a/an

a/an 61-63, 65-68, 70;
a and one in numbers 389.11;
a with half 231.4;
generalisations (e.g. a child needs ... ) 68.2;
position with as/how/so/too + adjective 14;
with quite and rather 489-490;
the difference between a and an 65.7;
70 miles an hour etc 389.20;
weak and strong form 616.3;
with uncountable nouns 149.4;
see also articles a-

a- (prefix) 445.1 a bit

a bit

a bit 107;
softening expression 437.1;
with comparatives 140.1 a couple of

a couple of

a couple of ... + plural verb 526.2 a few

a few

a few, few and (a) little 329;
with of 329.2 a great deal

a great deal

a great deal 333.4 a group of

a group of

a group of ... + plural verb 526.2 a large amount/number

a large amount/number

a large amount/number 333.4 a little

a little

a little, little and (a) few 329;
with of 329.2;
a little with comparatives 140.1 a long time

a long time

a long time and long 330 a long way

a long way

a long way and far 200 a lot

a lot

a lot, lots 333.2;
with comparatives 140;
a lot of ... + plural verb 526.2 a number of

a number of

a number of ... + plural verb 526.2 abbreviated styles

abbreviated styles

abbreviated styles 1 abbreviations

abbreviations

abbreviations 2 able

able

able be able to 3 -able

-able

-able (suffix) 445.4 about

about

about and (a)round 60;
and on 4 about to

about to

about to 5 above

above

above and over 6 accents

accents

accents 308.3 accept

accept and agree 7 accommodation

accommodation

accommodation uncountable 148.3 according to

according to

according to 8 accuse

accuse

accuse preposition 449 accused

accused

accused the accused 17.3 accustomed

accustomed

accustomed + -ing form or infinitive 299.11 ache

ache

ache simple or progressive 466.7 acre

acre

acre 389.18 acronyms

acronyms

acronyms 2.3 across

across

across, over and through 10 act

act

act and play 432.2 active verb forms

active verb forms

active verb forms 10 actor

actor

actor and actress 222.4 actual(ly)

actual(ly)

actual(ly) 11, 157.15,16,20 AD

AD and BC 152.3 addition

addition

addition in addition 157.11 addresses

addresses

addresses at, in and on 81.6;
in letters 146.1-4;
in emails 147.1,3 adjectives

adjectives

adjectives 12-19
+for ... to... 291.3,4
+ infinitive 284
+ -ing form 297
adjectives and adverbs of manner (happy and happily etc) 26
adjectives or adverbs: confusing cases 27
after link verbs (be, seem, look etc) 328.2
after sit, stand, lie, fall etc 328.5
before personal pronouns (e.g. Poor you!) 429.7
comparison 137, 139-141
complementation: what can follow an adjective? 19
leaving out words after adjectives 180.1
order before nouns 15
position 12;
after as, how, so, too 14;
after measurement nouns 13.4;
after nouns and pronouns 13;
after object 12.4;
with something, everything etc 13.6
use of commas 476.5
with and 16
without nouns 17
word order with complements (e.g. skilled in design) 13.5 admired

admired

admired much admired 410.4 admit

admit

admit ... ing 296.1 adopted

adopted

adopted position and meaning 410.3 advanced

advanced

advanced active past participle 409.3,4 adverb particles

adverb particles

adverb particles (e.g. back, off, out) 20;
in two-part verbs 599 adverbs

adverbs

adverbs position 21-25;
adverbs of manner and adjectives (happily and happy etc) 26;
adverbs or adjectives: confusing cases 27;
comparison 138;
ending in -ly: spelling 557;
often etc with present perfect 455.6;
position with ought to 403.6;
with used to 604.5;
yesterday etc not used with present perfect 456.2 advertisements

advertisements

advertisements words left out 1.1 advice

advice

advice uncountable 148.3;
+ subjunctive 567.2 advise

advise

advise + object + infinitive 277.1, 283;
afford to

afford to

afford to ... 282 afloat

afloat

afloat position 12.3 afraid

afraid

afraid position 12.3;
afraid so/not 539;
be afraid 92.1;
be afraid and fear 28;
with -ing form or infinitive 299.13;
I'm afraid meaning 'I'm sorry' 28.2, 157.16 after

after

after (adverb) shortly after etc 29.1;
and afterwards 29.2 after

after

after (conjunction) 30;
after ... ing 30.4,411.6;
+ present perfect 30.3;
+ present with future meaning 30.2, 580.2;
+ past or past perfect 424.1 after all

after all

after all 31, 157.19;
and finally 31.2 afterward(s)

afterward(s)

afterward(s) 614.3;
and after 29.2 again

again

again and back 87 age

age

age 32;
use of be 92.2 age

age

age expressions with no preposition 451.8;
preposition 32;
'unmarked' use 350 aged

aged

aged pronunciation 18 agent

agent

agent in passive structures 413 ages

ages

ages in/for ages 312.9 ago

ago

ago 33;
and before 33.4;
and for 33.3;
not used with present perfect 456.2;
tenses 33.2;
word order 33.1 agree

agree

agree structures 298.2;
+ infinitive 277.1, 282;
agree and accept 7;
I agree (simple present) 466.4;
it was agreed to ... 417.2;
non-progressive verb 471.2;
preposition 449 ain't

ain't

ain't 143.4 Note 5 aircraft

aircraft

aircraft singular and plural the same 524.3 alight

alight

alight position 12.3 alike

alike

alike 34;
position 12.3 alive

alive

alive position 12.3 all

all

all 35-40
all and all of 36.1;
and both 35.1;
and every 39;
and whole 40
all, everybody and everything 38
all I want is ... etc 130.5
all that ... (relative structure) 494.5 expressions with no preposition 451.2
following article dropped 70.5 all ... but

all ... but

all ... but 116.1 all day/week

all day/week

all day/week etc 36.5;
all day and every day etc 39.4 all else

all else

all else 183.1 all right

all right

all right (showing change of subject) 157.8;
and alright 41 all the better

all the better

all the better, all the more important etc 141.2 all the same

all the same

all the same 157.5 all together

all together

all together and altogether 50 allow

allow

allow + object + infinitive 283;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.4;
allow, permit and let 42;
I was allowed to 418.1 almost

almost

almost position 24.4;
with superlatives 140.3;
almost, nearly and practically 43 alone

alone

alone position 12.3;
alone, lonely, lonesome and lone 44 along

along

along and through 45 aloud

aloud

aloud and loudly 334 already

already

already tenses 566.7;
with present perfect 455.5;
yet, still and already 566 also

also

also position 24.6, 46.1;
and even 189.3;
discourse marker 157.11;
not only ... but also 383;
too, also and as well 46-47 alternately

alternately

alternately and alternatively 48 although

although

although, though, but and however 49;
although and but not used together 511.1;
although and in spite of 272 altogether

altogether

altogether and all together 50 always

always

always position 22.3, 24.2;
in imperatives 268.7;
and ever 191.5;
with progressive 472;
with simple past 457.4 am

am weak and strong form 616.3 a m

a m

a m (= in the morning) 579.3 American

American

American used for United States citizens and affairs 364 Note d American-British differences

American-British differences

American-British differences 51;
grammar 51.1;
vocabulary 51.2;
spelling 51.3;
pronunciation 51.4;
adjective forms used as adverbs 27.4;
adverb position 24.11;
can't and mustn't 359.2;
dates 152;
have to and must 361.1;
irregular verbs 304.3;
letters 146.12;
names of meals 347.2;
noun + noun (e.g. a doll house) 386.6;
use of subjunctive 567.2 among

among

among and between 105.2;
among meaning 'one of' 105.4 amount

amount

amount with uncountables 333.4;
following article dropped 70.7 amused

amused

amused very/much amused 410.4 analysis

analysis

analysis plural 524.4 and

and

and 52;
+ infinitive without to 281.4;
after try, wait, go etc 53;
both ... and 111;
ellipsis (leaving out words) after and 178;
in numbers 389.10;
weak and strong form 616.3;
with adjectives 16 Anglo

Anglo

Anglo- 445.1 angry

angry

angry preposition 449 annoyed by/with

annoyed by/with

annoyed by/with 410.5 another

another

another 54;
+ plural expression 532.6;
another one 395.5;
another few weeks etc 54.2 another thing

another thing

another thing is (discourse marker) 157.11 ante

ante

ante- (prefix) 445.1 anti

anti

anti- (prefix) 445.1 antique shop

antique shop

antique shop and antiques shop 312.9 anxious

anxious

anxious preposition 449;
anxious to 284.1;
anxious for ... to 291.3;
with should 521.1 any

any

any 55
after superlatives 139.8
and any of 55.7;
and every 56;
and not any 55.3;
and some 547
any ... at all 55.6
any ... but (= except) 116.1
any different/good/use 57
any more and anymore 379
any/some or no article 67
any the worse/wiser etc 141.2
expressions with no preposition 451.2
hardly any 43.3
meaning 'it doesn't matter which' etc 55.5
non-affirmative word 381
not any, no and none 376
with comparatives (any older etc) 57 anybody

anybody

anybody and anyone 548;
no difference 548.1;
anyone and any one 548.7;
non-affirmative words 381;
position with adjectives 13.6;
with else 183.1 anyhow

anyhow

anyhow (discourse marker) 157.7 anyone

anyone

anyone see anybody anything

anything

anything 548;
anything else 183.1;
anything for ... to 291.6;
anything that 494.5;
position with adjectives 13.6 anyway

anyway

anyway (discourse marker) 157.7 anywhere

anywhere

anywhere 548;
position with adjectives 13.6;
anywhere else 183.1 apart from

apart from

apart from (discourse marker) 157.12;
apart from, besides and except 102 apologies

apologies

apologies 545.7 apologise

apologise

apologise preposition 449 apostrophe

apostrophe

apostrophe 479;
in plurals of abbreviations 2.4 apparently

apparently

apparently (discourse marker) 157.16 appear

appear

appear link verb 58.1;
and seem 58.2;
in negative sentences 369.4;
meaning 'come into sight' 58.3;
appear to 282;
non-progressive verb 471.2;
it appears so 536.1;
structure with there 587.5 appendix

appendix

appendix plural 524.4 appreciate

appreciate

appreciate ... ing 296.1;
with preparatory it (e.g. I would appreciate it if you ... ) 447.3 approach

approach

approach no following preposition 451.1 Arab

Arab

Arab, Arabic and Arabian 364 Note e arch

arch

arch- (prefix) 445.1 are

are

are weak and strong form 616.3 areas

areas

areas 389.19 aren't I?

aren't I?

aren't I? 143.4 Note 2, 488.1 arise

arise

arise and rise 59 arms

arms

arms plural with no singular 524.7 around

around

around, round and about 60 arrange to

arrange to

arrange to 282;
arrange for ... to 291.7 arrive at/in

arrive at/in

arrive at/in 81.5 arrived

arrived

arrived active past participle 409.4 arse

arse

arse (taboo word / swearword) 575 arsehole

arsehole

arsehole (taboo word / swearword) 575 art

art

art older English form of are 392 articles

articles

articles (a/an and the) 61-70
basic information 62-63 a and an: the difference 65.7
a and one in numbers 389.11
a with half 231.4
days, months and seasons 70.9
dropped after amount/ number of 70.7;
after both and all 70.5;
after kind of etc 70.6;
in noun + noun compounds 70.4;
after possessive's 70.3;
in advertisements, instructions etc 1, 70.19;
in double expressions 70.2
exclamations (What a ... !)70.13
illnesses 70.14
in bed etc 70.1
jobs and positions 70.12
man and woman 70.8
measurements (by the kilo etc) 70.16
musical instruments 70.10
newspapers and magazines 70.18
no article with plurals and uncountables 66
parts of the body 70.15
place names 70.17
radio, cinema, theatre and television 70.11
some/any or no article 67
special rules and exceptions 70
talking in general 68
the accused, the blind, the British etc 17
the instead of possessive (e.g. hit him on the arm) 441.5
the older ... , the happier etc 139.5
the with half 23 1.3
the with -ing forms (e.g. the opening of Parliament) 295.3
the with superlatives 141.6
70 miles an hour etc 389.20
see also a/an, the as

as (reason) as, because, since and for 72 as

as (similarity, function) and like 326
+ infinitive without to 281.4
+ will or present tense with future meaning 580.2
after see, describe etc 607.2
as ... as 136
as ... ing 411.6
as agreed etc 177.11
as and than as subjects, objects and complements 581
as and that not used together 511.1
as, like and how 252.3
as me, as I do etc 136.4, 429.2
as, than and that 139.1
cold as it was etc 71
ellipsis (leaving out words) after as 177.7
not used after seem 507.5
replacing subjects, objects and complements (e.g. as happened yesterday, as follows, as was agreed, as you know) 326.5, 581
verb before subject after as 302.5
weak and strong form 616.3
word order in as good a voice etc 14 as

as (time) as, when and while 73 as a matter of fact

as a matter of fact

as a matter of fact 157.20 as a result

as a result

as a result 157.14 as ever

as ever

as ever 191.2 as far as

as far as

as far as 602.3;
as far as ... is concerned 157.1 as for

as for

as for 157.1 as I was saying

as I was saying

as I was saying 157.9 as if

as if

as if 74;
feel as if 202.3;
it looks as if ... 446.5 as it were

as it were

as it were 567.4 as long as

as long as

as long as 75;
meaning 'on condition that' 263 as much/many

as much/many

as much/many 357.6;
as much as (emphatic use) 136.6 as regards

as regards

as regards 157.1 as soon as

as soon as

as soon as + present with future meaning 580.2;
+ simple past or past perfect 424.1 as such

as such

as such 76 as though

as though

as though 74;
feel as though 202.3;
it looks as though 446.5 as usual

as usual

as usual 77 as well

as well

as well position 46.1;
may/might as well 343;
as well, also and too 46-47 as well as

as well as

as well as 78;
+ singular verb 532.2;
as well as that 157.11 ask

ask

ask 79;
+ object + infinitive 277.1, 283;
+ subjunctive 567.2;
ask to 282;
ask for ... to 291.7;
passive structure (I was asked to) 418.1;
with one and two objects 610.7 asleep

asleep

asleep position 12.3;
asleep and sleeping 86 ass

ass

ass (taboo word / swearword) 575 asshole

asshole

asshole (taboo word / swearword) 575 astonish

astonish

astonish non-progressive verb 471.2 at

at after verbs 80;
at ... age 32;
at and to 80;
at night 70.1;
at no time + inversion (auxiliary before subject) 302.7;
at, on and in (place) 81;
(time) 82;
at/on weekends 312.9;
at Philip's, at the Smiths' etc 249.1;
at school, university etc 70.1;
weak and strong form 616.3 at all

at all

at all 83 at any rate

at any rate

at any rate (discourse marker) 157.7 at first

at first

at first and first 84 at last

at last

at last, finally, in the end and at the end 204 at least

at least

at least 318.6;
discourse marker 157.7,16 at once

at once

at once 393 at which point

at which point

at which point 498.5 ate

ate

ate AmE pronunciation 304.3 -ate

-ate

-ate (suffix) 445.6 athletics

athletics

athletics singular, no plural 524.3 -ation

-ation

-ation (suffix) 445.2 attempt

attempt

attempt + -ing form or infinitive 299.11 Attorney General

Attorney General

Attorney General 13.1 attributive

attributive

attributive position of adjectives 12.1 authoress

authoress

authoress 222.4 auto-

auto-

auto- (prefix) 445.1 autumn

autumn

autumn with or without the 70.9 auxiliary verbs

auxiliary verbs

auxiliary verbs 85;
dropping words after auxiliaries 181;
stressed for emphasis 184.2 available

available

available position after noun (e.g. the tickets available) 13.2, 498.10 avoid ...ing

avoid ...ing

avoid ...ing 296.1 await

await

await 612 awake

awake

awake (adjective) position 12.3;
and waking 86 awake

awake

awake (verb), wake and (a)waken 86 aware of

aware of

aware of not followed by that 453.1 back

back

back and again 87 backward(s)

backward(s)

backward(s) 614 bacterium

bacterium

bacterium plural 524.4 bad

bad

bad preposition 449;
worse, worst 137.2 badly

badly

badly comparative and superlative 138 baggage

baggage

baggage uncountable 148.3 balls

balls

balls (taboo word / swearword) 575 bank

bank

bank + singular or plural verb/pronoun 526.1 barracks

barracks

barracks singular and plural the same 524.3 basis

basis

basis plural 524.4 bath

bath

bath and bathe 88 baths

baths

baths pronunciation 525.4 BBC

BBC

BBC + singular or plural verb/pronoun 526.1 BC

BC and AD 152.3 be

be 89-92;
and have 92;
be born 108;
be gone 229;
contractions (he's, isn't etc) 143;
do be, don't be 90,268.4;
I am to ... etc 91;
left out in advertisements, instructions etc 1;
left out in news headlines 240;
perfect auxiliary in older English 455.1;
progressive forms (I am being etc) 89;
subjunctive (I be, I were etc) 567.3;
weak and strong form 616.3;
with ages 32 be

be + infinitive (I am to etc) 91;
was to have been etc 288.2;
if ... was/ were to 261.2 be able

be able

be able 3 be committed

be committed

be committed + -ing form or infinitive 299.11 be going

be going

be going to 213 be supposed to

be supposed to

be supposed to 572 be sure and

be sure and

be sure and 53.1 be that as it may

be that as it may

be that as it may 567.4 be used to ... ing

be used to ... ing

be used to ... ing 605 bear

bear

bear (verb) 108.2;
(can't) hear + -ing form or infinitive 299.11 beat

beat

beat and win 93 because

because

because 94;
and because of 94.1;
because and so not used together 511.1;
because, as, since and for 72;
just because ... , it doesn't mean 94.3 become

become

become, get, go, grow etc 128 bed

bed

bed expressions without article 70.1 been

been

been weak and strong form 616.3;
meaning 'come' or 'gone' 95 before

before

before (adverb) 96;
and ago 33.4;
and ever 191.4;
before, first and before that 96.3;
with past perfect 97.3;
with present perfect 455.5 before

before

before (conjunction and preposition) 97-98;
+ present with future meaning 580.2;
before ... ing 411.6;
before and in front of98;
before and until 602.7 beg to

beg to

beg to 282;
+ object + infinitive 283 begin

begin

begin + -ing form or infinitive 299.10;
begin and start 99;
to begin with 157.10 belong

belong

belong non-progressive verb 471.2;
preposition 449 beloved

beloved

beloved pronunciation 18 below

below

below, under, underneath and beneath 100 bend

bend

bend active or passive meaning 609.2 beneath

beneath

beneath, below, under and underneath 100 beside

beside

beside and besides 101;
besides (discourse marker) 157.11;
besides, except and apart from 102 bet

bet

bet 103;
+ present with future meaning 103.2;
with two objects 610.1 better

better

better 137.2;
and rather 104.2;
had better 230;
meaning 'recovered' 104.1;
quite better 489.3 between

between

between and among 105;
between ... to 312.7;
between you and I etc 312.6, 429.1 bi

bi- (prefix) 445.1 bicycle

bicycle

bicycle by bicycle 70.1 big

big

big, large and great 106 billiards

billiards

billiards singular, no plural 524.3 billion

billion

billion 389.14;
and billions 389.15 binoculars

binoculars

binoculars plural with no singular 524.7 bit

bit

bit 430.1;
a bit 107;
quite a bit 489.4 bitch

bitch

bitch (taboo word / swearword) 575 blast

blast

blast (taboo word / swearword) 575 blessed

blessed

blessed pronunciation 18 blind

blind

blind the blind 17.1 bloody

bloody

bloody position 12.2 blue

blue

blue with cold etc 449 boat

boat

boat by boat 70.1;
on/in a boat 81.4 bollocks

bollocks

bollocks (taboo word / swearword) 575 bored

bored

bored and boring etc 409.2 born

born

born and borne 108 borrow

borrow

borrow and lend 109 both

both

both 110;
and all 35.1;
and both of 110.2;
both ... and 111;
following article dropped 70.5 bread

bread

bread uncountable 148.3 break

break

break active or passive meaning 609.2 bride

bride

bride and bridegroom 222.4 briefly

briefly

briefly 157.21 bring

bring

bring and take 112;
bring with two objects 610.1 bring up

bring up

bring up and educate 113 Brit

Brit

Brit 364 Note b Britain

Britain

Britain, the United Kingdom, the British Isles and England 114 British

British

British the British 17.2 British and American English

British and American English

British and American English 51;
see also American-British differences Briton

Briton

Briton 364 Note b broad

broad

broad and wide 115 broadly speaking

broadly speaking

broadly speaking 157.12 buffalo

buffalo

buffalo plural 523.3 bugger

bugger

bugger (taboo word / swearword) 575 bunch

bunch

bunch 430.4 burst out

burst out

burst out crying/laughing 296.1 bus

bus

bus by bus 70.1;
on a bus 81.4 but

but

but (co-ordinating conjunction) 510.2;
but, although, though and however 49;
but and although not used together 511.1;
dropping words after but 178;
may/might ... but 342;
weak and strong form 616.3 but

but

but meaning 'except' 116;
+ infinitive without to 281.4;
me, him etc after but 429.2;
next but one, last but two etc 116.1 but

but

but meaning 'only' 116.4 buy

buy

buy with two objects 610.1 by

by and with (method, tools etc) 119;
in passive 413;
written/composed etc by 450;
by or other prepositions after past participles 410.5;
by the kilo etc 70.16 by

by (place) and near 118 by

by (time) 117;
and until 602.6 by all/any/no means

by all/any/no means

by all/any/no means 349.2 by and large

by and large

by and large 157.12 by car

by car

by car, bus etc 70.1 by far

by far

by far with superlatives 140.3 by myself

by myself

by myself etc 493.6 by the time that

by the time that

by the time that 117.1 by the way

by the way

by the way 157.8 Bye

Bye

Bye and Bye-bye 545.2 cactus

cactus

cactus plural 524.4 calculations in speech

calculations in speech

calculations in speech 389.22-23 calf

calf

calf plural 524.1 call

call

call 120;
passive (e.g. she was called stupid) 419;
call back 87.5 camped

camped

camped active past participle 409.4 can

can

can and could 121-5
ability 122
can/could always 123.4
can/could and may/might 345
can have done in questions 359.4
can or will be able 123.1
can see, hear etc 125;
can speak, play 123.3
can't and may/might not 339.4
can't and mustn't 359.2
can't have done 359.4
could and was able to etc 122.5, 123.2
could and was allowed to etc 124.3
could as a less definite form of can 122.6
could have done 122.7, 123.5, 259.2
could in indirect speech 275.3, 278.3
could meaning 'would be able to' 122.6, 258.6
could meaning 'would be allowed to' 124.4
could making questions etc less direct 436.4
interpersonal uses (permission, requests, offers, suggestions, criticisms etc) 124
weak and strong form 616.3 can't bear

can't bear

can't bear + -ing form or infinitive 299.11 can't help

can't help

can't help 126 can't seem to

can't seem to

can't seem to 507.4 can't stand

can't stand

can't stand ... ing 296.1 capital letters

capital letters

capital letters 556;
after colons 474.4;
national adjectives (Italian etc) 364;
Northern etc 172 car

car

car by car 70.1 care to

care to

care to 282;
take care (of), care (about) and care for 127 careful to

careful to

careful to 284.2 carry

carry

carry not followed by indirect object 610.6 case

case

case in some etc cases 157.12;
in any case 157.11;
in case 271 cattle

cattle

cattle plural with no singular 524.7 causative structures

causative structures

causative structures with get 224;
with have 238;
with make 335 cause

cause

cause + object + infinitive 283 cent

cent

cent 389.17 cent(i)-

cent(i)-

cent(i)- (prefix) 445.1 -centric

-centric

-centric (suffix) 445.4 centuries

centuries

centuries numbering 389.8 certain

certain

certain + -ing form or infinitive 299.15 certainly

certainly

certainly position 24.3;
as discourse marker 157.5;
certainly and surely 573.1 chairman

chairman

chairman and chairperson 222.5 chance

chance

chance uncountable use 149.2 change

change

change active or passive meaning 609.1;
uncountable use 149.2 changes

changes

changes become, get, go, grow etc 128;
present progressive 464.4, 466.2 changes in English

changes in English

changes in English 312 Cheers

Cheers

Cheers 545.2,12,19 chess

chess

chess uncountable 148.3 chewing gum

chewing gum

chewing gum uncountable 148.3 child

child

child plural 524.2 Chinese

Chinese

Chinese singular and plural the same 524.3 choir

choir

choir + singular or plural 526.1 choose to

choose to

choose to 282;
she was chosen to be 418.1 Christ

Christ

Christ (taboo word / swearword) 575 Christmas

Christmas

Christmas prepositions 82.4 church

church

church expressions without article 70.1 cinema

cinema

cinema preposition 450;
the cinema 70.11 city

city

city and town 129 class

class

class + singular or plural 526.1 classic

classic

classic and classical 254.3 classical names

classical names

classical names English versions 362.2 clause

clause

clause inside clause 515.1 clean

clean

clean adjective and adverb 27.2 cleft sentences

cleft sentences

cleft sentences with it 131;
with what 130 clever

clever

clever preposition 449 close(d)

close(d)

close(d) and shut 132 cloth

cloth

cloth and clothes 133 clothes

clothes

clothes plural with no singular 524.7 club

club

club + singular or plural 526.1 co-

co-

co- (prefix) 445.1 cock

cock

cock (taboo word / swearword) 575 cold

cold

cold be cold 92.1 collapsed

collapsed

collapsed active past participle 409.3 collective nouns

collective nouns

collective nouns singular or plural 526.1 college

college

college expressions without article 70.1 collocations

collocations

collocations 255 colons

colons

colons 474;
in news headlines 240.2 colour

colour

colour expressions with no preposition 451.8 colour

colour

colour use of be 92.2 combat(t)ing

combat(t)ing

combat(t)ing etc spelling 562.7 come

come

come and go 134;
come ... ing 228.2;
come and 53.2;
come for a walk, swim etc 227;
come from 134.5;
come to (= 'arrive at') 134.5;
come to realise etc 128.5 come true/right

come true/right

come true/right 128.5 comic

comic

comic and comical 254.3 command

command

command + object + infinitive 283 commando

commando

commando plural 523.3 commas

commas

commas 476;
after subordinate clauses 510.4;
in numbers 389.10;
in relative clauses 495.2;
with adjectives 15.6 commentaries

commentaries

commentaries tenses 465.2;
words left out 1.3 committed

committed

committed + -ing form or infinitive 299.11 committee

committee

committee + singular or plural 526.1 common for

common for

common for ... to 291.4 comparatives and superlatives

comparatives and superlatives

comparatives and superlatives 135, 137-141
adjectives (formation) 137
adverbs (formation) 138
any/no older etc 57.1
ever after comparatives/superlatives 191.2
fatter and fatter, more and more slowly etc 139.4
more replacing -er 312.9
much, far etc with comparatives and superlatives 140
prepositions with superlatives (the happiest man in the world et c) 139.7
superlative + infinitive 284.3
superlative + relative clause with that 494.5
superlative with or without the 141.6
tenses after this is the best etc 591
the difference between comparatives and superlatives 139.2,3
the older ... , the happier ... etc 139.5
using comparatives and superlatives 139-141
word order with complement 13.5 comparison

comparison

comparison 135-141;
as ... as 136;
comparative and superlative adjectives and adverbs 137-141;
structures 135;
see also comparatives and superlatives compel

compel

compel + object + infinitive 283 complementation

complementation

complementation what can follow an adjective? 19;
what can follow a noun? 384;
what can follow a verb? 606 completely

completely

completely position 24.4 compound adjectives with participles

compound adjectives with participles

compound adjectives with participles (e.g quick-growing, home-made) 410.1 compound nouns

compound nouns

compound nouns plurals 524.6 concentrate

concentrate

concentrate not 'concentrate oneself' 493.9 concern

concern

concern non-progressive verb 471.2 concerned

concerned

concerned position and meaning 410.3 concerto

concerto

concerto plural 523.3 conclusion

conclusion

conclusion in conclusion 157.21 conditional structures

conditional structures

conditional structures see if conditional verb forms

conditional verb forms

conditional verb forms see would confused

confused

confused and confusing etc 409.2 congratulate

congratulate

congratulate and congratulations preposition 449 congratulations

congratulations

congratulations no singular 524.7, 545.4 conjunctions

conjunctions

conjunctions 510-11;
prepositions before conjunctions (e.g. the question of whether ... ) 453 consent

consent

consent structures 298.2 consequently

consequently

consequently (discourse marker) 157.14 consider

consider

consider ... ing 296.1;
consider + object + to be 607.3;
he was considered a genius etc 419;
it is considered to be etc 418.2 consist

consist

consist non-progressive verb 471.2 contain

contain

contain non-progressive verb 471.2 contemplate

contemplate

contemplate ... ing 296.1 contents

contents

contents plural with no singular 524.7 continual(ly)

continual(ly)

continual(ly) and continuous(ly) 142;
continually with progressive form 472 continue

continue

continue + -ing form or infinitive 299.11 continuous

continuous

continuous see progressive contractions

contractions

contractions 143 contrary

contrary

contrary and opposite 144.2;
on the contrary 157.6;
on the contrary and on the other hand 144.1 contrastive emphasis

contrastive emphasis

contrastive emphasis 184.1 control

control

control meaning 145 conversation

conversation

conversation countable or uncountable 148.6 co-ordinating conjunctions

co-ordinating conjunctions

co-ordinating conjunctions 510.2 corpus

corpus

corpus plural 524.4 correctness

correctness

correctness 309 correspondence

correspondence

correspondence (letters etc) 146-147 cost

cost

cost with two objects 610.1 costly

costly

costly adjective, not adverb 27.1 could

could

could see can countable and uncountable

countable and uncountable

countable and uncountable nouns 148-149;
a/an with uncountables 149.4;
plural uncountables 149.5 counter-

counter-

counter- (prefix) 445.1 counting

counting

counting see numbers country

country

country countable and uncountable uses 150;
the country 69.4 couple

couple

couple a couple of ... + plural verb 526.2 course

course

course of course 390 court martial

court martial

court martial 13.1;
plural 524.6 covered in

covered in

covered in 410.5 cowardly

cowardly

cowardly adjective, not adverb 27.1 crack

crack

crack active or passive meaning 609.2 craft

craft

craft singular and plural the same 524.3 crap

crap

crap (taboo word / swearword) 575 crash

crash

crash preposition 449 crew

crew

crew plural with no singular 524.7 crisis

crisis

crisis plural 524.4 criterion

criterion

criterion plural 524.4 crooked

crooked

crooked pronunciation 18 crossroads

crossroads

crossroads singular and plural the same 524.3 cubic metre

cubic metre

cubic metre etc 389.19 cunt

cunt

cunt (taboo word / swearword) 575 cursed

cursed

cursed pronunciation 18 customs

customs

customs plural with no singular 524.7 cyber-

cyber-

cyber- (prefix) 445.1 daily

daily

daily adjective and adverb 27.1 damn

damn

damn (taboo word / swearword) 575 'dangling' (misrelated) participles

'dangling' (misrelated) participles

'dangling' (misrelated) participles 411.4 dare

dare

dare 151;
I dare say 151.3 dash

dash

dash (punctuation mark) 477 data

data

data singular or plural 524.3, 312.7 dates

dates

dates 152;
in letters 146.2 day

day

day by day 70.1;
the day we met etc 498.6 days of the week

days of the week

days of the week expressions with no preposition 451.3 de-

de-

de- (prefix) 445.1 dead

dead

dead adjective and adverb 27.2;
dead, died and death 153;
the dead 17.1 dead

dead

dead and deadly 27.2 deaf

deaf

deaf the deaf 17.1 deal

deal

deal a great deal 333.4 decide to

decide to

decide to 282;
it was decided to 417.2 decimals

decimals

decimals 389.1-3 declarative questions

declarative questions

declarative questions (e.g. You're working late?) 481 deep

deep

deep position after measurement nouns 13.4 deer

deer

deer singular and plural the same 524.3 defining

defining

defining (relative clauses) see identifying definitely

definitely

definitely position 24.3 delay

delay

delay ... ing 296.1 delighted for

delighted for

delighted for ... to 291.3 demonstratives

demonstratives

demonstratives (this, that, these, those) 589-590 deny

deny

deny non-progressive verb 471.2;
deny ... ing 296.1;
I deny 466.4 depend

depend

depend non-progressive verb 471.2;
depend/dependent preposition 449 describe

describe

describe structure with as 607.2;
with two objects 610.6 descriptive and prescriptive rules

descriptive and prescriptive rules

descriptive and prescriptive rules 309.4 deserve

deserve

deserve + -ing form with passive meaning 296.3;
non-progressive verb 471.2 despite this/that

despite this/that

despite this/that 157.3 details

details

details preposition 449 determiners

determiners

determiners (the, my, some, either etc) 154;
with -ing form (e.g. the opening of Parliament; my smoking) 295.3;
dropping words after determiners 180.2 detest

detest

detest ...ing 296.1 developed

developed

developed active past participle 409.3 diagnosis

diagnosis

diagnosis plural 524.4 dialects

dialects

dialects and standard English 308, 309.2 dice

dice

dice singular and plural the same 524.3 dick

dick

dick (taboo word / swearword) 575 die

die

die preposition 449 died

died

died, dead and death 153 difference

difference

difference uncountable use 149.2;
difference between 105.3 different from/to/than

different from/to/than

different from/to/than 155.2;
and other 54.5;
any/no different 155.1;
word order with complement 13.5 difficult

difficult

difficult word order with complement 13.5;
difficult to please etc 284.4 difficulty

difficulty

difficulty preposition 449;
have difficulty in ... ing 149.2 dime

dime

dime 389.17 dinner

dinner

dinner, lunch and supper 347 direct

direct

direct adjective and adverb 27.2 direct and indirect objects

direct and indirect objects

direct and indirect objects 610 direct and indirect speech

direct and indirect speech

direct and indirect speech 274.1;
see also indirect speech direct speech

direct speech

direct speech reporting verbs and word order 156;
commas and colons 474.6,476.9;
quotation marks 478.1 dis-

dis-

dis- (prefix) 445.1 disagree

disagree

disagree non-progressive verb 471.2 disappointed

disappointed

disappointed preposition 449 discourse markers

discourse markers

discourse markers 157 discuss

discuss

discuss no following preposition 451.1 discussion

discussion

discussion preposition 449 dislike

dislike

dislike non-progressive verb 471.2;
+ (object -) -ing form 296.1,2 distributive plural

distributive plural

distributive plural (e.g. six people lost their lives) 530 dive

dive

dive AmE forms 304.3 divide

divide

divide prepositions 449;
between/among 105.3 divorce

divorce

divorce and get divorced 337 do

do 158-161
auxiliary verb 159;
in emphatic imperatives (e.g. Do sit down.) 268.2;
in negatives 367-371;
in questions 482;
in question tags 487-8;
in short answers 517
do and make 160.3
do ... ing 160
general-purpose verb 160
so do I etc 541
substitute verb 161
weak and strong form 616.3
with be in emphatic imperatives 268.4
with have 237, 239 do so/it/that

do so/it/that

do so/it/that 162 do you mind ... ?

do you mind ... ?

do you mind ... ? 351.1 doctor

doctor

doctor 363.2,3 does

does

does weak and strong form 616.3 dogged

dogged

dogged pronunciation 18 dollar

dollar

dollar 389.17 donate

donate

donate not followed by indirect object 610.6 don't

don't

don't, I'm, I've etc (contractions) 143 don't be

don't be

don't be in negative imperatives 268.4 don't mention it

don't mention it

don't mention it 545.19 double negatives

double negatives

double negatives 370;
in dialects 309.2;
in expressions of doubt 261.8, 370.7 doubling consonants

doubling consonants

doubling consonants (e.g. big → bigger) 562 doubt

doubt

doubt (noun) no doubt 377 doubt

doubt

doubt (verb) structures 163;
non-progressive verb 471.2;
if in doubt 261.6 down

down

down and up (down/up the road etc) 603 dozen

dozen

dozen and dozens 389.15 Dr

Dr 363.3 draughts

draughts

draughts singular, no plural 524.3 dream

dream

dream preposition 449 dress

dress

dress (noun) 164.1 dress

dress

dress (verb) 164.2,3;
dress, not dress oneself 493.9;
dress(ed) preposition 449 drinking

drinking

drinking common expressions 545.12 drive

drive

drive preposition 449 dropping

dropping

dropping words see ellipsis drown

drown

drown and be drowned 165 drunken

drunken

drunken 304.3 due to

due to

due to and owing to 166 duke

duke

duke and duchess 222.4 during

during

during and for 167;
and in 168 Dutch

Dutch

Dutch the Dutch 17.2 e-

e- (prefix) 445.1 each

each

each 169;
each of 169.2;
and every 170;
expressions with no preposition 451.2;
followed by he/she or they 169.3;
position 169.4 each other / one another

each other / one another

each other / one another 171;
and -selves 171.4 eager for

eager for

eager for ... to 291.3 early

early

early adjective and adverb 27.1;
(adverb) comparative and superlative 138;
early, soon and quickly 550 earth

earth

earth who on earth etc 624 easily

easily

easily with superlatives 140.3 east

east

east and eastern etc 172;
capital letters 172.3 Easter

Easter

Easter prepositions 82.4 easy

easy

easy adjective and adverb 27.2;
(adverb) comparative and superlative 138;
easy for ... to 291.4;
easy to please etc 284.4;
word order with complement 13.5 echo

echo

echo plural 523.3 echo questions

echo questions

echo questions 483 eco-

eco-

eco- (prefix) 445.1 economic

economic

economic and economical 254.3 -ed

-ed

-ed (suffix) 445.4;
-ed and -ing forms (participles) 408-411;
pronunciation 421, 18 educate

educate

educate and bring up 113 -ee

-ee

-ee (suffix) 445.2 efficient

efficient

efficient and effective 173 e.g.

e.g.

e.g. (= for example) 157.13 either

either

either (adverb) position 24.6;
either, also, as well and too in negative clauses 47;
not ... either, neither and nor 374 either

either

either (determiner) 174;
either of 174.2;
and either one 395.5;
meaning 'each' 174.5 either ... or

either ... or

either ... or 175 elder

elder

elder and eldest 176;
position 12.2 elect

elect

elect she was elected President etc 419 electric

electric

electric and electrical 254.3 elf

elf

elf plural 524.1 ellipsis

ellipsis

ellipsis (leaving out words) 177-182
after adjectives 180.1
after and, but and or 178
after as and than 177.7
after auxiliary verbs 181
after conjunctions 177.11
after determiners 180.2
after if 261.6
after question words 177.8
at the beginning of a sentence 179
before question tags 488.8
comprehension problems 515.3,4
dropping if 261.4,5
dropping prepositions 451
dropping prepositions before that 453.1,2
dropping that 584
dropping the after all 36.5
dropping the after both 70.5
in advertisements, instructions etc 1
in headlines 240.1
in infinitives (e.g. I don't want to) 182
in noun phrases 180
in replies 177.1
object relative pronoun 495.4
subject relative pronoun 498.17 else

else

else 183;
elsewhere 183.6 emails

emails

emails 147;
words left out 1 embedding

embedding

embedding (clause inside clause) 515 emphasis

emphasis

emphasis 184;
emotive and contrastive 184.1 emphatic imperatives

emphatic imperatives

emphatic imperatives 268.2 en-

en-

en- (prefix) 445.1 -en

-en

-en (suffix) 445.6 -ence

-ence

-ence, -ency (suffixes) 445.2 encourage

encourage

encourage + object + infinitive 283 end

end

end and finish (verbs) 185 end

end

end at/in the end 204;
either end 174.5 endure

endure

endure ... ing 296.1 end-weight

end-weight

end-weight 512.4 England

England

England, Britain, the United Kingdom and the British Isles 114 England

England

England (football team) + plural 526.1 English

English

English the English 17.2, 364 English

English

English (the language) uncountable 149.4 enjoy

enjoy

enjoy 186;
enjoy ... ing 296.1;
Enjoy (yourself)! 545.9 enough

enough

enough 187;
enough of 187.4;
+ for ... to 291.8;
enough to after adjective 284.4 enter

enter

enter preposition 449;
no following preposition 451.1 entitled

entitled

entitled structures 298.2 equipment

equipment

equipment uncountable 148.3 -er

-er

-er (suffix) 445.2 escape

escape

escape .. .ing 296.1 escaped

escaped

escaped active past participle 409.3 -ese

-ese

-ese (suffix) 445.3 Eskimo

Eskimo

Eskimo plural 523.3 especial(ly)

especial(ly)

especial(ly) and special(ly) 188 -ess

-ess

-ess (suffix) 445.2 essential

essential

essential + subjunctive 567.2;
+ for ... to 291.4 -ette

-ette

-ette (suffix) 445.2 Euro-

Euro-

Euro- (prefix) 445.1 even

even

even 189;
and also 189.3;
position 24.6;
with comparatives 140.1 even if/though

even if/though

even if/though 189.4 even now

even now

even now 189.5 even so

even so

even so 189.5 eventual(ly)

eventual(ly)

eventual(ly) 190 ever

ever

ever 191;
after superlatives 139.8;
and always 191.5;
and before 191.4;
if ever 261.6;
non-affirmative word 381;
position 24.2;
who ever etc 624;
with present perfect 455.5;
with simple past 457.4;
ever after 191.5;
ever before 191.4;
ever since 191.5 ever so/such

ever so/such

ever so/such 192 every

every

every 193;
and all 39;
and any 56;
and each 170;
every one (of) 193.2,3;
every ... but 116.1;
every day and all day etc 39.4;
expressions with no preposition 451.2;
followed by he/she or they 193.5 every few days

every few days

every few days etc 193.6 every now and then

every now and then

every now and then 193.10 every other

every other

every other 193.9 every single

every single

every single 193.9 every so often

every so often

every so often 193.10 everybody

everybody

everybody and everyone 548.1;
no difference 548.1;
+ singular verb 548.3;
and all 38;
followed by he/she or they 193.7;
position with adjectives 13.6;
question tags 488.5;
with else 183.1 everyday

everyday

everyday and every day 193.8 everyone

everyone

everyone 548;
+ singular verb 548.3;
and all 38;
and everybody 548.1;
and every one 548.7;
followed by he/she or they 193.7;
position with adjectives 13.6;
question tags 488.5 everything

everything

everything 548;
+ singular verb 193.7;
and all 38;
everything that 494.5;
position with adjectives 13.6;
question tags 488.5 everywhere

everywhere

everywhere 548;
+ singular verb 193.7;
position with adjectives 13.6 ex-

ex-

ex- (prefix) 445.1 example of

example of

example of 449;
for example 157.13 except

except

except structures 194;
+ infinitive without to 281.4;
except for 194, 157.12;
and without 194.6;
except, besides and apart from 102;
me, him etc after except 429.2 excited by/about

excited by/about

excited by/about 410.5;
excited and exciting etc 409.2 exclamation mark

exclamation mark

exclamation mark 473 exclamations

exclamations

exclamations 195;
articles (What a ... !) 70.13 excuse

excuse

excuse ... ing 296.1 Excuse me

Excuse me

Excuse me 545.6,7 expect

expect

expect (+ object) + infinitive 282-283;
expect, hope, wait and look forward 196;
in negative sentences 369.4;
expect so/not 539 experience

experience

experience countable or uncountable 148.6;
and experiment 197 explain

explain

explain structures 198;
passive structures 415;
preposition 449 extent

extent

extent to some extent etc 157.12 extra-

extra-

extra- (prefix) 445.1 face

face

face ... ing 296.1 facing

facing

facing, opposite and in front of 402 fact

fact

fact in fact, as a matter of fact (discourse markers) 157.20;
the fact that 583.3 faded

faded

faded active past participle 409.3,4 fail to

fail to

fail to ... 282 fair

fair

fair adjective and adverb 27.2 fairly

fairly

fairly, quite, rather and pretty 199 fall ill / asleep/ in love

fall ill / asleep/ in love

fall ill / asleep/ in love 128.8 fallen

fallen

fallen active past participle 409.3 family

family

family + singular or plural 526.1 fancy

fancy

fancy ... ing 296.1 far

far

far (adjective) 200.4 far

far

far (adverb) and a long way 200 far

far

far before too 595.3;
before comparatives and superlatives 140 farm

farm

farm on a farm 81.7 fart

fart

fart (taboo word / swearword) 575 farther

farther

farther and further 201 fast

fast

fast adjective and adverb 27.2;
(adverb) comparative and superlative 138 fear

fear

fear and be afraid 28 feel

feel

feel 202;
+ object + infinitive without to 281.2;
+ object + to be 607.3;
can feel 125.1;
feel as if/though 202.3;
feel like 202.3,4;
feel like ... ing 296.1;
I feel (discourse marker) 157.16;
it was felt that 417.1;
link verb 202.1-3;
ordinary verb: meanings and structures 202.5-7;
present tenses 466.7;
progressive and nonprogressive uses 471.3;
there are felt to be 418.4;
without -self 493.9 female

female

female and feminine 203 fetch

fetch

fetch, look for and look after 331.4 few

few

few, a few and (a) little 329;
few of 329.2;
the few ... that 494.5;
quite a few 489.4 fewer

fewer

fewer and less 320.1;
fewer of 320.2 fewest

fewest

fewest and least 318 fight

fight

fight preposition 449 fill in/out

fill in/out

fill in/out 312.9 filled with

filled with

filled with 410.5 finally

finally

finally (discourse marker) 157.10;
and after all 31.2;
finally, at last and in/at the end 204 find

find

find + object + ... ing 411.7;
+ object + to be 607.4 find

find

find and found 304.2 find out

find out

find out and know 313.5 fine

fine

fine adjective and adverb 27.2 finish

finish

finish ... ing 296.1;
finish and end 185 finished

finished

finished be/have finished 205;
meaning 'ready' 205;
active past participle 409.4 finished-time words

finished-time words

finished-time words not normally used with present perfect 456.2,457.5 fireman

fireman

fireman 222.5 firm

firm

firm + singular or plural 526.1 first

first

first (adverb) and at first 84;
and before 96.3 first

first

first and one, second and two etc 389.7;
tenses after this is the first etc 591;
the first etc to 284.3;
word order with complement 13.5 first floor

first floor

first floor etc 389.9 first(ly)

first(ly)

first(ly), first of all (discourse markers) 157.10 fish

fish

fish singular and plural the same 524.3 fit

fit

fit (adjective) + infinitive 284.2 fit

fit

fit non-progressive verb 471.2;
AmE forms 304.3;
fit and suit 206;
no passive 412.4 fixed expressions

fixed expressions

fixed expressions 255 flat

flat

flat adjective and adverb 27.2 flock

flock

flock 430.4 floors

floors

floors first floor etc 389.9 flow

flow

flow and fly 304.2 flu

flu

flu uncountable 148.7 fly

fly

fly and flow 304.2 focus(s)ing

focus(s)ing

focus(s)ing etc spelling 562.7 follow

follow can follow 125.3 foot

foot

foot (measure) 389.18;
six foot/feet etc 389.15 foot

foot

foot on foot 70.1;
irregular plural 524.2 for

for

for ... to 291;
after enough 291.8;
after something, anybody etc 291.6;
after too 291.8;
after verbs 291.7;
for there to be 291.10 for

for

for in news headlines 240.2 for

for

for purpose/ cause 207;
for ... ing after nouns (e.g. a machine for cutting) 207.2,297.2;
for, as, because and since 72 for

for

for (time), since, in and from 208;
for and ago 33.3;
and during 167;
dropped in time expressions 451.7;
with present perfect progressive 458.5;
present with future meaning after for 208.1 for

for

for weak and strong form 616.3 for a long time

for a long time

for a long time and long 330 for example

for example

for example, for instance 157.13 for one thing

for one thing

for one thing, for another thing (discourse markers) 157.10 forbid

forbid

forbid + object + infinitive 283;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.4 force

force

force + object + infinitive 283 fore-

fore-

fore- (prefix) 445.1 forever

forever

forever 191.5;
with progressive form 472 forget

forget

forget + -ing form or infinitive 299.1;
and leave 209 forgive

forgive

forgive ... ing 296.1 formal and informal language

formal and informal language

formal and informal language 311;
in letters and emails 146-147 former

former

former the former 17.3 formula

formula

formula plural 524.4 forward(s)

forward(s)

forward(s) 614 found

found

found and find 304.2 fractions

fractions

fractions 389.1-3 frankly

frankly

frankly (discourse marker) 157.18 free

free

free adjective and adverb 27.2;
and freely 27.2 French

French

French the French 17.2, 364 frequently

frequently

frequently position 22.3, 24.2 friendly

friendly

friendly adjective, not adverb 27.1 frightened by/of

frightened by/of

frightened by/of 410.5;
very frightened 410.4 from

from

from, in, for and since (time) 208 from

from

from weak and strong form 616.3 from my point of view

from my point of view

from my point of view and in my opinion 434 front

front

front in front of, facing and opposite 402;
in the front of 402.3 fronting

fronting

fronting 513 fruit

fruit

fruit uncountable 148.5 fuck

fuck

fuck (taboo word I swearword) 575;
what the fuck etc 624 -ful

-ful

-ful (suffix) 445.2,4 full stops

full stops

full stops 473;
in numbers 389.1,10;
not used in abbreviations 2.1 fun

fun

fun and funny 210 funds

funds

funds plural with no singular 524.7 fungus

fungus

fungus plural 524.4 furniture

furniture

furniture uncountable 148.3 further

further

further and farther 201 furthermore

furthermore

furthermore 157.11 future

future

future 211-221
future forms in polite instructions etc (e.g. You'll need to ... ) 436.3
future in the past 221
future perfect 219
future progressive 220
going to 213
I am to ... 91
present forms or will/shall? 216
present progressive 214
present progressive or going to 214.2
shall in legal documents etc 218.6
simple present 215
will and shall 212;
interpersonal uses 217
will and shall, going to and present progressive (advanced points) 218 gallon

gallon

gallon BrE and AmE 389.18 game

game

game and play 432.1 gather

gather

gather I gather that 243 gender

gender

gender (references to males and females) 222 general

general

general in general (discourse marker) 157.12 genitive

genitive

genitive see possessive geo-

geo-

geo- (prefix) 445.1 geographical names

geographical names

geographical names article use 70.17 gerunds

gerunds

gerunds 293-300;
see also -ing forms get

get

get structures and meanings 223-224;
AmE forms 304.3;
get + object + infinitive 283;
get and go (movement) 225;
get, become, go, grow etc 128;
have got 237, 239;
I got instead of I've got 312.8;
passive auxiliary (get caught etc) 223.5;
passive imperatives (e.g. get vaccinated) 268.3;
with two objects 610.1 get back

get back

get back to 599.5 get dressed

get dressed

get dressed, drowned, lost, married etc 223.4 get married/divorced

get married/divorced

get married/divorced 337 get on with

get on with

get on with 599.5 get round to

get round to

get round to ... ing 298.2 get used to

get used to

get used to 605.3 give

give

give with two objects 610.1;
in passive 415;
with action nouns (give a cry etc) 226;
give it a push etc 598.2 give up

give up

give up ... ing 296.1 glass

glass

glass (uncountable) and a glass 148.4 glasses

glasses

glasses plural with no singular 524.7 go

go + infinitive or -ing form 296.4;
go ... ing 228;
go and 53.2;
go and come 134;
go and get (movement) 225;
go, become, get, grow etc 128;
go for a walk, swim etc 227,598.2 go

go (noun) a go 598.1 go on

go on

go on + -ing form or infinitive 299.2 God

God

God (taboo word / swearword) 575 God Almighty

God Almighty

God Almighty word order 13.1;
God bless you 567.4;
God save the Queen 567.4 going to

going to

going to (future auxiliary) 213, 216, 218 gold

gold

gold and golden 386.4 gone

gone

gone active past participle 409.4;
be gone 229 gonna

gonna

gonna (= going to) 213.4, 308.4 good

good

good preposition 449;
better, best 137.2;
a good two hours etc 532.6;
any/no good 57;
+ infinitive 284.4;
and well 617.1;
good at ... ing 297.1;
good for ... to 291.4;
it's no good ... ing 295.5 good-looking

good-looking

good-looking comparative/superlative 137.4 Good morning

Good morning

Good morning etc 545.2;
Goodbye 545.2 goods

goods

goods plural with no singular 524.7 goose

goose

goose plural 524.2 got

got

got have got 237, 239;
I got instead of I've got 312.8;
see also have gotta

gotta

gotta (= got to) 239.4, 308.4 gotten

gotten

gotten 304.3 government

government

government + singular or plural 526.1 gradable adjectives

gradable adjectives

gradable adjectives 489.1 granted

granted

granted (discourse marker) 157.5 grape(s)

grape(s)

grape(s) countable 148.5 grateful

grateful

grateful and thankful 582 great

great

great, big and large 106 greetings

greetings

greetings 545.2,4 groceries

groceries

groceries plural with no singular 524.7 ground floor

ground floor

ground floor etc 389.9 group

group

group + singular or plural 526.1,2 group-

group-

group- and piece-words 430 grow

grow

grow, become, get, go etc 128 grown up

grown up

grown up active past participle 409.3,4 guess

guess

guess can guess 125.2;
guess so/not 539;
I guess (discourse marker) 157.16 had

had

had weak and strong form 616.3 had better

had better

had better 230;
had better, should and ought 230.1;
in indirect speech 278.3 had I

had I

had I meaning 'if I had' etc 261.5 had rather

had rather

had rather obsolete form 491.3 had to do

had to do

had to do and must have done 361.3 hair

hair

hair (uncountable) and a hair 148.5 half

half

half 231;
half of 231.1;
half of + plural verb 526.2;
half as ... as 136.7;
half two (= half past two) 579.1;
halves 524.1 handicapped

handicapped

handicapped spelling 562.7;
the handicapped 17.1 'hanging' (misrelated) participles

'hanging' (misrelated) participles

'hanging' (misrelated) participles 411.4 happen to

happen to

happen to 232;
after in case 271.2;
in if-clauses 261.1;
structure with there 587.2;
happen in negative sentences 369.4 Happy birthday / New Year

Happy birthday / New Year

Happy birthday / New Year etc 545.4 happy to

happy to

happy to 284.1 hard

hard

hard adjective and adverb 27.2;
(adverb) comparative and superlative 138;
hard and hardly 27.2;
hard to please 284.4 hardly

hardly

hardly position 24.4;
inversion (auxiliary before subject) 302.7;
hardly ever/any etc 43.3;
hardly, scarcely and no sooner 233;
question tags 487.4 has

has

has weak and strong form 616.3 hat

hat

hat in a hat 450 hate

hate

hate non-progressive verb 471.2;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.9;
+ object + infinitive 283 have

have

have 234-239 Have a good

Have a good

Have a good holiday/time/trip etc 545.9,10 have on

have on

have on (= be wearing) 164.3 he

he (personal pronoun) 428-429;
meaning 'he or she' 222.2;
he or she 222.2;
he/she who 429.9;
used for animals 222.1;
weak and strong form 616.3;
see also personal pronouns headlines

headlines

headlines 240 headquarters

headquarters

headquarters singular and plural 524.3 health

health

health uncountable 149.4 hear

hear

hear non-progressive verb 471.2;
can hear 125.1;
hear and listen (to) 241;
hear something happen/happening/done 242;
I hear that ... 243;
make oneself heard 335.2;
he was heard to 418.3;
so I hear 539.3 Heaven forbid

Heaven forbid

Heaven forbid 567.4 heavy

heavy

heavy 'unmarked' use 350 height

height

height expressions with no preposition 451.8 height

height

height use of be 92.2 hell

hell

hell (taboo word / swearword) 575;
why the hell etc 624 help

help

help (verb) 244;
can't help (... ing) 126;
help + (object +) infinitive 281.2,282, 283;
he was helped to 418.3 herd

herd

herd 430.4 here and there

here and there

here and there 245;
here comes ... etc 303;
here's + plural noun 532.4 Here you are

Here you are

Here you are 545.18 hero

hero

hero plural 523.3;
and heroine 222.4 hers

hers

hers 442 herself

herself

herself 493 hesitate to

hesitate to

hesitate to 282 high

high

high adjective and adverb 27.2;
(adverb) comparative and superlative 138;
high and highly 27.2;
high and tall 246;
two metres high etc 13.4 high tea

high tea

high tea 347.1 high time

high time

high time 306.2 him

him

him (personal pronoun) 428-429;
weak and strong form 616.3;
see also personal pronouns himself

himself

himself 493 hire

hire

hire, rent and let 247 his

his

his (e.g. his house) 441;
(e.g. it's his) 442;
weak and strong form 616.3;
see also possessives historic

historic

historic and historical 254.3 holiday(s)

holiday(s)

holiday(s) 248;
questions/wishes about holidays 545.9,10 home

home

home 249;
and house 249.2;
expressions without article 70.1 homeward(s)

homeward(s)

homeward(s) 614 honestly

honestly

honestly (discourse marker) 157.18 -hood

-hood

-hood (suffix) 445.2 hope

hope

hope 250;
+ infinitive 282;
+ present with future meaning 250.1;
hope, expect, wait and look forward 196;
hope for ... to 291. 7;
hope so/not 539;
I was hoping, I had hoped 250.3;
negative structures 250.2, 369.2 hopefully

hopefully

hopefully 251 hospital

hospital

hospital expressions without article 70.1 host

host

host and hostess 222.4 hot

hot

hot be hot 92.1 house

house

house and home 249.2 houses

houses

houses pronunciation 525.4 hovercraft

hovercraft

hovercraft singular and plural the same 524.3 how

how

how 252;
and how much 252.2;
and the way 252.7;
and what ... like 253;
exclamations 195,252.4;
how-clauses in sentences 252.6;
how, like and as 252.3;
how to 277.2;
how, what and why 252.4;
no matter how 378;
special word order with adjectives 14 how about ... ?

how about ... ?

how about ... ? 252.4 How are you?

How are you?

How are you? and How do you do? 545.1,3 How dare you?

How dare you?

How dare you? 151.3 How do you know?

How do you know?

How do you know? 252.4 how else

how else

how else 183.1 how ever

how ever

how ever 624 how far

how far

how far 252.5 how long?

how long?

how long? with present perfect 460.1;
How long are you here for? and How long have you been here for? 330.5 how much/many

how much/many

how much/many 252.5;
and how 252.2 how often

how often

how often 252.5 how old

how old

how old 252.5 how on earth

how on earth

how on earth, the hell, the fuck etc 624 How should I know?

How should I know?

How should I know? etc 482.2 however

however

however, although, though and but 49;
however (discourse marker) 157.3 however

however

however (conjunction) 625;
and no matter how 378.2 hundred

hundred

hundred and a hundred 389.11;
and hundreds 389.15 hungry

hungry

hungry be hungry 92.1 hurry

hurry

hurry without -self 493.9;
hurry up and 53.2 hurt

hurt

hurt present tenses 466.7 hyper-

hyper-

hyper- (prefix) 445.1 hyphens

hyphens

hyphens 559 hypothesis

hypothesis

hypothesis plural 524.4 I

I, me etc (personal pronouns) 428-429;
after as 136.4;
after but 116.2;
after than 139.6;
I and me, she and her etc: the differences 428.2, 429;
I in double objects (e.g. between you and I) 312.6, 429.1;
I who 498.12;
It is I who / It is me that 131.2;
me in double subjects (e.g. John and me went) 309.3;
see also personal pronouns I am to

I am to

I am to 91 I beg your pardon

I beg your pardon

I beg your pardon 545.7 I dare say

I dare say

I dare say 151.3 I don't know

I don't know

I don't know (discourse marker) 157.17 I feel

I feel

I feel (discourse marker) 157.16 I gather/hear/see/understand

I gather/hear/see/understand

I gather/hear/see/understand that 243 I guess

I guess

I guess (discourse marker) 157.16 I know

I know

I know and I know it 313.6 I mean

I mean

I mean (discourse marker) 348.4, 157.15-17 I reckon

I reckon

I reckon (discourse marker) 157.16 I should

I should

I should meaning 'If I were you, I should' 264.2 I suppose

I suppose

I suppose (discourse marker) 157.16 I think

I think

I think (discourse marker) 157.16 I think I'll

I think I'll

I think I'll (softening expression) 437.2 I told you so

I told you so

I told you so 540.2 I would

I would

I would meaning 'If I were you, I would' 264.2 -(i)an

-(i)an

-(i)an (suffix) 445.3 -ic

-ic

-ic and -ical (suffixes) 445.4;
differences 254.3 idea

idea

idea preposition 449;
a good idea for ... to 291.5;
the idea of ... ing 297.1;
uncountable use 149.2 identify

identify

identify structure with as 607.2 identifying and non-identifying relative clauses

identifying and non-identifying relative clauses

identifying and non-identifying relative clauses 495;
498.14;
see also relative structures idioms

idioms

idioms 255 if

if 256-264
basic structures: ordinary tense use 257
basic structures: past tenses and would 258
basic structures: unreal past situations 259
discourse marker showing concession 157.5
double negative in sentences with if 261.8
even if 189.4
if ... any 55.1;
if ... ever 191.1;
if ... happen to 261.1;
if ... ing 411.6;
if ... should 261.1;
if ... then 261.9;
if ... was/were to 261.2
if and in case 271;
and when 618;
and whether 621
if I were you 264
if in indirect questions 276.3
if it was/were not for 261.3
if meaning 'even if' 261.10
leaving out if 261.4,5
other words with the same meaning 263
preparatory it (e.g. it will be a pity if) 446.5
sentences with if in indirect speech 278.5
structures in spoken English 262
various meanings 261.10-13
will in if-clause 260
with past participle (e.g. if asked) 411.6 if any

if any

if any, ever, necessary, in doubt etc 261.6 if not

if not

if not and unless 601.1,2 if only

if only

if only 265 if so/not

if so/not

if so/not 261.7 if you like

if you like

if you like 325.7 -ify

-ify

-ify (suffix) 445.6 ill

ill

ill position 12.3;
and sick 266;
preposition 449 ill-

ill-

ill- (prefix) 445.1 illnesses

illnesses

illnesses usually uncountable 148.7;
with or without the 70.14 I'm

I'm

I'm, I've, don't etc (contractions) 143 I'm afraid

I'm afraid

I'm afraid (discourse marker) 157.16 im-

im-

im- (prefix) 445.1 imagine

imagine

imagine non-progressive verb 471.2;
+ (object -r) -ing form 296.1,2;
imagine (that) 263;
+ so/not 539;
in negative sentences 369 immediately

immediately

immediately (conjunction) 267 imperatives

imperatives

imperatives 268;
question tags 488.2;
structures with let 323 important

important

important + subjunctive 567.2;
+ for ... to 291.2,4;
structure with should 521.1 impossible to

impossible to

impossible to 284.4;
for ... to 291.4 impressed

impressed

impressed preposition 449 in

in (place) 81;
in and into 269;
in and to 80;
in, at and on 81;
in bed, hospital etc 70.1 in

in (time) 82;
in a month's time etc 82.6;
in and during 168;
and later 315;
in, at and on 82;
in, from, for and since 208 in addition

in addition

in addition 157.11;
in addition to ... ing 298.2 in any case

in any case

in any case (discourse marker) 157.7,11 in case

in case

in case and if 271;
+ happen to / should 271.2 in case of

in case of

in case of 271.4 in conclusion

in conclusion

in conclusion 157.21 in fact

in fact

in fact (discourse marker) 157.20 in front of

in front of

in front of, facing and opposite 402;
in front of and before 98 in general

in general

in general (discourse marker) 157.12 in most cases

in most cases

in most cases 157.12 in my opinion

in my opinion

in my opinion 157.16;
and from my point of view 434 in my view

in my view

in my view 157.16 in order that

in order that

in order that and so that 543 in order to

in order to

in order to 289 in other words

in other words

in other words 157.15 in particular

in particular

in particular (discourse marker) 157.13 in short

in short

in short (discourse marker) 157.21 in some cases

in some cases

in some cases 157.12 in spite of

in spite of

in spite of 272;
in spite of ... ing 411.6;
in spite of this/that 157.3 in the end

in the end

in the end, at the end, at last and finally 204 in the first

in the first

in the first etc place (discourse marker) 157.10 in the same way

in the same way

in the same way (discourse marker) 157.4 in the way

in the way

in the way and on the way 615.5 in time

in time

in time and on time 450, 593.3 in which case

in which case

in which case 498.5 in-

in-

in- (prefix) 445.1 inch

inch

inch 389.18 incidentally

incidentally

incidentally 157.8 inclined

inclined

inclined structures 298.2 include

include

include non-progressive verb 471.2 increased

increased

increased active past participle 409.3 indeed

indeed

indeed 273 indefinite pronouns

indefinite pronouns

indefinite pronouns see somebody, anybody, you etc independence

independence

independence and independent prepositions 449 indirect and direct objects

indirect and direct objects

indirect and direct objects 610 indirect speech

indirect speech

indirect speech 274-8
I asked how old you are / were etc 278.2
infinitives 277
modal verbs 278.3
negative questions 278.6
past use of must 359.5
questions and answers 276
reporting past tenses with past or past perfect 278.1
reporting Shall I ... ? 278.4
sentences with if 278.5
tenses 275
with relative structures: somebody I know you'll like; a car that I didn't know how fast it could go 498.15,16
without reporting verbs 278.9
word order with what, which and who 278.7 infinitives

infinitives

infinitives 279-292
active and passive infinitive with similar meaning 287
after adjectives 284
after easy, difficult, impossible etc 284.4
after nouns and pronouns 285
after relatives (e.g. a garden in which to play) 498.13
after superlatives (e.g. the youngest person to) 141.5, 284.3
after verbs 282;
after verb + object 283
for ... to 291
forms 280
future meaning (e.g. the life to come) 285.6
in indirect speech 277
in news headlines 240.2
infinitive or -ing form 293.3;
after verbs 296.4;
after way 615.3;
special cases 299
infinitive without to 281;
after: as ... as 136.9;
but 116.3;
except 194.5;
help 244;
let 322;
make 335;
rather than 491.1;
why 628.3;
would rather 491.2
perfect infinitive (e.g. to have left) 288
position of prepositions (e.g. to look at) 452
progressive, perfect, passive and negative infinitives 280
purpose (e.g. I sat down to rest) 289
split infinitive 280.7
structure with preparatory it 446-447
subject, object or complement 290
to 280.6;
used instead of whole infinitive 182
who to ... , what to ... etc 286 informal and formal language

informal and formal language

informal and formal language 311 information

information

information structure 512;
reasons for using passives 414.2-4 information

information

information uncountable 148.3 -ing forms

-ing forms

-ing forms 408-11,293-300
a waiting room, a waiting train 294
after mind 351.3;
after nouns and adjectives 297;
after prepositions 298, 454;
after verbs 296
as subjects, objects or complements 295
gerunds 293-300
go/come ... ing 228
in progressive verbs: see progressive
-ing form or infinitive 293.3;
after verbs 296.4;
after way 615.3;
special cases 299
it as preparatory subject or object 295.5
passive meaning (e.g. it needs cleaning) 296.3
perfect, passive and negative -ing forms 293.2
present participles 408-411, 300
terminology 293
to ... ing 298.2
with determiner (e.g. the opening of Parliament, my smoking) 295.3
with object (e.g. smoking cigarettes) 295.2 -ing

-ing

-ing (suffix) 445.2 initials

initials

initials names of organisations 2 insist

insist

insist + subjunctive 567.2;
preposition 449 instance

instance

instance for instance 157.13 instant

instant

instant the instant (that) 267 instead

instead

instead 301.3;
instead of 301.1,2;
instead of ... ing 411.6;
instead of and without 301.2 instruct

instruct

instruct + object + infinitive 283 instructions

instructions

instructions use of tenses 465;
words left out 1.1 intend

intend

intend + object + infinitive 283;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.11;
in negative sentences 369.4 inter-

inter-

inter- (prefix) 445.1 interest(ed)

interest(ed)

interest(ed) preposition 449;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.16;
interested and interesting etc 409.2 international English

international English

international English 308.7 interrogative

interrogative

interrogative see questions; interrogative pronouns see who, what, which into

into

into and in 269 intonation

intonation

intonation 555;
in question tags 487.5;
in relative clauses 495.2 introductions

introductions

introductions 545.1 inversion

inversion

inversion verb before subject 302-303;
in older English 392 inverted commas

inverted commas

inverted commas see quotation marks invitations

invitations

invitations 545.15 invite

invite

invite + object + infinitive 283 involve

involve

involve non-progressive verb 471.2;
involve ... ing 296.1 involved

involved

involved position and meaning 410.3 Irish

Irish

Irish the Irish 17.2, 364 irregular verbs

irregular verbs

irregular verbs list of common examples 304 is

is weak and strong form 616.3 -ise/ize

-ise/ize

-ise/ize (suffix) 445.6;
-ise or -ize 558 -ish

-ish

-ish (suffix) 445.4 -ism

-ism

-ism (suffix) 445.2 -ist

-ist

-ist (suffix) 445.3 it

it personal pronoun 428-429;
and this/that (things that have just been mentioned) 590;
referring to nothing 428.7;
referring to the situation 428.7;
referring to time, weather, temperature and distances 428.8;
used to identify (e.g. It's John) 428.9;
it was me that / it was I who etc 429.3;
it was my secretary who etc (cleft sentences) 131;
it's impossible for ... to etc 291.4;
preparatory subject and object 446-447;

see also preparatory it it doesn't matter

it doesn't matter

it doesn't matter and no matter 378.3 it is the first/last

it is the first/last

it is the first/last etc tenses 591 it is true

it is true

it is true (discourse marker) 157.5 item of information

item of information

item of information etc 430.1 its

its

its 441;
and it's 305 it's ... since

it's ... since

it's ... since tenses 522.2 it's time

it's time

it's time 306 itself

itself

itself 493 -ity

-ity

-ity (suffix) 445.2 -ive

-ive

-ive (suffix) 445.4 -ize

-ize

-ize (suffix) 445.6;
and -ise 558 Japanese

Japanese

Japanese singular and plural the same 524.3 jeans

jeans

jeans plural with no singular 524.7 Jesus

Jesus

Jesus (taboo word / swearword) 575 journey

journey

journey (countable) and travel (uncountable) 148.3;
have/did you have a good journey 545.9;
journey, travel, trip and voyage 597 jury

jury

jury + singular or plural 526.1 just

just

just adjective and adverb 27.2;
just and justly 27.2;
just (adverb): meanings and tenses 307;
position 24.6, 25;
used for emphasis 184.3;
just as / when 73.3;
just as (discourse marker) 157.4 just because

just because

just because ... , it doesn't mean 94.3 just now

just now

just now meanings and tenses 307.3 keep

keep

keep meaning 'stay' 128.10;
keep (on) ... ing 296.1 kibbutz

kibbutz

kibbutz plural 524.4 kick

kick

kick with two objects 610.1 kidnapped

kidnapped

kidnapped etc spelling 562.7 kilo

kilo

kilo plural 523.3 kilo-

kilo-

kilo- (prefix) 445.1 kind of

kind of

kind of (= sort of) 551;
following article dropped 70.6;
these kind of 551.2;
discourse marker 157.16,17;
softening expression 437.1 kind to

kind to

kind to 449;
so kind as to 538.8 kinds of English

kinds of English

kinds of English accents 308.4;
correctness, rules 309;
formality 311;
international English 308.7;
spoken and written English 310;
standard English and dialects 308;
variation and change 312 King

King

King, Queen etc without article 70.12 knife

knife

knife plural 524.1 know

know

know structures and tenses 313;
+ object + infinitive without to 281.2;
+ object + to be 607.3;
and find out 313.5;
and know about/of 313.4;
know about not followed by that 453.1;
non-progressive verb 471.2;
passive (she is known to be ... ) 418.2;
you know, I don't know discourse markers 157.17 knowledge

knowledge

knowledge uncountable 148.3 known to

known to

known to 410.5;
well known 410.4 lack

lack

lack non-progressive verb 471.2;
no following preposition 451.1;
not used in passive 412.4 lack

lack

lack (noun) preposition 449 large

large

large and wide 106.4;
large, big and great 106 last

last

last word order with complement 13.5;
at last 204.2;
expressions with no preposition 451.2;
last but one etc 116.1;
last, the last and the latest 314;
tenses after this is the last etc 591;
the last ... to 284.3;
last three etc 314.2 lastly

lastly

lastly (discourse marker) 157.10 late

late

late adjective and adverb 27.2;
(adverb) later and latest 138;
and lately 27.2 lately

lately

lately with present perfect 455.5, 458.5 later

later

later and in 315 latest

latest

latest, last and the last 314 latter

latter

latter the latter 17.3 laugh

laugh

laugh preposition 449 lay

lay

lay and lie 316 lead

lead

lead and leaden 386.4 leaf

leaf

leaf plural 524.1 learn

learn

learn forms 317.1;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.8;
learn to and learn how to 317.2 learned

learned

learned (adjective) pronunciation 18 least

least

least and fewest 318;
at least 318.6, 157.7,16 leave

leave

leave preposition 449;
+ object + infinitive 283;
and forget 209;
with preparatory it (e.g. I'll leave it to you to decide) 447.4;
with two objects 610.1 leave off

leave off

leave off ... ing 296.1 leaving out words

leaving out words

leaving out words see ellipsis left

left

left (= remaining) 319 leisurely

leisurely

leisurely adjective and adverb 27.1 lend

lend

lend with two objects 610.1;
and borrow 109;
passive structures 415 length

length

length 'unmarked' use 350;
expressions with no preposition 451.8 length

length

length use of be 92.2 less

less

less and fewer 320.1;
less + plural (e.g. less people) 312.9;
less of 320.2 -less

-less

-less (suffix) 445.4 lesser

lesser

lesser 320.4 lest

lest

lest 321 let

let

let structures 322;
+ object + infinitive without to 281.2;
let, allow and permit 42;
let him etc (third-person imperative) 323.3;
let's 323;
question tag 488.3;
let's see, let me see, let me think 323.2 let

let

let, rent and hire 247 letters

letters

letters 146;
words left out in informal letters 1 lexical phrases

lexical phrases

lexical phrases (fixed expressions) 255 lie

lie

lie and lay 316 life

life

life countable or uncountable 324;
plural 524.1 lightning

lightning

lightning uncountable 148.3 like

like (similarity, function) 326;
comparative and superlative 137.5;
feel like 202.3,4;
like, as and how 252.3;
meaning 'as if' 74.3;
like this/that and so 536;
seem like 507.5 like

like (verb) structures and meanings 325;
would have liked to have seen etc 288.2;
if you like 325.7;
like to: no passive 418.6;
non-progressive verb 471.2 -like

-like

-like (suffix) 445.4 likely

likely

likely 327;
adjective, not adverb 27.1;
structures 291.4;
with there 587.5 link verbs

link verbs

link verbs 328 listen

listen

listen preposition 449;
and hear 241;
listen to: passive structure 416.1 little

little

little (adjective) position 12.2;
and small 534 little

little

little (determiner), a little and (a) few 329;
+ inversion (auxiliary before subject) 302.7;
the little that 494.5;
little of 329.2;
little else 183.1;
question tags 487.4 live

live

live position 12.2 lively

lively

lively adjective, not adverb 27.1 loaf of bread

loaf of bread

loaf of bread 430.1 logo

logo

logo plural 523.3 lone

lone

lone, alone, lonely and lonesome 44 lonely

lonely

lonely adjective, not adverb 27.1 long

long

long (adjective) after measurement nouns 13.4 long

long

long (adverb) longer/longest 138;
a long way and far 200;
long and (for) a long time 330 Long live the King

Long live the King

Long live the King 567.4 look

look

look link verb and ordinary verb 331;
non-progressive verb 471.2;
not followed by if 331.3;
preposition 449;
discourse marker 157.19 look after

look after

look after, look for and fetch 331.4 look at

look at

look at + object + -ing form or infinitive 242.4;
look at, see and watch 506;
passive structure 416.1 look for

look for

look for, look after and fetch 331.4 look forward to

look forward to

look forward to ... ing 298.2;
look forward, expect, hope and wait 196 look here

look here

look here (discourse marker) 157.19 look out for

look out for

look out for 599.5 lose

lose

lose and loose 332 lots

lots

lots, a lot 333.2;
quite a lot 489.4;
with comparatives 140.1 loud

loud

loud adjective and adverb 27.2;
(adverb) louder/loudest 138;
loudly and aloud 334 louse

louse

louse plural 524.2 love

love

love meaning 'zero' 389.4 love

love

love non-progressive verb 471.2;
+ object + infinitive 283;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.9 lovely

lovely

lovely adjective, not adverb 27.1 low

low

low adjective and adverb 27.2;
(adverb) lower/lowest 138 luck

luck

luck uncountable 148.3 lucky to

lucky to

lucky to 284.2 luggage

luggage

luggage uncountable 148.3 lunch

lunch

lunch and dinner 347 -ly

-ly

-ly (suffix) 445.4,5;
spelling of adverbs 557 macaroni

macaroni

macaroni uncountable 148.5 madam

madam

madam 363.2 made of/from/with

made of/from/with

made of/from/with 336 magic

magic

magic and magical 254.3 majority

majority

majority the majority 333.5;
the majority of + plural verb 526.2 make

make

make causative structures 335;
+ action noun (e.g. make a guess) 598.2;
+ object + infinitive without to 281.2;
made of/from/with 336;
make and do 160;
make oneself heard/understood 335.2;
make somebody welcome, happy etc 335.3;
passive (he was made to ... , it has been made beautiful) 418.3, 419;
with two objects 610.1 mal-

mal-

mal- (prefix) 445.1 male

male

male and masculine 203 man

man

man plural 524.2;
man or men in noun + noun compounds 531.2;
without article meaning 'the human race' 222.6 manage to

manage to

manage to 282 mankind

mankind

mankind 222.6 manners

manners

manners plural with no singular 524.7 many

many

many and much 357;
see also much 'marked' and 'unmarked'

'marked' and 'unmarked'

'marked' and 'unmarked' adjectives and nouns in measurements 350 marriage

marriage

marriage preposition 449 marry

marry

marry no following preposition 451.1;
get married 337;
not used with each other / one another 171.5 matter

matter

matter non-progressive verb 471.2;
it doesn't matter and no matter 378.3 matter

matter

matter (noun) no matter who/what etc 378;
structure with there 587.2;
the matter (with) 585 may

may

may and might 338-345
chances etc 339
may ... (but) discourse marker showing concession 157.5, 342
may in wishes and hopes 341
may/might as well 343
may/might have done 339.8,9,259.2
may/might not and can't 339.4
might in indirect speech 278.3
might meaning 'would perhaps' 258.6, 339.5
might making questions etc less direct 436.4
permission 340
requests, suggestions and criticisms 344
the difference between may and might 339.2
the differences between may/might and can/could 345 maybe

maybe

maybe position 22.4;
and perhaps 346;
softening expression 437.1 mayor

mayor

mayor and mayoress 222.4 me

me (personal pronoun) 428-429;
after be 428.3;
in double subjects (e.g. John and me went) 428.3, 429.1;
me neither, me either 374.2;
me or I etc after as, than, but and except 429.2;
me too 46.3;
me/my smoking etc 295.3;
see also personal pronouns meals

meals

meals 347;
thanks for meals etc 545.11,15 mean

mean

mean (verb) 348;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.7;
+ object + infinitive 283;
and think 348.2;
I mean (discourse marker) 348.4, 157.15-16;
I meant to have done it 288.2;
non-progressive verb 471.2;
structure of questions 348.1;
What do you mean? 348.5 meaning

meaning

meaning and opinion 348.2 means

means

means 349;
by all/any/no means 349.2;
means of and way of 615.4;
singular and plural the same 524.3 measles

measles

measles singular; no plural 524.3;
uncountable 148.7 measure

measure

measure non-progressive verb 471.2 measurement

measurement

measurement 'marked' and 'unmarked' forms 350;
a five-litre can etc 386.5;
expressions without preposition 451.8;
high and tall 246;
adjectives after measurement nouns 13.4;
foot, inch etc 389.18 media

media

media singular (uncountable) or plural 524.3 meet (with)

meet (with)

meet (with) 312.9;
not used with each other / one another 171.5 mega-

mega-

mega- (prefix) 445.1 melt

melt

melt active or passive meaning 609.2 -ment

-ment

-ment (suffix) 445.2 mention

mention

mention ... ing 296.1 mere

mere

mere position 12.2 metre

metre

metre etc 389.18 micro-

micro-

micro- (prefix) 445.1 mid-

mid-

mid- (prefix) 445.1 Middle Ages

Middle Ages

Middle Ages plural with no singular 524.7 might

might

might see may mile

mile

mile 389.18 milli-

milli-

milli- (prefix) 445.1 million

million

million (a) million 389.11;
and millions 389.15 mimicked

mimicked

mimicked spelling 562.8 mind

mind

mind (verb) meaning, use and structures 351 mind you

mind you

mind you 157.3 mine

mine

mine, yours etc 442;
a friend of mine etc 443 mini-

mini-

mini- (prefix) 445.1 ministry

ministry

ministry + singular or plural verb 526.1 mis-

mis-

mis- (prefix) 445.1 misrelated participles

misrelated participles

misrelated participles 411.4 Miss

Miss

Miss 363.1c miss

miss

miss (verb) meanings and structures 352 missing

missing

missing (adjective) 352.5 mistake for

mistake for

mistake for ... to 291.5 mistaken

mistaken

mistaken (very) much mistaken 410.4 modal auxiliary verbs

modal auxiliary verbs

modal auxiliary verbs grammar and meanings 353-354;
in indirect speech 278.3;
used to make questions etc less direct 436.4 moment

moment

moment the moment (that) 267 Monday

Monday

Monday etc with no preposition 451.3 money

money

money notes, coins and amounts 389.16,17;
singular verbs and pronouns 527.1 money

money

money uncountable 148.3 mono-

mono-

mono- (prefix) 445.1 monthly

monthly

monthly adjective and adverb 27.1 more

more (adverb) 355.5;
no more and not any more 379;
more and more 139.4 more

more (determiner) 355;
more of 355.1,2;
and other 54.2 more

more in comparatives 137-138 more than one

more than one

more than one + singular verb 527.3 more or less

more or less

more or less (discourse marker) 157.16 moreover

moreover

moreover 157.11 mosquito

mosquito

mosquito plural 523.3 most

most

most 356;
most of 356.1,2;
and mostly 27.2;
in superlatives 137-138;
meaning 'very' 356.7;
(the) most as adverb 356.5 mostly

mostly

mostly 356.8 mother-in-law

mother-in-law

mother-in-law plural 524.6 mouse

mouse

mouse plural 524.2 mouths

mouths

mouths pronunciation 525.4 move

move

move active or passive meaning 609.1 mph

mph

mph (= miles per hour) 389.20 Mr, Mrs

Mr, Mrs

Mr, Mrs and Ms 363.1c, 222.7 much

much

much and many 357;
as much/many ... as 136.5,6;
+ relative clause with that 494.5;
much/many of 357.2,3;
much and very with past participles 410.4;
much as an adverb 357.7;
much else 183.1;
much/many more 140.2;
much too 595.3;
much with comparatives and superlatives 140 multi-

multi-

multi- (prefix) 445.1 musical instruments

musical instruments

musical instruments article use 70.10 must

must

must 358-361
and have (got) to 361.1
and should 359.6, 360.7
deduction (concluding that something is certain) 359
in indirect speech 278.3, 359.5, 360.6
must have done/been etc 359.4
must have done and had to do 361.3
must not and need not 366.7
must, ought and should 520
must, will have to and have (got) to (future obligation) 361.2
mustn't and can't 359.2
mustn't in AmE 361.4
mustn't, needn't and don't/doesn't have to 359.3, 360.4
necessity and obligation 360
pronunciation 358.1f
weak and strong form 616.3 my

my, your etc 441;
my/me smoking etc 295.3,4;
see also possessives myself

myself

myself, yourself etc 493 naked

naked

naked pronunciation 18 names

names

names English versions of place names, classical names etc 362 names

names

names and titles (e.g. Peter, Mr Lewis) 363 nationalities

nationalities

nationalities nouns and adjectives (e.g. Ireland, Irish, an Irishman/woman, the Irish) 364 nature

nature

nature without the 68.1, 69.4 near

near

near (adverb) comparative and superlative 138 near

near

near (preposition) and by 118;
near to 365 nearest

nearest

nearest, next and the next 375 nearly

nearly

nearly position 24.4;
nearly, almost and practically 43;
not used with never etc 43.3;
with superlatives 140.3 necessary

necessary

necessary structure with should 521.1;
+ for ... to 291.4;
if necessary 261.6 need

need

need (noun) structure with there 587.2 need

need

need (verb) forms and use 366;
+ object + infinitive 283;
needn't have and didn't need to 366.6;
in indirect speech 278.3;
needn't, mustn't and don't have to 359.3, 360.4, 366.7;
need never + infinitive 366.6;
non-progressive verb 471.2 negative structures

negative structures

negative structures 367-371
ambiguous sentences 371
basic rules 367
double negatives 370;
in dialects 309.2;
in expressions of doubt 261.8, 370.6
negative imperatives (e.g. don't worry) 367.2
negative infinitives 280.5
negative -ing forms (e.g. not knowing) 293.2
negative questions 368;
as exclamations 195.4;
in indirect speech 278.6;
yes and no in answers 368.4
n't 143
think, seem etc in negative structures 369 neglect to

neglect to

neglect to 282 negro

negro

negro plural 523.3 neither

neither

neither (adverb) position 24.6;
neither ... nor 373;
neither, nor and not ... either 374 neither

neither

neither (determiner) 372;
neither of 372.1,2;
neither one 395.5;
neither, no and none 376.5;
pronunciation 372.4 neo-

neo-

neo- (prefix) 445.1 -ness

-ness

-ness (suffix) 445.2 never

never

never + inversion (auxiliary before subject) 302.7;
and not ever 191.1;
not used with do 367.5;
position 22.3, 24.2;
position in imperatives 268.7;
question tags 487.4;
with present perfect 455.5;
with simple past 457.4 nevertheless

nevertheless

nevertheless 157.3 news

news

news uncountable 148.3, 524.3 news headlines

news headlines

news headlines 240 next

next expressions with no preposition 451.2;
next but one etc 116.1;
next, the next and the nearest 375;
next Sunday two possible meanings 375.3;
next three etc 375.2;
word order with complement 13.5 nice

nice

nice preposition 449;
nice and 16.3 nickel

nickel

nickel 389.17 night

night

night at night 70.1 nil

nil

nil 389.4 no

no (adverb) no older etc, no different 57 no

no (answer) and yes 634;
in answers to negative questions 368.4 no

no (determiner) and neither 376.5;
and not all 36.6;
and not 382;
no ... but (= except) 116.1;
no, none and not any 376;
question tags 487.4 no doubt

no doubt

no doubt 377;
discourse marker 157.18 no good

no good

no good 57.3 no longer

no longer

no longer, not any more and no more 379 no matter who

no matter who

no matter who, what etc 378;
and whoever, whatever etc 378.2;
no matter and it doesn't matter 378.3;
no matter what with no following verb 378.4 no more

no more

no more, not any more and no longer 379 no need for

no need for

no need for ... to 291.5 no one

no one

no one 548;
and none 380;
and not anyone 370.2, 376.6;
question tags 487.4, 488.5 No problem

No problem

No problem reply to thanks 433.5, 545.19 no sooner

no sooner

no sooner, hardly and scarcely 233 no use

no use

no use 57.3 nobody

nobody

nobody and no one 548;
no difference 548.1;
and not anybody 370.2;
nobody else 183.1;
position with adjectives 13.6;
question tags 487.4, 488.5 non-

non-

non- (prefix) 445.1 non-affirmative words

non-affirmative words

non-affirmative words (e.g. any, ever, yet) 381 non-assertive words

non-assertive words

non-assertive words see non-affirmative words non-defining relative clauses

non-defining relative clauses

non-defining relative clauses see identifying and non-identifying relative clauses none

none

none and neither 376.5;
none + relative clause with that 494.5;
and no one 380;
none ... but (= except) 116.1;
none, no and not any 376;
none of which etc 498.8;
none the worse, none the wiser etc 141.2 nonetheless

nonetheless

nonetheless 157.3 non-gradable adjectives

non-gradable adjectives

non-gradable adjectives 489.1 non-identifying relative clauses

non-identifying relative clauses

non-identifying relative clauses 495, 498.14 non-progressive verbs

non-progressive verbs

non-progressive verbs 471 no one

no one

no one position with adjectives 13.6;
no one else 183.1 nor

nor

nor and or 370.5;
neither ... nor 373;
nor, neither and not ... either 374 normal

normal

normal structure with should 521.2;
normal for ... to 291.4 normally

normally

normally position 22.3, 24.2 north

north

north and northern etc 172;
capital letters 172.3 northward(s)

northward(s)

northward(s) etc 614 not

not

not and no 382;
afraid/hope/believe not etc 28, 369.3, 539.2;
if not 261.7;
not all 36.6;
not any, no and none 376;
not ... either, neither and nor 374;
weak and strong form 616.3;
see also negative structures not a bit

not a bit

not a bit 107.3 not a grain/breath/scrap

not a grain/breath/scrap

not a grain/breath/scrap etc 430 not any more

not any more

not any more, no more and no longer 379 not at all

not at all

not at all 83.3;
reply to thanks 433.5, 545.19 not ever

not ever

not ever and never 191.1 not in the least

not in the least

not in the least 318.7 not only ... but also

not only ... but also

not only ... but also 383 not quite

not quite

not quite 489.5 not until

not until

not until + inversion (auxiliary before subject) 302.7 not very

not very

not very 611.2 nothing

nothing

nothing 548;
and not anything 370.2;
nothing for ... to 291.6;
nothing that 494.5;
nothing to do and nothing to be done 287.3;
position with adjectives 13.6;
question tags 487.4, 488.5 notice

notice

notice, hear etc something happen(ing) 242 notices

notices

notices words left out 1.4 nought

nought

nought 389.4 noun

noun

noun + for ... to 291.5 noun + infinitive

noun + infinitive

noun + infinitive (e.g. decision to leave) 285;
noun + infinitive + preposition (e.g. a friend to play with) 285.5;
work to do / to be done etc 287.1 noun + -ing form

noun + -ing form

noun + -ing form 297 noun + noun

noun + noun

noun + noun 385-386;
a five-litre can etc 386.5;
antique shop or antiques shop 312.9;
article dropped 385.3;
in news headlines 240.2;
noun + noun or preposition structure 386;
stress 385.6;
structure with possessive's (e.g. children's clothes, cow's milk) 386.6-8 noun + 's

noun + 's

noun + 's forms 439;
use 440;
or preposition structure 440.1,2 noun complementation

noun complementation

noun complementation what can follow a noun? 384 nouns left out after adjectives

nouns left out after adjectives

nouns left out after adjectives 17 nouns used for actions

nouns used for actions

nouns used for actions (a crash, cough etc) 598 now

now

now (showing change of subject) 157.8 now

now

now (that) 387 nowadays

nowadays

nowadays 388 nowhere

nowhere

nowhere 548;
and not anywhere 370.2, 376.6;
position with adjectives 13.6 nucleus

nucleus

nucleus plural 524.4 number

number

number a large number 333.4;
a number of + plural verb 526.2;
article dropped after a number of 70.7 number

number

number see singular and plural numbers

numbers

numbers 389;
a five-litre can etc 386.5;
five pounds, twenty miles etc + singular verb 527.1;
full stops in decimals 476.11;
use of commas 476.11 oasis

oasis

oasis plural 524.4 object to

object to

object to ... ing 298.2 objects

objects

objects direct and indirect 610 oblige

oblige

oblige + object + infinitive 283 occasionally

occasionally

occasionally position 22.3, 24.2;
with present perfect 455.6 -ocracy

-ocracy

-ocracy (suffix) 445.2 odds

odds

odds plural with no singular 524.7 of

of after: determiners 154.4;
(a) little and (a) few 329.2;
all 36.1;
any 55.7;
both 110.2,4;
each 169.2;
either 174.2;
enough 187.4;
fractions and decimals 389.2;
half 231.1;
less and fewer 320.2;
more 355.2;
most 356.2;
much and many 357.3;
neither 372.2;
none 376.2;
some 546.6;
which 622.3;
whole 40.5
noun + noun with of or 's 440.1,2
weak and strong form 616.3 of course

of course

of course 390;
(discourse marker) 157.5 of which

of which

of which 496.2 offer

offer

offer + infinitive 277.1, 282;
passive structures 415;
with two objects 610.1 offers

offers

offers 545.16 often

often

often 391;
position 22.3, 24.2;
with present perfect 455.6 OK

OK showing change of subject 157.8 old

old

old position and meaning 12.2;
after measurement nouns 13.4;
the old 17.1;
'unmarked' use 350 older English verb forms

older English verb forms

older English verb forms 392 -ology

-ology

-ology (suffix) 445.2 omission of words

omission of words

omission of words see ellipsis omni-

omni-

omni- (prefix) 445.1 on

on and about 4 on ... ing

on ... ing

on ... ing 411.6 on

on (place) 81.2;
on and onto 269;
on, at and in 81;
on the bus, train etc 81.4 on

on (time) 82;
on, at and in 82;
on/at weekends 312.9 on condition that

on condition that

on condition that 263;
+ present with future meaning 580.2 on earth

on earth

on earth who on earth etc 624 on foot

on foot

on foot 70.1 on holiday

on holiday

on holiday 248 on one's own

on one's own

on one's own 405.5 on the contrary

on the contrary

on the contrary 157.6;
and on the other hand 144.1 on the one hand

on the one hand

on the one hand, on the other hand 157.2 on the way

on the way

on the way and in the way 615.5 on the whole

on the whole

on the whole 157.12 on time

on time

on time and in time 450 on top of that

on top of that

on top of that (discourse marker) 157.11 once

once

once (adverb) and one day 393;
at once 393;
with simple past or past perfect 424.1 once

once

once (conjunction) 394 one

one

one and a in numbers 389.11;
one and a half 231.5;
one and first, two and second etc 389.7;
one Tuesday etc (no preposition) 451.2;
one/two more etc 355.4;
one of 397 one

one

one, ones (substitute word) 395 one

one

one, you and they (indefinite personal pronouns) 396;
one's 441.2 one another

one another

one another and each other 171;
and -selves 171.4 one day

one day

one day and once 393 oneself

oneself

oneself 493 only

only

only use and position 398;
+ inversion (auxiliary before subject) 302.7;
+ relative clause with that 494.5;
if only 265;
not only ... but also 383;
only today etc 398.4;
only too 595.8;
the only ... ever 191.2;
the only ... to 284.3 onto

onto

onto and on 269 open

open

open (adjective) and opened 399 open

open

open (verb) without -self 493.9;
active or passive meaning 609.1 operate

operate

operate preposition 449 opinion

opinion

opinion in my opinion 157.16;
and according to me 8;
opinion and point of view 434 opportunity

opportunity

opportunity and possibility 400 opposite

opposite

opposite (adjective) position 401;
and contrary 144.2 opposite

opposite

opposite (noun) quite the opposite 157.6 opposite

opposite

opposite (preposition), facing and in front of 402 or

or + infinitive without to 281.4;
and nor 370.5;
either ... or 175;
dropping words after or 178;
singular or plural verb after expression with or 532.2;
whether ... or 620 -or

-or

-or (suffix) 445.2 or else

or else

or else 183.5 or rather

or rather

or rather (discourse marker) 104.2, 157.16 orchestra

orchestra

orchestra + singular or plural 526.1 order

order

order + object + infinitive 283 other

other

other and different 54.5;
and more 54.2;
and others 54 ought

ought

ought 403;
and had better 230.1;
and should 403.2;
in indirect speech 278.3;
ought, must and should 520;
ought to have done 403.5;
question and negative forms 403.1,4 ounce

ounce

ounce 389.18 our

our

our 441;
weak and strong form 616.3 ours

ours

ours 442 ourselves

ourselves

ourselves 493 -ous

-ous

-ous (suffix) 445.4 out

out

out and out of 404 out-

out-

out- (prefix) 445.1 outskirts

outskirts

outskirts plural with no singular 524.7 outward(s)

outward(s)

outward(s) 614 over

over

over and above 6;
over, across and through 10 over-

over-

over- (prefix) 445.1 owe

owe

owe non-progressive verb 471.2;
with preparatory it (e.g. we owe it to society to) 447.4;
with two objects 610.1 owing to

owing to

owing to and due to 166 own

own

own 405;
non-progressive verb 471.2 ox

ox plural 524.2 page

page

page on page ... 81.7 pair

pair

pair 430.3 pan-

pan-

pan- (prefix) 445.1 panicking

panicking

panicking etc spelling 562.8 pants

pants

pants plural with no singular 524.7 paper

paper

paper (uncountable) and a paper 148.4 paragraphs

paragraphs

paragraphs 406 Pardon?

Pardon?

Pardon? 545.8;
Pardon me? 545.8;
I beg your pardon 545.7,8 parking

parking

parking uncountable 148.3 part

part

part without a 407 participles

participles

participles (-ing and -ed forms) 408-411
active and passive participles 409
after conjunctions and prepositions (e.g. after talking to you) 411.6
after nouns (e.g. the people questioned) 410.2
misrelated participles 411.4
participle clauses 411
past participles with by or other prepositions 410.5
past participles with very and much 410.4
reduced relative clauses (e.g. the girl dancing with your brother) 498.10
used as adjectives 410
see also -ing forms particular

particular

particular in particular 157.13 party

party

party preposition 450;
with singular or plural verb and pronoun 526.1 pass

pass

pass with two objects 610.1 passer-by

passer-by

passer-by plural 524.6 passives

passives

passives 412-420
by + agent 413
get as passive auxiliary (get caught etc) 223.5
he is believed to be ... 418
he was considered a genius 419
infinitives (e.g. to be taken three times a day, nothing to be done) 91.5, 287.2
-ing forms (being done) 293.2
it was thought that ... 417
list of structures and verb forms 412
meaning and grammar not the same 414.5
my suitcase is packed 420
passives without be in news headlines 240.2
position of prepositions 452
verbs not used in passive 412.4
verbs with prepositions 416
verbs with two objects 415
when do we use passive structures? 414 past continuous

past continuous

past continuous see past progressive past participles

past participles

past participles see participles past perfect

past perfect

past perfect 423-425;
or simple past with after, as soon as etc 424.1;
progressive 425;
simple and progressive: the differences 425.4;
with before 97.3;
with if ('unreal past') 259;
with suppose, supposing, what if ('unreal past') 571;
with as if ('unreal past') 74 past progressive

past progressive

past progressive forms and use 422;
difference between past progressive and simple past 422.3-6 past simple

past simple

past simple see simple past past tense

past tense

past tense instead of would ... after conjunctions 580.6, 426.1 past verb form

past verb form

past verb form with present or future meaning 426;
after I'd rather etc 491.3;
after if 258;
after if only 265;
after it's time 306.2;
after wish 630.4;
in polite requests, questions etc 436.1, 426.2 paths

paths

paths pronunciation 525.4 pay

pay

pay preposition 449;
in passive 415;
pay for ... to 291.7;
one and two objects 610.7 penny

penny

penny, pennies and pence 524.2, 389.16,17 people

people

people, person(s) and peoples 524.2 per

per

per (e.g. 70 miles per hour) 389.20 perfect infinitive

perfect infinitive

perfect infinitive (to have done) 280.2;
after modal verbs (e.g. You should have written) 288.3 perfect -ing forms

perfect -ing forms

perfect -ing forms (e.g. having slept) 293.2 perfect tenses

perfect tenses

perfect tenses 427;
with after 30.3;
with before 97.3;
with ever 191.3;
with for and since 208.2;
see also present perfect, past perfect, future perfect perhaps

perhaps

perhaps position 22.3;
and maybe 346 period

period

period (full stop) 473 permission

permission

permission uncountable 148.3 person

person

person, persons, people and peoples 524.2 personal pronouns

personal pronouns

personal pronouns 428-429
after adjectives (e.g. Poor you!) 429.7
he/she who 429.9
I and me, she and her etc: the differences 428.2, 429
I in double objects (e.g. between you and I) 429.1
indirect speech 274.3
it referring to nothing, the situation, time, weather, temperature, distances 428.7,8
it used to identify (e.g. It's John) 428.9
it was me that ... / it was I who... etc 429.3
me, him, her etc in double subjects (e.g. John and me went) 428.3,429.1
me or I etc after as, than, but, except 429.2
me/my smoking etc 295.3
personal and relative pronouns not used together 511.2
they meaning 'he or she' 222.3
us meaning 'me' 429.6
us women etc 429.1
we women, you men etc 428.10
we: inclusive and exclusive 429.5
you folks/guys 312.1,429.8;
older and dialect singular and plural forms of you 429.8, 392 persuade

persuade

persuade + object + infinitive 283 phenomenon

phenomenon

phenomenon plural 524.4 -phile

-phile

-phile (suffix) 445.2 -phobe

-phobe

-phobe, -phobia (suffixes) 445.2 phone

phone

phone preposition 450 photo

photo

photo plural 523.3;
take a photo 160.6 photo-

photo-

photo- (prefix) 445.1 phrasal verbs

phrasal verbs

phrasal verbs 599 physics

physics

physics singular, no plural 524.3 piano

piano

piano plural 523.3 picnickers

picnickers

picnickers etc spelling 562.8 picture

picture

picture in a picture 81.7 piece

piece

piece 430.1 piece- and group-words

piece- and group-words

piece- and group-words 430 pint

pint

pint BrE and AmE 389.18 piss

piss

piss (taboo word / swearword) 575 pity

pity

pity countable or uncountable 148.6 place

place

place expressions with no preposition 451.11;
a place to live etc 431;
a place we can stay etc 498.6;
in the first/second etc place 157.10 place-names

place-names

place-names articles 70.17;
English versions 362 plan

plan

plan (noun) for ... to 291.5 plane

plane

plane by plane 70.1;
on/in a plane 81.4 play

play

play (noun) and game 432.1 play

play

play (verb) with one and two objects 610.7;
play and act 432.2 please

please

please and thank you 433 please

please

please non-progressive verb 471.2 pleased

pleased

pleased preposition 449;
+ infinitive 284.1 plenty

plenty

plenty 333.3 plural

plural

plural see singular and plural pm

pm (= in the afternoon/evening) 579.3 Poet Laureate

Poet Laureate

Poet Laureate 13.1 poetess

poetess

poetess 222.4 poetry

poetry

poetry uncountable 148.3 point

point

point at or to 80.3 point

point

point uncountable use 149.2;
there's no point etc 587.2 point of view

point of view

point of view preposition 450;
and opinion 434 pointless for

pointless for

pointless for ... to 291.4 police

police

police plural with no singular 524.7 policeman/woman

policeman/woman

policeman/woman 222.4 polish

polish

polish active or passive meaning 609.2 polite

polite

polite preposition 449 politeness

politeness

politeness 435-7;
distancing verb forms 436;
please and thank you 433;
softening expressions 437;
questions as requests 435 politic

politic

politic and political 254.3 politics

politics

politics singular and plural the same 524.3;
and policy 438 poly-

poly-

poly- (prefix) 445.1 poor

poor

poor the poor 17.1 possess

possess

possess non-progressive verb 471.2 possessive's

possessive's

possessive's 439-440;
articles dropped 70.3;
with noun + noun (e.g. children's clothes) 386.6;
not used with the poor etc 17.1;
or preposition structure 440.1,2 possessives

possessives

possessives 439-443;
a friend of mine etc 443;
mine, yours etc 442;
my, your etc 441;
noun + 's 439-440;
my smoking, John's going to sleep etc 295.3 possibility

possibility

possibility and opportunity 400 possible

possible

possible position after noun 13.2, 498.10 post

post

post with two objects 610.1 post-

post-

post- (prefix) 445.1 postcards

postcards

postcards words left out 1.2 postpone

postpone

postpone ... ing 296.1 potato

potato

potato plural 523.3 pound

pound

pound (English money) 389.16 pound

pound

pound (weight) 389.18 practically

practically

practically position 24.4;
practically, almost and nearly 43 practise

practise

practise ... ing 296.1 pre-

pre-

pre- (prefix) 445.1 predicative position of adjectives

predicative position of adjectives

predicative position of adjectives 12.1 prefer

prefer

prefer structures 444;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.9;
+ object + infinitive 283;
prefer ... ing to ... ing 298.2;
non-progressive verb 471.2 prefixes

prefixes

prefixes 445 premises

premises

premises plural with no singular 524.7 preparatory it

preparatory it

preparatory it 446-447;
with -ing forms 295.5;
in passives (it was thought that, it was decided to etc) 417;
with for ... to etc 291.4 prepare to

prepare to

prepare to 282 prepositions

prepositions

prepositions 448-454
after particular words and expressions 449
after superlatives (e.g. the happiest man in the world etc) 139.7
at the ends of clauses 452
before conjunctions 453
before -ing forms 298, 454
before particular words and expressions 450
dropped before question words 453.4
dropped before that 453.1,2
dropped in abbreviated styles 1
expressions without prepositions 451, 82.7
place 81
prepositional verbs (e.g. look at) 600
prepositional verbs in passive structures 416
prepositions and adverb particles 20
time 82
see also the entries for particular prepositions prescriptive and descriptive rules

prescriptive and descriptive rules

prescriptive and descriptive rules 309.4 present

present

present position and meaning 13.3 present and present perfect

present and present perfect

present and present perfect the differences 460 present continuous

present continuous

present continuous see present progressive present participles

present participles

present participles see participles present perfect

present perfect

present perfect 455-460;
for future after conjunctions 580.3;
or present 460;
or simple past 456-457;
or simple past with already and yet 566.7;
or simple past with just and just now 307.2,3;
passive (has been done) 412.3 present perfect continuous

present perfect continuous

present perfect continuous see present perfect progressive present perfect progressive

present perfect progressive

present perfect progressive 458;
or simple 459;
with after 30.3;
with before 97.3;
with ever 191.3;
with for and since 208.2 present progressive

present progressive

present progressive 464-6;
or simple present 461.2,3, 463.1-3, 464.6, 466;
or present perfect progressive 460;
passive (is being done) 412.3;
talking about changes 464.4;
used for future 214, 216, 218 present simple

present simple

present simple see simple present present tenses

present tenses

present tenses 461-466
in stories, commentaries and instructions 465
used for future 213-216, 218
used for future after: after 30.2;
as ... as 136.10;
before 97.2;
bet 103.2;
most conjunctions 580.2;
for 208.1;
hope 250.1;
if 257.2;
so that / in order that 543;
suppose, supposing and what if 571;
unless 601.3;
until 602.4
see also simple present; present progressive presently

presently

presently 467 President

President

President etc without article 70.12 President elect

President elect

President elect 13.1 presume

presume

presume there are presumed to be 418.4 pretend to

pretend to

pretend to 282 pretty

pretty

pretty adjective and adverb 27.2;
and prettily 27.2;
pretty, fairly, quite and rather 199 prevent

prevent

prevent preposition 449;
+ object + from + -ing form 296.2 price

price

price and prize 468 prick

prick

prick (taboo word / swearword) 575 prince

prince

prince and princess 222.4 principle

principle

principle and principal 469 prison

prison

prison expressions without article 70.1 prize

prize

prize and price 468 pro-

pro-

pro- (prefix) 445.1 probable

probable

probable structures 291.4 probably

probably

probably position 24.3 professor

professor

professor 363.3 progress

progress

progress uncountable 148.3 progressive forms

progressive forms

progressive forms 470-472;
in polite requests, questions etc 436.2;
non-progressive verbs 471;
and simple forms with as, when and while 73;
progressive infinitive (to be doing) 280.1;
with always etc 472;
see also present progressive; present perfect progressive; past progressive; future progressive promise

promise

promise + infinitive 277.1, 282;
I promise 466.4;
non-progressive verb 471.2;
passive structures 415;
with two objects 610.1 prone

prone

prone structures 298.2 pronouns

pronouns

pronouns see personal pronouns; reflexive pronouns; relative pronouns etc pronunciation

pronunciation

pronunciation accents 308.3;
British and American differences 51.4;
pronunciation and spelling 565;
'received pronunciation' 308.3;
silent letters 565.3;
weak and strong forms 616;
pronunciation of: a/an 65.7;
aged, naked etc 18;
ate, shone in AmE 304.3;
can't 143.4 Note 3;
-ed 421.2;
-(e)s 462.3;
either 174.6;
going to ('gonna') 213.5;
got to ('gotta') 239.4;
Mr, Mrs, Ms 363.3;
must 358.1f; neither 372.4;
often 391;
plurals 525;
possessive's 439.2;
read 304.1;
says 304.3;
some 546.2,6,7;
the 64.8;
want to ('wanna') 308.4, 613.4;
younger/-est, longer/-est, stronger/-est 137.1 see also stress; intonation proof

proof

proof preposition 449 -proof

-proof

-proof (suffix) 445.4 proper

proper

proper position and meaning 13.3 propose

propose

propose + infinitive or -ing form 296.4 proved

proved

proved or proven 304.3 provided/providing (that)

provided/providing (that)

provided/providing (that) 263 pseudo-

pseudo-

pseudo- (prefix) 445.1 psycho-

psycho-

psycho- (prefix) 445.1 public

public

public (noun) + singular or plural 526.1 publicity

publicity

publicity uncountable 148.3 punctuation

punctuation

punctuation 473-479
apostrophe 479;
in plural abbreviations 2.4
colon 474;
in news headlines 240.2
comma 476;
after subordinate clauses 510.4;
in numbers 389.10;
in relative clauses 495.2;
with adjectives 15.6
dash 477
exclamation mark 473
full stop 473;
in numbers 389.1,10;
not used in abbreviations 2.1
question mark 473;
in news headlines 240.2;
not used in indirect questions 276.2
quotation marks ('inverted commas') 478;
in news headlines 240.2
semi-colon 475 push

push

push not followed by indirect object 610.6 put off

put off

put off ... ing 296.1 put up with

put up with

put up with 599.5 pyjamas

pyjamas

pyjamas plural with no singular 524.7 quarter

quarter

quarter (American money) 389.17 Queen

Queen

Queen, King etc without article 70.12 question

question

question uncountable use 149.2 question mark

question mark

question mark 473;
in news headlines 240.2;
not used in indirect questions 276.2 question tags

question tags

question tags 487-488;
after imperatives 268.6;
words left out before tags 179.4 questions

questions

questions 480-486;
declarative questions (e.g. You're working late?) 481;
echo questions 483;
indirect questions 276;
negative questions 368;
position of prepositions 452;
question-word clauses 485;
questions about that-clauses 486;
in polite requests 435.1;
reply questions (e.g. Was it?) 484;
rhetorical questions (e.g. How should I know?) 482 quick

quick

quick adjective and adverb 27.2;
(adverb) quicker/-est 138;
quickly, soon and early 550 quite

quite

quite meanings, structures and word order 489;
quite, fairly, rather and pretty 199;
quite with superlatives 140.3;
softening expression 437.1 quite a bit

quite a bit

quite a bit, few, lot etc 489.4 quite the opposite

quite the opposite

quite the opposite (discourse marker) 157.6 quotation marks

quotation marks

quotation marks 478;
in news headlines 240.1 radio

radio

radio preposition 450;
(the) radio 70.11 radius

radius

radius plural 524.4 ragged

ragged

ragged pronunciation 18 rain

rain

rain in the rain 81.7 raise

raise

raise and rise 304.2 rare for

rare for

rare for ... to 291.4 rarely

rarely

rarely position 24.2;
+ inversion (auxiliary before subject) 302.7 rather

rather

rather (adverb of degree) meanings, structures and word order 490;
I'd rather like and I'd rather have 491.2;
rather, fairly, quite and pretty 199;
with comparatives 140.1 rather

rather

rather (preference) 491;
or rather 157.16;
and better 104.2;
rather than + infinitive without to 281.4;
softening expression 437.1;
would rather 491.3;
had rather (obsolete expression) 491.3 re-

re-

re- (prefix) 445.1 read

read

read with two objects 610.1 ready to

ready to

ready to 284.4 real

real

real adjective and adverb 27.2;
comparative and superlative 137.5 realise

realise

realise non-progressive verb 471.2 really

really

really used for emphasis 184.3;
discourse marker 157.16 reason for/why/that

reason for/why/that

reason for/why/that 492;
for ... reason 450;
uncountable use 149.2 'received pronunciation'

'received pronunciation'

'received pronunciation' 308.3 recently

recently

recently with present perfect 455.5, 458.5 reckon so/not

reckon so/not

reckon so/not 539;
I reckon 157.16 recognise

recognise

recognise non-progressive verb 471.2 recommend

recommend

recommend + object + infinitive 283;
+ subjunctive 567.2 recovered

recovered

recovered active past participle 409.4 reduced relative clauses

reduced relative clauses

reduced relative clauses (e.g. the girl dancing with your brother) 498.10 reference

reference

reference with reference to 157.1 reflexive pronouns

reflexive pronouns

reflexive pronouns 493;
and each other / one another 171.4;
emphatic use (e.g. Do it yourself) 493.4 refuse

refuse

refuse + infinitive 282;
passive structures 415;
with two objects 610.1 regard as

regard as

regard as 607.2;
in passive 419 regarding

regarding

regarding 157.1 regards

regards

regards plural with no singular 524.7 regret

regret

regret + -ing form or infinitive 299.3 relative clauses

relative clauses

relative clauses see relative structures relative pronouns

relative pronouns

relative pronouns (who, which etc after nouns) 494-498;
not used together with personal pronouns 511.2;
see also relative structures relative structures

relative structures

relative structures 494-498
basic information 494
comprehension problems 515.3
dropping object pronouns 495.4
identifying and non-identifying clauses 495
intonation and punctuation 495.2
position of prepositions 452, 498.7
relative + infinitive a garden in which to play etc 498.13
relative structures after way 615.2
use of that 494.5, 495.3, 498.4, 498.6
what 497
when, where and why 494.10
which referring to whole clause 494.9
whose 496
with indirect speech: somebody I know you'll like, a car that I didn't know how fast it could go 498.15,16 reluctant for

reluctant for

reluctant for ... to 291.3 remain

remain

remain 128.9 remains

remains

remains plural with no singular 524.7 remember

remember

remember + -ing form or infinitive 299.1;
can remember 125.3;
non-progressive verb 471.2;
and remind 499.1;
remember me to X 545.13 remind

remind

remind structures and preposition 499.2,3;
and remember 499.1 rent

rent

rent, hire and let 247 repetition

repetition

repetition use and avoidance 500 reply questions

reply questions

reply questions 484 report

report

report there are reported to be ... 418.4 reported speech

reported speech

reported speech see indirect speech reporting direct speech

reporting direct speech

reporting direct speech punctuation (use of commas and colons) 474.6 request

request

request (noun) for ... to 291.5 request

request

request (verb) + object + infinitive 283 require

require

require + -ing form (passive meaning) 296.3 research

research

research uncountable 148.3 resemble

resemble

resemble no following preposition 451.1;
no passive 412.4 resent

resent

resent ... ing 296.1 resist

resist

resist ... ing 296.1 responsible

responsible

responsible and responsibility preposition 449 rest

rest

rest the rest 501 result

result

result as a result 157.14 retired

retired

retired active past participle 409.3,4 rhetorical questions

rhetorical questions

rhetorical questions 482 rhythm

rhythm

rhythm 554.6 rich

rich

rich the rich 17.1 right

right

right adjective and adverb 27.2;
+ infinitive 284.2;
comparative and superlative 137.5;
showing change of subject 157.8;
and rightly 27.2;
right for ... to 291.4 ring back

ring back

ring back 87.5 rise

rise

rise and arise 59;
and raise 304.2 risk

risk

risk ... ing 296.1 road

road

road and street 502 Roman numbers

Roman numbers

Roman numbers (I, II, III etc) 389.6 roofs

roofs

roofs pronunciation 525.4 rotten

rotten

rotten 410.6 round

round

round, around and about 60 rubbish

rubbish

rubbish uncountable 148.3 rude

rude

rude preposition 449 rugged

rugged

rugged pronunciation 18 rules

rules

rules prescriptive and descriptive rules 309.4 run into

run into

run into 449 runner-up

runner-up

runner-up plural 524.6 's

's see possessive 's sacred

sacred

sacred pronunciation 18 Safe journey home

Safe journey home

Safe journey home 545.9 Saint

Saint

Saint weak and strong form 616.3 same

same

same 503;
word order with complement 13.5 satisfy

satisfy

satisfy non-progressive verb 471.2 savings

savings

savings plural with no singular 524.7 say

say

say structures 277.3;
not used to report questions 276.4;
past progressive use (e.g. John was saying) 422.7;
passive structures (he is said to be, there was said to be, it is said that) 417.1, 418.2,4;
say and tell 504;
simple present in quotations (Hamlet says ... ) 466.5;
he says so 540.1;
so he says 539.3 says

says

says pronunciation 304.3 scales

scales

scales plural with no singular 524.7 scarcely

scarcely

scarcely position 24.4;
question tags 487.4;
scarcely, hardly and no sooner 233 school

school

school expressions without article 70.1;
+ singular or plural 526.1 scissors

scissors

scissors plural with no singular 524.7 Scot

Scot

Scot 364;
Scottish and Scotch 364 Note a scratch

scratch

scratch active or passive meaning 609.2 sea

sea

sea expressions without article 70.1;
the sea 69.4 search

search preposition 449 secondly

secondly

secondly, thirdly etc 157.10 Secretary General

Secretary General

Secretary General 13.1 see

see

see meanings and structures 505;
+ object + infinitive or -ing form 242.1;
can see 125.1;
I see that ... 243;
she was seen to 418.3;
progressive and non-progressive uses 471.3;
see if/whether 506.6;
see, look at and watch 506;
see ... as 607.2;
he was seen as 419 see above/over

see above/over

see above/over 6.6 See you

See you

See you (later etc) 545.2 seem

seem

seem structures and use 507;
and appear 58.2;
can't seem to 507.4;
in negative sentences 369.4;
it seems so 536.1;
it seems that / as if 507.6;
non-progressive verb 471.2;
there seems to be 507.7 seldom

seldom

seldom position 24.2;
+ inversion (auxiliary before subject) 302.7 self

self

self plural 524.1 -self

-self

-self (myself etc) see reflexive pronouns sell

sell

sell active or passive meaning 609.1;
with two objects 610.1 semi-

semi-

semi- (prefix) 445.1 semi-colon

semi-colon

semi-colon 475 send

send

send with two objects 610.1;
in passive 415 sense

sense

sense there's no sense in etc 587.2 sensible

sensible

sensible and sensitive 508 sentence structure

sentence structure

sentence structure basic word order 509;
conjunctions 510-511;
ellipsis (leaving out words) 177-182;
embedding (clause inside clause) 515;
fronting 513;
information structure 512;
reasons for using passives 414;
spoken structures and tags 514;
understanding complicated sentences 515;
see also the entries for particular structures (e.g. if; imperatives; exclamations; relative structures; indirect speech) series

series

series singular and plural the same 524.3 set of cutlery

set of cutlery

set of cutlery etc 430.4 several

several

several 154.3 sexist language

sexist language

sexist language 222 shade

shade

shade and shadow 516 shall

shall

shall offers, suggestions, asking for instructions and decisions 217.5;
indirect speech 278.3;
legal documents etc 218.6;
shall and will (future auxiliaries) 212, 216-220;
shall I ...? in indirect speech 278.4;
weak and strong form 616.3;
will replacing shall 312.9 shame for

shame for

shame for ... to 291.5 shape

shape

shape expressions with no preposition 451.8 shape

shape

shape use of be 92.2 share between/among

share between/among

share between/among 105.3 sharp

sharp

sharp adjective and adverb 27.2;
and sharply 27.2 shave

shave

shave without -self 493.9 she

she

she 428-429;
used for animals, countries, ships etc 222.1;
weak and strong form 616.3;
see also personal pronouns sheep

sheep

sheep singular and plural the same 524.3 sheer

sheer

sheer position 12.2 sheet of paper

sheet of paper

sheet of paper, grain of sand etc 430.1 shelf

shelf

shelf plural 524.1 -ship

-ship

-ship (suffix) 445.2 shit

shit

shit (taboo word / swearword) 575 shocked

shocked

shocked to 284.1;
by/at 410.5;
with should 521.2;
very shocked 410.4 shone

shone

shone AmE pronunciation 304.3 short

short

short adjective and adverb 27.2;
and shortly 27.2;
in short 157.21 short answers

short answers

short answers (e.g. Yes, he can) 517 shorten

shorten

shorten 128.9 should

should

should meanings, structures and use 518-521
after I insisted, it's important, it's surprising etc 521;
after in case 271.2;
after so that / in order that 543.3 and had better 230.1;
and must 359.6, 360.7;
and ought 403.2;
should, ought and must 520
I should meaning 'If I were you, I should' 264
in if-clauses 261.1;
in indirect speech 278.3;
in sentences with if 258-259;
in subordinate clauses 521
not used for past 519.3
should happen to 232
should have done 519.4
should I meaning 'if I should' etc 261.5
should/ would after I and we 518.5
weak and strong form 616.3
who should I see but etc 116.1
would replacing should 312.9 shout

shout

shout at or to 80.3;
passive structure 416.1 show

show

show one and two objects 610.7;
passive structures 415 shrunken

shrunken

shrunken 410.6 shut

shut

shut and close 132 sick

sick

sick and ill 266;
he's sick / he's being sick 89 side

side

side either side 174.5 silk

silk

silk and silken 386.4 silly

silly

silly adjective, not adverb 27.1 similar

similar

similar word order with complement 13.5 similarly

similarly

similarly (discourse marker) 157.4 simple past

simple past

simple past forms, spelling, pronunciation and use 421;
or past progressive 422.3-6;
or present perfect 456-457;
or present perfect with already and yet 566.7;
or past perfect with after, as soon as etc 424.1;
instead of past progressive or perfect after conjunctions 580.7 simple present

simple present

simple present forms, spelling, pronunciation and use 461-463, 465-466;
or present progressive 461.2,3, 463.1-3,464.6,466;
or present perfect 460, 463.6;
instead of present progressive after conjunctions 580.7;
future use 215 since

since

since tenses 522;
since, for, in and from (time) 208;
since ... ing 411.6;
with present perfect progressive 458.5 since

since

since, as, because and for 72 sing

sing

sing structures with one and two objects 610.7 singular and plural

singular and plural

singular and plural 523-532
a three-mile walk etc 386.5, 389.15
another / a good three hours etc 532.6
distributive plural (e.g. they opened their books) 441.4
fractions and decimals 389.2,3
he/she or they after each 169.3
he/she or they after either 174.4
hundred and hundreds etc 389.15
irregular and special plurals 524
is/are after what-clause 130.1
mixed structures 529
noun + noun (e.g. a shoe shop) 385.2, 531
nouns and verbs after one of 397
one and a half 231.5
one of the ... who have/has etc 529.1
plural expressions with singular verbs 527
plural after here's, there's, where's 532.4
plural with apostrophe (e.g. 1960's) 524.5
plurals of compound nouns 524.6
pronunciation of plurals 525
singular nouns with plural verbs 526
singular and plural with sort of etc 551.2
spelling of plurals 523
they meaning 'he or she' 222.3, 528
verb after: as well as 532.2;
bread and jam etc 532.2;
each 169.2;
either of 174.2;
half (of) 231.1;
neither of 372.2;
neither ... nor 373;
number/majority of etc 526.2;
or 532.2;
the rest 501;
who and what 532.3
see also separate entries for particular words sir

sir

sir 363.2;
weak and strong form 616.3 size

size

size expressions with no preposition 451.8 size

size

size use of be 92.2 sky

sky

sky in the sky 81.7 slang

slang

slang 533 slang

slang

slang uncountable 148.3 Sleep well

Sleep well

Sleep well 545.20 sleeping

sleeping

sleeping and asleep 86.2 sleepy

sleepy

sleepy be sleepy 92.1 slow

slow

slow adjective and adverb 27.2;
(adverb) comparative and superlative 138 small

small

small and little 534 smell

smell

smell 535;
can smell 125.1;
progressive and non-progressive uses 471.3 smile

smile

smile preposition 449 snow

snow

snow preposition 450 so

so (adverb) meaning 'like this/that' 536;
do so 162;
even so 189.5;
I think/hope/believe etc so 539.1;
I don't think/believe etc so 369.3;
I told you so 540.2;
if so 261.7;
I'm afraid so 28.2;
so am I, so have I etc 541.1;
so I hear/believe etc 539.3;
so it is, so I have etc 541.2;
so with say and tell 539.3, 540 so

so (degree adverb) so tired, so fast etc 538;
and so much 538.7;
and such 569;
and very 538.2;
ever so 192;
exclamations and emphasis 195.3, 184.3;
not so ... as 136.2;
so ... as to 538.8;
so ... that 538.4;
so warm a day etc 14;
verb before subject after so 302.5 so

so meaning 'because of this!that' 157.14;
so and because not used together 511.1;
so and then 537 so as to

so as to

so as to 289.2 so be it

so be it

so be it 567.4 so few

so few

so few 538.6 so little

so little

so little 538.6 so long as

so long as

so long as meaning 'on condition that' 263 so much

so much

so much and so 538.7 so much

so much

so much and so many 542;
he didn't so much as 542.4;
if he so much as 542.4;
it's not so much ... as/that 542.4 so that

so that

so that and in order that 543 so to speak

so to speak

so to speak 157.16 so-and-so

so-and-so

so-and-so 544 so-so

so-so

so-so 544 social language

social language

social language 545 society

society

society without the 68.1, 69.4 socio-

socio-

socio- (prefix) 445.1 solo

solo

solo plural 523.3 some

some

some meanings, pronunciation and use 546;
and any 547;
some of 546.6;
and others 546.7;
expressions with no preposition 451.2;
some or no article 67;
some of whom etc 498.8;
weak and strong form 616.3 some time

some time

some time, sometime and sometimes 549 somebody

somebody

somebody and someone 548;
no difference 548.1;
position with adjectives 13.6;
question tags 488.5;
with else 183.1 someplace

someplace

someplace 548.6 something

something

something 548;
position with adjectives 13.6;
something else 183.1;
+ for ... to 291.6;
something that 494.5 sometime

sometime

sometime and once 393;
sometime, sometimes and some time 549 sometimes

sometimes

sometimes position 22.3, 24.2;
with present perfect 455.6 somewhere

somewhere

somewhere 548;
position with adjectives 13.6;
somewhere else 183.1;
somewhere I can lie down etc 498.6 soon

soon

soon comparative and superlative 138;
soon, early and quickly 550 soprano

soprano

soprano plural 523.3 sorry

sorry

sorry preposition 449;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.14;
sorry about not followed by that 453.2;
Sorry and Excuse me 545.7;
Sorry? (asking for repetition) 545.8;
with should 521.2 sort of

sort of

sort of 551;
discourse marker 157.16,17;
article dropped after sort of 70.6;
these sort of 551 sound

sound

sound (adjective and adverb) 27.2;
sound and soundly 27.2 sound

sound

sound (verb) 552;
non-progressive verb 471.2 south

south

south and southern etc 172;
capital letters 172.3 spacecraft

spacecraft

spacecraft singular and plural the same 524.3 spaghetti

spaghetti

spaghetti uncountable 148.5 Spanish

Spanish

Spanish the Spanish 17.2 speak to/with

speak to/with

speak to/with 312.9;
and talk 553 speaking of/about

speaking of/about

speaking of/about 157.1 special(ly)

special(ly)

special(ly) and especial(ly) 188 species

species

species singular and plural the same 524.3 spectacles

spectacles

spectacles plural with no singular 524.7 speech

speech

speech 554-555;
intonation 555;
stress and rhythm 554;
see also pronunciation; spoken English spelling

spelling

spelling 556-565
British-American differences 51.3
capital letters 556;
national adjectives (Italian etc) 364;
North(ern), South(ern) etc 172
ch and tch, k and ck 563
comparative and superlative adjectives 137.1
contractions (I'm, won't etc) 143.1
doubling final consonants 562
final -e 560
hyphens 559;
numbers (forty-one etc) 389.10
-icly and -ically 254.4
ie and ei 564
-ise and -ize 558
-ly 557
Mr, Mrs, Ms 363.3
noun + noun expressions (e.g. bathroom, living-room, furniture shop) 385.7
plurals 523
simple past 421
spelling and pronunciation (strange and difficult spellings) 565
third-person singular present works, cries, watches etc) 462
y and i 561 spend

spend

spend + object + -ing form 296.2 spit

spit

spit AmE forms 304.3 spite

spite

spite in spite of 272 split infinitive

split infinitive

split infinitive 280.7 spoken and written English

spoken and written English

spoken and written English 310 spoken English

spoken English

spoken English typical structures 514;
contractions 143;
informal relative structures 498.15-17;
informal structures with if 262;
intonation 555;
question tags 487-488;
reply questions (e.g. Was it? Did you?) 484;
short answers (e.g. Yes, he can) 517;
spoken calculations 389.22,23;
stress and rhythm 554;
tags 514;
use and avoidance of repetition 500.3,5,7;
see also pronunciation spokesman/woman/person

spokesman/woman/person

spokesman/woman/person 222.5 spring

spring

spring with or without the 70.9 square foot

square foot

square foot, mile etc 389.19 staff

staff

staff plural with no singular 524.7 stain

stain

stain active or passive meaning 609.2 stand

stand

stand (can't) stand ... ing 296.1 standard English and dialects

standard English and dialects

standard English and dialects 308, 309.2 start

start

start + -ing form or infinitive 299.10;
active or passive meaning 609.1;
and begin 99;
to start with 157.10 state verbs

state verbs

state verbs 471.1 statistics

statistics

statistics singular and plural the same 524.3 stay

stay

stay 128.10;
stay and 53.2 steal

steal

steal ... from passive structure 416.2 steward

steward

steward and stewardess 222.4 still

still

still, yet and already 566;
still emphasising contrast 157.3 stimulus

stimulus

stimulus plural 524.4 stomach-ache

stomach-ache

stomach-ache countable or uncountable 148.7 stone

stone

stone and stony 386.4 stone

stone

stone (British measure of weight) 389.18 stop

stop

stop + -ing form or infinitive 299.12;
+ object (+ from) + -ing form 296.2 stopped

stopped

stopped active past participle 409.4 storey

storey

storey see floor stories

stories

stories use of present tenses 465 straight

straight

straight adjective and adverb 27.2 strange for

strange for

strange for ... to 291.4 street

street

street and road 502 street names

street names

street names stress 502.2 stress

stress

stress 554;
for emphasis 184.2;
in abbreviations 2.2;
in noun + noun structures 385.6, 386.9;
in street names 502.2;
stressed and unstressed contractions 143;
weak and strong forms 616.2 strike

strike

strike and stroke 304.2 strong and weak forms

strong and weak forms

strong and weak forms 616 stupid to

stupid to

stupid to 284.2 sub-

sub-

sub- (prefix) 445.1 subject separated from sentence

subject separated from sentence

subject separated from sentence 514 subjunctives

subjunctives

subjunctives 567;
in older English 392;
with lest 321 subordinate clauses

subordinate clauses

subordinate clauses use of commas 510.4 subordinating conjunctions

subordinating conjunctions

subordinating conjunctions 510.2 such

such

such 568;
and so 569;
and very 568.4;
ever such 192;
exclamations 195.3;
such ... that / as to 568.5;
such a/an 568;
such as 568.6;
use for emphasis 184.3 such-and-such

such-and-such

such-and-such 568.7 suffer

suffer

suffer preposition 449 suffixes

suffixes

suffixes 445 sugar

sugar

sugar uncountable 148.5 suggest

suggest

suggest structures 570;
in passive 415 suit

suit

suit no passive 412.4;
suit ... for ... to 291.7;
and fit 206 sum

sum

sum to sum up 157.21 summer

summer

summer with or without the 70.9 Sunday

Sunday

Sunday etc expressions with no preposition 451.3 sunken

sunken

sunken 410.6 super-

super-

super- (prefix) 445.1 superlatives

superlatives

superlatives see comparatives and superlatives supper

supper

supper and dinner 347 suppose

suppose

suppose non-progressive verb 471.2;
in negative sentences 369;
suppose so/not 539;
I suppose (discourse marker) 157.16 suppose

suppose

suppose, supposing (conjunction) 571 supposed

supposed

supposed be supposed to 572 sure

sure

sure adjective and adverb 27.2;
+ -ing form or infinitive 299.15;
be sure and 53.1;
and surely 27.2 surely

surely

surely 573;
and certainly 573.1 surnames

surnames

surnames use 363.1d surprise

surprise

surprise non-progressive verb 471.2;
+ infinitive 284.1 surprised by/at

surprised by/at

surprised by/at 410.5;
very surprised 410.4 surprising

surprising

surprising structure with should 521.2 surroundings

surroundings

surroundings plural with no singular 524.7 swear

swear

swear + infinitive 282;
I swear 466.4 swearwords

swearwords

swearwords and taboo words 575 Swiss

Swiss

Swiss singular and plural the same 524.3 swollen

swollen

swollen active past participle 409.3 sympathetic

sympathetic

sympathetic 574 taboo words

taboo words

taboo words and swearwords 575 tags