Tables

Alphabet
Beaufort Scale
Books of the Bible
Chemical Elements
Diacritics
Easter Dates
Geologic Time
Indo-European Languages
International Morse Code
Measures and Weights
Metric System
Money
Months of the Principal Calendars
Numbers
Planets
Punctuation Marks
Radio Frequencies
Ship's Bells
Signs of the Zodiac
Truth Table
Volume Formulas
alphabet table
Beaufort Scale
Beaufort Number Name Wind Speed Description
MPH KPH
0 calm < 1 < 1 calm; smoke rises vertically
1 light air 1-3 1-5 direction of wind shown by smoke but not by wind vanes
2 light breeze 4-7 6-11 wind felt on face; leaves rustle; wind vane moves
3 gentle breeze 8-12 12-19 leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends light flag
4 moderate breeze 13-18 20-29 wind raises dust and loose paper; small branches move
5 fresh breeze 19-24 30-39 small-leaved trees begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters
6 strong breeze 25-31 40-50 large branches move; overhead wires whistle; umbrellas difficult to control
7 moderate gale or near gale 32-38 51-61 whole trees sway; walking against wind is difficult
8 fresh gale or gale 39-46 62-74 twigs break off trees; moving cars veer
9 strong gale 47-54 75-87 slight structural damage occurs; shingles may blow away
10 whole gale or storm 55-63 88-102 trees uprooted; considerable structural damage occurs
11 storm or violent storm 64-72 103-117 widespread damage occurs
12 hurricane 73 118 widespread damage occurs
Note: The U.S. uses 74 statute mph as the speed criterion for a hurricane.
Books of the Bible
Hebrew Bible
Law
Genesis
Exodus
Leviticus
Numbers
Deuteronomy
Prophets
Joshua
Judges
1 & 2 Samuel
1 & 2 Kings
Isaiah
Jeremiah
Ezekiel
Hosea
Joel
Amos
Obadiah
Jonah
Micah
Nahum
Habakkuk
Zephaniah
Haggai
Zechariah
Malachi
Writings
Psalms
Proverbs
Job
Song of Songs
Ruth
Lamentations
Ecclesiastes
Esther
Daniel
Ezra
Nehemiah
1 & 2 Chronicles
Christian Canon - Old Testament
Roman Catholic Protestant
Genesis Genesis
Exodus Exodus
Leviticus Leviticus
Numbers Numbers
Deuteronomy Deuteronomy
Joshua Joshua
Judges Judges
Ruth Ruth
1 & 2 Samuel 1 & 2 Samuel
1 & 2 Kings 1 & 2 Kings
1 & 2 Chronicles 1 & 2 Chronicles
Ezra Ezra
Nehemiah Nehemiah
Tobit
Judith
Esther Esther
Job Job
Psalms Psalms
Proverbs Proverbs
Ecclesiastes Ecclesiastes
Song of Songs Song of Solomon
Wisdom
Sirach
Isaiah Isaiah
Jeremiah Jeremiah
Lamentations Lamentations
Baruch
Ezekiel Ezekiel
Daniel Daniel
Hosea Hosea
Joel Joel
Amos Amos
Obadiah Obadiah
Jonah Jonah
Micah Micah
Nahum Nahum
Habakkuk Habakkuk
Zephaniah Zephaniah
Haggai Haggai
Zechariah Zechariah
Malachi Malachi
1 & 2 Maccabees
Protestant Apocrypha
1 & 2 Esdras
Tobit
Judith
Additions to Esther
Wisdom of Solomon
Ecclesiasticus or the Wisdom of Jesus Son of Sirach
Baruch
Prayer of Azariah and the Song of the Three Holy Children
Susanna
Bel and the Dragon
The Prayer of Manasses
1 & 2 Maccabees
Christian Canon - New Testament
Matthew
Mark
Luke
John
Acts of the Apostles
Romans
1 & 2 Corinthians
Galatians
Ephesians
Philippians
Colossians
1 & 2 Thessalonians
1 & 2 Timothy
Titus
Philemon
Hebrews
James
1 & 2 Peter
1, 2, 3 John
Jude
Revelation or Apocalypse
Diacritics
´ (é) acute accent
` (è) grave accent
^ (ô) circumflex
~ (ñ) tilde
¯ (ō) macron
˘ (ŭ) breve
ˇ (č) haček
¨ (naïve) diaeresis
¨ (glögg) umlaut
¸ (ç) cedilla
Easter Dates
Note: Dates are for Western Churches
Year Ash Wednesday Easter
2009 Feb. 25 Apr. 12
2010 Feb. 17 Apr. 4
2011 Mar. 9 Apr. 24
2012 Feb. 22 Apr. 8
2013 Feb. 13 Mar. 31
2014 Mar. 5 Apr. 20
2015 Feb. 18 Apr. 5
2016 Feb. 10 Mar. 27
2017 Mar. 1 Apr. 16
2018 Feb. 14 Apr. 1
2019 Mar. 6 Apr. 21
2020 Feb. 26 Apr. 12
2021 Feb. 17 Apr. 4
2022 Mar. 2 Apr. 17
Chemical Elements
Element Symbol Atomic Number Atomic Weight 1
actinium Ac 89 227.0277
aluminum Al 13 26.98154
americium Am 95 (243)
antimony Sb 51 121.760
argon Ar 18 39.948
arsenic As 33 74.92160
astatine At 85 (210)
barium Ba 56 137.33
berkelium Bk 97 (247)
beryllium Be 4 9.012182
bismuth Bi 83 208.98038
bohrium Bh 107 (264)
boron B 5 10.81
bromine Br 35 79.904
cadmium Cd 48 112.41
calcium Ca 20 40.078
californium Cf 98 (251)
carbon C 6 12.011
cerium Ce 58 140.116
cesium Cs 55 132.90545
chlorine Cl 17 35.453
chromium Cr 24 51.996
cobalt Co 27 58.93320
copper Cu 29 63.546
curium Cm 96 (247)
dubnium Db 105 (262)
dysprosium Dy 66 162.50
einsteinium Es 99 (252)
erbium Er 68 167.259
europium Eu 63 151.964
fermium Fm 100 (257)
fluorine F 9 18.998403
francium Fr 87 (223)
gadolinium Gd 64 157.25
gallium Ga 31 69.723
germanium Ge 32 72.64
gold Au 79 196.96655
hafnium Hf 72 178.49
hassium Hs 108 (277)
helium He 2 4.002602
holmium Ho 67 164.93032
hydrogen H 1 1.0079
indium In 49 114.818
iodine I 53 126.90447
iridium Ir 77 192.217
iron Fe 26 55.845
krypton Kr 36 83.80
lanthanum La 57 138.9055
lawrencium Lr 103 (262)
lead Pb 82 207.2
lithium Li 3 6.941
lutetium Lu 71 174.967
magnesium Mg 12 24.305
manganese Mn 25 54.93805
meitnerium Mt 109 (268)
mendelevium Md 101 (258)
mercury Hg 80 200.59
molybdenum Mo 42 95.94
neodymium Nd 60 144.24
neon Ne 10 20.180
neptunium Np 93 (237)
nickel Ni 28 58.6934
niobium Nb 41 92.90638
nitrogen N 7 14.0067
nobelium No 102 (259)
osmium Os 76 190.23
oxygen O 8 15.9994
palladium Pd 46 106.42
phosphorus P 15 30.973761
platinum Pt 78 195.078
plutonium Pu 94 (244)
polonium Po 84 (209)
potassium K 19 39.0983
praseodymium Pr 59 140.90765
promethium Pm 61 (145)
protactinium Pa 91 (231)
radium Ra 88 (226)
radon Rn 86 (222)
rhenium Re 75 186.207
rhodium Rh 45 102.90550
rubidium Rb 37 85.4678
ruthenium Ru 44 101.07
rutherfordium Rf 104 (261)
samarium Sm 62 150.36
scandium Sc 21 44.95591
seaborgium Sg 106 (266)
selenium Se 34 78.96
silicon Si 14 28.0855
silver Ag 47 107.8682
sodium Na 11 22.989770
strontium Sr 38 87.62
sulfur S 16 32.07
tantalum Ta 73 180.9479
technetium Tc 43 (98)
tellurium Te 52 127.60
terbium Tb 65 158.92534
thallium Tl 81 204.3833
thorium Th 90 232.0381
thulium Tm 69 168.93421
tin Sn 50 118.71
titanium Ti 22 47.867
tungsten W 74 183.84
uranium U 92 (238)
vanadium V 23 50.9415
xenon Xe 54 131.29
ytterbium Yb 70 173.04
yttrium Y 39 88.90585
zinc Zn 30 65.39
zirconium Zr 40 91.224

1 Atomic Weights are based on the naturally occurring isotope compositions and scaled to 12 C = 12. For elements lacking stable isotopes, the mass number of the most stable nuclide is shown in parentheses.

Geologic Time
Note: Beginning of Interval times are approximate.
Eras Periods and Systems Epochs and Series Approximate Beginning of Interval
(millions of years ago)
Biological Forms
Phanerozoic Eon
Cenozoic Era Quaternary Holocene 0.01
Pleistocene 1.8 Earliest humans
Tertiary Pliocene 5
Miocene 24 Earliest hominids
Oligocene 34
Eocene 55 Earliest grasses
Paleocene 65 Earliest large mammals
Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary (65 million years ago): extinction of dinosaurs
Mesozoic Era Cretaceous Upper 98
Lower 144 Earliest flowering plants; dinosaurs in ascendancy
Jurassic 208 Earliest birds
Triassic 248 Earliest dinosaurs & mammals
Paleozoic Era Permian 286
Carboniferous
 Pennsylvanian 320 Earliest reptiles
 Mississippian 360 Earliest winged insects
Devonian 410 Earliest amphibians & bony fish
Silurian 438 Earliest land plants & insects
Ordovician 505 Earliest corals
Cambrian 544 Earliest fish
Proterozoic Eon
Precambrian Era 2500 Earliest colonial algae & soft-bodied invertebrates
Archean Eon
Precambrian Era 3800 Earliest surviving microfossils of primitive single-celled organisms
Hadean Eon
Precambrian Era 4600 No surviving fossils
Indo-European Languages - Languages and Major Dialects
Branch Group Languages and Major Dialects Provenience
Ancient Medieval Modern
Note: Italics denote dead languages. Languages listed in regular type in the ancient or medieval column survive only in some special use, as in literary composition or liturgy.
Anatolian Hittite, Lydian, Lycian, Luwian, Palaic, Hieroglyphic Luwian. Provenience: ancient Asia Minor.
Branch: Indo-Iranian Nuristani languages of eastern Afghanistan Afghanistan
Indo-Aryan Sanskritic Sanskrit, Pali India
Prakrits Prakrits
Shina, Khowar Upper Indus valley
Kashmiri Kashmir
Lahnda western Punjab
Sindhi Sind
Panjabi Punjab
Rajasthani Rajasthan
Gujarati Gujarat
Marathi western India
Konkani western India
Oriya Orissa
Bengali Bangladesh, West Bengal
Assamese Assam
Bhojpuri Bihar, Uttar Pradesh
Hindi northern India
Urdu Pakistan, India
Nepali Nepal
Sinhalese Sri Lanka
Romany uncertain
Iranian West Old Persian Pahlavi Persia
Persian Persian Iran
Kurdish Iran, Iraq, Turkey
Baluchi Pakistan
Tajiki Tajikistan
East Avestan ancient Persia
Sogdian, Khotanese central Asia
Pashto Afghanistan, Pakistan
Ossetic Caucasus
Armenian Armenian Armenian Asia Minor, Caucasus
Greek or Hellenic Greek Greek Greek Greece, the eastern Mediterranean
Branch: Balto-Slavic Baltic Old Prussian East Prussia
Lithuanian Lithuania
Latvian Latvia
Slavic South Old Church Slavic
Slovene Slovenia
Serbian, Croatian Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro
Macedonian Macedonia
Bulgarian Bulgaria
West Czech, Slovak Czech Republic, Slovakia
Polish, Kashubian Poland
Wendish, Polabian Germany
East Old Russian Russian Russia
Ukrainian Ukraine
Belarusian Belarus
Albanian Albanian. Albania, Serbia, Macedonia.
Scantily recorded and of uncertain affinities within Indo-European Ligurian, Messapian ancient Italy
Illyrian, Thracian Balkans
Phrygian Asia Minor
Tocharian Tocharian A, Tocharian B central Asia
Germanic East Gothic eastern Europe
North Old Norse Icelandic Iceland
Faeroese Faeroe Islands
Norwegian Norway
Swedish Sweden
Danish Denmark
West Old High German, Middle High German German Germany, Switzerland, Austria
Yiddish Germany, eastern Europe
Old Saxon, Middle Low German Low German northern Germany
Middle Dutch Dutch Netherlands, Belgium
Afrikaans South Africa
Old Frisian Frisian Netherlands, Germany
Old English, Middle English English England
Italic Venetic, Oscan, Umbrian, Faliscan ancient Italy
Latin Portuguese Portugal
Spanish Spain
Judeo-Spanish Mediterranean lands
Catalan Spain (Catalonia)
Old Occitan. Occitan southern France
Old French, Middle French French France, Belgium, Switzerland
Italian Italy, Switzerland
Rhaeto-Romance Switzerland, Italy
Sardinian Sardinia
Dalmatian Adriatic coast
Romanian Romania, Balkans
Celtic
Continental Gaulish Gaul
Goidelic Old Irish, Middle Irish Irish Ireland
Scottish Gaelic Scotland
Manx Isle of Man
Group: Brythonic Old Welsh, Middle Welsh Welsh Wales
Old Cornish Cornish Cornwall
Old Breton Breton Brittany
International Morse Code
a · -
b - · · ·
c - · - ·
d - · ·
e ·
f · · - ·
g - - ·
h · · · ·
i · ·
j · - - -
k - · -
l · - · ·
m - -
n - ·
o - - -
p · - - ·
q - - · -
r · - ·
s · · ·
t -
u · · -
v · · · -
w · - -
x - · · -
y - · - -
z - - · ·
á · - - · -
ä · - · -
é · · - · ·
ñ - - · - -
ö - - - ·
ü · · - -
1 · - - - -
2 · · - - -
3 · · · - -
4 · · · · -
5 · · · · ·
6 - · · · ·
7 - - · · ·
8 - - - · ·
9 - - - - ·
0 - - - - -
, - - · · - - (comma)
. · - · - · - (period)
? · · - - · · (question mark)
" · - · · - · (quotation marks)
: - - - · · · (colon)
' · - - - - · (apostrophe)
- - · · · · - (hyphen)
/ - · · - · (slash)
( - · - - · (left parenthesis)
) - · - - · - (right parenthesis)
Measures and Weights 1
Unit Abbreviation or Symbol Equivalents in Other Units of Same System Metric Equivalent
Weight
Avoirdupois 2
ton: short ton 2000 pounds, 20 short hundredweight 0.907 metric ton
ton: long ton 2240 pounds, 20 long hundredweight 1.016 metric tons
hundredweight: short hundredweight cwt 100 pounds, 0.05 short ton 45.359 kilograms
hundredweight: long hundredweight cwt 112 pounds, 0.05 long ton 50.802 kilograms
pound lb or lb avdp also # 16 ounces, 7000 grains 0.454 kilogram
ounce oz or oz avdp 16 drams, 437.5 grains, 0.0625 pound 28.350 grams
dram dr or dr avdp 27.344 grains, 0.0625 ounce 1.772 grams
grain gr 0.037 dram, 0.002286 ounce 0.0648 gram
Troy
pound lb t 12 ounces, 240 pennyweight, 5760 grains 0.373 kilogram
ounce oz t 20 pennyweight, 480 grains, 0.083 pound 31.103 grams
pennyweight dwt also pwt 24 grains, 0.05 ounce 1.555 grams
grain gr 0.042 pennyweight, 0.002083 ounce 0.0648 gram
Apothecaries
pound lb ap 12 ounces, 5760 grains 0.373 kilogram
ounce oz ap 8 drams, 480 grains, 0.083 pound 31.103 grams
dram dr ap 3 scruples, 60 grains 3.888 grams
scruple s ap 20 grains, 0.333 dram 1.296 grams
grain gr 0.05 scruple, 0.002083 ounce, 0.0166 dram 0.0648 gram
Capacity
U.S. liquid measure
gallon gal 4 quarts (231 cubic inches) 3.785 liters
quart qt 2 pints (57.75 cubic inches) 0.946 liter
pint pt 4 gills (28.875 cubic inches) 473.176 milliliters
gill gi 4 fluid ounces (7.219 cubic inches) 118.294 milliliters
fluid ounce fl oz 8 fluid drams (1.805 cubic inches) 29.573 milliliters
fluid dram fl dr 60 minims (0.226 cubic inch) 3.697 milliliters
minim min 1/60 fluid dram (0.003760 cubic inch) 0.061610 milliliter
U.S. dry measure
bushel bu 4 pecks (2150.42 cubic inches) 35.239 liters
peck pk 8 quarts (537.605 cubic inches) 8.810 liters
quart qt 2 pints (67.201 cubic inches) 1.101 liters
pint pt 1/2 quart (33.600 cubic inches) 0.551 liter
British imperial liquid and dry measure
bushel bu 4 pecks (2219.36 cubic inches) 36.369 liters
peck pk 2 gallons (554.84 cubic inches) 9.092 liters
gallon gal 4 quarts (277.420 cubic inches) 4.546 liters
quart qt 2 pints (69.355 cubic inches) 1.136 liters
pint pt 4 gills (34.678 cubic inches) 568.26 milliliters
gill gi 5 fluid ounces (8.669 cubic inches) 142.066 milliliters
fluid ounce fl oz 8 fluid drams (1.7339 cubic inches) 28.412 milliliters
fluid dram fl dr 60 minims (0.216734 cubic inch) 3.5516 milliliters
minim min 1/60 fluid dram (0.003612 cubic inch) 0.059194 milliliter
Length
mile mi 5280 feet, 1760 yards, 320 rods 1.609 kilometers
rod rd 5.50 yards, 16.5 feet 5.029 meters
yard yd 3 feet, 36 inches 0.9144 meter
foot ft or ' 12 inches, 0.333 yard 30.48 centimeters
inch in or " 0.083 foot, 0.028 yard 2.54 centimeters
Area
square mile sq mi or mi² 640 acres, 102,400 square rods 2.590 square kilometers
acre ac 4840 square yards, 43,560 square feet 0.405 hectare, 4047 square meters
square rod sq rd or rd² 30.25 square yards, 0.00625 acre 25.293 square meters
square yard sq yd or yd² 9 square feet, 1296 square inches 0.836 square meter
square foot sq ft or ft² 144 square inches, 0.111 square yard 0.093 square meter
square inch sq in or in² 0.0069 square foot, 0.00077 square yard 6.452 square centimeters
Volume
cubic yard cu yd or yd³ 27 cubic feet, 46,656 cubic inches 0.765 cubic meter
cubic foot cu ft or ft³ 1728 cubic inches, 0.0370 cubic yard 0.028 cubic meter
cubic inch cu in or in³ 0.00058 cubic foot, 0.000021 cubic yard 16.387 cubic centimeters

1 For U.S. equivalents of the metric units see Metric System table .

2 The U.S. uses the avoirdupois units as a common system of measuring weight.

Metric System 1
Length
Unit Abbreviation Equivalent in Base Unit Approximate U.S. Equivalent
kilometer km 1000 meters 0.62 mile
hectometer hm 100 meters 328.08 feet
dekameter dam 10 meters 32.81 feet
meter m 39.37 inches
decimeter dm 0.1 meter 3.94 inches
centimeter cm 0.01 meter 0.39 inch
millimeter mm 0.001 meter 0.039 inch
micrometer µm 0.000001 meter 0.000039 inch
Area
Unit Abbreviation Equivalent in Base Unit Approximate U.S. Equivalent
square kilometer sq km or km2 1,000,000 square meters 0.39 square miles
hectare ha 10,000 square meters 2.47 acres
are a 100 square meters 119.60 square yards
square centimeter sq cm or cm2 0.0001 square meter 0.16 square inch
Volume
Unit Abbreviation Equivalent in Base Unit Approximate U.S. Equivalent
cubic meter 1.31 cubic yards
cubic decimeter dm³ 0.001 cubic meter 61.02 cubic inches
cubic centimeter cu cm or cm³ also cc 0.000001 cubic meter 0.061 cubic inch
Capacity
Unit Abbreviation Equivalent in Base Unit Approximate U.S. Equivalents
cubic dry liquid
kiloliter kl 1000 liters 1.31 cubic yards 28.38 bushels 264.17 gallons
hectoliter hl 100 liters 3.53 cubic feet 2.84 bushels 26.42 gallons
dekaliter dal 10 liters 0.35 cubic foot 1.14 pecks 2.64 gallons
liter l 61.02 cubic inches 0.91 quart 1.06 quarts
cubic decimeter dm³ 61.02 cubic inches 0.91 quart 1.06 quarts
deciliter dl 0.1 liter 6.10 cubic inches 0.18 pint 0.21 pint
centiliter cl 0.01 liter 0.61 cubic inch 0.34 fluid ounce
milliliter ml 0.001 liter 0.061 cubic inch 0.27 fluid dram
microliter µl 0.000001 liter 0.000061 cubic inch 0.00027 fluid dram
Mass and Weight
Unit Abbreviation Equivalent in Base Unit Approximate U.S. Equivalent
metric ton t 1,000,000 grams 1.10 short tons
kilogram kg 1000 grams 2.20 pounds
hectogram hg 100 grams 3.53 ounces
dekagram dag 10 grams 0.35 ounce
gram g 0.035 ounce
decigram dg 0.10 gram 1.54 grains
centigram cg 0.01 gram 0.15 grain
milligram mg 0.001 gram 0.015 grain
microgram µg or mcg 0.000001 gram 0.000015 grain

1 For metric equivalents of U.S. units, see Measures and Weights table .

Money
Name Country Subdivision Symbol
afghani Afghanistan 100 puls Af
ariary Madagascar 5 iraimbilanja
baht or tical Thailand 100 satang B
balboa (a monetary unit in name only, replaced by the U.S. dollar) Panama 100 centesimos
birr Ethiopia 100 cents Br
bolivar Venezuela 100 centimos B
boliviano Bolivia 100 centavos $b
cedi Ghana 100 pesewas ¢
colón Costa Rica 100 centimos C or ¢
córdoba Nicaragua 100 centavos C$
dalasi Gambia 100 bututs
denar Macedonia 100 deni (now a subdivision in name only)
dinar Algeria 100 centimes DA
dinar Bahrain 1000 fils BD
dinar Iraq 1000 fils ID
dinar Jordan 1000 fils JD
dinar Kuwait 1000 fils KD
dinar Libya 1000 dirhams LD
dinar Serbia 100 paras
dinar Tunisia 1000 millimes TD
dirham Morocco 100 centimes DH
dirham United Arab Emirates 100 fils Dh
dobra São Tomé and Príncipe 100 centimos Db
dollar Antigua and Barbuda, Dominica, Grenada, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent and the Grenadines 100 cents EC$ or $ (dollars issued by the E astern C aribbean Central Bank, established to promote economic cooperation among the member nations)
dollar Australia 100 cents $A or A$
dollar Bahamas 100 cents $ or B$
dollar Barbados 100 cents $ or Bds$
dollar Belize 100 cents $
dollar Bermuda 100 cents $
dollar Brunei 100 sen or cents B$
dollar Canada 100 cents $
dollar Fiji 100 cents $ or F$
dollar Guyana 100 cents $ or G$
dollar Hong Kong 100 cents $ or HK$
dollar Jamaica 100 cents $ or J$
dollar Liberia 100 cents L$
dollar Namibia 100 cents N$
dollar New Zealand 100 cents NZ$
dollar Singapore 100 cents $ or S$
dollar Solomon Islands 100 cents SI$
dollar or yuan Taiwan 100 cents NT$
dollar Trinidad and Tobago 100 cents $ or TT$
dollar United States (the following nations also use the U.S. dollar as their currency: East Timor, Ecuador, El Salvador, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau) 100 cents $
dollar Zimbabwe 100 cents $ or Z$
dollar see RINGGIT , below
dong Vietnam 100 xu
dram Armenia 100 luma
escudo Cape Verde 100 centavos
euro Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain (The euro replaced the individual monetary units of participating European Union countries. The following non-European Union countries also use the euro as their currency: Andorra, Kosovo, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, and Vatican City.) 100 cents
forint Hungary 100 filler (now a subdivision in name only) Ft
franc Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon (francs issued by the Bank of the Central African States) 100 centimes CFAF or FCFA
franc Benin, Burkina Faso, Guinea-Bissau, Ivory Coast, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo (francs issued by the West African Economic and Monetary Union) 100 centimes CFAF or FCFA
franc Burundi 100 centimes F or FBu
franc Comoros 100 centimes
franc Democratic Republic of the Congo 100 centimes
franc Djibouti 100 centimes DF
franc Guinea 100 centimes
franc Rwanda 100 centimes (now a subdivision in name only) FR or RF
franc Switzerland 100 centimes or rappen
gourde Haiti 100 centimes G
guarani Paraguay 100 centimos
hryvnia Ukraine 100 kopiykas
kina Papua New Guinea 100 toea K
kip Laos 100 att K
koruna Czech Republic 100 haleru (sing haler) Kčs
krona Iceland 100 aurar (sing eyrir) KR
krona Sweden 100 ore SKr or KR
krone Denmark 100 ore DKr
krone Norway 100 ore KR or NKr
kuna Croatia 100 lipa
kwacha Malawi 100 tambala K
kwacha Zambia 100 ngwee K
kwanza Angola 100 lwei
kyat Myanmar 100 pyas K
lari Republic of Georgia 100 tetri
lats (pl lati or latu) Latvia 100 santimi or santimu (sing santims)
lek Albania 100 qindarka (sing qindar)
lempira Honduras 100 centavos L
leone Sierra Leone 100 cents Le
leu Moldova 100 bani (sing ban)
leu Romania 100 bani (sing ban)
lev Bulgaria 100 stotinki (sing stotinka)
lilangeni (pl emalangeni) Swaziland 100 cents E
lira or pound Turkey 100 kurus (sing kurush)
litas Lithuania 100 centai or centu (sing centas)
livre see pound, below
loti (pl maloti) Lesotho 100 lisente or licente (sing sente)
manat Azerbaijan 100 gopiks
manat Turkmenistan 100 tennesi
marka Bosnia and Herzegovina 100 fening
metical Mozambique 100 centavos
naira Nigeria 100 kobo
nafka Eritrea 100 cents Nfa
ngultrum Bhutan 100 chetrums Nu
ouguiya Mauritania 5 khoums
pa'anga Tonga 100 seniti or cents T$
pataca Macao 100 avos
peso Argentina 100 centavos
peso Chile 100 centavos
peso Colombia 100 centavos Col$
peso Cuba 100 centavos
peso Dominican Republic 100 centavos RD$
peso Mexico 100 centavos $
peso or piso Philippines 100 sentimos or centavos P
peso Uruguay 100 centesimos $
pound Egypt 100 piastres £E
pound or livre Lebanon 100 piastres £L
pound South Sudan 100 piastres
pound Sudan 100 piastres
pound or livre Syria 100 piastres
pound United Kingdom 100 pence (sing penny) £
pound see LIRA , above
pula Botswana 100 thebe P
quetzal Guatemala 100 centavos Q
rand South Africa 100 cents R
real Brazil 100 centavos R$
rial Iran 100 dinars IR or Rl
rial Oman 1000 baisa RO
rial also riyal Yemen 100 fils YR or R
rial see RIYAL , below
riel Cambodia 100 sen
ringgit or dollar Malaysia 100 sen $
riyal Qatar 100 dirhams QR
riyal also rial Saudi Arabia 100 halalas SR
riyal see RIAL , above
rubel or ruble Belarus 100 kapeek (sing kapeyka)
ruble Russia 100 kopecks R
rufiyaa Maldives 100 laari
rupee India 100 paise Re (pl Rs)
rupee Mauritius 100 cents Re (pl Rs)
rupee Nepal 100 paisa Re (pl Rs)
rupee Pakistan 100 paisa Re (pl Rs)
rupee Seychelles 100 cents Re (pl Rs)
rupee Sri Lanka 100 cents Re (pl Rs)
rupiah Indonesia 100 sen Rp
shekel or sheqel Israel 100 agorot (sing agora) NIS
shilling Kenya 100 cents S or KSh
shilling Somalia 100 cents
shilling Tanzania 100 cents TSh
shilling Uganda 100 cents USh
sol Peru 100 centimos S/
som Kyrgystan 100 tyiyn
som Uzbekistan 100 tiyin
somoni Tajikistan 100 dirams
taka Bangladesh 100 poiska or poisha Tk
tala Samoa 100 sene $
tenge Kazakhstan 100 tiyin
tical see BAHT , above
tugrik Mongolia 100 mongo Tug
vatu Vanuatu VT or Vt
won North Korea 100 chon
won South Korea 100 chon
yen Japan 100 sen (now a subdivision in name only) ¥
yuan China (mainland) 100 fen Y
yuan see DOLLAR , above
zloty Poland 100 groszy (sing grosz) Zl
Months of the Principal Calendars
Gregorian
The equinoxes occur about March 21 and September 23, the solstices about June 22 and December 22.
January (begins about 10 days after the winter solstice) 31 days
February 28 days
February in leap years 29 days
March 31 days
April 30 days
May 31 days
June 30 days
July 31 days
August 31 days
September 30 days
October 31 days
November 30 days
December 31 days
Jewish
Tishri 30 days
  In year 5764, Tishri begins Sept. 27, 2003.
Heshvan 29 or 30 days
Kislev 29 or 30 days
Tebet 29 days
Shebat 30 days
Adar 29 days
  In leap years, an additional 30-day month called Adar Rishon ("first Adar") precedes the month of Adar Sheni ("second Adar"), which replaces the normal Adar. Adar Sheni, which is also called Veadar, retains the holidays and scriptural readings of a normal Adar.
Nisan 30 days
  The first month of the ecclesiastical year; anciently called Abib.
Iyar 29 days
Sivan 30 days
Tammuz 29 days
Ab 30 days
Elul 29 days
Islamic
Muharram 30 days
  In A.H. 1424, Muharram begins Mar. 4, 2003. Muharram retrogresses through the seasons; the Islamic year is lunar and each month begins at the approximate new moon; the year 1 A.H. began on Friday, July 16, A.D. 622.
Safar 29 days
Rabi al-Awwal 30 days
Rabi al-Thani 29 days
Jumada al-Awwal 30 days
Jumada al-Thani 29 days
Rajab 30 days
Sha`ban 29 days
Ramadan 30 days
Shawwal 29 days
Dhu'l-Qa`dah 30 days
Dhu'l-Hijja 29 days
Dhu'l-Hijja in leap years 30 days

Table of Numbers

Cardinal Numbers 1
Name 2 Symbol
Arabic Roman 3
zero or naught or cipher 0
one 1 I
two 2 II
three 3 III
four 4 IV
five 5 V
six 6 VI
seven 7 VII
eight 8 VIII
nine 9 IX
ten 10 X
eleven 11 XI
twelve 12 XII
thirteen 13 XIII
fourteen 14 XIV
fifteen 15 XV
sixteen 16 XVI
seventeen 17 XVII
eighteen 18 XVIII
nineteen 19 XIX
twenty 20 XX
twenty-one 21 XXI
twenty-two 22 XXII
twenty-three 23 XXIII
twenty-four 24 XXIV
twenty-five 25 XXV
twenty-six 26 XXVI
twenty-seven 27 XXVII
twenty-eight 28 XXVIII
twenty-nine 29 XXIX
thirty 30 XXX
thirty-one 31 XXXI
thirty-two etc. 32 XXXII
forty 40 XL
forty-one etc . 41 XLI
fifty 50 L
sixty 60 LX
seventy 70 LXX
eighty 80 LXXX
ninety 90 XC
one hundred 100 C
one hundred and one or one hundred one 101 CI
one hundred and two etc. 102 CII
two hundred 200 CC
three hundred 300 CCC
four hundred 400 CD
five hundred 500 D
six hundred 600 DC
seven hundred 700 DCC
eight hundred 800 DCCC
nine hundred 900 CM
one thousand or ten hundred etc 1,000 M
two thousand etc 2,000 MM
five thousand 5,000
ten thousand 10,000
one hundred thousand 100,000
one million 1,000,000

1 The cardinal numbers are used in simple counting or in answer to "how many?" The words for these numbers may be used as nouns (he counted to twelve ), as pronouns (twelve were found), or as adjectives (twelve girls).

2 In formal contexts the numbers one to one hundred and in less formal contexts the numbers one to nine are commonly written out in words, while larger numbers are given in numerals. In nearly all contexts a number occurring at the beginning of a sentence is usually written out. Except in very formal contexts numerals are invariably used for dates. Arabic numbers from 1,000 to 9,999 are often written without commas or spaces (1000, 9999). Year numbers are always written without commas (1783).

3 The Roman numerals are written either in capitals or in lowercase letters.

Ordinal Numbers 4
Name 5 Symbol 6
first 1st
second 2d or 2nd
third 3d or 3rd
fourth 4th
fifth 5th
sixth 6th
seventh 7th
eighth 8th
ninth 9th
tenth 10th
eleventh 11th
twelfth 12th
thirteenth 13th
fourteenth 14th
fifteenth 15th
sixteenth 16th
seventeenth 17th
eighteenth 18th
nineteenth 19th
twentieth 20th
twenty-first 21st
twenty-second 22d or 22nd
twenty-third 23d or 23rd
twenty-fourth 24th
twenty-fifth 25th
twenty-sixth 26th
twenty-seventh 27th
twenty-eighth 28th
twenty-ninth 29th
thirtieth 30th
thirty-first 31st
thirty-second etc . 32d or 32nd
fortieth 40th
forty-first 41st
forty-second etc . 42d or 42nd
fiftieth 50th
sixtieth 60th
seventieth 70th
eightieth 80th
ninetieth 90th
hundredth or one hundredth 100th
hundred and first or one hundred and first 101st
hundred and second etc . 102d or 102nd
two hundredth 200th
three hundredth 300th
four hundredth 400th
five hundredth 500th
six hundredth 600th
seven hundredth 700th
eight hundredth 800th
nine hundredth 900th
thousandth or one thousandth 1,000th
two thousandth etc 2,000th
ten thousandth 10,000th
hundred thousandth or one hundred thousandth 100,000th
millionth or one millionth 1,000,000th

4 The ordinal numbers are used to show the order of succession in which such items as names, objects, and periods of time are considered (the twelfth month; the fourth row of seats; the 18th century).

5 Each of the terms for the ordinal numbers excepting first and second is used in designating one of a number of parts into which a whole may be divided (a fourth ; a sixth ; a tenth ) and as the denominator in fractions designating the number of such parts constituting a certain portion of a whole (one fourth; three fifths ). When used as nouns the fractions are usually written as two words, although they are regularly hyphenated as adjectives (a two-thirds majority). When fractions are written in numerals, the cardinal symbols are used (1/4, 3/5, 5/6).

6 The Arabic symbols for the cardinal numbers may be read as ordinals in certain contexts (January 1 = January first; 2 Samuel = Second Samuel). The Roman numerals are sometimes read as ordinals (Henry IV = Henry the Fourth); sometimes they are written with the ordinal suffixes (XIXth Dynasty).

Denominations above One Million
American system 1
Name Value In Powers Of Ten Number Of Zeros 2 Number Of Groups Of Three 0's After 1,000
billion 109 9 2
trillion 1012 12 3
quadrillion 1015 15 4
quintillion 1018 18 5
sextillion 1021 21 6
septillion 1024 24 7
octillion 1027 27 8
nonillion 1030 30 9
decillion 1033 33 10
undecillion 1036 36 11
duodecillion 1039 39 12
tredecillion 1042 42 13
quattuordecillion 1045 45 14
quindecillion 1048 48 15
sexdecillion 1051 51 16
septendecillion 1054 54 17
octodecillion 1057 57 18
novemdecillion 1060 60 19
vigintillion 1063 63 20
centillion 10303 303 100
British system 1
Name Value In Powers Of Ten Number Of Zeros 2 Powers Of 1,000,000
milliard 109 9
billion 1012 12 2
trillion 1018 18 3
quadrillion 1024 24 4
quintillion 1030 30 5
sextillion 1036 36 6
septillion 1042 42 7
octillion 1048 48 8
nonillion 1054 54 9
decillion 1060 60 10
undecillion 1066 66 11
duodecillion 1072 72 12
tredecillion 1078 78 13
quattuordecillion 1084 84 14
quindecillion 1090 90 15
sexdecillion 1096 96 16
septendecillion 10102 102 17
octodecillion 10108 108 18
novemdecillion 10114 114 19
vigintillion 10120 120 20
centillion 10600 600 100

1 The American system of numeration for denominations above one million was modeled on the French system but more recently the French system has been changed to correspond to the German and British systems. In the American system each of the denominations above 1,000 millions (the American billion ) is 1,000 times the preceding one (one trillion = 1,000 billions; one quadrillion = 1,000 trillions). In the British system the first denomination above 1,000 millions (the British milliard ) is 1,000 times the preceding one, but each of the denominations above 1,000 milliards (the British billion ) is 1,000,000 times the preceding one (one trillion = 1,000,000 billions; one quadrillion = 1,000,000 trillions). In recent years, however, British usage reflects widespread and increasing use of the values of the American system in place of those of the British system.

2 For convenience in reading large numerals, the thousands, millions, and larger denominations are usually separated by commas (21,530; 1,155,465) or especially in technical contexts by spaces (1 155 465). Serial numbers (as social security numbers) are often written with hyphens (042-24-4705).

Planets
Name Symbol Mean Distance from the Sun Sidereal Period of Revolution Sidereal Period of Rotation Equatorial Diameter Mass
astronomical units million miles million kilometers days or years hours or days miles kilometers relative to earth
Mercury 0.39 35.99 57.91 87.97 d. 58.65 d. 3,033 4,879 0.06
Venus 0.72 67.25 108.21 224.70 d. 243.02 d. 7,522 12,104 0.82
Earth 1.000 92.98 149.60 365.26 d. 23.93 h. 7,928 12,756 1.00
Mars 1.52 141.67 227.94 686.99 d. 24.62 h. 4,222 6,794 0.11
Jupiter 5.20 483.78 778.41 11.86 y. 9.92 h. 88,865 142,984 317.82
Saturn 9.54 886.72 1,426.73 29.47 y. 10.66 h. 74,914 120,536 95.16
Uranus 19.19 1,784.32 2,870.97 84.02 y. 17.24 h. 31,770 51,118 14.54
Neptune 30.07 2,795.68 4,498.25 164.79 y. 16.11 h. 30,782 49,528 17.15
Punctuation Marks
. period (or chiefly Brit full stop)
, comma
; semicolon
: colon
' apostrophe
‘ ’ quotation marks, single (or chiefly Brit inverted commas)
“ ” quotation marks, double (or chiefly Brit inverted commas)
« » guillemets
? question mark (or interrogation point)
¿ ? question marks, Spanish
! exclamation point
¡ ! exclamation points, Spanish
interrobang
@ at sign
/ slash (or diagonal or slant or solidus or virgule)
\ backslash
... ellipsis
- hyphen
double hyphen
dash (or en dash)
dash (or em dash)
swung dash
( ) parentheses
[ ] brackets, square (or brackets)
< > brackets, angle
{ } braces (or curly brackets)
Radio Frequencies
Class Abbreviation Range
extremely low frequency ELF below 3 kilohertz
very low frequency VLF 3 to 30 kilohertz
low frequency LF 30 to 300 kilohertz
medium frequency MF 300 to 3000 kilohertz
high frequency HF 3 to 30 megahertz
very high frequency VHF 30 to 300 megahertz
ultrahigh frequency UHF 300 to 3000 megahertz
superhigh frequency SHF 3 to 30 gigahertz
extremely high frequency EHF 30 to 300 gigahertz
Ship's Bells
Number of Bells Hour (A.M. or P.M.)
1 12:30 4:30 8:30
2 1:00 5:00 9:00
3 1:30 5:30 9:30
4 2:00 6:00 10:00
5 2:30 6:30 10:30
6 3:00 7:00 11:00
7 3:30 7:30 11:30
8 4:00 8:00 12:00
Signs of the Zodiac
Number Name Symbol Sun Enters 1
1 Aries the Ram March 21
2 Taurus the Bull April 20
3 Gemini the Twins May 21
4 Cancer the Crab June 22
5 Leo the Lion July 23
6 Virgo the Virgin August 23
7 Libra the Balance September 23
8 Scorpio the Scorpion October 24
9 Sagittarius the Archer November 22
10 Capricorn the Goat December 22
11 Aquarius the Water Bearer January 20
12 Pisces the Fishes February 19

1 Though no longer astronomically accurate, these traditional dates continue to be used in astrology.

Truth Table
Note: T = true; F = false.
a proposition not p (negation) a proposition a proposition p and q (conjunction) p or q , inclusive (inclusive disjunction) p or q , exclusive (exclusive disjunction) if p then q (implication) p if and only if q (biconditional)
p ~p p q p & q p or q p or q p q p q
T F T T T T F T T
F T T F F T T F F
F T F T T T F
F F F F F T T
Volume Formulas
cube Formula: V = a3 Meaning of Letters: a = length of one edge.
rectangular solid Formula: V = lwh Meaning of Letters: l = length of base; w = width of base; h = height.
pyramid Formula: V = Ah/3 Meaning of Letters: A = area of base; h = height.
cylinder Formula: V = r2 h Meaning of Letters: = 3.1416; r = radius of the base; h = height.
cone Formula: V = r2 h/3 Meaning of Letters: = 3.1416; r = radius of the base; h = height.
sphere Formula: V = 4 r3 /3 Meaning of Letters: = 3.1416; r = radius.