜更求其後半，<span class="zhuanming">羅刹</span>不聽。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00280','1384653',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P280</span></i>乃約捨身與彼，故曰：“爲求八字故，棄所愛身”。故又名<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>半偈。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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弗栗恃國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154580" key="1154580"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 弗栗恃國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154581" key="1154581"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00607','1384771',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P607</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001031">弗栗恃國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6504" id="6497">（一）</a>周四千餘里，東西長，南北狹。土地膏腴，花菓茂盛。氣序微寒，人性躁急。多敬外道，少信佛法。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00608','1384771',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P608</span></i>伽藍十餘所，僧徒減千人，大小二乘兼功通學。天祠數十，外道寔衆。國大都城號<span class="zhuanming">占戍挐</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6502" id="6498">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#6505" id="6499">（二）</a>，多已頽毁。故宫城中尚有三千餘家，若村若<a class="zhuhao" href="#6503" id="6500">〔2〕</a>邑也。大河<a class="zhuhao" href="#6506" id="6501">（三）</a>東北有伽藍，僧徒寡少，學業清高。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6498" id="6502">〔1〕</a>《石本》戍挐二字作戊拏；《中本》作伐拏，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》作戍拏；《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作戍拏。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6500" id="6503">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》無若字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6497" id="6504">（一）</a>弗栗恃國：<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃</span>，梵文Vṛji，巴利文Vajji，又譯<span class="zhuanming">跋祇</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">毘梨祇</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">佛栗氏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">跋耆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拔耆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">跋闍</span>等，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代十六大國之一，是由八個部族所組成的聯邦，其中以<span class="zhuanming">毘提訶</span>（Videha）﹑<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃</span>三者爲最強大。此國建立相當早，除佛典外，<span class="zhuanming">波你尼</span>《八章書》和<span class="zhuanming">憍底利耶</span>《利論》（Arthaśāstra）中都提到此國。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃</span>既是這個聯邦的總稱，又是其中一個邦的名稱，所以《西域記》原注説此國“北人謂<span class="zhuanming">三伐恃</span>”。<span class="zhuanming">三伐恃</span>（Samvṛiji，Samvajji）卽<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃聯邦</span>之義，一般將<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>也包括在内。如<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>那樣將<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>及<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃</span>作爲兩國分别對待的較少。這一聯邦由各自治體進行統治。最初它是團結而強大的，能安處於<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>與<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>之間。後來<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>將<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃國</span>征服。參閲本書卷七頁599注（一）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃國</span>在<span class="zhuanming">甘達克河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">巴格馬提河</span>之間的一個狹長地帶，據<span class="zhuanming">巴利</span>文佛典記載，由<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>北岸一直延展至<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾</span>的丘陵地區，大體<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00609','1384771',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P609</span></i>相當於現在的<span class="zhuanming">達爾般迦縣</span>（Darbhanga District）北部地區。《慈恩傳》卷三説<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>從<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>“南渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>至<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陀國</span>”，未提<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃國</span>。據此，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>似未親踐其地。但按本書<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>條末尾“從此東北行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃國</span>”的説法，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>是到過這個地方的。我國<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>也到過此地。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6499" id="6505">（二）</a>占戍挐：又作占戊挐，見校勘記。<span class="zhuanming">占戍挐</span>的正確讀音不詳。不過一般還原爲Cañśuna。其地望<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">彌提羅</span>（Mithila）的首府<span class="zhuanming">闍那普爾</span>（Janakpur），此後又有人比定爲<span class="zhuanming">馬都巴尼</span>（Ma-dhubani）以北十六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">巴利迦爾</span>（Bāligarḥ）廢墟。（V.A.<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>：The Itinerary of Yuan-Chuang，載於<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>On Yuan-Chwang’s Travels in India，vol，Ⅱp.340）二説未知孰是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6501" id="6506">（三）</a>大河：<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>指爲今<span class="zhuanming">卡姆拉河</span>（Kamla R.）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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阿點婆翅羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154585" key="1154585"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 阿點婆翅羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154586" key="1154586"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00934','1384892',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P934</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001574">阿點婆翅羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9436" id="9429">（一）</a>周五千餘里。國大都城號<span class="zhuanming">朅䶩濕伐<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00935','1384892',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P935</span></i>羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9437" id="9430">（二）</a>，周三十餘里，僻在西境，臨<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>，鄰大海濱。屋宇莊嚴<a class="zhuhao" href="#9434" id="9431">〔1〕</a>，多有珍寶。近無君長，統屬<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>。地下濕，土斥鹵，穢草荒茂，疇壟少墾。穀稼雖備，宿<a class="zhuhao" href="#9435" id="9432">〔2〕</a>麥特豐。氣序微寒，風飈勁烈。宜牛﹑羊﹑橐駞﹑騾畜之類。人性暴急，不好習學，語言微異<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9438" id="9433">（三）</a>。其俗淳質，敬崇三寶。伽藍八十餘所，僧徒五千餘人，多學小乘正量部法。天祠十所，多是塗灰外道之所居止。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9431" id="9434">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》莊嚴二字作壯麗，《中本》作壯嚴。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9432" id="9435">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》宿並作菽。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9429" id="9436">（一）</a>阿點婆翅羅國：該國名的還原有幾種不同意見。<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Adhyavakila或Atyanvakela；<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>還原爲Atyanabake-la，但這正如<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>等人指出，梵文中既無這樣的字，從語音上看也頗爲欠妥；<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原爲Ādīnavachila；<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>還原爲Au-dumbatira或Audumbara。<span class="zhuanming">拉森</span>（Lassen）曾舉出Audumbara是居住在<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>口<span class="zhuanming">卡奇</span>（Kacch）地方一個民族的名稱，<span class="zhuanming">普林尼</span>的《博物志》（Ⅵ.23）稱之爲Odomboeroe。<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>的説法較爲合理，但關於這一問題還可作進一步的研究。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>赴該國的路線，據《慈恩傳》卷四所載是從<span class="zhuanming">摩醯濕伐羅補羅國</span>西還<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘國</span>，然後“自此復西行，至<span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅國</span>。”而不是<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00936','1384892',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P936</span></i>由<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>去的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9430" id="9437">（二）</a>國大都城號朅䶩濕伐羅：關於這一國都的名稱也有不同的還原法。<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Khajīśvara，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>還原爲Koṭiśva-ra，<span class="zhuanming">拉森</span>還原爲Kaccheśvara。我們認爲以<span class="zhuanming">拉森</span>的説法爲是。現比定爲<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">卡拉奇</span>（Karāchī）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9433" id="9438">（三）</a>語言微異<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>：<span class="zhuanming">信度</span>地方通行的是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><span class="zhuanming">亞利安</span>語西北支派中的<span class="zhuanming">信德</span>語（Sindhī），這種語言中共有五種方言，<span class="zhuanming">卡拉奇</span>地方操所謂Lari方言。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、忍辱仙遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154592" key="1154592"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 一、忍辱仙遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154593" key="1154593"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00273','1384652',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P273</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000442"><b>一﹑忍辱仙遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span>東四五里有大<a class="zhuhao" href="#3278" id="3273">〔1〕</a>窣堵波，極多靈瑞，是佛在昔作<span class="zhuanming">忍辱仙</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3282" id="3274">（一）</a>，於此爲<span class="zhuanming">羯利王</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">鬪諍</span>。舊云<span class="zhuanming">哥<a class="zhuhao" href="#3279" id="3275">〔2〕</a>利</span>，訛也。</span> <span>割截支<a class="zhuhao" href="#3280" id="3276">〔3〕</a>體<a class="zhuhao" href="#3281" id="3277">〔4〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3273" id="3278">〔1〕</a>原本無大字，今從《敦甲本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》補。《翻譯集》引亦有之。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》有<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00274','1384652',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P274</span></i>作大。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3275" id="3279">〔2〕</a>《翻譯集》引哥作歌，《慈恩傳》夾注同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3276" id="3280">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》支作肢。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3277" id="3281">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》體下有小注“闕”字，非。各本皆如此，文義已足。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3274" id="3282">（一）</a>是佛在昔作忍辱仙：這個佛本生故事見《六度集經》卷五；《賢愚經》卷二；《湼槃經》卷三；《中本起經》上；《僧伽羅刹所集經》上；《出曜經》二三；Jātaka Ⅲ，No.313；Jātakamālā，No.28；Ava-dāna-kalpalatā 38；Mahāvastu Ⅲ，頁357以下；KSS I，頁248和Ⅱ，頁630以下；A.Attenhofer in Festschrift Kuhn頁353以下。略謂往昔佛生于<span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>一婆羅門家，在城外化度衆生。國王<span class="zhuanming">羯利</span>（又作<span class="zhuanming">哥利</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦羅富</span>等）暴惡驕慢，帶領其族和宫人出外遊觀。󵾖女捨王至佛禪定處聽説法，國王忿恨之餘就殺害佛，下令截掉佛耳，而佛顔容不變。羣臣諫王，王不聽，更令劓鼻削手，而佛相好圓滿，毫無變化。這時天雨沙石，國王怖畏，才向佛懺悔。國王感悟，就皈依了<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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尼波羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154596" key="1154596"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 尼波羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154597" key="1154597"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00612','1384772',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P612</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001039">尼波羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">尼波羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6551" id="6541">（一）</a>周四千餘里，在<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>中。國大都城周二十餘里，山川連屬。宜穀稼，多花菓。出赤銅﹑犛<a class="zhuhao" href="#6547" id="6542">〔1〕</a>牛﹑命命鳥<a class="zhuhao" href="#6552" id="6543">（二）</a>。貨用赤<a class="zhuhao" href="#6548" id="6544">〔2〕</a>銅錢。氣序寒烈<a class="zhuhao" href="#6549" id="6545">〔3〕</a>，風俗險詖，人性剛獷，信義輕薄。無學藝，有工巧。形貌醜弊，邪正兼信。伽藍﹑天祠，接堵連隅。僧徒二千餘人，大小二乘，兼功<a class="zhuhao" href="#6550" id="6546">〔4〕</a>綜習。外道異學，其數不詳。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6542" id="6547">〔1〕</a>《古本》犛作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503rmf4.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《中本》作釐。按<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014503wkyn.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>是犛之形訛。犛音莫交切，又音力之切，釐乃力之切之音訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6544" id="6548">〔2〕</a>《石本》無赤字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6545" id="6549">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》烈並作冽。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6546" id="6550">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》功並作攻，通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00613','1384772',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P613</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6541" id="6551">（一）</a>尼波羅國：<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅</span>，梵文Nepāla，俗語Nevāla，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">泥婆羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">儞波羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">尼八剌</span>，指今<span class="zhuanming">尼泊爾國</span><span class="zhuanming">加德滿都</span>谷地。據《慈恩傳》，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>到<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>巡禮之後，卽“南渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>至<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>”，未提及<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅國</span>。本書<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃國</span>條末又説：“從此西北千四五百里。踰山入谷，至<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅國</span>。”據此則可肯定<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>未親遊該地。關於該國情況係得自傳聞。又本書將此國列入中<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>境，顯然有誤。《釋迦方志》卷上已改爲<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅國</span>臣屬<span class="zhuanming">吐蕃</span>，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>朝使者<span class="zhuanming">李義表</span>曾至該國。<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>曾三次到過該國，<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>代<span class="zhuanming">玄照</span>和<span class="zhuanming">宋</span>代<span class="zhuanming">繼業</span>也來過此國，《舊唐書》卷一九八﹑《新唐書》卷二二一上均有<span class="zhuanming">尼波羅國</span>傳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6543" id="6552">（二）</a>命命鳥：梵文jīvajīvaka意譯。因爲“耆婆”具有“命”﹑或“生”的意義，故《雜寶藏經》作共命鳥，《湼槃經》作命命鳥，《勝天王般若經》作生生鳥，音譯耆婆耆婆迦。據説它是一身兩頭的鳥，又一説是鷓鴣之類。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、大自在天祠及佛遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154600" key="1154600"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 阿點婆翅羅國 &gt; 一、大自在天祠及佛遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154601" key="1154601"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00936','1384893',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P936</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001577"><b>一﹑大自在天祠及佛遺迹</b></p><p> <span>城中有<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>祠，祠宇彫餝<a class="zhuhao" href="#9440" id="9439">〔1〕</a>，天像靈鑒，塗灰外道遊舍其中。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9439" id="9440">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》餝作飾，按餝乃飾之俗字。</span> </p><p> <span>在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>頗遊此國，説法度人，導凡利俗，故<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>於聖迹處建六窣堵波焉。</span> </p><p> <span>從此西行減二千里<a class="zhuhao" href="#9442" id="9441">〔1〕</a>，至<span class="zhuanming">狼揭羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9441" id="9442">〔1〕</a>減二千里，《慈恩傳》作二千餘里。《方志》同《記》。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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九、赤塔、奇特塔及觀自在菩薩精舍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154609" key="1154609"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 九、赤塔、奇特塔及觀自在菩薩精舍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154610" key="1154610"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00286','1384659',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P286</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000468"><b>九﹑赤塔﹑奇特塔及觀自在菩薩精舍</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span>西五十餘里，渡大河，至<span class="zhuanming">盧醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#3431" id="3423">〔1〕</a>呾迦</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">赤</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">窣堵波</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3437" id="3424">（一）</a>，高五十餘尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#3432" id="3425">〔2〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，昔<a class="zhuhao" href="#3433" id="3426">〔3〕</a><span class="zhuanming">如來</span>修菩薩行，爲大國王，號曰<span class="zhuanming">慈力</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3438" id="3427">（二）</a>，於此刺身血以𩚅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3434" id="3428">〔4〕</a>五藥叉<a class="zhuhao" href="#3435" id="3429">〔5〕</a>。</span> <i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00287','1384659',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P287</span></i> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰夜叉，訛也<a class="zhuhao" href="#3436" id="3430">〔6〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3423" id="3431">〔1〕</a>《石本》醯作醘，疑形之訛，説見上。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3425" id="3432">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》高五十餘尺作“高十餘丈”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3426" id="3433">〔3〕</a>《石本》昔作是，又校作“是昔”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3428" id="3434">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》𩚅作飼。《中本》作飲。《慧琳音義》云：“（飤）或作飼，俗字也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3429" id="3435">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》此及小注叉字並誤作又。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3430" id="3436">〔6〕</a>《石本》無也字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3424" id="3437">（一）</a>盧醯呾迦窣堵波：盧醯呾迦，梵文rohitaka音譯，意譯爲赤。其塔據説今尚存，在今之Hazara村。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3427" id="3438">（二）</a>慈力：<span class="zhuanming">慈力</span>，梵文Maitrībala的意譯。<span class="zhuanming">慈力王</span>本生故事略謂：古代<span class="zhuanming">慈力</span>國王，慈悲爲懷，以十善教誨國民，故國泰民安，四方欽慕。但其國内有五個夜叉，常吸吮人血以爲食，而國内人民皆爲十善之行，浄身不能接近吮吸。乃哀訴於國王。國王乃以劍刺傷己身五處，傷口鮮血直淌，命五夜叉吮吸，以免飢渴。見《賢愚經》卷二，《菩薩本生鬘論》卷三。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span>東北三十餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">遏部多</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言奇特。</span> <span>石窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#3442" id="3439">（一）</a>，高四<a class="zhuhao" href="#3441" id="3440">〔1〕</a>十餘尺。在昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>爲諸人天説法開導，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>去後，從地踊出，黎庶崇敬，香花不替。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00288','1384659',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P288</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3440" id="3441">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》四作三。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3439" id="3442">（一）</a>遏部多石窣堵波：遏部多，梵文adbhuta音譯，意譯爲奇特，或不可思議。此塔“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>去後，從地踊出”的傳説，並見《釋迦方志》卷上。</span> </p><p> <span>石窣堵波西渡大河三四十<a class="zhuhao" href="#3451" id="3443">〔1〕</a>里，至一精舍，中有<span class="zhuanming">阿縛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3452" id="3444">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">盧枳低<a class="zhuhao" href="#3453" id="3445">〔3〕</a>濕伐羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3458" id="3446">（一）</a>菩薩</span>像，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">觀自在</span>。合字連聲，梵語如上；分文散音，卽阿縛盧枳多，譯曰觀，伊濕伐羅，譯曰自在。舊譯爲<span class="zhuanming">光世音</span>，或云<a class="zhuhao" href="#3454" id="3447">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">觀世音</span>，或<span class="zhuanming">觀世<a class="zhuhao" href="#3455" id="3448">〔5〕</a>自在</span>，皆訛謬也。</span> <span>威靈潛被，神迹昭<a class="zhuhao" href="#3456" id="3449">〔6〕</a>明，法俗<a class="zhuhao" href="#3457" id="3450">〔7〕</a>相趨，供養無替。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3443" id="3451">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》無十字。《方志》作“四十里”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3444" id="3452">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》縛作嚩。《慈恩傳》亦作嚩。下注並同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3445" id="3453">〔3〕</a>低爲多伊二字連聲。《慈恩傳》低作“多伊”二字，《翻譯集》引亦作多伊。按小注正作多伊。《方志》低作抵，其下有伊字。低﹑抵聲同通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3447" id="3454">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無云字。《慈恩傳》亦無云字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3448" id="3455">〔5〕</a>《慈恩傳》世下有音字。《翻譯集》引無觀字，誤脱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3449" id="3456">〔6〕</a>《中本》昭作照。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00289','1384659',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P289</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3450" id="3457">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》俗並作侣，亦通。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3446" id="3458">（一）</a>阿縛盧枳低濕伐羅：梵文Avalokiteśvara音譯，這個詞是由avalokita（阿縛盧枳多，義云“觀”）和īśvara（伊濕伐羅，義云“自在”）兩字複合組成的。前一字的尾音a與後一字的首音ī連在一起時必須讀作e。在梵文文法中，這種現象叫做連聲（saṃ-dhi）。原注“合字連聲”就是這個意思。原注“分文散音”，意卽把有連聲關係的字拆開後按原來的讀音來讀。原註“舊譯爲<span class="zhuanming">光世音</span>，或云<span class="zhuanming">觀世音</span>，或<span class="zhuanming">觀世自在</span>，皆訛謬也。”是正確的。其中<span class="zhuanming">觀世音</span>一名已在我國廣泛流傳。此譯係將梵文Avalokiteśvara誤讀爲Avalokitasvara所致。avalokita義云“觀”，svara義云“聲音”，故全名也誤譯作<span class="zhuanming">觀世音</span>或<span class="zhuanming">觀音</span>。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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八、上軍王窣堵波
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154613" key="1154613"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 八、上軍王窣堵波 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154614" key="1154614"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00285','1384658',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P285</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000465"><b>八﹑上軍王窣堵波</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞢揭釐城</span>西南行六七十里，大河東有窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#3421" id="3417">（一）</a>，高六十餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3422" id="3418">（二）</a>之所建也。昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>將寂滅，告諸大衆：“我涅槃後，<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span><span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>宜與舍利之分。”及諸王將欲均量，<span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>後來，遂有輕鄙之議。是時天人大衆重宣<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>顧命之言，乃預同分，持歸本國，式遵崇建。窣堵波側大河濱有大石，狀如象，昔<span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>以大白象負舍利歸，至於此地，象忽蹎仆，因而自斃<a class="zhuhao" href="#3420" id="3419">〔1〕</a>，遂變爲石，卽於其側起窣堵波。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00286','1384658',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P286</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3419" id="3420">〔1〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“斃，俗字，正作獘。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3417" id="3421">（一）</a>大河東有窣堵波：該塔遺跡，據<span class="zhuanming">斯坦因</span>考證，卽在今Mingora以南約二十公里<span class="zhuanming">斯瓦特河</span>東岸<span class="zhuanming">商迦達爾</span>（Shankardor）小高丘上。石基胴部直徑約四十二<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，高九十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，累石築成。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3418" id="3422">（二）</a>上軍王：上軍，梵文Uttarasena的意譯，音譯爲嗢呾羅犀那（見本卷<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span><span class="zhuanming">藍勃盧山</span>龍池條）。據本書稱，<span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>在<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>去世前後爲<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>國王。但佛經中關於佛滅後八國國王分取舍利的記載見於《長阿含經》卷四﹑《佛般泥洹經》卷下和《大般湼槃經》卷下等處，這些記載中都未提到<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>王，就連<span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>或<span class="zhuanming">嗢呾羅犀那</span>這個人名也不見於其他任何佛經（<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>文佛經裏只有本書和轉抄本書的《釋迦方志》卷下<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>條内提到他）。因此，本書關於這個<span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>的敍述，其根據是什麽，現在無從查考。但就其内容來看，它顯然是神話傳説，很可能是<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>信徒們爲了抬高自己在<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>中的地位而臆造出來的，並爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>遊經該國時所聞。所以關於<span class="zhuanming">上軍王</span>之事迹並不可信，爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>史撰者所不取。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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七、薩裒殺地僧伽藍等及佛本生故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154619" key="1154619"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 七、薩裒殺地僧伽藍等及佛本生故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154620" key="1154620"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00283','1384657',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P283</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000462"><b>七﹑薩裒殺地僧伽藍等及佛本生故事</b></p><p> <span>代鴿西北二百餘里，入<span class="zhuanming">珊尼羅闍川</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3413" id="3383">（一）</a>，至<span class="zhuanming">薩裒<a class="zhuhao" href="#3400" id="3384">〔1〕</a>殺地</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言蛇<a class="zhuhao" href="#3401" id="3385">〔2〕</a>藥。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3414" id="3386">（二）</a>。有<a class="zhuhao" href="#3402" id="3387">〔3〕</a>窣堵波高八十餘尺。是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔爲<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>，時遭饑<a class="zhuhao" href="#3403" id="3388">〔4〕</a>歲，疾疫流行，醫療無功，道死<a class="zhuhao" href="#3404" id="3389">〔5〕</a>相屬。<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>悲愍，思所救濟，乃變其形爲大蟒身，僵<a class="zhuhao" href="#3405" id="3390">〔6〕</a>屍川谷，空中遍告。聞者感<a class="zhuhao" href="#3406" id="3391">〔7〕</a>慶，相率奔赴，隨割隨生，療飢療疾。其側不遠有<span class="zhuanming">蘇摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#3415" id="3392">（三）</a>大窣堵波</span>。是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔爲<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>，時世疾疫，愍諸含識，自變其身爲蘇摩蛇，凡有噉食，莫不康豫<a class="zhuhao" href="#3407" id="3393">〔8〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">珊尼羅闍川</span>北石崕邊，有窣堵波，病<a class="zhuhao" href="#3408" id="3394">〔9〕</a>者至求，多蒙除差<a class="zhuhao" href="#3409" id="3395">〔10〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00284','1384657',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P284</span></i>在昔爲孔雀王<a class="zhuhao" href="#3416" id="3396">（四）</a>，與其羣而至此，熱渴所逼，求水不獲。孔雀王以󲉣啄崕<a class="zhuhao" href="#3410" id="3397">〔11〕</a>，涌泉流注，今遂<a class="zhuhao" href="#3411" id="3398">〔12〕</a>爲池，飲沐愈疾。石上猶有孔雀蹤<a class="zhuhao" href="#3412" id="3399">〔13〕</a>迹。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3384" id="3400">〔1〕</a>《慧琳音義》及《音釋》裒作褒。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3385" id="3401">〔2〕</a>原本蛇作地，今據《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《方志》亦作蛇。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3387" id="3402">〔3〕</a>《元本》脱有字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3388" id="3403">〔4〕</a>《翻譯集》引饑作飢，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3389" id="3404">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》及《音釋》死並作殣。《翻譯集》亦作殣，注音“渠希切”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3390" id="3405">〔6〕</a>《翻譯集》僵作殭，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3391" id="3406">〔7〕</a>《中本》感作咸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3393" id="3407">〔8〕</a>《隨函録》豫作悆，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3394" id="3408">〔9〕</a>《石本》病作痾。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3395" id="3409">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》差並作瘥，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3397" id="3410">〔11〕</a>《中本》崕作岸，非。上文“石崕”與此相應。崕或作崖，因誤作岸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3398" id="3411">〔12〕</a>《石本》遂作逐，形近而誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3399" id="3412">〔13〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》蹤並作趾。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00285','1384657',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P285</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3383" id="3413">（一）</a>珊尼羅闍川：珊尼羅闍是梵文Sanirāja的音譯，sani義云“禮物﹑酬報”，rāja（n）義云“王”。據<span class="zhuanming">迪恩</span>比定，該川卽<span class="zhuanming">斯瓦特河</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">查克達拉</span>（Chakdara）流入的<span class="zhuanming">阿丁塞</span>（Adinzai）河谷，目前該地尚有大佛塔，名爲<span class="zhuanming">蘇瑪</span>（Suma）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3386" id="3414">（二）</a>薩裒殺地僧伽藍：<span class="zhuanming">薩裒殺地</span>，梵文Sarpauṣadhi音譯，sarpa義云“蛇”，oṣadhi義云“藥草”或“藥”。關於建立這個寺院的由來，詳見本文。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3392" id="3415">（三）</a>蘇摩：梵文S ūma音譯，意謂水蛇。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔爲<span class="zhuanming">帝釋</span>，自變其身爲蘇摩蛇的本生故事，見《賢愚經》卷七；又見《菩薩本行經》卷下，但情節稍有不同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3396" id="3416">（四）</a>如來在昔爲孔雀王：此<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>本生故事見《六度集經》卷三，《雜譬喻經》卷上。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、尸毗迦王本生故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154626" key="1154626"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第三　八國 &gt; 烏仗那國 &gt; 六、尸毗迦王本生故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154627" key="1154627"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00282','1384656',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P282</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000459"><b>六﹑尸毗迦王本生故事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩愉伽藍</span>西六七十里，至<a class="zhuhao" href="#3378" id="3373">〔1〕</a>窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔修菩薩行，號<span class="zhuanming">尸</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3379" id="3374">〔2〕</a><span class="zhuanming">毗迦王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3382" id="3375">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">與</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3380" id="3376">〔3〕</a>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">尸毗王</span>，訛<a class="zhuhao" href="#3381" id="3377">〔4〕</a>。</span> <span>爲求佛果，於此割身，從鷹代鴿。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3373" id="3378">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》至作有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3374" id="3379">〔2〕</a>原本無尸字，今從《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》補。《方志》﹑《珠林》三十八及《翻譯集》引並有尸字。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00283','1384656',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P283</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3376" id="3380">〔3〕</a>《古本》與作典；《方志》作輿，並形近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3377" id="3381">〔4〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《中本》訛並作“略也”二字。《翻譯集》亦作“略也”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3375" id="3382">（一）</a>尸毗迦王：尸毗迦，梵文Śivika或Śibika音譯。《洛陽伽藍記》卷五作<span class="zhuanming">尸毗</span>（Śivi或Śibi）王。《慧琳音義》卷二六解釋：“<span class="zhuanming">尸毘王</span>，古音云亦名<span class="zhuanming">濕鞞</span>，此云安穩也。”《法顯傳》載自<span class="zhuanming">烏萇國</span>“坐訖，南下，到<span class="zhuanming">宿呵多國</span>。其國佛法亦盛。昔<span class="zhuanming">天帝釋</span>試<span class="zhuanming">菩薩</span>，化作鷹鴿，割肉貿鴿處。佛卽成道，與諸弟子遊行，語云：‘此本是吾割肉貿鴿處。’國人由是得知，於此處起塔，金銀挍飾。”此本生故事詳見《賢愚經》卷一﹑《六度集經》卷一﹑《菩薩本生鬘論》卷一﹑《智度論》卷四及巴利文《本生經》第499《尸毗迦王本生》。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、無憂王建舍利塔
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154630" key="1154630"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 三、無憂王建舍利塔 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154631" key="1154631"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00631','1384777',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P631</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001063"><b>三﹑無憂王建舍利塔</b></p><p> <span>地獄南不遠有窣堵波，基址傾陷，唯餘覆鉢之勢，寶爲廁<a class="zhuhao" href="#6690" id="6671">〔1〕</a>飾，石作欄檻，卽八萬四千之一<a class="zhuhao" href="#6704" id="6672">（一）</a>也，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>以人<a class="zhuhao" href="#6691" id="6673">〔2〕</a>功建於宫焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#6692" id="6674">〔3〕</a>。中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>舍利一升<a class="zhuhao" href="#6693" id="6675">〔4〕</a>，靈鑒間起，神光時燭。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>廢獄之後，遇<span class="zhuanming">近護大阿羅漢</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6705" id="6676">（二）</a>，方便善誘，隨機導化。王謂羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#6694" id="6677">〔5〕</a>漢曰：“幸以宿福，位據人尊，慨兹障累，不遭佛化。今者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>遺身舍利，欲重修建諸窣堵波。”羅漢曰：“大王以福德力，役使百靈，以弘誓心，匡護三寶，是所<a class="zhuhao" href="#6695" id="6678">〔6〕</a>願也，今其時矣。”因爲廣説獻土之因<a class="zhuhao" href="#6706" id="6679">（三）</a>，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>懸記興建之功<a class="zhuhao" href="#6707" id="6680">（四）</a>。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>聞以<a class="zhuhao" href="#6696" id="6681">〔7〕</a>慶悦，召集鬼神<a class="zhuhao" href="#6697" id="6682">〔8〕</a>而令之曰：“法王導利，含靈有慶。我資宿善，尊極人中。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>遺身，重修供養。今爾鬼神，勠力同心，境極贍部，户滿拘胝<a class="zhuhao" href="#6708" id="6683">（五）</a>，以佛舍利，起窣堵波。心發於<a class="zhuhao" href="#6698" id="6684">〔9〕</a>我，功成於汝，勝福之利，非欲獨有，宜各營搆，待後告命！”鬼神受旨，在所興功，功既成已，咸來請命。<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>既開八國所建諸窣堵波，分其舍利，付<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00632','1384777',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P632</span></i>鬼神已，謂羅漢曰：“我心所欲，諸處同時藏下舍利。心雖此冀<a class="zhuhao" href="#6699" id="6685">〔10〕</a>，事未從欲。”羅漢曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#6700" id="6686">〔11〕</a>：“王命神鬼至所期日，日有隱蔽，其狀<a class="zhuhao" href="#6701" id="6687">〔12〕</a>如手，此時也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6702" id="6688">〔13〕</a>，宜下舍利。”王承此旨，宣告鬼神。逮乎期日，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>觀候光景。日正中時，羅漢以神通力，申<a class="zhuhao" href="#6703" id="6689">〔14〕</a>手蔽日，營建之所，咸皆瞻仰，同於此時功績咸畢。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6671" id="6690">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》廁作之。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6673" id="6691">〔2〕</a>《中本》人作大。《慈恩傳》人功二字作人工。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6674" id="6692">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》焉作中。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6675" id="6693">〔4〕</a>原本升作斗，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作升，《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及《珠林》並同，今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6677" id="6694">〔5〕</a>《中本》羅上有阿字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6678" id="6695">〔6〕</a>《舊麗本》無所字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6681" id="6696">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》以作已，古通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6682" id="6697">〔8〕</a>《中本》鬼神二字作神鬼。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6684" id="6698">〔9〕</a>《石本》無於字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6685" id="6699">〔10〕</a>《中本》此冀二字作冀此。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6686" id="6700">〔11〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》曰作白，下屬王字爲句。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6687" id="6701">〔12〕</a>《舊麗本》狀作將，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6688" id="6702">〔13〕</a>《中本》無也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6689" id="6703">〔14〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》申並作伸，通用。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00633','1384777',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P633</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6672" id="6704">（一）</a>八萬四千之一：八萬四千是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>表示事物的衆多所常用的數目，有時略言八萬。關於<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>信仰<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>興建八萬四千塔事，前已多次提到。參見《阿育王傳》卷一﹑《雜阿含經》卷二三﹑《善見律毘婆沙》卷一﹑《智度論》卷十一等。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6676" id="6705">（二）</a>近護大阿羅漢：<span class="zhuanming">近護</span>，梵文Upagupta意譯，音譯<span class="zhuanming">鄔波毱多</span>。見本書卷四<span class="zhuanming">秣兔羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">鄔波毱多</span>遺迹條及註。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6679" id="6706">（三）</a>廣説獻土之因：《法顯傳》記載傳説：“<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>昔作小兒時，當道戲，遇<span class="zhuanming">釋迦佛</span>行乞食。小兒歡喜，卽以一掬土施佛，佛持還泥經行地。因此果報，作<span class="zhuanming">鐵輪王</span>，王<span class="zhuanming">閻浮提</span>。”獻土之因卽指此。此故事又見《賢愚經》卷三。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6680" id="6707">（四）</a>如來懸記興建之功：《阿育王傳》卷一：“大王當知佛亦記，汝將來佛滅百年後王<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>，號<span class="zhuanming">阿恕伽轉輪聖王</span>，王四分之一，爲正法王廣分舍利，而起八萬四千寶塔。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6683" id="6708">（五）</a>拘胝：梵文koṭi的音譯，卽億。户滿拘胝，形容其治下民户衆多。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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阿軬荼國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154634" key="1154634"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 阿軬荼國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154635" key="1154635"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00946','1384898',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P946</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001599">阿軬荼國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿軬荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#9507" id="9503">〔1〕</a>國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9509" id="9504">（一）</a>周二千四五百里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9510" id="9505">（二）</a>周二十餘里。無大君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>。土宜稼穡，宿<a class="zhuhao" href="#9508" id="9506">〔2〕</a>麥特豐。花菓少，草木踈。氣序風寒，人性獷烈，言辭朴質，不尚學業。然於三寶，守心淳信。伽藍二十餘所，僧徒二千餘人，多學小乘正量部法。天祠五所，並塗灰外道也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9503" id="9507">〔1〕</a>阿軬荼，梵文作Avanḍa，《方志》無阿字。<span class="zhuanming">法</span>人<span class="zhuanming">烈維</span>據之稱爲Bhandu，當今之Und，（<span class="zhuanming">馮承鈞</span>譯《藥叉名録輿地考》）<span class="zhuanming">岑仲勉</span>已議其不合。（見《中外史地考證》頁299）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9506" id="9508">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》宿並作菽。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9504" id="9509">（一）</a>阿軬荼國：<span class="zhuanming">阿軬荼</span>，《慧琳音義》卷八二：“阿軬荼，煩挽反，梵語，不求字義。”<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Avanḍa，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>與<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>也都同意這一意見，前者比定該國爲原<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門巴德</span>（Brāhmaṇabād）一帶；<span class="zhuanming">海格</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">開爾普爾</span>（Kairpur）一帶地方。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9505" id="9510">（二）</a>國大都城：<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門巴德</span>（Brāhmaṇa-bād）。<span class="zhuanming">海格</span>認爲這一都城應是<span class="zhuanming">開爾普爾</span>（Khairpur）。<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>則認<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00947','1384898',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P947</span></i>爲在<span class="zhuanming">拉健普爾</span>（Rājanpur）附近。但以上三説均缺乏確鑿的歷史上的證據，這一問題還有待進一步的研究。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、如來足迹石
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154638" key="1154638"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 四、如來足迹石 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154639" key="1154639"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00633','1384778',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P633</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001066"><b>四﹑如來足迹石</b></p><p> <span>窣堵波側不遠，精舍中有大石，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>所履，雙迹猶存<a class="zhuhao" href="#6728" id="6709">（一）</a>，其長尺有八寸，廣餘六寸矣。兩<a class="zhuhao" href="#6719" id="6710">〔1〕</a>迹俱有輪相，十指皆帶花文<a class="zhuhao" href="#6720" id="6711">〔2〕</a>，魚形<a class="zhuhao" href="#6721" id="6712">〔3〕</a>映<a class="zhuhao" href="#6722" id="6713">〔4〕</a>起，光明時照。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>將取寂滅，北趣<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那城</span>，南顧<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>，蹈此石上，告<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00634','1384778',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P634</span></i>“吾今最後留此足迹，將入寂滅，顧<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6723" id="6714">〔5〕</a>也。百歲之後，有<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>命世君臨，建都<a class="zhuhao" href="#6724" id="6715">〔6〕</a>此地，匡護三寶，役使百神。”及<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之嗣位也，遷都築邑，掩周<a class="zhuhao" href="#6725" id="6716">〔7〕</a>迹石，既近宫城，恒親供養。後諸國王競欲舉歸，石雖不大，衆莫能轉。近者<span class="zhuanming">設賞迦王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6726" id="6717">〔8〕</a>毁壞佛法，遂卽石所，欲滅聖迹，鑿已還平，文彩如故。於是捐棄<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>流，尋復本處<a class="zhuhao" href="#6727" id="6718">〔9〕</a>。其側窣堵波，卽過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之所。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6710" id="6719">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》矣兩二字作左右。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6711" id="6720">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》花文作“萬字華紋”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6712" id="6721">〔3〕</a>《慈恩傳》魚形作“瓶魚”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6713" id="6722">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》映作暎，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6714" id="6723">〔5〕</a>《石本》陁作國；《古本》陁下有國字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6715" id="6724">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》君臨建都四字作建都君臨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6716" id="6725">〔7〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《金陵本》周作固。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6717" id="6726">〔8〕</a>《方志》作“<span class="zhuanming">羯羅拏蘇伐剌那</span>（言金耳國）<span class="zhuanming">設償迦王</span>（言月也）”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6718" id="6727">〔9〕</a>《珠林》此下有“<span class="zhuanming">貞觀</span>二十三年有使圖寫迹來”，乃<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>增附之文。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6709" id="6728">（一）</a>如來所履雙迹猶存：《慈恩傳》卷三：“石上有佛雙迹，長<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00635','1384778',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P635</span></i>一尺八寸，廣六寸，兩足下有千輻輪相，十指端有萬字華文及瓶魚等，皎然明著。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、大竹林附近諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154642" key="1154642"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 阿軬荼國 &gt; 一、大竹林附近諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154643" key="1154643"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00947','1384899',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P947</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001602"><b>一﹑大竹林附近諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span>城東北不遠，大竹林中伽藍餘趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#9515" id="9511">〔1〕</a>，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔於此處聽諸苾芻着亟<a class="zhuhao" href="#9516" id="9512">〔2〕</a>縛屣<a class="zhuhao" href="#9517" id="9513">（一）</a>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言靴。</span> <span>傍有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>所建也，基雖傾陷，尚高百餘尺。其傍精舍，有青石立佛像，每至齋日，或放神光。次南八百餘步，林中有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>昔日止此，夜寒，乃以三衣重覆<a class="zhuhao" href="#9518" id="9514">（二）</a>，至明旦，開諸苾芻著複納衣。此林之中，有佛經行之處。又有諸窣堵波，鱗次相望，並過去四佛坐處也。其窣堵波中有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪，每至齋日，多放光明。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9511" id="9515">〔1〕</a>《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》趾作址。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9512" id="9516">〔2〕</a>《方志》亟作互，按各本及《音釋》並作亟，《慈恩傳》亦同。互訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9513" id="9517">（一）</a>諸苾芻著亟縛屣：亟縛屣，原註“唐言靴”；按本書的通例，凡注“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言某某”者，都是音譯詞，“某某”爲其義。因此，亟縛屣當是義云“靴”的梵文名詞的譯音。但原字不明。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>和<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>認爲這個詞可從<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>語的字面解作“急忙結縛的草鞋”等義，但無<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00948','1384899',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P948</span></i>法解釋原注與本文的關係。《釋迦方志》卷下作互縛屣，據《四分律》卷三九﹑《五分律》卷二一﹑《十誦律》卷二五﹑《僧祇律》二三等，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>説教時，<span class="zhuanming">阿槃提</span>的<span class="zhuanming">億耳</span>比丘因見<span class="zhuanming">大迦旃延</span>和其他比丘來往於山地，脚時爲岩石﹑荆棘所傷，請<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>允許改穿厚皮靴，雖然這是違背戒律規定的，却被特許了。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9514" id="9518">（二）</a>三衣重覆：據《五分律》卷二十﹑《僧祇律》卷二三，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>在<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>時，因天氣驟寒，乃許衆比丘多穿衣服，但非<span class="zhuanming">阿軬荼國</span>内事。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北行九百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">伐剌拏國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五、無憂王大石柱
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154647" key="1154647"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第八　一國　摩揭陁國上 &gt; 五、無憂王大石柱 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154648" key="1154648"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00635','1384779',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P635</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001069"><b>五﹑無憂王大石柱</b></p><p> <span>佛迹精舍側不遠有大石柱<a class="zhuhao" href="#6736" id="6729">（一）</a>，高三十餘尺。書記殘缺，其大略曰：“<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>信根貞固，三以<a class="zhuhao" href="#6733" id="6730">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">贍<a class="zhuhao" href="#6734" id="6731">〔2〕</a>部洲</span>施佛﹑法﹑僧，三以諸珍寶重自酬贖。”其辭云云<a class="zhuhao" href="#6735" id="6732">〔3〕</a>，大略斯在。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6730" id="6733">〔1〕</a>《明南本》此及下三以二字並作王以，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6731" id="6734">〔2〕</a>《石本》贍作瞻，以下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6732" id="6735">〔3〕</a>原本云字不重，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》並重云字，今從補。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6729" id="6736">（一）</a>大石柱：《法顯傳》：“此塔前有佛脚跡，起精舍，户北向塔。塔南有一石柱，圍丈四五，高三丈餘。上有銘題云：<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>以<span class="zhuanming">閻浮提</span>布施四方僧，還以錢贖，如是三反。”L.A.Waddel於1903年在Kumrahar的考古發掘中發現此石柱，已成爲碎片。參閲<span class="zhuanming">天沼俊</span>一《印度旅行記》頁275以下及頁294所附此石柱碎片的照片；<span class="zhuanming">尾高鮮之</span>助的《印度日記》頁240。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>和<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記録的<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>銘文今已磨滅。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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2.其他諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154652" key="1154652"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第九　一國　摩揭陁國下 &gt; 二十四、毗布羅山 &gt; 2.其他諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154653" key="1154653"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00732','1244205',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P732</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001235">2.其他諸遺迹</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">毗布羅山</span>上有窣堵波，昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>説法之處。今有露形外道多依此住，修習苦行，夙夜匪懈，自旦至昏，旋轉觀察。</span> </p><p> <span>山城北門左南崖陰，東行二三里，至大石室，昔<span class="zhuanming">提婆達多</span>於此入定<a class="zhuhao" href="#7788" id="7787">（一）</a>。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7787" id="7788">（一）</a>提婆達多於此入定：《法顯傳》：“搏山亦有諸羅漢坐禪石窟甚多。出舊城北，東下三里，有<span class="zhuanming">調達</span>石窟。”</span> </p><p> <span>石室東不遠，磐<a class="zhuhao" href="#7793" id="7789">〔1〕</a>石上有斑采，狀血染，傍建窣堵波，是習定比丘<a class="zhuhao" href="#7794" id="7790">〔2〕</a>自害證果之處。昔有<a class="zhuhao" href="#7795" id="7791">〔3〕</a>比丘，勤勵心身，屏居修定，歲月逾遠，不證聖果<a class="zhuhao" href="#7796" id="7792">（一）</a>。退而自咎，竊復歎曰：“無學之果，終不時證，有累之身，徒生何益！”便就此石自刺其頸，是時卽證阿羅漢果，上昇虚空，示現神變，化火焚身，而入寂滅。美其雅操，建以記功。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7789" id="7793">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》磬作盤，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7790" id="7794">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》比丘二字作苾<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00733','1244205',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P733</span></i>芻，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7791" id="7795">〔3〕</a>《古本》有作在，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7792" id="7796">（一）</a>是習定比丘自害證果之處：《法顯傳》：“離此五十步，有大方黑石。昔有比丘，在上經行，思惟是身無常苦空，得不浄觀，厭患是身，卽捉刀欲自殺。復念：<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>制戒，不得自殺。又念：雖爾，我今但欲殺三毒賊。便以刀自刎。”</span> </p><p> <span>比丘證果東石崖上，有石窣堵波，習定比丘投崖證果之處。昔在佛世，有一比丘，宴坐山林，修證果定，精勤已久，不得果證。晝夜繼念，無忘静定。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>知其根機將發也，遂往彼而<a class="zhuhao" href="#7800" id="7797">〔1〕</a>成之，自<span class="zhuanming">竹林園</span>至山崖下，彈指而召，佇立以待。此<a class="zhuhao" href="#7801" id="7798">〔2〕</a>比丘遥覩聖衆，身意勇悦，投崖而下，猶<a class="zhuhao" href="#7802" id="7799">〔3〕</a>其淨心，敬信佛語，未至于地，已獲果證。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告曰：“宜知是時。”卽昇虚空，示現神變，用彰淨信，故斯封記。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7797" id="7800">〔1〕</a>《舊麗本》無而字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7798" id="7801">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》此上並有時字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#7799" id="7802">〔3〕</a>《金陵本》猶作由。按猶與由古相通。《禮記·雜記》“猶是附於王父也。”《鄭注》：“猶當爲由。”蓋同音通借也。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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濫波國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154658" key="1154658"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 濫波國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154659" key="1154659"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00218','1384640',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P218</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000359">濫波國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">濫波國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2674" id="2663">（一）</a>周千餘里，北背<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>，三垂<span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span>。國大都城周十餘里。自數百年，王族絶嗣，豪傑力競，無大君長，近始附屬<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>。宜粳稻，多甘蔗，林樹雖衆，果實乃少。氣序漸<a class="zhuhao" href="#2669" id="2664">〔1〕</a>温，微<a class="zhuhao" href="#2670" id="2665">〔2〕</a>霜無雪。國俗豐樂，人尚歌詠。志性怯弱，情懷詭詐，更相欺誚，未有推先。體貌卑<a class="zhuhao" href="#2671" id="2666">〔3〕</a>小，動止輕躁<a class="zhuhao" href="#2672" id="2667">〔4〕</a>。多衣白㲲，所服鮮飾。伽藍十餘所<a class="zhuhao" href="#2673" id="2668">〔5〕</a>，僧徒寡少，並多習學大乘法教。天祠數十，異道甚多。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2664" id="2669">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》漸作微。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2665" id="2670">〔2〕</a>《石本》微作無。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2666" id="2671">〔3〕</a>《大本》校書卑作短。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00219','1384640',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P219</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2667" id="2672">〔4〕</a>《隨函録》躁作燥。按躁燥可通用，《釋名·釋言語》“躁，燥也，物燥乃動而飛揚也”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2668" id="2673">〔5〕</a>《中本》﹑《石本》無所字。《慈恩傳》作“十所”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2663" id="2674">（一）</a>濫波國：亦作<span class="zhuanming">嵐婆</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">覽波</span>，<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文Lampāka。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>認爲<span class="zhuanming">濫波</span>的對音可能是一個“非<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>”字Lampa或者Lumba，而不是直接從梵文Lampāka來的。<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理志》作Lambatai（<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲可能是Lambagai的訛寫，因爲<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>文t與g極易混淆的緣故）。<span class="zhuanming">巴卑爾</span>《回憶録》作Lamghanat。今名Laghmān，在<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾河</span>北岸，東西以Alingar及Kunar河爲界，是一狹小地帶，近人實測該地帶每邊約長<span class="song">40</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，四周約<span class="song">160</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的記載頗相吻合。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">到過此地的我國<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>僧侣不多，有關此地的記載極少，僅見於《釋迦方志》卷上：“<span class="zhuanming">濫波國</span>者，在<span class="zhuanming">無熱池</span>西，倚北（倚北二字疑倒）<span class="zhuanming">胡活國</span>，東南三垂<span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span>，北約<span class="zhuanming">雪山</span>。都城周十餘里，寺十餘，僧數亦少，多學大乘，天祠數十，異道特多。”八世紀初<span class="zhuanming">慧超</span>也曾到過此地：“又從此<span class="zhuanming">建馱羅國</span>西行入山，七日至<span class="zhuanming">覽波國</span>。此國無王，有大首領，亦屬<span class="zhuanming">建馱羅國</span>所管，衣著言音，與<span class="zhuanming">建馱羅國</span>相似，亦有寺有僧，敬信三寶，行大乘法。”（《往五天竺國傳》）</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南行百餘里，踰大嶺，濟大河，至<span class="zhuanming">那揭<a class="zhuhao" href="#2678" id="2675">〔1〕</a>羅曷</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2679" id="2676">〔2〕</a>國。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>境<a class="zhuhao" href="#2680" id="2677">〔3〕</a>。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00220','1384640',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P220</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2675" id="2678">〔1〕</a>《方志》揭作伽，《珠林》三十八同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2676" id="2679">〔2〕</a>《慈恩傳》曷作喝。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2677" id="2680">〔3〕</a>《方志》云：“屬<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>，古<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>。”《珠林》同，古作名，華作花。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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一、佛説毗摩羅詰經所
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154662" key="1154662"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 一、佛説毗摩羅詰經所 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154663" key="1154663"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00588','1384762',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P588</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000993"><b>一﹑佛説毗摩羅詰經所</b></p><p> <span>宫城西北五六里，至一伽藍，僧徒寡少，習學小乘正量部法。傍有窣堵波，是昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>説《毗摩羅詰經》<a class="zhuhao" href="#6306" id="6301">〔1〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#6307" id="6302">（一）</a>，長者<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00589','1384762',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P589</span></i>子<span class="zhuanming">寶積</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6308" id="6303">（二）</a>等獻寶蓋<a class="zhuhao" href="#6309" id="6304">（三）</a>處。其東有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">舍利子</span>等於此證無學之果<a class="zhuhao" href="#6310" id="6305">（四）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6301" id="6306">〔1〕</a>《方志》毘摩羅詰經作浄名經；《珠林》作維摩經，乃一經異名。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6302" id="6307">（一）</a>毘摩羅詰經：<span class="zhuanming">毘摩羅詰</span>，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">維摩詰</span>，梵文Vimalakīrti，意譯<span class="zhuanming">無垢稱</span>或<span class="zhuanming">浄名</span>。傳説是<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>中的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>居士，與<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>同時。《毘摩羅詰經》通常作《維摩經》或《維摩詰所説經》，梵文名爲Vimalakīrtinirdeśasūtra，據云爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>所説的經，爲以後大乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>興起所根據的重要經典，僅次於《大般若經》。現存三種譯本：<span class="zhuanming">三國</span>時<span class="zhuanming">支謙</span>譯《維摩詰經》二卷，<span class="zhuanming">姚秦</span><span class="zhuanming">鳩摩羅什</span>譯《維摩詰所説經》三卷，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯《説無垢稱經》六卷。其注釋頗多，以<span class="zhuanming">僧肇</span>的《維摩詰所説經注》十卷最著名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6303" id="6308">（二）</a>長者子寶積：長者指<span class="zhuanming">毘摩羅詰</span>（<span class="zhuanming">無垢稱</span>）。<span class="zhuanming">寶積</span>，梵文Ratnākāra，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">寶性</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">寶事</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6304" id="6309">（三）</a>寶蓋：卽傘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6305" id="6310">（四）</a>無學之果：卽阿羅漢果，指到達學道圓滿，不用修學的境界。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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瞿折羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154666" key="1154666"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 瞿折羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154667" key="1154667"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00920','1384883',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P920</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001542">瞿折羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9361" id="9353">（一）</a>周五千餘里。國大都城號<span class="zhuanming">毗羅摩羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9362" id="9354">（二）</a>，周三十餘里。土宜風俗，同<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘國</span>。居人殷盛，家産富饒。多事外道，少信佛法。伽藍一所，僧<a class="zhuhao" href="#9358" id="9355">〔1〕</a>百餘人，習學小乘<a class="zhuhao" href="#9359" id="9356">〔2〕</a>教<a class="zhuhao" href="#9360" id="9357">〔3〕</a>説一切有部。天祠數十，異道雜居。王，刹帝利種也，年在弱冠，智勇高遠，深信佛法，高尚異能。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9355" id="9358">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》﹑《中本》僧下有徒字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9356" id="9359">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》乘下並有法字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9357" id="9360">〔3〕</a>《古本》無教字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9353" id="9361">（一）</a>瞿折羅國：<span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅</span>，俗語Gujjara，梵文Gūrjara，巴利文Gujar。本書及《釋迦方志》均作“<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>北行千八百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅國</span>”。但《慈恩傳》卷四作“自此（<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>）東北行千八百里至<span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅國</span>”。按史實應以前者爲是。<span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>（Gu-rjara）人所建立的國家。關於<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>人的起源至今還是一個争辯中的問題。許多學者認爲<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>人是外來民族，隨着<span class="zhuanming">白匈奴</span>人的入侵<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，逐漸從<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>移殖於<span class="zhuanming">拉吉普坦那</span>（Rājputāna），最後蔓延到<span class="zhuanming">卡提阿瓦半島</span>，該地現名<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉特</span>（Gujarāt）卽由此而來。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00921','1384883',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P921</span></i>西北部類似的地名還多，如<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>的Gujrānwāla﹑Gujarāt﹑Gujar-khān以及<span class="zhuanming">瓜廖爾</span>（Gwālior）地區北部的Gujargarh等等，均由<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>人而得名。另一派如<span class="zhuanming">孟希</span>（K.M.Munshi：The Glory That Was Gūrjaradeśa Part Ⅲ，pp.1ff.）提出相反的意見，認爲不是地因種族而得名，而是種族因地而得名，主張原來有一個頗爲廣大的<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉國</span>（Gūrjaradeśa），由該地的王公進行治理，該地的人稱爲<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>人，世事滄桑，歷經變化之後，該國的若干地區仍保留着原來名稱，不少地區則失去原名。但這派意見還未得到廣泛的承認。今天雖然比較多的人贊成<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>原本是種族名，但也還没有確鑿可靠的證據足以證明<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>人起源於外來的異民族。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">現代<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>人分佈的地區很廣，他們在<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅</span>西部﹑<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">北方邦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">拉吉普坦那</span>西部爲數甚多，在<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>以北的山區也有，而<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉特邦</span>的大部分人口則都是<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>人。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">約在六世紀下半葉，<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>人以異軍突起的姿態出現於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>歷史舞台之上，他們乘<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>的衰弱，脱離其覊絆而宣告獨立。他們所建立的最主要的國家在<span class="zhuanming">拉吉普坦那</span>中心地帶，<span class="zhuanming">佐德浦爾</span>（Jodhpur）附近，這地方就稱爲<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉特拉</span>（Gūrjaratrā——由Gujarāt一字衍變而來）。最早的<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉王國</span>的建立者爲<span class="zhuanming">黄月</span>（Haricandra），原來是一婆羅門，六世紀中葉，<span class="zhuanming">笈多朝</span>王室衰微之後，<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>羣雄並起，他也乘機自立爲王，攻下<span class="zhuanming">曼達維亞補羅</span>（Māṇḍavyapur）卽現今<span class="zhuanming">佐德浦爾</span>以北五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">曼多爾</span>（Mandor），並定都於此。他曾娶兩妻，一爲婆羅門種姓，另一立爲皇后的是刹帝利種姓。刹帝利妻子所生的四子均被封爲藩王，各治一邦。三子<span class="zhuanming">拉吉拉</span>（Rajjila）留鎮國都。他逝世後由其子<span class="zhuanming">那羅跋吒</span>（Narabhaṭa），其孫<span class="zhuanming">那加跋吒</span>（Nāgabhaṭa）相繼嗣位。<span class="zhuanming">黄月</span>及其三個繼承人的在位年代大約是<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00922','1384883',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P922</span></i>公元550至640年這段時期。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>訪問<span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅國</span>時，那位弱冠在位的國王，卽<span class="zhuanming">那加跋吒</span>之子<span class="zhuanming">呾達</span>（Tāta）。據記載，他後來禪位於弟，隱居山林。這一王朝以後還經歷八代十王，繼續統治約二百餘年。<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉</span>人向南移居<span class="zhuanming">卡提阿瓦半島</span>，以及該地被稱爲<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉特</span>，都是<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>以後的事情了。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9354" id="9362">（二）</a>國大都城號毘羅摩羅：<span class="zhuanming">毘羅摩羅</span>，爲梵文Bhillamāla音譯。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>與<span class="zhuanming">馬宗達</span>等認爲此城卽今<span class="zhuanming">賓馬爾</span>（Bhinmāl），在北緯25度﹑東經72度16分。但據<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記，該國在<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>以北一千八百里，國都必在更北的地方，因此我們同意<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>的看法，比定<span class="zhuanming">毘羅摩羅</span>爲北緯25度48分﹑東經71度16分處的<span class="zhuanming">巴爾默爾</span>（Bal-mer或Bārmer），據<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>實測該地正在<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>遺址以北一千八百里的地方。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南行二千八百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、無垢稱及寶積故宅
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154673" key="1154673"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 三、無垢稱及寶積故宅 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154674" key="1154674"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00591','1384763',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P591</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001001"><b>三﹑無垢稱及寶積故宅</b></p><p> <span>伽藍東北三四<a class="zhuhao" href="#6334" id="6323">〔1〕</a>里有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">毗摩羅詰</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">無垢稱</span>，舊曰<span class="zhuanming">淨名</span>，然淨則無垢，名則是<a class="zhuhao" href="#6335" id="6324">〔2〕</a>稱，義雖取同，名乃有異。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">維摩詰</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6336" id="6325">〔3〕</a>，訛略<a class="zhuhao" href="#6337" id="6326">〔4〕</a>也。</span> <span>故宅基趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#6338" id="6327">〔5〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#6343" id="6328">（一）</a>，多有靈異。去此不遠，有一神舍，其狀壘<a class="zhuhao" href="#6339" id="6329">〔6〕</a>甎，傳云積石，卽<span class="zhuanming">無垢稱長者</span>現疾説法之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#6340" id="6330">〔7〕</a>。去此不遠有窣堵波，長者子<span class="zhuanming">寶積</span>之<a class="zhuhao" href="#6341" id="6331">〔8〕</a>故宅也。去此不遠有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">菴没羅女</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6344" id="6332">（二）</a>故宅，佛姨母等諸苾芻尼<a class="zhuhao" href="#6342" id="6333">〔9〕</a>於此證入湼槃。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00592','1384763',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P592</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6323" id="6334">〔1〕</a>原本三下無四字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並有之，今據補。《方志》及《珠林》三十八並作“寺東北四里”，可證應有四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6324" id="6335">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》是下有舊字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6325" id="6336">〔3〕</a>《翻譯集》引詰下有者字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6326" id="6337">〔4〕</a>《翻譯集》引無略字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6327" id="6338">〔5〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》無趾字。《方志》及《珠林》三十八亦無趾字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6329" id="6339">〔6〕</a>《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》壘作疊，《方志》同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6330" id="6340">〔7〕</a>《方志》此下有“近使者<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>以笏量之，止有一丈，故方丈之名因而生焉”。《珠林》此下有“於大<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>年中，勑使衛長史<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>因向<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，過<span class="zhuanming">浄名</span>宅，以笏量之，止有十笏，故號方丈之室也”。此蓋<span class="zhuanming">道宣</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">道世</span>補記後事之文，附於《奘記》之下也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6331" id="6341">〔8〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑徑山本》並無之字。《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》﹑《珠林》亦無。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6333" id="6342">〔9〕</a>《石本》苾芻尼三字作比丘尼。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6328" id="6343">（一）</a>故宅基趾：《法苑珠林》卷二九：“於大<span class="zhuanming">唐</span><span class="zhuanming">顯慶</span>年中，勑使衛長史<span class="zhuanming">王玄策</span>因向<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，過<span class="zhuanming">浄名</span>（按卽<span class="zhuanming">毗摩羅詰</span>）宅，以笏量之，止有十笏，故號方丈之室也。”<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>亦稱其遺址爲方丈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6332" id="6344">（二）</a>菴没羅女：梵文名Amrapālī，巴利文作Ambapālī。菴没羅，見卷二注；pālī，意爲“女保護者”。全名音譯<span class="zhuanming">菴婆羅婆利</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">菴婆婆利</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">阿梵和利</span>等；意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">菴羅衛</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">捺女</span>等。據説她是<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00593','1384763',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P593</span></i>城</span>的妓女，貌甚美，皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，獻出自己所有的<span class="zhuanming">菴没羅園</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>的住所，後爲比丘尼。見《長阿含經》卷二﹑《增一阿含經》卷十﹑《五分律》卷二十﹑《四分律》卷四十等。<span class="zhuanming">菴没羅園</span>的所在，《法顯傳》云：“城南三里，道西，<span class="zhuanming">菴婆羅女</span>以園施佛，作佛住處”，與《西域記》所載不同。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
鄔闍衍那國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154678" key="1154678"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 鄔闍衍那國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154679" key="1154679"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00922','1384884',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P922</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001545">鄔闍衍那國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9368" id="9363">（一）</a>周六千餘里。國大都城周三十餘里。土宜風俗，同<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘國</span>。居人殷盛，家室富饒。伽藍數十所，多以圮壞，存者三五。僧徒三百餘人，大小二乘兼功習學。天祠數十<a class="zhuhao" href="#9366" id="9364">〔1〕</a>，異道雜居<a class="zhuhao" href="#9367" id="9365">〔2〕</a>。王，婆羅門種也，博覽邪書，不信正法。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00923','1384884',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P923</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9364" id="9366">〔1〕</a>《趙城本》十作千。按《方志》亦作數十，千字當誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9365" id="9367">〔2〕</a>《方志》此下有“地鹹果少”四字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9363" id="9368">（一）</a>鄔闍衍那國：梵文Ujjayanī﹑Ujjainī，巴利文Ujjenī，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">優禪耶尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">烏惹儞</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鬱禪尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鬱闍尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">嗢逝尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">謳祇尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">烏舍尼</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鬱支</span>。該國的國都<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那城</span>卽現今<span class="zhuanming">中央邦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">烏賈因</span>（Ujj-ain）。<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那城</span>早見於<span class="zhuanming">波檀闍利</span>的《大疏》及<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>摩崖銘文。它是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代十六大國中的<span class="zhuanming">阿槃底</span>（Avantī）的西部分國的首都。該國的領土大體相當於現代<span class="zhuanming">馬爾瓦</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">尼馬爾</span>（Nimār）以及<span class="zhuanming">中央邦</span>（Madhya Pradesh）部分地區。根據<span class="zhuanming">般達卡爾</span>的研究，<span class="zhuanming">阿槃底</span>有兩個分國，其南國以<span class="zhuanming">摩醯昔摩地</span>（Māhiṣmatī）爲國都，其北國則以<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>爲首都。<span class="zhuanming">佛陀</span>時代<span class="zhuanming">阿槃底</span>是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的四強之一——其餘三個強國爲<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>和<span class="zhuanming">跋蹉</span>（Vatsa）。當該國國王<span class="zhuanming">輝曜</span>（Pra-dyota）在位時，其國力十分強盛，就是<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>也不敢與之抗衡。<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>加強<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>的防衞，也不過是爲了對付<span class="zhuanming">輝曜</span>的襲擊罷了。但它也太自恃强盛，經常與上述三國尋釁，引起争端，以後的第四代國王<span class="zhuanming">難提伐弹那</span>（Nandivardhana）終於爲<span class="zhuanming">童龍</span>（Śiśunāga）所戰敗，<span class="zhuanming">阿槃底</span>被併入<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>。公元前三世紀初，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>在登位之前，曾任<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>總督，後來，<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>的<span class="zhuanming">超日王</span>，卽<span class="zhuanming">旃陀笈多二世</span>（公元後375年）曾驅逐<span class="zhuanming">塞</span>人於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>之外，並稱霸於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的大部分。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">阿槃底</span>曾經是<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>主要中心之一，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>僧侣中許多長老都出生和成長於此地，佛典中也有許多關於此國的記載。<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>的始祖<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>曾在此國修行，因此也是該教聖地。<span class="zhuanming">阿槃底</span>的經濟和文化<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00924','1384884',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P924</span></i>都很繁榮，<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>和<span class="zhuanming">摩醯昔摩地</span>都位於<span class="zhuanming">王舍城</span>通往南方<span class="zhuanming">普拉提斯坦那城</span>（Pratiṣṭhāna）的大道上，和<span class="zhuanming">希臘</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">羅馬</span>也有貿遷往還。<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理學》和《厄里特利亞海週航記》稱<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>爲Ozēnē，説它通過<span class="zhuanming">跋禄羯呫婆</span>與<span class="zhuanming">西亞</span>各地進行貿易，是輸入和輸出的商品集散地。<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>又是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代天文學家子午綫計測的起點。在<span class="zhuanming">迦梨陀娑</span>的名著《雲使》中有關於<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那城</span>繁榮景象的描寫。小説《十公子傳》中的主角之一<span class="zhuanming">華生</span>（Puṣpodbhava）也曾借商人之子<span class="zhuanming">旃陀羅婆羅</span>（Candrapāla）之助潜入<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>進行其冒險生涯。相當晚期的<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>民間文學中還有不少關於<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>的<span class="zhuanming">超日王</span>及其宫廷九寶的佳話流傳。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>也十分重視<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>。此地有名的<span class="zhuanming">大黑廟</span>（Mahākāla），爲<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>最有名的十二個<span class="zhuanming">濕婆</span>廟宇之一。<span class="zhuanming">印度教</span>中另一派，“林加行者”（Liṅgāyat）也視此城爲其聖地之一，每年有大量該派教徒來此地朝拜。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">在考古學上<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>也有其重要地位，此地曾出土過大量衝壓和鑄造的古錢，其中<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>最珍貴的古錢卽鏤有<span class="zhuanming">婆羅謎</span>字的<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>錢，自公元前三世紀至公元後一世紀的都有；又曾出土不少公元前二世紀至公元後二世紀的封泥，以及公元前二世紀至公元後五世紀的陶器。</span> </p><p> <span>去城不遠，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>作地獄之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#9370" id="9369">（一）</a>。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9369" id="9370">（一）</a>無憂王作地獄之處：所謂地獄，卽監獄，此據<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>及<span class="zhuanming">水谷真成</span>之説。<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>在<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>曾建立牢獄，見本書卷八。<span class="zhuanming">阿育<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00925','1384884',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P925</span></i>王</span>做王子時曾在此地爲總督，在此設“地獄”似爲事實。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北行千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">擲枳陁國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">南印度</span>境。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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四、菴没羅女園及佛預言湼槃處
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154684" key="1154684"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 四、菴没羅女園及佛預言湼槃處 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154685" key="1154685"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00593','1384764',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P593</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001004"><b>四﹑菴没羅女園及佛預言湼槃處</b></p><p> <span>伽藍北三四里有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>將往<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那國</span>入般湼槃，人與非人隨從<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>至此佇立。次西北不遠有窣堵波，是佛於此最後觀<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6346" id="6345">（一）</a>。其南不遠有精舍，前建窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">菴没羅女園</span>，持以施佛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6345" id="6346">（一）</a>佛於此最後觀吠舍釐城：據<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>譯《大般湼槃經》卷上載，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>與諸比丘過<span class="zhuanming">毗耶離城</span>，回顧向城而笑。<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>問何故笑？<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>答正爲最後見此城故。語時虚空中無雲而雨，<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>告<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>云：“虚空諸天，聞我説言最後見於<span class="zhuanming">毗耶城</span>，心大懊憹，悲感涕泣，此是天淚，非爲雨也”。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">菴没羅園</span>側有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>告湼槃處。佛昔在此告<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>曰：“其得四神足<a class="zhuhao" href="#6351" id="6347">（一）</a>者能住壽一劫，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>今者當壽幾何？”如是再三，<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>不對，天魔<a class="zhuhao" href="#6352" id="6348">（二）</a>迷惑故也。<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>從坐而起，林中宴默。時魔來請佛曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世，教化已久，蒙濟<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00594','1384764',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P594</span></i>流轉，數如塵沙。寂滅之樂，今其時矣。”<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>以少土置爪上，而告魔曰：“地土多耶？爪土多耶？”對曰：“地土多也。”佛言：“所度者如爪上土，未度者如大地土。却後三月，吾當湼槃。”魔聞歡喜而退。<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>林中忽感異夢，來<a class="zhuhao" href="#6350" id="6349">〔1〕</a>白佛言：“我在林間，夢見大樹，枝葉茂盛，蔭影蒙密，驚風忽起，摧散無餘。將非<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>欲入寂滅？我心懷懼，故來請問！”佛告<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>：“吾先告汝，汝爲魔蔽，不時請留。魔王勸我早入湼槃，已許之期，斯夢是也。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6349" id="6350">〔1〕</a>《石本》無來字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6347" id="6351">（一）</a>四神足：神足或稱如意足，梵文ṛddhipāda的意譯。指由於四種禪定而獲得的神通。據《法門名義集》是：欲如意足，念如意足，精進如意足，慧如意足。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6348" id="6352">（二）</a>天魔：卽第六天的魔王，名<span class="zhuanming">波旬</span>。關於<span class="zhuanming">天魔</span>迷惑<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>的傳説，見《長阿含經》卷二﹑《大般湼槃經》卷上﹑《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷三六。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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擲枳陁國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154688" key="1154688"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 擲枳陁國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154689" key="1154689"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00925','1384885',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P925</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001549">擲枳陁國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">擲枳陁國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9375" id="9371">（一）</a>周四千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9376" id="9372">（二）</a>周十五六里。土稱沃壤，稼穡滋植，宜菽麥，多花菓。氣序調暢，人性善順，多信外道，少<a class="zhuhao" href="#9374" id="9373">〔1〕</a>敬佛法。伽藍數十，少有僧徒。天祠十餘所，外道千餘人。王，婆羅門種也，篤信三寶，尊重有德。諸方博達之士，多集此國。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9373" id="9374">〔1〕</a>《中本》少作小。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9371" id="9375">（一）</a>擲枳陁國：該國名的原音不詳。該國地望的考證也頗有分歧。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">闍殊提</span>（Jajhoti，梵文名Jejākabhukti），卽今<span class="zhuanming">彭德爾甘德</span>（Bundelkhand）；<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>也贊同這一看法。但有人認爲上述比定勢必使該地與<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>的距離較<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記約大一倍，失之過遠，因而比定此國爲<span class="zhuanming">契托爾</span>（Chitor）。目前雖然贊成前一種説法的人較多，但仍無法作出定論。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">公元前六世紀，<span class="zhuanming">彭德爾甘德</span>大部分領域都屬於古代十六大國之一的<span class="zhuanming">契底</span>（Chedi）。<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁</span>興盛時，該地爲<span class="zhuanming">難陀</span>所合併，此後一<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00926','1384885',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P926</span></i>直爲<span class="zhuanming">孔雀王朝</span>及<span class="zhuanming">巽伽王朝</span>領地，並且曾受<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span><span class="zhuanming">三謨陀羅笈多</span>的多次侵襲，國土荒凉凋殘達數百年之久。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9372" id="9376">（二）</a>國大都城：主張<span class="zhuanming">擲枳陁國</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">彭德爾甘德</span>地區的人，認爲其國都爲<span class="zhuanming">卡朱拉霍</span>（Khajurāho，Kharjurāha），該地在<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>東南約九十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里地方。主張此國爲<span class="zhuanming">契托爾</span>的人，則認爲其國都爲<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那</span>以北二百二十公里處的<span class="zhuanming">契托爾</span>，但此城不像一個古老的城市。方位方面，本書及《慈恩傳》均作“東北行千餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">擲枳陁國</span>”，但《釋迦方志》作“東千餘里”。</span> </p><p> <span>從此北行九百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">摩醯<a class="zhuhao" href="#9378" id="9377">〔1〕</a>濕伐羅補羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9377" id="9378">〔1〕</a>原本醯作醘，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》及本卷首目録改，下同。《石本》作󵾯，《建本》作󵾘。並誤。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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五、千佛本生故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154693" key="1154693"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 五、千佛本生故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154694" key="1154694"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00594','1384765',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P594</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001008"><b>五﹑千佛本生故事</b></p><p> <span>告湼槃期側不遠有窣堵波，千子見父母處也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6384" id="6353">（一）</a>。昔有仙人隱居巖谷，仲春之月，鼓濯清流，麀<a class="zhuhao" href="#6370" id="6354">〔1〕</a>鹿隨飲，感生女子，姿貌過人，唯脚似鹿。仙人見已，收而養焉。其後命令<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00595','1384765',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P595</span></i>求火，至餘仙廬，足所履地，迹<a class="zhuhao" href="#6371" id="6355">〔2〕</a>有蓮花。彼仙見已，深以<a class="zhuhao" href="#6372" id="6356">〔3〕</a>奇之，令其繞廬，方乃<a class="zhuhao" href="#6373" id="6357">〔4〕</a>得火。鹿女依命，得火而還。時<span class="zhuanming">梵豫王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6385" id="6358">（二）</a>畋<a class="zhuhao" href="#6374" id="6359">〔5〕</a>遊見花，尋迹以求，悦其奇怪，同載而返。相師占言，當生千子。餘婦聞之，莫不圖計。日月既滿，生一蓮花，花有千葉，葉坐一子。餘婦誣罔，咸稱不祥，投<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，隨波泛濫<a class="zhuhao" href="#6375" id="6360">〔6〕</a>。<span class="zhuanming">烏耆延王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6386" id="6361">（三）</a>下流遊觀，見黄雲蓋乘波而來，取以開視，乃有千子，乳養成立，有大力焉。恃有千子，拓境四方，兵威乘勝，將次此國。時<span class="zhuanming">梵豫王</span>聞之，甚<a class="zhuhao" href="#6376" id="6362">〔7〕</a>懷震懼，兵力不敵，計無所出矣<a class="zhuhao" href="#6377" id="6363">〔8〕</a>。是時鹿<a class="zhuhao" href="#6378" id="6364">〔9〕</a>女心知其子，乃謂王曰：“今寇戎臨境，上下離<a class="zhuhao" href="#6379" id="6365">〔10〕</a>心，賤妾<a class="zhuhao" href="#6380" id="6366">〔11〕</a>愚忠<a class="zhuhao" href="#6381" id="6367">〔12〕</a>，能敗强敵。”王未之信也，憂懼良深。鹿女乃昇<a class="zhuhao" href="#6382" id="6368">〔13〕</a>城樓，以待寇至。千子將兵，圍城已帀。鹿女告曰：“莫爲逆事！我是汝母，汝是我子。”千子謂曰：“何言之謬？”鹿女手按兩乳，流注千岐，天性所感，咸入其口。於是解甲歸宗，釋兵返族，兩國交歡，百姓安樂<a class="zhuhao" href="#6383" id="6369">〔14〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6354" id="6370">〔1〕</a>《中本》麀作麞。按《雜寶藏經》作“雌鹿”，則麀字是，麞字非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6355" id="6371">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》迹下並有皆字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6356" id="6372">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》深以二字作心甚。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6357" id="6373">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》乃作可。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00596','1384765',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P596</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6359" id="6374">〔5〕</a>《石本》畋作田，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6360" id="6375">〔6〕</a>《中本》濫下有“焉隣國有王名”六字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6362" id="6376">〔7〕</a>《中本》甚作其。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6363" id="6377">〔8〕</a>《徑山本》無矣字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6364" id="6378">〔9〕</a>《徑山本》鹿下有足字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6365" id="6379">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》離作罹。《音釋》亦作罹，云：“音離，憂也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6366" id="6380">〔11〕</a>《中本》妾作妻，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6367" id="6381">〔12〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《金陵本》忠並作衷。《徑山本》愚忠二字作思惟。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6368" id="6382">〔13〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》昇作升，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6369" id="6383">〔14〕</a>《石本》樂下有“此處立塔”四字。按《法顯傳》記此事下有“後人得知，於此立塔”云云。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6353" id="6384">（一）</a>千子見父母處也：《西域記》所載此故事與《雜寶藏經》卷一《鹿女夫人緣第九》情節同，但其地爲<span class="zhuanming">波羅奈國</span>。同上書《蓮花夫人緣第八》所載亦略同。又見於《長阿含經》卷十一，作<span class="zhuanming">多子塔</span>，《大般湼槃經》卷上作<span class="zhuanming">多子支提</span>，《水經注》與《法顯傳》其地作<span class="zhuanming">放弓仗塔</span>，此塔在《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷三七又名<span class="zhuanming">放弓仗制底</span>，故事情節亦異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6358" id="6385">（二）</a>梵豫王：“豫”可解作“悦”，所以<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>把“梵豫”一名還原作Brahmānadita（？），<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>作Brahmānanda；“豫”字又可作“與”解，所以<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>以Brahmadatta還原此名。按<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>之還原，此名<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯又可作<span class="zhuanming">梵授</span>，這是更常見的古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人名，或謂卽<span class="zhuanming">波羅痆斯國</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00597','1384765',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P597</span></i>國王，待考。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6361" id="6386">（三）</a>烏耆延王：<span class="zhuanming">烏耆延</span>一名的梵文，<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>作Ujiyana，<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>作Udyāna。此名究竟是人名還是國名，未詳。<span class="zhuanming">艾特爾</span>認爲它就是西北<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那國</span>的異稱，但<span class="zhuanming">烏仗那</span>不會在<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>下游。參見E.J.Eitel：Hand-book of Chinese Buddhism，p.184a。</span> </p><p> <span>千子歸宗側不遠有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>經行<a class="zhuhao" href="#6389" id="6387">〔1〕</a>舊迹，指告衆曰：“昔吾於此歸宗見親。欲知千子，卽賢劫<a class="zhuhao" href="#6390" id="6388">〔2〕</a>千佛是也。”</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6387" id="6389">〔1〕</a>原本經行二字互倒，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6388" id="6390">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》劫下並有中字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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摩醯濕伐羅補羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154701" key="1154701"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 摩醯濕伐羅補羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154702" key="1154702"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00926','1384886',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P926</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001553">摩醯濕伐羅補羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">摩醯濕伐羅補羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9383" id="9379">（一）</a>周三千餘里。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#9384" id="9380">（二）</a>周二十<a class="zhuhao" href="#9382" id="9381">〔1〕</a>餘里。土宜風俗同<span class="zhuanming">鄔闍衍那國</span>。宗敬外道，不信佛法。天祠數十，多有塗灰之侣。王，婆羅門種也，不甚敬信佛法。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00927','1384886',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P927</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9381" id="9382">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》二十作三十。《趙城本》及《方志》作二十，同此本。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9379" id="9383">（一）</a>摩醯濕伐羅補羅：梵文Maheśvarapura音譯，義云“<span class="zhuanming">大自在城</span>”。如前所述，<span class="zhuanming">擲枳陁國</span>的地望難於確定，因此對<span class="zhuanming">摩醯濕伐羅補羅</span>的考訂也有很大分歧。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">納爾巴達河</span>上游的<span class="zhuanming">曼德拉</span>（Mandala），該地的古名卽<span class="zhuanming">摩醯濕摩地補羅</span>（Maheṣmati-pura，意卽<span class="zhuanming">大自在天城</span>），這是有兩千餘年歷史的古都，各項條件也都適合。但如果這樣，則從<span class="zhuanming">擲枳陁國</span>“北行九百餘里至<span class="zhuanming">摩醯濕伐羅補羅國</span>”，非改爲“南行九百餘里”不可，這就難於令人信服。<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>等人不贊成改北爲南，他們比定此國爲<span class="zhuanming">格瓦里耶爾</span>（Gwāli-yār），卽現代的<span class="zhuanming">瓜廖爾</span>（Gwālior）；該地在<span class="zhuanming">昌巴爾</span>（Chambal）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>南岸，由西南向東北方延伸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9380" id="9384">（二）</a>國大都城：持上述後一説法的人比定<span class="zhuanming">摩醯濕伐羅補羅</span>的國都爲<span class="zhuanming">瓜廖爾</span>，該城因一世紀所建立的岩堡Gwalidwar而得名。又根據該地出土碑文，該城中古寺院建造於<span class="zhuanming">摩醯羅矩羅</span>（Mihira-kula，參見本書卷四）的時代，卽六世紀上葉。以上表明該城似不太古老，這也是後一種説法的弱點之一。持前一説法的人比定該國都爲<span class="zhuanming">曼德拉</span>（Mandala）城，其歷史則可以追溯到<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>的時代。因此關於<span class="zhuanming">摩醯濕伐羅補羅</span>的確切地望尚待進一步的研究。</span> </p><p> <span>從此還至<span class="zhuanming">瞿折羅國</span>，復北行荒野險磧，經千九百餘<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00928','1384886',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P928</span></i>里<a class="zhuhao" href="#9386" id="9385">〔1〕</a>，渡<span class="zhuanming">信度大河</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9385" id="9386">〔1〕</a>經千九百餘里，《方志》作行二千里許。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、大窣堵波周近諸佛像
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154705" key="1154705"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 健馱邏國 &gt; 二、大窣堵波周近諸佛像 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154706" key="1154706"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00241','1384644',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P241</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000391"><b>二﹑大窣堵波周近諸佛像</b></p><p> <span>大窣堵波東面石陛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2911" id="2903">〔1〕</a>南，鏤作二窣堵波，一高三尺，一高五尺，規摹<a class="zhuhao" href="#2912" id="2904">〔2〕</a>形狀，如大窣堵波。又作兩軀佛像，一高四尺，一高六尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#2913" id="2905">〔3〕</a>，擬菩提樹下加趺坐像。日光照燭，金色晃曜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2914" id="2906">〔4〕</a>。陰影漸移<a class="zhuhao" href="#2915" id="2907">〔5〕</a>，石文青紺。聞諸耆舊曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#2916" id="2908">〔6〕</a>：數百年前，石基之隙有金色蟻，大者如指，小者如麥，同類相從，齧<a class="zhuhao" href="#2917" id="2909">〔7〕</a>其石壁，文若彫鏤。廁以金沙，作爲此像<a class="zhuhao" href="#2918" id="2910">〔8〕</a>，今猶現在。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2903" id="2911">〔1〕</a>《敦乙本》陛作階。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2904" id="2912">〔2〕</a>《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》摹作模。《音釋》作摹云：“與摸同。”按摹﹑摸﹑模三字通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2905" id="2913">〔3〕</a>《方志》作“二加趺佛像高四尺六寸”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2906" id="2914">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》曜作耀，《徑山本》作燿，並通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2907" id="2915">〔5〕</a>《敦乙本》移作利，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2908" id="2916">〔6〕</a>《敦乙本》無曰字。《磧砂本》曰誤作日。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2909" id="2917">〔7〕</a>《方志》及《釋帖》二十三引齧作嚙，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2910" id="2918">〔8〕</a>《敦乙本》作作故。按《酉陽雜俎·物異篇》云：“健馱羅國石壁上有佛像。初，石壁有金色蟣，大者如指，小者如米，齧石壁如雕鐫，成立佛狀。”卽本此文，金蟻作金蟣。蟣乃蝨子，何能如指如<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00242','1384644',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P242</span></i>米（麥）？當是字訛。</span> </p><p> <span>大窣堵波石陛<a class="zhuhao" href="#2928" id="2919">〔1〕</a>南面有畫佛像，高一丈六尺。自胸<a class="zhuhao" href="#2929" id="2920">〔2〕</a>已上，分現兩身；從胸已下，合爲一體。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#2930" id="2921">〔3〕</a>曰：初有貧士，傭力自濟，得一金錢，願造佛像。至窣堵波所，謂畫工曰：“我今欲圖<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>妙相，有一金錢，酬功<a class="zhuhao" href="#2931" id="2922">〔4〕</a>尚少，宿心憂負<a class="zhuhao" href="#2932" id="2923">〔5〕</a>，迫於貧乏。”時彼畫工鑒其至誠，無云價直，許爲成功。復有一人事同前迹，持一金錢求畫佛像。畫工是時受二人錢，求妙丹青，共畫一像。二人同日俱來禮敬，畫工乃<a class="zhuhao" href="#2933" id="2924">〔6〕</a>同指一像示彼二人，而謂之曰：“此是汝所作之佛像也。”二人相視，若有所懷。畫工心知其疑也，謂二人曰：“何思慮之久乎？凡所受物，毫釐<a class="zhuhao" href="#2934" id="2925">〔7〕</a>不虧。斯言不謬，像必神變。”言聲未静，像現靈異，分身交影，光相照著<a class="zhuhao" href="#2935" id="2926">〔8〕</a>。二人悦服，心信歡喜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2936" id="2927">〔9〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2919" id="2928">〔1〕</a>《敦乙本》陛作階。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2920" id="2929">〔2〕</a>《敦乙本》﹑《石本》胸作匈；《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》等並作胷，下並同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2921" id="2930">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》諸先志三字作“之耆舊”。《中本》作“耆舊志”，稍誤。《三寶感應要略録》上引先志作“耆舊”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2922" id="2931">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》功並作工。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2923" id="2932">〔5〕</a>《感應録》負作貧，疑涉下文貧字而誤。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00243','1384644',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P243</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2924" id="2933">〔6〕</a>《感應録》無乃字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2925" id="2934">〔7〕</a>《敦乙本》毫釐作豪氂，古可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2926" id="2935">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》照作昭。《感應録》著作者，形之誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2927" id="2936">〔9〕</a>《感應録》喜下有矣字。</span> </p><p> <span>大窣堵波西南百餘步<a class="zhuhao" href="#2940" id="2937">〔1〕</a>，有白石佛像，高一丈八尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#2941" id="2938">〔2〕</a>，北面而立，多有靈相，數放光明。時有人見像出夜行，旋繞大窣堵波。近有羣賊欲入行盗，像<a class="zhuhao" href="#2942" id="2939">〔3〕</a>出迎賊，賊黨怖退，像歸本處，住立如故。羣盗因此改過自新，遊行邑里，具告遠近。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2937" id="2940">〔1〕</a>《一本》步作里，非。《方志》亦作“百餘步”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2938" id="2941">〔2〕</a>一丈八尺，《方志》作“一丈六尺”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2939" id="2942">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》像下有遂字。</span> </p><p> <span>大窣堵波左右，小窣堵波魚鱗百數。佛像莊嚴，務窮工思，殊香異音，時有聞聽，靈仙聖賢，或見旋繞。此窣堵波者，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>懸記，七燒七立，佛法方盡。先賢<a class="zhuhao" href="#2947" id="2943">〔1〕</a>記曰：成壞已三<a class="zhuhao" href="#2950" id="2944">（一）</a>。初至此國，適<a class="zhuhao" href="#2948" id="2945">〔2〕</a>遭大火<a class="zhuhao" href="#2949" id="2946">〔3〕</a>。當見營搆，尚未成功。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2943" id="2947">〔1〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《中本》先賢二字並作“土俗”。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00244','1384644',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P244</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2945" id="2948">〔2〕</a>《敦乙本》無適字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2946" id="2949">〔3〕</a>《敦乙本》大火二字作“火灾”；《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》作“火災”；《中本》作“火炎”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2944" id="2950">（一）</a>成壞已三：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>認爲一切事物都在生滅的變遷之中，都要經歷“成”﹑“住”﹑“壞”﹑“空”四個時期。此<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>借用<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>成語作一般使用，謂這窣堵波已經三次遇災毁壞，又復營建。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、小石嶺佛影窟
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154709" key="1154709"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 那揭羅曷國 &gt; 二、小石嶺佛影窟 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154710" key="1154710"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00224','1384643',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P224</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000372"><b>二﹑小石嶺佛影窟</b></p><p> <span>城西南二十餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#2720" id="2719">〔1〕</a>至<span class="zhuanming">小石嶺</span>，有伽藍，高堂重閣，積石所成。庭宇寂寥，絶無僧侣。中有窣堵波，高二百餘尺，無憂王之所建也。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2719" id="2720">〔1〕</a>城西南二十餘里，《方志》西南二字作東南，《珠林》作東字。《華嚴鈔》五十八引餘里作里餘。《慈恩傳》作“聞燈光城西南二十餘里”。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍西南，深澗陗<a class="zhuhao" href="#2744" id="2721">〔1〕</a>絶，瀑布飛流，懸崖壁立。東岸<a class="zhuhao" href="#2745" id="2722">〔2〕</a>石壁有大洞穴，<span class="zhuanming">瞿波羅龍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2761" id="2723">（一）</a>之所居也。門徑狹小，窟穴冥闇，崖石津滴<a class="zhuhao" href="#2746" id="2724">〔3〕</a>，磎<a class="zhuhao" href="#2747" id="2725">〔4〕</a>徑餘流。昔有佛影<a class="zhuhao" href="#2762" id="2726">（二）</a>，焕若真容，相好具足，儼然如在。近代已來，人不遍覩，縱有所見，髣髴<a class="zhuhao" href="#2748" id="2727">〔5〕</a>而已。至誠祈請，有冥感者，乃暫明視<a class="zhuhao" href="#2749" id="2728">〔6〕</a>，尚不能久。昔<span class="zhuanming">如<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00225','1384643',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P225</span></i>來</span>在世之時，此龍爲牧牛之士，供王乳酪，進奉<a class="zhuhao" href="#2750" id="2729">〔7〕</a>失宜<a class="zhuhao" href="#2751" id="2730">〔8〕</a>。既獲譴責，心懷恚恨，卽<a class="zhuhao" href="#2752" id="2731">〔9〕</a>以金錢買花，供養受記窣堵波，願爲惡龍，破國害王。卽趣石壁，投身而死。遂居此窟，爲大龍王，便欲出穴，成本惡願。適起此心，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>已鑒，愍此國人爲龍所害，運神通力，自<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>至<a class="zhuhao" href="#2753" id="2732">〔10〕</a>。龍見<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>，毒心遂止，受不殺戒，願護正法。因請<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>：“常居此窟，諸聖弟子，恒受我供。”<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>告曰：“吾將寂滅<a class="zhuhao" href="#2754" id="2733">〔11〕</a>，爲汝留影。遣五羅漢常受汝供。正法隱没，其事無替。汝若毒心奮怒<a class="zhuhao" href="#2755" id="2734">〔12〕</a>，當觀吾留<a class="zhuhao" href="#2756" id="2735">〔13〕</a>影，以慈善故，毒心當止。此賢劫中<a class="zhuhao" href="#2763" id="2736">（三）</a>，當來<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>，亦悲愍汝，皆留影像。”影窟門外有二方石，其一石上有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>足蹈之迹，輪相微現，光明時燭。影窟左右多諸石室，皆是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>諸聖弟子入定之處。影窟西北隅有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>經行之處。其側窣堵波，有<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>髮爪<a class="zhuhao" href="#2764" id="2737">（四）</a>。鄰此不遠有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>顯暢<a class="zhuhao" href="#2757" id="2738">〔14〕</a>真宗，説藴界處<a class="zhuhao" href="#2765" id="2739">（五）</a>之<a class="zhuhao" href="#2758" id="2740">〔15〕</a>所也。影窟西有大盤石，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>嘗<a class="zhuhao" href="#2759" id="2741">〔16〕</a>於其上濯浣<a class="zhuhao" href="#2760" id="2742">〔17〕</a>袈裟<a class="zhuhao" href="#2766" id="2743">（六）</a>，文影微現。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2721" id="2744">〔1〕</a>《華嚴抄》及《大本》校書陗作峭。峭陗同字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2722" id="2745">〔2〕</a>原本岸作崖，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作岸，《方志》及《華嚴鈔》引亦然。今據改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2724" id="2746">〔3〕</a>《華嚴鈔》滴作壁。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2725" id="2747">〔4〕</a>《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》磎作蹊。《音釋》作磎，云：“正作蹊，音兮。”《華嚴鈔》作溪，非。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00226','1384643',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P226</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2727" id="2748">〔5〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“髣字或從人作仿，音用同。髴字或從人作佛，或從心作𢘍，義同。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2728" id="2749">〔6〕</a>《異本》視作覩，《方志》﹑《珠林》作現，《華嚴鈔》作示。視示古通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2729" id="2750">〔7〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》奉作退。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2730" id="2751">〔8〕</a>《華嚴鈔》宜作儀。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2731" id="2752">〔9〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無卽字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2732" id="2753">〔10〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》至字下並有“龍所”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2733" id="2754">〔11〕</a>《徑山本》寂作𡧯，同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2734" id="2755">〔12〕</a>《華嚴鈔》奮作忿，怒下有“起時”二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2735" id="2756">〔13〕</a>《華嚴鈔》無留字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2738" id="2757">〔14〕</a>《或本》暢作揚。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2740" id="2758">〔15〕</a>界處之，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並作“界之處”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2741" id="2759">〔16〕</a>《古本》嘗作昔。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2742" id="2760">〔17〕</a>濯浣，《慧琳音義》作濯澣，云：“經中作浣，俗字。”</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2723" id="2761">（一）</a>瞿波羅龍：瞿波羅，梵文Gopāla音譯，意譯爲牧牛人。下文云：“昔<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在世之時，此龍爲牧牛之士……”，按Gopāla意卽“牧牛之士”。關於<span class="zhuanming">瞿波羅龍王</span>的傳説，《西域記》本文已作了詳述，並參見《阿育王經》卷二﹑卷六，《阿育王傳》卷二。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2726" id="2762">（二）</a>佛影：卽佛影窟。《洛陽伽藍記》卷五：“至<span class="zhuanming">瞿羅羅鹿</span>見<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00227','1384643',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P227</span></i>佛影。入山窟十五步，四面向户，遥望則衆相炳然，近看瞑然不見。以手摩之，唯有石壁，漸漸却行，始見其相。”《法顯傳》：“<span class="zhuanming">那竭城</span>南半由延有石室。博山西南向，佛留影此中。去十餘步觀之，如佛真形，金色相好，光明炳著。轉近轉微，髣髴如有。諸方國王遣工畫師摹寫莫能及。彼國人傳云：千佛盡當於此留影。”《慈恩傳》卷二詳載<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>禮佛影窟的情況。並見《法苑珠林》卷三十七引《觀佛三昧經》﹑《廣弘明集》卷十五載<span class="zhuanming">慧遠</span>《佛影銘》及《釋迦譜》卷三。據<span class="zhuanming">樋口隆康</span>《從大夏到タキシフ》頁100的記載，這一洞窟在<span class="zhuanming">賈拉拉巴德</span>（Jelālābād）南方絶壁的Chahār-bāgh村之南的黑色岩山間。<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>《法顯傳考證》云：“石窟在石山之絶壁，西南向，入口狹小，内深，有不完全之採光窗，斜陽射入，津滴内壁，故投映影像。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">宋雲</span>時仍甚鮮明；但因内外情形漸變，故至<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時似已未能充分認識，於是博山之名終無從探究矣。”（<span class="zhuanming">中</span>譯本頁110）</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2736" id="2763">（三）</a>賢刼：賢，梵文bhadra意譯；劫，梵文kalpa音譯的省略，賢劫（bhadraka1pa）又譯作颰劫簸。劫爲大時分，卽指宇宙從構成到毁滅的整個時期，其中有大劫和小劫。賢劫（bhadrakalpa）就是指出現一千個佛的時程。據説我們的時代就是賢劫，已有四個佛歷劫出現。賢劫期要經歷236，000，000年始盡，但現在已經有151，000，000年過去了。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2737" id="2764">（四）</a>如來髮爪：《法顯傳》記：“影西四百步許，佛在時剃髮剪爪，佛自與諸弟子共造塔，高七八丈，以爲將來塔法。”與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2739" id="2765">（五）</a>顯暢真宗説藴界處：真宗，卽所謂“真如法性”的宗教理論。藴界處，指五藴﹑十八界﹑十二處。五藴是色﹑受﹑想﹑行﹑識。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00228','1384643',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P228</span></i>十八界包括六根﹑六境﹑六識。六根，卽眼﹑耳﹑鼻﹑舌﹑身﹑意，指人身的六種感官；六境，亦名六塵，爲六根的對象，指色﹑聲﹑香﹑味﹑觸﹑法；六識，卽六種知覺，指眼識（視覺）﹑耳識（聽覺）﹑鼻識（嗅覺）﹑舌識（味覺）﹑身識（觸覺）﹑意識（卽綜合前五識而形成的知覺﹑思維等）。十二處，又譯十二入，指六根，六境。五藴﹑十二處﹑十八界合在一起又稱“三科”。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的根本思想之一，是nirātman，意譯“無我”，卽“人無我”，認爲人身是五藴結合而成的，没有常恒實在的自體（“我”），而人們却迷戀着“我”，於是産生“我執”；六根與六境相接而入，不能擺脱，就會污染浄心，這是所謂“苦因”（人生和社會痛苦的根源）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2743" id="2766">（六）</a>如來嘗於其上濯澣袈裟：《洛陽伽藍記》卷五：“窟前有方石，石上有佛跡。窟西南百步，有佛浣衣處。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
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二、常叡王崇佛
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154716" key="1154716"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 伐臘毗國 &gt; 二、常叡王崇佛 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154717" key="1154717"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00914','1384880',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P914</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001528"><b>二﹑常叡王崇佛</b></p><p> <span>今王，<span class="zhuanming">刹帝利</span>種也，卽昔<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span><span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多王</span>之姪﹑今<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span><span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多王</span>之子聟<a class="zhuhao" href="#9324" id="9319">〔1〕</a>，號<span class="zhuanming">杜魯婆跋<a class="zhuhao" href="#9325" id="9320">〔2〕</a>吒</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9328" id="9321">（一）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">常叡</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9326" id="9322">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span>情性躁急，智謀淺近。然而淳信三寶，歲設大會七日，以殊珍上味，供養僧衆。三衣醫藥之價，七寶奇貴之珍，既以總施，倍價酬贖。貴德尚賢，遵<a class="zhuhao" href="#9327" id="9323">〔4〕</a>道重學。遠方高僧，特加禮敬。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9319" id="9324">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》聟並作<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00915','1384880',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P915</span></i>壻。《趙城本》作聟，同此本。《慈恩傳》子聟作女壻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9320" id="9325">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《建本》婆下有路字。《中本》婆跋二字作婆路跋㕹四字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9322" id="9326">〔3〕</a>《中本》叡作散。《慈恩傳》常叡二字作帝胄。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9323" id="9327">〔4〕</a>《建本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》遵並作尊。《石本》作導，誤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9321" id="9328">（一）</a>杜魯婆跋吒：梵文Dhruvabhaṭṭa（或Dhruvabhaṭa）。《慈恩傳》卷四注説“此云<span class="zhuanming">帝胄</span>”，可能卽<span class="zhuanming">常胄</span>（Dhruvavarman）之誤，<span class="zhuanming">卽梅特拉迦王朝</span>第十一代國王<span class="zhuanming">常軍二世</span>（Dhruvasena Ⅱ），又名<span class="zhuanming">幼日</span>（Bālāditya），約卽位於629年之前，至少統治到640—641年。而這裏所説的<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span><span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多王</span>卽前述的<span class="zhuanming">法日王</span>，<span class="zhuanming">羯若鞠闍國</span><span class="zhuanming">尸羅阿迭多王</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">曲女城</span>的<span class="zhuanming">戒日王</span><span class="zhuanming">喜增</span>（<span class="zhuanming">曷利沙伐弹那</span>）。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、城附近諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154722" key="1154722"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 那揭羅曷國 &gt; 一、城附近諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154723" key="1154723"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00222','1384642',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P222</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000366"><b>一﹑城附近諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span>城東二里<a class="zhuhao" href="#2700" id="2693">〔1〕</a>有窣堵波，高三百餘尺，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也。編石特起，刻彫奇製，<span class="zhuanming">釋迦菩薩</span>值<span class="zhuanming">然<a class="zhuhao" href="#2701" id="2694">〔2〕</a>燈佛</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2704" id="2695">（一）</a>敷鹿皮衣布髮掩埿得受<a class="zhuhao" href="#2702" id="2696">〔3〕</a>記處<a class="zhuhao" href="#2705" id="2697">（二）</a>。時經劫壞，斯迹無泯。或有齋日，天雨衆花<a class="zhuhao" href="#2706" id="2698">（三）</a>，羣黎心競，式<a class="zhuhao" href="#2703" id="2699">〔4〕</a>修供養。其西伽藍，少有僧徒。次南小窣堵波，是昔掩埿之地，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>避大路，遂僻建焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2693" id="2700">〔1〕</a>城東二里，《慈恩傳》東作東南。《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》二作三。按《方志》﹑《慈恩傳》﹑《珠林》三十八皆作二里，與此同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2694" id="2701">〔2〕</a>《中本》然作燃，通用。下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2696" id="2702">〔3〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》受作授。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2699" id="2703">〔4〕</a>《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》式作或。《宋本》﹑《資福本》作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431lji8.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，乃或之壞字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2695" id="2704">（一）</a>然燈佛：梵文Dīpaṃkara-Buddha的意譯。一譯<span class="zhuanming">定光佛</span>或<span class="zhuanming">錠光佛</span>，見《瑞應經》。傳説他生時身邊一切光明如燈，故名。然燈又作燃燈。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2697" id="2705">（二）</a>釋迦菩薩……受記處：受記，宗教預言。此故事見《瑞應經》卷上，謂<span class="zhuanming">定光佛</span>時，菩薩名<span class="zhuanming">儒童</span>，以蓮花奉佛。<span class="zhuanming">定光佛</span>因記之<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00223','1384642',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P223</span></i>曰：“汝自是後，九十一劫，劫號爲賢，汝當作佛，名<span class="zhuanming">釋迦文</span>。”菩薩稽首佛足，見地濯濕，卽解鹿皮衣，欲以覆之，不足掩泥，乃解髮布地，令佛蹈而過。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2698" id="2706">（三）</a>天雨衆花：《大乘本生心地觀經》卷一：“六欲諸天來供養，天華（花）亂墜徧虚空。”《法華經》卷二《譬喻品》：“諸天伎樂百千萬種，於虚空中一時俱作，雨衆天華。”因此有所謂“天女散花”的傳説，見《維摩經》。</span> </p><p> <span>城内有大窣堵波故基。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#2712" id="2707">〔1〕</a>曰：昔有佛齒<a class="zhuhao" href="#2716" id="2708">（一）</a>，高廣<a class="zhuhao" href="#2713" id="2709">〔2〕</a>嚴麗。今既無齒，唯餘<a class="zhuhao" href="#2714" id="2710">〔3〕</a>故基。其側有窣堵波，高三十餘尺。彼俗相傳，不知源起，云從空下，峙基於此。既非人工，寔多<a class="zhuhao" href="#2715" id="2711">〔4〕</a>靈瑞。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2707" id="2712">〔1〕</a>先志，《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《中本》作土俗。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2709" id="2713">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》廣並作曠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2710" id="2714">〔3〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《中本》唯餘二字作尚有。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2711" id="2715">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》多並作爲。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2708" id="2716">（一）</a>佛齒：卽佛牙，《法顯傳》載<span class="zhuanming">那竭國</span>“城中亦有佛齒塔，供養如頂骨法。”</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00224','1384642',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P224</span></i><p> <span>城西南十餘里有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>自<a class="zhuhao" href="#2718" id="2717">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>凌虚遊化，降迹於此，國人感慕，建此靈基。其東不遠有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦菩薩</span>昔值<span class="zhuanming">然燈佛</span>於此買花。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2717" id="2718">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》自字作“在日”二字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
三、摩訶娑羅邑及諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154727" key="1154727"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 戰主國 &gt; 三、摩訶娑羅邑及諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154728" key="1154728"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00584','1384760',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P584</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000980"><b>三﹑摩訶娑羅邑及諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿避陁羯剌拏伽藍</span>東南行百餘里，南渡<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，至<span class="zhuanming">摩訶娑<a class="zhuhao" href="#6268" id="6265">〔1〕</a>羅邑</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6270" id="6266">（一）</a>，並婆羅門種，不遵<a class="zhuhao" href="#6269" id="6267">〔2〕</a>佛法。然見沙門，先訪學業，知其强識，方深禮敬。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6265" id="6268">〔1〕</a>《石本》娑作婆。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6267" id="6269">〔2〕</a>《舊麗本》遵作導，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6266" id="6270">（一）</a>摩訶娑羅邑：<span class="zhuanming">摩訶娑羅</span>，梵文Mahāśāla，意爲“大宅主，大家居者”，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>考定其地望在今<span class="zhuanming">巴特那</span>（Patna）以西的<span class="zhuanming">阿拉赫</span>（Arrah）西約六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處，今名<span class="zhuanming">馬莎爾村</span>（Masār），根據當地出土碑文，可確知此字係由原名Mahāśāla略轉而來。此地還出土有<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>的建築遺址及大量神像。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>北有<span class="zhuanming">那羅延天祠</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6274" id="6271">（一）</a>，重閣層臺，奐其<a class="zhuhao" href="#6273" id="6272">〔1〕</a>麗飾。諸天之像，鐫石而成，工極人謀，靈應難究。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6272" id="6273">〔1〕</a>原本其作甚，《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》並作其，《慧琳音義》同，今據改。《徑山本》作奐然，與奐其義同。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00585','1384760',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P585</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6271" id="6274">（一）</a>那羅延天祠：<span class="zhuanming">那羅延</span>，梵語Nārāyaṇa音譯，<span class="zhuanming">那羅延天</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>三尊神之一，卽<span class="zhuanming">遍入天</span>的别名；此名亦作爲<span class="zhuanming">梵天</span>異名。此<span class="zhuanming">那羅延天祠</span><span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲在<span class="zhuanming">馬莎爾村</span>以北十六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，<span class="zhuanming">恒河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">哥格拉河</span>（Gogra）匯合處附近的<span class="zhuanming">勒維爾甘吉</span>（Revelganj）。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">那羅延天祠</span>東行三十餘里，有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，大半陷地。前建石柱，高餘二丈，上作師子之像，刻記伏鬼之事。昔於此處有曠野鬼<a class="zhuhao" href="#6284" id="6275">（一）</a>，恃大威力，噉人血肉，作害生靈，肆極妖<a class="zhuhao" href="#6280" id="6276">〔1〕</a>祟。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>愍諸衆生不得其死，以神通力，誘化諸鬼，導以歸依之敬，齊以不殺之戒。諸鬼承教，奉以周旋，於是舉石請佛安坐，願聞正法，克念護持。自時<a class="zhuhao" href="#6281" id="6277">〔2〕</a>厥後，無信之徒競共推移鬼置石座，動以千<a class="zhuhao" href="#6282" id="6278">〔3〕</a>數，莫之能轉。茂林清池，周基<a class="zhuhao" href="#6283" id="6279">〔4〕</a>左右，人至其側，無不心懼。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6276" id="6280">〔1〕</a>《慧琳音義》妖作󵾨。《干禄字書》有妖祅二字，云：“上妖冶；下祅祥，今亦用上字。”󵾨又祅之或作。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6277" id="6281">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》時並作兹。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6278" id="6282">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》千作万。《徑山本》作萬，同万字。《方志》作千數。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6279" id="6283">〔4〕</a>《古本》基作其。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00586','1384760',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P586</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6275" id="6284">（一）</a>曠野鬼：梵文名āṭavaka，巴利文名āḷavaka；<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>音譯阿吒嚩迦﹑阿吒婆拘等。此故事見於《雜寶藏經》卷八等。</span> </p><p> <span>伏鬼側不遠，有數伽藍，雖多傾毁，尚有僧徒，並皆遵習大乘教法。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東南行百餘里，至一窣堵波，基已傾陷，餘高數丈。昔者<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅之後，八國大王分舍利也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6289" id="6285">（一）</a>，量舍利婆羅門蜜塗瓶内，分授諸王，而婆羅門持瓶以歸，既得所黏舍利，遂建窣堵波<a class="zhuhao" href="#6290" id="6286">（二）</a>，并瓶置内，因以名焉。後<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>開取舍利瓶，改建大窣堵波。或至齋日，時燭<a class="zhuhao" href="#6288" id="6287">〔1〕</a>光明。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6287" id="6288">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》燭作放。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6285" id="6289">（一）</a>八國大王分舍利也：參見本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span>焚身窣堵波八王分舍利處條。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6286" id="6290">（二）</a>遂建窣堵波：此瓶塔（梵文Kumbha-stūpa）在今何處，尚不能考定。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東北渡<a class="zhuhao" href="#6292" id="6291">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>，行百四五十里，至<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">毗舍離國</span>，訛也。<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>境。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00587','1384760',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P587</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6291" id="6292">〔1〕</a>原本渡作度，今從《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。《方志》﹑《珠林》亦作渡。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、阿折羅伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154734" key="1154734"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 伐臘毗國 &gt; 三、阿折羅伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154735" key="1154735"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00915','1384881',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P915</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001531"><b>三﹑阿折羅伽藍</b></p><p> <span>去城不遠，有大伽藍，<span class="zhuanming">阿折羅阿羅漢</span>之所建立，<span class="zhuanming">德慧</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堅慧菩薩</span>之所遊止，於中製<a class="zhuhao" href="#9330" id="9329">〔1〕</a>論，並盛流布。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9329" id="9330">〔1〕</a>《建本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》製並作制，通用。</span> </p><p> <span>自此西北<a class="zhuhao" href="#9332" id="9331">〔1〕</a>行七百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">阿難陁補羅國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00916','1384881',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P916</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9331" id="9332">〔1〕</a>《建本》無北字。按《慈恩傳》﹑《方志》並作西北，《建本》脱去。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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那揭羅曷國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154740" key="1154740"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 那揭羅曷國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154741" key="1154741"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00220','1384641',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P220</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000363">那揭羅曷國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">那揭羅曷<a class="zhuhao" href="#2687" id="2681">〔1〕</a>國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#2691" id="2682">（一）</a>東西六百餘里，南北二百五六十里，山周四境，懸隔危險。國大都城<a class="zhuhao" href="#2692" id="2683">（二）</a>周<a class="zhuhao" href="#2688" id="2684">〔2〕</a>二十餘里。無大君長主令<a class="zhuhao" href="#2689" id="2685">〔3〕</a>，役屬<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試國</span>。豐穀稼<a class="zhuhao" href="#2690" id="2686">〔4〕</a>，多花果。氣序温暑，風俗淳質。猛鋭驍雄，輕財好學。崇敬佛法，少信異道。伽藍雖多，僧徒寡少，諸窣堵波荒蕪圯壞。天祠五所，異道百餘人。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2681" id="2687">〔1〕</a>《華嚴鈔》五十八引無曷字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2684" id="2688">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無周字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2685" id="2689">〔3〕</a>《中本》主令作至今，《金陵本》從之。讀“無大君長”爲句，“至今”二字屬下句。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2686" id="2690">〔4〕</a>《中本》稼作穡。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00221','1384641',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P221</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2682" id="2691">（一）</a>那揭羅曷國：梵文Nagarahāra的音譯，<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>作<span class="zhuanming">那竭</span>，《洛陽伽藍記》卷五作<span class="zhuanming">那迦羅訶</span>，<span class="zhuanming">托勒密</span>《地理志》作Nagara，又作Diongsopolis，十世紀時作Nīnhar（ningrahar和nungnihar的訛轉），卽“九河”之義。（<span class="zhuanming">米諾爾斯基</span>《世界疆域志譯注》頁91﹑252。）十一世紀<span class="zhuanming">貝魯尼</span>作Nagarkot（Sachau：Alberuni’s India，Ⅱ，p.11）據<span class="zhuanming">巴卑爾</span>《回憶録》稱，當時許多史册中仍寫成Nekerhar。在今<span class="zhuanming">阿富汗</span>的<span class="zhuanming">賈拉拉巴德</span>（Jelālābād），位于<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾河</span>南岸，西起<span class="zhuanming">亞格達拉克山</span>隘（Jagdalak Pass），東至<span class="zhuanming">開伯爾山隘</span>（Khyber Pass），南對<span class="zhuanming">沙費德嶺</span>（Safed koh）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">又，《慈恩傳》所記里程與此頗有出入：“從此（指<span class="zhuanming">濫波國</span>）南二十餘里，下嶺濟河至<span class="zhuanming">那揭羅喝國</span>。”嶺指上文中所説的大嶺，卽<span class="zhuanming">黑嶺</span>；河指上文所説的大河，卽<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾河</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2683" id="2692">（二）</a>國大都城：卽<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>之<span class="zhuanming">那竭國</span>城。英人<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>考定爲<span class="zhuanming">賈拉拉巴德</span>西南約二<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的<span class="zhuanming">柏格蘭</span>（Dasht-i-Begrām）。<span class="zhuanming">興普遜</span>（Simpson）則認爲<span class="zhuanming">那揭羅曷城</span>應在<span class="zhuanming">柏格蘭</span>略西，<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">蘇爾卡勃河</span>匯合處那一片台地上。<span class="zhuanming">那揭羅曷國</span>古代<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>十分盛行，<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>勝跡很多，<span class="zhuanming">燃燈佛</span>遺跡尤爲著名，故《慈恩傳》又稱此城爲<span class="zhuanming">燈光城</span>（Dī-pavatī，卽<span class="zhuanming">燃燈佛城</span>）。近代在此地發掘出的<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>遺址不少，足以想見當時盛況。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>時此地<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>已相當衰微，所以他説“伽藍雖多，僧徒寡少，諸窣堵波荒蕪圯壞。”《釋迦方志》也稱其地“寺多僧少”。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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吠舍釐國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154747" key="1154747"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154748" key="1154748"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00587','1384761',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P587</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000990">吠舍釐國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6300" id="6293">（一）</a>周五千餘里。土地沃壤，花菓茂盛。菴没羅菓﹑茂遮菓，既多且貴。氣序<a class="zhuhao" href="#6297" id="6294">〔1〕</a>和暢，風俗淳質，好福重學，邪正雜<a class="zhuhao" href="#6298" id="6295">〔2〕</a>信。伽藍數百，多已圮壞，存者三五。僧徒稀少。天祠數十，異道雜居，露形之徒，寔繁其黨。<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>已甚傾頽，其故基趾<a class="zhuhao" href="#6299" id="6296">〔3〕</a>周六七十里，宫城周四五里，少有居人。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6294" id="6297">〔1〕</a>《資福本》無序字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6295" id="6298">〔2〕</a>《古本》雜作雙。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6296" id="6299">〔3〕</a>《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》趾作址，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6293" id="6300">（一）</a>吠舍釐國：<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>，梵文Vaiśālī音譯，巴利文Vesālī；又譯<span class="zhuanming">毘舍離</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">薜舍離</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">維耶離</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鞞奢󲴑夜</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">鞞貰羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">維耶</span>，或意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">廣博</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">莊嚴</span>。<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>爲古代<span class="zhuanming">梨車毘</span>（Licchavi）部族的國名和首府名。公元前六世紀左右<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">東印度</span>的一個强大部族，一般認<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00588','1384761',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P588</span></i>爲這一部族屬於<span class="zhuanming">喜馬拉雅山</span>南麓的黄種人，他們和<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">毘提訶</span>等八部族組成<span class="zhuanming">弗栗恃</span>聯邦，是當時十六大國之一。<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>不僅是該聯邦的首府，也是<span class="zhuanming">梨車毘</span>人的國都，此城卽因其地區“廣大”（viśāla）而得名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>在今<span class="zhuanming">甘達克</span>（Gandak）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>左岸<span class="zhuanming">哈齊普爾</span>（Hājīpur）以北十八<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里<span class="zhuanming">木扎伐浦爾</span>（Muzzaffarpur）地方的<span class="zhuanming">巴莎爾</span>（Basāṛh）。最初<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>作出此考訂時，<span class="zhuanming">霍艾</span>（W.Hoey）等人頗有異議，<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>曾撰文對<span class="zhuanming">霍氏</span>反駁，並爲<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>辯護（JRAS.1902，p.267，n.3）。後來考古發掘更進一步證實<span class="zhuanming">康氏</span>這一比定準確可靠。1903—4年<span class="zhuanming">布洛赫</span>（T.Вloch）曾在該地發掘出一城堡遺址，名爲RājāViśālkāgaṛh（卽<span class="zhuanming">廣博王</span>之堡）。其第二﹑三兩層文化層大體上爲公元前二世紀至公元後四﹑五世紀的建築物遺構。（A.S.I.AnnualReport，1903—4，p.74）。其第二層出土文物尤其珍貴，在一小室内發現約七百餘個封泥，其中有些還有“<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>某某家主之印”的字樣（前引書p.110）。該遺址面積，據實測爲1580×<span class="song">750</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，或周圍<span class="song">4600</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>尺，這也與<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記“宫城周四五里”相符。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>主<span class="zhuanming">大雄</span>就誕生於<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>附近。因此<span class="zhuanming">耆那教</span>徒也把<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>視爲聖地。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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阿難陁補羅國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154754" key="1154754"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 阿難陁補羅國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154755" key="1154755"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00916','1384882',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P916</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001534">阿難陁補羅國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">阿難陁補羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9334" id="9333">（一）</a>周二千餘里。國大都城周二十餘里。人户殷盛，家室富饒。無大君長，役屬<span class="zhuanming">摩臘婆國</span>。土宜氣序，文字法則，遂亦同焉。伽藍十餘所，僧徒減千人，習學小乘正量部法。天祠數十，異道雜居。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9333" id="9334">（一）</a>阿難陁補羅國：<span class="zhuanming">阿難陁補羅</span>，梵文Ānandapura音譯。據本段末句“從<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗</span>國西行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>國”，此國似爲傳聞之國。但《慈恩傳》卷四記“至<span class="zhuanming">阿難陀補羅</span>國……又西北行五百里，至<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘國</span>。”玄奘似亦到過此國。<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>比定此國爲<span class="zhuanming">阿默達巴德</span>以北<span class="song">23</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的<span class="zhuanming">巴爾納加爾</span>（Bārnagar）；<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>認爲此國在<span class="zhuanming">薩巴馬提</span>（Sābarmati）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">巴納斯</span>（Bānas）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>之間的三角地帶，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>也贊同這一意見。現代學者則比定爲<span class="zhuanming">錫德普爾</span>（Sidhpur）東南<span class="song">17</span><span class="zhuanming">英</span>里地方的<span class="zhuanming">瓦德納加爾</span>（Vaḍnagar），此地至今仍爲<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉特</span>的著名宗教城市。</span> </p><p> <span>從<span class="zhuanming">伐臘毗國</span>西<a class="zhuhao" href="#9336" id="9335">〔1〕</a>行五百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00917','1384882',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P917</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9335" id="9336">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》西作西北。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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六、彈多落迦山及其他諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154760" key="1154760"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 健馱邏國 &gt; 六、彈多落迦山及其他諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154761" key="1154761"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00258','1384648',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P258</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000421"><b>六﹑彈多落迦山及其他諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">跋</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3119" id="3113">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">虜沙城</span>東北二十餘里至<span class="zhuanming">彈多落迦山</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3122" id="3114">（一）</a>，嶺上有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3120" id="3115">〔2〕</a>所建。<span class="zhuanming">蘇達拏太子</span>於此棲隱。其側不遠有窣堵波，太子於此以男女施婆羅門，婆羅門捶其男女，流血染地，今諸草木猶帶絳色。巖間石室<a class="zhuhao" href="#3123" id="3116">（二）</a>，太子及妃習定之處。谷中林樹，垂條若帷，並是太子昔所遊止<a class="zhuhao" href="#3124" id="3117">（三）</a>。其側不遠有一石廬<a class="zhuhao" href="#3121" id="3118">〔3〕</a>，卽古仙人之所居也。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00259','1384648',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P259</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3113" id="3119">〔1〕</a>《異本》跋作跛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3115" id="3120">〔2〕</a>《中本》王下有之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3118" id="3121">〔3〕</a>《敦乙本》﹑《石本》廬作閭，次同。《古本》作盧，乃廬之誤。《大本》校作閣，閣疑閭之誤。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3114" id="3122">（一）</a>彈多落迦山：梵文Daṇḍaloka音譯，意爲<span class="zhuanming">刑罰處</span>。位於Shahbaz Garhi（卽<span class="zhuanming">跋虜沙城</span>）東北之Mekha-Sanda山。《洛陽伽藍記》卷五作<span class="zhuanming">善持山</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3116" id="3123">（二）</a>巖間石室：《洛陽伽藍記》卷五：“（<span class="zhuanming">善持山</span>）山頂東南有太子石室，一口兩房，太子室前十步，有大方石，云太子常坐其上，<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>起塔記之。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3117" id="3124">（三）</a>太子昔所遊止：續前引《洛陽伽藍記》卷五“塔南一里，太子草菴處。”</span> </p><p> <span>仙廬西北行百餘里，越一小山至大<a class="zhuhao" href="#3130" id="3125">〔1〕</a>山。山南有伽藍，僧徒尠少，並學大乘。其側窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，昔<span class="zhuanming">獨角仙人</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3131" id="3126">〔2〕</a><a class="zhuhao" href="#3134" id="3127">（一）</a>所居之處。仙人爲婬女誘亂，退失神通，婬女乃駕<a class="zhuhao" href="#3132" id="3128">〔3〕</a>其肩<a class="zhuhao" href="#3133" id="3129">〔4〕</a>而還城邑。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3125" id="3130">〔1〕</a>《大本》大上有一字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3126" id="3131">〔2〕</a>獨角仙人，《方志》及《珠林》三十八作“獨角大仙”。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00260','1384648',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P260</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3128" id="3132">〔3〕</a>《石本》駕作騎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3129" id="3133">〔4〕</a>《大本》肩作項；《石本》作頃，乃項之形訛。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3127" id="3134">（一）</a>獨角仙人：<span class="zhuanming">獨角</span>，梵文Ekaśṛṅga，巴利文Ekasiṅga意譯。此宗教故事見《佛本行集經》卷一六﹑《佛所行讚》卷一﹑《智度論》卷一七，其故事梗概見《西域記》本文。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的佛教彫刻多以此作爲素材。《羅摩衍那》第一篇第八﹑九﹑十章有此故事。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">跋<a class="zhuhao" href="#3139" id="3135">〔1〕</a>虜沙城</span>東北五十餘里至崇山。山有青石<span class="zhuanming">大自在天婦</span>像，<span class="zhuanming">毗摩天女</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3142" id="3136">（一）</a>也。聞諸土<a class="zhuhao" href="#3140" id="3137">〔2〕</a>俗曰：此天像者，自然有也。靈異既多，祈禱亦衆。<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>諸國，求福請願，貴賤畢萃，遠近咸<a class="zhuhao" href="#3141" id="3138">〔3〕</a>會。其有願見天神形者，至誠無貳，絶食七日，或有得見，求願多遂。山下有<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>祠，<span class="zhuanming">塗灰外道</span>式修祠祀。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3135" id="3139">〔1〕</a>《異本》跋作跛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3137" id="3140">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》土並作士。《敦乙本》作“土俗”，與此同。依前例，土字爲是。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3138" id="3141">〔3〕</a>《石本》咸作減，非。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3136" id="3142">（一）</a>毗摩天女：<span class="zhuanming">毗摩</span>，梵文Bhīmā音譯，<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>（卽大神<span class="zhuanming">濕婆</span>，一名<span class="zhuanming">毗摩</span>，梵文Bhīma）的妻子的稱號，<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>頗多此類石刻。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
五、跋虜沙城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154767" key="1154767"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 健馱邏國 &gt; 五、跋虜沙城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154768" key="1154768"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00256','1384647',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P256</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000417"><b>五﹑跋虜沙城</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">商莫迦菩薩</span>被害東南行二百餘里，至<span class="zhuanming">跋<a class="zhuhao" href="#3090" id="3079">〔1〕</a>虜<a class="zhuhao" href="#3091" id="3080">〔2〕</a>沙城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3098" id="3081">（一）</a>。城北有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">蘇達拏太子</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3099" id="3082">（二）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">善牙</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3092" id="3083">〔3〕</a>。</span> <span>以父王大象施婆羅門，蒙譴被擯，顧謝國人，既出郭<a class="zhuhao" href="#3093" id="3084">〔4〕</a>門，於此告别。其側伽藍，五十<a class="zhuhao" href="#3094" id="3085">〔5〕</a>餘僧<a class="zhuhao" href="#3095" id="3086">〔6〕</a>，並小乘學也。昔<span class="zhuanming">伊濕<a class="zhuhao" href="#3096" id="3087">〔7〕</a>伐邏</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">自在</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於此製《阿毗達磨明燈<a class="zhuhao" href="#3097" id="3088">〔8〕</a>論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#3100" id="3089">（三）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3079" id="3090">〔1〕</a>《異本》跋作跛；《隨函録》及《大本》作𧿡。説見前。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3080" id="3091">〔2〕</a>《古本》虜作盧。二字同聲紐，可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3083" id="3092">〔3〕</a>《古本》牙作才，《異本》作身，並非。《方志》亦作善牙。《翻譯集》引此下有“亦云善與”。按與或書作与，牙古常作与，二字形近易訛，善牙卽善与也。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3084" id="3093">〔4〕</a>《金陵本》郭誤作廓。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3085" id="3094">〔5〕</a>《大本》十作千，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3086" id="3095">〔6〕</a>《徑山本》僧下有徒字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3087" id="3096">〔7〕</a>《大本》濕作温。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3088" id="3097">〔8〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》燈並作證。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3081" id="3098">（一）</a>跋虜沙城：此城原名<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原作Varoucha，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>作Palusha，<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>作Paluṣa（卽Palusha），A.H.<span class="zhuanming">達尼</span>作Varu-<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00257','1384647',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P257</span></i>ṣa（A.H.Dani：Shahbaz Garhi，Univ.of Peshawar，Archaeologi-cal Guide Series，No.2，p.2）。E.<span class="zhuanming">沙畹</span>指出，《洛陽伽藍記》卷五中的“佛沙伏”當卽本書之<span class="zhuanming">跋虜沙城</span>。佛沙卽<span class="zhuanming">跋虜沙</span>；伏係梵文pura譯音，義云“城”；全名還原應作Varṣapura（沙畹《宋雲行紀箋注》）。據近人考證，古<span class="zhuanming">跋虜沙城</span>在<span class="zhuanming">白沙瓦</span>東北偏東六十五公里處，今Shahbaz Garhi，三面環山。見A.<span class="zhuanming">傅舍</span>《健馱邏古地志》（A.Fou-ches[translated by H.Hargreaves]：Notes on the Ancieat Geography of Gandhāra，Archaeol.Survey of India，頁21以下諸頁）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3082" id="3099">（二）</a>蘇達拏太子：<span class="zhuanming">蘇達拏</span>本書註意譯<span class="zhuanming">善牙</span>，梵文應是Suda-nta。《玄應音義》第五音譯作<span class="zhuanming">須大拏</span>，意譯作<span class="zhuanming">善與</span>或<span class="zhuanming">善施</span>。《翻譯名義集》卷三云：“<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">善牙</span>，亦云<span class="zhuanming">善與</span>。”多數學者認爲<span class="zhuanming">蘇達拏</span>的梵文原名應是Sudāna，義云“善與”﹑“善施”。<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>指出，譯作<span class="zhuanming">善牙</span>是錯誤的，牙字應是與字的簡體“与”的訛寫（<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>，《解説西域記》，頁195）。按從對音上看，把<span class="zhuanming">蘇達拏</span>還原作Sudāna是正確的；從<span class="zhuanming">蘇達拏</span>太子的樂與好施的事迹看，把<span class="zhuanming">蘇達拏</span>還原作Sudāna也是正確的；意譯<span class="zhuanming">善牙</span>無論如何都不妥當，<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>的解釋可備一説。關於<span class="zhuanming">蘇達拏</span>太子的故事，參閲《太子須大拏經》﹑《六度集經》卷二﹑《根本説一切有部毘奈耶破僧事》卷十六等，本書已作簡述，兹不具引。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3089" id="3100">（三）</a>伊溼伐邏論師於此製阿毘達磨明燈論：<span class="zhuanming">伊溼伐邏</span>，人名，梵文Iśvara音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">自在</span>。關於這位論師的情況，目前一無所知。他所著的《阿毘達磨明燈論》無<span class="zhuanming">漢</span><span class="zhuanming">藏</span>譯本。其梵文原本可能卽我國<span class="zhuanming">民族圖書館</span>收藏的梵文寫本第24號Abhidharmadīpa。這個寫本（殘）在本世紀三十年代被<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>人S.Rāhula發現後拍成照片帶走，由P.S.Jain校刊於1959年在Patna出版。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00258','1384647',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P258</span></i><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">跋<a class="zhuhao" href="#3107" id="3101">〔1〕</a>虜沙城</span>東門外有一伽藍，僧徒五十餘人，並大乘學也。有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3108" id="3102">〔2〕</a>之所建立<a class="zhuhao" href="#3109" id="3103">〔3〕</a>。昔<span class="zhuanming">蘇達拏太子</span>擯在<span class="zhuanming">彈多落迦山</span>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">壇特<a class="zhuhao" href="#3110" id="3104">〔4〕</a>山</span>，訛<a class="zhuhao" href="#3111" id="3105">〔5〕</a>也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">婆羅門</span>乞其男女，於此鬻賣<a class="zhuhao" href="#3112" id="3106">〔6〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3101" id="3107">〔1〕</a>《異本》跋作跛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3102" id="3108">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無王字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3103" id="3109">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》立下並有也字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3104" id="3110">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》壇特作檀特。《石本》作檀持多，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3105" id="3111">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》訛下有之字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3106" id="3112">〔6〕</a>《中本》鬻作粥，通用。《慧琳音義》賣作𧷓，云：“《説文》正體作𧷓。……從士者俗字也。”</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
四、布色羯邏伐底城及諸遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154770" key="1154770"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 健馱邏國 &gt; 四、布色羯邏伐底城及諸遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154771" key="1154771"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00250','1384646',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P250</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000404"><b>四﹑布色羯邏伐底城及諸遺迹</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王伽藍</span>東北行五十餘里<a class="zhuhao" href="#3035" id="3033">〔1〕</a>，渡大河，至<span class="zhuanming">布色羯邏伐底城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3036" id="3034">（一）</a>，周十四五里。居人殷盛，閭閻洞連。城西<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00251','1384646',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P251</span></i>門外有一天祠，天像威嚴，靈異相繼。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3033" id="3035">〔1〕</a>五十餘里，《慈恩傳》作“百餘里”。《方志》則與此同。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3034" id="3036">（一）</a>布色羯邏伐底城：梵文Puṣkalāvatī或Puṣkarāvatī音譯，爲<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏國</span>故都。此地卽今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span>所屬之<span class="zhuanming">查薩達</span>（Chār-sadda），在<span class="zhuanming">白沙瓦</span>東北十七<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里，<span class="zhuanming">斯瓦特河</span>（Swat R.）與<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾河</span>（Kabu1R.）交接處稍北的<span class="zhuanming">斯瓦特河</span>東岸。</span> </p><p> <span>城東有窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所<a class="zhuhao" href="#3042" id="3037">〔1〕</a>建也，卽過去四佛説法之處<a class="zhuhao" href="#3043" id="3038">〔2〕</a>。先古<a class="zhuhao" href="#3044" id="3039">〔3〕</a>聖賢自<span class="zhuanming">中印度</span>降神導物，斯地寔多，卽<span class="zhuanming">伐蘇蜜呾</span>羅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3045" id="3040">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">和須蜜多</span>，訛也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於此製《衆事分阿毘達磨論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#3046" id="3041">（二）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3037" id="3042">〔1〕</a>《敦乙本》無所字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3038" id="3043">〔2〕</a>《方志》有云：“高數百尺，雕鏤希世。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3039" id="3044">〔3〕</a>《徑山本》先古作古先。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3040" id="3045">（一）</a>伐蘇蜜呾羅：梵文Vasumitra音譯，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>或<span class="zhuanming">天友</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>人，説一切有部的大師。著書很多，其中最有名的是《衆事分阿毘達磨論》。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00252','1384646',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P252</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3041" id="3046">（二）</a>衆事分阿毘達磨論：梵文名Abhidharmaprakaraṇapāda-śāstra。阿毘達磨是梵文Abhidharma的音譯，舊譯作阿毘曇，意譯對法，論，卽經律論之論。《衆事分阿毘達磨論》，<span class="zhuanming">世友</span>著，<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span><span class="zhuanming">劉宋</span>時<span class="zhuanming">求那跋陀羅</span>與<span class="zhuanming">菩提耶舍</span>譯，十二卷，但只有七品；<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯本改名爲《阿毘達磨品類足論》，十八卷；係小乘説一切有部的七部論中的第三部。</span> </p><p> <span>城北四五里有故伽藍，庭宇荒涼，僧徒寡少，然皆遵習小乘法教，卽<a class="zhuhao" href="#3051" id="3047">〔1〕</a><span class="zhuanming">達磨呾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3052" id="3048">〔2〕</a>邏多</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">法救</span>。舊曰<span class="zhuanming">達磨多羅</span>，訛也。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於<a class="zhuhao" href="#3053" id="3049">〔3〕</a>此製《雜阿毗達磨論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#3054" id="3050">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3047" id="3051">〔1〕</a>《大本》卽作則。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3048" id="3052">〔2〕</a>《翻譯集》呾作俎，音“莊吕切”，與此異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3049" id="3053">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》無於字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3050" id="3054">（一）</a>雜阿毘達磨論：梵文名Saṃyuktābhidharmahṛdaya-śāstra，<span class="zhuanming">法救</span>著，意譯作《雜阿毘曇心論》，略名《雜心論》，<span class="zhuanming">南朝</span><span class="zhuanming">劉宋</span><span class="zhuanming">僧伽跋摩譯</span>，十一卷。<span class="zhuanming">法救</span>曾編集《法句經》﹑《法句譬喻經》﹑《出曜經》﹑《達磨多羅禪經》，又認爲《毘婆沙論》卷帙浩繁，過於繁複，而<span class="zhuanming">法勝</span>所著的《阿毘曇心論》則又過於簡略，乃增加<span class="zhuanming">法勝</span>之著寫成此論。此書繁簡得當，流行甚廣。</span> </p><p> <span>伽藍側有窣堵波高數百尺<a class="zhuhao" href="#3057" id="3055">〔1〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，彫木<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00253','1384646',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P253</span></i>文石，頗異人工。是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦佛</span>昔爲國王，修菩薩行，從衆生欲，惠施不倦，喪身若遺，於此國土千生爲王，卽斯勝地千生捨眼<a class="zhuhao" href="#3058" id="3056">（一）</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3055" id="3057">〔1〕</a>《慈恩傳》數百尺作“二百餘尺”。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3056" id="3058">（一）</a>千生捨眼：此本生故事，據《彌勒菩薩所問本願經》云：“佛語賢者<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>，乃往去世有王，號曰<span class="zhuanming">月明</span>，端正姝好，威神巍巍。從宫而出，道見盲者，貧窮飢餓，隨道乞匃，往趣王所，而白王言：‘王獨尊貴，安隱快樂；我獨貧窮，加復眼盲。’爾時<span class="zhuanming">月明王</span>見此盲人，哀之淚出，謂於盲者：‘有何等藥，得療卿病？’盲者答曰：‘唯得王眼，能愈我病，眼乃得視。’爾時<span class="zhuanming">月明王</span>自取兩眼，施與盲者，其心静然，無一悔意。<span class="zhuanming">月明</span>王者，卽我身是。佛言：‘<span class="zhuanming">須彌山</span>尚可稱知斤兩，我眼布施，不可稱計。’”又《菩薩本行經》略有不同，太子改爲梵王子，名<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>，學醫術，和合諸藥。國中人民多詣太子求治，諸醫師反爲衆人所輕慢。會疾疫流行，人民死者日多，王命召諸醫，問其方藥。一醫妬王太子，乃曰當得從生以來仁慈愍衆，未曾起瞋恚意者，以其血和藥服之，得其兩眼，用解遣鬼，衆病乃瘥。</span> </p><p> <span>捨眼東不遠有二石窣堵波，各高百餘尺，右則<span class="zhuanming">梵王</span>所立，左乃<span class="zhuanming">天帝</span>所建，以妙珍寶而瑩<a class="zhuhao" href="#3061" id="3059">〔1〕</a>飾之。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>寂滅，寶變爲石。基雖傾陷，尚曰<a class="zhuhao" href="#3062" id="3060">〔2〕</a>崇高。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00254','1384646',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P254</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3059" id="3061">〔1〕</a>《異本》瑩作營。《方志》作鎣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3060" id="3062">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》尚曰作猶尚。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">梵釋</span>窣堵波西北行五十餘里，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">釋迦如來</span>於此化<span class="zhuanming">鬼子母</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3064" id="3063">（一）</a>，令不害人，故此國俗祭以求嗣。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3063" id="3064">（一）</a>鬼子母：梵名Hāritī，音譯作<span class="zhuanming">訶利帝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">訶利底</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">訶梨帝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">哥利底</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">呵利帝</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">可梨陀</span>等，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">歡喜</span>，<span class="zhuanming">有暴惡</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">青色</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">黄色</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">藥叉女神</span>等異名，又被稱作<span class="zhuanming">歡喜母</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">愛子母</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">功德天</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">天母</span>等，因爲她是五百鬼子（《雜寶藏經》卷九作有子一萬人）之母，故稱爲<span class="zhuanming">鬼子母</span>。在<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的神話傳説中，她初爲惡神，噉食人間小兒，後來在佛的感化下，改惡從善，成爲護法神，詳見《毘奈耶雜事》卷三十一﹑《雜寶藏經》第九﹑《增一阿含經》卷二十二﹑《佛説鬼子母經》等。<span class="zhuanming">鬼子母</span>皈依佛法後，成爲關心民間疾苦，愛護小兒的慈愛之神，古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>民間信仰祀禱頗盛。《南海寄歸内法傳》卷一：“西方諸寺，每於門屋處，或在食橱邊，素畫母形，抱一兒子於其膝下，或五或三，以表其像。每日於前盛陳供食。其母乃是四天王之衆，大豐勢力。其有疾病無兒息者，饗食薦之，咸皆遂願。”</span> </p><p> <span>化<span class="zhuanming">鬼子母</span>北行五十餘里，有窣堵波，是<span class="zhuanming">商莫迦菩薩</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3078" id="3065">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊曰<span class="zhuanming">睒摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#3072" id="3066">〔1〕</a>菩薩</span>，訛也。</span> <span>恭行鞠<a class="zhuhao" href="#3073" id="3067">〔2〕</a>養，侍盲<a class="zhuhao" href="#3074" id="3068">〔3〕</a>父母，於此採菓，遇王遊<a class="zhuhao" href="#3075" id="3069">〔4〕</a>獵，毒矢誤中。至誠感靈，天帝傅<a class="zhuhao" href="#3076" id="3070">〔5〕</a>藥，德動明聖，尋<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00255','1384646',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P255</span></i>卽復蘇<a class="zhuhao" href="#3077" id="3071">〔6〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3066" id="3072">〔1〕</a>《麗本》睒原作<span><img class="wordPic" height="" src="http://xuexi.ancientbooks.cn/shuju/u/cms/www/201612/14014431c1rn.png" style="width: 12px; display: inline-block;" width=""/></span>，《京大本》從《石本》﹑《宋本》及《大本》改作睒。按《珠林》作“舊云睒子”；《方志》作“此云睒也”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3067" id="3073">〔2〕</a>《資福本》鞠誤作鞫。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3068" id="3074">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《徑山本》盲作育，形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3069" id="3075">〔4〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》王下有畋字。《徑山本》遊作畋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3070" id="3076">〔5〕</a>原本傅誤作傳，今從《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》等正。《敦乙本》﹑《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》傅並作注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3071" id="3077">〔6〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》蘇作穌，通用。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3065" id="3078">（一）</a>商莫迦菩薩；<span class="zhuanming">商莫迦</span>，梵文Śyāmaka音譯，又作Śyāma，巴利文Sāma。《西域記》謂“舊曰<span class="zhuanming">睒摩菩薩</span>，訛也，”按<span class="zhuanming">睒摩</span>似爲<span class="zhuanming">巴利</span>文Sāma的音譯。此宗教故事已見《西域記》本文，又見於《六度集經》卷五﹑《雜寶藏經》第一﹑《僧迦羅刹所集經》卷上﹑《善見律毘婆沙》第二及《睒子經》等。惟巴利文《本生經》中《商莫迦本生》略有小異。《洛陽伽藍記》卷五作“<span class="zhuanming">阿周陀窟</span>（Acyata）及<span class="zhuanming">門子</span>（門應係“閃”，卽“睒”字之異譯。）供養盲父母處”。這一本生故事，也常見於<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的彫刻。在梵文史詩《羅摩衍那》中也有情節相似的故事。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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三、迦膩色迦王伽藍與脇尊者、世親、如意遺迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154773" key="1154773"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 健馱邏國 &gt; 三、迦膩色迦王伽藍與脇尊者、世親、如意遺迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154774" key="1154774"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00244','1384645',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P244</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000397"><b>三﹑迦膩色迦王伽藍與脇尊者﹑世親﹑如意遺迹</b></p><p> <span>大窣堵波西有故伽藍，<span class="zhuanming">迦膩色迦王</span>之所建也。重閣累榭，層臺洞户，旌召高僧，式昭景福。雖則<a class="zhuhao" href="#2952" id="2951">〔1〕</a>圯毁，尚曰奇工。僧徒減少，並學小乘。自建伽藍，異人間出，諸作論師及證聖果，清風尚扇，至德無泯。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2951" id="2952">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》雖則二字作“然雖”。</span> </p><p> <span>第三重閣，有<span class="zhuanming">波栗<a class="zhuhao" href="#2963" id="2953">〔1〕</a>濕縛</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言脇。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">尊者</span>室，久已傾頓，尚立旌表。初尊者之爲梵志師<a class="zhuhao" href="#2968" id="2954">（一）</a>也，年垂八十，捨家染衣。城中少年便<a class="zhuhao" href="#2964" id="2955">〔2〕</a>誚之曰：“愚夫朽老，一何淺智！夫出家者，有二<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00245','1384645',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P245</span></i>業焉，一則習定，二乃誦經。而今衰耄，無所進取，濫迹清流，徒知飽食。”時<span class="zhuanming">脇尊者</span>聞諸譏議，因謝時人而自誓曰：“我若不通三藏<a class="zhuhao" href="#2969" id="2956">（二）</a>理，不<a class="zhuhao" href="#2965" id="2957">〔3〕</a>斷三界欲，得六神通<a class="zhuhao" href="#2970" id="2958">（三）</a>，具八解脱<a class="zhuhao" href="#2971" id="2959">（四）</a>，終不以脇而至於席。”自爾之後，唯日不足，經行宴坐，住立思惟，晝則研習理教，夜乃静慮凝神。綿<a class="zhuhao" href="#2966" id="2960">〔4〕</a>歷三歲，學通三藏，斷三界欲，得三明<a class="zhuhao" href="#2972" id="2961">（五）</a>智，時人敬仰，因號<span class="zhuanming">脇尊者</span>焉<a class="zhuhao" href="#2967" id="2962">〔5〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2953" id="2963">〔1〕</a>《翻譯集》無栗字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2955" id="2964">〔2〕</a>原本便作更，今從《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2957" id="2965">〔3〕</a>《異本》無不字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2960" id="2966">〔4〕</a>《大本》綿作懸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2962" id="2967">〔5〕</a>《徑山本》無焉字。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2954" id="2968">（一）</a>梵志師：梵志，梵文brahmacārin意譯，指未婚的﹑從師學習《吠陀》的青年婆羅門。《增一阿含經》卷四十一：“沙門名息心，諸惡永已盡，梵志名清浄，除去諸亂想。”梵志師，梵名ācārya，<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯阿闍梨，指向梵志教授《吠陀》的婆羅門教師，類似我國舊時專教四書五經的私塾先生。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2956" id="2969">（二）</a>三藏：<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經典的總稱。梵文tripiṭaka的意譯，piṭaka意爲藏，指收藏物品的筐篋。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>經典共分爲三部分：一﹑素怛<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00246','1384645',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P246</span></i>纜藏（梵文Sūtra-piṭaka）卽經藏，指佛所説的教法；二﹑毘奈耶藏（梵Vinaya-piṭaka）卽律藏，指僧衆教團所遵行的戒律；三﹑阿毘達磨藏（梵文Abhidharma-piṭaka）卽論藏，指對經文的論述和注釋。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2958" id="2970">（三）</a>六神通：梵文ṣaḍabhijñā﹑巴利文saḍabhiññā的意譯。神通，或譯通﹑通力，指作用自在無礙之能力。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>宣揚的六神通是（1）如意通，或身通，或身如意通，或神足通，或神境智證通，或神境通，指身體變現自在及遊涉往來自在如意之能力；（2）天眼通，或天眼智證通，指眼睛透視無礙無所不見之能力；（3）天耳通，或天耳智證通，指耳朵聽聞無礙無所不聞之能力；（4）他心通，或他心智證通，指知他人之思想而無礙之能力；（5）宿命通，或宿命智證通，指知自身及衆生前世生涯行業而無礙之能力；（6）漏盡通，或漏盡智證通，指斷盡一切煩惱得自在無礙之能力。其中，前五通凡人皆可通過修習禪定獲得之，而魔鬼天神則自然具備。唯漏盡通，僅成阿羅漢及成佛者始得。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>不鼓勵教徒們修得和使用前五通，因爲使用五通極易使人迷戀塵世，妨礙成道，卽妨礙獲得第六神通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2959" id="2971">（四）</a>八解脱：一名八背捨，指解脱三界貪愛煩惱繫縛的由淺而入深的八種禪定方法。《觀無量壽佛經》：“得阿羅漢道﹑三明﹑六通，具八解脱。”八解脱：一﹑觀内有色外亦觀色解脱，二﹑觀内無色外亦觀色解脱，三﹑内外諸色解脱，四﹑空無邊處解脱，五﹑識無邊處解脱，六﹑無所有處解脱，七﹑非想非非處解脱，八﹑滅受想處解脱。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2961" id="2972">（五）</a>三明：梵文trividyā，卽六神通中的天眼通﹑宿命通和漏盡通的總稱，參見前六神通注。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">脇尊者</span>室東有故房，<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>於此製《阿毘達磨俱舍<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00247','1384645',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P247</span></i>論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#2974" id="2973">（一）</a>，人而敬之，封以記焉。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2973" id="2974">（一）</a>阿毘達磨俱舍論：梵文名Abhidharma-kośa-śāstra，共三十卷，屬小乘論部，係<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>爲小乘説一切有部之論師時的梵文著作，略稱《俱舍論》。它主要内容是以小乘<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的“經部”學説來修訂“有部”的理論，並廣泛地批判小乘各部派的學説，是一部向大乘“有宗”過渡的名著，也是研究<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的基本書籍。它傳入<span class="zhuanming">中國</span>後，有<span class="zhuanming">真諦</span>和<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>二種譯本。<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>門人<span class="zhuanming">普光</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">法寶</span>有《俱舍論記》﹑《俱舍論疏》，<span class="zhuanming">圓暉</span>有《俱舍論頌疏》等。在<span class="zhuanming">日本</span>也廣爲流傳，研究論述者很多。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">世親</span>室南五十餘步第二重閣，<span class="zhuanming">末笯曷剌<a class="zhuhao" href="#3004" id="2975">〔1〕</a>他</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">如意</span>。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">論師</span>於此製《毗婆沙論》<a class="zhuhao" href="#3028" id="2976">（一）</a>。論師以佛湼槃之後一千年中利見<a class="zhuhao" href="#3029" id="2977">（二）</a>也。少好學，有才辯，聲問<a class="zhuhao" href="#3005" id="2978">〔2〕</a>遐被，法俗歸心。時<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span><span class="zhuanming">毗訖羅摩阿迭多<a class="zhuhao" href="#3030" id="2979">（三）</a>王</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">超日</span>。</span> <span>威風遠洽，臣<a class="zhuhao" href="#3006" id="2980">〔3〕</a>諸<a class="zhuhao" href="#3007" id="2981">〔4〕</a><span class="zhuanming">印度</span>，日以五億金錢周給貧窶孤獨。主藏臣<a class="zhuhao" href="#3031" id="2982">（四）</a>懼國用乏<a class="zhuhao" href="#3008" id="2983">〔5〕</a>匱也，乃諷諫曰：“大王威被殊俗，澤及昆蟲，請<a class="zhuhao" href="#3009" id="2984">〔6〕</a>增五億金錢，以賑四方匱乏。府庫既空，更税有土，重斂不已，怨聲載揚，則君土有周給之恩，臣下被不恭之責。”王曰：“聚有餘，給不足，非苟爲身侈靡國用。”遂加<a class="zhuhao" href="#3010" id="2985">〔7〕</a>五億，惠諸貧乏。其後畋<a class="zhuhao" href="#3011" id="2986">〔8〕</a>遊，逐豕失蹤，有尋知迹者，賞<a class="zhuhao" href="#3012" id="2987">〔9〕</a>一億金錢。<span class="zhuanming">如意論師</span>一使<a class="zhuhao" href="#3013" id="2988">〔10〕</a>人剃髮，輙賜一億金錢。其國史臣依卽書記。王恥見高，心常怏怏<a class="zhuhao" href="#3014" id="2989">〔11〕</a>，欲衆<a class="zhuhao" href="#3015" id="2990">〔12〕</a>辱<span class="zhuanming">如意論師</span>。乃招集異<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00248','1384645',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P248</span></i>學德業高深者百人而下令曰：“欲收視聽，遊諸真境，異道紛雜，歸心靡措。今考優劣，專精遵奉。”洎<a class="zhuhao" href="#3016" id="2991">〔13〕</a>乎集論，重下令曰：“外道論師並英俊也，沙門法衆宜善宗義，勝則崇敬佛法，負則誅戮僧徒。”於是<span class="zhuanming">如意</span>詰<a class="zhuhao" href="#3017" id="2992">〔14〕</a>諸外道，九十九人已退飛矣，下席一人，視之蔑如也。因而劇談，論<a class="zhuhao" href="#3018" id="2993">〔15〕</a>及火煙<a class="zhuhao" href="#3032" id="2994">（五）</a>，王與外道咸諠<a class="zhuhao" href="#3019" id="2995">〔16〕</a>言曰：“<span class="zhuanming">如意論師</span>辭義有失。夫先煙而後及火，此事理之常也。”<span class="zhuanming">如意</span>雖欲釋難，無聽覽<a class="zhuhao" href="#3020" id="2996">〔17〕</a>者，恥見衆辱，齰<a class="zhuhao" href="#3021" id="2997">〔18〕</a>斷其舌。乃書誡告<a class="zhuhao" href="#3022" id="2998">〔19〕</a>門人<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>曰：“黨援之衆，無競大義。羣迷<a class="zhuhao" href="#3023" id="2999">〔20〕</a>之中，無辯正論<a class="zhuhao" href="#3024" id="3000">〔21〕</a>。”言畢而死。居未久<a class="zhuhao" href="#3025" id="3001">〔22〕</a>，<span class="zhuanming">超日王</span>失國，興王膺運，表式英賢。<span class="zhuanming">世親菩薩</span>欲雪前恥，來白王曰：“大王以聖德君臨，爲含識主命。先師<span class="zhuanming">如意</span>學窮玄奥，前王宿憾<a class="zhuhao" href="#3026" id="3002">〔23〕</a>，衆挫高名。我承導誘，欲復先怨。”其王知<span class="zhuanming">如意</span>哲人也，美<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>雅操焉，乃<a class="zhuhao" href="#3027" id="3003">〔24〕</a>召諸外道與<span class="zhuanming">如意</span>論者。<span class="zhuanming">世親</span>重述先旨，外道謝屈而退。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2975" id="3004">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《一本》剌並作利，《翻譯集》亦同。剌利二字同聲紐，可通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2978" id="3005">〔2〕</a>《石本》﹑《大本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》問並作聞。《敦乙本》作問同此本。按聞問古相通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2980" id="3006">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》臣字上有使字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2981" id="3007">〔4〕</a>《明南本》﹑《徑山本》諸作詣，疑形近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2983" id="3008">〔5〕</a>《異本》用下有之字。《敦乙本》乏作之。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00249','1384645',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P249</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2984" id="3009">〔6〕</a>《明南本》請誤作諸。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2985" id="3010">〔7〕</a>《敦乙本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》加誤作如。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2986" id="3011">〔8〕</a>《敦乙本》﹑《石本》﹑《中本》畋作田，通用。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2987" id="3012">〔9〕</a>《敦乙本》﹑《石本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》賞作償。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2988" id="3013">〔10〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》一使二字作“使一”。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2989" id="3014">〔11〕</a>《中本》怏怏作快快，非。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2990" id="3015">〔12〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》衆並作罪。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2991" id="3016">〔13〕</a>《徑山本》洎作暨。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2992" id="3017">〔14〕</a>《石本》詰作誥，非。《音釋》亦作詰云：“論也，難也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2993" id="3018">〔15〕</a>《敦乙本》﹑《石本》﹑《大本》論作語。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2995" id="3019">〔16〕</a>原本諠作誼，今從《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2996" id="3020">〔17〕</a>《異本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》覽並作鑒。《古本》作賢，誤。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2997" id="3021">〔18〕</a>《慧琳音義》云：“（齰）或作齚。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2998" id="3022">〔19〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》誡作誠，《中本》作試，並非。《敦乙本》﹑《大本》無告字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2999" id="3023">〔20〕</a>原本迷作述，《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》作迷，今從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3000" id="3024">〔21〕</a>《釋帖》六引此文作“衆迷之内，勿辯正邪，羣援之中，無申大義”，與此略異。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3001" id="3025">〔22〕</a>居未久，《石本》作“此居之未久”五字。《大本》作“此居未久”四字。二此字並從上屬。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00250','1384645',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P250</span></i><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3002" id="3026">〔23〕</a>《石本》憾作𢜩。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3003" id="3027">〔24〕</a>《徑山本》焉乃二字作“于是”，並從下讀。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2976" id="3028">（一）</a>毘婆沙論：全稱《阿毘達磨大毘婆沙論》（梵文名Abhid-harma mahāvibhāṣāśāstra。）據説<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒在第四次結集時（詳卷三迦濕彌羅國），五百阿羅漢各闡所見而釋《發智論》（小乘説一切有部傳統的論藏的根本經典），是廣泛解説經義的論著，爲研究小乘佛教有部教理的重要著作，題<span class="zhuanming">如意</span>作，共二百卷，<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>譯。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2977" id="3029">（二）</a>利見：出世，卽誕生。<span class="zhuanming">顔延之</span>《三月三日詔宴西池詩》：“河嶽曜圖，聖時利見。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2979" id="3030">（三）</a>室羅伐悉底國毘訖羅摩阿迭多王：室羅伐悉底國（Śrā-vastī）見卷六專條下注。毘<span class="zhuanming">訖羅摩迭多</span>，<span class="zhuanming">梵</span>文Vikramāditya，意譯<span class="zhuanming">超日</span>；《婆藪槃豆法師傳》作<span class="zhuanming">香必柯羅摩阿祑多</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">正勤日</span>。古代<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>用這個稱號的國王不止一個，這裏的<span class="zhuanming">超日王</span>可能指<span class="zhuanming">笈多王朝</span>第三個皇帝﹑著名的<span class="zhuanming">旃陀羅笈多</span>二世，其卽位年代是公元後376年（一説380年），死於413—415年之間。<span class="zhuanming">法顯</span>訪<span class="zhuanming">印</span>時，他正在位。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2982" id="3031">（四）</a>主藏臣：負責財政的大臣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#2994" id="3032">（五）</a>火煙：此指違反了三支因明（形式邏輯）有煙必有火的大前提的錯誤。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
六、重閣講堂及諸聖迹
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154777" key="1154777"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 六、重閣講堂及諸聖迹 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154778" key="1154778"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00597','1384766',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P597</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001012"><b>六﹑重閣講堂及諸聖迹</b></p><p> <span>述本生東有故基，上建窣堵波，光明時燭，祈請或遂，是<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>説《普門陁羅尼》<a class="zhuhao" href="#6394" id="6391">（一）</a>等經，重閣講堂餘趾也<a class="zhuhao" href="#6393" id="6392">〔1〕</a>。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6392" id="6393">〔1〕</a>《徑山本》無也字，作墨釘。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00598','1384766',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P598</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6391" id="6394">（一）</a>普門陁羅尼：梵文作Samantamukhadhāraṇī，今<span class="zhuanming">漢</span>譯佛經中無此書。<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>認爲它就是《法華經》中的一品，同時指出《法華經》的任何部分都不可能是佛説的。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>反對此説，指出《法華經》没有哪一品叫這個名稱。</span> </p><p> <span>講堂側不遠有窣堵波，中有<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>半身舍利。去此不遠有數百窣堵波，欲定其數，未有克知，是千獨覺入寂滅處。</span> </p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>内外周隍<a class="zhuhao" href="#6397" id="6395">〔1〕</a>，聖迹繁多，難以具舉。形勝故墟，魚鱗間峙。歲月驟改，炎涼亟移，林既摧殘，池亦枯涸，朽株餘迹，其<a class="zhuhao" href="#6398" id="6396">〔2〕</a>詳驗焉。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6395" id="6397">〔1〕</a>《中本》隍作垣。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6396" id="6398">〔2〕</a>《徑山本》其作可。按上下文義，其字疑當作莫，形近而訛。</span> </p><p> <span>大城西北行五六十里，至大窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">栗<a class="zhuhao" href="#6404" id="6399">〔1〕</a>呫</span></span> <span class="font12 zhu">昌葉反。</span> <span><span class="zhuanming">婆<a class="zhuhao" href="#6405" id="6400">〔2〕</a>子</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6408" id="6401">（一）</a></span> <span class="font12 zhu">舊云<a class="zhuhao" href="#6406" id="6402">〔3〕</a>離車子，訛也。</span> <span>别<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>處。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>自<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>趣<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那國</span>，諸<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆子</span>聞佛將入寂滅，相從<a class="zhuhao" href="#6407" id="6403">〔4〕</a>號送。<span class="zhuanming">世尊</span>既見哀慕，非言可喻，卽以神力化作大河，崖岸深絶，波流迅急。諸<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>悲慟以止，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>留鉢，爲作追念。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00599','1384766',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P599</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6399" id="6404">〔1〕</a>《中本》栗作粟。按《音釋》栗音“良吉反”，粟爲形之訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6400" id="6405">〔2〕</a>《古本》婆作波，次同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6402" id="6406">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》云並作曰。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6403" id="6407">〔4〕</a>原本從下有悲字，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》並無之，今從删。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6401" id="6408">（一）</a>栗呫婆子：<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>，梵文原名Licchavi，對音爲<span class="zhuanming">栗呫毘</span>；<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>可能是Licchavi的複數體格Licchavayaḥ的不完全對音。舊譯<span class="zhuanming">離車</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">梨車</span>，可能來源於這個字的俗語讀法Lecchai（Jacobi：Sacred Books of the East，xxii，p.266）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據佛經記載，在公元前六世紀<span class="zhuanming">釋迦牟尼</span>時代，<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>有十六個國家，其中有一個叫<span class="zhuanming">跋耆國</span>（Vṛjj或Vajji），它是一個部族聯盟，由八個部族組成，實行共和制。<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>人就是該國最強大的一個部族，它的首府<span class="zhuanming">毘舍釐城</span>（Vaiśālī）也是<span class="zhuanming">跋耆國</span>的國都。該族是原始<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的積極擁護者。它恐怕不是信奉<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>的外來的<span class="zhuanming">雅利安人</span>，而是<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的土著居民。屬於<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>系統的諸《往世書》（Purāṇa）在列舉公元前六世紀<span class="zhuanming">北印度</span>諸王國時，根本不提<span class="zhuanming">跋耆國</span>；而《摩奴法論》第十章第二十二頌則稱<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>人是因不履行宗教義務而被剥奪<span class="zhuanming">婆羅門教</span>教權的<span class="zhuanming">刹帝利</span>種姓的後代。這可能反映了<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>人與<span class="zhuanming">雅利安</span>人之間的民族矛盾和宗教信仰的對立。<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>文獻説<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>人屬於<span class="zhuanming">刹帝利</span>種姓，這恐怕與稱<span class="zhuanming">釋迦</span>族爲<span class="zhuanming">刹帝利</span>種姓一樣，也是假冒的。（參閲<span class="zhuanming">季羡林</span>：《原始佛教的歷史起源》，《歷史<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00600','1384766',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P600</span></i>研究》1965年，第三期，頁80。）公元前六世紀後半期，<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>的<span class="zhuanming">阿闍世王</span>（見本書卷九<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>下<span class="zhuanming">迦蘭陀竹園</span>條<span class="zhuanming">阿闍多設咄路王</span>注）兼併了<span class="zhuanming">跋耆國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆</span>人從此衰落。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">栗呫婆子</span>卽<span class="zhuanming">栗呫毘</span>族人，其别<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>事亦見《增一阿含經》卷三六。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
信度國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154781" key="1154781"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 信度國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154782" key="1154782"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00928','1384887',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P928</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001557">信度國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">信度國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9394" id="9387">（一）</a>周七千餘里。國大都城號<span class="zhuanming">毗苫婆補羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9395" id="9388">（二）</a>，周三十餘里。宜穀稼，豐宿<a class="zhuhao" href="#9392" id="9389">〔1〕</a>麥，出金﹑銀﹑鍮石，宜牛﹑羊﹑橐<a class="zhuhao" href="#9393" id="9390">〔2〕</a>駞﹑騾畜之屬。橐駞卑小，唯有一峯。多出赤鹽，色如赤石，白鹽﹑黑鹽及白石鹽等，異域遠方以之爲藥。人性剛烈而質直，數鬭諍，多誹讟，學不好博，深信佛法。伽藍數百所，僧徒萬餘人，並學小乘正量部法，大抵懈怠，性行弊穢。其有精勤賢善之徒，獨處閑寂，遠迹山林，夙夜匪懈，多證聖果。天祠三十餘所，異道雜居。王，戍陁羅種也，性淳質，敬佛法。<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔頗遊此國，故<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>於聖迹處建窣堵波數十所。<span class="zhuanming">烏波毱多<a class="zhuhao" href="#9396" id="9391">（三）</a>大阿羅漢</span>屢遊此國，演法開導，所止之處，皆旌遺迹，或建僧伽藍，或樹窣堵波，往往間起，可略而言。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9389" id="9392">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》﹑《金陵本》宿並作粟。《趙城本》作宿，同此本。<span class="zhuanming">向達云</span>：“作宿爲是。宿麥<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00929','1384887',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P929</span></i>卽今冬小麥也。”</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9390" id="9393">〔2〕</a>《一本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》及《音釋》橐並作𩧐，下同。《方志》作馲。《慈恩傳》作駱。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9387" id="9394">（一）</a>信度國：<span class="zhuanming">信度</span>，梵文Sindhu。如前所述，《西域記》中所記載的各國順序是按地區排列的，而<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>的實際行程，據《慈恩傳》記載是：<span class="zhuanming">摩醯濕伐羅補羅</span>——（西還）→<span class="zhuanming">蘇剌侘</span>——（西行）→<span class="zhuanming">阿點婆翅羅</span>——（西行二千餘里）→<span class="zhuanming">狼揭羅</span>——（東北行七百餘里）→<span class="zhuanming">臂多勢羅</span>——（東北行三百餘里）→<span class="zhuanming">阿軬荼</span>——（東行七百餘里）→<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>。<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定<span class="zhuanming">信度國</span>爲今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span><span class="zhuanming">信德省</span>北部<span class="zhuanming">上信德</span>（Upper Sindh）以<span class="zhuanming">蘇庫爾</span>（Sukkur）爲中心的地帶。但<span class="zhuanming">海格</span>（Haig）不同意這一看法，他認爲<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所記的<span class="zhuanming">信度</span>應包括Salt Range在内，其國都應求之於<span class="zhuanming">德拉賈特</span>（Derajāt）附近。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">據<span class="zhuanming">義浄</span>的《南海寄歸内法傳》卷一，<span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>各國中<span class="zhuanming">羅荼</span>（Lāṭa）與<span class="zhuanming">信度</span>並舉；又《大唐西域求法高僧傳》卷上《<span class="zhuanming">玄照</span>傳》中所記<span class="zhuanming">玄照</span>赴<span class="zhuanming">羅荼國</span>行程，是由<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試</span>（參考本書卷一注）經<span class="zhuanming">信度</span>而至<span class="zhuanming">羅荼</span>。<span class="zhuanming">羅荼</span>卽本書中的<span class="zhuanming">羅羅</span>，在<span class="zhuanming">古吉拉特</span>中部，以此與本書所載方位相比較，<span class="zhuanming">信度</span>的領域以在<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試</span>與<span class="zhuanming">羅荼</span>兩者之間爲宜，卽相當於<span class="zhuanming">薩特累季</span>（Sutlaj）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>合流處，<span class="zhuanming">巴哈瓦爾浦爾</span>（Bahavarpur）與<span class="zhuanming">昔爾卡爾浦爾</span>（Shilkarpur）之間地區，卽現今<span class="zhuanming">巴基斯坦</span>的<span class="zhuanming">旁遮普省</span>南部，目前同意這種看法的人不多（參閲<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>，前引書，卷二，頁253—254）。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9388" id="9395">（二）</a>國大都城號毘苫婆補羅：這一城名各家有不同的還原法，如Vichavapura（<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>），Vichālapura（<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>），Bichwā<span class="song">pura</span><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00930','1384887',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P930</span></i>（<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>），Vasmapura（<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>），Vijñapura（<span class="zhuanming">馬宗達</span>）等等。<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>等人主張這是該城的雅號，並非俗名。一般比定此城爲<span class="zhuanming">蘇庫爾</span>地方的<span class="zhuanming">阿洛爾</span>（Alor，Aror，Arore），卽現今的<span class="zhuanming">阿洛爾</span>以東五<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里處的古城<span class="zhuanming">烏奇</span>（Uch），它和<span class="zhuanming">海德拉巴德</span>（Hyderabad）同樣是一古城，據説是<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大大帝</span>所建立的。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9391" id="9396">（三）</a>烏波毱多：梵文Upagupta音譯，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">憂波毱多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">優波掘多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">憂波毱</span>等，意譯<span class="zhuanming">近護</span>﹑或<span class="zhuanming">近藏</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">大護</span>。此人係<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span><span class="zhuanming">毱多長者</span>之子，後皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>爲<span class="zhuanming">阿育王</span>的帝師，爲付法藏之第四祖，廣泛宣傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，參見本書卷四。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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七、故城及大天王本生故事
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154788" key="1154788"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 七、故城及大天王本生故事 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154789" key="1154789"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00600','1384767',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P600</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001018"><b>七﹑故城及大天王本生故事</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>西北減二百里，有故城<a class="zhuhao" href="#6420" id="6409">（一）</a>，荒蕪歲久，居人曠少，中有窣堵波。是佛在昔爲諸菩薩﹑人﹑天大衆引<a class="zhuhao" href="#6416" id="6410">〔1〕</a>説本生，修菩薩行，曾於此城爲轉輪王，號曰<span class="zhuanming">摩訶提婆</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6421" id="6411">（二）</a>，</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">唐</span>言<span class="zhuanming">大<a class="zhuhao" href="#6417" id="6412">〔2〕</a>天</span>。</span> <span>有七寶應<a class="zhuhao" href="#6422" id="6413">（三）</a>，王四天下，覩衰變之相，體無常之理，冥<a class="zhuhao" href="#6418" id="6414">〔3〕</a>懷高蹈，忘情大位，捨國出家，染<a class="zhuhao" href="#6419" id="6415">〔4〕</a>衣修學。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6410" id="6416">〔1〕</a>《石本》朱校引作弘。按弘説猶廣説，於義爲長。疑引乃形訛。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6412" id="6417">〔2〕</a>《石本》天作大。按摩訶翻大，天字譌。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6414" id="6418">〔3〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《金陵本》冥作寘。《石本》亦作寘，讀爲冥。按寘無讀冥之理，疑是校者見有冥寘二異文，不能決擇，强作解人爾。《音釋》作寘，音“支義反”。但《明南本音釋》作冥，音“莫經反”。二字義並可通。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6415" id="6419">〔4〕</a>《石本》無染字，脱去。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00601','1384767',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P601</span></i>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6409" id="6420">（一）</a>有故城：<span class="zhuanming">據康寧哈</span>姆考證，認爲此故城爲<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>之北﹑北西向三十<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的廢墟Kesariya。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6411" id="6421">（二）</a>摩訶提婆：梵文Mahādeva音譯，意譯<span class="zhuanming">大天</span>，此與《西域記》卷三的<span class="zhuanming">摩訶提婆</span>爲同名異人，此本生故事見《增一阿含經》卷四八﹑《中阿含經》卷一四和巴利文《本生經》第九，並見於Bharhut佛塔的雕刻。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6413" id="6422">（三）</a>七寶應：指七寶應報。七寶爲輪寶﹑象寶﹑馬寶﹑珠寶﹑女寶﹑居士寶﹑兵寶和臣寶。此與前所注七寶不同。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
一、法服俗行户
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154792" key="1154792"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 信度國 &gt; 一、法服俗行户 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154793" key="1154793"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00930','1384888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P930</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001560"><b>一﹑法服俗行户</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">信度河</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9404" id="9397">〔1〕</a>側千餘里陂澤間，有數百千户，於此宅居，其性剛烈，唯殺是務。牧牛自活，無所係命。若男若女，無貴無賤，剃鬚髮，服袈裟，像類苾芻而行俗事，專執小見<a class="zhuhao" href="#9405" id="9398">〔2〕</a>，非斥大乘。聞諸先志<a class="zhuhao" href="#9406" id="9399">〔3〕</a>曰：昔此地民庶安忍，但事<a class="zhuhao" href="#9407" id="9400">〔4〕</a>凶殘。時有羅漢愍其顛墜，爲化彼故，乘虚而來，現大神通，示希有事，令衆信受，漸導言教。諸人敬悦，願奉指誨。羅漢知衆心順，爲授三歸<a class="zhuhao" href="#9410" id="9401">（一）</a>，息其凶暴，悉斷生殺<a class="zhuhao" href="#9408" id="9402">〔5〕</a>，剃髮染衣，恭行法教。年代浸遠，世易時移<a class="zhuhao" href="#9409" id="9403">〔6〕</a>，守善既虧，餘風不殄，雖服法衣，嘗無戒善。子孫奕世，習以成俗。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00931','1384888',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P931</span></i>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9397" id="9404">〔1〕</a>《方志》信度河三字作烏河二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9398" id="9405">〔2〕</a>《中本》見作乘。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9399" id="9406">〔3〕</a>《古本》諸先志三字作諸耆舊，《建本》作之耆舊。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9400" id="9407">〔4〕</a>《中本》無但事二字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9402" id="9408">〔5〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《明南本》﹑《明北本》﹑《徑山本》生殺二字並作殺生。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9403" id="9409">〔6〕</a>《古本》移作遷。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9401" id="9410">（一）</a>三歸：一名三歸依﹑三歸戒，爲最初信仰<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>在家學佛的教法。《釋氏要覽》卷上：“《阿含經》云：‘於受歸戒前先須懺悔，然後受三歸。’”指一歸依佛，二歸依法，三歸依僧。</span> </p><p> <span>從此東行九<a class="zhuhao" href="#9412" id="9411">〔1〕</a>百餘里，渡<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>東岸，至<span class="zhuanming">茂羅三部盧國</span>。</span> <span class="font12 zhu"><span class="zhuanming">西印度</span>境。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9411" id="9412">〔1〕</a>《建本》無九字。</span> </p></div></div></div>
</>
八、七百賢聖結集
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154796" key="1154796"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 八、七百賢聖結集 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154797" key="1154797"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00601','1384768',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P601</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001021"><b>八﹑七百賢聖結集</b></p><p> <span>城東南行十四五里，至大窣堵波，是七百賢聖重結集<a class="zhuhao" href="#6449" id="6423">（一）</a>處。佛湼槃後百一十年，<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>有諸苾芻<a class="zhuhao" href="#6442" id="6424">〔1〕</a>，遠離佛法，謬行戒律。時長老<span class="zhuanming">耶舍陁</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6450" id="6425">（二）</a>住<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6451" id="6426">（三）</a>，長老<span class="zhuanming">三菩伽</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6452" id="6427">（四）</a>住<span class="zhuanming">秣菟<a class="zhuhao" href="#6443" id="6428">〔2〕</a>羅國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6453" id="6429">（五）</a>，長老<span class="zhuanming">釐波多</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6454" id="6430">（六）</a>住<span class="zhuanming">韓若國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6455" id="6431">（七）</a>，長老<span class="zhuanming">沙羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6456" id="6432">（八）</a>住<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐<a class="zhuhao" href="#6444" id="6433">〔3〕</a>國</span>，長老<span class="zhuanming">富闍蘇彌羅</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6457" id="6434">（九）</a>住<span class="zhuanming">波<a class="zhuhao" href="#6445" id="6435">〔4〕</a>羅梨弗國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6458" id="6436">（一○）</a>。諸大羅漢心得自在，持三藏，得三明，有大名稱，衆所知識，皆是尊者<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>弟子。時<span class="zhuanming">耶舍陁</span>遣使告諸賢聖，皆可<a class="zhuhao" href="#6446" id="6437">〔5〕</a>集<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>，猶少一人，未滿七百。是時<span class="zhuanming">富闍蘇彌羅</span>以天眼見諸大賢聖集議法事，運神足至法會。時<span class="zhuanming">三菩伽</span>於大衆中右袒長跪，揚言曰：“衆無譁<a class="zhuhao" href="#6447" id="6438">〔6〕</a>，欽哉念哉！昔大聖法王善權寂滅，歲月雖淹，言教尚在。<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>懈怠苾芻，謬於戒律，有十事<a class="zhuhao" href="#6459" id="6439">（一一）</a>出，違十力<a class="zhuhao" href="#6460" id="6440">（一二）</a>教。今諸賢者深明持犯，<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00602','1384768',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P602</span></i>俱承<a class="zhuhao" href="#6448" id="6441">〔7〕</a>大德<span class="zhuanming">阿難</span>指誨，念報佛恩，重宣聖旨。”時諸大衆莫不悲感，卽召集諸苾芻，依毘奈耶，訶責制止，削除謬法，宣明聖教。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6424" id="6442">〔1〕</a>《石本》苾芻二字作比丘，下同。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6428" id="6443">〔2〕</a>原本菟作兔，《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》及《華嚴鈔》五十八引並作菟。按本書卷四作秣菟羅國。兔雖與菟同字，爲前後畫一，從改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6433" id="6444">〔3〕</a>《華嚴鈔》釐作黎。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6435" id="6445">〔4〕</a>波原作娑，據《古本》改。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6437" id="6446">〔5〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》﹑《華嚴鈔》並無可字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6438" id="6447">〔6〕</a>《古本》及《華嚴鈔》譁上有諠字。《音釋》止譁字。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6441" id="6448">〔7〕</a>《華嚴鈔》承作是。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6423" id="6449">（一）</a>七百聖賢重結集：此卽<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>史上第二次結集，或<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>結集。本書與《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷四十作佛滅後一百十年，《五分律》和《法顯傳》作一百年。據南傳<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>，這次結集因爲保守的上座<span class="zhuanming">耶舍</span>陀﹑<span class="zhuanming">三菩伽</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">釐波多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">沙羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">富闍蘇彌羅</span>見<span class="zhuanming">跋耆</span>比丘僧衆的所爲非法而引起<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>内部關於戒律的不同意見，因而召集<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒衆集會共同解決。這就是這次的<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>結集。長老上座判決<span class="zhuanming">跋耆</span>等僧衆所爲非法，而<span class="zhuanming">跋耆</span>僧衆就别立僧團，稱爲大衆部，長老一派，稱爲上座部。對於戒律持有不同意見，固爲結集<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00603','1384768',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P603</span></i>而分裂的原因之一，而<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>徒對於教理的各持己見，或受外道的影響使<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>教理也有所變化，這也是原因之一，但史料不足，很難考定。關於<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>結集，詳見《四分律》卷五四﹑《五分律》卷三○﹑《十誦律》卷六○﹑六一﹑：《根本説一切有部毘奈耶雜事》卷四○﹑《善見律毗婆娑》卷一﹑《摩訶僧祇律》卷三三和《法顯傳》。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6425" id="6450">（二）</a>耶舍陁：梵文Yaśoda，Yaśa，巴利文Yasa；出身婆羅門，後皈依<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。因提倡嚴格的十不許戒律，遂與<span class="zhuanming">釐波多</span>等發起第二次結集。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6426" id="6451">（三）</a>憍薩羅國：<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>古代有兩個<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>，<span class="zhuanming">北憍薩羅國</span>卽本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>；<span class="zhuanming">南憍薩羅國</span>卽本書卷十<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>。此處<span class="zhuanming">憍薩羅國</span>應指後者。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6427" id="6452">（四）</a>三菩伽：梵文Sambhoga音譯，卽<span class="zhuanming">商那和修</span>，參見本書卷一<span class="zhuanming">梵衍那國</span><span class="zhuanming">商諾迦縛娑</span>注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6429" id="6453">（五）</a>秣菟羅國：參見本書卷四<span class="zhuanming">秣菟羅國</span>及注。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6430" id="6454">（六）</a>釐波多：梵文﹑巴利文Revata，又作<span class="zhuanming">離婆多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">梨婆多</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">隸跋多</span>，爲<span class="zhuanming">拘尸那揭羅國</span><span class="zhuanming">波婆城</span>（Pāvā）的長老。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6431" id="6455">（七）</a>韓若國：<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">堀謙德</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">足立喜六</span>均未確指何地，本書他處及他書均未見<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>有此地名。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6432" id="6456">（八）</a>沙羅：巴利文Sāḷha，梵文Sāḷhr，又譯作<span class="zhuanming">沙留</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">遮樓</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">沙蘭</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6434" id="6457">（九）</a>富闍蘇彌羅：梵文Kubjaśobhita，又譯<span class="zhuanming">級闍蘇彌羅</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">不闍蘇摩</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">不闍宗</span>，意譯<span class="zhuanming">曲安</span>。他生於<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>，出身婆羅門，後改奉<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6436" id="6458">（一○）</a>波羅梨弗國：卽<span class="zhuanming">華氏城</span>（Pāṭaliputra），又作<span class="zhuanming">波吒釐子城</span>，參見本書卷八及注。</span> </p><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00604','1384768',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P604</span></i><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6439" id="6459">（一一）</a>十事：又名“十事證言”。<span class="zhuanming">跋耆</span>（<span class="zhuanming">跋闍子</span>比丘）認爲的十件合乎<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>戒律的事情。長老<span class="zhuanming">耶舍陁</span>等集合六百九十九教徒，認爲這十事違反<span class="zhuanming">佛教</span>的戒律。所謂十事，諸説不一，頗繁瑣，兹據《根本説一切有部毗奈耶雜事》卷四十，略之如下：</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一﹑高聲共許浄法　附和雷同法</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">二﹑隨喜浄法　迎合煽動事法</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">三﹑舊事浄法　習慣非違法</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">四﹑鹽事浄法　持鹽隨情而食</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">五﹑道行浄法　不遠行而受衆食</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">六﹑二指浄法　不作餘食法而更受食</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">七﹑治病浄法　稱爲治病而飲酒</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">八﹑酪漿浄法　飲稀釋之漿酪</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">九﹑坐具浄法　任意使用坐具</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu">一○﹑金寶浄法　接受金﹑銀﹑寶物之布施</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6440" id="6460">（一二）</a>十力：見本書卷六<span class="zhuanming">室羅伐悉底國</span>伽藍附近三坑傳説十力無畏條注。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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茂羅三部盧國
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154800" key="1154800"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第十一　二十三國 &gt; 茂羅三部盧國 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154801" key="1154801"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00931','1384889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P931</span></i><p class="font20" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001564">茂羅三部盧國</p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">茂羅三部盧國</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#9414" id="9413">（一）</a>周四千餘里。國大都城周三十餘里。居人殷盛，家室富饒，役屬<span class="zhuanming">磔迦國</span>。土田良沃，氣序調順。<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00932','1384889',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P932</span></i>風俗質直，好學尚德，多事天神，少信佛法。伽藍十餘所，多已圮壞，少有僧徒，學無專習。天祠八所，異道雜居。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#9413" id="9414">（一）</a>茂羅三部盧國：關於此國國名的還原，有幾種不同意見。如<span class="zhuanming">儒蓮</span>還原爲Mulasambhura，<span class="zhuanming">聖馬丁</span>等還原爲Mūlasthāni-pura，<span class="zhuanming">瓦特斯</span>還原爲Morasampuru，或Molasampul。總之，它是梵文地名Mūlasthānapura的訛轉。其地望，<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>比定爲<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>支流<span class="zhuanming">奇納布</span>（Chenab）<span class="zhuanming">河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">薩特累季河</span>間的三角洲上的<span class="zhuanming">木爾坦</span>（Mūltān）地方。<span class="zhuanming">比爾</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">史密斯</span>﹑B.C.<span class="zhuanming">勞</span>等多數學者也贊同這一意見。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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七、烏鐸迦漢荼城
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154804" key="1154804"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第二　三國 &gt; 健馱邏國 &gt; 七、烏鐸迦漢荼城 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154805" key="1154805"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00261','1384649',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P261</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0000428"><b>七﹑烏鐸迦漢荼城</b></p><p> <span><span class="zhuanming">毗摩<a class="zhuhao" href="#3147" id="3143">〔1〕</a>天</span>祠<a class="zhuhao" href="#3149" id="3144">（一）</a>東南行百五十里，至<span class="zhuanming">烏鐸迦漢荼<a class="zhuhao" href="#3148" id="3145">〔2〕</a>城</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#3150" id="3146">（二）</a>，周二十餘里，南臨<span class="zhuanming">信度河</span>。居人富樂，寶貨盈積，諸方珍異，多集於此。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3143" id="3147">〔1〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》﹑《徑山本》摩下並有羅字。按上文云“毗摩天女”，無羅字，疑衍。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3145" id="3148">〔2〕</a>《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《磧砂本》﹑《明南本》荼作茶，下同。按荼﹑茶古爲一字，但<span class="zhuanming">唐</span>初書應作荼，説見目録校文。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3144" id="3149">（一）</a>毗摩天祠：卽上文<span class="zhuanming">大自在天</span>祠。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#3146" id="3150">（二）</a>烏鐸迦漢荼城：<span class="zhuanming">烏鐸迦漢荼</span>，<span class="zhuanming">聖</span>·<span class="zhuanming">馬丁</span>還原作Uḍak-hand（St.Martin：inJulien，Mém，Ⅱ.311），<span class="zhuanming">康寧哈姆</span>作Uta-khand或Utkhand（Cunningham：A.G.I，62），N.L.代作Udakhaṇḍa（N.L.Dey：Geographical Dictionary of Ancient and Medievel India.p.208）。<span class="zhuanming">迦爾罕納</span>的成書於公元後十二世紀的《王河》作Udabhāṇḍapura（Kalhaṇa：Rājataraṅgiṇī，ed by Stein，Ⅱ，pp.336 ff.），今名Ohind，在<span class="zhuanming">喀布爾河</span>與<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>匯合口東北，<span class="zhuanming">阿托克</span>（Attdock）上游十六<span class="zhuanming">英</span>里的地方，該城處於<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>重要渡口，是<span class="zhuanming">中亞</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">波斯</span>﹑<span class="zhuanming">迦畢試</span>及<span class="zhuanming">健馱邏諸</span>國進入中<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>的必經之地，是重要商業中心，寶貨充盈，諸方珍異匯集之所。《慈恩傳》卷二對這一渡口有所描繪：“河<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-001-L00262','1384649',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P262</span></i>廣三﹑四里，流極清急，毒龍惡獸多窟其中，有持<span class="zhuanming">印度</span>奇貨﹑名花及舍利渡者，船輒覆没。”<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>往返時都在此地渡河，許多史學家認爲<span class="zhuanming">亞歷山大</span>遠征軍班師回朝時也是在這裏渡過<span class="zhuanming">印度河</span>的。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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九、濕吠多補羅伽藍
<div class="wlghyzd_wzb_18"><div id="FCdiv1154808" key="1154808"><p class="fl">当前路径： <a href="./platformBookDetails.jspx?id=1243871">大唐西域記校注</a> &gt; 卷第七　五國 &gt; 吠舍釐國 &gt; 九、濕吠多補羅伽藍 </p><div class="input fr"><div class="in1"><input autocomplete="off" class="input-text fl" id="hightLight" name="hightLight" onblur="if(!value){value=defaultValue;this.style.color='#999'}" onfocus="if(value==defaultValue){value='';this.style.color='#333'}" type="text" value="在文章内检索"/></div><div class="in2"><input class="input_btn" onclick="showHightLight();" type="submit" value=""/></div></div></div><div id="FCdiv1154809" key="1154809"><!--?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?--><div><i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00604','1384769',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P604</span></i><p class="font18" id="ZSK00403-001-BT0001024"><b>九﹑濕吠多補羅伽藍</b></p><p> <span>七百賢聖結集南，行八九十里，至<span class="zhuanming">濕吠多補羅僧伽藍</span><a class="zhuhao" href="#6468" id="6461">（一）</a>，層臺輪煥<a class="zhuhao" href="#6465" id="6462">〔1〕</a>，重閣翬飛。僧衆清肅，並學大乘。其傍<a class="zhuhao" href="#6466" id="6463">〔2〕</a>則有過去四佛坐及經行遺迹之處。其側<a class="zhuhao" href="#6467" id="6464">〔3〕</a>窣堵波，<span class="zhuanming">無憂王</span>之所建也，<span class="zhuanming">如來</span>在昔南趣<span class="zhuanming">摩揭陁國</span>北顧<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐城</span>中途<i class="pageTag" onclick="viewPic('ZSK00403-002-L00605','1384769',this);" style="cursor:pointer;"> <span class="song">P605</span></i>止息遺迹之處。</span> </p>校勘：          <p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6462" id="6465">〔1〕</a>《石本》﹑《中本》﹑《宋本》﹑《資福本》﹑《元本》﹑《徑山本》煥並作奐。《華嚴鈔》五十八引作輪煥，同此本。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6463" id="6466">〔2〕</a>《古本》﹑《石本》及《華嚴鈔》傍作側。《中本》傍則二字作側。</span> </p><p> <span class="font12 xiao"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6464" id="6467">〔3〕</a>《華嚴鈔》側作旁。</span> </p>注釋：          <p> <span class="font12 zhu"><a class="zhuhao" href="#6461" id="6468">（一）</a>濕吠多補羅僧伽藍：梵文Śvetapurasaṃghārāma音譯，意譯爲<span class="zhuanming">白城寺</span>。《慈恩傳》卷三：“從<span class="zhuanming">吠舍釐</span>南境去<span class="zhuanming">殑伽河</span>百餘里，到<span class="zhuanming">吠多補羅城</span>，得《菩薩藏經》。”此《菩薩藏經》卽<span class="zhuanming">玄奘</span>所譯《大寶積經》中的《菩薩藏會》。</span> </p></div></div></div>
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